- published: 09 Oct 2012
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![METZ - Wet Blanket [OFFICIAL VIDEO]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130118004200im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/krGDNbT4CSE/default.jpg "Distributed by WMG Subscribe To Sub Pop's YouTube Channel www.youtube.com Sub Pop's METZ YouTube Playlist www.youtube.com METZ / Sub Pop www.subpop.com")
![Tsonga VS Ljubicic -- Metz Final 2011 [Highlights]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130118004200im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/8U_bxYbFFCw/default.jpg "Metz final Highlights between Tsonga and Ljubicic.")
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- Nébing
- Nîmes
- Oberdorff
- Obergailbach
- Oberstinzel
- Obervisse
- Obreck
- Ogy, Moselle
- Oise
- Ommeray
- Open de Moselle
- Opera house
- Oppidum
- Oratory (worship)
- Oriocourt
- Orléans
- Ormersviller
- Orne
- Orny, Moselle
- Oron, Moselle
- Ottange
- Otto von Bismarck
- Ottonville
- Oudrenne
- Overseas department
- Overseas region
- Paganism
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- Pange
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- Paris
- Parliament
- Pas-de-Calais
- Pastry
- Patron saint
- Paul Chemetov
- Paul Niclausse
- Paul Vautrin
- Paul Verlaine
- Pays de la Loire
- Peace of Westphalia
- Peltre
- Perpignan
- Peter-Erich Cremer
- Petit-Réderching
- Petit-Tenquin
- Petite-Rosselle
- Pettoncourt
- Phalsbourg
- Philippe Pétain
- Philippe Starck
- Philippsbourg
- Piblange
- Picardy (region)
- Pierre de Jaumont
- Pierrevillers
- Pilgrim's staff
- Plaine-de-Walsch
- Plappeville
- Plesnois
- Poitiers
- Poitou-Charentes
- Pommérieux
- Pontoise
- Pontoy
- Pontpierre, Moselle
- Porcelette
- Postmodernism
- Postroff
- Potée
- Pouilly, Moselle
- Pournoy-la-Chétive
- Pournoy-la-Grasse
- Prague
- Prefecture
- Privas
- Prévocourt
- Public domain
- Puttelange-aux-Lacs
- Puttigny
- Puy-de-Dôme
- Puzieux, Moselle
- Pyrénées-Atlantiques
- Pyrénées-Orientales
- Périgueux
- Pévange
- Quality of life
- Quiche
- Quimper, Finistère
- Racrange
- Rahling
- Ranguevaux
- Raville
- Raymond Poincaré
- Regions of France
- Renaissance
- Renaissance humanist
- Rennes
- Retonfey
- Rettel
- Revanchism
- Reyersviller
- Rezonville
- Rhineland
- Rhodes, Moselle
- Rhubarb
- Rhône (department)
- Rhône-Alpes
- Ricardo Bofill
- Riche
- Richeling
- Richemont, Moselle
- Richeval
- Rimling
- Ritzing, Moselle
- Robert Schuman
- Rochonvillers
- Rodalbe
- Rodemack
- Rodez
- Roger Bissière
- Roger-Henri Expert
- Rohrbach-lès-Bitche
- Roland
- Rolbing
- Roman aqueduct
- Roman Empire
- Romance languages
- Rombas
- Romelfing
- Roncourt
- Roppeviller
- Rorbach-lès-Dieuze
- Rosbruck
- Rosselange
- Rouen
- Rouhling
- Roupeldange
- Roussy-le-Village
- Rozérieulles
- Rudolf Schmundt
- Russange
- Rustroff
- Rédange
- Réding
- Région in France
- Rémelfang
- Rémelfing
- Rémeling
- Rémering
- Rémilly, Moselle
- Réning
- Réunion
- Saarbrücken
- SaarLorLux
- Sailly-Achâtel
- Saint Blaise
- Saint Stephen
- Saint-Avold
- Saint-Brieuc
- Saint-Denis, Réunion
- Saint-Epvre
- Saint-Jean-de-Bassel
- Saint-Jean-Rohrbach
- Saint-Jure
- Saint-Louis, Moselle
- Saint-Lô
- Saint-Quirin
- Saint-Étienne
- Sainte-Ruffine
- Salonnes
- Sandstone
- Sanry-lès-Vigy
- Sanry-sur-Nied
- Sarralbe
- Sarraltroff
- Sarrebourg
- Sarreguemines
- Sarreinsming
- Sarthe
- Saulny
- Savoie
- Saône-et-Loire
- Schalbach
- Schmittviller
- Schneckenbusch
- Schorbach
- Schwerdorff
- Schweyen
- Schœneck
- Scy-Chazelles
- Secourt
- Seille (Moselle)
- Seine-et-Marne
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- Seingbouse
- Semécourt
- Servigny-lès-Raville
- Serémange-Erzange
- SFR
- Shigeru Ban
- Siege of Metz (1870)
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- Siersthal
- Sigibert I
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- Silly-en-Saulnois
- Silly-sur-Nied
- Sixth Coalition
- Solange Bertrand
- Solgne
- Somme
- Sonny Rollins
- Sorbey, Moselle
- Sotzeling
- Soucht
- Spicheren
- Spire
- St. Nicholas
- Staff (music)
- Stained glass
- Stiring-Wendel
- Strasbourg
- Street furniture
- Stuckange
- Sturzelbronn
- Subdivision (land)
- Suckling pig
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- Évry, Essonne
- Œting
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Abreschviller
Coordinates: 48°38′16″N 7°05′51″E / 48.6378°N 7.0975°E / 48.6378; 7.0975
Abreschviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Achain
Coordinates: 48°54′52″N 6°35′34″E / 48.9144°N 6.5928°E / 48.9144; 6.5928
Achain is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Adaincourt
Coordinates: 49°00′21″N 6°26′12″E / 49.0058°N 6.4367°E / 49.0058; 6.4367
Adaincourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Adelange
Coordinates: 49°00′21″N 6°36′46″E / 49.0058°N 6.6128°E / 49.0058; 6.6128
Adelange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Agen
Coordinates: 44°12′18″N 0°37′16″E / 44.2049°N 0.6212°E / 44.2049; 0.6212
Agen (French pronunciation: [aʒɛ̃]) is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in Aquitaine in south-western France. It lies on the river Garonne 135 kilometres (84 mi) southeast of Bordeaux. It is the capital of the department.
The town has a higher level of unemployment than the national average. Major employers include UPSA, the pharmaceutical factory.
The old centre of town contains a number of medieval buildings.
The twelfth century Agen Cathedral, dedicated to Saint Caprasius, is one of the few large churches in France with a double nave; the curious and impractical plan may be a regional trait, since one of the others is the Church of the Jacobins in relatively nearby Toulouse.
The Saint Hilaire church, dedicated to the theme of the Holy Trinity which the Saint in question did a lot to defend, is notable for its unusual statues in front of the Church – Moses on the right, and St Peter on the left.
The Fine Arts museum, Musée des Beaux Arts contains artefacts furniture and sculptures from prehistoric times onwards. The art gallery contains several hundred works including several by Goya, and others by Bonnard, Seurat. The collection also contains a large number of works by artists who lived locally. The museum is made up of twenty or so rooms.
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Ain
Ain (French pronunciation: [ɛ̃]; Arpitan: En) is a department named after the Ain River on the eastern edge of France. Being part of the region Rhône-Alpes and bordered by the rivers Saône and Rhône, the department of Ain enjoys a privileged geographic situation. It has an excellent transport network (TGV, highways) and benefits from the proximity to the international airports of Lyon and Geneva.
Ain is composed of four geographically different areas (Bresse, Dombes, Bugey and Pays de Gex) which – each with its own characteristics – contribute to the diversity and the dynamic economic development of the department. In the Bresse agriculture and agro-industry are dominated by the cultivation of cereals, cattle breeding, milk and cheese production as well as poultry farming. In the Dombes, pisciculture assumes greater importance as does viticulture in the Bugey. The high diversification of the department's industry is accompanied by a strong presence of the plastics sector in and around Oyonnax (so-called "Plastics Valley").
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Aisne
Aisne (French pronunciation: [ɛːn]) is a department in the northern part of France, named after a river.
Aisne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Île-de-France, Picardie, and Champagne.
Most of the old growth forests in the area were destroyed during battles in World War I. The French offensive against the Chemin des Dames in spring 1917 is sometimes referred to as the Second Battle of the Aisne.
Aisne borders the Ardennes Forest and Belgium to the northeast. The Aisne River crosses the area from east to west, where it joins the Oise River. The Marne forms part of the southern boundary of the department with the department of Seine-et-Marne. The southern part of the department is the geographical region known as la Brie poilleuse, a drier plateau known for its dairy products and Brie cheese.
The landscape is dominated by masses of rock which often have steep flanks. These rocks appear all over the region, but the most impressive examples are at Laon and the Chemin des Dames ridge.
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Ajaccio
Coordinates: 41°55′36″N 8°44′13″E / 41.9267°N 8.7369°E / 41.9267; 8.7369
Ajaccio (Latin: Adiacium; French: Ajaccio, [aʒaksjo]; Corsican: Aiacciu [aˈjattʃu]; Italian: Ajaccio, [aˈjattʃo]), is a commune on the island of Corsica in France. It is the capital and largest city of the region of Corsica and the prefecture of the department of Corse-du-Sud.
The geopolitical arrangements of the commune are slightly different from those typical of Corsica and France. Usually an arrondissement includes cantons and a canton includes one to several communes including the chef-lieu, "chief place", from which the canton takes its name. The city of Ajaccio is one commune, but it contains six cantons, Cantons 1–6, and a fraction of Canton 7. The latter contains five other communes: Bastelicaccia, Alata, Afa, Appietto and Villanova, making a total of six communes for the seven cantons of Ajaccio.
Each canton contains a certain number of quartiers, "quarters". Cantons 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 are located along the Gulf of Ajaccio from west to east, while 4 and 5 are a little further up the valleys of the Gravona and the Prunelli Rivers. These political divisions subdivide the population of Ajaccio into units that can be more democratically served but they do not give a true picture of the size of Ajaccio. In general language, "greater Ajaccio" includes about 100,000 people with all the medical, educational, utility and transportational facilities of a big city. Up until World War II it was still possible to regard the city as being a settlement of narrow streets localized to some part of the harbor or the Gulf of Ajaccio; such bucolic descriptions do not fit the city of today, and travellogues intended for mountain or coastal recreational areas do not generally apply to Corsica's few big cities.
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Ajoncourt
Coordinates: 48°50′45″N 6°17′25″E / 48.8458°N 6.2903°E / 48.8458; 6.2903
Ajoncourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Albestroff
Coordinates: 48°55′59″N 6°51′26″E / 48.9331°N 6.8572°E / 48.9331; 6.8572
Albestroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Albi
Coordinates: 43°55′44″N 2°08′47″E / 43.9289°N 2.1464°E / 43.9289; 2.1464
Albi (French pronunciation: [albi]; Occitan: Albi [ˈalβi]) is a commune in southern France. It is the prefecture of the Tarn department. It is located on the River Tarn, c. 85 km northeast of Toulouse. Its inhabitants are called Albigensians (French: Albigeois, Albigeoise(s), Occitan: albigés -esa(s)). It was the seat of the Archbishop of Albi and is the seat of the Diocese of Albi. The episcopal city, situated in the center of the actual city, around the cathedral, was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 2010.
Albi is the seat of 6 cantons, covering 18 communes, with a total population of 67,729.
The first human settlement in Albi was in the Bronze Age (3000-600 BC). After the Roman conquest of Gaul in 51 BC, the town became Civitas Albigensium, the territory of the Albigeois, Albiga. Archaeological digs have not revealed any traces of Roman buildings, which seems to indicate that Albi was a modest Roman settlement.
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Alençon
Coordinates: 48°25′50″N 0°05′35″E / 48.4306°N 0.0931°E / 48.4306; 0.0931
Alençon (French pronunciation: [a.lɑ̃.sɔ̃]) is a commune in Normandy, France, capital of the Orne department. It is situated 105 miles (169 km) west of Paris. Alençon belongs to the intercommunality of Alençon (with 52,000 people).
It was probably during the fourth century, while the area was being Christianised, that the city of Alençon was founded. The name is first seen in a document dated in the seventh century. During the tenth century, Alençon was a buffer state between Normandy and the Maine regions. In 1047, William Duke of Normandy, later known as William the Conqueror and king of England, laid siege to the town. The citizens insulted William by hanging animal skins from the walls, in reference to his ancestry as the illegitimate son of Duke Robert and a tanner's daughter. On capturing the town, William had a number of the citizens' hands cut off in revenge. Alençon was occupied by the English during the Anglo-Norman wars of 1113 to 1203.
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Algrange
Coordinates: 49°21′36″N 6°02′56″E / 49.36°N 6.0489°E / 49.36; 6.0489
Algrange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Allier
Allier (French pronunciation: [a.lje]; Occitan: Alèir) is a department in central France named after the river Allier.
Allier is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Auvergne and Bourbonnais.
In 1940, the government of Marshal Philippe Pétain chose the town of Vichy as its capital. Vichy also became the department's second sub-prefecture in 1940, since the department now found itself split by the demarcation line between the occupied and (relatively, at least initially) free zones of France.
The department belongs to the region Auvergne and is surrounded by the following French departments: Cher, Nièvre, Saône-et-Loire, Loire, Puy-de-Dôme, and Creuse.
The following rivers run through Allier:
Allier is the most productive agricultural area of the Auvergne. Vichy has long been known for its water, which is exported worldwide.
Montluçon, Vichy, and Moulins are the principal cities. The rest of the department consists of smaller towns, mostly along the rivers. In general, the department is sparsely populated. The population increased until the end of the 19th century because of the growth of industry in Montluçon and Moulins and development of the thermal resources at Vichy. At that time the department had over 420,000 inhabitants. After the losses of World War I, the population stagnated, with a small increase in the 1960s. Since then, it has decreased slightly from 386,533 in 1968 to 344,721 in 1999.
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Alsace
Alsace (French: Alsace [alzas]; Alsatian: Elsàss [ˈɛlsɑs]; German: Elsass, pre-1996: Elsaß, IPA: [ˈɛlzas]; Latin: Alsatia) is the fifth-smallest of the 27 regions of France in land area (8,280 km²), and the smallest in metropolitan France. It is also the seventh-most densely populated region in France and third most densely populated region in metropolitan France, with ca. 220 inhabitants per km² (total population in 2006: 1,815,488; 1 January 2008 estimate: 1,836,000). Alsace is located on France's eastern border and on the west bank of the upper Rhine adjacent to Germany and Switzerland. The political, economic and cultural capital as well as largest city of Alsace is Strasbourg. Because that city is the seat of dozens of international organizations and bodies, Alsace is politically one of the most important regions in the European Union.
The name "Alsace" can be traced back to the Old High German Ali-saz or Elisaz, meaning "foreign domain". An alternative explanation derives it from a Germanic Ell-sass, meaning "seated on the Ill", a river in Alsace. The region was historically part of the Holy Roman Empire. It was gradually annexed by France in the 17th century under kings Louis XIII and Louis XIV and made one of the provinces of France. Alsace is frequently mentioned in conjunction with Lorraine, because German possession of parts of these two régions (as the imperial province Alsace-Lorraine, 1871–1918) was contested in the 19th and 20th centuries, during which Alsace changed hands four times between France and Germany in 75 years.
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Alsting
Coordinates: 49°10′47″N 6°59′56″E / 49.1797°N 6.9989°E / 49.1797; 6.9989
Alsting is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Altrippe
Coordinates: 49°01′47″N 6°49′13″E / 49.0297°N 6.8203°E / 49.0297; 6.8203
Altrippe is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Altviller
Coordinates: 49°04′24″N 6°44′00″E / 49.0733°N 6.7333°E / 49.0733; 6.7333
Altviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Alzing
Coordinates: 49°16′48″N 6°33′19″E / 49.28°N 6.5553°E / 49.28; 6.5553
Alzing is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Amanvillers
Coordinates: 49°10′03″N 6°02′37″E / 49.1675°N 6.0436°E / 49.1675; 6.0436
Amanvillers is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Amelécourt
Coordinates: 48°50′24″N 6°30′08″E / 48.84°N 6.5022°E / 48.84; 6.5022
Amelécourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
It is located on the main D674 road, north of the town of Chateau-Salins.
Neighbouring villages include Lubécourt, Gerbécourt, Vaxy, and Salonnes.
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Amiens
Coordinates: 49°53′31″N 2°17′56″E / 49.892°N 2.299°E / 49.892; 2.299
Amiens (French pronunciation: [amjɛ̃]) is a city and commune in northern France, 120 km (75 mi) north of Paris and 100 km (62 mi) south-west of Lille. It is the capital of the Somme department in Picardy. The city had a population of 136,105 according to the 2006 census.
Originally called Samarobriva ("Somme bridge") by the Gauls, the town was later given the name Ambianum by the Romans as it was a settlement of the Gallic Ambiani people. The Ambiani derive their name from the Gaulish word ambe meaning 'river' – a reference to the Somme that flows through Amiens.
The Paleolithic culture named Acheulean was named for its first identified site, in Saint-Acheul, a neighbourhood of Amiens.
Amiens, the Roman Samarobriva, was the central settlement of the Ambiani, one of the principal tribes of Gaul, who were issuing coinage, probably from Amiens, in the 1st century BC. By tradition, it was at the gates of Amiens that Saint Martin of Tours, at the time still a Roman soldier, shared his cloak with a naked beggar. The prosperity of the city made it a target for barbarian tribes such as the Alans, the Burgundians or the Vandals. They conquered the city several times.
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Amnéville
Coordinates: 49°15′41″N 6°08′33″E / 49.2614°N 6.1425°E / 49.2614; 6.1425
Amnéville is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France. The town is an important tourist and thermal center in France.
Amnéville is located near Metz, Nancy, and Luxembourg.
Other sights include the casino that will host a stage of the 2010/2011 World Poker Tour season and an indoor ski slope.
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Angers
Coordinates: 47°28′25″N 0°33′15″W / 47.4736°N 0.5542°W / 47.4736; -0.5542
Angers (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃.ʒe]) is the main city in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France about 300 km (190 mi) south-west of Paris. Angers is located in the French region known by its pre-revolutionary, provincial name, Anjou, and its inhabitants are called Angevins.
Angers proper has a population of 157,000 inhabitants, while c. 283,000 live in its metropolitan area. The city traces its roots to early Roman times. It occupies both banks of the Maine, which is spanned by six bridges. The district along the river has flourishing nurseries and market gardens. It is known for its fresh produce and cut flowers.
The first sign of human presence on the site of Angers is a stone tool dated back to 400,000 BCE (Lower Paleolithic).[citation needed]
The earliest known inhabitants were the Andecavi, a Gallic tribe that was overrun by the Romans. The city, while under Roman rule, was called Juliomagus.
The Council of Angers was held here in 453.
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Angevillers
Coordinates: 49°23′19″N 6°02′36″E / 49.3886°N 6.0433°E / 49.3886; 6.0433
Angevillers is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Angoulême
Coordinates: 45°38′56″N 0°09′39″E / 45.6489°N 0.1608°E / 45.6489; 0.1608
Angoulême [ɑ̃ɡulɛm] (
listen) is a commune in southwestern France. It is the capital of the Charente department, in Poitou-Charentes. Based on a plateau overlooking a meander of the Charente River, the city is nicknamed the "balcony of the southwest". The city proper's population is a little less than 50,000 but is the center of an urban area of 110,000 people, stretched over fifteen kilometers from north to south.
When it was the old capital of the Angoumois in the Ancien Régime, Angoulême was a fortified town which was highly coveted due to its position at the center of many roads important to communication, and therefore suffered many sieges. From its tumultuous past, the city, perched on a rocky spur, inherited a large historical, religious and urban patrimony, which attracts a lot of tourists.
Nowadays, Angoulême is the center of an agglomeration which is one of the most industrialised between Loire and Garonne (paper industry in 15th century, foundry and electromechanical engineering until a recent period). It is also a commercial and administrative city, with its own university and a very animated cultural life.
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Annecy
Coordinates: 45°54′58″N 6°07′59″E / 45.916°N 6.133°E / 45.916; 6.133
Annecy (French pronunciation: [an.si]; Èneci / Ènneci in Arpitan language) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.
It lies on the northern tip of Lake Annecy (Lac d'Annecy), 35 kilometres south of Geneva.
Annecy is the capital of the department of Haute-Savoie.
The metropolitan area of Annecy includes 13 municipalities.
Annecy is the capital of three cantons:
Starting as the capital of the county of Geneva, after the demise of the counts of Geneva, it became integrated into the House of Savoy's possessions in 1401. In 1444, it was set up by the Princes of Savoy as the capital of a region covering the possessions of the Genevois, Faucigny and Beaufortain. With the advance of Calvinism in 1535, it became a center for the Counter-Reformation and the bishop's see of Geneva was transferred here.
During the French Revolution the Savoy region was conquered by France. Annecy became attached to the département of Mont Blanc, of which the capital was Chambéry. After the Bourbon Restoration in 1815, it was returned to the Kingdom of Sardinia (heir of the Duchy of Savoy). When Savoy was sold to France in 1860, it became the capital of the new département of Haute-Savoie.
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Anzeling
Coordinates: 49°15′49″N 6°28′01″E / 49.2636°N 6.4669°E / 49.2636; 6.4669
Anzeling is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Apach
Coordinates: 49°27′34″N 6°22′32″E / 49.4594°N 6.3756°E / 49.4594; 6.3756
Apach is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Apach is 2 km (1.2 mi) from Sierck-les-Bains, 25 km (16 mi) from Thionville and 50 km (31 mi) from Metz. It is on the border of Germany and Luxembourg, the municipalities just across the border being Perl in Germany and Schengen in Luxembourg. Apach is the small town, on the Moselle river along the Franco-German border.
A natural reserve for orchids is located along the limestone hillsides, of which there are a lot in this town.
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Aquitaine
Aquitaine (French pronunciation: [a.ki.tɛn], English /ˌækwɪˈteɪn/; Occitan: Aquitània; Basque: Akitania), archaic Guyenne/Guienne (Occitan: Guiana), is one of the 27 regions of France, in the south-western part of metropolitan France, along the Atlantic Ocean and the Pyrenees mountain range on the border with Spain. It is composed of the 5 departments of Dordogne, Lot et Garonne, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Landes and Gironde. In the Middle Ages Aquitaine was a kingdom and a duchy, whose boundaries fluctuated considerably.
There are traces of human settlement by prehistoric peoples, especially in the Périgord, but the earliest attested inhabitants in the south-west were the Aquitani, who were not proper Celtic people, but more akin to the Iberians (see Gallia Aquitania). Although a number of different languages and dialects were in use in the area during ancient times, it is most likely that the prevailing language of Aquitaine during the late pre-historic to Roman period was an early form of the Basque language. This has been demonstrated by various Aquitanian names and words that were recorded by the Romans, and which are currently easily readable as Basque. Whether this Aquitanian language (Proto-Basque) was a remnant of a Vasconic language group that once extended much farther, or whether it was generally limited to the Aquitaine/Basque region is not currently known. One reason the language of Aquitaine is important is because Basque is the last surviving non-Indo-European language in western Europe and it has had some effect on the languages around it, including Spanish and, to a lesser extent, French.
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Ardèche
Ardèche (French pronunciation: [aʁ.dɛʃ]; Occitan and Arpitan: Ardecha) is a department in south-central France named after the Ardèche River.
The area has been inhabited by humans at least since the Upper Paleolithic, as attested by the famous cave paintings at Chauvet Pont d'Arc. The plateau of the Ardeche River has extensive standing stones (dolmens and menhirs), erected thousands of years ago.[citation needed] The river is the largest natural canyon in Europe and the caves that dot the cliffs (which go as high as 300 m (1,000 feet) are known for signs of prehistoric inhabitants (arrowheads and flint knives are often found).
The Vivarais, as the Ardèche is still called, takes its name and coat-of-arms from Viviers, which was the capital of the Gaulish tribe of Helvii, part of Gallia Narbonensis, after the destruction of their previous capital at Alba-la-Romaine. Saint Andéol, a disciple of St Polycarp, is supposed to have evangelized the Vivarais during the reign of Emperor Septimius Severus, and was supposedly martyred in 208. (Legend tells of Andéol's burial by Amycia Eucheria Tullia.) Auxonius, in 430, transferred the see to Viviers as a result of the problems suffered at its previous site in Alba Augusta.
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Argancy
Coordinates: 49°11′48″N 6°12′12″E / 49.1967°N 6.2033°E / 49.1967; 6.2033
Argancy is a commune in the Moselle département in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Ariège
Ariège (French pronunciation: [aʁjɛʒ]; Occitan: Arièja) is a department in southwestern France named after the Ariège River.
Ariège is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from the counties of Foix and Couserans.
Foix is the administrative capital of the Ariège. It is an ancient medieval town with a fortress Chateau de Foix perched on a hill overlooking it. The fortress has been attacked many times without capture, including an attempt by Simon de Montfort. It has also been used as a prison, and the names of English Prisoners of War can still be seen on the cell walls. Another famous chateau in the Ariège is Montségur, located on a rocky outcrop at a height of 1200 metres (3,900 ft). During the Albigensian Crusade and siege of 1244 AD the chateau was largely destroyed, with more than two hundred Cathar priests burnt at the stake as heretics. The chateau was gradually rebuilt by Royalists over a period of the next three hundred years.
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Arraincourt
Coordinates: 48°58′26″N 6°32′00″E / 48.9739°N 6.5333°E / 48.9739; 6.5333
Arraincourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Arras
Coordinates: 50°17′23″N 2°46′51″E / 50.2897°N 2.7808°E / 50.2897; 2.7808
Arras (French pronunciation: [aʁɑːs]; Dutch: Atrecht) is the capital of the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France on the Scarpe river. The historic centre of the Artois region, its local speech is characterized as a Picard dialect. Unlike many French words, the final "s" in the name should be pronounced.
Arras was founded on the hill of Baudimont by the Belgic tribe of the Atrebates, who named it Nemetacum or Nemetocenna in reference to a nemeton (sacred grove) that probably existed there. It was later renamed Atrebatum by the Romans, under whom it became an important garrison town.
The town's people were converted to Christianity in the late 4th century by Saint Inoccent, who was killed in 410 during a barbarian attack on the town. Around 130 years later, St. Vedast (also known as St. Vaast) established an episcopal see in the town and a monastic community, which developed during the Carolingian period into the immensely wealthy Benedictine Abbey of St. Vaast. The modern town of Arras initially grew up around the abbey as a grain market. Both town and abbey suffered during the 9th century from the attacks of the Vikings, who later settled to the west in Normandy. The abbey revived its strength in the 11th century and played an important role in the development of medieval painting, successfully synthesising the artistic styles of Carolingian, Ottonian and English art.
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Arriance
Coordinates: 49°01′05″N 6°29′50″E / 49.0181°N 6.4972°E / 49.0181; 6.4972
Arriance is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Arsenal de Metz
The Arsenal is a cultural venue dedicated specially to Classical and Erudite musics and located near the Esplanade garden in Metz, capital of the Lorraine region, France. In September 2010, Classica magazine listed the venue among the 20 most beautiful concert halls in the world, qualifying the Arsenal as an acoustic diamond.
The Arsenal is part of a cultural complex along with the chapel of the Knight Templars, from the 13th century, and ancient basilica of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains, a Roman basilica of the 4th century, refurbished as showroom and concert hall for the Gregorian chant, respectively.
In 1978, the municipality of Metz decided to launch a project of a concert hall, and the site reserved was the citadel, on which is situated the ancient Arsenal Ney. Built from 1859 under Napoleon III, the Arsenal Ney was a store for weapons and ammunition. It preserved this function until the end of the second world war. The realization of the concert hall was the subject of an international competition, started in 1983. In 1985, the project was awarded to the Spanish architect Ricardo Bofill. The work began in May, 1987 and the inauguration took place in February, 1989 with a performance of Russian cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, who stated that the venue was "an instrument of music on its own."
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Arzviller
Coordinates: 48°43′13″N 7°09′58″E / 48.7203°N 7.1661°E / 48.7203; 7.1661
Arzviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Arènes de Metz
The Palais omnisport Les Arènes, often abbreviated as Les Arènes, is an indoor sports arena in Metz, France. It is the home venue of the Metz Handball team and the Open de Moselle men's tennis tournament, part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the ATP Tour. Currently the arena has a capacity of 4,500 seats.
Coordinates: 49°06′32″N 6°11′03″E / 49.1088914°N 6.1841199°E / 49.1088914; 6.1841199
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Assenoncourt
Coordinates: 48°46′19″N 6°47′48″E / 48.7719°N 6.7967°E / 48.7719; 6.7967
Assenoncourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Attilloncourt
Coordinates: 48°47′13″N 6°22′53″E / 48.7869°N 6.3814°E / 48.7869; 6.3814
Attilloncourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Aube
Aube (French pronunciation: [ob]) is a department in the northeastern part of France named after the Aube River. In 1995, its population was 293,100 inhabitants.
Aube is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Champagne.
The territory making up Aube was first attached to France in 843, following the Treaty of Verdun.
After the allied victory over Napoleon at Waterloo the department was occupied by Russian troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
In 1911, following the revolt of the Champagne producers, a series of major riots erupted in Aube. Dozens of serious injuries resulted.
In 1919, by a new decree, Aube wine producers were authorized to produce champagne.
Aube is perhaps best known for the 1932 visit of the late Turkish president Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, who signed a friendship treaty with France there on 4 July 1938.
The department is part of the current region of Champagne-Ardenne. It is surrounded by the departments of Marne, Haute-Marne, Côte-d'Or, Yonne, and Seine-et-Marne.
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Auch
Coordinates: 43°38′47″N 0°35′08″E / 43.6465°N 0.5855°E / 43.6465; 0.5855
Auch (French pronunciation: [ɔʃ]; Gascon: Aush [awʃ]) is a commune in southwestern France. Located in the region of Midi-Pyrénées, it is the capital of the Gers department. Auch is the historical capital of Gascony.
Auch is a very ancient town. The name of Auch comes from the Aquitanian tribe that inhabited the area at the time of the Roman conquest in the 50s BC. The name of this tribe, as recorded by the Romans, was Ausci (pronounced [awski] in Latin), singular Auscus. Aquitanians spoke a language related to the old Basque language, and a striking fact is that the name Ausci seems related to the native name of the modern Basques, who call themselves Euskal (pronounced [euskal] in Basque).[citation needed]
At the time of the Roman conquest, the native name of Auch, as recorded by the Romans, was Elimberris. Elimberris is itself a variant of Iliberri, where Ili- comes from the Iberian word iltir' or iltur (the "t" is mute) meaning town, city, oppidum, a frequent prefix in names of Iberian cities, and which was probably borrowed into Basque and also Aquitanian (cf. modern Basque hiri, meaning "town"). In modern Basque there is also the word berri which means "new", so Iliberri is often interpreted as meaning "new oppidum" (based on the fact that Aquitanian and old Basque are related). However, this interpretation should be taken with caution. In the south of Spain, near Granada, an area far away from the Basque homeland, there was an Iberian city whose name the Romans also recorded as Iliberi, and here it seems the name recorded by the Romans is the phonetic transcription of Iberian Ilbirir, which comes from the Iberian stem ilbi- (meaning unknown), and not at all from an hypothetical il(t)i- (town) and Basque berri.
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Aude
Aude (French pronunciation: [od]; Occitan: Aude) is a department in south-central France named after the river Aude. The local council also calls the department "Cathar Country".
Aude is also a frequent feminine French given name in Francophone countries, deriving initially from Aude or Oda, a wife of Bertrand, Duke of Aquitaine, and mother of Saint Hubertus's brother Eudo. Aude was the name of Roland's fiancée in the chansons de gestes.
Human traces have been found in the department from 1,500,000 years BCE in the form of hammers and worked tools on the hill of Grazailles at Carcassonne. The most interesting discovery, however, is that of the skull of ‘Tautavel Man’ made by Henry de Lumley in the commune of Tautavel in the Pyrénées-Orientales. It is the oldest skull known in Europe. It dates from about 450,000 years BCE. It is likely that Tautavel Man lived in all of this region.
The Romans, led by the consul-general Domitius Ahenobarbus, installed themselves first of all at Narbonne in 118 BCE on the oppidum of Montlaurès, which became the provincial capital and a very active mercantile port. The position was strategically important since it stood at the cross roads of two Roman roads, the Via Aquitania and the Via Domitia, as well as by the sea and near the mouth of the River Aude. Carcassonne became Latin in 30 BCE with the creation of numerous grain farms. For almost two centuries, the Aude enjoyed peace and strong economic growth.
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Augny
Coordinates: 49°03′34″N 6°07′19″E / 49.0594°N 6.1219°E / 49.0594; 6.1219
Augny is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Aumetz
Coordinates: 49°25′07″N 5°56′43″E / 49.4186°N 5.9453°E / 49.4186; 5.9453
Aumetz is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Aurillac
Coordinates: 44°55′34″N 2°26′26″E / 44.9261°N 2.4406°E / 44.9261; 2.4406
Aurillac (Orlhac in Occitan) is a commune in the Auvergne region in south-central France, capital of the Cantal department.
Aurillac's inhabitants are called Aurillacois, and are also Cantaliens (from Cantal) or Cantalous in Occitan.
Aurillac is 558km away from Paris and 223km from Toulouse. Aurillac was part of a former Auvergne province called Haute-Auvergne and is only 20km away from the heart of the Auvergne Volcano Park.
Aurillac is often thought to be one of the coldest cities in France. However, this is untrue, as it is simply the city at the highest altitude shown on the TV weather forecasts.
Aurillac stands on the Jordanne River.
The historical capital of the umbrella, Aurillac makes more than half the umbrellas produced in France. In 1999, Aurillac produced around 250,000 umbrellas, generating around 100 jobs.[citation needed]
After declining for several decades at the end of the 20th century, Aurillac umbrella producers decided to join their forces and created the Economic Interest Group, or GIE in 1997. They then launched their products under a single label, L'aurillac Parapluie.[citation needed]
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Auxerre
Coordinates: 47°47′55″N 3°34′02″E / 47.7986°N 3.5672°E / 47.7986; 3.5672
Auxerre (French pronunciation: [osɛʁ]) is a commune in the Bourgogne region in north-central France, between Paris and Dijon. It is the capital of the Yonne department.
Auxerre's population today is about 45,000. People there are called Auxerrois. Auxerre's urban area accounts for more than 88,000 people.
It is a commercial and industrial centre, with industries including food production, woodworking and batteries. Auxerre is also world-famous for the wine produced in the neighbourhood, including the renowned Chablis.
Auxerre was a flourishing Gallo-Roman centre, Antissiodorum through which passed one of the main roads of the area, the Via Agrippa (1st century AD) which crossed the Yonne River (Gallo-Roman Icauna) here. In the third century it became the seat of a bishop and a provincial capital of the Roman Empire. In the 5th century it received a Cathedral. In the late 11th-early 12th century the existing communities were included inside a new line of walls built by the feudal Counts of Auxerre.
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Aveyron
Aveyron (French pronunciation: [avɛʁɔ̃]; Occitan: Avairon [avajˈɾu]) is a département in southern France named after the Aveyron River.
Aveyron is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790.
The first known historical inhabitants of the region were the Rutenii tribe, but the area was inhabited previously to this, boasting many prehistoric ruins.
During the medieval and early modern periods, and until the 1790s, the territory covered by Aveyron was a province known as Rouergue.
In 1817, a local prosecutor Antoine Bernardin Fualdès was assassinated. The sordid circumstances of his death, following which his body was found floating in the Aveyron River, led to the matter becoming publicised as a cause célèbre. Recent studies have indicated that he met his end on the initiative of a right wing royalist organisation known as the Chevaliers de la Foi (Knights of the Faith).
The department is part of the current Midi-Pyrénées region. It is surrounded by the départements of Tarn, Tarn-et-Garonne, Lot, Hérault, Gard, Lozère, and Cantal.
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Avignon
Coordinates: 43°57′N 4°49′E / 43.95°N 4.81°E / 43.95; 4.81
Avignon (French pronunciation: [aviˈɲɔ̃]; Occitan: Avinhon in classical norm or Avignoun in Mistralian norm) is a French commune in southeastern France in the départment of the Vaucluse bordered by the left bank of the Rhône river. Of the 94,787 inhabitants of the city (as of 1 January 2010), about 12,000 live in the ancient town centre surrounded by its medieval ramparts.
Often referred to as the "City of Popes" because of the presence of popes and antipopes from 1309 to 1423 during the Catholic schism, it is currently the largest city and capital of the département of Vaucluse. This is one of the few French cities to have preserved its ramparts, its historic centre, the palace of the popes, Rocher des Doms, and the bridge of Avignon. It was classified a World Heritage Site by UNESCO under the criteria I, II and IV.
As a showcase of arts and culture, the fame of its annual theatre festival, known as the Festival of Avignon, has far exceeded the French borders.
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Azoudange
Coordinates: 48°44′24″N 6°48′46″E / 48.74°N 6.8128°E / 48.74; 6.8128
Azoudange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Bacourt
Coordinates: 48°55′40″N 6°24′27″E / 48.9278°N 6.4075°E / 48.9278; 6.4075
Bacourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Baerenthal
Coordinates: 48°58′32″N 7°31′06″E / 48.9756°N 7.5183°E / 48.9756; 7.5183
Baerenthal (German: Bärental) is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
The village forms a part of the natural park of the northern Vosges.
The village is located in heavily wooded country, 15 kilometres from Bitche and 12 kilometres from Niederbronn, at the south-eastern border of the canton of Bitche. It has a population of 750 and is located at an altitude of 240 meters, in the lush green valley of the northern Zinsel river.
When founded, during the age of the franc compté (feudalist Frankish counts) of the eighth to tenth centuries, Baerenthal was located in Nordgau, in Alsace. It was a part, during the Carolingian era, of the bishopric of Strasbourg, just at the border with the bishopric of Metz.
The medieval period of the village is very rich thanks to the presence of the châteaux of Château de Ramstein and Château de Grand-Arnsberg on its land. The nobles of Ramstein were cited for the first time in a document dated 22 October 1291. The village of Baerenthal was mentioned later in 1318, under the name Berendal, in the valley of Bero. Regarding secular power, Baerenthal was under the rule of Ramstein, and later, starting in 1355, under that of Falkenstein.[disambiguation needed
] After this began the sinister period of pillaging by robber-knights (Raubritter) for the 'Berebdal unter Ramenstein' (the rock of the ravens).
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Bambiderstroff
Coordinates: 49°06′13″N 6°35′38″E / 49.1036°N 6.5939°E / 49.1036; 6.5939
Bambiderstroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Barchain
Coordinates: 48°42′29″N 6°57′47″E / 48.7081°N 6.9631°E / 48.7081; 6.9631
Barchain is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Baronville
Coordinates: 48°56′05″N 6°36′33″E / 48.9347°N 6.6092°E / 48.9347; 6.6092
Baronville is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
In 2007 a group of three University of York students attempted to get the fictitious town of 'BaronVille' onto the new UK version of the board game Monopoly. The news media thought that this was a French plot and reported, without sources, that the people of Baronville itself were behind it.
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Barst
Coordinates: 49°04′06″N 6°50′02″E / 49.0683°N 6.8339°E / 49.0683; 6.8339
Barst is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
The village is situated on the N56 road.
commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Bassing
Coordinates: 48°52′10″N 6°48′09″E / 48.8694°N 6.8025°E / 48.8694; 6.8025
Bassing is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Bastia
Coordinates: 42°42′03″N 9°27′01″E / 42.7008°N 9.4503°E / 42.7008; 9.4503
Bastia (French pronunciation: [bas.tja], French and Corsican: Bastia) is a commune in the Haute-Corse department of France located in the northeast of the island of Corsica at the base of Cap Corse. It is also the second-largest city in Corsica after Ajaccio and the capital of the department.
Bastia is the principal port of the island and its principal commercial town, especially famous for its wines. According to the 2006 census, Bastia has 43,577 inhabitants. Approximately 10% of the population are immigrants. The unemployment rate in the commune has persistently been one of the highest in France, standing at over 20% in 2004.
Before the occupation of Corsica by the Genoese, Cardo was a large city. Around the city were little villages where the fishermen of Cardo lived. This little port was called Porto Cardo, meaning "the port of Cardo."
The Genoese felt the need for shelter from the sea storms and in 1380 began to construct, under Governor Leonello Lomellini, a bastiglia, Italian for stronghold or citadel. With time, the bastiglia (Bastia) became more prosperous and important than Cardo. Bastia was the capital of Corsica until 1791.
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Battle of Verdun
The Battle of Verdun (French: Bataille de Verdun, IPA: [bataj də vɛʁdœ̃], German: Schlacht um Verdun, IPA: [ʃlaxt ˀʊm vɛɐdœŋ]) was one of the major battles during the First World War on the Western Front. It was fought between the German and French armies, from the 21st of February to the 18th of December 1916, on hilly terrain north of the city of Verdun-sur-Meuse in north-eastern France.
Verdun resulted in 698,000 battlefield deaths (362,000 French and 336,000 German combatants), an average of 70,000 deaths for each of the ten months of the battle. It was the longest and one of the most devastating battles in the First World War and the history of warfare.
For centuries, Verdun had played an important role in the defense of its hinterland, due to the city's strategic location on the Meuse River. Attila the Hun, for example, failed to seize the town in the fifth century. When the empire of Charlemagne was divided under the Treaty of Verdun of 843 the town became part of the Holy Roman Empire. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 awarded Verdun to France. Verdun played an important role in the defensive line that was built after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. As a protection against German threats along the eastern border a strong line of fortifications was constructed between Verdun and Toul and between Épinal and Belfort. Verdun guarded the northern entrance to the plains of Champagne and thus the strategically important approach to the French capital city of Paris.
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Bazoncourt
Coordinates: 49°03′06″N 6°22′05″E / 49.0517°N 6.3681°E / 49.0517; 6.3681
Bazoncourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Beauvais
Coordinates: 49°25′49″N 2°05′43″E / 49.4303°N 02.09520°E / 49.4303; 02.09520
Beauvais (French pronunciation: [bovɛ]) is a city approximately 79 kilometres (49 mi) by highway north of central Paris, in the northern French region of Picardie. It currently has a population of over 60,000 inhabitants.
Beauvais was known to the Romans by the Gallo-Roman name of Caesaromagus (magos is Common Celtic for "field".) . The post-Renaissance Latin rendering is Bellovacum from the Belgic tribe the Bellovaci, whose capital it was. In the ninth century it became a countship, which about 1013 passed to the bishops of Beauvais, who became peers of France from the twelfth century. At the coronations of kings the Bishop of Beauvais wore the royal mantle and went, with the Bishop of Langres, to raise the king from his throne to present him to the people.
In 1346 the town had to defend itself against the English, who again besieged it in 1433. The siege which it endured in 1472 at the hands of the Duke of Burgundy, was rendered famous by the heroism of the town's women, under the leadership of Jeanne Hachette, whose memory is still celebrated by a procession on the 14 October (the feast of Sainte Angadrême), during which women take precedence over men.
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Belfort
Coordinates: 47°38′30″N 6°51′00″E / 47.6417°N 6.85°E / 47.6417; 6.85
Belfort (French pronunciation: [bɛl.fɔʁ-]) is a city in north-east France in the Franche-Comté région, situated between Lyon and Strasbourg. It is the biggest town and the administrative town of the Territoire de Belfort département in the Franche-Comté region. Belfort is located at 400 km (249 mi) from Paris, 141 km (88 mi) from Strasbourg, 290 km (180 mi) from Lyon and 150 km (93 mi) from Zürich. The residents of the city are called ‘’Belfortains’’. It is located on the Savoureuse, on the strategically important natural route between the Rhine and the Rhône – the Belfort Gap (Trouée de Belfort) or Burgundian Gate (Porte de Bourgogne). The city of Belfort has 50,199 inhabitants. Together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Belfort forms the largest agglomeration (metropolitan area) in Franche-Comté region with an urban population of 308,601 inhabitants.
Belfort's strategic location, in a natural gap between the Vosges and the Jura, on a route linking the Rhine and the Rhône, has attracted human settlement and made it a target for armies.
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Bermering
Coordinates: 48°55′56″N 6°42′35″E / 48.9322°N 6.7097°E / 48.9322; 6.7097
Bermering is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Berthelming
Coordinates: 48°49′01″N 7°00′23″E / 48.8169°N 7.0064°E / 48.8169; 7.0064
Berthelming is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
It had a population of 520 in 1999.
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Besançon
Coordinates: 47°14′35″N 6°01′19″E / 47.2431°N 6.0219°E / 47.2431; 6.0219
Besançon (French and Arpitan: [bəzɑ̃sɔ̃]; archaic German: Bisanz, Spanish: Besanzón), is the capital and principal city of the Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It had a population of about 237,000 inhabitants in the metropolitan area in 2008. Located close to the border with Switzerland, it is the capital of the department of Doubs.
Once proclaimed first green city of France, it has been labeled a 'Town of Art and History' since 1986, and has been on the UNESCO world heritage list since 2008.
The city is first recorded in 58 BC as Vesontio in the Book I of Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico. The etymology of Vesontio is uncertain. The most common explanation is that the name is of Celtic origin, derivated from wes, meaning 'mountain'. During the 4th century, the letter B took the place of the V, and the city name changed to Besontio or Bisontion and then underwent several transformation to become Besançon in 1243.
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Bettange
Coordinates: 49°14′14″N 6°28′57″E / 49.2372°N 6.4825°E / 49.2372; 6.4825
Bettange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Bettelainville
Coordinates: 49°14′15″N 6°18′05″E / 49.2375°N 6.3014°E / 49.2375; 6.3014
Bettelainville is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Bettviller
Coordinates: 49°04′47″N 7°17′09″E / 49.0797°N 7.2858°E / 49.0797; 7.2858
Bettviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
It is mentioned for the first time in 1157, in the forms "Bedebur" and "Bedeviller" in 1496 (oratory). The current village was built in XVIe century.
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Beux
Coordinates: 49°00′01″N 6°19′03″E / 49.0003°N 6.3175°E / 49.0003; 6.3175
Beux is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Bibiche
Coordinates: 49°19′46″N 6°28′40″E / 49.3294°N 6.4778°E / 49.3294; 6.4778
Bibiche is a French language term of endearment based on the term 'biche' (deer). Bibiche is also a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France. Formerly known as Bibers Heim, the original village was entirely destroyed during the Thirty Years' War.
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Bickenholtz
Coordinates: 48°48′18″N 7°09′57″E / 48.805°N 7.1658°E / 48.805; 7.1658
Bickenholtz is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Bidestroff
Coordinates: 48°50′58″N 6°47′15″E / 48.8494°N 6.7875°E / 48.8494; 6.7875
Bidestroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Biding
Coordinates: 49°03′34″N 6°47′15″E / 49.0594°N 6.7875°E / 49.0594; 6.7875
Biding is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Bining
Coordinates: 49°02′18″N 7°15′10″E / 49.0383°N 7.2528°E / 49.0383; 7.2528
Bining is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
The village lies on sloping ground on the border between wooded and open areas, in the centre of the Canton of Rohrbach-lès-Bitche.
Ten or so archaeological sites show that the area has been occupied since the Gallo-Roman period. Bining was referred to in 1351 as Biningen, after Bino, a Germanic man's name. The village formed part of the manor of Bitche, and in the mid-14th Century, Gérard de Warsberg was granted fiefdom over it.
Within the Roman Catholic Church, the village was organised as a succursal parish of Rohrbach, to which an Archpriest was appointed in 1821. Bining Church, which is dedicated to the Virgin Birth, was constructed shortly afterwards, in order to replace an 18th Century chapel, although the bell-tower was only added in 1846.
The village was bombed in December 1944 and January 1945, although it still contains several ancient dwellings and numerous monumental crosses, including one at the edge of the chemin de Schmittviller that is the oldest in the Pays de Bitche, dating from 1629.
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Bioncourt
Coordinates: 48°47′39″N 6°21′46″E / 48.7942°N 6.3628°E / 48.7942; 6.3628
Bioncourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Bistroff
Coordinates: 48°59′34″N 6°42′53″E / 48.9928°N 6.7147°E / 48.9928; 6.7147
Bistroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Bitche
Coordinates: 49°03′09″N 7°25′33″E / 49.0525°N 7.4258°E / 49.0525; 7.4258
Bitche (German: Bitsch) is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
It is known for its large citadel. The surrounding territory is known as le Pays de Bitche in French and Bitscherland in German.
Bitche is located near the German border on the small river Horn, at the foot of the northern slope of the Vosges between Haguenau and Sarreguemines.
There is a Roman Catholic and a Protestant church, a classical school and an academy of forestry. The town of Bitche, which was formed of the villages of Rohr and Kaltenhausen in the 17th century, derives its name from the old stronghold (mentioned in 1172 as Bytis Castrum) standing on a rock some 80 m. above the town. This had long given its name to the countship of Bitsch, which was originally in the possession of the dukes of Lorraine. In 1297 it passed by marriage to Eberhard I of Zweibrücken, whose line became extinct in 1569, when the countship reverted to Lorraine. It passed with that duchy to France in 1766.
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Bliesbruck
Coordinates: 49°06′58″N 7°10′53″E / 49.1161°N 7.1814°E / 49.1161; 7.1814
Bliesbruck is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Blois
Coordinates: 47°35′38″N 1°19′41″E / 47.5939°N 1.3281°E / 47.5939; 1.3281
Blois (French pronunciation: [blwɑ]) is the capital of Loir-et-Cher department in central France, situated on the banks of the lower river Loire between Orléans and Tours.
Though of ancient origin, Blois is first distinctly mentioned by Gregory of Tours in the 6th century, and the city gained some notability in the 9th century, when it became the seat of a powerful countship with «Blesum castrum» («Le château de Blois»). In 1171, Blois was the site of a blood libel accusation against its Jewish community that led to 31 Jews (by some accounts 40) being burned to death. In 1196, Count Louis granted privileges to the townsmen; a commune, which survived throughout the Middle Ages, probably dated from this time. The counts of the Châtillon line resided at Blois more often than their predecessors, and the oldest parts of the château (from the thirteenth century) were built by them. In 1429, Joan of Arc made Blois her base of operations for the relief of Orléans. Joan of Arc rode the thirty-five miles on Wednesday 29 April to Blois to relieve Orléans. After his captivity in England, Charles of Orléans in 1440 took up his residence in the château, where in 1462 his son, afterwards Louis XII, was born. In the 16th century Blois was often the resort of the French court. The Treaty of Blois, which temporarily halted the Italian Wars, was signed there in 1504–1505.
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Bobigny
Coordinates: 48°54′38″N 2°26′23″E / 48.9106°N 2.4397°E / 48.9106; 2.4397
Bobigny (French pronunciation: [bo.bi.ɲi]) is a commune, or town, in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 9.1 km (5.7 mi) from the center of Paris. Bobigny is the préfecture (capital) of the Seine-Saint-Denis département, as well as the seat of the Arrondissement of Bobigny. It is only the 12th-largest commune in Seine-Saint-Denis (1999 census).
Inhabitants are called Balbyniens.
Bobigny is served by two stations on Paris Métro Line 5: Bobigny – Pantin – Raymond Queneau and Bobigny – Pablo Picasso.
Valeo has management branches (Valeo Transmissions group and Valeo Friction Materials group) here. It was also the manufacturing base by Meccano of French Dinky Toys from 1933 to 1971.
During WW II, approximately 20,000 Jews were shipped from a railway station in Bobigny. Their ultimate destination was the Nazi camps.
Bobigny is the place where the registrations for the guns bought for the war before 1930s are kept.refer,"the nostradamus prophecies"by Mario Reading.
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Bordeaux
Coordinates: 44°50′19″N 0°34′42″W / 44.8386°N 0.5783°W / 44.8386; -0.5783
Bordeaux (French pronunciation: [bɔʁdo]; Gascon: Bordèu; Basque: Bordele) is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France.
The Bordeaux metropolitan area has a population of 1,105,000 and constitutes the sixth-largest urban area in France. It is the capital of the Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called Bordelais.
Bordeaux is the world's major wine industry capital. It is home to the world's main wine fair, Vinexpo, while the wine economy in the metro area moves 14.5 billion euros each year.Bordeaux wine has been produced in the region since the 8th century. The historic part of the city is on the UNESCO World Heritage List as "an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble" of the 18th century.
Between 30,000 and 20,000 years ago the area of Bordeaux was inhabited by the Neanderthal, whose remains have been found at a famous cave known as Pair-non-Pair, near Bourg sur Gironde, just north of Bordeaux. In historical times, around 300 BC it was the settlement of a Celtic tribe, the Bituriges Vivisci, who named the town Burdigala, probably of Aquitainian origin. The name Bourde is still the name of a river south of the city.
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Boucheporn
Coordinates: 49°08′30″N 6°36′35″E / 49.1417°N 6.6097°E / 49.1417; 6.6097
Boucheporn is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Boulange
Coordinates: 49°22′57″N 5°57′12″E / 49.3825°N 5.9533°E / 49.3825; 5.9533
Boulange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Bourdonnay
Coordinates: 48°43′13″N 6°43′47″E / 48.7203°N 6.7297°E / 48.7203; 6.7297
Bourdonnay is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Bourgaltroff
Coordinates: 48°52′10″N 6°45′34″E / 48.8694°N 6.7594°E / 48.8694; 6.7594
Bourgaltroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Bourges
Coordinates: 47°05′04″N 2°23′47″E / 47.0844°N 2.3964°E / 47.0844; 2.3964
Bourges (French pronunciation: [buʁʒ]) is a city in central France on the Yèvre river. It is the capital of the department of Cher and also was the capital of the former province of Berry.
The name of the city is either derived from the Bituriges, the name of the original inhabitants, or from the Germanic Burg (French: Bourg. Spanish: Burgos. English, others: Burgh, Berg, or Borough), for "hill/village". Its Celtic name was Avaricon and its Latin name was Avaricum. In the Gallic Wars, the Gauls practised a scorched-earth policy, but the inhabitants of Avaricum begged not to have their city burned, and it was spared due to its good defences provided by the surrounding marshes and a strong southern wall. Following the siege of Avaricum in the winter of 52 BC, Julius Caesar's forces destroyed the city and killed all but 800 of its inhabitants.
The city was reconstructed as a Roman city, with a monumental gate, aqueducts, thermae and an amphitheatre, reaching a greater size than it would attain during the Middle Ages. The massive walls surrounding the late Roman city, enclosing 40 hectares, were built in part re-using stone from earlier public buildings.
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Bousbach
Coordinates: 49°08′56″N 6°56′59″E / 49.1489°N 6.9497°E / 49.1489; 6.9497
Bousbach is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Bousseviller
Coordinates: 49°07′18″N 7°27′54″E / 49.1217°N 7.465°E / 49.1217; 7.465
Bousseviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Boust
Coordinates: 49°26′05″N 6°11′25″E / 49.4347°N 6.1903°E / 49.4347; 6.1903
Boust is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Boustroff
Coordinates: 49°00′04″N 6°37′20″E / 49.0011°N 6.6222°E / 49.0011; 6.6222
Boustroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Bouzonville
Coordinates: 49°17′33″N 6°32′06″E / 49.2925°N 6.535°E / 49.2925; 6.535
Bouzonville (German: Busendorf) is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
It lies 35 km (22 mi) from Metz and the same distance from Thionville.
Built on the "salt road" between the Rhine and the Moselle, at the site of an easy ford of the Nied, the site's traces of Celtic La Tène culture are most vividly represented by the "Bouzonville flagon", in which Scythian influence on Celtic craftsmenship is clearly represented in the animal that forms its handle and in the nature of coral inlays, with enamels of similar colour supplementing it, that form bands around the base and rim of the high-shouldered vessel; the beak-flagon was among a group of bronze objects from Bouzonville acquired by the British Museum in 1928. A minor Roman vicus represented by tiles that the plough turns up, complements the few signs of prehistory, though essentially pre-historic is the mute Merovingian necropolis of more than a hundred graves, holding twice as many women as men, 0.5 km (0.31 mi) east of the town; there is no trace of their habitations, which apparently supplied the villa attached to the -ville toponym. There is no agreement on the identity of the other element, apparently of one of the numerous Frankish magnates named Boso.
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Brettnach
Coordinates: 49°15′30″N 6°33′47″E / 49.2583°N 6.5631°E / 49.2583; 6.5631
Brettnach is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Bronvaux
Coordinates: 49°11′50″N 6°05′19″E / 49.1972°N 6.0886°E / 49.1972; 6.0886
Bronvaux is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Brouck
Coordinates: 49°07′50″N 6°30′23″E / 49.1306°N 6.5064°E / 49.1306; 6.5064
Brouck is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Brouderdorff
Coordinates: 48°41′58″N 7°06′07″E / 48.6994°N 7.1019°E / 48.6994; 7.1019
Brouderdorff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Brouviller
Coordinates: 48°46′00″N 7°09′32″E / 48.7667°N 7.1589°E / 48.7667; 7.1589
Brouviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Brulange
Coordinates: 48°58′16″N 6°33′01″E / 48.9711°N 6.5503°E / 48.9711; 6.5503
Brulange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Bréhain
Coordinates: 48°54′38″N 6°32′19″E / 48.9106°N 6.5386°E / 48.9106; 6.5386
Bréhain is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Buding
Coordinates: 49°20′02″N 6°19′19″E / 49.3339°N 6.3219°E / 49.3339; 6.3219
Buding is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Gay version of budoy
buding
File:Imba.jpg
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Budling
Coordinates: 49°20′51″N 6°21′23″E / 49.3475°N 6.3564°E / 49.3475; 6.3564
Budling is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Burlioncourt
Coordinates: 48°51′41″N 6°34′48″E / 48.8614°N 6.58°E / 48.8614; 6.58
Burlioncourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Burtoncourt
Coordinates: 49°13′31″N 6°24′47″E / 49.2253°N 6.4131°E / 49.2253; 6.4131
Burtoncourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Bébing
Coordinates: 48°42′46″N 6°59′50″E / 48.7128°N 6.9972°E / 48.7128; 6.9972
Bébing is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Béchy
Coordinates: 48°59′14″N 6°22′52″E / 48.9872°N 6.3811°E / 48.9872; 6.3811
Béchy is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Bénestroff
Coordinates: 48°54′18″N 6°45′36″E / 48.905°N 6.76°E / 48.905; 6.76
Bénestroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Caen
Coordinates: 49°10′59″N 0°22′10″W / 49.1831°N 0.3694°W / 49.1831; -0.3694
Caen (French pronunciation: [kɑ̃]; Norman: Kaem) is a commune in northwestern France. It is the prefecture of the Calvados department and the capital of the Basse-Normandie region. It is located 15 km (9.3 mi) inland from the English Channel.
Caen is known for its historical buildings built during the reign of William the Conqueror, who was buried there, and for the Battle for Caen—heavy fighting that took place in and around Caen during the Battle of Normandy in 1944, destroying much of the city.
Two hours north-west of Paris, and connected to the south of England by the Caen-(Ouistreham)-Portsmouth ferry route, Caen is located in the centre of its northern region, over which it is a centre of political, economic and cultural power.
As the city of William the Conqueror, the city has a long and complex history. In the Second World War, it was a key site of the Battle of Normandy. The city has preserved the memory by erecting a memorial for peace.
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Cahors
Coordinates: 44°26′54″N 1°26′29″E / 44.4483°N 1.4414°E / 44.4483; 1.4414
Cahors (French pronunciation: [kaɔʁ]; Occitan: Caors [kaˈurs, ˈkɔws, ˈkɔw]) is the capital of the Lot department in south-western France.
Its site is dramatic being contained on three sides within an udder shaped twist in the river Lot known as a 'presqu'île' or peninsula. Today it is perhaps best known as the centre of the famous AOC 'black' wine known since the Middle Ages and exported via Bordeaux, long before that region had developed its own viticulture industry.
Cahors has had a rich history since Celtic times. The original name of the town was Divona or Divona Cadurcorum, "Divona of the Cadurci," a Celtic people of Gaul before the Roman conquest in the 50s BC. Cahors derives from Cadurcorum. It has declined economically since the Middle Ages, and lost its university in the eighteenth century. Today it is a popular tourist centre with people coming to enjoy its mediaeval quarter and the unique 14th century fortified Valentré bridge. It is the seat of the Diocese of Cahors.
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Calvados
The French department of Calvados (pronounced: [kal.va.dos]) is part of the region of Basse-Normandie in Normandy. It takes its name from a cluster of rocks off the English Channel coast. The pronunciation varies: in French the final 's' is not mute; in English usually Calvadoss with stress on the first syllable.
Calvados is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from a part of the former province of Normandy. The name "Orne inférieure" was originally proposed for the department, but it was ultimately decided to call the area Calvados.
Its etymology is most likely derived from the Salvador, a ship from the Spanish Armada that sank by the rocks near Arromanches-les-bains in 1588. However, others insist that the name Calvados was derived from calva dorsa, meaning bare backs, in reference to two sparsely vegetated rocks off its shore.
After the allied victory at Waterloo the department was occupied by Prussian troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
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Cantal
Cantal (French pronunciation: [kɑ̃.tal]; Occitan: Cantal, Cantau, Chantal, Chantau) is a department in south-central France. It is named after the Cantal mountain range, a group of extinct, eroded volcanic peaks, which covers much of the department. Residents are known as Cantaliens or Cantalous.
Cantal is part of the current region of Auvergne. It borders the departments of Puy-de-Dôme, Haute-Loire, Aveyron, Lot, Lozère, and Corrèze. Its principal towns are Aurillac, Saint-Flour, and Mauriac. The highest point in Cantal is Le Plomb du Cantal at 1858 metres.
Cantal remains, with Lozère and Creuse, one of the most sparsely populated and geographically isolated French departments. Aurillac is the farthest removed departmental capital from a major motorway.
Cantal is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from a part of the former province of Auvergne, called Haute-Auvergne.
The Occitan language was historically dominant in Cantal.
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Carcassonne
Coordinates: 43°12′47″N 2°21′07″E / 43.2131°N 2.352°E / 43.2131; 2.352
Carcassonne (French pronunciation: [kaʁ.ka.sɔn]; Occitan: Carcassona) is a fortified French town in the Aude department, of which it is the prefecture, in the former province of Languedoc.
It is divided into the fortified Cité de Carcassonne and the more expansive lower city, the ville basse. Carcassone was founded by the Visigoths in the fifth century, though the Romans had fortified the settlement earlier. The fortress, which was thoroughly restored in 1853 by the theorist and architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997. The folk etymology – involving a châtelaine named Carcas, a ruse ending a siege and the joyous ringing of bells ("Carcas sona") – though memorialized in a neo-Gothic sculpture of Mme. Carcas on a column near the Narbonne Gate, is of modern invention. The name can be derived as a hyperbole of the name Carcas. Similarly in the Italian language, there are derived names like Castellino (little castle) – Castello – Castellone (big castle), or Ombrellino (small umbrella) – Ombrello – Ombrellone (large umbrella). A double 's' in the name appears for phonetic reasons, otherwise as a self standing 's' it would be pronounced as 'z'.
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Cattenom
Coordinates: 49°25′00″N 6°15′00″E / 49.4167°N 6.250000°E / 49.4167; 6.250000
Cattenom (German: Kattenhofen) is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
It lies about 8 kilometres north of Thionville.
Cattenom is well known for its nuclear power plant, which was built from 1987 to 1992. It has the third largest electric output in France.
An artificial lake has been introduced to cool the four nuclear reactors. The creation of this lake has led to the flooding of Ouvrage Kobenbusch, part of the Maginot Line.
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Cayenne
Coordinates: 4°55′22″N 52°19′37″W / 4.9227°N 52.3269°W / 4.9227; -52.3269
Cayenne (French pronunciation: [kajɛn]) is the capital of French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France located in South America. The city stands on a former island at the mouth of the Cayenne River on the Atlantic coast. The city's motto is "Ferit Aurum Industria" which means "Work brings wealth". Most geosynchronous satellites are launched from Cayenne.
At the 2006 census, there were 100,323 inhabitants in the urban area of Cayenne (as defined by INSEE), 50,594 of whom lived in the city (commune) of Cayenne proper, and the remainder in the neighbouring commune of Remire-Montjoly. The commune of Matoury (18,032 inhabitants in 1999), where Cayenne-Rochambeau Airport is located, is also a suburb of Cayenne, but it was not included in the official definition of the urban area by INSEE in 1999.
Cayenne is located on the banks of the estuary of the Cayenne River on the Atlantic Ocean. The city occupies part of the Ile de Cayenne. It is located 268 km from Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni and 64 km from Kourou.
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Cergy
Coordinates: 49°02′10″N 2°03′47″E / 49.0361°N 2.0631°E / 49.0361; 2.0631
Cergy (French pronunciation: [sɛʁ.ʒi]) is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 27.8 km (17.3 mi) from the center of Paris, in the "new town" of Cergy-Pontoise, created in the 1960s, of which it is the central and most populated commune.
Although neighboring Pontoise is the official préfecture (capital) of the Val-d'Oise département, the préfecture building and administration, as well as the department council (conseil général), are located inside the commune of Cergy, which is regarded as the de facto capital of Val-d'Oise. The sous-préfecture building and administration, on the other hand, are located inside the commune of Pontoise.
The name Cergy comes from Medieval Latin Sergiacum, meaning "estate of Sergius", a Gallo-Roman landowner.
Cergy is the chief town of two cantons:
When Cergy was selected to become the center of a "new town", it was only a village. The commune had only 2,895 inhabitants in 1968. It then started to develop very quickly, exceeding 10,000 inhabitants in the mid-1970s and then 20,000 in the early-1980s. It is in this decade that its growth was most spectacular, since the city exceeded 48,000 inhabitants in 1990. The increase continued since, but at a notably slower pace, to reach 54,500 as of 2004 estimates. However, on 1 January 2000, the commune lost a portion of its territory (net 0.03 km2 (0.012 sq mi) with a 1999 population of 62 persons) to the adjacent commune of Courdimanche. The official census figures have thus been revised downward from the 1999 official 54,781 to 54,719, and the land area from 11.68 km2 (4.51 sq mi) to 11.65 km².
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Chambrey
Coordinates: 48°47′16″N 6°27′37″E / 48.7878°N 6.4603°E / 48.7878; 6.4603
Chambrey is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Chambéry
Coordinates: 45°34′12″N 5°54′42″E / 45.57°N 5.9118°E / 45.57; 5.9118
Chambéry (French pronunciation: [ʃɑ̃.be.ʁi]; Italian: Ciamberì; Piemontese: Ciamberì; Arpitan: Chambèri) is a city in the department of Savoie, located in the Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France.
It is the capital of the department and has been the historical capital of the Savoy region since the 13th century, when Amadeus V of Savoy made the city his seat of power.
Chambéry was founded at crossroads of ancient routes through the Dauphiné (Dôfenâ), Burgundy, Switzerland, and Italy, in a wide valley between the Bauges and the Chartreuse Mountains on the Leysse River. The metropolitan area has more than 125,000 residents, extending from the vineyard slopes of the Combe de Savoie, almost to the shores of the Lac du Bourget, the largest natural lake in France. The city is a major railway hub, at the mid-point of the Franco-Italian "Lyon-Turin Ferroviaire" rail link.
Chambéry is situated in the south-east of France, 523 km from Paris, 326 km from Marseille, 214 km from Turin, 100 km from Lyon and 85 km from Geneva. It is found in a large valley, surrounded by massif des Bauges to the east (dominated by le Nivolet, upon which la croix du Nivolet is found), le Mont Granier (Chartreuse) and la Chaîne de Belledonne to the south, la chaîne de l'Épine (the most southern mountain of the Jura) to the west and le lac du Bourget to the north.
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Chanville
Coordinates: 49°02′37″N 6°26′13″E / 49.0436°N 6.4369°E / 49.0436; 6.4369
Chanville is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Charente
Charente (French pronunciation: [ʃa.ʁɑ̃t], Saintongeais: Chérente, Occitan: Charanta) is a department in southwestern France, in the Poitou-Charentes region, named after the Charente River, the most important river in the department, and also the river beside which the department's two largest towns, Angoulême and Cognac, are sited.
Charente is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from the former province of Angoumois, west and south of Saintonge.
Prior to the creation of the department, the area was not a natural unit, but much of it was commercially prosperous thanks to traditional industries such as salt and cognac production. Although the river became silted up and was unnavigable for much of the twentieth century, in the eighteenth century it provided important links with coastal shipping routes both for traditional businesses and for newly evolving ones such as paper goods and iron smelting.
The accelerating pace of industrial and commercial development during the first half of the nineteenth century led to a period of prosperity, and the department's population peaked in 1851. During the second half of the nineteenth century Charente, like many of France's rural departments, experienced a declining population as the economic prospects available in the cities and in France's overseas empire attracted the working age generations away. Economic ruin came to many in the Charentais wine industry with the arrival in 1872 of phylloxera.
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Chartres
Coordinates: 48°27′21″N 1°29′03″E / 48.4558°N 1.4842°E / 48.4558; 1.4842
Chartres (French pronunciation: [ʃaʁtʁ]) is a commune and capital of the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France. It is located 96 km (60 mi) southwest of Paris.
Chartres is built on the left bank of the Eure River, on a hill crowned by its famous cathedral, the spires of which are a landmark in the surrounding country. To the south-east stretches the fruitful plain of Beauce, the "granary of France", of which the town is the commercial centre.
Chartres was one of the principal towns of the Carnutes, and by the Romans was called Autricum, from the river Autura (Eure), and afterwards civitas Carnutum. The name "Chartres" derives from "Carnutes".The American name is "Chartrey". It was burnt by the Normans in 858, and unsuccessfully besieged by them in 911.
During the Middle Ages it was the chief town of Beauce, and gave its name to a countship which was held by the counts of Blois and Champagne and afterwards by the house of Châtillon, a member of which in 1286 sold it to the crown. It was raised to the rank of a duchy in 1528 by Francis I. After the time of Louis XIV the title of duke of Chartres was hereditary in the family of Orléans.
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Cheminot
Coordinates: 48°56′51″N 6°08′24″E / 48.9475°N 6.14°E / 48.9475; 6.14
Cheminot is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Chenois
Coordinates: 48°57′36″N 6°29′54″E / 48.96°N 6.4983°E / 48.96; 6.4983
Chenois is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Chesny
Coordinates: 49°03′19″N 6°14′34″E / 49.0553°N 6.2428°E / 49.0553; 6.2428
Chesny is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Chicourt
Coordinates: 48°55′05″N 6°30′19″E / 48.9181°N 6.5053°E / 48.9181; 6.5053
Chicourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Chieulles
Coordinates: 49°09′33″N 6°13′49″E / 49.1592°N 6.2303°E / 49.1592; 6.2303
Chieulles is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
The town is bordered by the Moselle .
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Châteauroux
Coordinates: 46°48′37″N 1°41′28″E / 46.8103°N 1.6911°E / 46.8103; 1.6911
Châteauroux (French pronunciation: [ʃa.to.ru]) is the capital of the Indre department in central France and the second-largest town in the province of Berry, after Bourges.
Its residents are called Castelroussins.
Châteauroux lies on the Indre River 250 km south of Paris and 142 km south of Orléans. It is situated on the edge of the government-owned Châteauroux forest and the Brenne national park. The city boasts 450 hectares (1112 acres) of parks, amounting to 52 m2 (560 sq ft) for each resident. Châteauroux's average elevation is 154 m above sea level.
Châteauroux enjoys a mild climate. Temperature extremes range from an average January low of 0.8 °C (33 °F) to an average August high of 25.1 °C (77 °F).
The old town, close to the river, forms a nucleus around which a newer and more extensive quarter, bordered by boulevards, has grown up; the suburbs of St. Christophe and Déols lie on the right bank of the Indre. The castle from which the city takes its name was built in the latter part of the 10th century by Raoul, prince of Déols. During the Middle Ages it was the seat of a seigniory, which was raised to the rank of countship in 1497. In 1616, when it was held by Henry II, prince of Condé, it was raised to the rank of duchy. In 1736 it returned to the crown, and was given to Marie Anne de Mailly-Nesle, duchess of Châteauroux, by Louis XV in 1744. The present Château Raoul housing the préfecture offices dates from the 15th century.
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Chérisey
Coordinates: 49°00′49″N 6°14′06″E / 49.0136°N 6.235°E / 49.0136; 6.235
Chérisey is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Clouange
Coordinates: 49°15′45″N 6°05′52″E / 49.2625°N 6.0978°E / 49.2625; 6.0978
Clouange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Cocheren
Coordinates: 49°08′39″N 6°51′26″E / 49.1442°N 6.8572°E / 49.1442; 6.8572
Cocheren is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Colligny
Coordinates: 49°05′58″N 6°19′33″E / 49.0994°N 6.3258°E / 49.0994; 6.3258
Colligny is a village and commune in the Moselle département of north-eastern France.
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Colmar
Coordinates: 48°04′54″N 7°21′20″E / 48.0817°N 7.3556°E / 48.0817; 7.3556
Colmar (French: Colmar, pronounced: [kɔlmaʁ]; Alsatian: Colmer [ˈkolməʁ]; German: Colmar, between 1871–1918 and 1940–1945: Kolmar) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.
It is the capital of the department. Colmar is also the seat of the highest jurisdiction in Alsace, the appellate court.
It is situated along the Alsatian Wine Route and considers itself to be the "Capital of Alsatian Wine" (capitale des vins d'Alsace).
In 2006, the city of Colmar had a population of 65,713 and the metropolitan area of Colmar had a population of 120,367. Colmar is the center of the arrondissement of Colmar, which has 144,700 inhabitants in 2006.
Colmar is the home town of the painter and engraver Martin Schongauer and the sculptor Frédéric Bartholdi, who designed the Statue of Liberty. The city is renowned for its well preserved old town, its numerous architectural landmarks and its museums, among which is the Unterlinden Museum.
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Colmen
Coordinates: 49°21′22″N 6°32′34″E / 49.3561°N 6.5428°E / 49.3561; 6.5428
Colmen is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Conthil
Coordinates: 48°53′36″N 6°39′45″E / 48.8933°N 6.6625°E / 48.8933; 6.6625
Conthil is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Corrèze
Corrèze (French pronunciation: [kɔ.ʁɛːz]; Occitan: Corresa) is a department in south central France, named after the Corrèze River.
The inhabitants of the department are called Corréziens or Corréziennes according to gender.
Corrèze is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It includes part of the former province of Limousin (the Bas-Limousin).
The 1851 census recorded a population of 320,866: this remained relatively constant for the rest of the nineteenth century. During the twentieth century, however, Corrèze shared the experience of many of the country's rural departments as the population fell steadily.
Within Corrèze the nineteenth-century railway planners, influenced in part by the department's topography, endowed Brive-la-Gaillarde with good connections and a major junction from which railway lines fanned out in six different directions. The railways arrived in 1860, at an opportune moment, directly after phylloxera had destroyed the local wine industry. The new railways enabled the farms in the area surrounding Brive to specialise in fruits and vegetables which they could now transport rapidly to the larger population centres of central and southern France. Locally, the new agriculture triggered the development, in the Brive basin, of related businesses and industries such as the manufacture of jams and liquors, as well as timber/paper-based packaging businesses.
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Corsica
Corsica (
/ˈkɔːrsɪkə/; French: Corse, IPA: [kɔʁs]; Corsican: Corsica; Italian: Corsica, IPA: [ˈkɔrsika]) is a French island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is located west of Italy, southeast of the French mainland, and north of the Italian island of Sardinia. Mountains comprise two-thirds of the island, forming a single chain.
Corsica is one of the 27 régions of France, although strictly speaking Corsica is designated as a territorial collectivity (collectivité territoriale) by law. As a territorial collectivity, it enjoys greater powers than other French régions, but for the most part its status is quite similar. Corsica is referred to as a "région" in common speech, and is almost always listed among the other régions of France.
Although the island is separated from the continental mainland by the Ligurian Sea and is closer to Italy than to the French mainland, politically Corsica is part of Metropolitan France. It was once briefly an independent Corsican Republic, until being incorporated into France in 1769. Its culture has French and Italian elements blended into it.
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Coume
Coordinates: 49°11′56″N 6°34′23″E / 49.1989°N 6.5731°E / 49.1989; 6.5731
Coume is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Craincourt
Coordinates: 48°52′38″N 6°19′21″E / 48.8772°N 6.3225°E / 48.8772; 6.3225
Craincourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Creuse
Creuse (French pronunciation: [kʁøz]; Occitan: Cruesa) is a department in central France named after the Creuse River.
Creuse is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from the former province of La Marche.
The County of Marche (Occitan: la Marcha) was a medieval French county, approximately corresponding to the modern département of Creuse. Marche first appeared as a separate fief about the middle of the 10th century, when William III, Duke of Aquitaine, gave it to one of his vassals named Boso, who took the title of count. In the 12th century, the countship passed to the family of Lusignan. They also were sometimes counts of Angoulême and counts of Limousin. With the death of the childless Count Guy in 1308, his possessions in La Marche were seized by Philip IV of France. In 1316 the king made La Marche an appanage for his youngest son the Prince, afterwards Charles IV. Several years later in 1327, La Marche passed into the hands of the House of Bourbon. The family of Armagnac held it from 1435 to 1477, when it reverted to the Bourbons. In 1527 La Marche was seized by Francis I and became part of the domains of the French crown. It was divided into Haute Marche and Basse Marche, the estates of the former continuing until the 17th century. From 1470 until the Revolution, the province was under the jurisdiction of the parlement of Paris.
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Creutzwald
Coordinates: 49°12′00″N 6°41′00″E / 49.2°N 6.6833°E / 49.2; 6.6833
Creutzwald is a commune in the Moselle département in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
With Germany, it manages the Warndt forest.
The town was formed in 1810, by the merging of the three villages of La Croix, La Houve, and Wilhelmsbronn. It continued to be known as Creutzwald-la-Croix until 1961, when the name was simplified. Until that point, it had been redundant, as the German word Kreuz, and French Croix both mean "cross".
Creutzwald was the last town in France to have a working coal mine, in La Houve, which closed on 23 April 2004.
Together with the municipalities of Bisten-en-Lorraine, Guerting, Ham-sous-Varsberg and Varsberg, it forms the Communauté de communes of Warndt. Although Creutzwald is the largest town in terms of population in its Canton, the administrative centre is Bouzonville. This is due to demographic changes since the 19th century, as in 1885, there were 1698 inhabitants in Bouzonville, and only 1493 in Creutzwald.
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Créhange
Coordinates: 49°03′49″N 6°34′58″E / 49.0636°N 6.5828°E / 49.0636; 6.5828
Créhange (German: Kriechingen) is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
It has a population of 3900 (as of 1999).
Until 1793, Créhange was the capital of the County of Kriechingen, a state of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Créteil
Coordinates: 48°47′28″N 2°27′46″E / 48.7911°N 2.4628°E / 48.7911; 2.4628
Créteil (French pronunciation: [kʁe.tɛj]) is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 11.5 km (7.1 mi) from the center of Paris. Créteil is the préfecture (capital) of the Val-de-Marne department as well as the seat of the Arrondissement of Créteil. The city is, moreover, the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese (bishopric) and of one of France's 30 nationwide académies (districts) of the Ministry of National Education.
The name Créteil was recorded for the first time as Cristoïlum in the martyrology written by a monk named Usuard in 865. The name Cristoïlum is made of the Celtic word ialo (meaning "clearing, glade", "place of") suffixed to a pre-Latin radical crist- whose meaning is still unclear. Some believe crist is a Celtic word meaning "ridge", a cognate of Latin crista and modern French crête, in which case the meaning of Cristoïlum would be "clearing on the ridge" or "place on the ridge." A more traditional etymology was that crist referred to Jesus Christ, due to the very ancient presence of Christianity in Créteil and the veneration of Saint Agoard and Saint Aglibert, martyred in Créteil around AD 400.
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Cuvry
Coordinates: 49°02′38″N 6°09′36″E / 49.0439°N 6.16°E / 49.0439; 6.16
Cuvry is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Czech Republic
The Czech Republic (
i/ˈtʃɛk/ CHEK;Czech: Česká republika, pronounced [ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka] ( listen), short form Česko Czech pronunciation: [ˈtʃɛskɔ]) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. Its capital and largest city, with 1.3 million inhabitants, is Prague.
It is a pluralist multi-party parliamentary representative democracy, a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group.
The Czech state, formerly known as Bohemia, was formed in the late 9th century as a small duchy around Prague, at that time under dominance of the powerful Great Moravian Empire (which reached its greatest territorial extent during the reign of Svatopluk I from the House of Mojmír). After the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power was transferred from Moravia to Bohemia, under the Přemyslids. During the rule of Přemyslid dukes/kings and their successors, the Luxembourgs, the country reached its greatest territorial extent (13th–14th century). Life in the country was significantly affected by the Hussite wars, during which it faced economic embargo and crusades from all over Europe. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg monarchy as one of its three principal parts alongside the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Bohemian Revolt (1618–20) led to the further centralization of the monarchy including forced recatholization and Germanization. During radical reforms in the 18th century the Bohemian Crown was even de facto abolished (1749). In the 19th century the Czech lands became the industrial powerhouse of the monarchy and the core of the Republic of Czechoslovakia which was formed in 1918, following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire after World War I.
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Dalhain
Coordinates: 48°53′23″N 6°33′42″E / 48.8897°N 6.5617°E / 48.8897; 6.5617
Dalhain is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Dalstein
Coordinates: 49°18′31″N 6°24′41″E / 49.3086°N 6.4114°E / 49.3086; 6.4114
Dalstein is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Dannelbourg
Coordinates: 48°44′38″N 7°14′10″E / 48.7439°N 7.2361°E / 48.7439; 7.2361
Dannelbourg is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Delme
Coordinates: 48°53′16″N 6°23′35″E / 48.8878°N 6.3931°E / 48.8878; 6.3931
Delme is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
It had a population of 728 in 1999.
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Denting
Coordinates: 49°11′41″N 6°32′06″E / 49.1947°N 6.535°E / 49.1947; 6.535
Denting is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Desseling
Coordinates: 48°47′07″N 6°50′41″E / 48.7853°N 6.8447°E / 48.7853; 6.8447
Desseling is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Destry
Coordinates: 48°56′40″N 6°35′09″E / 48.9444°N 6.5858°E / 48.9444; 6.5858
Destry is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Diebling
Coordinates: 49°06′34″N 6°56′28″E / 49.1094°N 6.9411°E / 49.1094; 6.9411
Diebling is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Diesen
Coordinates: 49°10′43″N 6°40′44″E / 49.1786°N 6.6789°E / 49.1786; 6.6789
Diesen is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Dieuze
Coordinates: 48°48′46″N 6°43′14″E / 48.812778°N 6.720556°E / 48.812778; 6.720556
Dieuze is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Dieuze was the birthplace of:
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Dijon
Coordinates: 47°17′26″N 5°02′34″E / 47.2906°N 5.0428°E / 47.2906; 5.0428
Dijon (French pronunciation: [diʒɔ̃] ( listen)) is a city in eastern France, and is the capital of the Côte-d'Or département and of the Burgundy region.
Dijon is the historical capital of the region of Burgundy. Population (2008): 151,576 within the city limits; 250,516 (2007) for the greater Dijon area.
Dijon began as a Roman settlement called Divio, located on the road from Lyon to Paris. Saint Benignus, the city's patron saint, is said to have introduced Christianity to the area before being martyred.
This province was home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th until the late 15th centuries and Dijon was a place of tremendous wealth and power and one of the great European centres of art, learning and science. The Duchy of Burgundy was a key in the transformation of medieval times toward early modern Europe. The Palais des ducs de Bourgogne (Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy) now houses city hall and a museum of medieval art.
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Distroff
Coordinates: 49°19′58″N 6°16′02″E / 49.3328°N 6.2672°E / 49.3328; 6.2672
Distroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Dolving
Coordinates: 48°46′34″N 7°01′16″E / 48.7761°N 7.0211°E / 48.7761; 7.0211
Dolving is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Donnelay
Coordinates: 48°45′10″N 6°40′55″E / 48.7528°N 6.6819°E / 48.7528; 6.6819
Donnelay is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Dordogne
Dordogne (French pronunciation: [dɔʁ.dɔɲ]; Occitan: Dordonha) is a départment in south-west France. The départment is located in the region of Aquitaine, between the Loire valley and the High Pyrénées named after the great Dordogne River that runs through it. It roughly corresponds with the ancient county of Périgord.
The county of Périgord dates back to when the area was inhabited by the Gauls, it was home to four tribes, the name for "four tribes" in the Gaulish language was "Petrocore". The area eventually became known as the county of Le Périgord and its inhabitants became known as the Périgordins (or Périgourdins). There are four Périgords in the Dordogne: the "Périgord Vert" (Green Périgord) with its main town of Nontron, consists of verdant valleys in a region crossed by many rivers and streams; the "Périgord Blanc" (White Périgord) situated around the department's capital of Périgueux, is a region of limestone plateaux, wide valleys and meadows; the "Périgord Pourpre" (Purple Périgord) with its capital of Bergerac, is a wine region; and the "Périgord Noir" (Black Périgord) surrounding the administrative center of Sarlat, overlooks the valleys of the Vézère and the Dordogne, where the woods of oak and pine give it its name.
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Dornot
Coordinates: 49°02′55″N 6°03′23″E / 49.0486°N 6.0564°E / 49.0486; 6.0564
Dornot is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Doubs
Doubs (French pronunciation: [du]; Arpitan: Dubs) is a department the Franche-Comté region of eastern France named after the Doubs River.
As early as the 13th century, inhabitants of the northern two-thirds of Doubs spoke the Franc-Comtois language, a dialect of Langue d'Oïl. Residents of the southern third of Doubs spoke a dialect of the Arpitan language. Both languages co-existed with French, the official language of law and commerce, and continued to be spoken frequently in rural areas into the 20th century. They are both still spoken today but not on a daily basis.
Doubs was important as a portal to Switzerland through the pass at Joux. Many famous people, including Mirabeau, Toussaint Louverture and Heinrich von Kleist, were imprisoned in the Château de Joux.
Doubs is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Franche-Comté. The prefecture (capital) is Besançon.
In 1793, the republic of Mandeure was annexed by France and incorporated into the department. This district was passed between various territories and departments in the ensuing administrative reorganisations and wars, but was restored to Doubs in 1816 when the former principality of Montbéliard was also added to the department.
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Drôme
Drôme (French pronunciation: [dʁom]; Droma in Occitan, Drôma in Arpitan), a département in southeastern France, takes its name from the Drôme River.
St Vallier in Drôme, was the birthplace of one of France's most famous courtesans, the noble-born Diane de Poitiers (1499-1566), long-term mistress of King Henri II (1547-1559).
The French National Constituent Assembly set up Drôme as one of the original 83 departments of France on March 4, 1790, during the French Revolution. The territory formed part of the former French province of Dauphiné.
Drôme lies within the region of Rhône-Alpes (Rôno-Arpes) and is surrounded by the departments of Ardèche, Isère, Hautes-Alpes, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Vaucluse.
The boundaries of the department have changed several times with the incorporation of the Comtat Venaissin in 1792 and the creation of the department of Vaucluse in 1793. Drôme surrounds an enclave of the department of Vaucluse, the Canton of Valréas (Enclave des Papes).
The President of the General Council is Didier Guillaume of the Socialist Party.
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Eincheville
Coordinates: 48°59′01″N 6°36′20″E / 48.9836°N 6.6056°E / 48.9836; 6.6056
Eincheville is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Elzange
Coordinates: 49°21′47″N 6°17′08″E / 49.3631°N 6.2856°E / 49.3631; 6.2856
Elzange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Enchenberg
Coordinates: 49°01′00″N 7°20′00″E / 49.0167°N 7.3333°E / 49.0167; 7.3333
Enchenberg is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Entrange
Coordinates: 49°24′48″N 6°06′18″E / 49.4133°N 6.105°E / 49.4133; 6.105
Entrange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Erching
Coordinates: 49°06′43″N 7°15′50″E / 49.1119°N 7.2639°E / 49.1119; 7.2639
Erching is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Ernestviller
Coordinates: 49°04′05″N 6°57′54″E / 49.0681°N 6.965°E / 49.0681; 6.965
Ernestviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Erstroff
Coordinates: 48°58′50″N 6°46′35″E / 48.9806°N 6.7764°E / 48.9806; 6.7764
Erstroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Escherange
Coordinates: 49°25′01″N 6°04′15″E / 49.4169°N 6.0708°E / 49.4169; 6.0708
Escherange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Essonne
Essonne (pronounced: [ɛ.sɔn]) is a French department in the region of Île-de-France. It is named after the Essonne River.
It was formed on 1 January 1968 when Seine-et-Oise was split into smaller departments.
The Essonne department was created on 1 January 1968, from the southern portion of the former department of Seine-et-Oise.
In June 1963 Carrefour S.A. opened the first hypermarket in the Paris region at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois (although the word "hypermarche" was first used only in 1966). Based on the ideas put forward by the American logistics pioneer Bernardo Trujillo, the centre offered on a single 2,500 m2 (26,909.78 sq ft) site a hitherto unknown combination of wide choice and low prices, supported by 400 car parking spaces.
In 1969, the communes of Châteaufort and Toussus-le-Noble were separated from Essonne and added to the department of Yvelines.
Essonne belongs to the region of Île-de-France.
It has borders with the departments of:
All of northern Essonne department belongs to the Parisian agglomeration and is very urbanized. The south remains rural.
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Etting
Coordinates: 49°01′52″N 7°10′48″E / 49.0311°N 7.18°E / 49.0311; 7.18
Etting is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Etzling
Coordinates: 49°10′45″N 6°57′47″E / 49.1792°N 6.9631°E / 49.1792; 6.9631
Etzling is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Eure
Eure (French pronunciation: [œʁ]) is a department in the north of France named after the river Eure.
Eure is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Normandy.
After the allied victory at Waterloo, Eure was occupied by Prussian troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
In the wake of Louis-Napoléons December coup of 1851, Eure was one of the departments placed under a state of emergency in order to avert resistance to the post-republican régime. In the event fewer than 100 government opponents in Eure were arrested.
Eure is part of the current region of Haute-Normandie and is surrounded by the departments of Seine-Maritime, Oise, Val-d'Oise, Yvelines, Eure-et-Loir, Orne, and Calvados.
The department is a largely wooded plateau intersected by the valleys of the Seine River and its tributaries.
The altitude varies from sea level to 248 metres in the south.
The President of the General Council is Jean-Louis Destans of the Socialist Party.
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Failly
Coordinates: 49°09′29″N 6°15′50″E / 49.158°N 6.264°E / 49.158; 6.264
Failly is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Fameck
Coordinates: 49°18′N 6°07′E / 49.3°N 6.11°E / 49.3; 6.11
Fameck is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Farschviller
Coordinates: 49°05′38″N 6°53′42″E / 49.0939°N 6.895°E / 49.0939; 6.895
Farschviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Farébersviller
Coordinates: 49°06′56″N 6°51′52″E / 49.1156°N 6.8644°E / 49.1156; 6.8644
Farébersviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
It is located only 3 km from the German border.
Farébersviller lies at the heart of the coalfield between 3 major cities that are Forbach Sarreguemines and Saint-Avold.
The municipality consists of 2 very different entities that are the village, the original place to the south and the city, created from 1954 by the Houillères du Bassin de Lorraine (HBL) to accommodate a large number of miners working in the Valley the Rosselle nearby.
Since 1989 the mayor of the municipality is Laurent Kleinhentz.
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Faulquemont
Coordinates: 49°02′38″N 6°36′01″E / 49.0439°N 6.6003°E / 49.0439; 6.6003
Faulquemont is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Filstroff
Coordinates: 49°19′25″N 6°32′29″E / 49.3236°N 6.5414°E / 49.3236; 6.5414
Filstroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Finistère
Finistère (French pronunciation: [fi.nis.tɛʁ]; Breton: Penn-ar-Bed) is a département of France, in the extreme west of Brittany.
The name Finistère derives from the Latin Finis Terræ, meaning end of the earth, and may be compared with Land's End on the opposite side of the English Channel. The Breton name for Finistère Penn ar Bedd translates as Head/End of the World and is cognate with the Cornish equivalent for Land's End Pen-an-Wlas (Head/End of the country). Finistère is not to be confused with Finisterre in Spain.
The present department consists of the historical region of Léon and parts of Cornouaille and Trégor.
The largest population center in Finistère is Brest. Other large towns in the department include Quimper (the capital), Morlaix, Carhaix, and Douarnenez. Finistère includes the island of Ushant (Eusa in Breton, Ouessant in French).
Finistère is the westernmost region of France (excluding the overseas departments). By several criteria, Finistère can also claim to be the most coastal department in Metropolitan France. Of its 283 communes, 118 are located on the coast. Its total coastline of approximately 1,250 km (776.71 mi) accounts for almost a quarter of the entire French coast-line.
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Fixem
Coordinates: 49°26′37″N 6°16′32″E / 49.4436°N 6.2756°E / 49.4436; 6.2756
Fixem is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Flastroff
Coordinates: 49°22′03″N 6°32′01″E / 49.3675°N 6.5336°E / 49.3675; 6.5336
Flastroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Fleisheim
Coordinates: 48°47′22″N 7°09′46″E / 48.7894°N 7.1628°E / 48.7894; 7.1628
Fleisheim is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Flocourt
Coordinates: 48°58′25″N 6°24′43″E / 48.9736°N 6.4119°E / 48.9736; 6.4119
Flocourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Florange
Coordinates: 49°19′20″N 6°07′09″E / 49.3222°N 6.1192°E / 49.3222; 6.1192
Florange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Flétrange
Coordinates: 49°03′47″N 6°33′37″E / 49.0631°N 6.5603°E / 49.0631; 6.5603
Flétrange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Flévy
Coordinates: 49°14′15″N 6°14′45″E / 49.2375°N 6.2458°E / 49.2375; 6.2458
Flévy is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Foix
Coordinates: 42°57′59″N 1°36′28″E / 42.9664°N 1.6078°E / 42.9664; 1.6078
Foix (French pronunciation: [fwa]; Occitan: Fois [ˈfujs, ˈfujʃ]; Catalan: Foix [ˈfoʃ]) is a commune, the capital of the Ariège department in southwestern France. It is the least populous administrative centre of a department in all of France, although it is only very slightly smaller than Privas. It lies south of Toulouse, close to the border with Spain and Andorra.
The town of Foix probably owes its origin to an oratory founded by Charlemagne, which afterwards became the Abbey of Saint Volusianus in 849. The current area was preceded by the County of Foix.
The coat of arms used by the commune has the blazon Or, three pallets gules. This is replicated on the flag, and in the arms of the département. It originates from the arms of the Counts of Foix, and, as such, dates back into medieval times. It bears a resemblance to the coat of arms of Aragon, both featuring in the coat of arms of Andorra.
Foix was the birthplace of Charles de Freycinet (1828–1923), statesman and prime minister.
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Folkling
Coordinates: 49°08′52″N 6°53′43″E / 49.1478°N 6.8953°E / 49.1478; 6.8953
Folkling is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Folschviller
Coordinates: 49°04′13″N 6°41′09″E / 49.0703°N 6.6858°E / 49.0703; 6.6858
Folschviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Fonteny
Coordinates: 48°52′54″N 6°27′56″E / 48.8817°N 6.4656°E / 48.8817; 6.4656
Fonteny is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Fontoy
Coordinates: 49°21′24″N 5°59′45″E / 49.3567°N 5.9958°E / 49.3567; 5.9958
Fontoy is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Forbach
Coordinates: 49°11′20″N 6°54′03″E / 49.1889°N 6.9008°E / 49.1889; 6.9008
Forbach (French pronunciation: [fɔʁbak]) is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
It is located near the German border. Population (1999): 22,784.
When travelling by train between Germany and France, the station in Forbach is where Customs procedures were performed until the Schengen treaty, and trains change from right-hand running (Germany) to left-hand running (France). Since 2007, the high speed train connecting Paris and Frankfurt has stopped in Forbach, allowing the French capital to be reached in 1 hour 45 minutes and the Main metropolis in 2 hours.
Town centre
Church
Train station
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Fort de Plappeville
The Fort de Plappeville, or Feste Alvensleben, is a military fortification located to the northwest of Metz in the commune of Plappeville. As part of the first ring of the fortifications of Metz, it is an early example of a Séré de Rivières system fort. While it did not see action during World War I, it was the scene of heavy fighting between American forces and German defenders at the end of the Battle of Metz, in 1944. After Second World War it became a training center for the French Air Force. Fort 'Alvensleben' has been abandoned since 1995.
The Fort de Plappeville is part of the first ring of the Metz fortifications, built during the Second Empire by Napoleon III. The works began in 1867. It was designed by Raymond Adolphe Séré de Rivières, who oversaw the initial stages of the Metz fortifications. The fort was not complete in 1870 when war was declared between France and Germany. The defensive system would be completed and improved by German engineers between 1871 and 1898. The fort mounted about 100 guns and had a garrison of about 1600 men. Half-buried in a slope, the fort dominates the valley of the Moselle. Conceived to resist distant artillery fire, it also has a system of ditches evocative of the fortifications of Vauban. The fort resembles the contemporary Fort de Queuleu and the Fort Saint-Julien, using a bastioned layout that would be quickly superseded in forts begun a few years later. The fort's barracks differ from those at Saint-Quentin and Queleu, and are located under the artillery platform of cavalier. Batteries on the Plappeville plateau, equipped with artillery turrets, complete the defense of the principal fort. Two of the most important armored batteries have four armored turrets with 150mm guns.
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Fort de Queuleu
The Fort de Queuleu is a fortification to the southeast of Metz, near Queuleu, France. Construction began while part of Lorraine was under French rule in 1868. After the interruption of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, the fort was improved between 1872 and 1875 by the German Empire , which had annexed the area as a result of the war. Renamed Fort Goeben, it formed part of the first ring of the fortifications of Metz. Functionally obsolete by the First World War, it saw no military action, but was used by the Germans as a detention center for members of the French Resistance during World War II.
The fort was one of the first built according to the fortification system developed by Lieutenant Colonel Raymond Adolphe Séré de Rivières. The goal was to build a discontinuous enclosure around Metz using a series of artillery forts armed with a variety of guns. In the 1860s tension was rising between France and Germany, causing France to attend to the fortification of its frontiers. Metz, close to the border and a strategic road and rail crossing, was the beneficiary of one of the first programs of fortification. Before all of the forts could be completed, France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War and the area around Metz was annexed to Germany. Metz then became a crucial strongpoint on Germany's frontier, receiving sustained attention to its defenses that culminated in the Moselstellung of the early twentieth century.
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Fossieux
Coordinates: 48°51′08″N 6°19′36″E / 48.8522°N 6.3267°E / 48.8522; 6.3267
Fossieux is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Foulcrey
Coordinates: 48°38′19″N 6°51′29″E / 48.6386°N 6.8581°E / 48.6386; 6.8581
Foulcrey is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Fouligny
Coordinates: 49°05′39″N 6°30′19″E / 49.0942°N 6.5053°E / 49.0942; 6.5053
Fouligny is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Foville
Coordinates: 48°54′59″N 6°19′27″E / 48.9164°N 6.3242°E / 48.9164; 6.3242
Foville is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Francaltroff
Coordinates: 48°57′48″N 6°47′53″E / 48.9633°N 6.7981°E / 48.9633; 6.7981
Francaltroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Fraquelfing
Coordinates: 48°38′25″N 6°59′22″E / 48.6403°N 6.9894°E / 48.6403; 6.9894
Fraquelfing is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Freistroff
Coordinates: 49°16′57″N 6°29′31″E / 49.2825°N 6.4919°E / 49.2825; 6.4919
Freistroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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French Guiana
French Guiana (French: Guyane française; French pronunciation: [ɡɥijan fʁɑ̃sɛz]; officially just Guyane) is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department located on the northern Atlantic coast of South America. It has borders with two nations: Brazil to the east and south, and Suriname to the west. Its 83,534 km2 (32,253 sq mi) have a very low population density of less than 3 /km2 (7.8 /sq mi), with almost half of its 229,000 people in 2009 living in the urban area of Cayenne, its capital.
The addition of the adjective "French" in English comes from colonial times when five such colonies existed (The Guianas), namely from west to east: Spanish Guiana (now Guayana Region in Venezuela), British Guiana (now Guyana), Dutch Guiana (now Suriname), French Guiana, and Portuguese Guiana (now Amapá, a state in far northern Brazil). French Guiana and the two larger countries to the north and west, Guyana and Suriname, are still often collectively referred to as the Guianas and comprise one large shield landmass.
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Freybouse
Coordinates: 49°00′20″N 6°46′42″E / 49.0056°N 6.7783°E / 49.0056; 6.7783
Freybouse is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Frémery
Coordinates: 48°55′12″N 6°28′28″E / 48.92°N 6.4744°E / 48.92; 6.4744
Frémery is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Frémestroff
Coordinates: 49°01′05″N 6°46′52″E / 49.0181°N 6.7811°E / 49.0181; 6.7811
Frémestroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Fèves
Coordinates: 49°11′46″N 6°07′14″E / 49.1961°N 6.1206°E / 49.1961; 6.1206
Fèves is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Fénétrange
Coordinates: 48°50′47″N 7°01′14″E / 48.8464°N 7.0205°E / 48.8464; 7.0205
Fénétrange (German: Finstingen) is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
The Saar River flows through Fénétrange.
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Gandrange
Coordinates: 49°16′20″N 6°07′33″E / 49.2722°N 6.1258°E / 49.2722; 6.1258
Gandrange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Gard
Gard (French pronunciation: [ɡaʁ]; Occitan: Gard) is a département located in southern France in the Languedoc-Roussillon region.
The department is named after the River Gardon, and the Occitan name of the river has been replacing the French name of the department in recent decades, even among French speakers.
The Gard area was settled by the Romans in classical times. It was crossed by the Via Domitia, which was constructed in 118 BC.
Gard is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the ancient province of Languedoc.
It was originally intended to include the canton of Ganges in the department which would have been geographically logical, but Ganges was transferred to the neighbouring department of Hérault at the outset. In return, Gard received from Hérault the fishing port of Aigues Mortes which gave the department its own outlet to the Gulf of Lion.
During the middle of the nineteenth century the prefecture, traditionally a centre of commerce with a manufacturing sector focused on textiles, was an early beneficiary of railway development, becoming an important railway junction. Several luxurious hotels were built, and the improved market access provided by the railways also encouraged, initially, a rapid growth in wine growing: however, many of the department's viticulturalists were ruined by the arrival in 1872 of phylloxera.
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Gare de Lorraine TGV
Lorraine TGV is a new railway station on the LGV Est, a TGV high-speed rail line from Paris to Strasbourg. It is located in Louvigny, between the towns of Metz and Nancy.
When built, it was criticized for being too far from any of the towns to be useful. There are many political disputes to decide if it should be rebuilt at Vandières, Meurthe-et-Moselle, connected with the Metz-Nancy railway line (TER Lorraine).
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Garrebourg
Coordinates: 48°42′43″N 7°14′02″E / 48.7119°N 7.2339°E / 48.7119; 7.2339
Garrebourg is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Gavisse
Coordinates: 49°25′58″N 6°17′16″E / 49.4328°N 6.2878°E / 49.4328; 6.2878
Gavisse is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Gelucourt
Coordinates: 48°45′55″N 6°43′38″E / 48.7653°N 6.7272°E / 48.7653; 6.7272
Gelucourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Gerbécourt
Coordinates: 48°51′09″N 6°30′54″E / 48.8525°N 6.515°E / 48.8525; 6.515
Gerbécourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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German Empire
The German Empire (German: Deutsches Kaiserreich) is the common name given to the state officially named the Deutsches Reich (literally: "German Realm"), designating Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871, to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of the Emperor, Wilhelm II.
The German Empire consisted of 27 constituent territories (most of them ruled by royal families). While the Kingdom of Prussia contained most of the population and most of the territory of the Reich; the Prussian leadership became supplanted by German leaders and Prussia itself played a lesser role. As Dwyer (2005) points out, Prussia's "political and cultural influence had diminished considerably" by the 1890s. Its three largest neighbors were rivals Imperial Russia to the east and France to the west and ally Austria-Hungary to the south.
After 1850, Germany industrialized rapidly, with a foundation in coal, iron (and later steel), chemicals and railways. From a population of 41 million people in 1871, it grew to 68 million in 1913. From a heavily rural nation in 1815, it was now predominantly urban. During its 47 years of existence, the German Empire operated as an industrial, technological and scientific giant, receiving more Nobel Prizes in science than Britain, France, Russia and the United States combined.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Gers
The Gers (French: le Gers, Gascon: Gers, pronounced: [ʒɛʁs] or [ʒɛʁ]) is a department in the Midi-Pyrénées region in the southwest of France named after the Gers River.
Inhabitants are called les Gersois or Gersoises.
In the Middle Ages, the Lordship of L'Isle-Jourdain was nearby.
The Gers is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Guyenne and Gascony.
In 1808 it lost Lavit on its the north-eastern side to the newly created department of Tarn-et-Garonne.
The culture is largely agricultural, with great emphasis on the local gastronomical specialties such as:
Also, some prominent cultivated crops are corn, colza, sunflowers and grain.
The Gascon language is a dialect of Occitan, but it is not widely spoken.The department is characterised by sleepy bastide villages and rolling hills with the Pyrenees visible to the south.
Alexandre Dumas, père created the famous Gersois d'Artagnan, the fourth musketeer of The Three Musketeers. A museum to d'Artagnan is found in the Gersois village of Lupiac.
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Gironde
For the Revolutionary party, see Girondists.
Gironde (French pronunciation: [ʒiʁɔ̃d]; in Gascon Gironda) is a common name for the Gironde estuary, where the mouths of the Garonne and Dordogne rivers merge, and for a department in the Aquitaine region situated in southwest France. The Bordeaux wine region is in the Gironde.
Gironde is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Guyenne and Gascogne.
From 1793 to 1795, the department's name was changed to Bec-d'Ambès to avoid the association with the revolutionary party, the Girondists.
Gironde is part of the current region of Aquitaine and is surrounded by the departments of Landes, Lot-et-Garonne, Dordogne and Charente-Maritime and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. With an area of 10,000 km², Gironde is the largest department in metropolitan France. If overseas departments are included, however, Gironde's land area is dwarfed by the 83,846 km² of Guyane.
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Givrycourt
Coordinates: 48°55′26″N 6°55′07″E / 48.9239°N 6.9186°E / 48.9239; 6.9186
Givrycourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Gloucester
Gloucester (i/ˈɡlɒstər/ GLOS-tər) is a city, district and county town of Gloucestershire in the South West region of England. Gloucester lies close to the Welsh border, and on the River Severn, approximately 32 miles (51 km) north-east of Bristol, and 45 miles (72 km) south-southwest of Birmingham.
Gloucester was founded in AD 97 by the Romans under Emperor Nerva as Colonia Glevum Nervensis, and was granted its first charter in 1155 by King Henry II. Economically, the city is dominated by the service industries, and has a strong financial and business sector, being home to the bank Cheltenham & Gloucester and historically was prominent in the aerospace industry.
The existence of a British settlement at Gloucester (Caer Glow, Gleawecastre, Gleucestre) is not confirmed by any direct evidence, but Gloucester was the Roman municipality of Colonia Nervia Glevensium, or Glevum, founded in the reign of Nerva. Parts of the walls can be traced, and many remains and coins have been found, though inscriptions are scarce. Evidence for some civic life after the end of Roman Britain includes the mention in the Historia Brittonum that Vortigern's grandfather ruled Gloucester. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Gloucester was part of Wessex from the Battle of Deorham in 577 until 584, when it came under the control of Mercia.
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Goetzenbruck
Coordinates: 48°58′41″N 7°22′50″E / 48.9781°N 7.3806°E / 48.9781; 7.3806
Goetzenbruck is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Gomelange
Coordinates: 49°14′34″N 6°28′15″E / 49.2428°N 6.4708°E / 49.2428; 6.4708
Gomelange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Gondrexange
Coordinates: 48°41′06″N 6°55′42″E / 48.685°N 6.9283°E / 48.685; 6.9283
Gondrexange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Gorze
Coordinates: 49°03′14″N 5°59′56″E / 49.054°N 5.999°E / 49.054; 5.999
Gorze is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
It was the home of the once-famous Gorze Abbey.
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Gosselming
Coordinates: 48°47′33″N 7°00′12″E / 48.7925°N 7.0033°E / 48.7925; 7.0033
Gosselming is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Gravelotte
Coordinates: 49°06′38″N 6°01′50″E / 49.1106°N 6.0306°E / 49.1106; 6.0306
Gravelotte is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Population (1999): 652.
Gravelotte is located between Metz and the former French-German frontier, as it was between 1870 and 1918. It was famous as the scene of the battle of 18 August 1870 between the Germans under King William of Prussia and the French under Marshal Bazaine.
The battlefield extends from the woods which border, the Moselle above Metz to Roncourt, near the river Orne. Other villages which played an important part in the battle of Gravelotte were Saint-Privat, Amanvillers and Sainte-Marie-aux-Chênes, all lying to the north of Gravelotte.
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Grenoble
Coordinates: 45°12′01″N 5°43′20″E / 45.2002°N 5.7222°E / 45.2002; 5.7222
Grenoble (French pronunciation: [ɡʁə.nɔbl]; Arpitan: Grenoblo) is a city in southeastern France, at the foot of the French Alps where the river Drac joins the Isère. Located in the Rhône-Alpes region, Grenoble is the capital of the department of Isère. The proximity of the mountains has led to the city being known as the "Capital of the Alps."
Grenoble's history goes back more than 2,000 years, and it has been the capital of the Dauphiné since the 11th century. It experienced a period of economic expansion in the nineteenth and 20th centuries, symbolized by the holding of the X Olympic Winter Games in 1968. The city is now a significant scientific centre in Europe.
The population of the city (commune) of Grenoble at the 2008 census was 156,659. The population of the Grenoble metropolitan area (French: aire urbaine de Grenoble) at the 2008 census was 664,832. The residents of the city are called "Grenoblois".
Among the numerous communes that make up Grenoble are the city's largest suburbs, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, Échirolles, and Fontaine, each with a population exceeding 20,000.
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Grosbliederstroff
Coordinates: 49°09′26″N 7°01′43″E / 49.1572°N 7.0286°E / 49.1572; 7.0286
Grosbliederstroff (German: Großblittersdorf) is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
It borders the German towns of Saarbrücken (180,000 inhabitants) and Kleinblittersdorf.
Grosbliederstroff is connected to Saarbrücken by tramway and to French highways A320 and A4.
777: Foundation
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Grostenquin
Coordinates: 48°58′50″N 6°44′23″E / 48.9806°N 6.7397°E / 48.9806; 6.7397
Grostenquin is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Population (1999): 569.
It is situated between Metz and Strasbourg.
A Royal Canadian Air Force base, RCAF Station Grostenquin, was located here from 1952-1964.
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Grundviller
Coordinates: 49°02′40″N 6°58′18″E / 49.0444°N 6.9717°E / 49.0444; 6.9717
Grundviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Grémecey
Coordinates: 48°48′03″N 6°24′22″E / 48.8008°N 6.4061°E / 48.8008; 6.4061
Grémecey is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Gréning
Coordinates: 48°58′22″N 6°50′39″E / 48.9728°N 6.8442°E / 48.9728; 6.8442
Gréning is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Guadeloupe
Coordinates: 16°15′N 61°35′W / 16.25°N 61.583°W / 16.25; -61.583
Guadeloupe ( /ɡwɑːdəˈluːp/; French pronunciation: [ɡwadəlup]; Antillean Creole: Gwadloup) is a Caribbean island located in the Leeward Islands, in the Lesser Antilles, with a land area of 1,628 square kilometres (629 sq. mi) and a population of 400,000. It is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. Its departmental code is "971". As the other overseas departments, Guadeloupe is also an integral part of the Republic. Besides Guadeloupe island, the smaller islands of Marie-Galante, La Désirade, and the Îles des Saintes are included in Guadeloupe.
As part of France, Guadeloupe is part of the European Union and the Eurozone; hence, as for all Eurozone countries, its currency is the euro. However, Guadeloupe is not part of the Schengen Area. The prefecture and the capital of Guadeloupe is Basse-Terre. Christopher Columbus named the island Santa María de Guadalupe in 1493 after the Virgin Mary, venerated in the Spanish town of Guadalupe, in Extremadura.
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Guebenhouse
Coordinates: 49°04′32″N 6°56′36″E / 49.0756°N 6.9433°E / 49.0756; 6.9433
Guebenhouse is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Guenviller
Coordinates: 49°06′28″N 6°47′57″E / 49.1078°N 6.7992°E / 49.1078; 6.7992
Guenviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Guermange
Coordinates: 48°47′43″N 6°48′44″E / 48.7953°N 6.8122°E / 48.7953; 6.8122
Guermange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Guerstling
Coordinates: 49°19′43″N 6°34′49″E / 49.3286°N 6.5803°E / 49.3286; 6.5803
Guerstling is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Guerting
Coordinates: 49°11′23″N 6°37′16″E / 49.1897°N 6.6211°E / 49.1897; 6.6211
Guerting is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Guinglange
Coordinates: 49°04′27″N 6°31′37″E / 49.0742°N 6.5269°E / 49.0742; 6.5269
Guinglange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Guinkirchen
Coordinates: 49°12′25″N 6°27′03″E / 49.2069°N 6.4508°E / 49.2069; 6.4508
Guinkirchen is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Guinzeling
Coordinates: 48°52′48″N 6°50′35″E / 48.88°N 6.8431°E / 48.88; 6.8431
Guinzeling is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Guntzviller
Coordinates: 48°42′35″N 7°09′43″E / 48.7097°N 7.1619°E / 48.7097; 7.1619
Guntzviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Guébestroff
Coordinates: 48°49′53″N 6°43′11″E / 48.8314°N 6.7197°E / 48.8314; 6.7197
Guébestroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Guébling
Coordinates: 48°51′50″N 6°44′45″E / 48.8639°N 6.7458°E / 48.8639; 6.7458
Guébling is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Guénange
Coordinates: 49°18′N 6°11′E / 49.3°N 6.18°E / 49.3; 6.18
Guénange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Guéret
Coordinates: 46°10′17″N 1°52′09″E / 46.1714°N 1.8692°E / 46.1714; 1.8692
Guéret (Occitan: Garait) is a commune and the prefecture of the Creuse department in the Limousin region in central France.
A light industrial town, the largest in the department, with a big woodland and a little farming not far from the town centre. It is approximately 45 miles (72 km) northeast of Limoges at the junction of the D942, D940 and the N145 roads.
Guéret is twinned with:
Stein, Bavaria, Germany since 1991
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Haboudange
Coordinates: 48°53′29″N 6°36′46″E / 48.8914°N 6.6128°E / 48.8914; 6.6128
Haboudange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Hagondange
Coordinates: 49°15′18″N 6°10′07″E / 49.255°N 6.1686°E / 49.255; 6.1686
Hagondange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
It is some 20 km north of Metz and the same distance south from Thionville.
La Tour de Guet, a tower from the twelfth century, is found within the commune.
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Hallering
Coordinates: 49°07′13″N 6°33′10″E / 49.1203°N 6.5528°E / 49.1203; 6.5528
Hallering is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Halstroff
Coordinates: 49°23′14″N 6°29′18″E / 49.3872°N 6.4883°E / 49.3872; 6.4883
Halstroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Hampont
Coordinates: 48°50′11″N 6°34′58″E / 48.8364°N 6.5828°E / 48.8364; 6.5828
Hampont is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
The Nazi SS-Obergruppenführer Theodor Eicke (1892–1943) was born here in 1892.
The town was formally known by the German name Hudingen between 1915–18 and Hüdingen over 1940 and 1944.
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Hangviller
Coordinates: 48°48′37″N 7°13′47″E / 48.8103°N 7.2297°E / 48.8103; 7.2297
Hangviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Hannocourt
Coordinates: 48°54′31″N 6°26′32″E / 48.9086°N 6.4422°E / 48.9086; 6.4422
Hannocourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Hanviller
Coordinates: 49°06′18″N 7°27′36″E / 49.105°N 7.46°E / 49.105; 7.46
Hanviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Harprich
Coordinates: 48°57′44″N 6°39′23″E / 48.9622°N 6.6564°E / 48.9622; 6.6564
Harprich is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Harreberg
Coordinates: 48°40′00″N 7°10′16″E / 48.6667°N 7.1711°E / 48.6667; 7.1711
Harreberg is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Hartzviller
Coordinates: 48°40′13″N 7°05′14″E / 48.6703°N 7.0872°E / 48.6703; 7.0872
Hartzviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Haselbourg
Coordinates: 48°41′10″N 7°12′21″E / 48.6861°N 7.2058°E / 48.6861; 7.2058
Haselbourg is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Haspelschiedt
Coordinates: 49°05′12″N 7°29′11″E / 49.0867°N 7.4864°E / 49.0867; 7.4864
Haspelschiedt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Hattigny
Coordinates: 48°37′56″N 6°57′57″E / 48.6322°N 6.9658°E / 48.6322; 6.9658
Hattigny is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Hauconcourt
Coordinates: 49°13′12″N 6°11′25″E / 49.22°N 6.1903°E / 49.22; 6.1903
Hauconcourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Havange
Coordinates: 49°23′20″N 5°59′39″E / 49.3889°N 5.9942°E / 49.3889; 5.9942
Havange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Hayange
Coordinates: 49°19′48″N 6°03′46″E / 49.33°N 6.0628°E / 49.33; 6.0628
Hayange (German : Hayingen) is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Outlying villages include Marspich and Saint-Nicolas-en-Forêt, Konacker and Ranguevaux.
Hayange is well known for its factories, manufacturing sheet steel and rails for the SNCF, and the town's main claim to fame is that it manufactures the rails for the TGV.
Archaeological evidence indicates that iron ore was already mined here in Roman times. Human settlement in the area during the Merovingian period is confirmed by a Merovingian cemetery discovered by iron miners in the Hamévillers Valley, on the edge of Hayange and along the line of a Roman road believed to have linked Rheims with Metz.
During the early Medieval period the town was known as "Heiyingen Villa", a name indicating a settlement within a forested area. The first mention of the town in an official record dates from 821, during the reign of Louis the Pious, Western Emperor and King of the Franks, one of the sons of Charlemagne.
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Hazembourg
Coordinates: 48°58′04″N 6°56′01″E / 48.9678°N 6.9336°E / 48.9678; 6.9336
Hazembourg is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Hellimer
Coordinates: 48°59′54″N 6°49′50″E / 48.9983°N 6.8306°E / 48.9983; 6.8306
Hellimer is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Helstroff
Coordinates: 49°09′12″N 6°28′32″E / 49.1533°N 6.4756°E / 49.1533; 6.4756
Helstroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Henridorff
Coordinates: 48°44′03″N 7°12′40″E / 48.7342°N 7.2111°E / 48.7342; 7.2111
Henridorff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Henriville
Coordinates: 49°05′46″N 6°51′15″E / 49.0961°N 6.8542°E / 49.0961; 6.8542
Henriville is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Hermelange
Coordinates: 48°40′49″N 7°01′04″E / 48.6803°N 7.0178°E / 48.6803; 7.0178
Hermelange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Herny
Coordinates: 48°59′59″N 6°28′57″E / 48.9997°N 6.4825°E / 48.9997; 6.4825
Herny is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Hertzing
Coordinates: 48°41′18″N 6°57′09″E / 48.6883°N 6.9525°E / 48.6883; 6.9525
Hertzing is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Hestroff
Coordinates: 49°15′47″N 6°26′08″E / 49.2631°N 6.4356°E / 49.2631; 6.4356
Hestroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Hilbesheim
Coordinates: 48°46′39″N 7°05′49″E / 48.7775°N 7.0969°E / 48.7775; 7.0969
Hilbesheim is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Hilsprich
Coordinates: 49°00′50″N 6°54′48″E / 49.0139°N 6.9133°E / 49.0139; 6.9133
Hilsprich is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Hinckange
Coordinates: 49°11′26″N 6°26′49″E / 49.1906°N 6.4469°E / 49.1906; 6.4469
Hinckange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Holacourt
Coordinates: 48°58′22″N 6°30′50″E / 48.9728°N 6.5139°E / 48.9728; 6.5139
Holacourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Holving
Coordinates: 49°00′40″N 6°57′52″E / 49.0111°N 6.964500°E / 49.0111; 6.964500
Holving is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Hommarting
Coordinates: 48°44′21″N 7°08′45″E / 48.7392°N 7.1458°E / 48.7392; 7.1458
Hommarting is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Hommert
Coordinates: 48°40′41″N 7°10′42″E / 48.6781°N 7.1783°E / 48.6781; 7.1783
Hommert is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Honskirch
Coordinates: 48°56′31″N 6°57′26″E / 48.9419°N 6.9572°E / 48.9419; 6.9572
Honskirch is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Hottviller
Coordinates: 49°04′41″N 7°21′50″E / 49.0781°N 7.3639°E / 49.0781; 7.3639
Hottviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Hultehouse
Coordinates: 48°43′11″N 7°15′42″E / 48.7197°N 7.2617°E / 48.7197; 7.2617
Hultehouse is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Hundling
Coordinates: 49°06′28″N 6°58′56″E / 49.1078°N 6.9822°E / 49.1078; 6.9822
Hundling is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Hémilly
Coordinates: 49°03′43″N 6°30′08″E / 49.0619°N 6.5022°E / 49.0619; 6.5022
Hémilly is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Héming
Coordinates: 48°41′42″N 6°58′03″E / 48.695°N 6.9675°E / 48.695; 6.9675
Héming is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Hérange
Coordinates: 48°46′32″N 7°10′14″E / 48.7756°N 7.1706°E / 48.7756; 7.1706
Hérange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Hérault
Hérault (French pronunciation: [eʁo]; Occitan: Erau) is a department in the south of France named after the Hérault river.
Hérault is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Languedoc.
At the beginning of the 20th century, viticulture in the region was devastated by a slump in sales combined with disease affecting the vines, and thousands of small scale producers revolted. This revolt was suppressed very harshly by the government of Georges Clemenceau.
The catastrophic frost of the winter of 1956 damaged the olive trees, and the olive-growing regions did not recover until the late 1980s. Many of the olive-industry co-ops closed.
During the second half of the twentieth century the Montpellier basin underwent one of the most rapid population increases experienced anywhere in France.
Hérault is part of the current region of Languedoc-Roussillon and is surrounded by the departments of Aude, Tarn, Aveyron, Gard, and the Mediterranean (Gulf of Lion) on the south.
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Ibigny
Coordinates: 48°38′38″N 6°54′01″E / 48.6439°N 6.9003°E / 48.6439; 6.9003
Ibigny is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Illange
Coordinates: 49°19′35″N 6°10′44″E / 49.3264°N 6.1789°E / 49.3264; 6.1789
Illange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France. It adjoins Thionville.
The Fort d'Illange, a pre-World War I German fortification, is located just to the north of the town, and is operated as an open-air museum.
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Imling
Coordinates: 48°43′13″N 7°01′28″E / 48.7203°N 7.0244°E / 48.7203; 7.0244
Imling is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Indre
Indre (French pronunciation: [ɛ̃dʁ]) is a department in the center of France named after the river Indre. The inhabitants of the department are called Indriens.
Indre is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Berry.
Indre is part of the current region of Centre (Val de Loire) and is surrounded by the departments of Indre-et-Loire, Loir-et-Cher, Cher, Creuse, Vienne, and Haute-Vienne.
The President of the General Council is Louis Pinton of the Union for a Popular Movement.
The Indre has two villages classified among the most beautiful villages of France: Saint-Benoît-du-Sault and Gargilesse-Dampierre.
Media related to Indre (department) at Wikimedia Commons
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Inglange
Coordinates: 49°20′52″N 6°17′56″E / 49.3478°N 6.2989°E / 49.3478; 6.2989
Inglange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Insming
Coordinates: 48°57′24″N 6°52′30″E / 48.9567°N 6.875°E / 48.9567; 6.875
Insming is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
It is situated about 60 km southeast of Metz, about 80 km northeast of Nancy, and about 100 km northwest of Strasbourg.
Its altitude is 215 meters minimum and 273 meters maximum.
It is part of the canton d'Albestroff, which is part of the "arrondissement" of Château-Salins.
Since the eighth century, Insming has been known under different names: Asmangia, Esminga, Amange, and Ensmingen. It is the oldest village of the canton of Albestroff. In the 12th century, it was the headquarter of a priesthood dependent on Saint-Mihiel Abbey, which was founded at the end of the 11th century. Insming was a small dependence of Counts de Ferrettes and de Montbeliard.
After World War II, Insming saw an economic boom, mainly thanks to Fernand Lambert, who was its mayor from 1945 to 1977. He inaugurated the first high school in the Moselle department after the war.
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Insviller
Coordinates: 48°53′19″N 6°53′50″E / 48.8886°N 6.8972°E / 48.8886; 6.8972
Insviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Ippling
Coordinates: 49°06′25″N 7°00′18″E / 49.1069°N 7.005°E / 49.1069; 7.005
Ippling is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Isère
Isère (pronounced: [izɛːʁ]; Arpitan: Isera, Occitan: Isèra) is a department in the Rhône-Alpes (Rôno-Arpes in Arpitan) region in the east of France named after the river Isère.
Isère is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Dauphiné. Its area has been reduced twice, in 1852 and again in 1967, on both occasions losing territory to the department of Rhône.
In 1852 in response to rapid urban development round the edge of Lyon, the (hitherto Isère) communes of Bron, Vaulx-en-Velin, Vénissieux and Villeurbanne were transferred to Rhône. In 1967 the redrawing of local government frontiers led to the creation of the Urban Community of Lyon (more recently known simply as Greater Lyon / Grand Lyon). At that time intercommunal groupings of this nature were not permitted to straddle departmental frontiers, and accordingly 23 more Isère communes (along with 6 communes from Ain) found themselves transferred to Rhône. The affected Isère communes were Chaponnay, Chassieu, Communay, Corbas, Décines-Charpieu, Feyzin, Genas, Jonage, Jons, Marennes, Meyzieu, Mions, Pusignan, Saint-Bonnet-de-Mure, Saint-Laurent-de-Mure, Saint-Pierre-de-Chandieu, Saint-Priest, Saint-Symphorien-d'Ozon, Sérézin-du-Rhône, Simandres, Solaize, Ternay and Toussieu.
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Jallaucourt
Coordinates: 48°50′23″N 6°23′14″E / 48.8397°N 6.3872°E / 48.8397; 6.3872
Jallaucourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Juvelize
Coordinates: 48°46′N 6°39′E / 48.77°N 6.65°E / 48.77; 6.65
Juvelize is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Juville
Coordinates: 48°55′51″N 6°20′51″E / 48.9308°N 6.3475°E / 48.9308; 6.3475
Juville is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Kalhausen
Coordinates: 49°01′18″N 7°09′19″E / 49.0217°N 7.1553°E / 49.0217; 7.1553
Kalhausen is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Kanfen
Coordinates: 49°26′24″N 6°06′37″E / 49.44°N 6.1103°E / 49.44; 6.1103
Kanfen is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Kappelkinger
Coordinates: 48°58′19″N 6°54′36″E / 48.9719°N 6.91°E / 48.9719; 6.91
Kappelkinger is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Karmiel
Karmiel (Hebrew: כַּרְמִיאֵל, lit. "God's vineyards") is a city in northern Israel. Established in 1964 as a development town, Karmiel is located in the Beit HaKerem Valley which divides upper and lower Galilee. The city is located south of the Acre-Safed road, 32 kilometres (20 mi) from Safed and 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Acre. Karmiel has a population of 44,100, although its municipality claims to have reached 50,000.
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Kemplich
Coordinates: 49°19′52″N 6°23′33″E / 49.3311°N 6.3925°E / 49.3311; 6.3925
Kemplich is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Kerbach
Coordinates: 49°10′02″N 6°57′57″E / 49.1672°N 6.9658°E / 49.1672; 6.9658
Kerbach is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Kirschnaumen
Coordinates: 49°23′54″N 6°26′06″E / 49.3983°N 6.435°E / 49.3983; 6.435
Kirschnaumen is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Kirviller
Coordinates: 48°57′12″N 6°59′04″E / 48.9533°N 6.9844°E / 48.9533; 6.9844
Kirviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Knutange
Coordinates: 49°20′21″N 6°02′28″E / 49.3392°N 6.0411°E / 49.3392; 6.0411
Knutange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Kuntzig
Coordinates: 49°20′49″N 6°14′29″E / 49.3469°N 6.2414°E / 49.3469; 6.2414
Kuntzig is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Kœnigsmacker
Coordinates: 49°23′38″N 6°16′39″E / 49.3939°N 6.2775°E / 49.3939; 6.2775
Kœnigsmacker is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Kœnigsmacker was the birthplace of Father Jean-Vincent Scheil (1858–1940), a French Dominican scholar and Assyriologist, who was one of the discoverers of the Code of Hammurabi in Persia. The area was the scene of fighting during World War II when the U.S. 90th Infantry Division assaulted the nearby Fort de Koenigsmacker, one of the German Moselstellung fortresses.
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La Maxe
Coordinates: 49°10′10″N 6°11′23″E / 49.1694°N 6.1897°E / 49.1694; 6.1897
La Maxe is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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La Rochelle
Coordinates: 46°09′33″N 1°09′06″W / 46.1591°N 1.1517°W / 46.1591; -1.1517
La Rochelle (French pronunciation: [la ʁɔ.ʃɛl]) is a city in western France and a seaport on the Bay of Biscay, a part of the Atlantic Ocean. It is the capital of the Charente-Maritime department.
The city is connected to the Île de Ré by a 2.9 km (1.8 mi) bridge completed on 19 May 1988. Its harbour opens into a protected strait, the Pertuis d'Antioche.
The area of La Rochelle was occupied in antiquity by the Gallic tribe of the Santones, who gave their name to the nearby region of Saintonge and the city of Saintes.
The Romans then occupied the area, where they developed salt production along the coast as well as wine production, which was then re-exported throughout the Empire. Roman villas have been found at Saint-Éloi and at Les Minimes, as well as salt evaporation ponds dating from the same period.
La Rochelle was founded during the 10th century and became an important harbour in the 12th century. The establishment of La Rochelle as a harbour was a consequence of the victory of Guillaume X, Duke of Aquitaine over Isambert de Châtelaillon in 1130 and the subsequent destruction of his harbour of Châtelaillon. In 1137, Guillaume X to all intents and purposes made La Rochelle a free port and gave it the right to establish itself as a commune. Fifty years later Eleanor of Aquitaine upheld the communal charter promulgated by her father, and for the first time in France, a city mayor was appointed for La Rochelle, Guillaume de Montmirail. Guillaume was assisted in his responsibilities by 24 municipal magistrates, and 75 notables who had jurisdiction over the inhabitants. Under the communal charter, the city obtained many privileges, such as the right to mint its own coins, and to operate some businesses free of royal taxes, factors which would favour the development of the entrepreuneurial middle-class (bourgeoisie).
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Lachambre
Coordinates: 49°04′56″N 6°44′43″E / 49.0822°N 6.7453°E / 49.0822; 6.7453
Lachambre is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Lafrimbolle
Coordinates: 48°35′43″N 7°01′10″E / 48.5953°N 7.0194°E / 48.5953; 7.0194
Lafrimbolle is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Landange
Coordinates: 48°40′18″N 6°57′34″E / 48.6717°N 6.9594°E / 48.6717; 6.9594
Landange (Lorrain: Landonche; German: Landingen) is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Landroff
Coordinates: 48°58′05″N 6°36′43″E / 48.9681°N 6.6119°E / 48.9681; 6.6119
Landroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Landroff was the site of a sharp but brief battle during World War II on 14-15 November 1944 between elements of the U.S. 6th Armored Division and the German 36th Volksgrenadier Division led by the 87th Grenadier Regiment. Elements of the U.S. 68th Tank Battalion liberated the town on 14 November. Beginning that evening at 1800, the 68th repulsed the first of four increasingly violent and determined German counterattacks. The others followed at 2100, 2300, and finally at 0130 on 15 November. B Company, 44th Armored Infantry Battalion reinforced the 68th after the second counterattack. During the final counterattack German forces cut the road to the west of the town and, in the darkness, infiltrated into Landroff proper, where the battle devolved into a hand-to-hand melee that lasted until dawn.
For his role in organizing the defense of the town, the 68th Tank Battalion's S-3 (Operations Officer), Captain Daniel E. Smith, was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. Technical Sergeant Herbert S. Latimer, B Company, 44th Armored Infantry Battalion was also awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for heroism and gallantry in action for leading his platoon when all senior officers and sergeants of the platoon were either killed or wounded.
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Langatte
Coordinates: 48°45′24″N 6°58′54″E / 48.7567°N 6.9817°E / 48.7567; 6.9817
Langatte is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Languimberg
Coordinates: 48°44′48″N 6°51′36″E / 48.7467°N 6.86°E / 48.7467; 6.86
Languimberg is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Laning
Coordinates: 49°02′09″N 6°46′34″E / 49.0358°N 6.7761°E / 49.0358; 6.7761
Laning is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Laon
Coordinates: 49°33′50″N 3°37′28″E / 49.5639°N 3.6244°E / 49.5639; 3.6244
Laon (French pronunciation: [lɑ̃]) is the capital city of the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France.
The hilly district of Laon, which rises a hundred metres above the otherwise flat Picardy plain, has always held strategic importance. In the time of Julius Caesar there was a Gallic village named Bibrax where the Remis (inhabitants of the country round Reims) had to meet the onset of the confederated Belgae. Whatever may have been the precise locality of that battlefield, Laon was fortified by the Romans, and successively checked the invasions of the Franks, Burgundians, Vandals, Alans and Huns. At that time it was known as Alaudanum or Lugdunum Clavatum.
Remigius, archbishop of Reims, who baptised Clovis, was born in the Laonnais, and it was he who, at the end of the fifth century, instituted the bishopric of Laon. Thenceforward Laon was one of the principal towns of the kingdom of the Franks, and the possession of it was often disputed. Charles the Bald had enriched its church with the gift of very numerous domains. About 847 the Irish philosopher John Scotus Eriugena appeared at the court of Charles the Bald, and was appointed head of the palace school. Eriugena spent the rest of his days in France, probably at Paris and Laon. After the fall of the Carolingians Laon took the part of Charles of Lorraine, their heir, and Hugh Capet only succeeded in making himself master of the town by the connivance of the bishop, who, in return for this service, was made second ecclesiastical peer of the kingdom.
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Laquenexy
Coordinates: 49°04′59″N 6°18′40″E / 49.0831°N 6.311°E / 49.0831; 6.311
Laquenexy is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Laudrefang
Coordinates: 49°05′01″N 6°38′27″E / 49.0836°N 6.6408°E / 49.0836; 6.6408
Laudrefang is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Laumesfeld
Coordinates: 49°22′11″N 6°26′41″E / 49.3697°N 6.4447°E / 49.3697; 6.4447
Laumesfeld is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Launstroff
Coordinates: 49°26′22″N 6°29′51″E / 49.4394°N 6.4975°E / 49.4394; 6.4975
Launstroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Launstroff is a small agricultural community consisting of 50-60 houses, with few exceptions over fifty years old.
Launstroff is located 1.5 km from the German border.
In the village square, next to the church, is a war memorial to those who gave their lives in the World War I and World War II. During World War II, there are records of US troops being in the village, which is located almost on the Siegfried Line.
Many large stone sculptures can be found in the area. Just outside the village, running along the international border, many smaller carved stones can be found marking the border as it has changed over the last 250 years.
The economy is based on agriculture. There are no shops, restaurants, or hotels in the village.
The village has a bus service linking it to nearby communities. There is no link by public transport into Germany and no rail link. The village is surrounded by pathways and lies on several cycle routes.
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Le Mans
Coordinates: 48°00′28″N 0°11′54″E / 48.0077°N 0.1984°E / 48.0077; 0.1984
Le Mans (French pronunciation: [ləmɑ̃]) is a city in France, located on the Sarthe River. Traditionally the capital of the province of Maine, it is now the capital of the Sarthe department and the seat of the Roman Catholic diocese of Le Mans. Le Mans is a part of the Pays de la Loire region.
Its inhabitants are called Manceaux and Mancelles. It has been host to the famous 24 Hours of Le Mans sports car race since 1923.
First mentioned by Ptolemy, the Roman city Vindinium was the capital of the Aulerci, a sub tribe of the Aedui. Le Mans is also known as Civitas Cenomanorum (City of the Cenomani). Their city, seized by the Romans in 47 BC, lies in the ancient Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis. An amphitheatre built in the third century AD is still visible, but the thermae were demolished during the crisis of the third century to build the city's walls, which remain some of the most complete circuit of Gallo-Roman city walling that survives.
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Lelling
Coordinates: 49°02′30″N 6°42′31″E / 49.0417°N 6.7086°E / 49.0417; 6.7086
Lelling is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
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Lemoncourt
Coordinates: 48°52′01″N 6°23′33″E / 48.8669°N 6.3925°E / 48.8669; 6.3925
Lemoncourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
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Lemud
Coordinates: 49°02′21″N 6°22′01″E / 49.0392°N 6.3669°E / 49.0392; 6.3669
Lemud is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
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Lengelsheim
Coordinates: 49°06′34″N 7°24′33″E / 49.1094°N 7.4092°E / 49.1094; 7.4092
Lengelsheim is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
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Les Étangs
Coordinates: 49°08′35″N 6°22′50″E / 49.1431°N 6.3806°E / 49.1431; 6.3806
Les Étangs is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Lessy
Coordinates: 49°07′13″N 6°05′47″E / 49.1203°N 6.0964°E / 49.1203; 6.0964
Lessy is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
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Leyviller
Coordinates: 49°01′57″N 6°50′10″E / 49.0325°N 6.8361°E / 49.0325; 6.8361
Leyviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
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Lezey
Coordinates: 48°45′10″N 6°37′47″E / 48.7528°N 6.6297°E / 48.7528; 6.6297
Lezey is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
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Lhor
Coordinates: 48°53′24″N 6°52′13″E / 48.89°N 6.8703°E / 48.89; 6.8703
Lhor is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
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Lidrezing
Coordinates: 48°53′02″N 6°41′55″E / 48.8839°N 6.6986°E / 48.8839; 6.6986
Lidrezing is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Liederschiedt
Coordinates: 49°07′19″N 7°30′00″E / 49.1219°N 7.5°E / 49.1219; 7.5
Liederschiedt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
It is located on the German border. It is situated on top of a large hill and surrounded mostly by forestry and farms that cover much of the area.
It was first mentioned on a map of Sturzelbronn in 1313 under the name Ludenschiedt. The name was derived from two two shepherds Leudo and Scheide. The town has shifted hands many times from France to Germany and also been the scene of much battle particularly during World War II. The main importance was the fact the town was on a hill that was very difficult to climb making the road through Liederschiedt vital to transporting weaponry such as jeeps and tanks. Today the route has been designated D86 B and has had the name Rue Principale (Main Street).
This has resulted in massive population shifts. In 1817 the village was home to 459 residents and by 1852 had reached a peak of 650. The population decreased to 132 people by 1999. The shift is mostly a result of World War II and the movement of people from Liederschiedt to the nearby town of Roppeviller. The population is also aging steadily and the majority of the town is over the age of fifty most likely the culprit for the decline over the past forty years.
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Lille
Coordinates: 50°38′14″N 3°03′48″E / 50.6372°N 3.0633°E / 50.6372; 3.0633
Lille (French pronunciation: [lil] ( listen); Dutch: Rijsel) is a city in northern France (French Flanders). It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country behind those of Paris, Lyon and Marseille. Lille is situated on the Deûle River, near France's border with Belgium. It is the capital of the Nord-Pas de Calais region and the prefecture of the Nord department.
The city of Lille, which annexed Lomme on 27 February 2000, had a population of 226,014 at the 2006 census. Meanwhile, the Lille Métropole, which also includes Roubaix, Tourcoing and numerous suburban communities, had a population of 1,091,438. The eurodistrict of Lille-Kortrijk, which also includes the areas of the Belgian cities of Kortrijk, Tournai, Mouscron and Ypres, had 1,905,000 residents.[citation needed]
The legend of "Lydéric and Phinaert" puts the foundation of the city of "L'Isle" at 640. Although the first mention of the town appears in archives from the year 1066, some archeological digs seem to show the area as inhabited by as early as 2000 BC[citation needed], most notably in the modern-day quartiers of Fives, Wazemmes, and Old Lille.
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Limoges
Coordinates: 45°50′07″N 1°15′45″E / 45.8353°N 1.2625°E / 45.8353; 1.2625
Limoges (French pronunciation: [li.mɔʒ], Lemòtges or Limòtges in the Limousin dialect of Occitan) is a city and commune, the capital of the Haute-Vienne department and the administrative capital of the Limousin région in west-central France.
Limoges is known for its medieval enamels (Limoges enamels) on copper, for its 19th-century porcelain (Limoges porcelain) and for its oak barrels (Limousin oak), which are used for Cognac production.
Limoges is the chief-town of 16 cantons: Limoges-Beaupuy, Limoges-Carnot, Limoges-Centre, Limoges-Cité, Limoges-Condat, Limoges-Corgnac, Limoges-Couzeix, Limoges-Émailleurs, Limoges-Grand-Treuil, Limoges-Isle, Limoges-La Bastide, Limoges-Landouge, Limoges-Le Palais, Limoges-Panazol, Limoges-Puy-las-Rodas, and Limoges-Vigenal.
Scarce remains of pre-urban settlements have been found in the area of Limoges. The capital of the Gaulish people of the Lemovices, who lived in the area, was probably some kilometres south-east of Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat.
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Liocourt
Coordinates: 48°54′39″N 6°20′40″E / 48.9108°N 6.3444°E / 48.9108; 6.3444
Liocourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Lixheim
Coordinates: 48°46′32″N 7°08′34″E / 48.7756°N 7.1428°E / 48.7756; 7.1428
Lixheim is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Liéhon
Coordinates: 49°00′02″N 6°15′31″E / 49.0006°N 6.2586°E / 49.0006; 6.2586
Liéhon is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Loiret
Loiret (French pronunciation: [lwaʁɛ]) is a department in north-central France
The department is named after the river Loiret, a tributary of the Loire. The Loiret is located wholly within the department.
Loiret is one of the original 83 departments that was created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Orléanais.
Loiret is part of the current region of Centre and is surrounded by the departments of Essonne, Seine-et-Marne, Yonne, Nièvre, Cher, Loir-et-Cher, and Eure-et-Loir.
Orléans is a popular tourist destination, with its cathedral of Ste. Croix.
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Lommerange
Coordinates: 49°20′09″N 5°58′08″E / 49.3359°N 5.969°E / 49.3359; 5.969
Lommerange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Lorquin
Coordinates: 48°40′12″N 6°59′51″E / 48.67°N 6.9975°E / 48.67; 6.9975
Lorquin is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Lostroff
Coordinates: 48°51′35″N 6°51′13″E / 48.8597°N 6.8536°E / 48.8597; 6.8536
Lostroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Loudrefing
Coordinates: 48°51′09″N 6°52′47″E / 48.8525°N 6.8797°E / 48.8525; 6.8797
Loudrefing is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Loupershouse
Coordinates: 49°04′54″N 6°54′51″E / 49.0817°N 6.9142°E / 49.0817; 6.9142
Loupershouse is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Loutzviller
Coordinates: 49°08′52″N 7°23′00″E / 49.1478°N 7.3833°E / 49.1478; 7.3833
Loutzviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Lower Normandy
Lower Normandy (French: Basse-Normandie, IPA: [bas nɔr.mɑ̃.di]; Norman: Basse-Normaundie) is an administrative region of France. It was created in 1956, when the Normandy region was divided into Lower Normandy and Upper Normandy. The region includes three departments, Calvados, Manche and Orne, that cover the part of Normandy traditionally termed "Lower Normandy" lying west of the Dives River, the Pays d'Auge (except a small part remaining in Upper Normandy), a small part of the Pays d'Ouche (the main part remaining in Upper Normandy), the Norman Perche and part of the "French" Perche. It covers 10,857 km2, 3.2 percent of the surface area of France.
The traditional districts of Lower Normandy include the Cotentin Peninsula and La Hague, the Campagne de Caen, the Norman Bocage, the Bessin and the Avranchin.
The traditional province of Normandy, with an integral history reaching back to the 10th century, was divided in 1957 into two regions: Lower Normandy and Upper Normandy.
During the Roman era, the region was divided into several different city-states. That of Vieux was excavated in the 17th century, revealing numerous structures and vestiges bearing testimony to the prosperity of the Caen region.
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Lozère
Lozère (French pronunciation: [lɔzɛʁ]; Occitan: Losera), is a department in southeast France near the Massif Central, named after Mont Lozère.
Lozère is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Languedoc.
The Beast of Gévaudan was a creature that terrorized the general area of the former province of Gévaudan, with nearly identical borders to today's Lozère, in the Margeride Mountains, in the general timeframe of 1764 to 1767.
Pliny's Natural History praised the cheese of Lozère:
The geography of Lozère is complicated, covering four mountain ranges. In the north-west, the basalt plateau of Aubrac rises between 1,000 and 1,450m, with a cold humid climate influenced by the Atlantic. The north and north-east of the department contains the Margeride mountains, which are formed of granite, and have peaks between 1,000 and 1,550m. The climate here is also cold, but dryer than Aubrac, with less snow.
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Lubécourt
Coordinates: 48°50′35″N 6°30′59″E / 48.8431°N 6.5164°E / 48.8431; 6.5164
Lubécourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Luppy
Coordinates: 48°58′55″N 6°20′43″E / 48.9819°N 6.3453°E / 48.9819; 6.3453
Luppy is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Lutetia
Coordinates: 48°51′N 2°21′E / 48.85°N 2.35°E / 48.85; 2.35
Lutetia (also Lutetia Parisiorum in Latin, Lukotekia before, in French Lutèce) was a town in pre-Roman and Roman Gaul. The Gallo-Roman city was a forerunner of the re-established Merovingian town that is the ancestor of present-day Paris. Lutetia and Paris have little in common save their position where an island, the Île de la Cité, created a convenient ford of the Seine.
The primitive Λουκοτοκία (Strabon), Λευκοτεκία (Ptolemeus), Lutetia (Caesar) maybe contain the Celtic root *luco-t- 'mouse' + -ek(t)ia = 'the mice', Breton logod, Welsh llygod, Irish luch (cf. Bibracte, *bibro 'beaver' + -acti = 'the beavers') or another Celtic root luto-, luteuo- 'marsh', 'swamp' (Gaelic loth 'marsh', Breton loudour 'dirty') like in Lutudarum (Derbyshire, England); Lodève (Luteua); Ludesse (France); Lutitia (Germany), etc.
Somewhere in the immediate area was the chief settlement or oppidum of the Parisii, a Gallic people who settled in the area during the 3rd century BC. However, dendrochronological study of wooden pilings beneath the lowest stratum of the Roman north-south axis date the road's construction after 4 AD, more than fifty years after the Roman pacification of the region.
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Luttange
Coordinates: 49°16′14″N 6°18′43″E / 49.2706°N 6.3119°E / 49.2706; 6.3119
Luttange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Lutzelbourg
Coordinates: 48°44′07″N 7°15′07″E / 48.7353°N 7.2519°E / 48.7353; 7.2519
Lutzelbourg is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France. It is located on the Marne-Rhine Canal.
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Luxembourg
Luxembourg (i/ˈlʌksəmbɜrɡ/ LUKS-əm-burg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg, French: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, German: Großherzogtum Luxemburg, Dutch: Groothertogdom Luxemburg), is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. It has two principal regions: the Oesling in the North as part of the Ardennes massif, and the Gutland ("good country") in the south. Luxembourg has a population of over half a million people in an area of approximately 2,586 square kilometres (998 sq mi). A representative democracy with a constitutional monarch, it is ruled by a grand duke. It is now the world's only remaining sovereign grand duchy. The country has a highly developed economy, with the world's highest GDP (nominal) per capita according to the IMF. Its historic and strategic importance dates back to its founding as a Roman era fortress site and Frankish count's castle site in the Early Middle Ages. It was an important bastion along the Spanish Road when Spain was the principal European power influencing the whole western hemisphere and beyond in the 16th–17th centuries.
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Luxembourg City
The city of Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg, German: Luxemburg), also known as Luxembourg City (Luxembourgish: Stad Lëtzebuerg, French: Ville de Luxembourg, German: Stadt Luxemburg), is a commune with city status, and the capital of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. It is located at the confluence of the Alzette and Pétrusse Rivers in southern Luxembourg. The city contains the historic Luxembourg Castle, established by the Franks in the Early Middle Ages, around which a settlement developed.
Luxembourg City lies at the heart of Western Europe, situated 213 km (132 mi) by road from Brussels, 372 km (231 mi) from Paris, 209 km (130 mi) from Cologne, and 65 km (40 mi) from Metz in northeast France.
As of 2011, the commune of Luxembourg City had a population of 94,034, which was almost three times the population of the country's second most populous commune. The city's metropolitan population, including that of surrounding communes of Hesperange, Sandweiler, Strassen, and Walferdange, is 103,973.
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Lycée Fabert
Lycée Fabert is a senior high school in Metz, Moselle, Lorraine, France. The school, in the city centre, was the first lycée in Metz.
The high school consists of several buildings. They include:
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Lyon
Coordinates: 45°45′35″N 4°50′32″E / 45.7597°N 4.8422°E / 45.7597; 4.8422
Lyon (French pronunciation: [ljɔ̃] ( listen), locally: [lijɔ̃]; Occitan: Lion [liˈu]; Arpitan: Liyon [ʎjɔ̃]; English: /liːˈɒn/), traditionally spelt Lyons in English, is a city in east-central France in the Rhône-Alpes region, situated between Paris and Marseille. Lyon is located approximately 470 km (292 mi) from Paris, 320 km (199 mi) from Marseille, 420 km (261 mi) from Strasbourg, 160 km (99 mi) from Geneva, 280 km (174 mi) from Turin. The residents of the city are called Lyonnais.
The city of Lyon has 483,181 inhabitants. Together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Lyon forms the largest conurbation in France outside Paris with a population estimated to be 1,422,331; its overall metropolitan area was estimated to have a population of 2,118,132. Its urban region represents half of the Rhône-Alpes region population with 2.9 million inhabitants. Lyon is the capital of this region, as well as the capital of the smaller Rhône département.
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Léning
Coordinates: 48°57′28″N 6°48′28″E / 48.9578°N 6.8078°E / 48.9578; 6.8078
Léning (German: Leiningen) is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
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Macheren
Coordinates: 49°06′02″N 6°44′37″E / 49.1006°N 6.7436°E / 49.1006; 6.7436
Macheren is a commune in the Moselle department in the Lorraine region of north-eastern France.
The village is situated on the N56 road.
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Maginot Line
The Maginot Line (French: Ligne Maginot, IPA: [liɲ maʒino]), named after the French Minister of War André Maginot, was a line of concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, artillery casemates, machine gun posts, and other defenses, which France constructed along its borders with Germany and Italy, in light of its experience in World War I, and in the run-up to World War II. Generally the term describes only the defenses facing Germany, while the term Alpine Line is used for the Franco-Italian defenses.
The French established the fortification to provide time for their army to mobilise in the event of attack, allowing French forces to move into Belgium for a decisive confrontation with German forces. The success of static, defensive combat in World War I was a key influence on French thinking. Military experts extolled the Maginot Line as a work of genius, believing it would prevent any further invasions from the east (notably, from Germany). It was also a product of a historical inferiority in population and birthrate, exacerbated by the losses in World War I, which had been developing for three generations.
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Mainvillers
Coordinates: 49°01′15″N 6°32′40″E / 49.0208°N 6.5444°E / 49.0208; 6.5444
Mainvillers is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Maizeroy
Coordinates: 49°05′08″N 6°23′30″E / 49.0856°N 6.3917°E / 49.0856; 6.3917
Maizeroy is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Maizery
Coordinates: 49°06′23″N 6°20′12″E / 49.1064°N 6.3367°E / 49.1064; 6.3367
Maizery is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Malroy
Coordinates: 49°10′37″N 6°12′47″E / 49.1769°N 6.2131°E / 49.1769; 6.2131
Malroy is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Chemin de la Croisette
Church
Aerial view
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Mamoudzou
Coordinates: 12°46′50″S 45°13′40″E / 12.7806°S 45.2278°E / -12.7806; 45.2278
Mamoudzou is the capital of the French overseas region and department of Mayotte, in the Indian Ocean. Mamoudzou, known as Momoju in the local Shimaore language, is the most populated commune (municipality) of Mayotte. It is located on Grande-Terre (or Mahoré), the main island of Mayotte. The former capital of Mayotte was Dzaoudzi, on the small island of Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), but Mamoudzou was chosen as the capital in 1977. The island is located in the Mozambique Channel, between northern Mozambique and northern Madagascar.
The commune is composed of 6 villages in addition to its central habitation, also called Mamoudzou. These are: Kawéni, Mtsapéré, Passamainti, Vahibé, Tsoundzou I and Tsoundzou II.
The commune is also subdivided into 3 cantons; Mamoudzou I, Mamoudzou II and Mamoudzou III.
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Manche
Manche (French pronunciation: [mɑ̃ʃ]) is a French department in Normandy named after La Manche ("the sleeve"), which is the French name for the English Channel.
Manche is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the province of Normandie.
The first capital was Coutances until 1796, and it resumed that role after World War II because of the almost complete destruction of Saint-Lô during the D-Day invasion of Normandy. When Saint-Lô was rebuilt, it again became the capital.
The Department includes the Cotentin Peninsula down to the famous Mont St Michel; though not the off-shore Îles Anglo-Normandes, which are British Crown Dependencies. These islands are a wonderful example of when Normandy invaded England and vice-versa, and oaths of allegiance to new kings got mixed up. Other reefs and not quite islands such as the Minquiers are technically British, though they are annually contested in good fun by French and Channel Island fishermen. The coast is fantastic for sailing and boating though the unusually fast tidal races require a certain yachting skill to navigate safely.
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Manderen
Coordinates: 49°27′03″N 6°26′13″E / 49.4508°N 6.4369°E / 49.4508; 6.4369
Manderen is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Manhoué
Coordinates: 48°49′36″N 6°20′24″E / 48.8267°N 6.34°E / 48.8267; 6.34
Manhoué is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Manom
Coordinates: 49°22′11″N 6°11′20″E / 49.3697°N 6.1889°E / 49.3697; 6.1889
Manom is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Marieulles
Coordinates: 48°59′59″N 6°06′03″E / 48.9997°N 6.1008°E / 48.9997; 6.1008
Marieulles is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Marne
Marne (French pronunciation: [maʁn]) is a department in north-eastern France named after the river Marne (Matrona in Roman times) which flows through the department. The prefecture (capital) of Marne is Châlons-en-Champagne (formerly known as Châlons-sur-Marne). The subprefectures are Épernay, Reims, Sainte-Menehould, and Vitry-le-François.
The Champagne vineyards producing the world-famous sparkling wine are located within Marne.
Marne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the province of Champagne.
Marne has a long association with the French Army. The training ground of the Camp Militaire de Mailly straddles the border with the département of Aube in the south while that of the Camp de Mourmelon occupies a large area north of Châlons-en-Champagne. The smaller Camp de Moronvilliers lies to the east of Reims and the Camp Militaire de Suippes lies to the east of that. These are all on the chalk of the Champagne plateau, a feature comparable in geology but not size, with the British military training ground on Salisbury Plain.
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Marseille
Coordinates: 43°17′47″N 5°22′12″E / 43.2964°N 5.37°E / 43.2964; 5.37
Marseille ( /mɑrˈseɪ/; also Marseilles in English; French: [maʁsɛj], locally: [mɑχˈsɛjə]; Occitan: Marselha [maʀˈsejɔ, maʀˈsijɔ]), known in antiquity as Massilia or Massalia (from Greek: Μασσαλία), is the second largest city in France, after Paris, with a population of 852,395 within its administrative limits on a land area of 240.62 km2 (93 sq mi). The urban area of Marseille extends beyond the city limits with a population of over 1,420,000 on an area of 1,204 km2 (465 sq mi). 1,530,000 or 1,601,095 people live in the Marseille metropolitan area, ranking it third among French metropolitan areas after Paris and Lyon. Located on the southeast coast of France, Marseille is France's largest city on the Mediterranean coast and largest commercial port. Marseille is the capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, as well as the capital of the Bouches-du-Rhône department. Its inhabitants are called Marseillais.
Marseille is the second largest city in France after Paris and the centre of the third largest metropolitan area in France after Paris and Lyon. To the east, starting in the small fishing village of Callelongue on the outskirts of Marseille and stretching as far as Cassis, are the Calanques, a rugged coastal area interspersed with small fjords. Further east still are the Sainte-Baume, a 1,147 m (3,763 ft) mountain ridge rising from a forest of deciduous trees, the town of Toulon and the French Riviera. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low Garlaban and Etoile mountain ranges, is the 1,011 m (3,317 ft) Mont Sainte Victoire. To the west of Marseille is the former artists' colony of l'Estaque; further west are the Côte Bleue, the Gulf of Lion and the Camargue region in the Rhône delta. The airport lies to the north west of the city at Marignane on the Étang de Berre.
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Marthille
Coordinates: 48°55′31″N 6°33′38″E / 48.9253°N 6.5606°E / 48.9253; 6.5606
Marthille is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Martinique
Martinique (French pronunciation: [maʁtinik]) is an island in the Lesser Antilles in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of 1,128 km2 (436 sq mi). Like Guadeloupe, it is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. To the northwest lies Dominica, to the south St Lucia, and to the southeast Barbados. As with the other overseas departments, Martinique is one of the twenty-seven regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic. The first European to encounter the island was Christopher Columbus in 1502.
As part of France, Martinique is part of the European Union, and its currency is the Euro. Its official language is French, although many of its inhabitants also speak Antillean Creole (Créole Martiniquais).
The island was occupied first by Arawaks, then by Caribs. It was charted by Columbus in 1493, but Spain had little interest in the territory. It was claimed by France in 1635 and, despite several interludes of British occupation, once during the Seven Years' War and twice during the Napoleonic Wars, has remained a French possession. In 1946, the French National Assembly voted unanimously to transform the colony into an overseas department.
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Maxstadt
Coordinates: 49°02′42″N 6°47′39″E / 49.045°N 6.7942°E / 49.045; 6.7942
Maxstadt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Mayenne
Mayenne (French pronunciation: [majɛn]) is a department in northwest France named after the Mayenne River.
Mayenne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. The northern two thirds correspond to the western part of the former province of Maine. The southern third of Mayenne corresponds to the northern portion of the old province of Anjou.
After the Coalition's victory at Waterloo, between June 1815 and November 1818, Mayenne was occupied by Prussian troops.
Mayenne is part of the current region of Pays de la Loire and is surrounded by the departments of Manche, Orne, Sarthe, Maine-et-Loire, and Ille-et-Vilaine.
The inhabitants of the department are called Mayennais. This demonym is not the source of the word mayonnaise.
The town is featured as a level in the World War II video game Call of Duty 3.
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Mayotte
Mayotte (French: Mayotte, pronounced: [majɔt]; Shimaore: Maore, IPA: [maˈore]; Malagasy: Mahori) is an overseas department and region of France consisting of a main island, Grande-Terre (or Mahoré), a smaller island, Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi), and several islets around these two. The archipelago is located in the northern Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean, namely between northwestern Madagascar and northeastern Mozambique. Mayotte's area is 374 square kilometres (144 sq mi), and with its estimated 194,000 people is very densely populated (520 /km2 or 1,300 /sq mi). Its biggest city and prefecture is Mamoudzou. The territory is geographically part of the Comoro Islands, but has been politically separate since a 1974 referendum in which it elected to remain under French rule. The territory is also known as Mahoré, the native name of its main island, especially by advocates of its inclusion in the Union of Comoros. In a 2009 referendum, the population overwhelmingly approved accession to status of department (95.2% voted in favour of departmental status). On March 31, 2011, Mayotte became an overseas department.
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Meisenthal
Coordinates: 48°57′59″N 7°21′11″E / 48.9664°N 7.3531°E / 48.9664; 7.3531
Meisenthal is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
The village is famous for the Centre International d’Art Verrier (CIAV; international center for studio glass). Glass has been produced in Meisenthal since the early 18th century, and since the 19th century Christmas decorations from Meisenthal were famous – some say they were invented there[who?].
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Melun
Coordinates: 48°32′26″N 2°39′36″E / 48.5406°N 2.66°E / 48.5406; 2.66
Melun is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. Located in the south-eastern suburbs of Paris, Melun is the capital of the department, as the seat of an arrondissement. Its inhabitants are called Melunais.
Meledunum began as a Gaulish town; Caesar noted Melun as "a town of the Senones, situated on an island in the Seine"; at the island there was a wooden bridge, which his men repaired. Roman Meledunum was a mutatio where fresh horses were kept available for official couriers on the Roman road south-southeast of Paris, where it forded the Seine.
The Normans sacked it in 845. The castle of Melun became a royal residence of the Capetian kings. Hugh Capet (See also: House of Capet) gave Melun to Bouchard, his favorite. In the reign of Hugh's son, Robert II of France, Eudes, the count of Champagne, bought the city, and the king took it back for the viscount in 999. Le Chatelain and his wife, who had sold the city, were hanged. Robert died there in July 1031.
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Menskirch
Coordinates: 49°19′10″N 6°25′33″E / 49.3194°N 6.4258°E / 49.3194; 6.4258
Menskirch is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Merschweiller
Coordinates: 49°27′46″N 6°25′10″E / 49.4628°N 6.4194°E / 49.4628; 6.4194
Merschweiller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Merten
Coordinates: 49°14′58″N 6°40′04″E / 49.2494°N 6.6678°E / 49.2494; 6.6678
Merten is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Metropolitan France
Metropolitan France (French: France métropolitaine or la Métropole, or colloquially l'Hexagone) is the part of France located in Europe. It can also be described as mainland France or as the French mainland and the island of Corsica. By contrast, Overseas France (la France d'outre-mer, or l'Outre-mer, or colloquially les DOM-TOM) is the collective name for the French overseas departments (départements d'outre-mer or DOM),territories (territoires d'outre-mer or TOM), collectivities (collectivités d'outre-mer or COM) and the sui generis collectivity (collectivité sui generis) of New Caledonia.
Metropolitan France and Overseas France together form what is officially called the French Republic. Metropolitan France accounts for 81.8% of the territory and 95.9% of the population of the French Republic.
The five overseas departments—Martinique, Guadeloupe, Réunion, French Guiana, and Mayotte—have the same political status as metropolitan France's departments. Metropolitan France and these five overseas departments together are sometimes called France entière ("entire France") by the French administration, especially by INSEE, although in reality this France entière does not include the French overseas collectivities and territories which have more autonomy than the overseas departments (read the Origin of the name section below).
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Metting
Coordinates: 48°48′48″N 7°12′46″E / 48.8133°N 7.2128°E / 48.8133; 7.2128
Metting is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Metz
Metz (French pronunciation: [mɛs] ( listen); German: [ˈmɛts]) is a city in the northeast of France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers.
Metz is the capital of the Lorraine region and prefecture of the Moselle department. Located near the tripoint along the junction of France, Germany, and Luxembourg, Metz forms a central place of the European Greater Region and of the SaarLorLux Euroregion. So, Metz is a fellow member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along with Luxembourg City and German Saarbrücken and Trier.
A Celtic oppidum, an important Gallo-Roman city, the Merovingian capital of the Austrasia kingdom, the birthplace of the Carolingian dynasty, a cradle of the Gregorian chant, and one of the oldest republics of the common era in Europe, Metz has a rich 3,000 year history. The city has been steeped in Romance culture, but has been strongly influenced by Germanic culture due to its location and history. A basin of urban ecology, pioneered under the leadership of people like Jean-Marie Pelt, Metz gained its nickname, The Green City, boasting over 37 m2 (398 sq ft) of open ground per inhabitant and the city's historic downtown also displays one of the largest commercial, pedestrian areas in France.
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Metz Cathedral
Saint Étienne de Metz (French for Saint Stephen of Metz), also known as Metz Cathedral) is a Gothic, Catholic cathedral in the city of Metz, capital of Lorraine, France. It is the cathedral of the Catholic Diocese of Metz and the seat of the Bishop of Metz.
The cathedral is sometime nicknamed the Good Lord's lantern (French: la lanterne du Bon Dieu) as it possesses the largest expanses of stained glass windows in the world with 6,500 m2 (70,000 sq ft). The stained glass windows include works of Hermann von Münster (14th C); Théobald of Lixheim and Valentin Bousch (16th C); Laurent-Charles Maréchal (19th C); Roger Bissière, Jacques Villon and Marc Chagall (20th C).
Its nave, 41.41 meters high, is one of the highest in France only overtopped by Beauvais Cathedral and Amiens Cathedral, and is the 10th highest nave in the world.
The site was consecrated from the fifth century to Saint Stephen Protomartyr, who enjoyed a wave of popularity following the finding of his relics at Jerusalem in 415. Several French cathedrals are dedicated to him: Agde, Auxerre, Bourges, Cahors, Châlons-en-Champagne, Limoges, Meaux, Sens, Toul, Toulouse, most of them also dating from the fifth century.
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Metzeresche
Coordinates: 49°17′56″N 6°18′32″E / 49.2989°N 6.3089°E / 49.2989; 6.3089
Metzeresche is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Metzervisse
Coordinates: 49°18′57″N 6°17′11″E / 49.3158°N 6.2864°E / 49.3158; 6.2864
Metzervisse is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Metzing
Coordinates: 49°06′28″N 6°57′36″E / 49.1078°N 6.96°E / 49.1078; 6.96
Metzing is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Meuse
Meuse (French pronunciation: [møz]) is a department in northeast France, named after the River Meuse.
Meuse is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former provinces of Barrois (area of Bar-le-Duc) and Three Bishoprics (area of Verdun).
The department was one of the great battlefields of World War I; an important battle was fought in 1916 at Verdun.
Meuse is part of the current region of Lorraine and is surrounded by the French departments of Ardennes, Marne, Haute-Marne, Vosges, Meurthe-et-Moselle, and Belgium on the north. Parts of Meuse belong to Parc naturel régional de Lorraine.
The important rivers are the following:
The population has decreased sharply since the 19th century, with the rural exodus to the cities.
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Mittelbronn
Coordinates: 48°46′15″N 7°13′33″E / 48.7708°N 7.2258°E / 48.7708; 7.2258
Mittelbronn is a commune in the Moselle department of Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Mittersheim
Coordinates: 48°51′42″N 6°56′34″E / 48.8617°N 6.9428°E / 48.8617; 6.9428
Mittersheim is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Molring
Coordinates: 48°53′14″N 6°49′20″E / 48.8872°N 6.8222°E / 48.8872; 6.8222
Molring is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Momerstroff
Coordinates: 49°09′51″N 6°32′05″E / 49.1642°N 6.5347°E / 49.1642; 6.5347
Momerstroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Moncheux
Coordinates: 48°56′12″N 6°20′15″E / 48.9367°N 6.3375°E / 48.9367; 6.3375
Moncheux is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Moncourt
Coordinates: 48°43′09″N 6°38′19″E / 48.7192°N 6.6386°E / 48.7192; 6.6386
Moncourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Mondelange
Coordinates: 49°15′48″N 6°10′10″E / 49.2633°N 6.1694°E / 49.2633; 6.1694
Mondelange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Mondorff
Coordinates: 49°30′14″N 6°16′18″E / 49.5039°N 6.2717°E / 49.5039; 6.2717
Mondorff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
It lies on the border with Luxembourg. The town in neighbouring Luxembourg to which it lies adjacent is Mondorf-les-Bains.
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Monneren
Coordinates: 49°20′44″N 6°24′57″E / 49.3456°N 6.4158°E / 49.3456; 6.4158
Monneren is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Montauban
Coordinates: 44°01′05″N 1°21′21″E / 44.0181°N 1.3558°E / 44.0181; 1.3558
Montauban (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃.to.bɑ̃]; Montalban in Occitan) is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Midi-Pyrénées region in southern France. It is the capital of the department and lies 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Toulouse.
The town, built mainly of a reddish brick, stands on the right bank of the Tarn River at its confluence with the Tescou.
Montauban is the second oldest (after Mont-de-Marsan) of the bastides of southern France. Its foundation dates from 1144 when Alphonse Jourdain, count of Toulouse, granted it a liberal charter. The inhabitants were drawn chiefly from Montauriol, a village which had grown up around the neighbouring monastery of St Théodard.
In the 13th century the town suffered much from the ravages of the Albigensian war and from the Inquisition, but by 1317 it had recovered sufficiently to be chosen by John XXII as the head of a diocese of which the basilica of St Théodard became the cathedral.
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Montbronn
Coordinates: 48°59′42″N 7°18′38″E / 48.995°N 7.3106°E / 48.995; 7.3106
Montbronn is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Montenach
Coordinates: 49°25′13″N 6°22′53″E / 49.4203°N 6.3814°E / 49.4203; 6.3814
Montenach is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Montpellier
Coordinates: 43°36′43″N 3°52′38″E / 43.6119°N 3.8772°E / 43.6119; 3.8772
Montpellier (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃.pe.lje]; Occitan: Montpelhièr; Catalan: Montpeller) is a city in southern France. It is the capital of the Languedoc-Roussillon region, as well as the Hérault department. Montpellier is the 8th largest city of the country, and is also the fastest growing city in France over the past 25 years.
Montpellier is one of the few large cities in France without any (Gallo-)Roman heritage and also one of the few cities in southern France without a Greek foundation.
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Morbihan
Morbihan (French pronunciation: [mɔʁbi.ɑ̃]; Breton: Mor-Bihan) is a department in Brittany, situated in the northwest of France. It is named after the Morbihan (small sea in Breton), the enclosed sea that is the principal feature of the coastline. It is famous for the Carnac stones, which are more extensive and predates the more familiar Stonehenge.
Morbihan is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from a part of the Duchy of Brittany. It is the only French department which has no French name; the word Morbihan is Breton. It is also the only department in France which has kept its original name.
Morbihan is part of the current region of Brittany and is surrounded by the departments of Finistère, Côtes-d'Armor, Ille-et-Vilaine, and Loire-Atlantique, and the Atlantic Ocean on the southwest.
The Gulf of Morbihan has many islands: 365 according to legend, but, in reality, between 30 and 40, according to how they are counted. There are also many islets which are too small to be built on. Of these islands, all but two are private: l'Île aux Moines and l'Île D'Arz. The others are privately owned, some by movie stars or fashion designers.
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Morhange
Coordinates: 48°55′28″N 6°38′11″E / 48.9244°N 6.6364°E / 48.9244; 6.6364
Morhange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Morocco
Morocco (Arabic: المغرب al-Maghrib ; Berber: ⵍⵎⴻⵖⵔⵉⴱ / ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵔⵓⴽElmeɣrib / Amerruk), officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of about 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², including the disputed region of the Western Sahara, seen by and mostly administered by Morocco as the Southern Provinces. Morocco is part of the Maghreb region, in addition to Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritania, and Libya, with which it shares cultural, historical and linguistic ties.
Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive powers, including the power to dissolve the parliament. Executive power is exercised by the government but more importantly by the king himself. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can also issue decrees called dahirs which have the force of law. The latest Parliamentary elections were held in November 25, 2011, and were considered by some neutral observers to be mostly free and fair. Voter turnout in these elections was estimated to be 43% of registered voters, but only about 25% of Moroccan adult citizens actually voted. The rest either chose not to vote or they were not registered as voters. The political capital is Rabat, but the largest city is Casablanca; other main cities include Marrakesh, Tetouan, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Agadir, Meknes, Oujda, Kenitra, and Nador.
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Moselle
Moselle (French pronunciation: [mɔ.zɛl]) is a department in the east of France named after the river Moselle.
Moselle is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Lorraine.
In 1793, the foreign enclaves of Manderen, Lixing-lès-Rouhling, Momerstroff, and Créhange (Kriechingen), all possessions of princes of the German Holy Roman Empire, were annexed by France and incorporated into the Moselle département.
By the Treaty of Paris of 1814 following the first defeat and abdication of Napoleon, France had to surrender almost all its conquests since 1792. On the northeastern border, France was not restored to its 1792 borders, but a new border was established to put an end to the convoluted nature of the border, with all its enclaves and exclaves. As a result, the French exclave of Tholey (now in Saarland, Germany) as well as a few communes near Sierck-les-Bains (both territories until then part of the Moselle département) were ceded to Austria. On the other hand, the French annexations of 1793 were confirmed, and furthermore, the south of the Napoleonic département of Sarre was ceded to France, including the town of Lebach, the city of Saarbrücken, and the rich coal basin nearby. France was thus a net beneficiary of the Treaty of Paris, all the new territories ceded to her being far larger and more strategic than the few territories ceded to Austria. All these new territories were incorporated into the Moselle department, and so Moselle had now a larger territory than ever since 1790.
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Mouterhouse
Coordinates: 48°59′03″N 7°26′45″E / 48.9842°N 7.4458°E / 48.9842; 7.4458
Mouterhouse is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Moyenvic
Coordinates: 48°46′41″N 6°33′47″E / 48.7781°N 6.5631°E / 48.7781; 6.5631
Moyenvic is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
The village festival, which begins this Friday by the lottery, once took place on October 30.
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Mulcey
Coordinates: 48°48′06″N 6°39′52″E / 48.8017°N 6.6644°E / 48.8017; 6.6644
Mulcey is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Museums of Metz
The Museums of Metz (Musées de Metz), in Metz, France, were founded in 1839. They are also known as the Golden Courtyard Museums, in reference to the palace of Austrasia's kings in Metz, whose buildings they occupy. The collections in this museum(s) are distributed through a 3.500 m2 labyrinthal organization of rooms, incorporating the ancient Petites Carmes Abbey, the Chèvremont granary, and the Trinitaires church. The institution is organized into four broad sections:
Altar of the oriental god Mithra.
Jupiter Column of Merten
Emile Friant autoportrait
Gallo-Roman Stele of a stonemason
Coordinates: 49°07′16″N 6°10′41″E / 49.12111°N 6.17806°E / 49.12111; 6.17806
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Mâcon
Coordinates: 46°18′23″N 4°49′53″E / 46.30630°N 4.8313°E / 46.30630; 4.8313
Mâcon (French pronunciation: [ma.kɔ̃]) is a small city (commune) in central France. It is prefecture of the Saône-et-Loire department, in the region of Bourgogne, and the capital of the Mâconnais district. Mâcon is home to over 35,000 residents, called Mâconnais.
The city lies on the western bank of the Saône river, between Bresse in the East and the Beaujolais hills in the South. Mâcon is the southernmost city in the region of Burgundy. It is located 65 kilometres north of Lyon and 400 kilometres from Paris.
The Saône river runs through the town. The climate is temperate with a slight continental tendency.
The agglomeration of Mâcon originates from the establishment of an oppidum and of a river port by the Celts from the Aedui, probably at the beginning of the first century BC. Known then under the name of Matisco, the town developed significantly during the age of the Roman Empire. During the 4th century, the town was fortified.
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Mécleuves
Coordinates: 49°02′36″N 6°16′15″E / 49.0433°N 6.2708°E / 49.0433; 6.2708
Mécleuves is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Mégange
Coordinates: 49°13′08″N 6°26′10″E / 49.2189°N 6.4361°E / 49.2189; 6.4361
Mégange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Nanterre
Coordinates: 48°53′56″N 2°11′49″E / 48.8988°N 2.1969°E / 48.8988; 2.1969
Nanterre (French pronunciation: [nɑ̃.tɛʁ]) is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 11.1 km (6.9 mi) west of the center of Paris.
Nanterre is the capital of the Hauts-de-Seine department as well as the seat of the Arrondissement of Nanterre.
The eastern part of Nanterre, bordering the communes of Courbevoie and Puteaux, contains a small part of the La Defense business district of Paris and some of the tallest buildings in the Paris region. Because the headquarters of many major corporations are located in La Défense, the court of Nanterre is well known in the media for the number of high-profile lawsuits and trials that take place in it. The city of Nanterre also includes the University Paris X – Nanterre, one of the largest universities in the Paris region.
The name of Nanterre originated before the Roman conquest of Gaul. The Romans recorded the name as Nemetodorum. It is composed of the Celtic word nemeto meaning "shrine" or "sacred place" and the Celtic word duron (neuter) "hard, tough, enduring". The sacred place referred to is supposed to have been a famous shrine that existed in antiquity on the top of the hill known as Mont-Valérien.
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Nantes
Coordinates: 47°13′05″N 1°33′10″W / 47.2181°N 1.5528°W / 47.2181; -1.5528
Nantes (French pronunciation: [nɑ̃t]) (Breton: Naoned, Gallo: Naunnt) is a city in western France, located on the Loire River, 50 km (31 mi) from the Atlantic coast. The city is the 6th largest in France, while its metropolitan area ranks 8th with over 800,000 inhabitants.
Nantes is the capital city of the Pays de la Loire region and Loire-Atlantique département. Together with Vannes, Rennes and Carhaix, it was one of the major cities of the historic province of Brittany, and the ancient Duchy of Brittany. Culturally, Nantes is a Breton city.
In 2004, Time described Nantes as "the most liveable city in Europe". In 2010, Nantes was named a hub city for innovation in the Innovation Cities Index by innovation agency, 2thinknow. The city was ranked 36th globally from 289 cities and 4th overall in France, behind Paris, Lyon and Strasbourg for innovation across multiple sectors of the economy.
The name Nantes, pronounced [nɑ̃t] in French, derives from that of its pre-Roman-era inhabitants, the Gaulish tribe known as the Namnetes, who founded a town there around 70 BC. The city was called Portus Namnetum during the Roman occupation that began in 56 BC. The inhabitants of Nantes are known in French as Nantais ([nɑ̃tɛ]).
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Narbéfontaine
Coordinates: 49°08′34″N 6°32′50″E / 49.1428°N 6.5472°E / 49.1428; 6.5472
Narbéfontaine is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Nazi Germany
The Third Reich, also Nazi Germany, is the common name for Germany when it was a totalitarian state ruled by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). On 30 January 1933 Hitler became chancellor of Germany, quickly eliminating all opposition to rule as sole leader. The state idolized Hitler as its Führer ("leader"), centralizing all power in his hands. Historians have emphasized the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. Kessel writes, "Overwhelmingly...Germans speak with mystification of Hitler's 'hypnotic' appeal..." Under the "leader principle", the Führer's word was above all other laws. Top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, but they had considerable autonomy. The government was not a coordinated, cooperating body, but rather a collection of factions struggling to amass power and curry favor with the Führer. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazi government restored prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy of free-market and central-planning practices. Extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of the Autobahns. The return to prosperity gave the regime enormous popularity; the suppression of all opposition made Hitler's rule mostly unchallenged.
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Nelling
Coordinates: 48°57′55″N 6°52′04″E / 48.9653°N 6.8678°E / 48.9653; 6.8678
Nelling is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Neufchef
Coordinates: 49°19′03″N 6°01′27″E / 49.3175°N 6.0242°E / 49.3175; 6.0242
Neufchef is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Neufgrange
Coordinates: 49°04′39″N 7°04′07″E / 49.0775°N 7.0686°E / 49.0775; 7.0686
Neufgrange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Neufmoulins
Coordinates: 48°40′57″N 6°58′05″E / 48.6825°N 6.9681°E / 48.6825; 6.9681
Neufmoulins is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Neufvillage
Coordinates: 48°56′16″N 6°46′54″E / 48.9378°N 6.7817°E / 48.9378; 6.7817
Neufvillage is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Nevers
Coordinates: 46°59′36″N 3°09′26″E / 46.9933°N 3.1572°E / 46.9933; 3.1572
Nevers (French pronunciation: [nəˈvɛʀ]; Latin: Noviodunum, later Nevirnum and Nebirnum) is a commune in – and the administrative capital of – the Nièvre department in the Bourgogne region in central France. It was the principal city of the former province of Nivernais, and is located 260 km (160 mi) SSE of Paris.
Nevers first enters written history as Noviodunum, a town held by the Aedui at Roman contact. The quantities of medals and other Roman antiquities found on the site indicate the importance of the place, and in 52 BCE, Julius Caesar made Noviodunum, which he describes as in a convenient position on the banks of the Loire, a depot (B. G. vii. 55). There he had his hostages, corn, his military chest, with the money in it allowed him from home for the war, his own and his army's baggage and a great number of horses which had been bought for him in Spain and Italy. After his failure before Gergovia, the Aedui at Noviodunum massacred those who were there to look after stores, the negotiatores, and the travellers who were in the place. They divided the money and the horses among themselves, carried off in boats all the corn that they could, and burnt the rest or threw it into the river. Thinking they could not hold the town, they burnt it. This was a great loss to Caesar; and it may seem that he was imprudent in leaving such great stores in the power of treacherous allies. But he was in straits during this year, and probably he could not do otherwise than he did. Dio Cassius (xl. 38) tells the story out of Caesar of the affair of Noviodunum. He states incorrectly what Caesar did on the occasion, and he shows that he neither understood his original nor knew what he was writing about.
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Nice
Coordinates: 43°42′12″N 7°15′59″E / 43.7034°N 7.2663°E / 43.7034; 7.2663
Nice ( /ˈniːs/, French pronunciation: [nis]; Niçard Occitan: Niça [classical norm] or Nissa [nonstandard], Italian: Nizza or Nizza Marittima, Greek: Νίκαια, Latin: Nicaea) is the fifth most populous city in France, after Paris, Marseille, Lyon and Toulouse, with a population of 348,721 within its administrative limits on a land area of 71.92 km2 (28 sq mi). The urban area of Nice extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of about 1 million on an area of 721 km2 (278 sq mi). Located on the south east coast of France on the Mediterranean Sea, Nice is the second-largest French city on the Mediterranean coast after Marseille.
The city is called Nice la Belle (Nissa La Bella in Niçard), which means Nice the Beautiful, which is also the title of the unofficial anthem of Nice, written by Menica Rondelly in 1912. Nice is the capital of the Alpes Maritimes département and the second biggest city of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region after Marseille.
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Niderhoff
Coordinates: 48°38′18″N 7°00′28″E / 48.6383°N 7.0078°E / 48.6383; 7.0078
Niderhoff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Niderviller
Coordinates: 48°42′49″N 7°06′31″E / 48.7136°N 7.1086°E / 48.7136; 7.1086
Niderviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Niederstinzel
Coordinates: 48°51′48″N 7°01′56″E / 48.8633°N 7.0322°E / 48.8633; 7.0322
Niederstinzel is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Niedervisse
Coordinates: 49°10′04″N 6°34′10″E / 49.1678°N 6.5694°E / 49.1678; 6.5694
Niedervisse is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Nilvange
Coordinates: 49°20′34″N 6°03′03″E / 49.3428°N 6.0508°E / 49.3428; 6.0508
Nilvange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Niort
Coordinates: 46°19′33″N 0°27′38″W / 46.3258°N 0.4606°W / 46.3258; -0.4606
Niort is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.
The Latin name of the city was Novioritum.
The population of Niort is 60,486 and more than 137,000 people live in the urban area.
Near Niort at Maisonnay there is one of the tallest radio masts in France (height: 330 metres).
The town is located on the Sèvre Niortaise River and is a centre of angelica cultivation in France.
Niort is the French capital of mutual insurance and bank companies, with the headquarters of MAAF, MAIF, MACIF, SMACL and regional branches of national mutual companies such as Groupama, Banque Populaire. Niort is a main financial centre of France (fourth ranked after Paris, Lyon and Lille). Chemistry and aeronautics are the main industries.
Niort is a major administrative and commercial centre.
Niort has a railway station on the TGV route between Paris and La Rochelle, Gare de Niort. Direct TGV to Paris Montparnasse station takes 2 hours and 15 minutes Niort is a road and motorway junction, connected to Paris and Bordeaux by the A10 motorway, with Nantes by the A83, and with La Rochelle by the N11.
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Nitting
Coordinates: 48°40′18″N 7°01′50″E / 48.6717°N 7.0306°E / 48.6717; 7.0306
Nitting is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Nièvre
Nièvre (IPA: [njɛvʁ]) is a department in the centre of France named after the Nièvre River.
Nièvre is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from the former province of Nivernais.
Nièvre is part of the current region of Burgundy, although historically it was not part of the province of Burgundy, and it is surrounded by the departments of Yonne, Côte-d'Or, Saône-et-Loire, Allier, Cher, and Loiret. The département is crossed by the Loire river, the longest river in France.
Nièvre is a rural department with about 50 inhabitants / km². The main cities are : Nevers, Cosne-sur-Loire, Varennes-Vauzelles, Marzy, Decize, Imphy and La Charité. Only three cities reach 10 000 inhabitants. It indicates the characteristic of the département, which is predominantly rural.
Nièvre is also well known for its white wine, Pouilly Fumé. The vineyards are scattered around villages including Pouilly-Sur-Loire, which lends its name to the appellation, Tracy sur Loire, Boisgibault, Saint Andelain. The word fumé is French for "smoky", and it's said the name comes from the smoky or flinty quality of these wines. The only grape allowed in the Pouilly-Fumé AC is Sauvignon Blanc, which produces wines that are generally crisp, tart, and somewhat grassy.
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Noisseville
Coordinates: 49°08′07″N 6°16′28″E / 49.1353°N 6.2744°E / 49.1353; 6.2744
Noisseville is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Nouilly
Coordinates: 49°08′11″N 6°15′29″E / 49.1364°N 6.2581°E / 49.1364; 6.2581
Nouilly is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Nébing
Coordinates: 48°54′19″N 6°48′41″E / 48.9053°N 6.8114°E / 48.9053; 6.8114
Nébing is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Nîmes
Coordinates: 43°50′16″N 4°21′39″E / 43.8378°N 4.3608°E / 43.8378; 4.3608
Nîmes (/niːm/; French: [nim]; Provençal Occitan: Nimes) is the capital of the Gard department in the Languedoc-Roussillon region in southern France. Nîmes has a rich history, dating back to the Roman Empire, and is a popular tourist destination.
The city derives its name from that of a spring in the Roman village. The contemporary coat of arms of the city of Nîmes includes a crocodile chained to a palm tree with the inscription COLNEM, for Colonia Nemausus, meaning the "colony" or "settlement" of Nemausus, the local Celtic god of the Volcae Arecomici. Veterans of the Roman legions who had served Julius Caesar in his Nile campaigns, at the end of fifteen years of soldiering, were given plots of land to cultivate on the plain of Nîmes.
The city was located on the Via Domitia, a Roman road constructed in 118 BC which connected Italy to Spain.
The site on which the built-up area of Nîmes has become established in the course of centuries is part of the edge of the alluvial plain of the Vistrenque River which butts up against low hills: to the northeast, Mont Duplan; to the southwest, Montaury; to the west, Mt. Cavalier and the knoll of Canteduc.
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Oberdorff
Coordinates: 49°16′29″N 6°35′44″E / 49.2747°N 6.5956°E / 49.2747; 6.5956
Oberdorff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Obergailbach
Coordinates: 49°07′07″N 7°13′07″E / 49.1186°N 7.2186°E / 49.1186; 7.2186
Obergailbach is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Located on the border with Germany, it is adjacent to the German village of Niedergailbach.
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Oberstinzel
Coordinates: 48°47′42″N 7°02′06″E / 48.795°N 7.035°E / 48.795; 7.035
Oberstinzel is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Obervisse
Coordinates: 49°09′09″N 6°35′10″E / 49.1525°N 6.5861°E / 49.1525; 6.5861
Obervisse is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Obreck
Coordinates: 48°50′48″N 6°35′33″E / 48.8467°N 6.5925°E / 48.8467; 6.5925
Obreck is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Oise
Oise (French pronunciation: [waz]) is a department in the north of France. It is named after the river Oise.
Oise is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the province of Île-de-France and Picardy.
After the coalition victory at Waterloo, the department was occupied by British troops between June 1815 and November 1818.
Oise is part of the current region of Picardie and is situated 35 km north of Paris. It is surrounded by the departments of Somme, Aisne, Seine-et-Marne, Val-d'Oise, Eure, and Seine-Maritime.
Natives of the department are called Isariens.
The major tourist attraction of the department is the Parc Astérix, which opened in 1989. Another very interesting site is Beauvais Cathedral. Also to be seen is the Chateau de Pierrefonds, restored by Viollet-le-Duc.
Oise is twinned with Bedfordshire. One of the villages along the river Oise is Auvers-sur-Oise, famous for having been visited by several impressionist artists. This is where Vincent Van Gogh spent his last 70 days and it is his and his brother Theo's resting place.
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Ommeray
Coordinates: 48°43′26″N 6°41′17″E / 48.7239°N 6.6881°E / 48.7239; 6.6881
Ommeray is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Oriocourt
Coordinates: 48°51′58″N 6°24′46″E / 48.8661°N 6.4128°E / 48.8661; 6.4128
Oriocourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Orléans
Coordinates: 47°54′09″N 1°54′32″E / 47.9025°N 1.9090°E / 47.9025; 1.9090
Orléans (pronounced: [ɔʁleɑ̃]) is a city in north-central France, about 130 kilometres (81 mi) southwest of Paris. It is the capital of the Loiret department and of the Centre region.
Orléans is located on the Loire River where the river curves south towards the Massif Central.
The city of New Orleans (in French, La Nouvelle-Orléans), in the United States is named after the commune of Orléans.
Orléans is located in the northern bend of the Loire, which crosses from east to west. Orléans belongs to the vallée de la Loire sector between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes-sur-Loire, which was in 2000 inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The capital of Orléanais, 120 kilomètres south-south-west of Paris, it is bordered to the north by the Beauce region and the forêt d'Orléans, and the Orléans-la-Source neighbourhood and the Sologne region to the south.
Five bridges in the town cross the river :
To the south of the Loire (on the "rive gauche") is to be found a small hill (102 m (335 ft) at the pont Georges-V, 110 m (360 ft) at the place du Martroi) which gently rises to 125 m (410 ft) at la Croix Fleury, at the limits of Fleury-les-Aubrais.
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Ormersviller
Coordinates: 49°08′05″N 7°19′33″E / 49.1347°N 7.3258°E / 49.1347; 7.3258
Ormersviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Orne
Orne (French pronunciation: [ɔʁn]) is a department in the northwest of France, named after the river Orne.
Orne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution, on March 4, 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Normandy and Perche.
Orne is in the region of Basse-Normandie neighbouring Eure, Eure-et-Loir, Sarthe, Mayenne, and Calvados. It is the only department of Basse Normandie and Haute Normandie to be landlocked.
The largest town by a considerable margin is the prefecture, Alençon which is an administrative and commercial centre for what is still an overwhelmingly rural department. There are no large industrial centres: agriculture remains the economic focus of Orne.
The inhabitants of the department are called Ornais.
The recorded population level peaked at 443,688 in 1836. Declining farm incomes and the lure of better prospects in the overseas empire led to a sustained reduction in population levels in many rural departments, and by the time of the 1936 census the recorded population stood at just 269,331. Once motor car ownership started to surge in the 1960s employment opportunities became less restricted and by 2008 the population level had recovered a little to 292,282.
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Ottange
Coordinates: 49°26′35″N 6°01′09″E / 49.4431°N 6.0192°E / 49.4431; 6.0192
Ottange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Ottonville
Coordinates: 49°13′08″N 6°31′18″E / 49.2189°N 6.5217°E / 49.2189; 6.5217
Ottonville is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Oudrenne
Coordinates: 49°22′52″N 6°19′42″E / 49.3811°N 6.3283°E / 49.3811; 6.3283
Oudrenne is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Pange
Coordinates: 49°05′08″N 6°21′28″E / 49.0856°N 6.3578°E / 49.0856; 6.3578
Pange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
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Paris
Coordinates: 48°51′24″N 2°21′03″E / 48.8567°N 2.3508°E / 48.8567; 2.3508
Paris (i/ˈpærɨs/; French: [paʁi] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of France. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (or Paris Region, French: Région parisienne). As of January 2008 the city of Paris, within its administrative limits (the 20 arrondissements) largely unchanged since 1860, has an estimated population of 2,211,297 and a metropolitan population of 12,089,098, and is one of the most populated metropolitan areas in Europe. Paris was the largest city in the Western world for about 1,000 years, prior to the 19th century, and the largest in the entire world between the 16th and 19th centuries.
Paris is today one of the world's leading business and cultural centres, and its influences in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities. It hosts the headquarters of many international organizations such as UNESCO, the OECD, the International Chamber of Commerce or the European Space Agency. Paris is considered one of the greenest and most liveable cities in Europe. It is also one of the most expensive.
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Pays de la Loire
Pays de la Loire (French pronunciation: [pɛ.i də la lwaʁ]; Breton: Broioù al Liger) is one of the 27 regions of France. It is one of the regions created in the late 20th century to serve as a zone of influence for its capital, Nantes, one of a handful so-called "balancing metropolises" (métropoles d'équilibre)¹. Other examples of "artificially created" regions include Rhône-Alpes, which was created as the region for Lyon, and Midi-Pyrénées, which was created as the region for Toulouse.
Pays de la Loire is made up of the following historical provinces:
Consequently, the name of the region, chosen by the French central government, was not based on history, but purely on geographical references: Pays (i.e. "lands") de la Loire (i.e. "of the Loire River"). However, the majority of the famous châteaux of the Loire Valley are located in the Centre region, and not inside Pays de la Loire, despite the confusing name. The Pays de la Loire present many great monuments as the castles of Angers, Laval, Mayenne and the Nantes "Château des Ducs de Bretagne", the Royal Fontevraud Abbey (the widest monastic ensemble in Europe), the old city of Le Mans, and also many natural parks such as the Brière and the Marsh of Poitou.
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Peltre
Coordinates: 49°04′33″N 6°13′29″E / 49.0758°N 6.2247°E / 49.0758; 6.2247
Peltre is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
Nicolas Peltre
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Perpignan
Coordinates: 42°41′55″N 2°53′44″E / 42.6986°N 2.8956°E / 42.6986; 2.8956
Perpignan (French pronunciation: [pɛʁpiɲɑ̃], Catalan: Perpinyà [pərpiˈɲa]) is a commune and the capital of the Pyrénées-Orientales department in southern France. Perpignan was the capital of the former province and county of Roussillon (Rosselló in Catalan) and continental capital of the Kingdom of Majorca in the 13th and 14th centuries.
As of 2009[update], Perpignan had 120,100 inhabitants (Perpignanais, Perpinyanés) in the city proper. The metropolitan area has a total population of 300,221 in 2009.
Though settlement in the area goes back to Roman times, the medieval town of Perpignan seems to have been founded around the beginning of the 10th century (first mentioned in a document as villa Perpiniarum in 927). Soon Perpignan became the capital of the counts of Roussillon. In 1172 Count Girard II bequeathed his lands to the Counts of Barcelona. Perpignan acquired the institutions of a partly self-governing commune in 1197. French feudal rights over Roussillon were given up by Louis IX in the Treaty of Corbeil (1258).
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Pettoncourt
Coordinates: 48°46′56″N 6°24′20″E / 48.7822°N 6.4056°E / 48.7822; 6.4056
Pettoncourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Phalsbourg
Coordinates: 48°46′07″N 7°15′33″E / 48.7686°N 7.2592°E / 48.7686; 7.2592
Phalsbourg (German: Pfalzburg) is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France, with a population of about 5000.
In 1911, it was a town of Germany, in the imperial province of Alsace-Lorraine, lying high on the west slopes of the Vosges, 25 miles (40 km) north-west of Strasbourg by rail. In 1911, it contained an Evangelical and a Roman Catholic church, a synagogue and a teachers' seminary. Its industries include the manufacture of gloves, straw hats and liqueurs, and quarrying.
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Philippsbourg
Coordinates: 48°59′02″N 7°34′05″E / 48.9839°N 7.5681°E / 48.9839; 7.5681
Philippsbourg is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Piblange
Coordinates: 49°15′09″N 6°25′03″E / 49.2525°N 6.4175°E / 49.2525; 6.4175
Piblange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Pierrevillers
Coordinates: 49°13′28″N 6°06′07″E / 49.2244°N 6.1019°E / 49.2244; 6.1019
Pierrevillers is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Plappeville
Coordinates: 49°07′53″N 6°07′25″E / 49.1314°N 6.1236°E / 49.1314; 6.1236
Plappeville is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Plesnois
Coordinates: 49°10′23″N 6°06′24″E / 49.1731°N 6.1067°E / 49.1731; 6.1067
Plesnois is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Poitiers
Coordinates: 46°34′55″N 0°20′10″E / 46.5819°N 0.3361°E / 46.5819; 0.3361
Poitiers [pwatje] ( listen) is a city on the Clain river in west central France. It is a commune and the capital of the Vienne department and of the Poitou-Charentes region. The centre is picturesque and its streets are interesting for predominant remains of historical architecture, especially from the Romanesque period. Two major military battles occurred near the city: in 732, the Battle of Poitiers (also known as the Battle of Tours), in which the Franks commanded by Charles Martel halted the expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate, and in 1356, the Battle of Poitiers, a key victory for English forces during the Hundred Years' War.
Poitiers is strategically situated on the Seuil du Poitou, a shallow zone which is a gap between the Armorican and the Central Massif and connects the Aquitaine Basin to the Paris Basin. Poitiers's primary site sits on a vast promontory between the valleys of the Boivre and the Clain. The old town occupies the slopes and summit of a plateau which rises 130 feet (40 m) above the streams which surround it on three sides.
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Pommérieux
Coordinates: 48°59′49″N 6°10′25″E / 48.9969°N 6.1736°E / 48.9969; 6.1736
Pommérieux is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Pontoise
Coordinates: 49°03′06″N 2°06′06″E / 49.0516°N 02.1017°E / 49.0516; 02.1017
Pontoise is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 28.4 km (17.6 mi) from the centre of Paris, in the "new town" of Cergy-Pontoise.
Pontoise is the official préfecture (capital) of the Val-d'Oise département, although in reality the préfecture building and administration, as well as the department council (conseil général), are located inside the neighboring commune of Cergy, which is regarded as the de facto capital of Val-d'Oise.
Pontoise is also the seat of the Arrondissement of Pontoise. The sous-préfecture building and administration, unlike the préfecture, are located inside the commune of Pontoise.
Pontoise is the historical capital of the Vexin français. Its foundation dates from the Roman times (Pontisara). At that time, the rock piton overhanging the river Oise supported the defense of the ford which was on the Roman road, the Chaussée Jules César, between Lutetia (Paris) and Rotomagus (Rouen). The road still exists and is now part of the N14 from Paris to Rouen.
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Pontoy
Coordinates: 49°01′03″N 6°17′06″E / 49.0175°N 6.285°E / 49.0175; 6.285
Pontoy is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Porcelette
Coordinates: 49°09′26″N 6°39′23″E / 49.1572°N 6.6564°E / 49.1572; 6.6564
Porcelette is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Postroff
Coordinates: 48°51′05″N 7°04′48″E / 48.8514°N 7.08°E / 48.8514; 7.08
Postroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Prague
Prague ( /ˈprɑːɡ/; Czech: Praha pronounced [ˈpraɦa] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic and fourteenth largest city in European Union. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city is home to about 1.3 million people, while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of nearly 2.0 million. The city has a temperate oceanic climate with warm summers and chilly winters.
Prague has been a political, cultural, and economic centre of central Europe with waxing and waning fortunes during its 1,100 year existence. Founded during the Romanesque and flourishing by the Gothic and Renaissance eras, Prague was the seat of two Holy Roman Emperors and thus then also the capital of the Holy Roman Empire. It was an important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empire and after World War I became the capital of Czechoslovakia. The city played major roles in the Protestant Reformation, the Thirty Years' War, and in modern history generally as the principal conurbation in Bohemia and Moravia whose second city is Brno.
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Privas
Coordinates: 44°44′09″N 4°35′49″E / 44.7358°N 4.597°E / 44.7358; 4.597
Privas is a commune of France, capital of the Ardèche department. It is the second-smallest administrative center of any department in France, larger than only the commune of Foix. It is the fifth-largest commune in the Ardèche, behind Annonay, Aubenas, Guilherand-Granges, and Tournon-sur-Rhône. It was the location of the 1629 Siege of Privas. today Privas is known for the puree made from the local chestnuts, and for its sweetened marron glacé.
The earliest traces of the commune are attested in the hamlet of Lac where recent archaeological excavations have revealed a Roman villa dating to the beginning of the Empire, as well as a medieval burying-ground. Moulds for counterfeiting coinage found in the 19th century on the slopes of Mont-Toulon had not been interpretable as signifying a local centre of population.
The earliest bourg of Privas developed around the church of Saint-Thomas (place de la République), a dependency of the Cluniac priory of Rompon. The château (castri) of Privas on the site of the present collège-couvent des Récollets is not attested prior to the 13th century, when the town was walled. Laid waste in 1621 and again following the siege of 1629, nothing of it remains.
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Prévocourt
Coordinates: 48°54′54″N 6°25′44″E / 48.915°N 6.4289°E / 48.915; 6.4289
Prévocourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in northeastern France.
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Puttigny
Coordinates: 48°51′12″N 6°33′08″E / 48.8533°N 6.5522°E / 48.8533; 6.5522
Puttigny is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Périgueux
Coordinates: 45°11′34″N 0°43′18″E / 45.1929°N 0.7217°E / 45.1929; 0.7217
Périgueux (French pronunciation: [peʁiɡø] ( listen); Occitan: Peireguers [pejɾeˈɣɥes, pejɾeˈɡœː] or Periguers [peɾiˈɣɥes, peɾiˈɡœː]) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Aquitaine in southwestern France.
Périgueux is the prefecture of the department and the capital of the region. It is also the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese.
The name Périgueux comes from Petrocorii, a Latinization of Celtic words meaning "the four tribes" – the Gallic people that held the area before the Roman conquest. Périgueux was their capital city. In 200 BC, the Petricorii came from the North and settled at Périgueux and established an encampment at La Boissière. After the Roman invasion, they left this post and established themselves on the plaine of L'Isle, and the town of Vesunna was created. This Roman city was eventually embellished with amenities such as temples, baths, amphitheatres, and a forum. At the end of the third century AD, the Roman city was surrounded by ramparts, and the town took the name of Civitas Petrocoriorum.
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Pévange
Coordinates: 48°54′30″N 6°37′08″E / 48.9083°N 6.6189°E / 48.9083; 6.6189
Pévange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Racrange
Coordinates: 48°55′25″N 6°40′27″E / 48.9236°N 6.6742°E / 48.9236; 6.6742
Racrange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Rahling
Coordinates: 48°59′34″N 7°12′55″E / 48.9928°N 7.2153°E / 48.9928; 7.2153
Rahling is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Ranguevaux
Coordinates: 49°17′53″N 6°03′22″E / 49.298°N 6.056°E / 49.298; 6.056
Ranguevaux is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Raville
Coordinates: 49°05′38″N 6°29′11″E / 49.0939°N 6.4864°E / 49.0939; 6.4864
Raville is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Rennes
Coordinates: 48°06′53″N 1°40′46″W / 48.1147°N 1.6794°W / 48.1147; -1.6794
Rennes ([ʁɛn] ( listen) French: Rennes, Gallo: Resnn, Breton: Roazhon, Latin: Condate, Civitas Redonum) is a city in the east of Brittany in northwestern France. Rennes is the capital of the region of Brittany, as well as the Ille-et-Vilaine department.
Rennes is the administrative capital of the French department Ille-et-Vilaine.
Prior to the French Revolution, when France was a Kingdom, Rennes was considered the capital of the Province of Brittany. Prior to the integration of the Duchy of Brittany into the Kingdom of France, Rennes was at times the capital of the Duchy, with the other historical capitals of Brittany's Ducal period being Nantes and Vannes. It has a long history due to its location at the confluence of two rivers and its proximity to the bordering regions from which arose various challenges to the borders of Brittany.
The eastern Armorican people of Redones founded Condate —an ancient Celtic word meaning confluent— at the confluence of the Ille and Vilaine rivers and made it the capital of a territory that extended to the Bay of Mont Saint-Michel. The name of the city of Redon also reflects that of the Redones. Early in the 1st century BCE, they adopted the Greek and Roman practice of issuing coinage, adapting the widely imitated gold staters of Philip II of Macedon, in the characteristic Celtic coin metal alloy called billion. Without inscriptions, as the Celtic practice was, the Redones coinage features a charioteer whose pony has a human head. Large hoards of their coins were unearthed in the "treasure of Amanlis" found in June 1835 and that of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande, discovered in February 1941. The Museum at Rennes contains a large representative collection.
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Retonfey
Coordinates: 49°08′13″N 6°18′21″E / 49.1369°N 6.3058°E / 49.1369; 6.3058
Retonfey is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Rettel
Coordinates: 49°26′37″N 6°19′43″E / 49.4436°N 6.3286°E / 49.4436; 6.3286
Rettel is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Reyersviller
Coordinates: 49°02′32″N 7°23′44″E / 49.0422°N 7.3956°E / 49.0422; 7.3956
Reyersviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Rezonville
Coordinates: 49°05′54″N 5°59′28″E / 49.0983°N 5.9911°E / 49.0983; 5.9911
Rezonville is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Riche
Coordinates: 48°53′30″N 6°37′43″E / 48.8917°N 6.6286°E / 48.8917; 6.6286
Riche is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Richeling
Coordinates: 49°01′48″N 6°57′41″E / 49.03°N 6.9614°E / 49.03; 6.9614
Richeling is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
The village is situated on the N56 road.
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Richeval
Coordinates: 48°38′12″N 6°54′42″E / 48.6367°N 6.9117°E / 48.6367; 6.9117
Richeval is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Rimling
Coordinates: 49°05′48″N 7°15′54″E / 49.0967°N 7.265°E / 49.0967; 7.265
Rimling is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Rochonvillers
Coordinates: 49°24′53″N 6°01′44″E / 49.4147°N 6.0289°E / 49.4147; 6.0289
Rochonvillers is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Rodalbe
Coordinates: 48°54′33″N 6°42′12″E / 48.9092°N 6.7033°E / 48.9092; 6.7033
Rodalbe is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
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Rodemack
Coordinates: 49°28′11″N 6°14′13″E / 49.4697°N 6.2369°E / 49.4697; 6.2369
Rodemack (in German Rodemachern) is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
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Rodez
Coordinates: 44°21′02″N 2°34′30″E / 44.3506°N 2.5750°E / 44.3506; 2.5750
Rodez (Occitan: Rodés) is a town and commune in southern France, in the Aveyron department, of which it is the capital. Its inhabitants are called Ruthénois.
Existing from at least the 5th century BC, Rodez was founded by the Celts. After the Roman occupation, the oppidum (fortified place) was renamed Segodunum, while in late Imperial times it was known as Civitas Rutenorum, whence the modern name. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it was captured by the Visigoths and then by the Franks, being also ravaged by the Arabs in 725. Later it was occupied by the armies of the Dukes of Aquitaine and of the Counts of Toulouse. English troops occupied Rodez during the Hundred Years War.
However, in medieval times the city's history was marked by strong rivalry between the Counts and the Bishops of Rodez, who exerted their authorities in different sectors of the city, divided by a wall. The counts were able to defy the royal French authority until the submission of count John IV by the future King Louis XI in the 15th century. In the following century bishop François d'Estaing built the Rodez Cathedral.
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Rolbing
Coordinates: 49°10′21″N 7°26′25″E / 49.1725°N 7.4403°E / 49.1725; 7.4403
Rolbing is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
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Rombas
Coordinates: 49°15′01″N 6°05′42″E / 49.2503°N 6.095°E / 49.2503; 6.095
Rombas is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Rombas is located in the lower Orne Valley, near Metz, Nancy and Luxembourg.
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Romelfing
Coordinates: 48°49′51″N 7°01′33″E / 48.8308°N 7.0258°E / 48.8308; 7.0258
Romelfing is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
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Roncourt
Coordinates: 49°12′08″N 6°02′32″E / 49.2022°N 6.0422°E / 49.2022; 6.0422
Roncourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
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Roppeviller
Coordinates: 49°06′10″N 7°30′34″E / 49.1028°N 7.5094°E / 49.1028; 7.5094
Roppeviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
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Rosbruck
Coordinates: 49°09′34″N 6°51′06″E / 49.1594°N 6.8517°E / 49.1594; 6.8517
Rosbruck is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Rosselange
Coordinates: 49°15′33″N 6°04′12″E / 49.2592°N 6.07°E / 49.2592; 6.07
Rosselange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
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Rouen
Coordinates: 49°26′28″N 1°05′47″E / 49.4412°N 1.0963°E / 49.4412; 1.0963
Rouen (French pronunciation: [ʁwɑ̃]), in northern France on the River Seine, is the capital of the Haute-Normandie (Upper Normandy) region and the historic capital city of Normandy. Once one of the largest and most prosperous cities of medieval Europe[citation needed], it was the seat of the Exchequer of Normandy in the Middle Ages. It was one of the capitals of the Anglo-Norman dynasties, which ruled both England and large parts of modern France from the 11th to the 15th centuries. It was here that Joan of Arc was executed in 1431. People from Rouen are called Rouennais.
The population of the metropolitan area (in French: agglomération) at the 1999 census was 518,316, and 532,559 at the 2007 estimate. The city proper had an estimated population of 110,276 in 2007.
Haute-Normandie (Upper Normandy) région, as well as a commune and the préfecture (capital) of the Seine-Maritime département.
Rouen and 70 suburban communes of the metropolitan area form the Agglomeration community of Rouen-Elbeuf-Austreberthe (CREA), with 494,382 inhabitants at the 2010 census. In descending order of population, the largest of these suburbs are Sotteville-lès-Rouen, Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray, Le Grand-Quevilly, Le Petit-Quevilly, and Mont-Saint-Aignan, each with a population exceeding 20,000.
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Rouhling
Coordinates: 49°08′17″N 7°00′12″E / 49.1381°N 7.0033°E / 49.1381; 7.0033
Rouhling is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
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Roupeldange
Coordinates: 49°12′29″N 6°28′10″E / 49.2081°N 6.4694°E / 49.2081; 6.4694
Roupeldange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
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Rozérieulles
Coordinates: 49°06′26″N 6°04′58″E / 49.1072°N 6.0828°E / 49.1072; 6.0828
Rozérieulles is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
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Russange
Coordinates: 49°28′54″N 5°57′15″E / 49.4817°N 5.9542°E / 49.4817; 5.9542
Russange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
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Rustroff
Coordinates: 49°26′38″N 6°22′23″E / 49.4439°N 6.3731°E / 49.4439; 6.3731
Rustroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
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Rédange
Coordinates: 49°29′41″N 5°55′13″E / 49.4947°N 5.9203°E / 49.4947; 5.9203
Rédange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Réding
Coordinates: 48°45′07″N 7°06′28″E / 48.7519°N 7.1078°E / 48.7519; 7.1078
Réding is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Rémelfang
Coordinates: 49°16′17″N 6°30′38″E / 49.2714°N 6.5106°E / 49.2714; 6.5106
Rémelfang is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Rémelfing
Coordinates: 49°05′31″N 7°05′34″E / 49.0919°N 7.0928°E / 49.0919; 7.0928
Rémelfing is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Rémeling
Coordinates: 49°24′28″N 6°29′16″E / 49.4078°N 6.4878°E / 49.4078; 6.4878
Rémeling is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Rémering
Coordinates: 49°15′55″N 6°37′46″E / 49.2653°N 6.6294°E / 49.2653; 6.6294
Rémering is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Réning
Coordinates: 48°57′20″N 6°51′12″E / 48.9556°N 6.8533°E / 48.9556; 6.8533
Réning is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Réunion
Réunion (French: La Réunion, IPA: [la 'ʁeynjɔ̃] ( listen); previously Île Bourbon) is a French island with a population of about 800,000 located in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar, about 200 kilometres (120 mi) south west of Mauritius, the nearest island.
Administratively, Réunion is one of the overseas departments of France. Like the other overseas departments, Réunion is also one of the 27 regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic with the same status as those situated on the European mainland.
Réunion is an outermost region of the European Union and, as an overseas department of France, is part of the Eurozone.
Before the arrival of the Portuguese in the early sixteenth century, there is little to Réunion's recorded history. Arab traders were familiar with it by the name Dina Morgabin,. The island possibly features on a map from 1153 AD by Al Sharif el-Edrisi. The island may also have been visited by Swahili or Malay sailors.
The first European discovery of the area was made around 1507 by Portuguese explorers, but the specifics are unclear. The uninhabited island may have been first sighted by the expedition led by Don Pedro Mascarenhas, who gave his name to the island group around Réunion, the Mascarenes. Réunion itself was dubbed Santa Apolonia after a favorite saint, which suggests that the date of the Portuguese discovery may have been February 9, her saint day. Diego Lopes de Sequeira is claimed to have landed on the island in 1509.
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Salonnes
Coordinates: 48°47′30″N 6°29′49″E / 48.7917°N 6.4969°E / 48.7917; 6.4969
Salonnes is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Sarralbe
Coordinates: 48°59′48″N 7°01′43″E / 48.9967°N 7.0286°E / 48.9967; 7.0286
Sarralbe is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Sarraltroff
Coordinates: 48°46′29″N 7°03′49″E / 48.7747°N 7.0636°E / 48.7747; 7.0636
Sarraltroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Sarrebourg
Coordinates: 48°44′07″N 7°03′16″E / 48.7353°N 7.0544°E / 48.7353; 7.0544
Sarrebourg (German: Saarburg) is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France. It lies in on the upper course of the river Sarre.
It should not be confused with Saarburg in Germany.
In 1895 a Mithraeum was discovered at Sarrebourg at the mouth of the pass leading from the Vosges Mountains.
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Sarreguemines
Coordinates: 49°06′40″N 7°04′05″E / 49.1111°N 7.0681°E / 49.1111; 7.0681
Sarreguemines (German Saargemünd) is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
It is the seat of an arrondissement.
Sarreguemines, whose name is a French spelling of the name in local Lorraine-German dialect "Saargemin", meaning "confluence into the Saar", is located at the confluence of the Blies and the Saar, 40 miles (64 km) east of Metz, 60 miles (97 km) northwest of Strasbourg by rail, and at the junction of the lines to Trier and Saarburg. Traditionally Sarreguemines was the head of river navigation on the Saar, its importance being a depot where boats were unloaded.
Sarreguemines is the seat of two cantons:
Saargemünd, originally a Roman settlement, obtained civic rights early in the 13th century. In 1297 it was ceded by the count of Saarbrücken to the Duke of Lorraine, and passed with Lorraine in 1766 to France.
It was transferred to Germany in 1871, with the Treaty of Frankfurt following the Franco-Prussian War. From 1871 to 1918 it formed part of the German imperial province of Alsace-Lorraine and manufactured plush velvet, leather, porcelain, and earthenware, and was a chief depot for papier-mâché boxes, mostly used for snuffboxes. It was returned to France after World War I.
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Sarreinsming
Coordinates: 49°05′23″N 7°06′34″E / 49.0897°N 7.1094°E / 49.0897; 7.1094
Sarreinsming is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
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Sarthe
Sarthe (French pronunciation: [saʁt]) is a French department, named after the Sarthe River.
The department was created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790, pursuant to the law of December 22, 1789, starting from a part of the province of Maine which was divided into two departments, Sarthe to the east and Mayenne to the west.
In Roman Times, this province contained the city of Mans, and many of its ruins are still left standing. The Thermal Bathhouse attracts many tourists, as does the Theater of Aubigné-Racan, both located on the outskirts of Anjou, Maine, and Touraine.
Marin Mersenne, perhaps the most important scientific figure in the early 1600s, was born in the vicinity of Sarthe.
The department of Sarthe is at the north end of the administrative region of Pays-de-la-Loire. This places it south of Basse-Normandie and on the south edge of the Armorican Massif. It is bordered by the departments of Orne, Eure-et-Loir, Loir-et-Cher, Indre-et-Loire, Maine-et-Loire and Mayenne.
Approximately 300,000 people, comprising more than half of the department's population, live in Le Mans, its conurbation or the essentially urban communes close by. The rest of the department retains its rural character, however, being dominated economically by agriculture.
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Saulny
Coordinates: 49°09′35″N 6°06′22″E / 49.1597°N 6.1061°E / 49.1597; 6.1061
Saulny is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Communes of the Moselle department
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Savoie
Savoie (pronounced: [sa.vwa]; Arpitan: Savouè d’Avâl, Italian: Savoia, pronounced [saˈvɔja], English: Savoy, /səˈvɔɪ/) is a French department located in the Rhône-Alpes region in the French Alps.
Together with the Haute-Savoie, Savoie is one of the two departments of the historic region of Savoy that was annexed by France on June 14, 1860, following the signature of the Treaty of Turin on March 24, 1860. For history before 1860, details of the annexation, and modern regionalism, see Savoy.
It is widely accepted that Savoie takes its name from the Latin Sapaudia or Sabaudia, meaning land covered in fir trees.
Savoie was long part of the states of Savoy, though it was occupied many times by France starting in the 16th century. It was integrated into the Mont-Blanc department from 1792 to 1815 (and partially into the Léman department from 1798 to 1814). The province was annexed by France in 1860. The former Duchy of Savoy became the two departments of Savoie and Haute-Savoie.
Moûtiers, capital of the former province of Tarentaise Valley (French: Vallée de la Tarentaise) ceased to be the county seat after a law passed on September 10, 1926.
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Schalbach
Coordinates: 48°49′24″N 7°10′16″E / 48.8233°N 7.1711°E / 48.8233; 7.1711
Schalbach is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Schmittviller
Coordinates: 49°00′21″N 7°11′02″E / 49.0058°N 7.1839°E / 49.0058; 7.1839
Schmittviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Schneckenbusch
Coordinates: 48°42′17″N 7°04′42″E / 48.7047°N 7.0783°E / 48.7047; 7.0783
Schneckenbusch (Schneggebesch in Rhine Franconian) is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France. The word Schneckenbusch means snails bush in German.
Schneckenbuch is a little village in the south-east of Sarrebourg. The village is crossed by a little river : the Bièvre, who rise bottom of the Vosges Mountains. Schneckenbusch is too crossed by the Marne-Rhine Canal who opened in 1853. The commune is situated at 47 miles of Strasbourg, 50 miles of Saarbrücken, 56 miles of Nancy and 78 miles of Metz.
Coordinates: 48°42′N 7°05′E / 48.7°N 7.083°E / 48.7; 7.083
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Schorbach
Coordinates: 49°04′48″N 7°24′24″E / 49.08°N 7.4067°E / 49.08; 7.4067
Schorbach is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Schwerdorff
Coordinates: 49°22′03″N 6°34′34″E / 49.3675°N 6.5761°E / 49.3675; 6.5761
Schwerdorff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Schweyen
Coordinates: 49°09′33″N 7°23′28″E / 49.1592°N 7.3911°E / 49.1592; 7.3911
Schweyen is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
It is located on the German border between the towns of Bitche, France and Zweibrücken, Germany. It is a commune of the Moselle département. It has a population of 319 and an area of 1135 hectares.
It was first mentioned in 1322 under the name of "Schweien", which come from the Old German name "Schweiga", which meant "cow" or "cattle".
Today, this village is famous for its brass band, "Amicale des Sapeurs Pompiers et Batterie Fanfare de Schweyen."
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Schœneck
Coordinates: 49°13′14″N 6°55′29″E / 49.2206°N 6.9247°E / 49.2206; 6.9247
Schœneck is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Secourt
Coordinates: 48°56′53″N 6°17′08″E / 48.9481°N 6.2856°E / 48.9481; 6.2856
Secourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
It is located 20km south east of Montigny-lès-Metz, 26km south of Metz, 35km north of Nancy. its neighbouring villages are Sailly-Achâtel, Vigny and Solgne.
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Seingbouse
Coordinates: 49°06′51″N 6°49′55″E / 49.1142°N 6.8319°E / 49.1142; 6.8319
Seingbouse is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Semécourt
Coordinates: 49°11′38″N 6°08′07″E / 49.1939°N 6.1353°E / 49.1939; 6.1353
Semécourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Siersthal
Coordinates: 49°02′39″N 7°20′57″E / 49.0442°N 7.3492°E / 49.0442; 7.3492
Siersthal is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Sillegny
Coordinates: 48°59′18″N 6°09′41″E / 48.9883°N 6.1614°E / 48.9883; 6.1614
Sillegny is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
The inhabitants are referred to as the Sillegnois.
Sillegny is located in the Seille Valley, a floodplain along the Seille river which flows near the village. In the west, the Côtes de Moselle massif and its outliers dominate the region.
Loiville, a hamlet belonging to the commune, is situated in the north, over the Rû des Crux in the direction of Coin-sur-Seille.
The Roman road which connected Lyon to Trier runs west from the village along the Forêt Dominale des Six Cantons forest. Ruins of a villa were found near this road, what is a proof of the ancient occupation of Sillegny. Furthermore the suffix "-y" comes from the Latin suffix "-iacum" (which comes himself from the Gaulish language "-ac") indicates a rural estate near a stream (the Seille river).
In the 11th century, Sillegny belonged to the abbey of Saint Pierre, and one century later to the Bishopric of Metz. In 1226 the name of the town changed and became Sulincium. In 1246 the bishop Jacques ceded the village to Sainte Marie abbey but the Diocese kept St.Martin church until the French Revolution. In 1635, at the end of the Thirty Years' War, Sillegny was nearly destroyed by the Swedish and the church became a pilgrimage place.
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Solgne
Coordinates: 48°58′02″N 6°17′46″E / 48.9672°N 6.2961°E / 48.9672; 6.2961
Solgne is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Somme
Somme (French pronunciation: [sɔm]) is a department of France, located in the north of the country and named after the Somme river. It is part of the Picardy region of France.
The north central area of the Somme département was the site of a series of battles through the Great War. Particularly significant was the 1916 Battle of the Somme. As a result of this and other battles fought in the area the department is home to many military cemeteries and several major monuments commemorating the many soldiers from various countries who died on its battlefields.
At the beginning of the First World War, during the September 1914 Race to the Sea, the Somme became the site of the Battle of Albert. The battle was a five day engagement between the 25th and 29 September, with the French Tenth Army attacking at Albert and pushing toward Bapaume, and the German Sixth Army counter-attacking back towards Albert. The line settled around the town of Thiepval and remained there until July 1916, when the Battle of the Somme would be fought on and around the same ground.
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Sotzeling
Coordinates: 48°51′48″N 6°38′12″E / 48.8633°N 6.6367°E / 48.8633; 6.6367
Sotzeling is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Soucht
Coordinates: 48°57′33″N 7°20′10″E / 48.9592°N 7.3361°E / 48.9592; 7.3361
Soucht is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Spicheren
Coordinates: 49°11′33″N 6°58′09″E / 49.1925°N 6.9692°E / 49.1925; 6.9692
Spicheren is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Strasbourg
Strasbourg (French pronunciation: [stʁazbuʁ]; Lower Alsatian: Strossburi, [ˈʃd̥rɔːsb̥uri]; German: Straßburg, [ˈʃtʁaːsbʊɐ̯k]) is the capital and principal city of the Alsace region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin département. The city and the region of Alsace are historically German-speaking, explaining the city's Germanic name. In 2006, the city proper had 272,975 inhabitants and its urban community 467,375 inhabitants. With 638,670 inhabitants in 2006, Strasbourg's metropolitan area (aire urbaine) (only the part of the metropolitan area on French territory) is the ninth largest in France. The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 884,988 inhabitants in 2008.
Strasbourg is the seat of several European institutions, such as the Council of Europe (with its European Court of Human Rights, its European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and its European Audiovisual Observatory) and the Eurocorps, as well as the European Parliament and the European Ombudsman of the European Union. The city is the seat of the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine.
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Stuckange
Coordinates: 49°19′37″N 6°14′26″E / 49.3269°N 6.2406°E / 49.3269; 6.2406
Stuckange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Sturzelbronn
Coordinates: 49°03′27″N 7°35′12″E / 49.0575°N 7.5867°E / 49.0575; 7.5867
Hops
Sturzelbronn is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Talange
Coordinates: 49°14′14″N 6°10′30″E / 49.2372°N 6.175°E / 49.2372; 6.175
Talange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Tangier
Tangier, also Tangiers (Berber: Tanja, ⵜⴰⵏⵊⴰ, archaic Berber name: Tingi, Arabic: طنجة Ṭanjah, Spanish: Tánger, French: Tanger), is a city in northern Morocco with a population of about 700,000 (2012 estimates). It lies on the North African coast at the western entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar where the Mediterranean meets the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Spartel. It is the capital of the Tangier-Tetouan Region and of the Tangier-Asilah prefecture of Morocco.
The history of Tangier is very rich due to the historical presence of many civilizations and cultures starting from the 5th century BC. Between the period of being a Berber settlement and then a Phoenician town to the independence era around the 1950s, Tangier was a refuge for many cultures. In 1923, Tangier was considered as an international status by foreign colonial powers, and became a destination for many European and American diplomats, spies, writers and businessmen.
The city is currently undergoing rapid development and modernization. Projects include new 5-star hotels along the bay, a modern business district called Tangier City Center, a new airport terminal and a new football stadium. Tangier's economy is also set to benefit greatly from the new Tanger-Med port.
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Tarbes
Coordinates: 43°13′51″N 0°04′21″E / 43.230700°N 0.072600°E / 43.230700; 0.072600
Tarbes (French pronunciation: [taʁb]) is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in south-western France.
It is part of the historical region of Gascony. It is the second largest metropolitan area of Midi-Pyrénées, with 110,000 inhabitants.
It is the seat of the diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes. The 1st Parachute Hussar Regiment and 35th Parachute Artillery Regiment are stationed in Tarbes.
To the south of Tarbes is the pilgrimage town of Lourdes and the border with Spain. The Pyrenees mountains, lying along the border between France and Spain, can be seen from the town.
The Gare de Tarbes railway station offers direct connections with Paris, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Bayonne and several regional destinations. The A64 motorway connects Tarbes with Bayonne and Toulouse. It is also served by the small Tarbes-Lourdes-Pyrénées Airport.
Tarbes is the birthplace of:
Tarbes is twinned with:
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Tarquimpol
Coordinates: 48°47′07″N 6°45′32″E / 48.7853°N 6.7589°E / 48.7853; 6.7589
Tarquimpol is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Tenteling
Coordinates: 49°07′34″N 6°56′22″E / 49.1261°N 6.9394°E / 49.1261; 6.9394
Tenteling is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Terville
Coordinates: 49°20′43″N 6°08′05″E / 49.3453°N 6.1347°E / 49.3453; 6.1347
Terville is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Thicourt
Coordinates: 48°59′23″N 6°33′24″E / 48.9897°N 6.5567°E / 48.9897; 6.5567
Thicourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Thimonville
Coordinates: 48°57′19″N 6°23′49″E / 48.9553°N 6.3969°E / 48.9553; 6.3969
Thimonville is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Thionville
Coordinates: 49°21′32″N 6°10′09″E / 49.3589°N 6.1692°E / 49.3589; 6.1692
Thionville (German: Diedenhofen, Luxembourgish: Diddenuewen), is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France. The city is located on the left bank of the river Moselle, opposite its suburb Yutz.
The population of Thionville boomed in the Industrial Revolution, but the economic slowdown of the 1970s affected the town and the surrounding area, causing a population decrease. The population rose again in the 1990s and in suburban Hettange-Grande in the east, although the population of the western part of the new agglomeration is decreasing around Hayange. The agglomeration is still losing population but the decrease has been slowed down. Due to Thionville's proximity to Luxembourg (15 kilometres from the border), the town's population and quality of life have both increased since the end of the 1990s.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the region was inhabited by the Germanic Alamanni and became part of the medieval Holy Roman Empire, known as Diedenhofen in German.
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Thonville
Coordinates: 48°59′03″N 6°33′39″E / 48.9842°N 6.5608°E / 48.9842; 6.5608
Thonville is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Théding
Coordinates: 49°07′45″N 6°53′38″E / 49.1292°N 6.8939°E / 49.1292; 6.8939
Théding is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Tincry
Coordinates: 48°54′14″N 6°24′39″E / 48.9039°N 6.4108°E / 48.9039; 6.4108
Tincry is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Torcheville
Coordinates: 48°54′38″N 6°50′58″E / 48.9106°N 6.8494°E / 48.9106; 6.8494
Torcheville is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Toulon
Coordinates: 43°08′N 5°55′E / 43.13°N 5.92°E / 43.13; 5.92
Toulon (French pronunciation: [tu.lɔ̃]; Provençal Occitan: Tolon in classical norm or Touloun in Mistralian norm), italian language: Tolone, is a town in southern France and a large military harbor on the Mediterranean coast, with a major French naval base. Located in the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur region, Toulon is the capital of the Var department in the former province of Provence.
Toulon is an important centre for naval construction, fishing, wine making, and the manufacture of aeronautical equipment, armaments, maps, paper, tobacco, printing, shoes, and electronic equipment.
The military port of Toulon is the major naval centre on France's Mediterranean coast, home of the French Navy aircraft carrier Charles De Gaulle and her battle group. The French Mediterranean Fleet is based in Toulon.
Archaeological excavations, such as those at the Cosquer Cave near Marseilles, show that the coast of Provence was inhabited since at least the Paleolithic era. Greek colonists came from Asia Minor in about the 7th century BC and established trading depots along the coast, including one, called Olbia, at Saint-Pierre de l'Almanarre south of Hyères, to the east of Toulon. The Ligurians settled in the area beginning in the 4th century BC.
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Toulouse
Coordinates: 43°36′16″N 1°26′38″E / 43.6045°N 1.444°E / 43.6045; 1.444
Toulouse (French pronunciation: [tuluz] ( listen), locally: [tuˈluzə] ( listen); Occitan: Tolosa [tuˈluzɔ], medieval Tholoza) is a city in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France. It lies on the banks of the River Garonne, half-way between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, and 590 km (366 mi) away from Paris. With 1,202,889 inhabitants as of 1 January 2008, the Toulouse metropolitan area is the fourth-largest in France, after Paris (12.1 million), Lyon (2.1 million), and Marseille (1.7 million).
Toulouse is the centre of the European aerospace industry, with the headquarters of Airbus, Galileo positioning system, the SPOT satellite system, and CNES's Toulouse Space Centre (CST), the largest space centre in Europe.Thales Alenia Space, and Astrium Satellites, EADS's satellite system subsidiary, also have a significant presence in Toulouse. Its world renowned university is one of the oldest in Europe (founded in 1229) and, with more than 97,000 students, is with Lille the third-largest university campus of France after Paris and Lyon.
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Tours
Coordinates: 47°23′37″N 0°41′21″E / 47.3936°N 0.6892°E / 47.3936; 0.6892
Tours (pronounced: [tuʁ]) is a city in central France, the capital of the Indre-et-Loire department.
It stands on the lower reaches of the river Loire, between Orléans and the Atlantic coast. Touraine, the region around Tours, is known for its wines, the alleged perfection (as perceived by some speakers) of its local spoken French, and the Battle of Tours in 732. It is also the site of the Paris–Tours road bicycle race. Tours is the largest city in the Centre region of France, although it is not the regional capital, which is the region's second-largest city, Orléans. In 2006, the city itself had 142,000 inhabitants and the metropolitan area had 306,974.
In Gallic times the city was important as a crossing point of the Loire. Becoming part of the Roman Empire during the first century AD, the city was named "Caesarodunum" ("hill of Caesar"). The name evolved in the 4th century when the original Gallic name, Turones, became first "Civitas Turonum" then "Tours". It was at this time that the amphitheatre of Tours, one of the five largest in the Empire, was built. Tours became the metropolis of the Roman province of Lugdunum towards 380–388, dominating the Loire Valley, Maine and Brittany. One of the outstanding figures of the history of the city was Saint Martin, second bishop who shared his coat with a naked beggar in Amiens. This incident and the importance of Martin in the medieval Christian West made Tours, and its position on the route of pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela,made Tours a major centre during the Middle Ages.
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Tragny
Coordinates: 48°57′36″N 6°22′45″E / 48.96°N 6.3792°E / 48.96; 6.3792
Tragny is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Treaty of Chambord
The Treaty of Chambord was an agreement signed on 15 January 1552 at the Château de Chambord between the Catholic King Henry II of France and three Protestant princes of the Holy Roman Empire led by Elector Maurice of Saxony. Based on the terms of the treaty, Maurice ceded the vicariate over the Three Bishoprics of Toul, Verdun, and Metz to France. In return, he was promised military and economic aid from Henry II in order to fight against the forces of Emperor Charles V of Habsburg.
After Emperor Charles V had defeated a number of revolting Protestant princes in the Schmalkaldic War, he in 1548 issued the geharnischt (sharply-worded) Augsburg Interim in order to re-integrate the Lutheran movement into the established Catholic Church and to prevent the split of the Empire. To defend their autonomy, several Protestant Imperial States reacted with the 1551 Alliance of Torgau; first of all the Saxon elector Maurice of Wettin, who in the Schmalkaldic War had been a strong supporter of the emperor, but also William IV of Hesse-Kassel, the warlike Hohenzollern margrave Albert Alcibiades of Brandenburg-Kulmbach and his cousin the Prussian duke Albert.
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Tressange
Coordinates: 49°24′13″N 5°58′56″E / 49.4036°N 5.9822°E / 49.4036; 5.9822
Tressange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Troisfontaines
Coordinates: 48°40′13″N 7°07′04″E / 48.6703°N 7.1178°E / 48.6703; 7.1178
Troisfontaines is a French commune located in the department of Moselle.
The village has three fountains as its name implies: a monument is dedicated on the site of the Hoffe (founded in 2005-2006).
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Tromborn
Coordinates: 49°15′30″N 6°35′18″E / 49.2583°N 6.5883°E / 49.2583; 6.5883
Tromborn is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Troyes
Coordinates: 48°17′59″N 4°04′45″E / 48.2997°N 4.0792°E / 48.2997; 4.0792
Troyes (French pronunciation: [tʁwa]) is a commune and the capital of the Aube department in north-central France. It is located on the Seine river about 150 km (93 mi) southeast of Paris. Many half-timbered houses (mainly of the 16th century) survive in the old town. Troyes has been in existence since the Roman era, as Augustobona Tricassium, which stood at the hub of numerous highways, primarily the Via Agrippa.
Troyes has been in existence since the Roman era, as Augustobona Tricassium, which stood at the hub of numerous highways, primarily the Via Agrippa which led north to Reims and south to Langres and eventually to Milan; other Roman routes from Troyes led to Poitiers, Autun and Orléans. It was the civitas of the Tricasses, who had been separated by Augustus from the Senones. Of the Gallo-Roman city of the early Empire, some scattered remains have been found, but no public monuments, other than traces of an aqueduct. By the Late Empire the settlement was reduced in extent, and referred to as Tricassium or Tricassae, the origin of French Troyes ("three").
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Trémery
Coordinates: 49°14′49″N 6°13′31″E / 49.2469°N 6.2253°E / 49.2469; 6.2253
Trémery is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Jean-Marie Pirot, known as Arcabas, contemporary sacred artist.
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Tulle
Coordinates: 45°16′02″N 1°45′56″E / 45.2673°N 1.7655°E / 45.2673; 1.7655
Tulle (Occitan: Tula) is a commune and capital of the Corrèze département in the Limousin region in central France. It is also the episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulle. It is the third-largest town in the Limousin region, after Limoges and Brive-la-Gaillarde.
Known sometimes as "the town on the seven hills", Tulle rose to prominence through the development of its manufacturing sector.
Initially, the Gauls settled an oppidum at the site of what is now the Puy St Clair because it was a site surrounded by cliffs and so easy to get off. After the conquest, the city moved downwards, to the Trech district and the Romans established a temple to honor Tutela, goddess of protection of property and persons. The name of the city comes from this goddess. She was honoured here because it was a ford over the Corrèze where passed a very old road between Brittany and the Mediterranean sea. In the seventh century was built a monastery dedicated to St. Michael. The local population settled around the buildings. The first monastery, destroyed by the Viking invasions in 846, was rebuilt but disappeared in the eleventh century.
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Téterchen
Coordinates: 49°13′58″N 6°33′39″E / 49.2328°N 6.5608°E / 49.2328; 6.5608
Téterchen is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Uckange
Coordinates: 49°18′11″N 6°09′21″E / 49.3031°N 6.1558°E / 49.3031; 6.1558
Uckange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Upper Normandy
Upper Normandy (French: Haute-Normandie, IPA: [ot nɔʁmɑ̃di]; Norman: Ĥâote-Normaundie) is one of the 27 regions of France. It was created in 1984 from two départements: Seine-Maritime and Eure, when Normandy was divided into Lower Normandy and Upper Normandy. This division continues to provoke controversy, and some continue to call for reuniting the two regions. However, the name Upper Normandy existed prior to 1956 and referred by tradition to territories currently included within the administrative region: the Pays de Caux, the Pays de Bray (not that of Picardy), the Roumois, the Campagne of Le Neubourg, the Plaine de Saint André and the Norman Vexin. Today, most of the Pays d'Auge, as well as a small portion of the Pays d'Ouche, are located in Lower Normandy.
Rouen is the regional capital, historically important with many fine churches and buildings, including the tallest cathedral tower in France. The region's largest city, in terms of metropolitan population, is Le Havre. The region is twinned with the London Borough of Redbridge in England. Its economy is centered around agriculture, industry, petrochemicals and tourism.
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Vallerange
Coordinates: 48°57′03″N 6°41′11″E / 48.9508°N 6.6864°E / 48.9508; 6.6864
Vallerange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Valmestroff
Coordinates: 49°21′41″N 6°15′51″E / 49.3614°N 6.2642°E / 49.3614; 6.2642
Valmestroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Valmunster
Coordinates: 49°14′34″N 6°30′29″E / 49.2428°N 6.5081°E / 49.2428; 6.5081
Valmunster is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Vannecourt
Coordinates: 48°52′57″N 6°33′01″E / 48.8825°N 6.5503°E / 48.8825; 6.5503
Vannecourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Vannes
Coordinates: 47°39′21″N 2°45′37″W / 47.6559°N 2.7603°W / 47.6559; -2.7603
Vannes (French pronunciation: [van]; Breton: Gwened) is a commune in the Morbihan department in Brittany in north-western France. It was founded over 2000 years ago.
Vannes is located on the Gulf of Morbihan at the mouth of two rivers, the Marle and the Vincin. It is around 100 km northwest of Nantes and 450 km south west of Paris. Vannes is a market town and often linked to the sea.
The name Vannes comes from the Veneti, a seafaring Celtic people who lived in the south-western part of Armorica in Gaul before the Roman invasions. The Veneti were defeated by Julius Caesar's fleet in 56 BC in front of Locmariaquer; all the Veneti were then either slaughtered or sold into slavery. The Romans settled a town called Darioritum (the romanized Gaulish name of Vannes) in a location previously belonging to the Veneti.
The diocese of Vannes was erected in the 5th century. The Council of Vannes was held there in 461.
The first historical ruler of Vannes was Waroch.
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Vantoux
Coordinates: 49°07′50″N 6°13′53″E / 49.1306°N 6.2314°E / 49.1306; 6.2314
Vantoux is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Vany
Coordinates: 49°09′27″N 6°14′33″E / 49.1575°N 6.2425°E / 49.1575; 6.2425
Vany is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Varsberg
Coordinates: 49°10′24″N 6°37′46″E / 49.1733°N 6.6294°E / 49.1733; 6.6294
Varsberg is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Vasperviller
Coordinates: 48°38′02″N 7°04′24″E / 48.6339°N 7.0733°E / 48.6339; 7.0733
Vasperviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Vatimont
Coordinates: 48°58′50″N 6°28′02″E / 48.9806°N 6.4672°E / 48.9806; 6.4672
Vatimont is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Vaucluse
The Vaucluse (French pronunciation: [vokˈlyz]; Occitan: Vauclusa in classical norm or Vau-Cluso in Mistralian norm) is a department in the southeast of France, named after the famous spring, the Fontaine-de-Vaucluse.
Vaucluse was created on 12 August 1793 out of parts of the departments of Bouches-du-Rhône, Drôme, and Basses-Alpes (later renamed Alpes-de-Haute-Provence). The then rural department was, like the nearby city of Lyon, a hotbed of the French Resistance in World War II.
Vaucluse is bordered by the Rhône to the west and the River Durance to the south. Mountains occupy a significant proportion of the eastern half of the department, with Mont Ventoux (1,912 m), also known as "the Giant of Provence", dominating the landscape. Other important mountain ranges include the Dentelles de Montmirail, the Monts de Vaucluse, and the Luberon. Fruit and vegetables are cultivated in great quantities in the lower-lying parts of the department, on one of the most fertile plains in southern France. The Vaucluse département has a rather large exclave within the Drôme department, the canton of Valréas (Enclave des Papes).
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Vaudreching
Coordinates: 49°17′06″N 6°31′32″E / 49.285°N 6.5256°E / 49.285; 6.5256
Vaudreching is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Vaxy
Coordinates: 48°51′33″N 6°31′51″E / 48.8592°N 6.5308°E / 48.8592; 6.5308
Vaxy is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Veckersviller
Coordinates: 48°50′30″N 7°10′50″E / 48.8417°N 7.1806°E / 48.8417; 7.1806
Veckersviller (in German Weckersweiler) is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Veckring
Coordinates: 49°20′N 6°23′E / 49.34°N 6.38°E / 49.34; 6.38
Veckring is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Velving
Coordinates: 49°14′29″N 6°32′02″E / 49.2414°N 6.5339°E / 49.2414; 6.5339
Velving is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Vendée
The Vendée (French pronunciation: [vɑ̃.de]) is a department in the Pays-de-la-Loire region in west central France, on the Atlantic Ocean. The name Vendée is taken from the Vendée river which runs through the south-eastern part of the department.
The area today called the Vendée was originally known as the Bas-Poitou and is part of the former province of Poitou. In the south-east corner, the village of Nieul-sur-l'Autise is believed to be the birthplace of Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122–1204) and was part of her kingdom. Eleanor's son, Richard I of England (the Lionheart) often had his base in Talmont. The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) turned much of the Vendée into a battleground.
Since the Vendée held a considerable number of influential Protestants, including control by Jeanne d'Albret, the region was greatly affected by the French Wars of Religion which broke out in 1562 and continued until 1598. Eventually King Henri IV issued the Edict of Nantes and the Wars came to an end. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 caused many Huguenots to flee from the Vendée.
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Vergaville
Coordinates: 48°50′16″N 6°44′41″E / 48.8378°N 6.7447°E / 48.8378; 6.7447
Vergaville is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Verny
Coordinates: 49°00′28″N 6°12′14″E / 49.0078°N 6.2039°E / 49.0078; 6.2039
Verny is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Vernéville
Coordinates: 49°08′50″N 6°00′12″E / 49.1472°N 6.0033°E / 49.1472; 6.0033
Vernéville is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Vescheim
Coordinates: 48°47′48″N 7°13′45″E / 48.7967°N 7.2292°E / 48.7967; 7.2292
Vescheim is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Vesoul
Coordinates: 47°37′23″N 6°09′21″E / 47.6231°N 06.1558°E / 47.6231; 06.1558
Vesoul is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Franche-Comté in eastern France.
The town is the capital of the department, its inhabitants are known in French as Vésuliens.
Vesoul was the birthplace of Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824–1904), painter and sculptor who produced many works in a historical, Orientalist style.
Vesoul is also the name of a song by Jacques Brel from 1968, a fast paced waltz during the recording of which Brel famously yelled «Chauffe, Marcel, chauffe!» ("heat up, Marcel, heat up!") at his accordionist, Marcel Azzola.
The town is also mentioned facetiously in the satirical rap Fous ta cagoule by Michael Youn.
Media related to Vesoul at Wikimedia Commons
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Vibersviller
Coordinates: 48°54′54″N 6°56′42″E / 48.915°N 6.945°E / 48.915; 6.945
Vibersviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Vienne
Vienne (French pronunciation: [vjɛn]) is the northernmost département of the Poitou-Charentes region of France, named after the river Vienne.
Vienne is one of the original 83 departments, established on March 4, 1790 during the French Revolution. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Poitou, Touraine, and Berry. The original Acadians who settled in Nova Scotia and what is today other maritime provinces of Canada, left Vienne for North America after 1604.
Goat cheese making is an important industry of Vienne.
The most famous tourist sites include the Futuroscope theme park, Poitiers (city of Art and History), the Abbey Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe, a UNESCO world heritage site, the animal parks of Monkey's Valley in Romagne & the Crocodile Planet in Civaux.
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Vigy
Coordinates: 49°12′16″N 6°17′54″E / 49.2044°N 6.2983°E / 49.2044; 6.2983
Vigy is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Situated 15 km (9.3 mi) from Metz, Vigy lies on the border of Germany and Luxembourg. The village of Vigy is located in a sector recognized for its landscape qualities. Vigy enjoys a privileged location on the edge of a forest.
Part of village belongs to an Important Bird Area
The name of the village may come from a man of Gallo-Roman origin, Vigius.
Originally founded as a city by the Romans or Gallo-Romans, Vigy was given to the Abbey of Saint-Arnould on June 23, 715. In 1365, the people of Vigy were placed under the protection of Luxembourg. In 1635, on September 12, almost all the village was burned by the Spanish. It was reattached to France in 1648.
Vigy has been the seat of a canton since the French Revolution.
During World War I, the residents of Vigy were resettled in Mussidan in the Dordogne.
On first, the village grow on agriculture (vine area is completely disappeared).
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Viller
Coordinates: 48°59′08″N 6°38′49″E / 48.9856°N 6.6469°E / 48.9856; 6.6469
Viller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Villing
Coordinates: 49°16′55″N 6°37′54″E / 49.2819°N 6.6317°E / 49.2819; 6.6317
Villing is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Vilsberg
Coordinates: 48°47′13″N 7°15′19″E / 48.7869°N 7.2553°E / 48.7869; 7.2553
Vilsberg is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Vionville
Coordinates: 49°05′34″N 5°56′55″E / 49.0928°N 5.9486°E / 49.0928; 5.9486
Vionville is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Virming
Coordinates: 48°56′46″N 6°45′06″E / 48.9461°N 6.7517°E / 48.9461; 6.7517
Virming is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Dependence of the ancient manor of Lorraine. Completely destroyed during the Thirty Years War and resettled in 1656. Village claimant to 80% in 1944 and rebuilt in 1950.
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Vittersbourg
Coordinates: 48°57′03″N 6°55′46″E / 48.9508°N 6.9294°E / 48.9508; 6.9294
Vittersbourg is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Vittoncourt
Coordinates: 49°01′17″N 6°25′50″E / 49.0214°N 6.4306°E / 49.0214; 6.4306
Vittoncourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Voimhaut
Coordinates: 49°01′20″N 6°25′05″E / 49.0222°N 6.4181°E / 49.0222; 6.4181
Voimhaut is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Volmunster
Coordinates: 49°07′21″N 7°21′24″E / 49.1225°N 7.3567°E / 49.1225; 7.3567
Volmunster is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Volstroff
Coordinates: 49°18′43″N 6°15′36″E / 49.3119°N 6.26°E / 49.3119; 6.26
Volstroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Vosges
Vosges (French pronunciation: [voʒ]) is a French department, named after the local mountain range. It contains the hometown of Joan of Arc, Domrémy.
The Vosges department is one of the original 83 departments of France, created on February 9, 1790 during the French Revolution. It was made of territories that had been part of the province of Lorraine. In German it is referred to as Vogesen.
In 1793 the independent principality of Salm-Salm (town of Senones and its surroundings), enclosed inside the Vosges department, was annexed to France and incorporated into Vosges. In 1795 the area of Schirmeck was detached from the Bas-Rhin department and incorporated into the Vosges department. The Vosges department had now an area of 6,127 km² (2,366 sq. miles) which it kept until 1871.
In 1794 the Vosges was the site of a major battle between the forces of Revolutionary France and the Allied Coalition. See Battle of the Vosges.
The Place des Vosges in Paris was so renamed in 1799 when the department became the first to pay the new Revolutionary taxes.
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Voyer
Coordinates: 48°39′11″N 7°04′50″E / 48.6531°N 7.0806°E / 48.6531; 7.0806
Voyer is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Vry
Coordinates: 49°11′26″N 6°19′50″E / 49.1906°N 6.3306°E / 49.1906; 6.3306
Vry is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Vulmont
Coordinates: 48°55′31″N 6°18′11″E / 48.9253°N 6.3031°E / 48.9253; 6.3031
Vulmont is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Waldhouse
Coordinates: 49°08′41″N 7°28′03″E / 49.1447°N 7.4675°E / 49.1447; 7.4675
Waldhouse is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Waldweistroff
Coordinates: 49°21′36″N 6°29′48″E / 49.36°N 6.4967°E / 49.36; 6.4967
Waldweistroff is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Population (1999): 411. It is located on the German border.
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Waldwisse
Coordinates: 49°24′51″N 6°31′50″E / 49.4142°N 6.5306°E / 49.4142; 6.5306
Waldwisse is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Walschbronn
Coordinates: 49°08′57″N 7°28′55″E / 49.1492°N 7.4819°E / 49.1492; 7.4819
Walschbronn is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Walscheid
Coordinates: 48°39′17″N 7°09′03″E / 48.6547°N 7.1508°E / 48.6547; 7.1508
Walscheid is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Waltembourg
Coordinates: 48°45′02″N 7°11′54″E / 48.7506°N 7.1983°E / 48.7506; 7.1983
Waltembourg is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Wiesviller
Coordinates: 49°04′52″N 7°09′56″E / 49.0811°N 7.1656°E / 49.0811; 7.1656
Wiesviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Willerwald
Coordinates: 49°01′40″N 7°02′09″E / 49.0278°N 7.0358°E / 49.0278; 7.0358
Willerwald is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Wintersbourg
Coordinates: 48°47′12″N 7°11′25″E / 48.7867°N 7.1903°E / 48.7867; 7.1903
Wintersbourg is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Wittring
Coordinates: 49°03′19″N 7°08′48″E / 49.0553°N 7.1467°E / 49.0553; 7.1467
Wittring is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Woippy
Coordinates: 49°09′07″N 6°09′08″E / 49.1519°N 6.1522°E / 49.1519; 6.1522
Woippy (French pronunciation: [vwapi]) is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Woustviller
Coordinates: 49°04′36″N 7°00′37″E / 49.0767°N 7.0103°E / 49.0767; 7.0103
Woustviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Wuisse
Coordinates: 48°51′05″N 6°39′06″E / 48.8514°N 6.6517°E / 48.8514; 6.6517
Wuisse is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Xanrey
Coordinates: 48°45′05″N 6°34′59″E / 48.7514°N 6.5831°E / 48.7514; 6.5831
Xanrey is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Xocourt
Coordinates: 48°54′30″N 6°22′38″E / 48.9083°N 6.3772°E / 48.9083; 6.3772
Xocourt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Xouaxange
Coordinates: 48°41′51″N 6°59′52″E / 48.6975°N 6.9978°E / 48.6975; 6.9978
Xouaxange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Yichang
Yichang (Chinese: 宜昌; pinyin: Yíchāng) is a prefecture-level city located in western Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is the second largest city in the province after the capital, Wuhan. The Three Gorges Dam is located within its administrative area, in Yiling District.
In ancient times Yichang was known as Yiling. There are historical records telling that in the year 278 BC during the Warring States period, the Qin general Bai Qi set fire to Yiling. In 222 AD Yichang was also the site of the Battle of Yiling during the Three Kingdoms Period.
Under the Qing Guangxu Emperor, Yichang was opened to foreign trade as a trading port after Qing and Great Britain signed Chefoo Convention, which was signed by Sir Thomas Wade and Li Hongzhang in Chefoo on 21 August 1876. The imperial government set up a navigation company there and built wharfs less than 0.5 kilometres (0.31 mi) in length. Since 1949, more than 50 wharves have been constructed at the port so that its wharf area is now over 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) long.
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Yonne
Yonne (French pronunciation: [jɔn]) is a French department named after the Yonne River. It is one of the four constituent departments of Burgundy in eastern France and its prefecture (capital) is Auxerre. Its official number is 89.
It elects three members of parliament to the National Assembly - in the 2002-7 parliamentary term, all three are drawn from the right-wing Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). Its two senators also represent the UMP.
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Yutz
Coordinates: 49°21′34″N 6°11′21″E / 49.3594°N 6.1892°E / 49.3594; 6.1892
Yutz (German : Jeutz) is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France. It was created in 1971 by merging the old communes of Basse-Yutz and Haute-Yutz.
The town is located by the Moselle River where it borders with the city of Thionville. The famous Basse Yutz flagons, considered by many to be the apogee of celtic art, were found in the area. They now form part of the British Museum's collection.
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Yvelines
Yvelines (French pronunciation: [ivlin]) is a French department in the region of Île-de-France.
Yvelines was created from the western part of the defunct department of Seine-et-Oise on 1 January 1968 in accordance with a law passed on 10 January 1964 and a décret d'application (a decree specifying how a law should be enforced) from 26 February 1965.
It gained the communes of Châteaufort and Toussus-le-Noble from the adjacent department of Essonne in 1969.
The departmental capital, Versailles, which grew up around Louis XIV's château, was also the French capital for more than a century under the Ancien Régime and again between 1871 and 1879 during the early years of the Third Republic. Since then the château has continued to welcome the parlement when called upon to sit in a congressional sitting, jointly with the upper house in order to enact constitutional changes or, as happened most recently in June 2009, to listen to a formal declaration by the president.
Yvelines is bordered by the departments of Val-d'Oise on the north, Hauts-de-Seine on the east, Essonne on the southeast, Eure-et-Loir on the southwest, and Eure on the west.
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Zarbeling
Coordinates: 48°53′30″N 6°41′18″E / 48.8917°N 6.6883°E / 48.8917; 6.6883
Zarbeling is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Zetting
Coordinates: 49°04′53″N 7°07′52″E / 49.0814°N 7.1311°E / 49.0814; 7.1311
Zetting is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Zilling
Coordinates: 48°47′01″N 7°12′39″E / 48.7836°N 7.2108°E / 48.7836; 7.2108
Zilling is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Zimming
Coordinates: 49°07′34″N 6°35′19″E / 49.1261°N 6.5886°E / 49.1261; 6.5886
Zimming is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Zommange
Coordinates: 48°49′30″N 6°48′20″E / 48.825°N 6.8056°E / 48.825; 6.8056
Zommange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Zoufftgen
Coordinates: 49°27′47″N 6°08′01″E / 49.4631°N 6.1336°E / 49.4631; 6.1336
Zoufftgen is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
As at 1999 its population was 608.
On the morning of 11 October 2006 a passenger train and a goods train collided head-on, killing six people.
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Ébersviller
Coordinates: 49°16′39″N 6°24′12″E / 49.2775°N 6.4033°E / 49.2775; 6.4033
Ébersviller is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Éblange
Coordinates: 49°13′27″N 6°28′58″E / 49.2242°N 6.4828°E / 49.2242; 6.4828
Éblange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Éguelshardt
Coordinates: 49°01′10″N 7°29′33″E / 49.0194°N 7.4925°E / 49.0194; 7.4925
Éguelshardt is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Épinal
Coordinates: 48°10′28″N 6°27′04″E / 48.1744°N 6.4512°E / 48.1744; 6.4512
Épinal is a commune in northeastern France and the capital (prefecture) of the Vosges department. Inhabitants are known as Spinaliens.
The commune has a land area of 59.24 km² (22.873 sq mi). It is situated on the Moselle River, 60 km (37 mi) south of Nancy.
The old town centre features the Place des Vosges, the Chapitre district, Saint-Maurice's Basilica, medieval castle remains and the Roman House (11th and 13th centuries). It is also known for its parks and gardens, as well as a large communal forest with arboretum (the Arboretum de la Forêt d'Épinal).
There are major fortifications, extended and maintained until the early 20th century. There is a legend, among the populace of Épinal, that Napoleon's ghost strolls the wall ramparts on 9 September of each year at 5:00 am It was on this day and at this time that, in 1811, Napoleon gave his first and last oration to the city of Épinal, wherein he addressed the challenges posed by northern expansion.
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Évrange
Coordinates: 49°30′07″N 6°11′46″E / 49.502°N 6.196°E / 49.502; 6.196
Évrange is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
Évrange is served by the N53 Route nationale.
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Évreux
Coordinates: 49°01′27″N 1°09′12″E / 49.0242°N 1.1533°E / 49.0242; 1.1533
Évreux (French pronunciation: [e.vʁø]) is a commune in the Eure department, of which it is the capital, in Haute Normandie in northern France.
The city is on the Iton river.
In late Antiquity, the town, attested in the fourth century CE, was named Mediolanum Aulercorum, "the central town of the Aulerci", the Gallic tribe then inhabiting the area. Mediolanum was a small regional centre of the Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis.
The present-day name of Évreux originates from the Gallic tribe of Eburovices, literally Those who overcome by the yew?, from the Gaulish root eburo.
The first known members of the family of the counts of Évreux were descended from an illegitimate son of Richard I, duke of Normandy; these counts became extinct in the male line with the death of Count William in 1118. The county passed in right of Agnes, William's sister, wife of Simon de Montfort-l'Amaury (d. 1087) to the house of the lords of Montfort-l'Amaury. Amaury III of Montfort ceded the title in 1200 to King Philip Augustus, whose successor Philip the Fair presented it in 1307 to his brother Louis d'Évreux, for whose benefit Philip the Long raised the countship of Évreux into a peerage of France in 1317.
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Œting
Coordinates: 49°10′28″N 6°54′56″E / 49.1744°N 6.9156°E / 49.1744; 6.9156
Œting is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in north-eastern France.
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Abraham de Fabert
Abraham de Fabert, marquis d'Esternay (11 October 1599 – 17 May 1660) was a Marshal of France,
Fabert was the son of Abraham Fabert, seigneur de Moulins (died 1638), a famous printer who rendered great services, civil and military, to Henry IV.
At the age of fourteen, Abraham de Fabert entered the Gardes Françaises, and in 1618 received a commission in the Piedmont regiment, becoming major in 1627. He distinguished himself repeatedly in the constant wars of the period, notably in La Rochelle and at the Siege of Exilles in 1630. His bravery and engineering skill were again displayed in the sieges of Avesnes and Maubeuge in 1637, and in 1642 Louis XIII made him governor of the recently-acquired fortress of Sedan. In 1651 he became lieutenant-general, and in 1654 at the Siege of Stenay he introduced new methods of siegecraft which anticipated in a measure the great improvements of Vauban.
In 1658 Fabert was made a marshal of France, being the first commoner to attain that rank. He died at Sedan in 1660.
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Albert Robida
Albert Robida (1848, Compiègne, Oise – 1926) was an illustrator, etcher, lithographer, caricaturist, and novelist. He edited and published La Caricature magazine for 12 years. Through the 1880s he wrote an acclaimed trilogy of futuristic novels. In the 1900s he created 520 illustrations for Pierre Giffard's weekly serial La Guerre Infernale.
He was born in Compiègne, France, the son of a carpenter. He studied to become a notary, but was more interested in caricature. In 1866 he joined Journal Amusant as an illustrator. In 1880, with Georges Decaux, he founded his own magazine La Caricature, which he edited for 12 years. He illustrated tourist guides, works of popular history, and literary classics. His fame disappeared after World War I.
Albert Robida was rediscovered thanks to his trilogy of futuristic works:
These works drew comparison to Jules Verne. Unlike Verne, he proposed inventions integrated into everyday life, not creations of mad scientists, and he imagined the social developments that arose from them, often with accuracy: social advancement of women, mass tourism, pollution, etc. His La Guerre au vingtième siècle describes modern warfare, with robotic missiles and poison gas. His Téléphonoscope was a flat screen television display that delivered the latest news 24-hours a day, the latest plays, courses, and teleconferences.
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Allison Pineau
Allison Pineau (born 2 May 1989 in Chartres) is a French handballer who plays for French top division club Metz Handball and the French national team.
She participated at the 2009 World Women's Handball Championship in China, winning a silver medal with the French team, and selected into the all-star team of the tournament, as centre-back.
On 7 March 2012 Pineau announced in a press conference that she agreed a two-year contract with CS Oltchim Râmnicu Vâlcea and will join the club on 1 July 2012.
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Alsace
Alsace (French: Alsace [alzas]; Alsatian: Elsàss [ˈɛlsɑs]; German: Elsass, pre-1996: Elsaß, IPA: [ˈɛlzas]; Latin: Alsatia) is the fifth-smallest of the 27 regions of France in land area (8,280 km²), and the smallest in metropolitan France. It is also the seventh-most densely populated region in France and third most densely populated region in metropolitan France, with ca. 220 inhabitants per km² (total population in 2006: 1,815,488; 1 January 2008 estimate: 1,836,000). Alsace is located on France's eastern border and on the west bank of the upper Rhine adjacent to Germany and Switzerland. The political, economic and cultural capital as well as largest city of Alsace is Strasbourg. Because that city is the seat of dozens of international organizations and bodies, Alsace is politically one of the most important regions in the European Union.
The name "Alsace" can be traced back to the Old High German Ali-saz or Elisaz, meaning "foreign domain". An alternative explanation derives it from a Germanic Ell-sass, meaning "seated on the Ill", a river in Alsace. The region was historically part of the Holy Roman Empire. It was gradually annexed by France in the 17th century under kings Louis XIII and Louis XIV and made one of the provinces of France. Alsace is frequently mentioned in conjunction with Lorraine, because German possession of parts of these two régions (as the imperial province Alsace-Lorraine, 1871–1918) was contested in the 19th and 20th centuries, during which Alsace changed hands four times between France and Germany in 75 years.
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Ambroise Thomas
Charles Louis Ambroise Thomas (5 August 1811, Metz – 12 February 1896, Paris) was a French composer, best known for his operas Mignon (1866) and Hamlet (1868, after Shakespeare) and as Director of the Conservatoire de Paris from 1871 till his death.
"There is good music, there is bad music, and then there is Ambroise Thomas." - Emmanuel Chabrier
Thomas's parents were music teachers. By the age of 10, he was already an experienced pianist and violinist. In 1828, he entered the Paris Conservatoire, where he studied with Jean-François Le Sueur (who also taught Berlioz) while at the same time taking piano lessons privately from the famous virtuoso Frédéric Kalkbrenner. In 1832, his cantata Hermann et Ketty won the Conservatory's prestigious composition prize, the Grand Prix de Rome, which allowed him to travel to and study in that city for three years. He took with him a love for Mozart and Beethoven; but once in Rome, he became an ardent admirer of the Italian cantilena and melodic tradition. It was during his Italian sojourn that he wrote all of his chamber music: namely, a piano trio, a string quintet and a string quartet.
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Archie Shepp
Archie Shepp (born May 24, 1937) is a prominent African-American jazz saxophonist. Shepp is best known for his passionately Afrocentric music of the late 1960s, which focused on highlighting the injustices faced by the African-Americans, as well as for his work with the New York Contemporary Five, Horace Parlan, and his collaborations with his "New Thing" contemporaries, most notably Cecil Taylor and John Coltrane.
Shepp was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, but raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he studied piano, clarinet and alto saxophone before focusing on tenor saxophone (he occasionally plays soprano saxophone and piano). Shepp studied drama at Goddard College from 1955 to 1959, but he eventually turned to music professionally.He played in a Latin jazz band for a short time before joining the band of avant-garde pianist Cecil Taylor. Shepp's first recording under his own name, Archie Shepp - Bill Dixon Quartet, was released on Savoy Records in 1962, and featured a composition by Ornette Coleman. Further links to Coleman came with the establishment of the New York Contemporary Five, which included Don Cherry. John Coltrane's admiration led to recordings for Impulse Records, the first of which was Four for Trane in 1964, an album of mainly Coltrane compositions on which he was sided by his long-time friend, trombonist Roswell Rudd, bassist Reggie Workman and alto player John Tchicai. The album Giant Steps had been one of Coltrane's best-known.
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Arnaud Clément
Arnaud Clément (born 17 December 1977) is a professional tennis player from France. His best achievement is reaching the final of the 2001 Australian Open.
Clément was born in Aix-en-Provence, and currently lives in Geneva, Switzerland. He turned professional in 1996, and his most significant achievement has been to reach the Australian Open men's singles final in 2001, where he was defeated by Andre Agassi, defeating the then-unseeded but future number one Roger Federer and former number one Yevgeny Kafelnikov on his way to the final.
While playing he often wears a bandana and sunglasses. The sunglasses have been medically prescribed for Clement because of severe eye problems he has encountered through his life, which had nearly left him blind as a child. At only 13 months old he was diagnosed with unilateral coloboma, meaning the condition only affects one eye, at that time Clément was only given a 40/60 % chance of having healthy eyesight for the rest of his life[citation needed], throughout his tennis career Clément has worn sunglasses to protect his eyes.
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Arnulf of Metz
Saint Arnulf of Metz (c. 582, Lay-Saint-Christophe, Meurthe-et-Moselle — 640) was a Frankish bishop of Metz and advisor to the Merovingian court of Austrasia, who retired to the Abbey of Remiremont.
Arnulf was born to an important Frankish family at an uncertain date around 582. His father was Baudgise or Baudegisel II of Aquitaine (d. 588), Palace Mayor and Duke of Sueve. His mother was Oda. In his younger years he was called to the Merovingian court of king Theudebert II (595-612) of Austrasia and sent to serve as dux at the Schelde. Later he became bishop of Metz. During his career he was attracted to religious life, and he retired to become a monk. After his death he was canonized as a saint. In French he is also known as Arnoul or Arnoulf. In English he is also known as Arnold.
Arnulf gave distinguished service at the Austrasian court under Theudebert II After the death of Theudebert in 612 he was made bishop of Metz. The rule of Austrasia came into the hands of Brunhilda, the grandmother of Theudebert, who ruled also in Burgundy in the name of her great-grandchildren. In 613 Arnulf joined his politics with Pippin of Landen and led the opposition of Frankish nobles against Queen Brunhilda. The revolt led to her overthrow, torture, and eventual execution, and the subsequent reunification of Frankish lands under Chlothachar II.
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Arthur Kobus
Arthur Kobus (1879–1945) was a German general during the Second World War.
Arthur Kobus was born on 9 February 1879, in Metz, Alsace-Lorraine. Kobus fought during the First World War, with the rank of Officer. He followed his career in the Reichswehr, then in the Heer, the German army. During the Second World War, Arthur Kobus served in many significant military assignments, and participated in a few military operations. He eventually attained the rank of Generalleutnant on 1 July 1942. On April 1945, General Kobus committed suicide in Berlin, rather than surrender to the Red Army.
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Arthur von Briesen
Arthur von Briesen (1891–1961) was a Generalmajor in the Wehrmacht during World War II.
Arthur von Briesen was born in Metz, in Alsace-Lorraine, at the time part of the German Empire. He began his military career on 24 March 1909 as a cadet (Fähnrich) in the 52nd Artillery Regiment. Then, in 1913, he was commissioned as an acting lieutenant into the 18th Ulanen-Regiment. In August 1914, at the outbreak of the First World War, Briesen was permanently transferred to the 18th Ulanen-Regiment, where he remained until 1916. Promoted to the substantive rank of Lieutenant in May 1916, Briesen was appointed aide-de-camp in different staffs, including in the High Command from 1917 to September 1919. During the war, he was awarded the prestigious Iron Cross (first class).
On September 1919, Briesen was transferred to the police, where he stayed until 1 October 1934, when he rejoined the regular army with the rank of Commander (Major). He was assigned to the Rostock Infantry Regiment until October 1935, then commanded the 3rd Battalion the 27th Infantry Regiment from October 1935 to November 1938, with the rank of lieutenant colonel. Promoted to the rank of Colonel on 1 April 1938, Briesen was assigned to the Staff of the 27th Infantry Regiment, until May 1939.
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Attila
Attila ( /ˈætɨlə/ or /əˈtɪlə/; ?–453), more frequently referred to as Attila the Hun, was the ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death in 453. He was leader of the Hunnic Empire, which stretched from the Ural River to the Rhine River and from the Danube River to the Baltic Sea.
During his reign he was one of the most feared enemies of the Western and Eastern Roman Empires. He crossed the Danube twice and plundered the Balkans, but was unable to take Constantinople. He also attempted to conquer Roman Gaul (modern France), crossing the Rhine in 451 and marching as far as Aurelianum (Orléans) before being defeated at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains.
Subsequently he invaded Italy, devastating the northern provinces, but was unable to take Rome. He planned for further campaigns against the Romans but died in 453.
There is no surviving first-person account of Attila's appearance. There is, however, a possible second-hand source, provided by Jordanes, who cites a description given by Priscus. It suggests a person of Asian features.
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Bernard Lavilliers
Bernard Lavilliers (born on 7 October 1946) is a French singer.
He was born Bernard Oulion in Saint-Étienne, Loire.
The band Fatals Picards wrote a song Bernard Lavilliers, satirizing Lavilliers' image as a former adventurer.
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Bodo Zimmermann
Bodo Zimmermann (26 November 1886 – 16 April 1963) was a German general during the Second World War. He also was one of the few recipients of both German crosses (in Gold and in Silver).
Bodo Zimmermann was born in Metz on November 1886. He began his cadet training in 1906, with the rank of Fähnrich. He immediately joined the Royal Army of Prussia. Zimmermann served in the 145th Infantry Regiment of the King (6. Lothringische) belonging to the 34th Infantrie-Division, stationed in Metz since 1890. In this regiment, he was promoted Leutnant in 1907. From 1907 to 1914 he served in the 145th Infantry Regiment as an officer of the King company with the rank of Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant). In 1915, shortly after the start of the First World War, he was promoted to the rank of Captain. During the war he received the Iron Cross (Kreuz Eisernes) for his exemplary actions. Zimmermann was promoted to Major in 1920 shortly before leaving Army.
After the First World War he ran a publishing house which specialised in military literature. This publisher produced various journals and textbooks for military training of soldiers: "Artilleristen-Fibel", "Gefechts-Fibel", "Uniform-Fibel", "Marinegeschichtsfibel", "Kriegsspiel-Fibel" or "Panzerkampfwagenbuch". Bodo Zimmermann published "Die neue Gruppe" and "Die Soldatenfibel" in 1936, "M. G. 34." in 1937, and "Die Gruppe der Schützenkompanie zu 12 Gruppen" in 1940.
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Celts
The Celts (usually pronounced /ˈkɛlts/ but sometimes /ˈsɛlts/, see pronunciation of Celtic) or Kelts were an ethno-linguistic group of tribal societies in Iron Age and Medieval Europe who spoke Celtic languages and had a similar culture.
The earliest archaeological culture that may justifiably be considered as Proto-Celtic is the Late Bronze Age Urnfield culture of central Europe from the last quarter of the second millennium BC. Their fully Celtic descendants in central Europe were the people of the Iron Age Hallstatt culture (c. 800-450 BC) named for the rich grave finds in Hallstatt, Austria. By the later La Tène period (c. 450 BC up to the Roman conquest), this Celtic culture had expanded over a wide range of regions, whether by diffusion or migration: to the British Isles (Insular Celts), France and The Low Countries (Gauls), much of Central Europe, the Iberian Peninsula (Celtiberians, Celtici and Gallaeci) and northern Italy (Golaseccans and Cisalpine Gauls) and following the Gallic invasion of the Balkans in 279 BC as far east as central Anatolia (Galatians).
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Charlemagne
Charlemagne ( /ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn/ or /ˈʃɑrləmeɪn/; French pronunciation: [ʃaʁ.lə.maɲ]; c. 742 – 28 January 814), also known as Charles the Great (Latin: Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus), was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) from 800 to his death in 814. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800 in Rome.
His rule is also associated with the Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of art, religion, and culture through the medium of the Catholic Church. Through his foreign conquests and internal reforms, Charlemagne helped define both Western Europe and the European Middle Ages. He is numbered as Charles I in the regnal lists of Germany, the Holy Roman Empire, and France.
The son of King Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon, a Frankish queen, he succeeded his father in 768 and was initially co-ruler with his brother Carloman I. It has often been suggested that the relationship between Charlemagne and Carloman was not good, but it has also been argued that tensions were exaggerated by Carolingian chroniclers.
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Charles Baudelaire
Charles Pierre Baudelaire (French: [ʃaʁl bodlɛʁ]; April 9, 1821 – August 31, 1867) was a French poet who produced notable work as an essayist, art critic, and pioneering translator of Edgar Allan Poe. His most famous work, Les Fleurs du mal (The Flowers of Evil), expresses the changing nature of beauty in modern, industrializing Paris during the 19th century. Baudelaire's highly original style of prose-poetry influenced a whole generation of poets including Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud and Stéphane Mallarmé among many others. He is credited with coining the term "modernity" (modernité) to designate the fleeting, ephemeral experience of life in an urban metropolis, and the responsibility art has to capture that experience.
Baudelaire is one of the major innovators in French literature. His poetry is influenced by the French romantic poets of the earlier 19th century, although its attention to the formal features of verse connect it more closely to the work of the contemporary 'Parnassians'. As for theme and tone, in his works we see the rejection of the belief in the supremacy of nature and the fundamental goodness of man as typically espoused by the romantics and expressed by them in rhetorical, effusive and public voice in favor of a new urban sensibility, an awareness of individual moral complexity, an interest in vice (linked with decadence) and refined sensual and aesthetical pleasures, and the use of urban subject matter, such as the city, the crowd, individual passers-by, all expressed in highly ordered verse, sometimes through a cynical and ironic voice. Formally, the use of sound to create atmosphere, and of 'symbols', (images which take on an expanded function within the poem), betray a move towards considering the poem as a self-referential object, an idea further developed by the Symbolists Verlaine and Mallarmé, who acknowledge Baudelaire as a pioneer in this regard.
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Charles de Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (/ˈtʃɑrlz/ or /ˈʃɑrl dəˈɡɔːl/; French: [ʃaʁl də ɡol] ( listen); 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969.
A veteran of World War I, in the 1920s and 1930s de Gaulle came to the fore as a proponent of mobile armoured divisions, which he considered would become central in modern warfare. During World War II, he earned the rank of brigadier general (retained throughout his life), leading one of the few successful armoured counter-attacks during the 1940 Battle of France in May in Montcornet, and then briefly served in the French government as France was falling. De Gaulle was the most senior French military officer to reject the June 1940 armistice to Nazi Germany right from the outset.
He escaped to Britain and gave a famous radio address, broadcast by the BBC on 18 June 1940, exhorting the French people to resist Nazi Germany and organised the Free French Forces with exiled French officers in Britain. As the war progressed de Gaulle gradually gained control of all French colonies except Indochina most of which had at first been controlled by the pro-German Vichy regime. Despite earning a reputation for being a difficult man to do business with, by the time of the Allied invasion of France in 1944 he was heading what amounted to a French government in exile, but although he insisted that France be treated as a great independent power by the other Allies, the Americans in particular remained deeply suspicious of his motives. De Gaulle became prime minister in the French Provisional Government, resigning in 1946 because of political conflicts.
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Charles the Bald
Charles the Bald (13 June 823 – 6 October 877), Holy Roman Emperor (875–877, as Charles II) and King of West Francia (840–877, as Charles II, with the borders of his land defined by the Treaty of Verdun, 843), was the youngest son of the Emperor Louis the Pious by his second wife Judith.
He was born on 13 June 823 in Frankfurt, when his elder brothers were already adults and had been assigned their own regna, or subkingdoms, by their father. The attempts made by Louis the Pious to assign Charles a subkingdom, first Alemannia and then the country between the Meuse and the Pyrenees (in 832, after the rising of Pepin I of Aquitaine) were unsuccessful. The numerous reconciliations with the rebellious Lothair and Pepin, as well as their brother Louis the German, King of Bavaria, made Charles's share in Aquitaine and Italy only temporary, but his father did not give up and made Charles the heir of the entire land which was once Gaul and would eventually be France. At a diet near Crémieux in 837, Louis the Pious bade the nobles do homage to Charles as his heir. This led to the final rising of his sons against him and Pepin of Aquitaine died in 838, whereupon Charles received that kingdom, finally once and for all. Pepin's son Pepin II would be a perpetual thorn in his side.
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Chlodulf of Metz
Saint Chlodulf (Clodulphe or Clodould) or more commonly Saint Cloud (605 – June 8, 696 or June 8, 697, others say May 8, 697) was bishop of Metz approximately from 657 to 697.
Chlodulf was the son of Arnulf, bishop of Metz, and the younger brother of Ansegisel, mayor of the palace of Austrasia.
Before his ordination Chlodulf had married an unknown woman and had begotten a son called Aunulf.
In 657, he became bishop of Metz, the third successor of his father, and held that office for 40 years. During this time he richly decorated the cathedral St. Stephen. He also was in close contact with his sister-in-law Saint Gertrude of Nivelles.
He died in Metz and was buried in the church of St. Arnulf. In Nivelles he was locally venerated as Saint Clou, especially because of his connection to Saint Gertrude. His Feast Day is June 8.
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Clement of Metz
Saint Clement of Metz (French: Clément de Metz) is venerated as the first Bishop of Metz. According to tradition, he was sent by Saint Peter to Metz during the 1st century, with two disciples: Celestius (Céleste de Metz) and Felix (Felix de Metz), who are listed as his successors in that see. However, this legend may have been constructed much later to lend more antiquity to the episcopal see, and to make the diocese of Metz appear to be more ancient than it actually was. As Hippolyte Delehaye writes, "To have lived amongst the Saviour's immediate following was...honorable...and accordingly old patrons of churches were identified with certain persons in the gospels or who were supposed to have had some part of Christ's life on earth." Elaboration of this legend states that Clement was the uncle of Pope Clement I.
Clement may have actually arrived at Metz at the end of the 3rd century, though the first fully authenticated bishop, however, is Sperus or Hesperus, who was bishop in 535.
Clement of Metz, like many other saints, is the hero of a legend in which he is the vanquisher of a local dragon. In the legend of Saint Clement it is called the Graoully or Graouilly. The legend states that the Graoully, along with countless other snakes, inhabited the local Roman amphitheater. The snakes’ breath had so poisoned the area that the inhabitants of the town were effectively trapped in the town. After converting the local inhabitants to Christianity after they agreed to do so in return for ridding them of the dragon, Clement went into the amphitheater and quickly made the sign of the cross after the snakes attacked him. They immediately were tamed by this. Clement led the Graoully to the edge of the Seille, and ordered him to disappear into a place where there were no men or beasts. Orius did not convert to Christianity after Clement tamed the dragon. However, when the king’s daughter died, Clement brought her back from the dead, thereby resulting in the king’s conversion.
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Dietrich I of Metz
Dietrichof Metz (died 984) was Bishop of Metz from 964 until his death. He was the son of Hedwig of Nordgau and Siegfried of Luxembourg.
He succeeded Adalbero I (929–962) as bishop of Metz. He founded the abbey of St Vincent, Metz.
He crowned Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine as King of France in Laon in 978; Charles, unsuccessful in gaining recognition subsequently, was supported by Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor (a Saxon like Dietrich, and a relation). Bruno I, Archbishop of Cologne was another cousin, and a friend.
Sigebert of Gembloux and Alpert of Metz wrote biographies of him.
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Drogo of Metz
Drogo (June 17, 801 – December 8, 855), also known as Dreux or Drogon, was an illegitimate son of Frankish emperor Charlemagne by the concubine Regina.
As one of the few children to outlive his father, Drogo's prospects for political power were very favourable. Only one older son of Charlemagne remained, and was eager to ensure his few opponents were placated. He became a cleric in 818, abbot of Luxeuil in 820, acceded to become bishop of Metz in 823 and arch chapter in 834 in which position he remained for the duration of his life. His younger (full) brother, Hugh, was also ordained. He remained extremely loyal to his (half) brother, Louis the Pious and amassed great power under him. Drogo's influence began to wane after Louis' death, and his influence fell even more after the death of his only full brother Hugh in 844. Still, he managed to ensure the production of the Drogo Sacramentary, which is named for him. He is interred at Abbey Church of St. Arnulf in Metz.
Information about Droga, bishop of Metz we can find e.g. in Annales Bertiniani: anno 839: Dominicae nativitatis festum hilariter, a Drogone fratre suo et Metensis urbis episcopo decentissime susceptus, in eadem civitate caelebravit
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Edgar Feuchtinger
Edgar Feuchtinger (9 November 1894- 21 January 1960) was a German General (Generalleutnant) during the Second World War.
Born in Metz (Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen), Feuchtinger joined a cadet school in Karlsruhe in 1907. During the First World War, he fought as lieutenant in Russia and France. While there, he participated in the Battle of Verdun, the Battle of the Somme and the Battle of the Aisne. After the war, he continued to serve with the Reichswehr in a variety of staff roles and was promoted to Major, on November 1935. Now serving with the Wehrmacht, Feuchtinger was promoted to Lieutenant colonel (Oberstleutnant), and by 1939 had risen to the role of Commander of the 227th Artillery-Regiment (26 Aug 1939-16 Aug 1942).
Feuchtinger was appointed Commander of Fast Division West on April 1943 and Commander of the 21st Panzer-Division on August 1943. With the 21st Panzer-Division, Feuchtinger participated in the Battle of Normandy, after the Operation Overlord. The 21st Panzer Division was deployed near Caen, as a mobile striking force as part of the Army Group B reserve. Arrested and imprisoned in Torgau in January 1945, Feuchtinger was condemned to death by a German military court and demoted to Kanonier. Pardoned, Edgar Feuchtinger was detached to the 20th Panzer-Grenadier-Division, as Kanonier, before being captured by British troops in April 1945.
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Emmanuel Adebayor
Sheyi Emmanuel Adebayor (born 26 February 1984), known as Emmanuel Adebayor, is a Togolese footballer who is signed to Manchester City and is currently on loan to Tottenham where he plays as a striker. He plays in the same position for the Togo national team. Adebayor previously played for Metz, Monaco and Arsenal and was voted African Footballer of the Year for 2008. In January 2010, Adebayor was one of the players involved when the Togo national team's bus came under a gunfire attack on the way to the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations in Angola.
In his first season, he played nine games and scored twice. In the 2002–03 season, Adebayor scored 17 goals in 35 games. He signed a new contract with Monaco in 2003, and he scored seven goals in 17 appearances, helping them reach the 2004 UEFA Champions League Final with two goals in 10 games.
On 13 January 2006, Arsenal signed Adebayor for a reported £7m. He was given the nickname "Baby Kanu" due to his resemblance to former Arsenal star Nwankwo Kanu, whom Adebayor had idolised as a youth. On 4 February 2006, Adebayor made his Arsenal debut in a Premiership match at Birmingham City and scored after 21 minutes, with Arsenal winning 2–0. At the end of his first season for the Gunners he had scored four goals in ten matches. However, Adebayor was cup-tied for Arsenal's 2005–06 Champions League campaign as they reached the final against Barcelona, having appeared for Monaco in the qualifying rounds of the competition.
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Erich von Brückner
Erich von Brückner (1896–1949) was a German officer during the World War II. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 11 March 1945.
Erich Wilhelm Ludwig Josef von Brückner was born in Metz, Alsace-Lorraine, on 2 September 1896. Von Brückner joined the German Army straight from school. He enlisted on 7 August 1914 in the 14th Infantry Regiment of Nuremberg. After a basic military training, Brückner has been trained to become an officer (Fahnenjunker) at the Doeberitz Academy. On 21 January 1915, he was sent to the front with his company. Von Brückner has been promoted to the rank of lieutenant (Leutnant) on June 1915. He held that rank until the end of hostilities. Von Brückner fought in the battles of Münster in Alsace, before being wounded in the leg by a mine, on August 1915. On 19 October, he joined his company and fought at the battles on the Somme. Commissioned in the third battalion, he was again wounded in the jaw. Also in the same regiment, he took command of various companies from August 1918 to December 1918.
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Ernst Schreder
Ernst Schreder (1892–1941) was a German general during the Second World War.
Ernst Schreder was born on 21 June 1892, in Metz, Alsace-Lorraine. He fought during the First World War. After the war, he pursued a career in the Police. He later joined the Heer, the army of the Wehrmacht.
During the Second World War, Ernst Schreder served as an officer in many military assignments, and participated in significant military operations on both the Eastern and Western fronts. He eventually obtained the rank of Generalmajor on 1 December 1941.
Schreder was seriously wounded on the Eastern Front in October 1941, and later succumbed to his injuries in Königsberg (Kaliningrad) on 6 December 1941. On December 19, 1941, he was posthumously decorated with the German Cross in Gold, in recognition for the actions he took and the sacrifices he made to fight with his troops. The German Cross was issued in two degrees: gold and silver, the former being an award for bravery, the latter being for distinguished service and was considered a continuation of the War Merit Cross with swords.
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Eugen Müller
Eugen Müller (1891–1951) was a German general during World War II.
Eugen Müller was born in Metz, Alsace-Lorraine, on 9 July 1891. He joined the German Army straight from school, at nineteen years of age. He began his military career in the Bavarian Army, joining the First Bavarian Artillery Regiment, in 1912. From 1914 to 1918, during the First World War, Müller served as an officer in the Imperial German Army. By the war's end, he had reached the rank of Major. He stayed in the army, now part of the Reichswehr, after the war and was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel in October 1933, and Colonel in 1935. On 1 April 1939, Müller was promoted to the rank of Generalmajor and took command of the War Academy.
At the eve of the World War II, on 1 September 1939, Eugen Müller was assigned to the Headquarters Chief of Staff of the Army, under the command of Generaloberst Franz Halder. Müller was in charge of legal and criminal action relating to the occupied areas in Europe. On 1 August 1940, he was promoted to Lieutenant General. Prior to the attack against the Soviet Union in 1941, Muller had played a leading role in training military staff officers responsible for enforcing military law in occupied territories. On 1 June 1942, Müller was promoted to the rank of General of the Artillery. He remained at the General Staff until the end of the war.
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Eugène Delacroix
Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix (26 April 1798 – 13 August 1863) was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school. Delacroix's use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of the optical effects of colour profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists, while his passion for the exotic inspired the artists of the Symbolist movement. A fine lithographer, Delacroix illustrated various works of William Shakespeare, the Scottish writer Walter Scott and the German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
In contrast to the Neoclassical perfectionism of his chief rival Ingres, Delacroix took for his inspiration the art of Rubens and painters of the Venetian Renaissance, with an attendant emphasis on colour and movement rather than clarity of outline and carefully modeled form. Dramatic and romantic content characterized the central themes of his maturity, and led him not to the classical models of Greek and Roman art, but to travel in North Africa, in search of the exotic. Friend and spiritual heir to Théodore Géricault, Delacroix was also inspired by Lord Byron, with whom he shared a strong identification with the "forces of the sublime", of nature in often violent action.
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Felix of Valois
Saint Felix of Valois (April 16, 1127 – November 4, 1212) was a hermit and a co-founder (with Saint John of Matha) of the Trinitarian Order.
He was surnamed Valois because he was a native of the province of Valois. At an early age he renounced his possessions and retired to a dense forest in the Diocese of Meaux, where he gave himself to prayer and contemplation. He was joined in his retreat by St. John of Matha, who proposed to him the project of founding an order for the redemption of captives.
After fervent prayer, Felix in company with John set out for Rome and arrived there in the beginning of the pontificate of Innocent III. They had letters of recommendation from the Bishop of Paris, and the new pope received them with the utmost kindness and lodged them in his palace. The project of founding the order was considered in several solemn conclaves of cardinals and prelates, and the pope after fervent prayer decided that these holy men were inspired by God, and raised up for the good of the Church. He solemnly confirmed their order, which he named the Order of the Holy Trinity for the Redemption of Captives. The pope commissioned the Bishop of Paris and the Abbot of St. Victor to draw up for the institute a rule, which was confirmed by the pope, December 17, 1198. Felix returned to France to establish the order. He was received with great enthusiasm, and King Philip Augustus authorized the institute in France and fostered it by signal benefactions.
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Ferdinand Foch
Marshal Ferdinand Foch (French pronunciation: [fɔʃ]), GCB, OM, DSO (2 October 1851 – 20 March 1929), was a French soldier, military theorist, and First World War hero credited with possessing "the most original and subtle mind in the French army" in the early 20th century.
Foch's prestige soared as a result of the 1914 victory at the Marne for which he was widely credited as the chief actor while commanding the French Ninth Army. This led to his promotion to Marshal of France and ultimately "Supreme Commander of the Allied Armies" in 1918, at which time he played a decisive role in halting a renewed German advance on Paris in the Second Battle of the Marne.
Postwar historians took a less sanguine view of Foch's talents as commander, particularly as that idea took root that his military doctrines had set the stage for the futile and costly offensives of 1914 in which French armies suffered devastating losses. The efficacy of Foch's tactical ideas are debated—the Ninth Army's counterattacks at the Marne generally failed, but his sector resisted determined German attacks while holding the pivot on which the neighbouring French and British forces depended in rolling back the German line. One of his battlefield reports from the Marne—"Hard pressed on my right; center is yielding; impossible to maneuver. Situation excellent, I shall attack!"—won fame as a symbol both of Foch's battlefield leadership and of French determination to resist the invader at any cost.
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Franks
The Franks (Latin: Franci or gens Francorum) were a confederation of Germanic tribes first attested in the third century AD as populating a broad strip of land on the right bank of the Lower and Middle Rhine River. From the third to fifth centuries some Franks raided Roman territory while other Franks joined the Roman troops in Gaul. Only the Salian Franks formed a kingdom on Roman-held soil that was acknowledged by the Romans after 357. In the climate of the collapse of imperial authority in the West, the Frankish tribes were united under the Merovingians and conquered all of Gaul except Septimania in the 6th century. The Salian political elite was one of the most active forces in spreading Christianity over western Europe. The Franks had created one of the most strong and stable barbaric kingdoms.
The Merovingian dynasty, descended from the Salians, founded one of the Germanic monarchies which replaced the Western Roman Empire from the fifth century. The Frankish state consolidated its hold over large parts of western Europe by the end of the eighth century, developing into the Carolingian Empire which dominated most of Western Europe. This empire would gradually evolve into France and the Holy Roman Empire.
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François de Nomé
François de Nomé (1593 – after 1620) was a French painter of the Baroque period, active mainly in Naples.
Born in Metz in the Lorraine region in 1593, de Nomé had moved to Rome by 1602 where he worked in the workshop of Balthasar Lawars until around 1610 after which he moved to Naples.
Until the mid-twentieth century de Nomé's works were believed to be by one "Monsù Desiderio". However the works formerly attributed to Desiderio have since been identified as the work of at least three artists: de Nomé, Didier Barra, who was also from Metz, and a third, as yet unnamed painter. The figures in de Nomé's works were painted by other artists, including Belisario Corenzio and Jan van Swanenburgh.
The themes are bizarre, typically decrepit ruins or near-barren buildings in a nearly-surrealist, apparently post-apocalyptic landscape. People are tiny figures, skies overcast, tonalities earthen, and edges indistinct. His depiction of Venice's Piazza di San Marco is correctly populated by the appropriate structures, but the details are all invented.
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François Rabelais
François Rabelais (French pronunciation: [fʁɑ̃swa ʁablɛ]) (c. 1494 – 9 April 1553) was a major French Renaissance writer, doctor, Renaissance humanist, monk and Greek scholar. He has historically been regarded as a writer of fantasy, satire, the grotesque, bawdy jokes and songs. His best known work is Gargantua and Pantagruel.
Although the place or date of his birth is not reliably documented, and some scholars put it as early as 1483, it is probable that François Rabelais was born in November 1494 near Chinon, Indre-et-Loire, where his father worked as a lawyer.La Devinière in Seuilly, Indre-et-Loire, is the name of the estate that claims to be the writer's birthplace and houses a Rabelais museum.
Rabelais was first a novice of the Franciscan order, and later a friar at Fontenay-le-Comte, where he studied Greek and Latin, as well as science, philology, and law, already becoming known and respected by the humanists of his era, including Budé. Harassed due to the directions of his studies, Rabelais petitioned Pope Clement VII and was granted permission to leave the Franciscans and enter the Benedictine order at Maillezais, where he was more warmly received.
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Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche ( /ˈniːtʃə/;German pronunciation: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈniːtsʃə]; October 15, 1844 – August 25, 1900) was a German philosopher, poet, cultural critic and classical philologist. He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy and science, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony and aphorism.
Nietzsche's influence remains substantial within and beyond philosophy, notably in existentialism, nihilism and postmodernism. His style and radical questioning of the value and objectivity of truth have resulted in much commentary and interpretation, mostly in the continental tradition. His key ideas include the death of God, the Übermensch, the eternal recurrence, the Apollonian and Dionysian dichotomy, perspectivism and the will to power. Central to his philosophy is the idea of "life-affirmation", which involves an honest questioning of all doctrines that drain life's expansive energies, however socially prevalent and radical those views might be.
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Gabriel Pierné
Henri Constant Gabriel Pierné (16 August 1863 – 17 July 1937) was a French composer, conductor, and organist.
Gabriel Pierné was born in Metz in 1863. His family moved to Paris to escape the Franco-Prussian War. He studied at the Paris Conservatoire, gaining first prizes for solfège, piano, organ, counterpoint and fugue. He won the French Prix de Rome in 1882, with his cantata Edith. His teachers included Antoine François Marmontel, Albert Lavignac, Émile Durand, César Franck (for the organ) and Jules Massenet (for composition).
He succeeded César Franck as organist at Saint Clotilde Basilica in Paris from 1890 to 1898. He himself was succeeded by another distinguished Franck pupil, Charles Tournemire. Associated for many years with Édouard Colonne's concert series, the Concerts Colonne, from 1903, Pierné became chief conductor of this series in 1910.
His most notable early performance was the world premiere of Igor Stravinsky's ballet The Firebird, at the Ballets Russes, Paris, on 25 June 1910. He remained in the post until 1933 (when Paul Paray took over his duties).
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Gilles Simon
Gilles Simon (born December 27, 1984) is a French professional tennis player and former world no. 6. He is a ten-time winner on the ATP World Tour. His coach is French tennis veteran Thierry Tulasne, and his fitness trainer is Paul Quetin.
Simon was born in Nice, France, into a family with no involvement in sport, his mother being a doctor and his father working in insurance. Supported by his parents, he started playing tennis at the age of 6. Due to a growth delay that runs in the family, he was shorter than most kids his age during his early teenage years. This is the reason he cites Michael Chang as a major influence, as his comparatively small frame proved that size was not an important factor in playing tennis.
On September 2, 2010, Simon became a father for the first time. His partner Carine Lauret gave birth to a baby boy. The couple named their first child Timothée. Timothée was born four weeks ahead of schedule, when Simon was competing in the 2010 US Open.
Simon began his professional tennis career in the summer of 2002, competing at multiple Futures tournaments in France before playing in tournaments outside the country of his birth. His first Futures title came in Lisbon, Portugal, in June 2003, and he reached the quarterfinals of three other tournaments. He then captured his second title in Jamaica in September. During 2004, he saw three wins in France and another in Algeria.
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Gustave Kahn
Gustave Kahn (December 21, 1859 – September 5, 1936) was a French Symbolist poet and art critic.
Kahn was born in Metz.
He claimed to have invented the term vers libre, or free verse; he was in any case one of the first European exponents of the form. His principal publications include Les Palais nomades, 1887, Domaine de fée, 1895, and Le Livre d'images, 1897. Kahn also made a valuable contribution to the history of the movement with his book Symbolistes et décadents, 1902.
In addition to his poems, Kahn was a public intellectual who wrote novels, plays, and literary criticism. He played a key role in a number of periodicals, including La Vogue, La Revue Indépendante, La Revue Blanche and Le Mercure de France. He was also an art critic and collector who stayed current with developments in painting and sculpture until his death. He also played a role in a number of debates on public issues, including anarchism, feminism, socialism, and Zionism.
Several of his poems were set to music by the composer Charles Loeffler.
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Günther Rüdel
Günther Rüdel (1883–1950) was a German general in the Luftwaffe during World War II.
Günther Rüdel was born in Metz, in Alsace-Lorraine, on 15 November 1883. Rüdel served as a captain during the World War I, working for the Ministry of War. Günther Rüdel made a brilliant military career in the Reichswehr, then in the Luftwaffe. He attained the grade of Generalleutnant on April 1936, and General der Flakartillerie on October 1937. Rüdel was assigned "Inspekteur der Flakartillerie" from 1938 to 1942. During the Second World War, Günther Rüdel attained the grade of Generaloberst on November 1942.
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Hans Benda
Hans Benda (1877–1951) was a German admiral during World War II.
Hans Benda was born in Metz, Alsace-Lorraine, in 1877. Benda studied law at the University of Leipzig and at the University of Jena from 1896 to 1899. On 18 October 1899, he was promoted to the rank of reserve lieutenant. From 1900 to 1904, Benda served in various courts, including in Weimar. Hans Benda joined the Kaiserliche Marine on 1 March 1904. He served as quartermaster in Wilhelmshaven. On January 3, 1909, Benda managed an office of the Imperial Navy. On July 6, 1914, Hans Benda was transferred to the Central Office of the imperial maritime management. After the First World War, he continued his career in the Reichsmarine then in the Kriegsmarine. On 1 June 1935, Benda was appointed Chief of the office of economic management, of the German Navy. During this time, he often conducted the duties of a commanding admiral.
On 1 November 1939, after a further reorganization of the Department of Navy, Benda became chief deputy of the Administration Department of the Navy. Benda was promoted to the rank of admiral on August 19, 1942. Still at the high command of the Kriegmarine (OKM), Benda was appointed AdmOberstabsintendant on 1 May 1944. On February 29, 1945, Benda asserted his right to retire. For his entire career, Benda received the Deutsches Kreuz in silver, on 18 March 1945. Hans Benda died on 27 February 1951, in Malente, Schleswig-Holstein.
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Hans Leistikow
Hans Leistikow was a German general during the Second World War.
On August 1895, Hans Leistikow was born in Metz in Alsace-Lorraine. He fought during the First World War and made a military career in the German army. Senior Officer at the beginning of World War II, Leistikow participated in the battle of France. After various assignments, Hans Leistikow was appointed Feldkommandeur of Laval (Feldkommandantur 582) on June 1944. While German troops retreated in front of the victorious US Army, Leistikow was promoted to the grade of Generalmajor on 1 October 1944. He was captured shortly after.
Hans Leistikow died in 1967, at Krautheim, Baden-Württemberg.
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Hans von Salmuth
Hans Eberhard Kurt von Salmuth (11 November 1888 – 1 January 1962) was a German general during World War II. A lifelong professional soldier, he served his country as a junior officer in World War I, a staff officer in the inter-war period and early World War II, and an army level commander. General von Salmuth commanded several different armies on the Eastern Front and his final command was the Fifteenth Army in France during and shortly after the D-Day invasion. After the war he spent five years in prison for war crimes.
Born in Metz, Alsace-Lorraine, into a Prussian military family, he joined the German Army on 19 September 1907. He served in the First World War. By the war's end, he had reached the rank of captain (hauptmann).
He stayed in the army after the war. He was promoted to colonel on 1 May 1934 and served as chief of staff of II Corps from 1934 to 1937. On 1 August 1937 he was promoted to brigadier-general. He was assigned Chief of Staff to 1st Army Group Command. In 1938 he was assigned as Chief of Staff for the Second Army. He was promoted to the rank of major-general on 1 August 1939.
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Heinz Harmel
Heinz Harmel (June 29, 1906 - September 2, 2000) was a German Waffen-SS General during World War II. He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership.
Heinz Harmel was born on June 29, 1906, in Metz, the largest fortress of the German Empire. Harmel was the son of a medical officer of the 67th Infantry Regiment in Magdeburg. A military career seemed to offer the best opportunities for him. Volunteering in 1926, Heinz Harmel enlisted in the Reichswehr, in the 15th Company of the 6th Infantry Regiment in Ratzeburg. But the Treaty of Versailles, which limited the size of the Reichswehr, did not allow him to pursue an active military career, so Harmel continued to serve in the Army reserve, where he achieved the rank of Oberfeldwebel.
When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, Harmel retired from the Army and on October 2, 1935, entered to the SS-Verfügungstruppe (Later known as Waffen-SS) as SS-Oberscharführer and was assigned to the 1st Company of the SS-Standarte "Germania" in Hamburg. On January 30, 1937, Harmel was promoted to the SS-Untersturmführer and served as platoon commander in the 7th Company of the SS-Standarte "Deutschland" in Munich. On 30 January 1938, Harmel obtained the rank of SS-Obersturmführer. After the annexation of Austria to the German Reich, on March 13, 1938, Harmel moved with his unit to Klagenfurt, capital of Carinthia. There, Harmel was appointed as commander of the 9th Company of the new SS-Regiment "Der Führer". On January 30, 1939, Harmel was further promoted to the rank of SS-Hauptsturmführer, captain.
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Helmuth Bode
Helmuth Bode (1907–1985) was a German World War II fighter pilot. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on October 10, 1941. After the war, he served with the West German Air Force, the Bundesluftwaffe.
Helmuth Bode was born on 15 October 1907, in Metz, Alsace-Lorraine. He did not join the German Army straight from school and instead joined the German Air Transport School where his flying career began. The school was a covert military-training organization, operating as a flying school in Germany. Bode rapidly became a flight instructor in the Deutsche Verkehrsfliegerschule.
Bode joined the Luftwaffe in 1936, as a reservist, and was promoted to First Lieutenant (Oberleutnant) in June 1938. He showed a natural ability as a pilot, and completed his fighter pilot training in 1939. He was appointed Gruppenkommandeur of III./StG 77 in May 1940. After various assignments in France, Britain, Balkans and on the Eastern front (Sebastopol), he had become a very experienced pilot. He was eventually awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on October 10, 1941. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recognized extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership in the German military. As with many top aces, it took him some time to establish himself as a consistently scoring fighter pilot.
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Henry II of France
Henry II (31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559) was King of France from 31 March 1547 until his death in 1559. Henry II's reign was dominated by war against the House of Habsburg, chiefly in Italy. He suffered an untimely death in a jousting tournament held to celebrate the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis at the conclusion of the conflict. During Henry's reign, Protestantism became an important minority religion in France, in spite of his efforts to suppress it. His death led to a weakening of French royal authority that helped spur decades of religious violence between Protestants and Catholics.
Henry was born in the royal Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, the son of Francis I and Claude, Duchess of Brittany (daughter of Louis XII of France and Anne, Duchess of Brittany).
His father was captured at the Battle of Pavia in 1525 by his sworn enemy, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and held prisoner in Spain. To obtain his release it was eventually agreed that Henry and his older brother be sent to Spain in his place. They remained in captivity for three years.
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Herbert Gundelach
Herbert Gundelach (1899–1971) was a German general during the Second World War.
On 15 June 1899, Herbert Gundelach was born in Metz, Alsace-Lorraine. Gundelach joined the German Army straight from school. After the war, Gundelach made a brilliant military career in the Reichswehr, which was limited to a standing army of 100 000 men, and then in the Heer, the regular German army.
During the Second World War, Herbert Gundelach participated in many significant military operations. From 1939 to 1941, Lieutenant Colonel Gundelach was appointed as General Generalstabsoffizier in the 16th Infantry Division. The 16.Infanterie-Division fought in the campaign against the Balkans in April, 1941, and then later as a part of the southern sector of the Eastern Front in June, 1941. From February to October 1944, Gundelach was Chief of the General Staff of the XXVIII. Armeekorps. Herbert Gundelach eventually obtained the rank of Generalmajor. He ended the war in captivity, surrendering to the Allies in 1945.
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Hermann Schaefer
Hermann Schaefer (1885–1962) was a German general during the Second World War.
In 1885, Hermann Schaefer was born in Metz, in Alsace-Lorraine. Schaefer fought during the First World War, with the rank of Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant) and eventually Hauptmann (Captain). He made a career in the Reichswehr, then in the Heer, the German army. During the Second World War, Hermann Schaefer participated in many military operations in Poland and Italy. He obtained the rank of Generalmajor on February 1941.
Hermann Schaefer died in 1962 in Kassel, Germany.
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Hermann von Münster
Hermann von Münster (c. 1330 - March 1392) was a German master glassmaker, native of Münster, in Westphalia, and active in Lorraine.
Hermman von Münster is actually the first stained glass artist to be mentioned by the archives of the Cathedral chapter of Saint-Etienne of Metz. On August 29, 1381, master Hermann received an annuity of 22 pounds, to pay for its work on the western large window of the cathedral of Metz. His work was supported by Cardinal William Aigrefeuille, legate of the antipope Clement VII, who then reorganized the Chapter of Metz. Three years later, on 2 May 1384, the Cathedral chapter negotiated the price of the "GRANT OZ", the western Rose window with Hermann von Munster. Hermann was still working on the windows of the western facade in December 1384. In August 1385, the Cathedral Chapter borrowed 420 pounds to set the work completed.
In 1388, Hermann bought a home in Metz, beside the cathedral, where he died in March 1392. Thanks to his fame and to the excellent quality of his work, Hermann was buried in the aisle of the cathedral. An epitaph on the north wall of the cathedral indicates in old French:
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Huns
The Huns were a group of nomadic people who, appearing from east of the Volga River, migrated into Europe c. AD 370 and established the vast Hunnic Empire there. Since de Guignes linked them with the Xiongnu, who had been northern neighbours of China 300 years prior to the emergence of the Huns, considerable scholarly effort has been devoted to investigating such a connection. However, there is no scholarly consensus on a direct connection between the dominant element of the Xiongnu and that of the Huns.Priscus mentions that the Huns had a language of their own; little of it has survived and its relationships have been the subject of debate for centuries. Most authorities suppose that it may have been a member of the Oghuric branch of the Turkic language family, with the languages Bulgar, Khazar, Turkic Avar and Chuvash. Numerous other languages were spoken within the Hun pax including East Germanic, which was widely used as a lingua franca in the Hunnic territories. Their main military technique was mounted archery.
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Ivan Ljubičić
Ivan Ljubičić (pronounced [ǐv̞an ʎûbitʃitɕ]; born March 19, 1979) is a retired Croatian tennis player. His career-high ATP ranking was no. 3.
Tall and powerfully built, he was noted for his strong serve. He achieved his best results in indoor tournaments played on carpet or hardcourt. Mostly a baseliner, he approached the net selectively (Ljubičić was a good volleyer and plays doubles occasionally). On his backhand, he used a slice or a drop-shot to great effect to draw a player or put him out of position. Relying heavily on his serve, he held well but was a comparatively weak returner, producing many sets ending in tie-breaks. Ljubičić used the Head Youtek Extreme Pro Racquet, after using the Babolat Pure Drive for most of his professional career.
Ljubičić previously served as the ATP Player Council president and strongly voiced his opinion on many issues, such as the possible downgrading of current Masters Series tournaments in Monte Carlo and Hamburg.[citation needed]
Ljubičić and Mario Ančić are only the second doubles team ever to defeat Bob and Mike Bryan in Davis Cup history, the other team being France's Arnaud Clément and Michaël Llodra. Ljubičić helped Croatia win the 2005 Davis Cup, where they triumphed over the Slovakian Davis Cup team in the final.
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Jacques Villon
Jacques Villon (July 31, 1875 - June 9, 1963) was a French cubist painter and printmaker.
Born Gaston Emile Duchamp in Damville, Eure, in the Haute-Normandie region of France, he came from a prosperous and artistically inclined family. While he was a young man, his maternal grandfather Emile Nicolle, successful businessman and artist, taught him and his siblings.
Gaston Duchamp was the elder brother of:
In 1894, he and his brother Raymond moved to the Montmartre area of Paris. There, he studied law at the University of Paris but received his father's permission to study art on the condition that he continue studying law.
To distinguish himself from his siblings, Gaston Duchamp adopted the pseudonym of Jacques Villon as a tribute to the French medieval poet François Villon. In Montmartre, home to an expanding art community, Villon lost interest in the pursuit of a legal career, and for the next 10 years he worked in graphic media, contributing cartoons and illustrations to Parisian newspapers as well as drawing color posters.
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Jean Cocteau
Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ kɔkto]; 5 July 1889 – 11 October 1963) was a French poet, novelist, dramatist, designer, playwright, artist and filmmaker. Cocteau is best known for his novel Les Enfants terribles (1929), and the films Blood of a Poet (1930), Les Parents terribles (1948), Beauty and the Beast (1946), and Orpheus (1949). His circle of associates, friends and lovers included Kenneth Anger, Pablo Picasso, Jean Hugo, Jean Marais, Henri Bernstein, Marlene Dietrich, Coco Chanel, Erik Satie, María Félix, Édith Piaf and Raymond Radiguet.
Cocteau was born in Maisons-Laffitte, Yvelines, a village near Paris, to Georges Cocteau and his wife, Eugénie Lecomte; a socially prominent Parisian family. His father was a lawyer and amateur painter who committed suicide when Cocteau was nine. He left home at fifteen. He published his first volume of poems, Aladdin's Lamp, at nineteen. Cocteau soon became known in Bohemian artistic circles as The Frivolous Prince, the title of a volume he published at twenty-two. Edith Wharton described him as a man "to whom every great line of poetry was a sunrise, every sunset the foundation of the Heavenly City..."
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Jean Dubuisson
Jean Dubuisson (September 18, 1914 – October 22, 2011) was a French architect who is regarded as one of the leading practitioners of the French post-World War II years.
Jean René Julien Dubuisson was born in Lille, France. He was the son of the architect Émile Dubuisson (1873–1947).
He began his architecture studies in the École des Beaux Arts in Lille, before continuing at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. He received his diploma in 1939, in the studio of Emmanuel Pontremoli. He was Second Grand Prix de Rome in 1943 and First Grand Prix de Rome in 1945, following which he lived in Rome, in the Villa Medici, and in Athens from 1946 to 1949. Upon returning to France, he joined in the rebuilding of France after the massive destruction during World War II.
His submission in the Strasbourg competition of 1951, won by Eugène Beaudouin, secured him a place as one of the limited number of architects commissioned by the national government to build housing projects.
Beyond a classical culture gained at the École des Beaux Arts and on his travels in Italy and Greece, Dubuisson was strongly influenced by Mies van der Rohe, Arne Jacobsen, and Walter Gropius. His numerous projects are characterized by the search for a personal language to resolve the drastic constraints of the immense programs of the time. He alone designed approximately 20,000 units of social housing.
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Joachim Degener
Joachim Degener was a German general during World War II. A lifelong professional soldier, he served his country as a junior officer in World War I, a staff officer in the inter-war period and a brigade-level commander during World War II.
Born on 28 November 1893 in Metz, Joachim Degener joined the German military straight from school in 1912, and in the First World War, he was a Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant). He served in the Field in the 4th Squadron, then in the 13th Hussar-Regiment, and eventually in the 17th Hussar-Regiment. Oberst at the beginning of the Second World War, he assumed command of the 5th Rifle-Brigade until 1941. He was nominated commander of Würzburg from February 1941 to April 1944.
First detached to Army Group North Ukraine as Commandant of the Strongpoint Position of Kovel in April 1944, he was detached to the Military-Commander of France soon after. Joachim Degener was nominated Field-Commandant in Perpignan on July 1944. Leader of the Battle-Group "Degener", he assumed command of the 189th Infantry-Division from October to December 1944. Then, Degener fought in Hungary. In charge of road block construction in Austria, Degener was captured by Major General Stanley Eric Reinhart's 261st Infantry Regiment. Degener was released on May 1948 and died on September 1953, in Würzburg.
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Joachim Pötter
Joachim Pötter (1913–1992) was a German World War II bomber pilot. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on April 16, 1942
Joachim Pötter was born in Metz, Alsace-Lorraine, on January 1, 1913. Pötter joined the German Army straight from school. Pötter began a brilliant career in the Luftwaffe. After various assignments in France and on the Eastern front, Pötter became an ace. Joachim Pötter was appointed Gruppenkommandeur of I./KG 77 commanded the first Group of the 77th Kampfgeshwader on 25 October 1941. He was eventually awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on April 16, 1942. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross principally was the highest award of Germany to recognize extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership during World War II. Pötter participated on all of the major fronts in the European Theatre, until the dissolution of his unit in 1944.
When he returned to West Germany after war, Pötter enlisted again in the new German army, the Bundeswehr, in 1955. He became colonel (Oberst) in the West German Air Force (Bundesluftwaffe). After his military retirement, on marsch 1971, Joachim Pötter died on 17 November 1992
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John of Matha
Saint John of Matha was a Christian saint of the 12th century and founder of the Order of the Most Holy Trinity. He was born on 1154 at Faucon-de-Barcelonnette,France. As a youth, he was educated at Aix-en-Provence, and later studied theology at the University of Paris. While in Paris, he was urged by a vision during his first Mass to dedicate his life to the service of the captive Christian slaves. He offered service to and was instructed by the hermit, St. Felix of Valois, in the region of Soissons, and went to Rome with him in 1198.
On December 17, 1198, he obtained the preliminary approval of Pope Innocent III for a new order dedicated in honour of the Blessed Trinity for the redemption of Christian captives. This order was fully approved in 1209. The Order of the Most Holy Trinity's first monastery was established at Cerfroid (just north of Paris) and the second at Rome at the church of San Tommaso in Formis. Christian slaves were first rescued by the Order in 1201. In 1202 and 1210 John travelled to Tunisia himself and brought back countless Christian slaves.
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Julius von Bernuth
Julius von Bernuth (12 August 1897 – 12 July 1942) was a German general (Generalmajor) who served during World War II.
Julius Hans Camillo Friedrich Leo Ludwig von Bernuth was born in Metz, Alsace-Lorraine, on 12 August 1897. Julius von Bernuth joined a cadet school in Karlsruhe.
During the First World War, von Bernuth fought as a Lieutenant in the 115th Leibgarde-Infanterie-Regiment of the 49th Infanterie-Brigade of the Ducal Hessian Division. During the war, von Bernuth received the Iron Cross.
After the war, von Bernuth continued to serve with the Reichswehr in a variety of staff roles and was promoted to Major, in January 1936. Now serving with the Wehrmacht, von Bernuth was promoted to Lieutenant colonel (Oberstleutnant), and by 1939, had risen to the role of Chief of the General Staff of the XV. Armee-Korps.
On 5 August 1940, von Bernuth received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. He was promoted to Colonel in December 1940 and Brigadier General (Generalmajor) on April 1942.
On 12 July 1942, while flying to his headquarters, his aircraft exploded and crashed, near Ssochkranaja, on the Eastern Front.
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Karl Kriebel
Karl Kriebel (26 February 1888 – 28 November 1961) was a highly decorated General der Infanterie in the Wehrmacht during World War II. He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes). The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership.
Karl Kriebel was born in Metz (February 26, 1888), in Alsace-Lorraine, which was then part of Germany. He joined the army at nineteen years old. Kriebel served in the 1st Königlich Bayerisches Infanterie-Regiment "König". Kriebel was detached to the Military Academy of Munich in 1909. During the First World War, Kriebel served as an Officer. He was awarded the Iron Cross Ist class.
At the beginning of the Second World War, Karl Kriebel was appointed commander of 56th Infantry Division. Later, he commanded several other divisions. He also served as a deputy member on the "Court of Military Honour," a drumhead court-martial that expelled many of the officers involved in the July 20 Plot from the Army before handing them over to the People's Court. Karl Kriebel was captured in 1945 and was released in 1947.
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Kurt Haseloff
Kurt Haseloff (1894–1978) was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II.
Kurt Haseloff was born in Metz in Alsace-Lorraine. He served as a Lieutenant during the World War I. Then, Haseloff made a brilliant military career in the Reichswehr, and then in the Heer, German regular army.
During the Second World War, Kurt Haseloff participated in many significant military operations. Chief of Staff of the General Army Office on September 1939, Haseloff was assigned commander of the 5th Rifle-Brigade from March 1941 to July 1942, before being assigned commander of the 5th Panzer-Grenadier-Brigade. Haseloff attained the rank of Generalmajor on 1 January 1943. Haseloff was assigned Chief of the General Staff of the Commanding General of Military-District General-Government from January 1943 to May 1944. Haseloff was eventually assigned Chief of the Household-Department in OKH from May 1944 to August 11, 1944.
Kurt Haseloff died on 30 September 1978 in Munich.
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Louis IX of France
Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 until his death. He was also styled Louis II, Count of Artois from 1226 to 1237. Born at Poissy, near Paris, he was an eighth-generation descendant of Hugh Capet, and thus a member of the House of Capet, and the son of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile. He worked with the Parliament of Paris in order to improve the professionalism of his legal administration.
He is the only canonised king of France; consequently, there are many places named after him, most notably St. Louis, Missouri and Mission San Luis Rey de Francia in the United States, São Luís do Maranhão, Brazil and both the state and city of San Luis Potosí, in Mexico. Saint Louis was also a tertiary of the Order of the Holy Trinity and Captives (known as the Trinitarians).[citation needed] On 11 June 1256, the General Chapter of the Trinitarian Order formally affiliated Louis IX at the famous monastery of Cerfroid, which had been constructed by Felix of Valois north of Paris.
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Louis Saha
Louis Laurent Saha (born 8 August 1978) is a French footballer who is currently a free agent. Saha is capped at national level for, France national team. A former scholar at the Clairefontaine football academy, he started his career at Metz before playing on loan at Newcastle United. Before the start of the 2000–01 season, Saha moved to Fulham where he established himself as first choice striker, helping them to gain promotion to the Premier League in his first season with them.
His performances gained attraction from Manchester United, who eventually secured his signing for around £12.4 million midway through the 2003–04 season. Injuries plagued his Old Trafford career, however he did enjoy success with twice winning the Premier League, the 2007–08 UEFA Champions League and also scored six times en route to victory in the League Cup, including one goal in the final.
After four and a half years at United, Everton took him to Goodison Park, where he opened the scoring in the 2009 FA Cup Final after 25 seconds, setting the record for the fastest goal scored in FA Cup Final history. He moved to Tottenham Hotspur on a free transfer in the 2012 January transfer window. Saha made his France debut in 2004 in a 2–0 victory over Belgium. He represented France at the 2004 European Football Championships and also the 2006 FIFA World Cup which they reached the final, however Saha was suspended for the final against Italy after receiving a yellow card against Portugal in the semi-final.
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Louis the Pious
Louis the Pious (778 – 20 June 840), also called the Fair, and the Debonaire, was the King of Aquitaine from 781. He was also King of the Franks and co-Emperor (as Louis I) with his father, Charlemagne, from 813. As the only surviving adult son of Charlemagne and Hildegard, he became the sole ruler of the Franks after his father's death in 814, a position which he held until his death, save for the period 833–34, during which he was deposed.
During his reign in Aquitaine, Louis was charged with the defence of the Empire's southwestern frontier. He conquered Barcelona from the Muslims in 801 and asserted Frankish authority over Pamplona and the Basques south of the Pyrenees in 812. As emperor he included his adult sons, Lothair, Pepin, and Louis, in the government and sought to establish a suitable division of the realm among them. The first decade of his reign was characterised by several tragedies and embarrassments, notably the brutal treatment of his nephew Bernard of Italy, for which Louis atoned in a public act of self-debasement. In the 830s his empire was torn by civil war between his sons, only exacerbated by Louis's attempts to include his son Charles by his second wife in the succession plans. Though his reign ended on a high note, with order largely restored to his empire, it was followed by three years of civil war. Louis is generally compared unfavourably to his father, though the problems he faced were of a distinctly different sort.
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Louis XIV of France
Louis XIV (5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715), known as Louis the Great or the Sun King (French: le Roi-Soleil), was a Bourbon monarch who ruled as King of France and Navarre. He holds the distinction of being the longest-reigning king in European history, reigning for 72 years and 110 days.
Louis began his personal rule of France in 1661 after the death of his chief minister, the Italian Cardinal Mazarin. An adherent of the theory of the divine right of kings, which advocates the divine origin and lack of temporal restraint of monarchical rule, Louis continued his predecessors' work of creating a centralized state governed from the capital. He sought to eliminate the remnants of feudalism persisting in parts of France and, by compelling the nobility to inhabit his lavish Palace of Versailles, succeeded in pacifying the aristocracy, many members of which had participated in the Fronde rebellion during Louis's minority. By these means he consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France that endured until the French Revolution.
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Ludwig Bieringer
Ludwig Bieringer (1892–1975) was a German general during World War II. A lifelong professional soldier, he served his country as a junior officer in World War I, a staff officer in the inter-war period and a brigade-level commander during World War II.
Born on 12 August 1892 in Metz, Ludwig Bieringer joined the German Army straight from school in 1913. During the First World War, he was a Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant). Bieringer served mainly in the 8th Train-Battalion. Bieringer was promoted to Major in 1934, and served as Staff-Officer of Transport Troops, with the Staff of the 7th Division. He was promoted to Commander of the 7th Motor-Transport-Battalion in October 1935, before being promoted to Course-Director at the Army Supply School, in 1937.
As Army Supply Leader at the beginning of the Second World War, Bieringer assumed command of the Outpost of the General-Quartermaster, with the Army Group South, in June 1942, and then with the Army Group A. Bieringer was promoted to the grade of Generalmajor on July 1943. Bieringer was in charge of the supply of the troops, this time in Italy, from June to September 1943. From September 1943 to April 1944, he was detached as Field Commander assistant to the Feld Kommandantur of Besancon. Bieringer was eventually nominated Feld Kommandeur in Draguignan (Feld Kommandantur 800). Captured on August 1944, Bieringer was released on May 1947.
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Ludwig Weißmüller
Ludwig Weißmüller (1915–1943) was a German officer during the Second World War. He was posthumely awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on August 18, 1943
Ludwig Weissmuller was born in Metz, Alsace-Lorraine, on March 31, 1915. Weissmuller joined the German Army straight from school. Weissmuller began a brilliant career in the Wehrmacht. After various assignments in France and Poland, Weissmuller was assigned to fight on the Eastern front with the 262nd Infanterie-Division. Under the command of General Edgar Theißen, Ludwig Weissmuller was promoted to First Lieutenant. Then, he was promoted Captain in July 1943, under the command of General Friedrich Karst.
As Kommandeur, Ludwig Weissmuller commanded the 2nd Battalion of the 462nd Grenadier-Regiment. His military unit fought in Poland, and in 1941 was heavily engaged in the central sector of the Russian front. Captain Weissmuller was killed in action in Ljadzo, during the Battle of Nikolskoje, on August 18, 1943. Ludwig Weissmuller was posthumely awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on August 18, 1943. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross principally was the highest award of Germany to recognize extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership during World War II.
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Marc Chagall
Marc Chagall (/ʃəˈɡɑːl/ shə-GAHL;Russian: Марк Заха́рович Шага́л; (7 July [O.S. 24 June] 1887 – 28 March 1985), was a Russian-French artist associated with several major artistic styles and one of the most successful artists of the 20th century. He was an early modernist, and created works in virtually every artistic medium, including painting, book illustrations, stained glass, stage sets, ceramic, tapestries and fine art prints.
Art critic Robert Hughes referred to Chagall as "the quintessential Jewish artist of the twentieth century". According to art historian Michael J. Lewis, Chagall was considered to be "the last survivor of the first generation of European modernists". For decades, he "had also been respected as the world's preeminent Jewish artist". Using the medium of stained glass, he produced windows for the cathedrals of Reims and Metz, windows for the UN, and the Jerusalem Windows in Israel. He also did large-scale paintings, including part of the ceiling of the Paris Opéra.
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Michel Ney
Michel Ney (French pronunciation: [miʃɛl ˈnɛ]), 1st Duc d'Elchingen, 1st Prince de la Moskowa (10 January 1769 – 7 December 1815) was a French soldier and military commander during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was one of the original 18 Marshals of France created by Napoleon I. He was known as Le Rougeaud ("red faced" or "ruddy") by his men and nicknamed le Brave des Braves ("the bravest of the brave") by Napoleon.
Michel Ney was born in Saarlouis, the second son of Pierre Ney (1738–1826), a master barrel-cooper and veteran of the Seven Years' War, and of his wife Margarethe Grewelinger (1739–1791). Ney was the paternal grandson of Matthias Ney (1700–1780) and wife Margarethe Becker (d. 1767), and the maternal grandson of Valentin Grewelinger and wife Margaretha Ding. His hometown at the time of his birth comprised a French-speaking enclave in a predominantly German-speaking portion of Lorraine, and Ney grew up bilingual.
Ney was educated at the Collège des Augustins, and subsequently became a notary in Saarlouis, and then overseer of mines and forges.
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Miralem Pjanić
Miralem Pjanić (born 2 April 1990) is a Bosnian football player who plays for Italian club Roma in Serie A. He plays as an attacking midfielder and has been described as an "old-fashioned playmaker with huge technical qualities".
Pjanić developed an interest in football through his father, a former third division football player in SFR Yugoslavia, and began his football career in Luxembourg following his family's arrival to the country shortly before the outbreak of the war in Bosnia. In 2004, after attracting interest from a host of external clubs, Pjanić joined French club FC Metz and made his debut in the 2007–08 season at the age of 17. After a successful season, in June 2008, he joined Olympique Lyonnais on a five-year contract. With Lyon, Pjanić made his UEFA Champions League debut in 2008 and, in the following season, helped the club reach the semi-finals.
Pjanić was formerly a youth international for Luxembourg and represented the national team at under-17 and under-19 level. He played at the 2006 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship scoring the team's lone goal at the competition. In 2008, Pjanić opted to pursue a senior international career with his birth country Bosnia and Herzegovina and made his debut in August 2008. He scored his first international goal two years later in March 2010 against Ghana.
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Nicolas Sarkozy
Nicolas Sarkozy (pronounced [ni.kɔ.la saʁ.kɔ.zi] ( listen), born Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa; 28 January 1955) is a French politician who served as the 23rd President of the French Republic from 16 May 2007 until 15 May 2012.
Before his presidency, he was leader of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). Under Jacques Chirac's presidency he served as Minister of the Interior in Jean-Pierre Raffarin's (UMP) first two governments (from May 2002 to March 2004), then was appointed Minister of Finances in Raffarin's last government (March 2004 to May 2005) and again Minister of the Interior in Dominique de Villepin's government (2005–2007).
Sarkozy was also president of the General council of the Hauts-de-Seine department from 2004 to 2007 and mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine, one of the wealthiest communes of France from 1983 to 2002. He was Minister of the Budget in the government of Édouard Balladur (RPR, predecessor of the UMP) during François Mitterrand's last term.
In foreign affairs, he promised a strengthening of the entente cordiale with the United Kingdom and closer cooperation with the United States. During his term, he faced the late-2000s financial crisis (followed by the recession and the debt crisis caused by it) and the Arab Spring (especially in Tunisia, Libya, and Syria). He also married Italian-French singer-songwriter Carla Bruni on 2 February 2008 at the Élysée Palace in Paris.
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Norwich Duff
Admiral Norwich Duff (15 August 1792 – 21 April 1862) was a Royal Navy officer.
The son of Captain George Duff RN, and Sophia Dirom, he was born at 9 South Castle Street, Edinburgh. He entered the Royal Navy in July 1805, just before his 13th birthday, serving aboard his father's ship HMS Mars as a midshipman. In October 1805 at the Battle of Trafalgar his father was killed.
Duff was promoted to Lieutenant in September 1811 and was appointed Flag-Lieutenant to the commander-in-chief in February 1814. He served on HMS Euralyus. He was promoted to Commander on 15 June 1814 and appointed to command of the 18-gun brig-sloop HMS Espoir, part of the naval force in the Chesapeake during the War of 1812, and later took part in the attack on New Orleans.
In October 1816 Duff was appointed to command of the 10-gun brig-sloop HMS Beaver and sent to the Caribbean, where he assumed command of the 18-gun HMS Rifleman in September 1817. He returned to England in August 1818.
He undertook an extensive continental European tour in 1819 of which he kept a journal. He was promoted to Post captain on 23 April 1822.
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Novak Djokovic
Novak Djokovic (Serbian: Новак Ђоковић or Novak Đoković; pronounced [nɔ̂ʋaːk dʑɔ̂ːkɔʋitɕ] ( listen); born 22 May 1987) is a Serbian professional tennis player who has been ranked World No. 1 by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) since 4 July 2011. He has won five Grand Slam singles titles: the 2008, 2011 and 2012 Australian Open, the 2011 Wimbledon Championships, and the 2011 US Open. By winning three Majors in 2011, Djokovic became the sixth male player in the open era to win three Majors in a calendar year.
He is the first male player representing Serbia to win a Major singles title and the youngest player in the open era to have reached the semifinals of all four Grand Slam events, separately and consecutively. Amongst other titles, he won the Tennis Masters Cup in 2008 and was on the team which won the 2010 Davis Cup. He also won the bronze medal in singles at the Beijing Olympics in 2008. He has won 11 Masters 1000 series titles placing him joint fourth on the all time list. Djokovic has quickly moved up in the rankings of history. Tennis Channel ranked him number 40 , and former player Pat Cash said he is one of the greatest ever.
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Otto von Bismarck
Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg (1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898), simply known as Otto von Bismarck, was a conservative German statesman who dominated European affairs from the 1860s to his dismissal in 1890. After a series of short victorious wars he unified numerous German states into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership, then created a "balance of power" that preserved peace in Europe from 1871 until 1914.
As Minister President of Prussia 1862–90, Bismarck provoked wars that made Prussia dominant over Austria and France, and lined up the smaller German states behind Prussia. In 1867 he also became Chancellor of the North German Confederation. Bismarck designed and created the German Empire in 1871, becoming its first Chancellor and largely controlling its affairs until he was removed by Kaiser (Emperor) William II in 1890. His diplomacy of Realpolitik and powerful rule gained him the nickname the "Iron Chancellor". As Henry Kissinger has noted, "The man of 'blood and iron' wrote prose of extraordinary directness and lucidity, comparable in distinctiveness to Churchill's use of the English language."
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Papiss Cissé
Papiss Demba Cissé (born 3 June 1985 in Dakar) is a Senegalese footballer who plays as a striker for Newcastle United and the Senegal national team. He holds the record of most goals scored by an African player in a single Bundesliga campaign - 22 league goals in the 2010–11 season. That same season, Cissé won the EFFIFU award for being the most efficient striker in the league.
Cissé began his career with AS Génération Foot before transferring to the French side FC Metz in summer 2005. After only one month during the 2005–06 season, he left Metz and was loaned to French side AS Cherbourg Football. During this season, Cissé played 26 games and scored 11 goals for the Normandy club. After the season he returned to Metz for a further two years, before being loaned to French side LB Chateauroux in January 2008 and before returning to FC Metz in July 2008 for a third stint.
Cissé signed for Bundesliga side SC Freiburg on 28 December 2009 from FC Metz for €1.6 million. Cissé initially became a transfer target for Freiburg in the summer of 2009 after he scored a goal and assisted on another in a 2–1 friendly win for FC Metz over Freiburg. However, a transfer fee could not be agreed upon. Hannover 96 also expressed interest in the player. In his first partial season with the Black Forest club, Cissé appeared in 16 matches, scoring six goals. During the 2010–11 Bundesliga season, his first full season with Freiburg, Cissé was second in the league in goals scored, only behind Mario Gómez of Bayern Munich who scored 28. Cissé also set a club and league record; his 22 goals during the course of the season set the single-season goal record by an SC Freiburg player, as well as set the record for the most goals scored by an African in a single Bundesliga season. The record was previously held by Tony Yeboah who scored 20 goals with Eintracht Frankfurt in 1993. That same season, Cissé won the EFFIFU award for being the most efficient striker in the league.
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Paul Chemetov
Paul Chemetov (born 6 September 1928) is a French architect and urbanist. He is best known for his collaborations with Borja Huidobro.
Chemetov was born in Paris on 6 September 1928. As a student, he belonged to the Union of Communist Students. He graduated from the National School of Fine Arts in 1959. Chemetov taught at the École des Ponts ParisTech until 1989, at which time he switched to the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. In 1961, he joined the AAU. He has designed several buildings with Borja Huidobro (b. 1936, Santiago, Chile) since 1983. Chemetov has received several awards and honors including the Grand prix national de l'architecture (1980), Officer of the Legion of Honour, Officer of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, and Officer of the Ordre national du Mérite. Chemetov is the father of landscape architect Alexandre Chemetoff, who won the Grand Prix de l'urbanisme in 2000.
In 1960–64, Chemetov worked on the housing complex in Vigneux. From 1981–88 he worked on the Ministry of the Economy, Industry and Employment, one of the Grands Projets of François Mitterrand, with Huidobro From 1982–1985 he worked on the French Embassy in New Delhi, India, with Borja Huidobro and in December 1982 won the Ministry of Finances competition. In 1983, Chemetov designed the public housing building at 5, Promenade du Marquis de Rays, Canal District in Courcouronnes (Essonne). In 1988 he designed the Fontaines du Ministère in Paris and from 1989–1994 was responsible for the renovation of the main gallery of the evolution of the National Museum of Natural History, with Huidobro. In 1992 Chemetov was responsible for the development of a tram from Bobigny to St. Denis and in 1994 worked on the library-media center at Évreux, with Huidobro. In 1999 he designed the Méridienne verte, in 2000 he designed the public library at Montpellier, with Huidobro and in 2001 designed the Arènes de Metz, with Huidobro. In 2001 he worked on the public library at Châlons-en-Champagne.
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Paul Niclausse
Paul Niclausse (1879-1958) was a French sculptor, most famous for his art deco medals cast in bronze.
He was awarded the Legion of Honor. In Paris, he taught at the École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs and was also a professor at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts.
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Paul Verlaine
Paul-Marie Verlaine (French pronunciation: [vɛʁˈlɛn]; 30 March 1844 – 8 January 1896) was a French poet associated with the Symbolist movement. He is considered one of the greatest representatives of the fin de siècle in international and French poetry.
Born in Metz, he was educated at the Lycée impérial Bonaparte (now the Lycée Condorcet) in Paris and then took up a post in the civil service. He began writing poetry at an early age, and was initially influenced by the Parnassien movement and its leader, Leconte de Lisle. Verlaine's first published poem was published in 1863 in La Revue du progrès, a publication founded by poet Louis-Xavier de Ricard. Verlaine was a frequenter of the salon of the Marquise de Ricard (Louis-Xavier de Ricard's mother) at 10 Boulevard des Batignolles and other social venues, where he rubbed shoulders with prominent artistic figures of the day: Anatole France; Emmanuel Chabrier; inventor-poet and humorist Charles Cros; the cynical anti-bourgeois idealist Villiers de l'Isle-Adam; Theodore de Banville; François Coppée; Jose-Maria de Heredia; Leconte de Lisle; Catulle Mendes, and others. Verlaine's first published collection, Poèmes saturniens (1866), though adversely commented upon by Sainte-Beuve, established him as a poet of promise and originality.
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Philippe Pétain
Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (French pronunciation: [petɛ̃]; 24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain (Maréchal Pétain), was a French general who reached the distinction of Marshal of France, and was later Chief of State of Vichy France (Chef de l'État Français), from 1940 to 1944. Pétain, who was 84 years old in 1940, ranks as France's oldest head of state.
Because of his outstanding military leadership in World War I, particularly during the Battle of Verdun, he was viewed as a national hero in France. With the imminent French defeat in June 1940, Pétain was appointed Premier of France by President Lebrun at Bordeaux, and the Cabinet resolved to make peace with Germany. The entire government subsequently moved briefly to Clermont-Ferrand, then to the spa town of Vichy in central France. His government voted to transform the discredited French Third Republic into the French State, an authoritarian regime. As the war progressed, the government at Vichy collaborated with the Germans, who in 1942 finally occupied the whole of metropolitan France because of the threat from North Africa. Pétain's actions during World War II resulted in his conviction and death sentence for treason, which was commuted to life imprisonment by his former protégé Charles de Gaulle. In modern France he is remembered as an ambiguous figure, while pétainisme is a derogatory term for certain reactionary policies.
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Philippe Starck
Philippe Patrick Starck (born January 18, 1949, Paris) is a French product designer and probably the best known designer in the New Design style. His designs range from interior designs to mass produced consumer goods such as toothbrushes, chairs, and even houses.
He was educated in Paris at the École Camondo and in 1968, he founded his first design firm, which specialized in inflatable objects. In 1969, he became art director of his firm along with Pierre Cardin.
Starck's career started to climb in earnest in 1982 when he designed the interior for the private apartments of the French President François Mitterrand.
In 1986 he joined Domus Academy Department of Design as an associate lecturer.
Starck has worked both independently as an interior designer and as a product designer since 1975. In 2002, he created a number of what are considered relatively inexpensive product designs for the large American retailer Target Stores.
His most recent notable designs include an optical mouse for Microsoft, several yachts including the $300 million A, and even new packaging for a beer company. He was commissioned to design the Virgin Galactic "spaceport" in New Mexico (Foster and Partners are its architects).
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Raymond Poincaré
Raymond Poincaré (French pronunciation: [ʁɛmɔ̃ pwɛ̃kaʁe]; 20 August 1860 – 15 October 1934) was a French statesman who served five times as Prime Minister, and as President from 1913 to 1920. He was a conservative leader, primarily committed to political and social stability.
Trained in law, Poincaré was elected a Deputy in 1887, and served in the cabinets of Dupuy and Ribot. In 1902, he co-founded the Democratic Republican Alliance, the most important center-right party under the Third Republic, becoming Prime Minister in 1912 and President in 1913. He was noted for his strongly anti-German attitudes, and twice visited Russia to maintain strategic ties. At the Peace Conference, he favoured re-occupation of the Rhineland, which he was able to carry out in 1923 as Prime Minister. Throughout this period he was making highly prescient statements about Germany's likely intentions.
Born in Bar-le-Duc, Meuse, France, Raymond Poincaré was the son of Nicolas Antonin Hélène Poincaré, a distinguished civil servant and meteorologist. Raymond was also the cousin of Henri Poincaré, the famous mathematician. Educated at the University of Paris, Raymond was called to the Paris bar, and was for some time law editor of the Voltaire.
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Ricardo Bofill
Ricardo Bofill, also Ricard Bofill Leví (Catalan pronunciation: [riˈkard buˈfiʎ ɫəˈβi]) (born in Barcelona, Spain, December 5, 1939) is a Catalan (Spanish) postmodernistarchitect.
He studied at the School of Architecture in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1963, he founded a group formed by architects, engineers, sociologists and philosophers, creating the basis for what today is the ‘Taller de Arquitectura’, international team with over 40 years experience in urban design, architecture, parks and gardens designs, and interior design.
Ricardo Bofill - Taller de Arquitectura is a prominent international studio for architecture, planning and design. Its main office in Barcelona was founded in 1963 by Spanish-Catalan architect Ricardo Bofill.
The office is led by Ricardo Bofill and two partners, Peter Hodgkinson and Jean-Pierre Carniaux. As of 2011, it employs a staff of around 60 of 12 nationalities, including urban planners, architects, researchers, designers, model makers, interior and industrial designers and graphic designers working in close collaboration.
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Robert Schuman
Robert Schuman (French pronunciation: [ʁɔbɛʁ ʃuman]; 29 June 1886 – 4 September 1963) was a noted Luxembourgish-born French statesman. Schuman was a Christian Democrat (M.R.P.) and an independent political thinker and activist. Twice Prime Minister of France, a reformist Minister of Finance and a Foreign Minister, he was instrumental in building post-war European and trans-Atlantic institutions and is regarded as one of the founders of the European Union, the Council of Europe and NATO.
Schuman was a man of several cultures. His father, Jean-Pierre Schuman (1837–1900), was born in Évrange, Lorraine, just across the border with Luxembourg. Jean-Pierre Schuman was a French citizen, but after Alsace-Lorraine was annexed by the German Empire in 1871, he became a German citizen. Robert's mother, Eugénie Duren (1864–1911), a Luxembourger born in Bettembourg, became a German citizen by marriage in 1884.
Schuman was born in 1886 in Clausen, a suburb of Luxembourg as a German by virtue of the principle of jus sanguinis. His mother tongue was Luxembourgish but he was taught French and Standard German at school. Since he learned French only in school (which is mandatory in Luxembourg), he spoke it with a distinct accent.
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Roger Bissière
Roger Bissière (22 September 1886 – 2 December 1964) was a French artist who painted in the abstract Tachisme style. He was born in Villeréal, Lot-et-Garonne, and died in Boissièrettes (near Cazals). He designed stained glass windows for Metz cathedral and several other churches.
In 1936, Bissière was one of the artists who executed Robert and Sonia Delaunay's designs for the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne. He participated in the first three documenta exhibitions of 1955, 1959 and 1964.
After he realised his eyesight was deteriorating he was diagnosed with glaucoma in 1939. By 1950 his peripheral vision was severely affected and he underwent surgery. This stopped him from going blind but did not improve his eyesight, and he complained his eyes tired more quickly when he was painting.
Rue Roger Bissière in Paris is named in his honour.
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Roland
Roland (Frankish: Hruodland) (died 14 August 778) was a Frankish military leader under Charlemagne who became one of the principal figures in the literary cycle known as the Matter of France. Historically, Roland was military governor of the Breton March, with responsibility for defending the frontier of Francia against the Bretons. His only historical attestation is in Einhard's Vita Karoli Magni, which describes him as Hruodlandus Brittannici limitis praefectus ("Roland, prefect of the limits of Brittany") when narrating his death at the Battle of Roncesvalles, when the rearguard, under his command, and the baggage train of a Frankish army was beset by rebellious Basques.
Roland's death during retreat from the Battle of Roncevaux Pass in Iberia was transmogrified in later medieval and Renaissance literature. He became the chief paladin of the emperor Charlemagne and a central figure in the legendary material surrounding him, collectively known as the Matter of France. The first and most famous of these epic treatments was the Old French Chanson de Roland of the eleventh century. Two masterpieces of Italian Renaissance poetry, the Orlando innamorato and Orlando furioso, are even further detached from history than the earlier Chansons. Roland is poetically associated with his sword Durendal, his horse Veillantif, and his horn Oliphaunt.
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Rudolf Schmundt
Rudolf Schmundt (13 August 1896 – 1 October 1944) was an officer in the German Army (Wehrmacht Heer) during World War II. He was injured during the 20 July 1944 assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler and died a few months later from his wounds.
Schmundt was born in Metz and served as a Lieutenant during the World War I. In World War II he attained the rank of General of the Infantry on 1 September 1944, and was the Chief of the Personnel Department of the German Army.
Schmundt was one of the casualties of the failed July 20 plot, planned to kill the German dictator Adolf Hitler. One of the conspirators, Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg, placed a bomb in a briefcase beside Hitler. Colonel Heinz Brandt moved it behind a heavy table leg and unwittingly saved Hitler's life, but as a consequence lost his own. Severely injured in the assassination attempt, Schmundt initially made a promising recovery, but ultimately died of complications resulting from his injuries on 1 October 1944.
After Schmundt's death, all current Generals and Field Marshals were summoned by Hitler to attend a funeral service at the Tannenberg Memorial, in east Prussia. As reported by Hauptmann Alexander Stahlberg (aide to Field Marshal Von Manstein) in his book "Bounden Duty", the group were entrained back to Berlin and General Schmundt was buried, on Hitler's orders, in the hero's cemetery — the Invaliden. Hitler did not attend either ceremonies.
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Saint Blaise
Saint Blaise (Armenian: Սուրբ Բարսեղ, Sourb Barsel; Greek: Άγιος Βλάσιος, Agios Vlasios; Turkish: Aziz Vlas) was a physician, and bishop of Sebastea (modern Sivas, Turkey). According to his Acta Sanctorum, he was martyred by being beaten, attacked with iron carding combs, and beheaded.
In iconography, Blaise is often shown with the instruments of his martyrdom, steel combs. He blessed throats and effected many miracles according to his hagiography. The similarity of these instruments of torture to wool combs led to his adoption as the patron saint of wool combers in particular, and the wool trade in general. He may also be depicted with crossed candles. Such crossed candles are used for the blessing of throats on his feast day, which falls on 3 February, the day after Candlemas on the Roman Catholic calendar of saints. Blaise is traditionally believed to intercede in cases of throat illnesses, especially for fish-bones stuck in the throat.
Indeed, the first reference we have to him is in manuscripts of the medical writings of Aëtius Amidenus, a court physician of the very end of the 5th or the beginning of the 6th century; there his aid is invoked in treating objects stuck in the throat. He cured animals and lived in a cave. Before being killed, he spoke to a wolf and told it to release a pig it was harming. The wolf did so. Blaise was going to be starved but the owner of the pig secretly gave him food in order to survive. After a while, he was tortured because of his Christian faith but did not give up his beliefs. He died in the year 316.
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Saint Stephen
Saint Stephen (Koine Greek: Στέφανος, Stephanos; sometimes spelled "Stephan"), the protomartyr of Christianity, is venerated as a saint in the Roman Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran,Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox Churches.
Stephen's name is derived from the Greek language Stephanos, meaning "crown". Traditionally, Stephen is invested with a crown of martyrdom; he is often depicted in art with three stones and the martyrs' palm. In Eastern Christian iconography, he is shown as a young, beardless man with a tonsure, wearing a deacon's vestments, and often holding a miniature church building or a censer. Rembrandt depicted his martyrdom in his work The Stoning of Saint Stephen.
History approximates Stephen's story around A.D. 34-35, shortly after Jesus' crucifixion[citation needed]. According to Chapter 6 of The Acts of the Apostles, Stephen was among seven men of the early church at Jerusalem appointed to serve as deacon. However, he is depicted as also successfully preaching to his fellow Jews and bringing many to accept Jesus as the Messiah. After a dispute with the members of a synagogue of "Roman Freedmen," he is denounced for blasphemy against God and Moses (Acts 6:11) and speaking against the Temple and the Law. Stephen is tried before the Sanhedrin. His defense is presented as accusing the Jews of persecuting the prophets who had spoken out against the sins of the nation:
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Shigeru Ban
Shigeru Ban (坂 茂, Ban Shigeru?) (born 1957 in Tokyo, Japan) is an accomplished Japanese and international architect, most famous for his innovative work with paper, particularly recycled cardboard paper tubes used to quickly and efficiently house disaster victims. Shigeru Ban was the winner in 2005 at age 48 of the 40th annual Thomas Jefferson Medal in Architecture from the University of Virginia in Charlottesville. He was profiled by Time Magazine in their projection of 21st century innovators in the field of architecture and design.
Shigeru Ban studied at the Southern California Institute of Architecture and later went on to Cooper Union's School of Architecture where he studied under John Hejduk and graduated in 1984. Hejduk was a part of the New York Five. From Hejduk, Ban not only learned fundamental elements of architecture, but also gained an interest in ‘architectonic poetics’ or the creation of three-dimensional poetry. Hejduk, the most experimentally minded of the New York Five, had a lasting influence on Ban, whose work has continuing explorations into basic geometric elements. Ban's formal explorations with basic building materials helped to lead him into unique structural solutions.
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Solange Bertrand
Solange Bertrand (March 20, 1913 – January 22, 2011) was a French abstract painter, sculptor, and engraver.
Born in Montigny-lès-Metz, Bertrand studied art for four years to the École des Beaux-Arts in Nancy, and then attended the Beaux–Arts in Paris. During the Second World War she was registered asa volunteer nurse, and was successively assigned to different posts (army, youth camps, children retreated from bombed areas, repatriation of deportees and prisoners).
At the beginning of her career, Bertrand painted in an expressionist way, but, later evolved into what can be described as relative abstraction. Bertrand during her long career mixed all manners of painting, jumbling styles and periods and paying only a little attention to dates. In the immediate post war period, she organized exhibitions regularly (Salon d'Automne, Salon de Mai, Comparaison, Salon Women Painters and Sculptors). Her first solo exhibition was organized at the Paris's Galerie Pascaud in 1947. For the artist many other single person exhibitions followed, mostly in Paris and Metz, but also in the other French departments and abroad (i.e. Belgium, Germany, Netherlands, Italy, etc...). Bertrand gained several honours, including gaining the title of Master Academician in 1985. On May 2005, a sale of 108 of her works achieved success at the Hôtel Drouot
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Sonny Rollins
Theodore Walter "Sonny" Rollins (born September 7, 1930 in New York City) is an American jazz tenor saxophonist. Rollins is widely recognized as one of the most important and influential jazz musicians. A number of his compositions, including "St. Thomas", "Oleo", "Doxy", and "Airegin", have become jazz standards.
Although Rollins was born in New York City, his parents were born in the United States Virgin Islands. Rollins received his first saxophone at age 13. He attended Benjamin Franklin High School in East Harlem. He said that a concert by Frank Sinatra there, accompanied by a plea for racial harmony, changed his life.
Rollins started as a pianist, changed to alto saxophone, and finally switched to tenor in 1946. During his high-school years, he played in a band with other future jazz legends Jackie McLean, Kenny Drew and Art Taylor. He was first recorded in 1949 with Babs Gonzales ( J. J. Johnson was the arranger of the group). In his recordings through 1954, he played with performers such as Miles Davis, Charlie Parker and Thelonious Monk.
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Teutons
The Teutons or Teutones were mentioned as a Germanic tribe by Greek and Roman authors, notably Strabo and Marcus Velleius Paterculus and normally in close connection with the Cimbri, whose ethnicity is contested between Gauls and Germani. According to Ptolemy's map, they lived in Jutland, in agreement with Pomponius Mela, who placed them in Scandinavia (Codanonia).
Earlier than 100 BC, many of the Teutones, as well as the Cimbri, migrated south and west to the Danube valley, where they encountered the expanding Roman Republic. During the late 2nd century BC, the Teutones and Cimbri are recorded as passing west through Gaul and attacking Roman Italy. After decisive victories over the Romans at Noreia and Arausio, the Cimbri and Teutones divided forces and were then defeated separately by Gaius Marius in 102 BC, and 101 BC, ending the Cimbrian War. The Teutones defeat was at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae (near present-day Aix-en-Provence).
According to Valerius Maximus and Florus (who both lived much later), the Teuton King, Teutobod, was taken in irons after their defeat. By the conditions of the surrender, three hundred married women were to be handed over in slavery to the Romans. When the Teuton matrons heard of this stipulation, they first begged the consul that they might be set apart to minister in the temples of Ceres and Venus; then, when they failed to obtain their request and were removed by the lictors, they slew their children and next morning were all found dead in each other's arms having strangled each other in the night. This act passed into Roman legends of Germanic heroism.
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Theodor Berkelmann
Theodor Berkelmann (1894–1943) was a German general, who held the rank of Obergruppenführer during World War II.
Theodor Berkelmann was born in Le Ban-Saint-Martin near Metz, in Alsace-Lorraine, which was then part of Germany. He joined the army at twenty years old. During the First World War, he served in the German Army. Berkelmann served as a soldier, before being promoted officer. He was awarded the Iron Cross Ist class.
In 1934, Theodor Berkelmann was promoted to SS-Brigadeführer (Major General), and SS-Gruppenführer (Lieutenant General) in 1936. At the beginning of the Second World War, Berkelmann was appointed "Höherer SS und Polizeiführer" (SS and Police Leader) in Saarland and Moselle. In 1942, he was eventually promoted to the grade of "SS-Obergruppenführer" (General officer). Theo Berkelmann died in Poznań, in 1943.
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Tommy Robredo
Tommy Robredo Garcés (born 1 May 1982 in Hostalric, Girona) is a Spanish professional tennis player. On 8 May 2006, he broke into the world's top ten for the first time. His highest singles ranking to date is No. 5, which he first reached on 28 August 2006 soon after winning the Hamburg Masters.
He turned professional in 1998 and was coached by José Manuel "Pepo" Clavet and is now coached by Karim Perona. Robredo considers his forehand to be his best shot, and red clay is his favorite surface.
Robredo began playing tennis regularly when he was five and his family moved to Olot, where his father Ángel became the director of the local tennis club, Club Natació Olot. (Robredo's mother Dolores is herself a former assistant coach.) He was coached by his father until 1996 when he joined the Spanish Tennis Federation at the Centre d'Alt Rendiment ("High Performance Center"), a famous center for professional sports training in Sant Cugat del Vallès. He turned professional in 1998.
As a junior player, Robredo won the Junior Orange Bowl 16–Under in both singles and doubles (with Marc López) in 1998. As a professional he made the singles and doubles finals of a Futures-level event, winning the doubles title with Pedro Cánovas. In 1999 he made the semifinals of the boys' event at the French Open and won a Futures tournament in singles as well as another in doubles. Earlier that year in Robredo's hometown tournament of Barcelona – his first event at the ATP Tour level – he recorded a win over Marat Safin, who was then ranked in the world's top thirty, before going on to lose to top ten player Todd Martin.
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Valentin Bousch
Valentin Bousch (circa 1490 – August 1541) was a master glass artist and a glass painter of the Renaissance.
Bousch was born in Strasbourg. The earliest mention of his work is at Saint-Nicolas-de-Port, near Nancy in 1514. Bousch was active from 1514 to 1520 in Saint-Nicolas-de-Port, where he developed a large glass studio and made many windows for the Saint-Nicolas-de-Port’s basilica. He also made windows for the priory church of Varangéville on a command of the Bishop of Metz, John IV of Lorraine. On 25 September 1518, Valentin Bousch became the master glazier of the cathedral of Metz, a city in which he set up a prosperous studio, and he remained there until his death. Bousch made most of the stained glasses of the choir and south transept. In addition, Bousch made several stained glass windows commissioned by the bourgeoisie of Metz for churches, hotels and chapels in the Lorraine countryside.
Examples of his skill can be seen in Metz Cathedral, where he was the master glazier for many years. What is impressive about Valentin Bousch’s work is how far he pushed the technical limits of the stained glass medium to create striking new Renaissance effects. It remains to be seen just how general such virtuoso motivations were among Renaissance glaziers, because it is seldom that Renaissance stained glass has been studied at close range
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Walter Bordellé
Walter Bordellé (9 July 1918 – 22 January 1984) was a German World War II pilot. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on March 26, 1944. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership.
Walter Bordellé was born on July 9, 1918, in Metz, Alsace-Lorraine. Walter Bordellé joined the German Army straight from school. Bordellé's flying career began when he joined the German Air Transport School. Bordellé showed a strong natural ability as a pilot. He completed his fighter pilot training in 1938. Then, Bordellé was assigned to the 4th Transport unit of the Kampfgruppe 800. Bordellé flew over Western Europe, and over Soviet Union. He gradually became an experimented pilot.
As First Lieutenant, Walter Bordellé was awarded the Deutsche Kreuz in Gold on March 16, 1943. In the 5th Wing of the "Transportgeschwaders 2", Bordellé was eventually awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on March 16, 1944. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross principally was the highest award of Germany to recognize extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership during World War II.
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Walther Kittel
Walther Kittel (1887–1971) was a German general during World War II.
Walther Kittel was born in Metz, Alsace-Lorraine, on March 20, 1887. Kittel joined the German Army straight from school at eighteen years old in order to become a military doctor. As Oberarzt, Kittel began a brilliant career in the University of Göttingen.
From 1914 to 1918, during the First World War, Kittel served as Stabsarzt. He stayed in the army after the war, as a medical officer. Walther Kittel was promoted to the rank of Generaloberarzt on April 1931, and Oberstarzt on January janvier 1934. He continued his career as Generalarzt on January 1937 and janvier 1937, and eventually Generalstabsarzt on 1 October 1940.
Affected first in the 1st Army, he was posted then in the 12th Army on 22 December 1940, then in the 6th Army on June 19, 1942. As Chief Medical Officer in the Army Group Don, Kittel received the German Cross in silver on February 24, 1943. Chief Medical Officer in the Army Group South from March 1943 to April 1944, he was then assigned to the Army Group Ukraine, athen to the Army Group A from September 1944 to January 1945 and eventually to the Army Group Centre, from January to May 1945. Prisoner of war on May 8, 1945, Walter Kittel remained in captivity until 1947.
wn.com/Walther_Kittel -
Wilhelm Baur
Wilhelm Baur or Wilhelm Baur de Betaz (Metz, 1883 - Lindelfels, 1964) was a German Lieutenant General (Generalleutnant) of the Heer during Second World War.
Wilhelm Baur was born in Metz (February 17, 1883), in Alsace-Lorraine, which was then part of Germany. He joined the army at twenty years old. He served in the 61st Artillery Regiment, from 1903 until 1914. Baur was detached to the Military Technical Academy in 1909, before being detached to the War-Academy from 1912 to 1914. During the First World War, Baur served as a company-grade officer. He was awarded the Iron Cross.
At the beginning of the Second World War, Wilhelm Baur was appointed Chief of Staff of the Higher Flying-Training-Commander. In March 1940, he took command of the Special-Purpose-Combat-Group in Norway. On September 1940, he was appointed commander of the air district of Greifswald, then commander of the air district of Döberitz. Baur was promoted to the rank of major general (Generalmajor) on July 1941. On May 1942, Baur worked at the headquarters of the armies, with General Walther von Unruh. He was appointed Chief of the Defence Economy Staff, in Norway. Baur was promoted General Lieutenant (Generalleutnant) on August 1943. On September 1944, Wilhelm Baur was eventually placed in Führer-Reserve until the end of the war.
wn.com/Wilhelm_Baur -
Wilhelm Falley
Wilhelm Falley (1897–1944) was the first German general to be killed during the Normandy Landings in France. He was commander of the 91st Infantry Division. Falley was killed by a paratrooper of the US 82nd Airborne Division, near Sainte-Mère-Église, Normandy.
Wilhelm Falley was born in Metz, Alsace-Lorraine (at that time a part of the German Empire), on September 25, 1897. Falley joined the Imperial German Army straight from school. Enlisted in the 93rd Infantry Regiment, he fought during the First World War as a junior officer. After the war, he continued his career in the army, gradually climbing the ranks. In 1936, Falley became an instructor at the military school in Munich.
Falley was Company Commander twice during the 1930s in the 5th Infantry Regiment, first the 5th Company and later the 18th Company. Following two battalion commands, 3-238th Infantry and 2-433rd Infantry, Falley was appointed commander of the 4th Infantry Regiment on April 21, 1941. As a Lieutenant Colonel, he was awarded for bravery the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 26 November 1941. As a Colonel in February 1942, he became commander of an officers' school, until June 1943. Promoted to Major General (Generalmajor) in December 1943, and Lieutenant General (Generalleutnant) in May 1944, he held various commands before being appointed Commander of the 91st Luftlande Infanterie-Division in April 1944.
wn.com/Wilhelm_Falley
Metz, Don Filmography
- Rodeo: Life on the Circuit (2011)
- The Great Tournament (2010)
- It's Our Game: Team Canada's Victory at the 2004 World Cup of Hockey (2004)
- Ultimate Gretzky (2003)
Metz Filmography
Metz Filmography
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METZ - Wet Blanket [OFFICIAL VIDEO]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Distributed by WMG Subscribe To Sub Pop's YouTube Channel www.youtube.com Sub Pop's METZ YouTube Playlist www.youtube.com METZ / Sub Pop www.subpop.com "Wet Blanket" from the 10/9/12 METZ album www.subpop.com Directed by Scott Cudmore/Michael Leblanc www.scottcudmorefilm.com / www.leblancandcudmore.com Order the album Amazon amzn.com Itunes itunes.apple.com Sub Pop www.subpop.com METZ Website www.metzztem.com Follow METZ on Twitter twitter.com Like METZ on Facebook www.facebook.com METZ on Tour www.subpop.com METZ BandCamp Page Sub Pop Records www.subpop.com Follow Sub Pop on Twitter https Like Sub Pop on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow Sub Pop on SoundCloud soundcloud.com
http://wn.com/METZ_Wet_Blanket_OFFICIAL_VIDEO_
Distributed by WMG Subscribe To Sub Pop's YouTube Channel www.youtube.com Sub Pop's METZ YouTube Playlist www.youtube.com METZ / Sub Pop www.subpop.com "Wet Blanket" from the 10/9/12 METZ album www.subpop.com Directed by Scott Cudmore/Michael Leblanc www.scottcudmorefilm.com / www.leblancandcudmore.com Order the album Amazon amzn.com Itunes itunes.apple.com Sub Pop www.subpop.com METZ Website www.metzztem.com Follow METZ on Twitter twitter.com Like METZ on Facebook www.facebook.com METZ on Tour www.subpop.com METZ BandCamp Page Sub Pop Records www.subpop.com Follow Sub Pop on Twitter https Like Sub Pop on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow Sub Pop on SoundCloud soundcloud.com
METZ - Headache (not the video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:21
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
METZ on Sub Pop www.subpop.com "Headache" from the 10/9/12 album, METZ www.subpop.com
http://wn.com/METZ_Headache_not_the_video
METZ on Sub Pop www.subpop.com "Headache" from the 10/9/12 album, METZ www.subpop.com
- published: 08 Aug 2012
- views: 59274
- author: subpoprecords
METZ - Negative Space
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
METZ - Negative Space From the EP: Negative Space/Automat Directed by Dean Tzenos and Alex Edkins Edited by Dean Tzenos and Alex Edkins
http://wn.com/METZ_Negative_Space
METZ - Negative Space From the EP: Negative Space/Automat Directed by Dean Tzenos and Alex Edkins Edited by Dean Tzenos and Alex Edkins
- published: 05 Nov 2010
- views: 30238
- author: METZtheband
METZ - Get Off
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
METZ 2012 (MrLsin) All rights belong to:METZ and sub pop records!!!!!!!!!! www.METZZTEM.com http metz.bandcamp.com http www.subpop.com
http://wn.com/METZ_Get_Off
METZ 2012 (MrLsin) All rights belong to:METZ and sub pop records!!!!!!!!!! www.METZZTEM.com http metz.bandcamp.com http www.subpop.com
- published: 06 Oct 2012
- views: 9916
- author: MrLsin
Metz Perform "Wasted" at the Pitchfork Villain Showcase +1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:17
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
Metz discuss their live show, perform "Wasted" at Villain. ------ SUBSCRIBE to Pitchfork.tv: bit.ly ------ FOLLOW Pitchfork.tv on Twitter: bit.ly ------ For more videos from Pitchfork TV: bit.ly Like Pitchfork on Facebook: www.facebook.com Check out Pitchfork on Tumblr: pitchfork.tumblr.com Directed by: Mark Zemel Interview by: Carrie Battan Sound Engineer: Andrew Gerhan Edited by: John Strong Camera: Clay Adamczyk, Bryan Fox, Winston Case, Michael Garber, John Strong Special Thanks to: Metz, Villain Series Producer: Mark Zemel Executive Producer: RJ Bentler
http://wn.com/Metz_Perform_Wasted_at_the_Pitchfork_Villain_Showcase_+1
Metz discuss their live show, perform "Wasted" at Villain. ------ SUBSCRIBE to Pitchfork.tv: bit.ly ------ FOLLOW Pitchfork.tv on Twitter: bit.ly ------ For more videos from Pitchfork TV: bit.ly Like Pitchfork on Facebook: www.facebook.com Check out Pitchfork on Tumblr: pitchfork.tumblr.com Directed by: Mark Zemel Interview by: Carrie Battan Sound Engineer: Andrew Gerhan Edited by: John Strong Camera: Clay Adamczyk, Bryan Fox, Winston Case, Michael Garber, John Strong Special Thanks to: Metz, Villain Series Producer: Mark Zemel Executive Producer: RJ Bentler
- published: 13 Nov 2012
- views: 12782
- author: pitchforktv
METZ- Self-Titled ALBUM REVIEW
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:34
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
Listen: theneedledrop.com On its self-titled debut, the Canadian noise rock band METZ brings some heavy sounds and great riffs, but not a lot of variety or songwriting power. What did you think of this album? Love it? Hate it? Why? What should I review next, eh? theneedledrop.com http facebook.com theneedledrop.com theneedledrop.com theneedledrop.com FAV TRACKS: HEADACHE, SAD PRICKS, WET BLANKET, NEGATIVE SPACE LEAST FAV TRACK: NAUSEA METZ- SELF-TITLED / 2012 / SUB POP / NOISE ROCK, A BIT OF POST-HARDCORE AS WELL, I THINK 6/10 Y'all know this is just my opinion, right? Tags: metz, self-titled, headache, wet blanket, sad pricks, negative space, mule, album review music reviews indie underground new latest lyrics "full song" listen track concert live performance update "the needle drop" "anthony fantano" vlog talk discussion "music nerd" sub pop, rock, noise rock, post-hardcore, experimental rock, sonic youth, drive like jehu, wasted, get off, rats, knife in the water
http://wn.com/METZ_Self-Titled_ALBUM_REVIEW
Listen: theneedledrop.com On its self-titled debut, the Canadian noise rock band METZ brings some heavy sounds and great riffs, but not a lot of variety or songwriting power. What did you think of this album? Love it? Hate it? Why? What should I review next, eh? theneedledrop.com http facebook.com theneedledrop.com theneedledrop.com theneedledrop.com FAV TRACKS: HEADACHE, SAD PRICKS, WET BLANKET, NEGATIVE SPACE LEAST FAV TRACK: NAUSEA METZ- SELF-TITLED / 2012 / SUB POP / NOISE ROCK, A BIT OF POST-HARDCORE AS WELL, I THINK 6/10 Y'all know this is just my opinion, right? Tags: metz, self-titled, headache, wet blanket, sad pricks, negative space, mule, album review music reviews indie underground new latest lyrics "full song" listen track concert live performance update "the needle drop" "anthony fantano" vlog talk discussion "music nerd" sub pop, rock, noise rock, post-hardcore, experimental rock, sonic youth, drive like jehu, wasted, get off, rats, knife in the water
- published: 09 Oct 2012
- views: 11177
- author: theneedledrop
Metz - Live At Sonic Boom Records In Toronto
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:02
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Metz_Live_At_Sonic_Boom_Records_In_Toronto
METZ - Wet Blanket (not the video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
METZ / Sub Pop www.subpop.com "Wet Blanket" from the 10/9/12 self-titled METZ album www.subpop.com Pre-Order METZ: Amazon - amzn.com Itunes - itunes.apple.com Sub Pop* - www.subpop.com *If you pre-order METZ from subpop.com, you'll get a limited-edition METZ 7-inch single. Also, if you pre-order the LP from us or pick it up from a handful of independent record stores, you'll receive the limited, colored-vinyl Sub Pop Loser Edition of the record. As is the nature with all limited-edition things, the earlier you order, the better.
http://wn.com/METZ_Wet_Blanket_not_the_video
METZ / Sub Pop www.subpop.com "Wet Blanket" from the 10/9/12 self-titled METZ album www.subpop.com Pre-Order METZ: Amazon - amzn.com Itunes - itunes.apple.com Sub Pop* - www.subpop.com *If you pre-order METZ from subpop.com, you'll get a limited-edition METZ 7-inch single. Also, if you pre-order the LP from us or pick it up from a handful of independent record stores, you'll receive the limited, colored-vinyl Sub Pop Loser Edition of the record. As is the nature with all limited-edition things, the earlier you order, the better.
- published: 17 Sep 2012
- views: 18918
- author: subpoprecords
Metz - "Judderman"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:50
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Metz tv advert, directed by Enda McCallion. Beware the Judderman my dear, when the moon is fat.
http://wn.com/Metz_Judderman
Metz tv advert, directed by Enda McCallion. Beware the Judderman my dear, when the moon is fat.
- published: 24 Jan 2006
- views: 263418
- author: seriltheperil
METZ - Full Performance (Live on KEXP)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:06
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
METZ perform live in the KEXP studio. Recorded November 2, 2012. Tracklist: Dirty Shirt Wasted Get Off Headache Host: John Richards Audio: Jackson Long Cameras: Carlton Eide, Luke Knecht, Justin Wilmore Editing: Justin Wilmore Photos: Dave Lichterman www.kexp.org http
http://wn.com/METZ_Full_Performance_Live_on_KEXP
METZ perform live in the KEXP studio. Recorded November 2, 2012. Tracklist: Dirty Shirt Wasted Get Off Headache Host: John Richards Audio: Jackson Long Cameras: Carlton Eide, Luke Knecht, Justin Wilmore Editing: Justin Wilmore Photos: Dave Lichterman www.kexp.org http
- published: 03 Dec 2012
- views: 8024
- author: kexpradio
Aphex Twin Metz HQ audio
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:55
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
unreleased track
http://wn.com/Aphex_Twin_Metz_HQ_audio
Tsonga VS Ljubicic -- Metz Final 2011 [Highlights]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:30
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Metz final Highlights between Tsonga and Ljubicic.
http://wn.com/Tsonga_VS_Ljubicic_-_Metz_Final_2011_Highlights_
Metz final Highlights between Tsonga and Ljubicic.
- published: 11 Oct 2011
- views: 14389
- author: BestOfTheTennis
Earths Power Yoga Los Angeles Steven Earth Metz
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:02
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
Great Yoga Leg stretches for Runners and Cyclists
http://wn.com/Earths_Power_Yoga_Los_Angeles_Steven_Earth_Metz
Great Yoga Leg stretches for Runners and Cyclists
- published: 22 Aug 2008
- views: 28930
- author: earthspoweryoga
Aphex Twin - Metz - 15.05.2010 (2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:48
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
Dj Set d'Aphex Twin au Parc de la Seille à Metz, pour l'inauguration du centre Pompidou le 15 mai 2010 (vidéo 2 sur 6)
http://wn.com/Aphex_Twin_Metz_15052010_2
Dj Set d'Aphex Twin au Parc de la Seille à Metz, pour l'inauguration du centre Pompidou le 15 mai 2010 (vidéo 2 sur 6)
- published: 17 May 2010
- views: 166300
- author: Peter McGregor
MC Metz MC Trix - Aja Mahi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
This song always reminds me of someone special
http://wn.com/MC_Metz_MC_Trix_Aja_Mahi
This song always reminds me of someone special
- published: 06 Dec 2007
- views: 284648
- author: armaanyounis
Snapshot with JP METZ (Justine Angrily and Reluctantly Shares Her Life Story)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:33
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
Family and friends who helped shape what we know as JP METZ today, reflect on the life and times of a YouTube legend. Well, sort of... Justine, with the help of some interesting characters, sheds light on her life, from her struggles to her successes with a dash of humor, all the way from her hometown in New Jersey. YOUTUBE CHANNEL: www.youtube.com www.youtube.com SUBSCRIBE TO JPMETZ PODCAST ON iTUNES: itunes.apple.com HOME OF ANGER: www.jpmetz.com FACEBOOK www.facebook.com TWITTER: www.twitter.com Nick's (Mr. Metz and Frankie) Channels www.youtube.com www.youtube.com Robbie's (Pierre) Channel www.youtube.com KEYWORDS ------------------------- StyleHaul JP METZ jpmetz frig soundlyawake nicolafoti KickingGeese New Jersey beauty makeup Justine tutorials snapshot SomeTipsForLife
http://wn.com/Snapshot_with_JP_METZ_Justine_Angrily_and_Reluctantly_Shares_Her_Life_Story
Family and friends who helped shape what we know as JP METZ today, reflect on the life and times of a YouTube legend. Well, sort of... Justine, with the help of some interesting characters, sheds light on her life, from her struggles to her successes with a dash of humor, all the way from her hometown in New Jersey. YOUTUBE CHANNEL: www.youtube.com www.youtube.com SUBSCRIBE TO JPMETZ PODCAST ON iTUNES: itunes.apple.com HOME OF ANGER: www.jpmetz.com FACEBOOK www.facebook.com TWITTER: www.twitter.com Nick's (Mr. Metz and Frankie) Channels www.youtube.com www.youtube.com Robbie's (Pierre) Channel www.youtube.com KEYWORDS ------------------------- StyleHaul JP METZ jpmetz frig soundlyawake nicolafoti KickingGeese New Jersey beauty makeup Justine tutorials snapshot SomeTipsForLife
- published: 03 Sep 2011
- views: 21498
- author: stylehaul
Nadishana - Armin Metz *Gurgang*, bass - jaw harp duo.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
nadishana.com - order CD (digipak) and listen to all samples nadishana.com download @ artist website(much appreciated!) www.cdbaby.com - download @ cdbaby bit.ly - download @ iTunes Studio version of the Gurgang tune from "Far&Near;" CD of Nadishana Trio Nadishana - altaian khomus Armin Metz - 6-string bass According to ancient Kuzhebar mythology, the Gurgang tree starts to glow 2 times a year. That happens during the periods of maximal solar activity. Traditionally in that time the "Shuol Khymat " ritual takes place near that tree.
http://wn.com/Nadishana_Armin_Metz_*Gurgang*,_bass_jaw_harp_duo
nadishana.com - order CD (digipak) and listen to all samples nadishana.com download @ artist website(much appreciated!) www.cdbaby.com - download @ cdbaby bit.ly - download @ iTunes Studio version of the Gurgang tune from "Far&Near;" CD of Nadishana Trio Nadishana - altaian khomus Armin Metz - 6-string bass According to ancient Kuzhebar mythology, the Gurgang tree starts to glow 2 times a year. That happens during the periods of maximal solar activity. Traditionally in that time the "Shuol Khymat " ritual takes place near that tree.
- published: 06 Feb 2012
- views: 11443
- author: nadishana
Kuckhermann-Metz-Nadishana trio - *Khubananukh*
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:59
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
nkm.nadishana.com David Kuckhermann - hang SpB (F integral Dom7), Krix (foot jingle), voice Vladiswar Nadishana - bansuri, kou xiang (jaw harp), voice Armin Metz - 6-string fretless bass, voice
http://wn.com/Kuckhermann-Metz-Nadishana_trio_*Khubananukh*
nkm.nadishana.com David Kuckhermann - hang SpB (F integral Dom7), Krix (foot jingle), voice Vladiswar Nadishana - bansuri, kou xiang (jaw harp), voice Armin Metz - 6-string fretless bass, voice
- published: 20 Jul 2012
- views: 17629
- author: nadishana
![Ahsan Bajwa ft. Metz 'N Trix - Nerre Nerre [OFFICIAL VIDEO]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130118004200im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/FqVUJjW4osc/default.jpg "Ahsan Bajwa ft. Metz 'N Trix - Nerre Nerre [OFFICIAL VIDEO]")
Ahsan Bajwa ft. Metz 'N Trix - Nerre Nerre [OFFICIAL VIDEO]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Available on iTunes: itunes.apple.com Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com Ahsan Bajwa Ft. Metz 'N Trix - Nerre Nerre (Come Closer) Produced by: Brown Theory Released by: Shine Recordz Info: info@ShineRecordz.com Bookings: bookings@AhsanBajwa.com
http://wn.com/Ahsan_Bajwa_ft_Metz_'N_Trix_Nerre_Nerre_OFFICIAL_VIDEO_
Available on iTunes: itunes.apple.com Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com Ahsan Bajwa Ft. Metz 'N Trix - Nerre Nerre (Come Closer) Produced by: Brown Theory Released by: Shine Recordz Info: info@ShineRecordz.com Bookings: bookings@AhsanBajwa.com
- published: 05 Jul 2012
- views: 556107
- author: ShineRecordzMusic
Gupz Saund & Metz 'N' Trix - Kerre Velle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:40
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
www.facebook.com www.twitter.com itunes.apple.com Gupz Saund & Metz 'N' Trix - Kerre Velle (HD) Out on iTunes NOW only 79p Directed by Max Shaw Films Amazon Link www.amazon.co.uk iTunes WorldWide UK itunes.apple.com USA itunes.apple.com Australia itunes.apple.com Canada...
http://wn.com/Gupz_Saund_Metz_'N'_Trix_Kerre_Velle
www.facebook.com www.twitter.com itunes.apple.com Gupz Saund & Metz 'N' Trix - Kerre Velle (HD) Out on iTunes NOW only 79p Directed by Max Shaw Films Amazon Link www.amazon.co.uk iTunes WorldWide UK itunes.apple.com USA itunes.apple.com Australia itunes.apple.com Canada...
- published: 17 May 2011
- views: 320967
- author: metzntrixtv
METZ - "Wasted" - Slacker Radio Artist Showcase
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
METZ performing their song "Wasted" for Slacker Radio at Studio West in San Diego. For more on METZ, visit www.slacker.com/album/metz/metz. Audio Engineering - Hunter Levy of Studio West Video Production - Andrew Rowley of Slacker Radio
http://wn.com/METZ_Wasted_Slacker_Radio_Artist_Showcase
METZ performing their song "Wasted" for Slacker Radio at Studio West in San Diego. For more on METZ, visit www.slacker.com/album/metz/metz. Audio Engineering - Hunter Levy of Studio West Video Production - Andrew Rowley of Slacker Radio
- published: 29 Nov 2012
- views: 657
- author: slacker
METZ - Dirty Shirt (Trailer)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:38
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
Subscribe To Sub Pop's YouTube Channel www.youtube.com Sub Pop's METZ YouTube Playlist www.youtube.com "Dirty Shirt" and "Leave Me Out" on digital release December 4th, 2012. METZ / Sub Pop www.subpop.com www.subpop.com METZ Website www.metzztem.com Follow METZ on Twitter twitter.com Like METZ on Facebook www.facebook.com METZ on Tour www.subpop.com Sub Pop Records www.subpop.com Follow Sub Pop on Twitter https Like Sub Pop on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow Sub Pop on SoundCloud soundcloud.com
http://wn.com/METZ_Dirty_Shirt_Trailer
Subscribe To Sub Pop's YouTube Channel www.youtube.com Sub Pop's METZ YouTube Playlist www.youtube.com "Dirty Shirt" and "Leave Me Out" on digital release December 4th, 2012. METZ / Sub Pop www.subpop.com www.subpop.com METZ Website www.metzztem.com Follow METZ on Twitter twitter.com Like METZ on Facebook www.facebook.com METZ on Tour www.subpop.com Sub Pop Records www.subpop.com Follow Sub Pop on Twitter https Like Sub Pop on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow Sub Pop on SoundCloud soundcloud.com
- published: 29 Nov 2012
- views: 4632
- author: subpoprecords
Hajduk - Metz 5:1 (1985 1st game)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:08
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Hajduk - Metz 5:1 (1985 1st game)
http://wn.com/Hajduk_Metz_51_1985_1st_game
photo: White House / Pete Souza
17 Jan 2013
AMY TEIBEL. Associated Press= JERUSALEM (AP) — Israel's premier on Wednesday dismissed President Barack Obama's reported displeasure with his hard-line policies toward the Palestinians, a sisgn that the two could be headed for a showdown. Polls suggest Benjamin Netanyahu is poised to win Israel's elections next week and continue in office ... could suffer in unprecedented ways if the Israeli government doesn't change its policies....(size: 10.2Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / INABA Tomoaki
16 Jan 2013
YURI KAGEYAMA. AP Business Writers= TOKYO (AP) — Boeing Co.'s 787 planes were grounded for safety checks Wednesday by two major Japanese airlines after one was forced to make an emergency landing in the latest blow for the new jet ... The 787, known as the Dreamliner, is Boeing's newest and most technologically advanced jet, and the company is counting heavily on its success ... The grounding was done voluntarily by the airlines ... The U.S ... U.S....(size: 11.1Kb)
photo: AP / BP
16 Jan 2013
IN what could be the first spillover from France's intervention in Mali, Islamist militants attacked and occupied a natural gas complex partly operated by energy company BP in southern Algeria. Two foreigners were killed and dozens of others, including Americans, were taken hostage ... It said it was holding 41 foreigners, including seven Americans ... Recommended Coverage. Al-Qaeda seize hostages in Algeria. End of sidebar ... . ....(size: 7.4Kb)
photo: French MoD photo
16 Jan 2013
BAMAKO, Mali -- After a punishing bombing campaign failed to halt the advance of al-Qaida-linked fighters, France pledged Tuesday to triple the size of its force in Mali, sending in hundreds more troops as it prepared for a land assault to dislodge the militants occupying the country's northern half ... On Tuesday, France announced that it was increasing the number of troops from 800 to 2,500 ... "We have one objective ... On Tuesday, U.S ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)
photo: GFDL
17 Jan 2013
TOKYO. Aviation regulators on Thursday grounded most of the world's 787 Dreamliner fleet until a fire risk linked to the plane's batteries can been fixed, deepening a crisis for its US manufacturer Boeing. Regulators in Japan, India and Chile followed the lead of the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in ordering an indefinite halt to all operations, after a Japanese Dreamliner on Wednesday was forced into an emergency landing ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
Business Journal
18 Jan 2013
Susan Stabley Staff Writer- Charlotte Business Journal Email . Twitter. South End landmark Pewter Rose Bistro will serve its last round of dinner and drinks Sunday night ... Feb. 13 would have been the Pewter Rose’s 25th anniversary, Peck noted ... since 1988 ... Related links.. Food. Industries. ... Your News Made Easy ... Metz Jr commented on Jerry Richardson's sale plans for Carolina Panthers could tip stadium talks on Thursday, January 17th ... ....(size: 10.9Kb)
Lehigh Valley
17 Jan 2013
That was more than good enough thanks to efforts such as senior Ryan Metz at 195 pounds. Metz entered with a 4-4 record and was facing junior Ryan Witner at 12-7 ... "It's always been my dream to wrestle on Gold Rush night," said Metz, who is in his first year on varsity ... "It's amazing to wrestle in front of these fans at the Gold Rush," said Metz, who gave away at least 10 pounds to Witner....(size: 4.3Kb)
Japan Times
17 Jan 2013
Armadillo Rating ... Janus Metz. Running time ... Director Janus Metz spent six months in 2009 with a platoon of Danish troops deployed in Afghanistan's Helmand Province as part of the NATO role in "bringing peace to Afghanistan." ... Director Metz takes a largely neutral view, recording the soldiers and their opinions truthfully and without editorializing, while dodging bullets in the field to capture 100 percent of the soldiers' experience ... ....(size: 5.9Kb)
Business Wire
17 Jan 2013
OAKLAND, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Platt Inc Real Estate, a boutique residential Real Estate company owned by Cameron Platt, the 2012 president of the Oakland Association of REALTORS®, has affiliated with Harcourts USA and changed its name to Harcourts Platt Inc Real Estate ... Harcourts Platt Inc Real Estate is the first Northern California brokerage to join ... Harcourts International Ltd ... Metz Public Relations. Barbara Metz, 858-677-0720 ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
PR Newswire
17 Jan 2013
Overviews of the Russian, Chinese and Japanese titanium industries will be provided, respectively, by Michael Metz , VSMPO Tirus US; Wuzhuang Zou, Baoji Titanium Industry Co., Ltd; and Mike Okano , Titanium Division, Kobe Steel , Ltd. According to Mr. Metz, Russian Federation demand is expected to double between 2010 and 2017, due to aircraft, ......(size: 7.3Kb)
CNBC
17 Jan 2013
(Read More. Debt Ceiling Battle. Why No One Agrees on Anything) ... "We wanted to construct a portfolio that can articulate that point of view and that asymmetry, taking the common buy-write and putting volatility as its main component from the risk-reward standpoint," said Eric Metz, portfolio manager of the RiverNorth fund, which started trading in October. Metz said the fund looks for "mispriced volatility" among individual stocks ... ....(size: 6.9Kb)
noodls
17 Jan 2013
Includes detailed coverage of the German North Sea and Baltic coasts and the German inland waterway system including the entirety of the Rhine, the Main River to Bamberg, the Danube River from Kelheim to Passau, the Saar River, the Moselle River to Metz, FR; the Ems River to Papenburg, the Weser River to Minden, the Elbe River to Dresden, the Havel ......(size: 6.9Kb)
Business Journal
17 Jan 2013
John Downey Senior Staff Writer- Charlotte Business Journal Email . Twitter. Piedmont Natural Gas has proposed cutting rates for residential customers by 7.5 percent to 9.5 percent in the Carolinas starting next month. The reduction must be approved for the respective states by the N.C ... Industries. ... Metz Jr commented on Jerry Richardson's sale plans for Carolina Panthers could tip stadium talks on Thursday, January 17th ... ... ... ....(size: 10.6Kb)
Business Journal
17 Jan 2013
Will Boye Senior Staff Writer- Charlotte Business Journal Email . Twitter. I caught up with Scott Steinhilber, predevelopment manager with ContraVest, and got a few more details on The Addison, the 321-unit apartment complex that his company is building in southwest Charlotte ... Industries. ... Sign Up Now ... Metz Jr commented on Jerry Richardson's sale plans for Carolina Panthers could tip stadium talks on Thursday, January 17th ... ... ... ....(size: 10.9Kb)
Business Journal
17 Jan 2013
Adam O'Daniel Finance Editor- Charlotte Business Journal Email . Twitter. It’s time to make more money. That’s essentially the message Bank of America Corp. Chief Executive Brian Moynihan sent to The Street on Thursday morning, during Charlotte-based BofA’s earnings call ... •Too noisy ... Page 1 2 3 .View All ... Metz Jr commented on Jerry Richardson's sale plans for Carolina Panthers could tip stadium talks on Thursday, January 17th ... ... ....(size: 11.7Kb)
Business Journal
17 Jan 2013
Susan Stabley Staff Writer- Charlotte Business Journal Email . Twitter. Good news about bad mortgages in the Charlotte metro area. the number of “underwater” mortgages dropped in third quarter of 2012 from the previous quarter, according to CoreLogic ... Industries. ... Your News Made Easy ... Sign Up Now ... Comments ... Metz Jr commented on Jerry Richardson's sale plans for Carolina Panthers could tip stadium talks on Thursday, January 17th ... ....(size: 11.5Kb)
Business Journal
17 Jan 2013
John Downey Senior Staff Writer- Charlotte Business Journal Email . Twitter. The investment news site 24/7 Wall St. tabs Babcock & Wilcox as one of “The 11 Companies That Will Rebuild America’s Aging Infrastructure” in an article published under that headline Wednesday ... Energy infrastructure ... Industries. ... Metz Jr commented on Jerry Richardson's sale plans for Carolina Panthers could tip stadium talks on Thursday, January 17th ... ....(size: 11.7Kb)
Ohio
16 Jan 2013
Holden Elementary principal Julie Troman, whose building hosted the meeting, presented special recognition awards to both the Kent Environmental Council and volunteer Rae Metz. The council has provided both financial and advisory assistance to Holden Elementary's gardening project for students and Metz volunteered on a weekly basis for eight weeks ......(size: 4.2Kb)
For other uses, see Metz (disambiguation).
| Metz | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — Commune — | |||
| Municipalité de Metz | |||
 |
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|
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| Nickname(s): The Maid; The Unviolated; The Green City | |||
 Metz
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| Coordinates: 49°07′13″N 6°10′40″E / 49.12028°N 6.17778°E / 49.12028; 6.17778Coordinates: 49°07′13″N 6°10′40″E / 49.12028°N 6.17778°E / 49.12028; 6.17778 | |||
| Country |  France |
||
| Region |  Lorraine |
||
| Department |  Moselle |
||
| Agglomeration community | Metz Metropole | ||
| Founded | 5th century BC | ||
| Prefecture | Lorraine; Moselle |
||
| Government | |||
| • Type | Mayor-Council | ||
| • Mayor | Dominique Gros (PS) | ||
| Area | |||
| • Commune | 41.94 km2 (16.19 sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 277 km2 (107 sq mi) | ||
| Highest elevation | 358 m (1,175 ft) | ||
| Lowest elevation | 162 m (531 ft) | ||
| Population (2008) | |||
| • Commune | 122,838 | ||
| • Density | 5,492/km2 (14,220/sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 230,334 | ||
| Demonym | Messin | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| ZIP codes | 57000; 57050; 57070 | ||
| Dialing code | +33 03 | ||
| Website | [3]; [4] | ||
Metz (French pronunciation: [mɛs] ( listen); German: [ˈmɛts]) is a city in the northeast of France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers.
Metz is the capital of the Lorraine region and prefecture of the Moselle department. Located near the tripoint along the junction of France, Germany, and Luxembourg, Metz forms a central place of the European Greater Region and of the SaarLorLux Euroregion. So, Metz is a fellow member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along with Luxembourg City and German Saarbrücken and Trier.
A Celtic oppidum, an important Gallo-Roman city, the Merovingian capital of the Austrasia kingdom, the birthplace of the Carolingian dynasty, a cradle of the Gregorian chant, and one of the oldest republics of the common era in Europe, Metz has a rich 3,000 year history. The city has been steeped in Romance culture, but has been strongly influenced by Germanic culture due to its location and history. A basin of urban ecology, pioneered under the leadership of people like Jean-Marie Pelt, Metz gained its nickname, The Green City, boasting over 37 m2 (398 sq ft) of open ground per inhabitant and the city's historic downtown also displays one of the largest commercial, pedestrian areas in France.[1]
Metz possesses one of the largest urban-conservation area in France covering 162.9 ha (402.53 acres) and more than 100 buildings of the city are classified on the monument historique list.[2][3] Because of its tremendous historical and cultural background, Metz benefits from its designation as a town of art and history.[4] The city is home to some world-class venues such as the Arsenal concert hall, the Centre Pompidou-Metz museum, and the National Opera of Lorraine (along with Nancy Opera).[5]
A historical Garrison town, Metz is the economic heart of the Lorraine region, being specialized in information technology and automotive industries. Metz is also a centre for applied research and development in the materials sector notably in metallurgy and metallography, the heritage of the Lorraine region's past in the iron and steel industry.
Contents |
History[link]
[edit] Roman Divodurum Mediomatricum
In ancient times, Metz was called Divodurum (meaning Holy Village or Holy Fortress in Latin[6]), and was the capital of the Celtic Mediomatrici. The abbreviated name of this tribe, Mettis, gave rise to the name Metz. At the beginning of the Christian Era, the site was already occupied by the Romans. Metz became one of the principal towns of Gallia, more populous than Lutetia (ancestor of present-day Paris), and rich thanks to its wine exports. It had one of the largest amphitheatres in Gallia. An aqueduct of 23 km (14.29 mi) and 118 arches, extending from Gorze to Metz, was constructed in the 2nd century AD to supply the city with water. This aqueduct supplied water for public baths. As a well-fortified town at the junction of several military roads, Metz soon grew to great importance. One of the last Roman strongholds to surrender to the Germanic tribes, it was captured by the Huns of Attila in 451. Only a solitary chapel was left standing.[7] About the end of the 5th century, Metz passed into the hands of the Franks.
Early Frankish Metz[link]
Though the first Christian churches were to be found outside the city, the existence in the 5th century of the oratory of Saint Stephen within the city walls has been fully proved. In the beginning of the 7th century the oldest monastic establishments were those of Saint Glossinde and Saint Peter. Since King Sigibert I, Metz was frequently the residence of the Merovingian kings of Austrasia and the reign of Queen Brunhilda in particular imbued the town with great splendour. The town preserved the good-will of the rulers, when the Carolingians acceded to the Frankish throne, as it had long been a base of their family and one of their primal ancestors, Saint Arnuff, as well as his son Chlodulf, had been bishops of Metz. Emperor Charlemagne considered making Metz his chief residence before he finally decided in favour of Aachen.
There is evidence that the earliest western musical notation, in the form of neumes in camp aperto (without staff-lines), was created at Metz around 800, as a result of Charlemagne's desire for Frankish church musicians to retain the performance nuances used by the Roman singers.[8] In the basilica, Louis the Pious, King of the Franks, and his half-brother the Bishop Drogo were buried, and King Charles the Bald was crowned there.
Lotharingian Metz[link]
In 843, Metz became the capital of the kingdom of Lotharingia, and several diets and councils were held there. Numerous Christian manuscripts, the product of the Metz schools of writing and painting, such as the famous Trier Ada manuscript and the Drogo Sacramentary for the personal use of a bishop of the royal house (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris), are evidence of the active intellectual lives and sumptuous patronage of Carolingian Metz. After the death of King Lothair II, the kingdom of Lotharingia, and thus Metz, was contested and alternated between the eastern and the western Frankish kingdom until in 925 it finally became part of the east kingdom and subsequently the Holy Roman Empire, as a free imperial city. The increasing influence of the bishops in the city became greater when Adalbert I (928–62) obtained a share of the privileges of the counts; until the 12th century, therefore, the history of the town is practically identical with that of the bishops.[9] Under Dietrich I of Metz (ca. 984) the monastery of Saint-Symphorien was restored. In 1039, the former Ottonian cathedral was built by Dietrich II to take the place of the Carolingian Saint-Stephen church.[10] In the spring of 1096, Metz became one of the scenes of the Rhineland massacres of non-Christians as count Emicho of Flonheim gathered followers for the First Crusade. A group of these crusaders entered Metz, forcibly converting Jewish families, and killing those who resisted baptism. 22 Jewish citizens of Metz were slaughtered.
The Commune of Metz[link]
In the 12th century, the burgesses began efforts to free themselves from the domination of the bishops. In 1180, the burgesses formed a close corporation, the Tredecem jurati, which were appointed as municipal representatives in 1207. The burgesses were still nominated directly by the bishop, who had also a controlling influence in the selection of the presiding officer of the board of aldermen (which originated in the 11th century). The twenty-five representatives sent by the various parishes held an independent position; in judicial matters they helped the Tredecem jurati and formed the democratic element of the system of government. The other municipal authorities were chosen by the town aristocracy, the so-called Paraiges, i.e. the five associations whose members were selected from distinguished families to protect the interests of their relatives. The other body of burgesses, called a Commune, also appears as a Paraige from the year 1297; in the individual offices it was represented by double the number of members that each of the older five Paraiges had. Making common cause, the older family unions and the Commune found it advantageous to gradually increase the powers of the city as opposed to the bishops, and also to keep the control of the municipal government fully in their hands and out of that of the powerful growing guilds, so that until the 16th century Metz remained a purely aristocratic organization. In 1300, the Paraiges gained the right to fill the office of head-alderman, during the 14th century the right to elect the Tredecem jurati, and in 1383 the right to mint its own coins. The guilds, which during the 14th century had attained great independence, were completely suppressed (1383), and the last revolutionary attempt of the artisans to seize control of the city government (1405) was put down with much bloodshed.
The city had often to fight for its freedom: from 1324–27 against the dukes of Luxembourg and Lorraine, as well as against the archbishop of Trier; in 1363 and 1365 against the band of English mercenaries under Arnold of Cervola, in the 15th century against France and the dukes of Burgundy, who sought to annex Metz to their lands or at least wanted to exercise a protectorate. Nevertheless it maintained its independence, even though at great cost, and remained, outwardly at least, part of the German Empire, whose ruler, however, concerned himself very little with this important frontier stronghold.
French Metz[link]
Charles IV in 1354 and 1356 held diets here, at the latter of which was promulgated the famous statute known as the Golden Bull. The town therefore felt that it occupied an almost independent position between France and Germany, and wanted most of all to evade the obligation of imperial taxes and attendance at the diet. The estrangement between it and the German States daily became wider, and finally affairs came to such a pass that in the religious and political troubles of 1552, Metz found itself in the middle of the war between Charles V and the rebellious princes. By an agreement of the German princes, Maurice of Saxony, William of Hesse, and John Albert of Mecklenburg, with Henry II of France, ratified by the French king at Chambord, Metz was formally transferred to France, the gates of the city were opened, and Henry II took possession as vicarius sacri imperii et urbis protector. Francis, Duke of Guise, commander of the garrison, restored the old fortifications and added new ones, and successfully resisted the attacks of the emperor from October to December 1552. Metz remained French.
The recognition by the empire of the surrender of Metz to France came at the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia. By the construction of the citadel (1555–62), the new government secured itself against the citizens, who were discontented with the turn of events. Important internal changes soon took place. In place of the Paraiges stood the authority of the French king, whose representative was the governor. The head-alderman, now appointed by the governor, was replaced by a royalist mayor (1640). The aldermen were also appointed by the governor and henceforth drawn from the whole body of burgesses. In 1633, the judiciary passed to the parliament. The powers of the Tredecem jurati were also restricted, in 1634 totally abolished, and replaced by the Bailliage royal.
Among the cities of Lorraine, Metz held a prominent position during the French possession for two reasons. First, the city became one of the most important fortresses through the work of Vauban (1674) and Cormontaigne (1730). Vauban wrote to King Louis XIV: "Each one of the fortified towns of Your Majesty protects one province, Metz protects the State." Second, it became the capital of the temporal province of the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun, which France had seized (1552) and, by the Peace of Westphalia, retained. In 1633, to this end three bishoprics, a supreme court of justice and court of administration, the Metz's parliament, were created.
In 1681, the Chambre Royale, notorious assembly chamber, whose business it was to decide what fiefs belonged to the Three Bishoprics, which King Louis XIV claimed for France, was made a part of this parliament, which lasted, after a temporary dissolution (1771–75), until the final settlement by the Estates-General of 1789, whereupon the division of the land into departments and districts followed. Metz became the capital of the Department of Moselle, created in 1790. The revolution visited great calamities upon the city. In the campaign of 1814 the army of the Sixth Coalition besieged the city, but was unable to take the city which was defended by a French army under command of General Durutte.
1819: A view of Metz during the Bourbon Restoration[link]
In July 1819, the Scottish born naval officer Norwich Duff visited Metz and recorded a detailed description of the town:
Metz is a large and strongly fortified town, situated on a plain at the confluence of the Moselle and Seille. It manufactures woollen goods, linen, china, paper, oil, starch and is famous for its hams, liquers, sweetmeats and artificial flowers: they also have a king's manufacture of gunpowder. The government house and the promenades round it are very fine: there is also [an] immense extent of barracks for troops, a large cathedral and a theatre. From the number of running ditches formed by the river there are a great many bridges: the streets, like in all French towns [sic], are narrow and dirty and the houses high: the ground is also very uneven on which they stand. Some street performers gave us a little very tolerable music during our dinner.
Metz and the Franco-Prussian War[link]
During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, Metz was the headquarters of the Third French Army Corps under the command of General Bazaine. Through the operations of the German army, Bazaine, after the battles of Colombey, Mars-la-Tour, and Gravelotte was besieged in Metz. The besieging German army was commanded by Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia; as the few sorties of the garrison were unable to break the German lines, Metz was forced to surrender (27 October 1870), with the result that 6,000 French officers and 170,000 men were taken prisoner. The philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche took part in the siege of Metz as a German soldier. By the Treaty of Frankfurt of 1871, Metz became a German city, and was made a most important garrison and a strong fortress. The German army decided to build a second and a third fortified line around Metz. The former fortifications on the south and east were levelled in 1898, thus securing space for growth and development.
20th century and modern day Metz[link]
Following the armistice with Germany ending the First World War, the French army entered Metz in November 1918 and the city was returned to France under the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. But after the Battle of France in 1940 during the Second World War, the city was immediately annexed by the German Third Reich. Most of the Nazi dignitaries assumed it was obvious that the city of Metz, where so many German army officers were born,[11] was a German city. In 1944, the attack on the city by the U.S. Third Army faced heavy resistance from the defending German forces, and resulted in heavy casualties on both sides.[12] The Battle of Metz lasted for several weeks and the heavily fortified city of Metz was captured by the U.S. Army under the command of General George S. Patton before the end of November 1944.[13] Metz reverted to France after the war.
Nowadays, the military importance of Metz has decreased, and the city has diversified its economic base. Expansion has continued in the recent decades despite the economic crisis that besets the rest of Lorraine region. Metz is in the heart of a new economic region known as the SaarLorLux Euroregion, and combines the culture and economic aspects of this unique region in Europe. Since the 1970s, the city has developed its university and overall infrastructure for the European Greater Region. Metz's technopole is another example of the economic revival of Metz and its region. The technopole, a high-tech park spread over 180 ha (444.79 acres) specializing in information technology, was established in 1983 and has attracted over 200 companies, 4,000 employees and 4,500 students. World-class academic institutions such as Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Georgia Tech (Georgia Tech Lorraine) and Supélec along with established companies including ProConsultant, SFR and TDF are located at the technopole.
In 2010, Metz opened a branch of the Parisian Pompidou centre, the Centre Pompidou-Metz, inaugurated by the president of the French Republic, Nicolas Sarkozy, on 12 May 2010. He stated that "the Lorraine region has suffered greatly in recent decades from restructuring, transfers, changes, the textile and steel industries, the mines, the military (...) In this remarkable architectural gesture, we will from now on be able to take hold of the renaissance of Metz and the renaissance of Lorraine."[14] Indeed, in addition of the arrival of the high-speed rail connections in 2007 and the Pompidou centre in 2010, the municipality launched urban renewal plans (e.g., edification of the modern Amphithéatre district, reconversion of Metz's extensive military facilities); important infrastructure projects (e.g., building of the Mercy high-tech hospital, refurbishment of squares, public ways, and Saint-Symphorien stadium, improvement of public transportation); ambitious cultural and educational programmes (e.g., construction of a new popular music venue, creation of a veterinary school, establishment of the Lorraine-University along with Nancy); and economic and industrial development (e.g., extension and creation of a second technopole).
Politics and administration[link]
|
List of mayors of Metz[link]
| Période | Name | Party | Background | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 | Today | Dominique Gros(FR) | PS | Engineer, general councillor of Moselle, vice-president of Metz Métropole |
| 1971 | 2008 | Jean-Marie Rausch(FR) | UMP | Minister, senator of Moselle, president of Metz Métropole, president of the Regional council of Lorraine |
| 1947 | 1970 | Raymond Mondon(FR) | RI | Minister, MP for Moselle |
| 1938 | 1947 | Gabriel Hocquard(FR) | Unknown | Unknown |
| 1924 | 1938 | Paul Vautrin(FR) | Bloc Lorrain | General councillor of Moselle |
Capital and prefecture of the Lorraine and Moselle[link]
The Lorraine parliament is held in the former Saint-Clement abbey in Metz. Metz is also home of the council of Moselle and the Lorraine prefecture is located in the former Intendant palace.
City administrative division[link]
The city of Metz is divided into different administrative divisions:
- Metz Nord (harbour zone)
- The Islands (opera house, Protestant Temple Neuf, University of Lorraine, the marina)
- Metz downtown and Old City (Centre-Ville, Ste Croix, Outre-Seille, and l'Esplanade garden)
- German Imperial District (Railway Station, Central Post Office, Ste-Therèse-de-l'Enfant-Jesus church)
- Sablon (Centre Pompidou-Metz, Metz indoor sport arena, Seille park)
- Plantières and Queuleu (Queuleu fort)
- Bellecroix (Bellecroix fort)
- Vallières (Robert Schumann hospital)
- Borny and Grigy (Technopole)
- La Grange-aux-Bois (Congress Centre, Mercy hospital and Mercy château)
- Magny
Cityscape[link]
Civilian architecture[link]
The city is famous for its yellow limestone architecture, due to the extensive use of the Jaumont stone. The historic district has kept part of the Gallo-Roman city planning. Indeed, Divodurum's Cardo Maximus, then called Via Scarponensis, includes today the Trinitaires, Taison, and Serpenoise streets and the Robert Schuman and General Leclerc avenues. The Decumanus Maximus is the ancestor of present-day En Fournirue and d'Estrées streets, passing in front of the Saint-Stephen cathedral from the 13th century.
Metz is home to a mishmash of architectural layers, witnessing its millennium history at the crossroad of different cultures.[15] Thus, from its Gallo-Roman past, the city conserves vestiges of the thermae (in the basement of Metz's museums), parts of the aqueduct, and Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains basilica. The Saint-Louis square with its arcades, where currency changers gathered, remains a major symbol of the High Medieval heritage of the city, as well as, a Knights Templar chapel. The Gothic cathedral, several churches and Hôtels, and two remarkable municipal granaries reflect the Late Middle Ages.
Examples of Renaissance architecture can be seen in the House of Heads (French: Maison des Têtes) and in the Burtaigne Hôtel from the 16th century. The Enlightenment is represented by buildings of the Petit-Saulcy island, the opera house and the prefecture palace built by Jacques Oger, and the court house built by Charles-Louis Clérisseau in 1776. Also, the city hall and buildings surrounding the town square are works of Jacques-François Blondel, awarded by the Royal Academy of Architecture to redesign the centre of Metz in 1755.
The German Imperial District was built during the first annexation of Metz by Otto von Bismarck to the German Empire. In order to germanify the city, Emperor Wilhelm II decided to create a new district shaped by a distinctive blend of Germanic architecture, including Renaissance, neo-Romanesque or neo-Classical, mixed with elements of art nouveau, art deco, Alsatian and mock-Bavarian styles. Moreover, the Jaumont stone, commonly used everywhere else in the city, was replaced by stones used in the Rhineland, like pink and grey sandstone, granite and basalt. The district, thought by German architect Conrad Wahn, features noteworthy buildings including the water tower, the impressive railway station, the Central Post-Office, the Mondon square (former Imperial square), and the large Foch avenue (former Kaiser Wihelm Ring).
Modern architecture can also be seen in the town. Hence the Fabert boarding high school built by architects Roger Parisot and Paul Micholeau in 1936 and the Sainte-Thérèse-de-l'Enfant-Jésus church was built by architect Roger-Henri Expert in 1954 in a thin-shell structure. Then, the fire station was designed by architect Georges-Henri Pingusson in 1960 and the Miséricorde chapel by architects Henri Drillen and Pierre Fauque in 1965. Subdivisions designed by architects Jean Dubuisson and Roger Gaertner (1978) can also be seen. The refurbishment of the former Ney Arsenal into a concert hall venue in 1989 by architect Ricardo Bofill represents the postmodernism movement. The city displays street furnitures designed by Philippe Starck and Norman Foster.
The Centre Pompidou-Metz museum represents a strong architectural initiative by Shigeru Ban and Jean de Gastine, marking the entrance of Metz into the 21st century. The building, along with the arena by Paul Chemetov built in 2002, will be the cornerstone of the Amphitheatre district. The new district of 27 ha (66.72 acres), conceived by architects and urban planners Nicolas Michelin and Jean-Paul Viguier, is currently under construction and includes the erection of a convention centre and a shopping mall. The inner district already encompasses the Seille park designed by landscape architect Jacques Coulon. The urban project is expected to be completed by 2015. Moreover, the Borny district, formally designed by architect Jean Dubuisson, is currently being extensively refurbished by urban planner Bernard Reichen, and will include a concert venue, conceived in music box shape by its architect Rudy Ricciotti. Its completion is expected in 2012.
Military architecture[link]
See also: Fortifications of Metz
As a historical Garrison town, Metz has been largely influenced by military architecture throughout its history. Indeed, from classical antiquity to the present, the city has been successively fortified or complemented in order to receive the troops stationed there. Thus, defensive walls from classical antiquity to 20th century are still visible today and are included in garden and park design along the Moselle and Seille rivers and in the city surroundings. A medieval city gate from the 13th century, named Germans' Gate (French: Porte des Allemands), has become one of the symbols of the city. Remains of the citadel from the 16th century and fortifications built by Louis de Cormontaigne are still visible today. Important barracks, mostly from the 18th and 19th centuries, are spread around the city, and some of them which are of architectural interest have reconverted to civilian facilities, e.g. the Arsenal. Ringing the city are extensive fortifications of Metz, that include early examples of Séré de Rivières system forts. Other forts were incorporated into the Maginot Line defence. A hiking trail on the Mont Saint-Quentin plateau passes through former military training zone and ends at the now abandoned military forts of the first belt, and also provides a high ground from which to survey the city.
Culture[link]
Museums and exhibition halls[link]
The Centre Pompidou-Metz is a museum of modern and contemporary arts, the largest temporary exhibition area outside Paris in France. The museum features exhibition from the extensive collection of the Pompidou centre (Europe's largest collection of 20th century art). Designed by Japanese architect Shigeru Ban and French Jean de Gastine, the building is remarkable for the complex and innovative carpentry of its roof. The museum also includes a theatre, an auditorium, and a restaurant terrace.
The Golden Courtyard museums (French: La Cour d'Or) in reference to the palace of Austrasia's kings, are museums of Metz dedicated to the history of the city. The museums are divided into four sections (history and archeological, medieval, architecture, and fine arts), and incorporate the Gallo-Roman baths, the ancient Petites-Carmes abbey, the former Trinitarian church, and the Chèvremont medieval granary.
The 49Nord-6Est, the Lorraine's exhibition of contemporary art, is located in the Saint-Liver Hôtel, the oldest civic building of the city dating from the 12th century. The municipal archives, located in the Recollets cloisters, preserve and exhibit the historical records of Metz's municipality dating from medieval times to present. The Solange Bertrand foundation conserves and presents the works of the artist and organizes different art exhibitions. The city also boasts several private art galleries.
Entertainment and performing arts[link]
The Opéra-Théâtre de Metz Métropole is a 750-seat opera house on the Petit-Saulcy island. Designed in a Tuscany-influenced neo-Classical style by Jacques Oger and inaugurated in 1752, it is the oldest opera house working in France and one of the last possessing its own costume ateliers. The duke of Belle-Isle described it as "one of the most beautiful of France's opera-theatres" in his time. The Metz opera works in close collaboration with the National Opera of Lorraine and features plays, dance, and lyric poetry.
The Arsenal is former military building turned into an exposition and concert hall by Catalan architect Ricardo Bofill, and inaugurated by Russian cellist Mstislav Rostropovich in 1989. The Arsenal is dedicated to art music, is widely renowned for its excellent acoustics and considered as one of the most beautiful concert halls in Europe.[16]
Located on the Sainte-Croix hill, Les Trinitaires is a multi-media arts complex housed in an ancient convent, which vaulted cellar and chapel have been the city's prime venue for jazz music for over 45 years. Some big names of Jazz, such as American saxophonists Sonny Rollins and Archie Shepp, have performed there. The Gothic cloisters from the 13th century, used now as an open-air stage, once housed the Trinitarian Order founded by Saint John of Matha and Saint Felix of Valois. The arts complex includes also a theatre, an exhibition hall, and a bar.
Other venues, such as the Braun hall or the Bernard-Marie Koltès theater, contribute to the choice of performing halls in Metz. Finally, numerous associations and private music bars and theatres collaborate to the entertaining life in Metz.
Gastronomy[link]
Different recipes, such as jam, tart, charcuterie and fruit brandy, are made from the Mirabelle plum, which is one of the gastronomic symbols of the city and the surrounding area. Damson plum and rhubarb are also widely consumed. Other local specialties include the quiche, the potée, and also the suckling pig. Metz cuisine, as well as Mosellan and Alsatian cuisine, is also known for the use in vinaigrette dressings of Melfor vinegar, a local vinegar made with the infusion of honey and plants. Local beverages include Moselle wine and Amos beer. Also, Metz is the cradle of some pastries like the Metz's tart (cheese pie-like) and the Metz balls (French: boulet de Metz), a ganache-stuffed biscuit coated with marzipan, caramel, and dark chocolate.
Annual events[link]
France's second largest flea market is held once or twice a month in the congress centre of Metz. In addition, many other events are celebrated in Metz throughout the year. Here is a non-exhaustive list:
- Pilgrimage of Saint Blaise on 3 February
- Funfair in May
- Été du Livre, festival of literature in June
- Bastille Day on 14 July
- Macellum the first week-end of August
- Mirabelle festival in August. Every year, the city of Metz dedicates two weeks to the Mirabelle plum. In addition to open markets selling fresh prunes, mirabelle tarts, mirabelle liquor, etc. there is live music, fireworks, parties, art exhibits, a parade with floral floats and competition, and the crowning of the Mirabelle Queen and a gala of celebration[17]
- Les Montgolfiades de Metz, Europe's largest hot air balloon festival in September.
- European Heritage Days, the third week-end of September
- Open de Moselle in September
- Nuit Blanche in October
- Christmas market in November and December (2nd most popular in France, after Strasbourg)
- Saint Nicholas parade in December. Saint Nicholas is the patron saint of the Lorraine region.
The legend of the Graoully[link]
More details about the legend of the Graoully
The Graoully is depicted as a fearsome dragon, vanquished by the sacred powers of Metz's first bishop, Saint Clement. The Graoully quickly became a symbol of the town of Metz and can be see in numerous insignia of the city, since the 10th century. Authors from Metz tend to present the legend of the Graoully as a symbol of Christianity's victory over paganism, represented by the harmful dragon. Today, the Graoully remains one of the major symbols of Metz. A representation of the Graoully may be seen in the crypt in the cathedral. A semi-permanent sculpture of the Graoully is also suspended in mid-air on Taison street, near the cathedral, and the Graoully is shown on the heraldic emblems of football club and ice hockey team of the city.
Education and Research[link]
High schools[link]
Metz is home to numerous high schools. The most notable of them is the Fabert high school, reputed for its scientific education and its classes préparatoires in mathematics. Notable fellows of the school include Alexis de Tocqueville, Robert Schuman, Jean-Victor Poncelet, or Joachim von Ribbentrop.
University[link]
Metz is home to the University of Lorraine (UdL).[18] The UdL is divided into two university centres in Metz (Material sciences, technology, and management) and one in Nancy (biological sciences, health care, administration, and management). The UdL has a student body of over 55,000 and offers 101 accredited research centres organized in 9 research areas and 8 doctoral colleges.[19]
The Paul-Verlaine University, Metz unit of the Lorraine University, was created in 1970 as the Germans had removed any university from Metz during the Alsace-Moselle annexation. Since then, the university has developed on three different main sites, Saulcy Island, Bridoux, and Metz-Technopôle. The Paul-Verlaine University enjoys a privileged position at a hub opening up to Germany and the Benelux, and has gained recognition for the development of joint Franco-German curricula. Metz's university has a student body of more than 17,000 and offers a wide range of multidisciplinary courses. Here is a list of institutes in Metz:
- Georgia Tech Lorraine
- International Institute of Information Technology (Supinfo)
- International Commerce Graduate School (ESIDEC)
- Franco-German Institute of Technology, Economy, and Sciences (ISFATES)
- Franco-German Innovative Centre of Metz (CIRAM)
- National Engineering Graduate School of Metz (ENIM)
- École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers (ENSAM)
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (Cnam)
- École Supérieure d'Électricité (Supélec)
- Regional Institute of Administration (IRA)
- Music Education Centre of Lorraine (CeFEdeM de Lorraine)
- Construction Engineering Graduate School (ESITC)
- Art School of Metz
Research[link]
Georgia Tech Lorraine is home to the Lafayette Institute, which offers high tech service to industry, applied research and development, and spin-off companies in the optoelectronic sector.
Transportation[link]
Railways[link]
The Gare de Metz-Ville is connected to the French high speed train (TGV) network, which provides a direct rail service to Paris and the city of Luxembourg. The time from Paris (Paris East station) to Metz train station is 82 minutes. Additionally Metz is served by the Lorraine TGV train station, located at Louvigny, 25 km (16 mi)to the south of Metz, for high speed trains going to Nantes, Rennes, Lille, or Bordeaux (without stopping in Paris). Also, Metz is one of the main stations of the regional express trains systems named Métrolor. One of the main lines is the Nancy-Metz-Luxembourg line, completed by many lines going to main cities of the area.
Airports[link]
The Luxembourg international airport is the nearest international airport connected to Metz by Métrolor train. Also, Lorraine TGV station is 75 minutes by train from France international Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport. Finally, Metz-Nancy-Lorraine Airport is the airport serving the Lorraine region. It is located in the city of Goin, at 16.5 km (10.25 mi) Metz southeast.
Motorways and local transportation[link]
Metz is ideally located at the intersection of two major road axes: The Paris to Strasbourg A4 motorway, itself a part of the E50 motorway connecting Paris to Prague, and the A31 motorway, which goes north to Luxembourg and the Mediterranean Sea towards Nancy, Dijon, and Lyon.
Local transportation in the agglomeration is carried out by buses.
Waterways[link]
There is some significant cross border fluvial tourism on the Rhine-Moselle system. Additionally, Metz port is the biggest port handling cereals in France with over 4,000,000 tons/year.
Sports[link]
Clubs and sports events[link]
Metz is home to the Football Club of Metz (FC Metz), a football association club in Ligue 2, the second division of French football. FC Metz has twice won the French Cup (in 1984 and 1988) and the French League Cup (in 1986 and 1996), and was French championship runner-up in 1998. FC Metz has also gained recognition in France and Europe for its successful youth academy, winning the Gambardella Cup 3 times (in 1981, 2001, and 2010), and producing players such as Emmanuel Adebayor, Miralem Pjanić, Louis Saha, or Papiss Cissé.
Metz is also home to the Open de Moselle, an ATP World Tour 250 tournament, which takes place usually in September. The tournament is played on indoor hard courts. Frenchman Arnaud Clément won the inaugural tournament in 2003, with players Ivan Ljubičić (2005), Novak Djokovic (2006), Tommy Robredo (2007), and Gilles Simon (2010) following his success.[20]
The Metz Handball is a Team Handball club is the current French women's champion and displaying 17 wins in French Woman First League championship, 7 wins in French Women League Cup, and 4 wins in French Women F.A. Cup. French Vice World Champion Allison Pineau, who plays for the club, was elected female IHF World Handball Player in 2009.[21]
Sports infrastructures[link]
- Saint-Symphorien stadium, a multi-purpose stadium built in 1923, home to FC Metz since the creation of the club.
- Palais omnisport Les Arènes, nicknamed Les Arènes, an indoor sports arena built by architect Paul Chemetov in 2002. It is the home venue of the Metz Handball team.
- Saint-Symphorien indoor arena with its ice rink home to Hockey Club Metz Moselle Lorraine, Ice Hockey team club of Metz
- Plan d'Eau Saint-Symphorien, an expanse of water bulging from the Moselle river, used as a marina and for water sports
- Garden Golf of Metz-Technopôle, designed by golf course architect Robert Berthet, is an 18-holes golf course on 50 hectares located near Metz's technopole
- L'Anneau, an indoor athetics hall
Main Sights[link]
See also: List of Historic Monuments in Metz
Religious heritage[link]
- Saint-Stephen, Gothic cathedral (French: cathédrale Saint-Étienne) built in the 13th century. The cathedral is sometimes nicknamed the Good Lord's lantern (French: la lanterne du Bon Dieu), possessing the largest expanse of stained glass windows in the world (6,500 m2 or 70,000 sq ft). The stained glass windows include works by Hermann von Münster (14th C); Théobald of Lixheim and Valentin Bousch (16th C); Laurent-Charles Maréchal (19th C); Roger Bissière, Jacques Villon and Marc Chagall (20th C). Moreover, the cathedral possesses the third highest nave in France (41.41 m – 136 ft).
- Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains basilica, the oldest church in France built between 380 and 395 AD as a Roman gymnasium, was converted into a Christian basilica in the 7th century. The basilica is one of the birthplaces of the Roman Messin chant later called Gregorian chant.
- Saint-Maximin church, built between 12th–15th century, features stained glass windows of Jean Cocteau. Here, theologian Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet delivered eulogies and Paul Verlaine was baptized.
- Notre-Dame-de-Metz church built during the 18th century in the Jesuit style and once part of a Jesuit complex. The church displays stained glass windows of Laurent-Charles Maréchal (19th C).
- Sainte-Thérèse-de-l'Enfant-Jésus church (20th C) displays stained glass windows of Nicolas Untersteller. The building has a thin-shell structure designed by architect Roger-Henri Expert, and possesses a spire in the form of a pilgrim's staff of 70 m (229.64 ft) high.
- Sainte-Ségolène church (13th C).
- Saint-Martin church (12th C, Laurent-Charles Maréchal's stained glass windows).
- Saint-Pierre-de-la-Citadelle church.
- Saint-Euchaire church.
- Saint-Clément church (17th C, now regional council of Lorraine).
- Saint-Vincent abbey (10th C)
- Recollets cloisters (14th C), housing today the municipal archives and the European Institute of Ecology
- Trinitarian Order cloisters (13th C), today a multi-media arts complex which promotes jazz music.
- Chapel of the Knights Templar (13th C), built in Romanesque style and once part of the commandry of the Knights Templar. The chapel features important murals.
- Protestant Temple Neuf (New Church)(1901–1904), neo-Romanesque church, built during the German annexation by German architect Conrad Wahn
- Protestant church of the German Garrison (1875–1881), neo-Gothic church. Only the bell tower has survived as the church was partially destroyed by Allied bombing during the Second World War.
- Synagogue (1848–1850) built in neo-Romanesque style
- Christian necropolis from the 19th century
- Jewish Cemetery of Metz-Chambière
Civil heritage[link]
- House of François Rabelais (12th C), including Sainte-Genest chapel (13th C)
- Paul Verlaine, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier, André Schwarz-Bart, Gustave Kahn, Gabriel Pierné, Charles Pêtre and Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle native houses
- Chèvremont and Antonistes granaries (respectively from 13th and 14th century)
- Saint-Livier Hôtel (12th C); Bulette Hôtel (14th C); Heu and Gargan Hôtels (15th C); Burtaigne and Gournay Hôtels (16th C); House of Heads (16th C)
- Opera house, built between 1732 and 1752 in Tuscany-influenced neo-Classical style
- Covered market, one of the oldest, most grandiose in France. Originally built in 1785 as the palace for the bishop of Metz, the French Revolution broke out before he could move in and the citizens decided to turn it into a food market.
- Centre Pompidou-Metz, built between 2006 and 2010, museum of modern and contemporary art designed by Japanese architect Shigeru Ban and his colleague Jean Gastine
Administrative heritage[link]
- City hall and the tourism office, built by architect Jacques-François Blondel in neo-Classical style in 1755
- Hôtel de l'Intendance, prefecture palace, from the 18th century, neo-Classical style
- Courthouse, built by Charles-Louis Clérisseau in neo-Classical style during the 18th century. It is in this building, then the Governor's Palace, that the famous dinner of Metz took place. During the dinner organized by Broglie-Ruffec, the duke of Gloucester convinced Lafayette that the insurgent's revolt in America was in some measure justified. Lafayette wrote in his memoirs that at this dinner when he "(...) first learned of that quarrel, [his] heart was enlisted and [he] thought only of joining the colours".
- Railway station, a 300m long neo-Romanesque building designed by German architect Jurgen Kröger between 1905 and 1908. The station echoes the shape of the church (at the departure hall with the clock tower, said to have been designed by the Kaiser himself) and an imperial palace (at the arrivals hall and the station restaurant), which is a reminder of the religious and temporal powers of the Holy Roman emperors. In the great hallway, the Emperor Charlemagne is depicted on a stained glass window sitting on his throne. The statue of the Knight Roland on a corner of the clock tower represents the imperial protection over Metz.
- Central post office, neo-Romanesque building built by German architect Ludwig Bettcher between 1908 and 1911
- Governor's palace (former General-Kommando), built by German architects Schönhals and Stolterfoth between 1902 and 1905 in neo-Flemish style. Once the residence of Emperor Wilhelm II during his visits to Metz, the mansion is used today as the headquarters of the commander in chief of the North-East military region of France.
Military heritage[link]
- City gates: Porte des Allemands (13th and 15th centuries), Chandellerue gate (13th C), and Serpenoise gate (19th C)
- Ruins of city walls (2nd, 13th, 15th, and 17th centuries from Louis de Cormontaigne), and supplies shop of the military citadel from the 16th century (today a luxury hotel called La Citadelle)
- Extensive fortifications of Metz. The fortifications of the first belt include early examples of Séré de Rivières system forts (Fort de Plappeville, "groupe fortifié du Mont St-Quentin").
- Fort de Queuleu (19th C), also called the Hell of Queuleu, was used by Germans as a detention and interrogation centre for members of the French Resistance during the Second World War.
- Former arsenal built in 1859, today a concert hall dedicated to erudite musics
- War memorial of Paul Niclausse (1935), art deco sculpture representing a mother cradling the dead body of her son
Public gardens[link]
- Esplanade garden, located close to Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains basilica and the Arsenal auditorium, a 9,200 m2 (140.5 sq ft) French style garden, offering a commanding view of the Saint-Quentin plateau. On the Esplanade, Philippe Pétain received his marshal's baton from President Raymond Poincaré and Prime Minister Georges Clémenceau in November 1918. The garden also hosted a World Fair in 1861.
- Seille park, located near Centre Pompidou-Metz, is a public garden designed by landscape architect Jacques Coulon
- Marina of the Plan d'Eau Saint-Symphorien
- Régates garden, an English-garden park stretching around the bottom of the ramparts of the old citadel
- Tanneurs garden, gives a commanding view of the city's roofs
- Botanical garden, called jardin botanique de Metz
Squares[link]
- Place d'Armes, the town square surrounded by the city hall and the Saint-Stephen cathedral
- Chamber square and adjacent Saint-Stephen square, once used as an amphitheatre for Mystery plays during the Middle Ages
- Comedy square, parvise of the opera house. It is the square where the guillotine was erected for executions during the French Revolution.
- General de Gaulle square, parvise of the railway station
- Human rights's parvise, parvise of the Centre Pompidou-Metz museum
- John Paul II square, parvise of the Saint-Stephen cathedral and the market hall
- Mondon square (former Imperial square), surrounded by the current chamber of commerce and the former chamber of trade
- Mazelle square, livestock marketplace during the Middle Ages
- Republic square, adjacent to the Esplanade garden and in the heart of the city, serves as Metz's civic center
- Saint-Louis square, medieval market square from the 13th C. The alignment of the buildings surrounding the square corresponds to the original Roman ramparts which were used for the actual foundations. During medieval times, the square used to accommodate money changers and also trade fairs and religious theatre plays under the vaulted gallery and arches.
- Saint-Jacques square, located in the commercial and pedestrian historic downtown. The public square is surrounded by busy bars and pubs, whose open-air tables fill the centre of the square.
Metz in arts[link]
The Metz School[link]
The Metz School (French: École de Metz) was an art movement in Metz and its region gathering around Laurent-Charles Maréchal between 1834 and 1870. Originally the term was proposed in 1845 by poet Charles Baudelaire, who appreciated the works of the artists. They were influenced by Eugène Delacroix and inspired by the medieval heritage of Metz and its romantic surroundings. The Franco-Prussian War and the annexation of the land by the Germans resulted in the dismantling of the movement. Main figures of Metz School are Laurent-Charles Maréchal, Auguste Migette, Auguste Hussenot, Louis-Théodore Devilly, Christopher Fratin, and Charles Pêtre. Their works encompass paintings, engravings, drawings, stained-glass windows, and sculptures.
Painting and printing[link]
Monsù Desidero represented a general view of the city at the beginning of the 17th century from the high ground of the Bellecroix hill. Painter Auguste Migette created many drawings and sketches showing ancient monuments of the town, as well as monumental paintings representing the most significant moments in local history. He left his works and manuscript to the city and they are today exhibited in the museums of Metz. Also, in his work dedicated to The Beautiful Gallic Cities between the Rhine and Moselle Rivers, Albert Robida depicted in a lithography the Saint-Stephen cathedral.
Poetry and literature[link]
During the German annexation of the city, French poet Paul Verlaine dedicated a poem to his hometown. Making reference to the Bazaine's treachery and to the French revanchism, he wrote:
(...) O Metz, my fateful cradle, – Metz raped and more demure – And more maiden than ever! – O city where my childhood was laughing, – O citadel with no defence – That a chief outstripped by shame, – O Mother that I loved. (...) Metz with its magnificent open countries, – Prolific undulating rivers, – Wooded hillsides, vineyards of fire; – Cathedral all in volute, – Where the wind sings as a flute, – And responding to it via the Mutte,[22] – This big voice of the good Lord! (...)—Paul Verlaine, Ode to Metz, Invectives
German author Adrienne Thomas published in 1930 a harsh criticism of the war with the First World War best-seller novel Katrin becomes a soldier (German: Die Katrin wird soldat). The text is a diaristic novel based on Thomas’s own life, describing her work at the Metz's railway mission and then as a hospital nurse during the war. The work centres upon the area around Metz, then in German territory, and not only poised between France and Germany linguistically and culturally, but very close indeed to the Western Front and on the direct line to Verdun. The text was banned in Germany during the Third Reich.[23]
Music[link]
Metz is the seat of the National Orchestra of Lorraine. Violist, composer Alain Celo has written a piece for ensemble entitled The Graoully, Messin dragon. The piece is a musical story with narration depicting the epic fight between Saint Clement and the legendary dragon in the Roman amphitheater.
Like Adrienne Thomas, French singer Bernard Lavilliers mentioned the Metz's railway station in his work. In a song entitled Le buffet de la gare de Metz on album Le Stéphanois from 1975, he described the sort of melancholy Teutonic beauty of the building located in the German Imperial District, and the smoky, strange atmosphere of its station restaurant, where "the poetry is there, Verlaine resuscitated."
Notable people linked to Metz[link]
Main article: List of people from Metz
Notable people from Metz[link]
-
Poet Paul Verlaine
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Composer Ambroise Thomas
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Mathematician Jean-Victor Poncelet
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Chemist, physicist Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier
Notable people linked to the city[link]
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Marshal Michel Ney
-
Writer Adrienne Thomas
International relations[link]
Metz is a fellow member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along with Luxembourg, Saarbrücken, and Trier (neighbouring countries: Luxembourg, France, and Germany). Metz also forms a central place of the Greater Region and of the economic SaarLorLux Euroregion.
Twin towns – Sister cities[link]
Metz is twinned with:
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See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ http://www.ina.fr/art-et-culture/architecture/video/I08030163/l-ecologie-et-l-urbanisme-a-metz.fr.html
- ^ "Metz municipal council, April 2010." (PDF). http://www.mairie-metz.fr/metz2/municipalite/cyber_mairie/conseil/cm100429/doc/100429_cm_divers03_annexe04.pdf. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ http://www.mairie-metz.fr/metz2/municipalite/cyber_mairie/conseil/cm110127/doc/110127_cm_point03_annexe01.pdf
- ^ http://www.vpah.culture.fr/villes/pdf/Vpah_liste_17_11_2011.pdf
- ^ Culture - Metz et Nancy fusionnent - Lorraine - Culture - France 3 Régions - France 3
- ^ Toussaint M (1948) Metz à l'époque Gallo-Romaine, Metz pp. 21–22
- ^ History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Edward Gibbon. 1788 vol. 4 chapter 35. http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/5/7/1/25717/25717-h/files/733/733-h/gib3-35.htm#2HCH0001
- ^ James Grier Ademar de Chabannes, Carolingian Musical Practices, and "Nota Romana", Journal of the American Musicological Society, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Spring, 2003), pp. 43–98, retrieved July 2007
- ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Metz". Newadvent.org. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10247a.htm. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ KRAUS, Franz Xaver :Kunst und Altertum in Lothringen, Strasburg, 1889
- ^ Admiral Hans Benda (1877–1951), General Arthur Kobus (1879–1945), General Günther Rüdel (1883–1950), General Joachim Degener (1883–1953), General Wilhelm Baur (1883–1964), General Hermann Schaefer (1885–1962), General Bodo Zimmermann (1886–1963), General Walther Kittel (1887–1971), General Hans von Salmuth (1888–1962), General Karl Kriebel (1888–1961), General Arthur von Briesen (1891–1981), General Eugen Müller (1891–1951), General Ernst Schreder (1892–1941), General Ludwig Bieringer (1892–1975), General Edgar Feuchtinger (1894–1960), General Kurt Haseloff (1894–1978), General Hans-Albrecht Lehmann (1894–1976), General Theodor Berkelmann (1894–1943), General Hans Leistikow (1895–1967), General Rudolf Schmundt (1896–1944), General Wilhelm Falley (1897–1944), General Julius von Bernuth (1897–1942), General Herbert Gundelach (1899–1971),General Joachim-Friedrich Lang (1899–1945), General Heinz Harmel (1906–2000), Erich von Brückner (1896–1949), Helmuth Bode (1907–1985), Johannes Mühlenkamp (1910–1986), Peter-Erich Cremer (1911–1992), Joachim Pötter (1913–1992), Ludwig Weißmüller (1915–1943), Walter Bordellé (1918–1984) among others.
- ^ "Metz, 1944 One More River". World War Two Books. http://www.worldwartwobooks.com/product.php/5665/metz--1944-one-more-river-. Retrieved 1 December 2008.
- ^ Youtube video about the the fortifications of Metz (inner ring)
- ^ "Inauguration du Centre Pompidou de Metz – Présidence de la République". Elysee.fr. http://www.elysee.fr/president/les-dossiers/culture/inauguration-centre-pompidou/inauguration-du-centre-pompidou-de-metz.8854.html. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Les hauts lieux de la musique. Classica September 2010, issue 125
- ^ Youtube video about the Mirabelle festival
- ^ [2]
- ^ "University of Lorraine.". http://www.univ-metz.fr/d-couvrir-lupv-m/paul-verlaine-university-presentation/building-together-university-future/25-building-together-university-future.
- ^ "Tennis – ATP World Tour – Tennis Tournament – Open de Moselle – Metz, France". ATP World Tour. http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Tournaments/Metz.aspx. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ http://www.ihf.info/front_content.php?idcat=173&idart=516
- ^ The Mutte is the large bell of Saint-Stephen cathedral, dating from 1605.
- ^ Brian Murdoch: Hinter die kulissen des krieges sehen: Adrienne Thomas, Evadne Price – and E. M. Remarque, 1992, Forum for Modern Language Studies, Vol. xxviii No. 1
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Metz |
- Official Town Council's website
- Official Agglomeration communities of Metz's website
- Historic maps
- University of Metz's website
- Metz Technopôle's website
- Metz.Online.Fr – Your guide to all web sites related to Metz
- Centre Pompidou-Metz's website
- History museums of Metz – Musées de la Cour d'Or
- Metz Opera's website
- Arsenal-Metz Concert Hall's website
- Caveau des Triniatires – multimedia arts complex's website
- National Orchestra of Lorraine's website
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Metz". Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company.
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"Richard D. James" redirects here. For the album, see Richard D. James Album. For the scientist, see Richard D. James (scientist).
| Aphex Twin | |
|---|---|
 In Turin, Italy in March 2007. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Richard David James |
| Born | (1971-08-18) 18 August 1971 (age 40) Limerick, Ireland |
| Origin | Lanner, Cornwall, United Kingdom |
| Genres | Electronic, ambient, IDM, acid techno |
| Occupations | Musician, composer, remixer |
| Instruments | Synthesizers, piano, electronics, harpsichord, organ, percussion, laptop, softsynth, turntables, drum machine, guitar, bass guitar, computer, sequencer, sampler |
| Years active | 1985–present |
| Labels | Warp Records Sire Records Rephlex Records |
| Associated acts | Universal Indicator, Mike & Rich |
Richard David James (born 18 August 1971), best known under the pseudonym Aphex Twin, is a British electronic musician and composer. He founded the record label Rephlex Records in 1991 with Grant Wilson-Claridge. He was described by The Guardian as "the most inventive and influential figure in contemporary electronic music."[1]
Aphex Twin has also recorded music under the aliases AFX, Blue Calx, Bradley Strider, Caustic Window, DJ Smojphace, GAK, Martin Tressider, Polygon Window, Power-Pill, Prichard D. Jams, Q-Chastic, Tahnaiya Russell, The Dice Man, Soit-P.P., and speculatively The Tuss.
Aphex Twin has released recordings on Rephlex, Warp, R&S, Sire, Mighty Force, Rabbit City, and Men Records.
Contents |
History[link]
Early years[link]
Richard David James was born to Welsh parents Lorna and Derek James in St. Munchin's Limerick Regional Maternity Hospital, Ireland. He grew up in Lanner, Cornwall, enjoying, along with two older sisters, a "very happy" childhood during which they, according to James, "were pretty much left to do what [they] wanted."[2] He "liked growing up there, being cut off from the city and the rest of the world".[3] James attended Redruth School, located in Redruth, Cornwall.[4]
According to musician Benjamin Middleton, James started producing music at the age of 12.[5] As a teenager he was a disc jockey at the Shire Horse Inn in St Ives, with Tom Middleton at the Bowgie Inn in Crantock, and also along the numerous beaches around Cornwall. James studied for a National Diploma in Engineering from 1988 to 1990 (aged 16 to 18) at Cornwall College. Talking about his studies, James has said that "music and electronics went hand in hand."[6] James graduated from college; according to an engineering lecturer, however, he often had his headphones on during practical lessons, "no doubt thinking through the mixes he'd be working on later".[7]
Early career: early 1990s[link]
In 1989 James met and befriended Grant Wilson-Claridge when working as a DJ on alternate weeks at the Bowgie pub, near Newquay in Cornwall. Wilson-Claridge was intrigued by James's sets and was surprised to discover that James was playing tapes of his own music.
James' first release was the 12-inch EP Analogue Bubblebath on Mighty Force Records in 1991. It was first released under the moniker Aphex Twin, later changed to AFX. The track "En Trance to Exit" was made in collaboration with Tom Middleton, also known as Schizophrenia.[8] The EP got on the playlist of Kiss FM, an influential London radio station, which helped the release to become a success.[9]
In 1991, James and Wilson-Claridge founded Rephlex Records to promote "innovation in the dynamics of Acid — a much-loved and -misunderstood genre of house music forgotten by some and indeed new to others, especially in Britain."[10]
Between 1991 and 1993, James released two Analogue Bubblebath EPs as AFX, and an EP under Bradley Strider, Bradley's Beat. James moved to London to take an electronics course at Kingston Polytechnic, but at the time admitted to David Toop that his "electronics studies were already slipping away as a career in the techno business took precedence." After quitting his course, James remained in London and released a number of albums and EPs on Warp Records and other labels under many aliases including AFX, Polygon Window, and Power-Pill. A number of James' tracks (released under the aliases Blue Calx, The Dice Man, and others) appeared on various compilations. Local legend has it that James lived on the roundabout in Elephant and Castle, South London during his early years in the capital - in fact he lived in a nearby disused bank.[2][11]
Gaining success: 1992–1995[link]
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Sample of "Ventolin (Video Version)" from the album ...I Care Because You Do.
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The first full-length Aphex Twin album, Selected Ambient Works 85–92, was released in 1992 on R&S Records. It received high ratings and praise from critics. John Bush of Allmusic described it as a "watershed of ambient music".[12] In 2002, Rolling Stone wrote of the album: "Aphex Twin expanded way beyond the ambient music of Brian Eno by fusing lush soundscapes with oceanic beats and bass lines."[13] Pitchfork Media's review called it, "among the most interesting music ever created with a keyboard and a computer."[14] Critics also noted that the songs were recorded on cassette and that the sound quality was "relatively poor".
In 1992, he also released the EPs Xylem Tube EP and Digeridoo (first played by DJ Colin Faver on London's Kiss FM) as Aphex Twin, as Power-Pill the Pac-Man EP based on the arcade game Pac-Man, and two of his four Caustic Window EPs. "Digeridoo" reached #55 in the UK Singles Chart, and was later described as foreshadowing drum and bass by Rolling Stone.[15] "Digeridoo" was recorded initially for the benefit of FIZZ-BOMB (at the Shire Horse, St Ives, Cornwall). These early releases came out on Rephlex Records, Mighty Force of Exeter, and R&S Records of Belgium.[16]
In 1993, James released Analogue Bubblebath 3. He also released a single titled "On"; his second Bradley Strider EP, Bradley's Robot; two more Caustic Window EPs; and his first releases on Warp Records, Surfing on Sine Waves and "Quoth" under the alias Polygon Window.
Warp Records pressed and released a follow-up to Selected Ambient Works 85-92, Selected Ambient Works Volume II in 1994. The sound was much less beat and melody-driven than the previous volume. All of the track names were described with pie chart symbols, each of which was meant to be paired with a corresponding image in the album jacket, with exception for one song, which was named "Blue Calx". To decipher song titles, listeners had to compare the length of each track with the size of each pie chart symbol. For example, the first title, which is often labelled cliffs, is realised by pairing the first symbol with the first image, which is that of a rocky cliffside.[17] James claimed in The Wire magazine and other media that these songs were inspired by lucid dreams and synaesthesia. Other releases are a fourth Analogue Bubblebath; GAK, derived from early demos sent to Warp Records; and Classics, a compilation album that includes "Digeridoo" and the Xylem Tube EP.
For his 1995 release, ...I Care Because You Do, James used an image of his face for the album cover, a motif that would continue on many of his later records. The album was a compilation of songs composed between 1990 and 1994 and represented a mish-mash of Aphex Twin's various music styles. This was James's last record of the 1990s to use mostly analogue synthesizers. He commissioned Western classical-music composer Philip Glass to create an orchestral version of one of the songs from this album, "Icct Hedral", which appeared on the Donkey Rhubarb EP.[18]
Jungle, DSP, and laptops: 1995–1999[link]
In 1995 (primarily with Hangable Auto Bulb, a near anagram of Analogue Bubblebath), James began releasing more material composed on computers, combining a jungle sound with nostalgic childhood themes and computer-generated acid lines.
James's early adoption of software synthesizers predated the later popularity of using computers to make music. In the mid-to-late 1990s, his music gradually gained more mainstream appeal, as he released Richard D. James Album and Expert Knob Twiddlers (a collaboration with fellow dance producer µ-ziq) in 1996, "Come to Daddy" in 1997 (#36 on UK charts) and "Windowlicker" in 1999 (#16 on UK charts). Two pop songs that heavily use Digital Signal Processing (DSP) techniques, "Come to Daddy" and "Windowlicker" were shown on MTV and became cover features for music magazines such as NME. The videos for both singles were directed by British artist Chris Cunningham and caused controversy on release because of their disturbing images and themes.
In 1998, Aphex Twin's track "[rhubarb]" (from Selected Ambient Works Volume II) appeared as part of the BBC's digital widescreen test transmission, which was on loop for many months as the service was introduced across the UK.[19]
Prepared piano, laptops, and more DSP: 2000–2003[link]
In 2001 Aphex Twin released drukqs, a two-CD album that featured computer controlled piano songs influenced by Erik Satie and John Cage. Many of the tracks' names are written in the Cornish language (i.e., 'jynweythek' translatable as 'machinemusic'). Also included were abrasive, fast, and meticulously programmed computer-made songs. Rolling Stone described the piano songs as "aimlessly pretty".[20] Some reviewers concluded that drukqs was released as a contract breaker with Warp Records—a credible guess, as James's next big release was released on his own Rephlex label. James claimed to interviewers he had accidentally left an MP3 player labelled "Aphex Twin—unreleased tracks" on a plane, containing a large set of new songs, and rushed the album release to preempt an Internet leak.[21] He also released a short EP titled 2 Remixes By AFX the same year as Drukqs. It featured two remixes, the originals being from 808 State and DJ Pierre. In addition, there is one untitled third track that consists of an SSTV image, which consists of mostly of high-pitched sounds, which can be decoded to a viewable image by proper software such as MultiMode (for Macintosh) or MMSSTV (for Windows).
Synthesizers and drum machines: 2004–present[link]
In late 2004, rumours of James's return to an acid techno-based sound were realised with the Analord series, an 11-part series of EPs with 42 total tracks, averaging 2–4 tracks per EP. The series was created by playing and sequencing analogue and digital electronic music equipment such as synthesizers and drum machines. The series was recorded on magnetic tape and then later pressed on vinyl.
James was meticulous about the whole process of recording, mastering, and pressing. James has said Rephlex Records was strict on quality control, trying out various pressing-plant companies until they felt it sounded perfect. To James's ears, vinyl or tape is better than digital, as no two copies are the same. However, label co-owner Grant Wilson-Claridge convinced James to release a CD compilation, Chosen Lords, which included 10 selected tracks from the Analord series. For the Analord series James used his collection of vintage synthesizer and drum machines, some of which were quite rare by that time. Some of the record inserts have pictures of rare synthesizers like the Synton Fenix, and the notoriously difficult-to-program Roland MC-4 sequencer, as well as the legendary Roland TB-303.
In 2007 media reports indicated that Aphex Twin was recording under a new alias called The Tuss. Rephlex Records has denied that Aphex Twin is The Tuss, but Aphex Twin fans and the media have ignored Rephlex's denial and The Tuss is treated as yet another Aphex Twin project;[22][23] further evidence being provided by the fact that all Tuss tracks are published in the BMI Repertoire under the name JAMES RICHARD DAVID.[24]
Some of Aphex Twin's music was featured in the award winning documentary about the atrocities of shark finning, Sharkwater.
In March 2009 Steve Beckett of Warp Records announced a new album for a possible release but the album never materialised.[25] However, 20 more tracks were added to the Analord series in December 2009, only available through download from the Rephlex Records website.
In an October 2010 interview with British magazine Another Man, James stated that he had completed 6 albums, one of which was a remake of the unreleased Melodies from Mars, originally produced around the time of Richard D. James Album.[26] In June 2011, he spoke to Spanish magazine EL PAIS. When asked about the 6 albums, he answered 'More than 10 or 11 are already compiled, and many more songs are orphans.' He also revealed that a new album 'will show in a while' and that the reason there has been so long since his last album was that he was waiting for a divorce from his wife.[27]
Background details[link]
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The Aphex Twin name[link]
The name Aphex is derived from Aphex Systems Limited, a brand of audio signal processing equipment (itself derived from "analogue effects").[dubious – discuss] It is used with permission, as acknowledged on the back sleeves of Richard D. James Album and drukqs. He has explained in interviews that the Twin portion of his moniker is used in memory of his brother, also named Richard James, who died at birth in 1968.
Artwork[link]
James's own face, grinning or distorted in some way, is a common theme in his album covers, his music videos, and the songs themselves. The cover of I Care Because You Do features a painting of James, while the cover of Richard D. James Album presents a close-up photograph. His face is transplanted onto other peoples' bodies in the music videos of "Come to Daddy" and "Windowlicker". Near the end of the second track of the "Windowlicker" single (commonly referred to as "Equation"), a photo of James' face is embedded as a steganogram which is revealed when run through spectral analysis.[28] Another embedded image of James, along with collaborator Tom Jenkinson, appears in the third track of 2 Remixes by AFX, "Bonus High Frequency Sounds", encoded in SSTV format, with text relating to the release.
James has used his own photography for some of his releases, such as the elaborate album sleeve for Selected Ambient Works Volume II.
Braindance[link]
Richard's own Rephlex Records label, which he co-owns with Grant Wilson-Claridge, coined the term Braindance in 1991 to describe Aphex Twin's music.[22][29][30] Rephlex Records' official definition of Aphex Twin and his followers' music is quoted as follows: "Braindance is the genre that encompasses the best elements of all genres, e.g traditional, classical, electronic music, popular, modern, industrial, ambient, hip-hop, electro, house, techno, breakbeat, hardcore, ragga, garage, drum and bass, etc."[31]
Braindance applies to forward-thinking electronic music that can appeal to the mind as well as the desire to dance and party. Examples including Ed-DMX's Breakin' records label, µ-ziq's Planet-mu label, the Aphex Twin EP Come to Daddy and Astrobotnia Parts 1, 2 & 3.[32]
Influences[link]
At age 17, Richard D. James mentioned these influences: "Phonic Boy, Computer World, Mental Telepathy, Industrial Inc., Tomita, Tangerine Dream". Mixmaster Morris mentions on the "I Luv AFX" BBC Radio 1 Breezeblock session that James' preferred moniker while working as a DJ in Cornwall was Phonic Boy on Dope. More recently, he has said that he gets inspiration from "everyday sounds that can be emulated/reconstructed electronically, quality techno, especially from Europe, which overshadows the current hardcore pop crap." When asked about what is next for electronic music, he said "acid-techno, ambient-techno." Avant-garde music has been an influence on James, including artists such as Kraftwerk, Can, Tangerine Dream, Tod Dockstader, Xenakis, Piero Umiliani, Bernard Parmegiani, Karlheinz Stockhausen,[33] John Cage, and the French composer Erik Satie for his piano works and his ideas for furniture music.
In acknowledgment of another influence, James released Music from the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, a compilation of music recorded by the pioneers of BBC Radiophonic Workshop, which included artists such as Delia Derbyshire,[34] on his own label, Rephlex Records.
Aphex Twin has said, "I don't really like rock & roll." Despite this, he has mentioned being a fan of Led Zeppelin, citing their use of breakbeats as an influence, as well as Pink Floyd for their psychedelic music.[35]
Many songs include sounds from and references to the ZX Spectrum. For instance, "Carn Marth" from Richard D. James Album includes the tape-loading noise of the game Sabre Wulf.
Influence on others[link]
The London Sinfonietta has performed arrangements of Aphex Twin tracks.[36] In 2005, the orchestra Alarm Will Sound released Acoustica: Alarm Will Sound Performs Aphex Twin. The album consists of acoustic arrangements of some of James's electronic tracks. He has also had an influence on rock bands like Radiohead.[37] However, he has dismissed the notion of going on tour with them: "I wouldn't play with them since I don't like them."[35] Despite his previous comments, he premiered new music alongside Radiohead guitarist/composer Jonny Greenwood in a 2011 collaboration with Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki.[38] The animator David Firth has much of his work influenced and soundtracked by Aphex Twin.[39]
Intelligent Dance Music[link]
The term 'intelligent dance music', or IDM, was coined in August 1993 by the IDM mailing list based at hyperreal.org, as a term to describe the sound pioneered by the Warp Records Artificial Intelligence Series. The series featured Aphex Twin tracks (under a different pseudonym), as well as early productions from labelmates such as Autechre and LFO. The usage of this term spread in the USA and on internet messageboards, but the term is still a source of controversy and derision amongst the artists and fans, including Aphex Twin. As of October 2011 the list is still active.
I just think it's really funny to have terms like that. It's basically saying, 'this is intelligent and everything else is stupid.' It's really nasty to everyone else's music. (laughs) It makes me laugh, things like that. I don't use names. I just say that I like something or I don't.—Aphex Twin[40]
Aphex Twin refers to his own breakbeat tracks as breakbeat, jungle, or drum and bass interchangeably. Other genres that he indulges in include acid, ambient, ambient techno, noise, and many more.
Equipment[link]
| Synth | Synth | Drum Machine | Sampler | Sequencer | Software | Effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Roland SH-101[41] | Yamaha DX1 | Roland TR-606 | Casio SK-1 | Roland MC-4 Microcomposer | Reaktor | Alesis Quadraverb |
| Roland TB-303[41] | EMS synthi 100 | Roland TR-808[41] | ReCycle | |||
| Yamaha GX1 | Elka Synthex | Roland TR-909 | Casio FZ 10[41] | Cubase | Metasynth | |
| Synton Fenix | Roland Paraphonic 505 | Roland TR-707 | Roland SP-808 | Apple Mac | Max | |
| Roland MKS-80 | 3 Korg MS-20's[41] | Roland TR-727 | ||||
| Roland 100m[41] | Yamaha CS 5[42] | SuperCollider[43] |
During an interview with Future Music, Richard said he likes using Ableton Live but prefers Liveslice for beat editing/stretching. Asked what equipment did use, he responded "Raveolution 309, the Raven Max, MC-909 limited edition, Quasimidi Van Helden, MAM Freebass 383, Roland DJ-70, E-15, SP-808, Akai S3200, Behringer MX602A and all the Behringer effects that copy other things."[44]
Aphex Twin's press[link]
James described himself in The Guardian as follows: "I'm just some irritating, lying, ginger kid from Cornwall who should have been locked up in some youth detention centre. I just managed to escape and blag it into music."[1]
James said he composed ambient techno music at the age of 13; he claims to have "over 100 hours" of unreleased music, and to have made his own software to compose with, including algorithmic processes that automatically generate beats and melodies; in addition he claims to experience synaesthesia, and that he is able to incorporate lucid dreaming into the process of making music.[45]
He lives in southeast London in a converted bank, which was formerly the Bank of Cyprus and then HSBC. Contrary to popular opinion, however, he does not own the silver structure in the centre of the roundabout at Elephant and Castle. This is, in fact, the Michael Faraday Memorial, containing a power transformer for the Northern Line, which James jokingly claimed to be buying in an interview with The Face magazine in 2001.[2] Some of these rumours are hard to confirm as he has been known to spread mistruths in the prankster tradition, making such claims as only sleeping two to three hours a night.[46]
Stockhausen vs. The Technocrats[link]
In November 1995, The Wire published an article titled "Advice to Clever Children". In the process of producing the interview, a package of tapes containing music from several artists, including Aphex Twin, was sent to Karlheinz Stockhausen.
Stockhausen commented:
I heard the piece Aphex Twin of Richard James (sic) carefully: I think it would be very helpful if he listens to my work "Song of the Youth," which is electronic music, and a young boy's voice singing with himself. Because he would then immediately stop with all these post-African repetitions, and he would look for changing tempi and changing rhythms, and he would not allow to repeat any rhythm if it varied to some extent and if it did not have a direction in its sequence of variations.[47]
Aphex Twin, a fan of Stockhausen, responded:
ZX81 competition[link]
Richard claims to have produced sound on a Sinclair ZX81 (a machine with no sound hardware) at the age of 11:
When I was 11, I won 50 pounds in a competition for writing this program that made sound on a ZX81. You couldn't make sound on a ZX81, but I played around with machine code and found some codes that retuned the TV signal so that it made this really weird noise when you turned the volume up.[2]
Discography[link]
Main article: Richard D. James discography
- Studio albums (as Aphex Twin)
- Selected Ambient Works 85–92 (1992)
- Selected Ambient Works Volume II (1994)
- ...I Care Because You Do (1995)
- Richard D. James Album (1996)
- Drukqs (2001)
References[link]
- ^ a b Lester, Paul (5 October 2001). "Tank boy". The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). http://arts.guardian.co.uk/fridayreview/story/0,,734809,00.html. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ a b c d O'Connell, John (October 2001). "Untitled". The Face. EMAP. http://www.aphextwin.nu/learn/100771194880071.shtml. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Stern, Theresa (September 1997). "Interview by Theresa Stern". The Aphex Twin Community. Archived from the original on 2008-04-02. http://web.archive.org/web/20080402004414/http://xltronic.com/nostalgia/aphextwin.nu/v4/learn/98494129834161.shtml. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ "Rephlexology". mad.co.uk. 28 November 2003. http://www.mad.co.uk/Main/Home/Articles/c81bcea15aae4394b3eed3c859b0c2ff/Rephlexology.html. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Middleton, Benjamin (October 1992). "~~ rephlex ~~ aphex ~~ drn ~~". http://groups.google.com/group/alt.rave/browse_thread/thread/bd94e30720889cc4?pli=1.
- ^ Robinson, Dave (April 1993). "The Aphex Effect". Future Music.
- ^ Murray, Janet (12 June 2007). "College days". The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). http://education.guardian.co.uk/egweekly/story/0,,2100257,00.html. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Middleton, Benjamin (30 October 1992). "~~ rephlex ~~ aphex ~~ drn ~~". alt.rave. http://groups.google.com/group/alt.rave/browse_thread/thread/bd94e30720889cc4/7958a9d0de1c453d?. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Turenne, Martin (April 2003). "Aphex Twin - The Contrarian". Exclaim!. http://www.exclaim.ca/articles/timeline.aspx. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Wilson-Claridge, Grant (30 November 1992). "~~~ The definitive RePHLeX ~~~". alt.rave. http://groups.google.com/group/alt.rave/browse_thread/thread/2b1d14ae853ba101/7a4d8b6191bb3e55?. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Toop, David (March 1994). "Lost in space". The Face. EMAP. Archived from the original on 2008-06-03. http://web.archive.org/web/20080603074638/http://xltronic.com/nostalgia/aphextwin.nu/v4/learn/98136154898147.shtml. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Bush, John. "Review". Allmusic. All Media Guide. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r191406/review. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Blashill, Pat (19 November 2002). "Selected Ambient Works 85-92". Rolling Stone. Wenner Publishing. http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/aphextwin/albums/album/218371/review/6067595/selected_ambient_works_8592. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Pecoraro, David (20 February 2002). "Selected Ambient Works 85-92". Pitchfork Media. http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/14986-selected-ambient-works-85-92. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
- ^ "Biography". The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll. 2001. http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/aphextwin/biography. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Hobbs, Mary Anne (6 December 2005). "tracklisting". Mary Anne Hobbs. BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/maryannehobbs/tracklistingarchive.shtml?20051206. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ "The Saw II Graphical F.A.Q". The Aphex Twin Community. 2001. Archived from the original on 2008-03-04. http://web.archive.org/web/20080304212918/http://xltronic.com/nostalgia/aphextwin.nu/v4/learn/98491895499398.shtml. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ The Aphex Twin Community / Learn / Interviews & Articles / Eponymous Rex Interview
- ^ BBC Widescreen Digital Test Transmission - 1998 - YouTube
- ^ Blashill, Pat (17 October 2001). "Drukqs". Rolling Stone. Wenner Publishing. http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/182317/drukqs. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ "Synths, drukqs and rock'n'roll". The Sydney Morning Herald (Fairfax Media). 9 January 2004. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/01/08/1073437402717.html. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ a b Pattison, Louis (26 May 2007). "Dancing in the dark". The Guardian (London: Guardian Media Group). http://music.guardian.co.uk/electronic/story/0,,2088396,00.html. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Phelan, Benjamin (24 July 2007). "Ghost in the Machine". The Village Voice (Village Voice Media). http://www.villagevoice.com/music/0731,phelan,77377,22.html. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ "BMI's entries for RICHARD DAVID JAMES". http://repertoire.bmi.com/writer.asp?blnWriter=True&blnPublisher=True&blnArtist=True&page=1&fromrow=1&torow=25&querytype=WriterID&keyid=533933&keyname=JAMES%20RICHARD%20DAVID&CAE=176937227&Affiliation=PRS. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
- ^ BBC - 6 Music - Aphex Twin album
- ^ Pitchfork Media article
- ^ Google Translate
- ^ "The Aphex Face". bastwood.com. http://www.bastwood.com/aphex.php. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ "Rephlex - the Record Label". h2g2. BBC. 28 August 2002. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A795639. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ "The Braindance Coincidence". The Milk Factory. May 2001. http://www.themilkfactory.co.uk/music/rephlex.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ "what is braindance?". rephlex.com. Archived from the original on 2001-03-02. http://web.archive.org/web/20010302124112/http://www.rephlex.com/braindance.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Cooper, Paul (4 October 2002). "Astrobotnia Parts 1, 2 & 3". Pitchfork Media. http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/15080-parts-1-2-3?artist_title=15080-parts-1-2-3. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
- ^ Lester, Paul (5 October 2001). "Tank boy". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2001/oct/05/artsfeatures3. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ Sweet, Matthew (17 March 2002). "Queen of the wired frontier". The Observer (London: Guardian Media Group). http://www.guardian.co.uk/theobserver/2002/mar/17/featuresreview.review. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ a b Perez, Arturo (16 March 2002). "Interview: Aphex Twin". Kludge Magazine. http://web.archive.org/web/20090501160746/http://kludgemagazine.com/interviews/Aphex_Twin/2002-07-18/. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Llewellyn, Kati; Solarski, Matthew (13 September 2006). "London Sinfonietta Tackles Aphex Twin, Squarepusher". Pitchfork Media. http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/news/38533-london-sinfonietta-tackles-aphex-twin-squarepusher. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Tranter, Rhys (17 June 2003). "Everything in its Right Place...". Collective. BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/collective/A1080983. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Robbins, Winston (11 September 2011). "Video: Jonny Greenwood, Aphex Twin perform alongside Krzysztof Penderecki". Consequence of Sound. http://consequenceofsound.net/2011/09/video-jonny-greenwood-aphex-twin-perform-alongside-krzysztof-penderecki/. Retrieved 2011-09-12.
- ^ "Interview with Salad Fingers Creator David Firth."
- ^ "Interview by Jason Gross". Perfect Sound Forever. September 1997. http://www.furious.com/perfect/aphextwin.html. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ a b c d e f [The Aphex Effect| Future Music | April 1993 | Dave Robinson |futuremusic.co.uk ]
- ^ Music Thing: Aphex Twin sleevenotes, scrawled on a vintage synth
- ^ Dartmouth Symposium on the Future of Computer Music Software: A Panel Discussion, Computer Music Journal (2002) Vol. 26, No. 4, Pages 13-30 doi:10.1162/014892602320991347
- ^ Music Thing: Aphex Twin interview in Future Music
- ^ Anderson, Don (1999). "Aphex Twin: Mad Musician or Investment Banker?". Space Age Bachelor. http://www.space-age-bachelor.com/archives/aphex-twin. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
- ^ Reynolds, Simon (1998). Generation Ecstasy. Little, Brown and Company. pp. 186, 189. ISBN 0-316-74111-6.
- ^ a b Witts, Dick; Young, Rob (November 1995). "Advice to Clever Children". The Wire 67 (141): 553. DOI:10.2175/106143095X135840. http://www.thewire.co.uk/articles/425/print. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Aphex Twin |
- Aphex Twin at Warp Records
- Aphex Twin at the Open Directory Project
- Aphex Twin discography at Discogs.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Aphex Twin |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1971-08-18 |
| Place of birth | Limerick, Ireland |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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