Tomara (also called Tomar, Tanwar and Tuar) is a Hindu clan, the members of which ruled parts of North India at different times. The Tomars claim descent from the Puruvanshi lineage of Indraprashtha of Mahabharata times.^[3] People belonging to the Tomar clan are found among the Rajputs and the Gurjars^[4][5] of northern India.

History[link]

Lord Krishna displays his Vishvarupa (Universal Form) to Arjuna on the battlefield of Kurukshetra.

Purana and Legends[link]

According to historic genelogies in puranas, the Tomars are the descendants of the Pandava prince Arjuna, through his great grandson Emperor Janamejaya, son of Emperor Parikshit.^{[citation needed]}Prince Dhritrashtra, blind by birth and the elder son of Kuru scion Vichitraveer abdicated the throne in favor of his younger brother Pandu whose sons were called Pandavs. King Pandu later abdicated the throne back to his elder brother due to his ill health. Their sons were involved in a great battle and finally Yudhishthira became the king after defeating Duyodhana.^{[citation needed]} King Yudhishtra founded the city of Indraprastha in the Kuru kingdom and later abdicated in favour of Parikshit, the grandson of his brother Arjuna. Capital city after Mahabharata war remained Hastinapur which was later flooded and the capital of the Pandava kingdom was moved eastwards in times of King Nishchakra. Indraprastha remained one of the major cities of Kuru-Panchala Empire for many centuries. Kuru Kingdom was one of the 16 Maha Janapads (or great states) under the Magadh Empire, around 300 BC.^[6] King Kshemaka, 28th in descent from Yudhisthira was last ruler to have absolute power in the Kuru kingdom, he was overthrown by his ministers and his sons relocated near Godavari River in south India. His grandson Uttungabhuja ^[7] established a small kingdom near Godavari and his descendants later re-established Indraprastha a few centuries later, under Anangpal Tomar I in the eighth century AD.^{[citation needed]}

Middle Ages - 1st Millenium AD[link]

Historian Augustus Hoernle was of the opinion that the Tomaras were one of the ruling clans of Gurjars in the Gurjara-Pratihara era of North India- 4th - 8th century AD,^[4] Ancient Kuru Kingdom continuing its existence in the ages when India was ruled by Gupta Kings. It remained one of the 18 Great States under Gupta Kings.^[8]

Indraprastha - Delhi[link]

The modern city of Delhi is believed to be on the site of Indraprastha.^[9] Delhi was established in 736 CE by the Tomara king Anangpal Tomar-I who re-established the Pandava ancestral capital.

The Kingdom of Delhi was founded by Anangpal Tomar, whose dynasty, by virtue of descent from the Pandavas, claimed to be Lords Paramount of India^[10]

Samrat Anangpal Tomar[link]

The Tomara dynasty of Delhi lasted til Anangpal Tomar-II. Part of his legacy was the construction of Lal Kot, a fortified wall around Delhi, likely in reaction to the raids of Mahmud of Ghazni.^[11] This is one of the oldest defence structures in Delhi.^[11] Anangpal Tomar II appointed his grandson (daughter's son, and son of King of Ajmer), Prithviraj Chauhan, as the heir apparent. Some historians believe that Prithvaraj was merely a caretaker king as long as his grandfather was alive. Prithviraj was never crowned in Delhi, hence adding weight to the view that the Chauhan ruler usurped the throne from his maternal grandfather.^{[citation needed]}. Anangpal Tomar II had 23 brothers and they each had territory of their own.^[12]

According to records kept by bards (or Jagas), King Anangpal Tomar made Prithviraj Chauhan only as caretaker when he went on a religious pilgrimage, as his own sons were very small at that time. When King Anangpal Tomar returned, Prithviraj refused to hand over the kingdom to his maternal grandfather.^{[citation needed]} Whatever the circumstances, the Chauhan dynasty was able to firmly establish control by the mid-12th century.^[11]

Vikramaditya[link]

Vikramaditya, king of Ujjain in Malwa, drove out Scythian invaders in 56 BC. The Vikram Samrat calendar was founded in 57 BC to honor his achievements. He was a liberal ruler, a patron of learning, encouraged art. He was a follower of the Brahmanical religion, a worshipper of Siva and Vishnu. He is claimed to be a prince of the Tomara dynasty.^[13][14]

Shakhas or sub-clans[link]

Jatu Rajputs[link]

These are descendents of Thakur Jatu singh and now inhabit surrounding villages of Bhiwani (Haryana). It is believed^[who?] that at one time^[when?] there were 1440 villages of Tanwar Rajputs from Bhiwani to Agroha, although the number has declined.^[15]

The three brothers Jatu, Raghu, and Sutraola divided amongst themselves the Parganah of Hansi', each share was called a Tappa and the names Tappa Jatu, Tappa Raghu and Tappa Sutraola were for years used in the Government Records which divisions are well known to this day. The descendants of the three brothers went on as opportunity afforded adding to their possessions. Those of Jatu's were the most extensive. Umr Singh of the family took Tosham hence that Ilaqua (Area) was known as Umrain tappa. Similarly Bhiwani was called Bachoan tappa after Bacho who had taken possession of it. Jatu's descendants at Sewani were called Raes, those at Tulwundi were called Ranas hence the village is still called and recorded as Tulwundi Rana, while those at Kulheri called Chowdris and Pica still retain these titles.^{[citation needed]}

Janghára Rajputs[link]

Known as a large and turbulent branch of the Tomara Rajput clan,^[16] the Janghara Rajputs were readily recruited by the British Indian Army.

The turbulent nature of the tribe is further enhanced by the origin of the name Janghara being derived from the words, Jang (war) and Ahára (hunger) meaning "the men who hunger for war".^[17]

After the fall of Delhi to the Chauhans, the Janghara sept parted from the main Tomar branch in disgust. They entered Rohilkhund under the leadership of the prince Dhápu Dhám whose warlike nature was proverbial. A couplet sung by women of the clan states

"Neeche Darti upar Ram, beech mein lade Dhapu Dham"

meaning "Below is Earth, above is Lord Rám. Between the two, fights Dhápu Dhám"^[18]

The Janghara Rajputs of Bareilly claim to have ejected the Gwálas in 1388CE. in 1405CE they expelled the Ahirs from their^{[clarification needed]} Kingdoms. The Katehriya Rajputs were also defeated and exiled from Rohilkhund by the Janghara Rais .^[18]

The Jangháras have always been turbulent and warlike; they should furnish the (British Indian) army with some excellent recruits.^[18]

Pathania Rajputs[link]

Descendants of Rana Jethpal, younger brother of Anangpal the last of the Tomara kings of Delhi. Established his^[who?] kingdom at Paithan, now called Pathankot. Their kingdom was called Dhameri which was later renamed Nurpur. Famous for their resistance against foreign rule, which they proved by giving battle to invaders till 1849 A.D., after which the Kingdom was annexed by the British, the Raja being a minor. This clan has to its credit three Maha Vir Chakra winners in the Indian Army. This clan has also won many other gallantry awards while serving in the British army of India.^{[citation needed]}

Janjua Rajputs[link]

The Janjua Rajput clan claim descendancy from the Pandava dynasty through the Pandav Prince Arjun.^[19] Prince Arjun, known as the Achilles of India,^[20] was famous for his valour. He was eulogised in the Mahabharata epic as the perfect Kshatriya warrior. He conquered many powerful kingdoms in the Mahabharata epic and was the main lead in the battle field of Kurukshetra. Arjun's great grandson, Maharaja Janamejaya, is an apical ancestor of the Janjuas. Janamejaya was later the ruling Emperor of the Kingdom of Hastinapur, the capital of which was Indraprasta (modern day Delhi). Regarding the Janjuas descent from the Pandavas dynasty, the Bali and Bhimwal generals of Raja Dhrupet Dev of Mathura, recorded that the Janjua Raja Dhrupet Dev was the descendant of Emperor Janamejaya of the Pandava dynasty of Prince Arjun.^[21][22] Sir Lepel H Griffin K.C.S.I. had also recorded in the early 1900s that the Janjua were Pandavas in origin.^[23]

Other Tomar Sub Branches[link]

Birwar, Badwar, Borahan,Chanket,suryan, Barnwal, Katiyar, Kallia, Borahan, Bajpanna, Jinwar, Jerah, Jasraiya, Indoria, Jarrota and Tirota Kshatriya. Indoria Kshatriya has branches - Raikwar, Jaiswar/Jaswar.^[24] The Tomars of Torawati-Patan in Rajasthan have 3 subdivisions - Asoji(Asal Singhji), Udoji(Uday Singhji) and Kelorji (Kewalramji).^[25]

See also[link]

• Baba Ramdevji

References[link]

Regina Paula Martins Morelenbaum (born July 31, 1962) is a Brazilian singer, born in Rio de Janeiro. She and her husband Jaques Morelenbaum were in the band that toured with Antonio Carlos Jobim from 1984–1994.

In addition to Jobim's group, Paula Morelenbaum has been part of Quarteto Jobim-Morelenbaum, with her husband Jaques, Jobim's son Paulo, and his son Daniel. She has also been in the trio Morelenbaum2/Sakamoto, also with her husband, and with Japanese composer/keyboardist Ryuichi Sakamoto.

Selected discography[link]

• Céu da Boca - Céu da Boca, 1981 LP (Polygram)
• show habia ,japan with A.C. JOBIM,1987
• Céu da Boca - Baratotal, 1982 LP (Polygram)
• Nova Banda - Amazonas Família Jobim 1991 (MoviePlay/Som Livre)
• Paula Morelenbaum - Paula Morelenbaum, 1992 (Independente/Camerati)
• Quarteto Jobim-Morelenbaum - Quarteto Jobim-Morelenbaum, 1999 (Velas/Sony Music)
• Céu da Boca - Millennium, 2000 (Universal Music)
• Morelenbaum²/Sakamoto - Casa, 2001 (Kab/Universal Music)
• Morelenbaum²/Sakamoto - Live in Tokyo 2001, 2001 (Warner Music Japan)
• Morelenbaum²/Sakamoto - A Day in New York, 2003 (Kab/Universal Music/Sony Classical)
• Paula Morelenbaum - Berimbaum, 2004 (Mirante/Farol Musica/Universal Music)
• Paula Morelenbaum - Telecoteco, 2008
• SWR Bigband & Paula Morelenbaum - Bossarenova, 2009

External links[link]

• Official site www.paulamorelenbaum.com.br

This article about a Brazilian singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Guus Meeuwis
Background information
Born	(1972-03-23) 23 March 1972 (age 40) Mariahout, Netherlands
Genres	Pop
Instruments	Vocals, guitar
Years active	1995-present
Associated acts	Vagant
Website	http://www.guusmeeuwis.com/

Gustaaf Stephanus Modestus "Guus" Meeuwis (born Mariahout, 23 March 1972) is a Dutch singer and songwriter. As part of the band Vagant, he scored several hits in the Netherlands and Flanders during the '90s and first decade of the 2000s.

Biography[link]

Guus Meeuwis was born at a monastery in Mariahout, a small village in the municipality of Laarbeek where his parents were living temporarily. He attended Stella Maris College, and went on to study jurisprudence in Tilburg. It quickly became apparent that Meeuwis was musically talented while at school. Following a romantic weekend in Bruges with his girlfriend Valérie he wrote the song Het is een Nacht ("It is a Night"), with which, in 1994, he won a prize at the AHC-Studentensongfestival in Leiden. He and his backing band were awarded a record contract, under the name "Guus Meeuwis & Vagant", after a café they frequented. Marc Meeuwis, Jan Willem Rozenboom, Hugo van Bilsen, Robin van Beek en Dirk Oerlemans. At the end of 2001 the group decided to split and Meeuwis continued on as a solo artist.

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

Live Albums[link]

Compilation albums[link]

Singles[link]

External links[link]

• (Dutch) Guus Meeuwis official website

Alceu Valença (born July 1, 1946 in São Bento do Una, Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil) is a Brazilian composer, writer, performer, actor, and poet.

Alceu Valenca was born in countryside Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil. He is considered the most successful artist in achieving an aesthetic balance between traditional northeastern Brazilian music and a broad range of electronic sounds and effects from pop music. One can find traces of maracatu, coco and "repentes de viola" (improvising fast-paced Brazilian folk music) in most of his songs. Alceu was able to utilize the electric guitar the electric bass, and lately even a synthesizer was added to his broad scope of musical instruments.

Because of that, Alceu was able to recreate Northeastern traditional music, like baião, coco, toada, maracatu, frevo, caboclinhos, embolada and repentes: all sung with a sometimes rock sometimes alternative sounding music background. His music and his themes are intangible, universal and unlimited. However, his aesthetic basis is genuinely Brazilian Northeastern music.

Biography[link]

Alceu Valença was born in São Bento do Una, Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil. When he was young, he used to listen songs by Dalva de Oliveira, Orlando Silva, Sílvio Caldas etc. When he was 5 years old, he participated of a music contest, singing a song by Capiba. Some years later, his mother get sick and his family moved to Recife to live in his aunt's house. In this period, Valença get interested in some musical instruments, such as acoustic guitar and viola. However, he only won his own guitar when he was 15.^[1]

In 1970, Valença got his graduation degree on Laws. However, he only followed a career in which for a matter of months. In fact, in the early 1970s, the reason he had no time for a law career was that he had already launched into a musical direction.^[2]

He started his musical career in 1968, with the group Underground Tamarineira Village, later known as Ave Sangria. He also played with Zé Ramalho and Elba Ramalho during this period. In 1972, he joined Geraldo Azevedo. Together, they participated of many festivals and, in that same years, recorded their first album: Alceu Valença & Geraldo Azevedo, also known as Quadrafônico.^[1][2]

Along his career, Valença recorded more than 20 albums and travelled around many countries, such as Portugal, France and United States. Actually, he is considered one of the greatest exponents of the music of Pernambuco.^[3]

Discography[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Alceu Valença website
• The Music of Alceu Valença independent site with all the lyrics and sound clips
• Alceu Valença at NordesteWeb
• Alceu Valença at the Internet Movie Database
• MTV's Alceu Valença page
• Alceu Valença at Música de Pernambuco

Eduardo Nascimento Costa (born 23 September 1982 in Florianópolis, Brazil), known as Eduardo Costa or simply Eduardo, is a Brazilian professional footballer. He currently plays as a defensive midfielder for Vasco da Gama.

Career[link]

In 2007 Eduardo played for Grêmio on loan from RCD Espanyol. He is especially noted for being an extremely tight marker, and is booked with alarming regularity ^[1]

A member of Brazil's Under 17 World Cup winning side, he came to France in 2001 to play for FC Girondins de Bordeaux, where he commanded a regular first team spot for three seasons, including playing a key role of Bordeaux's Uefa Cup run in 2002–03. He followed that with a move to Olympique de Marseille, but after an unhappy year there, he was signed by Espanyol in 2005 for €4 million in 4-year contract.^[2] He did not play in 2008–09 Ligue 1, as he would occupied a non-EU quota. In January 2009 he left for São Paulo in 3-year contract.^[3]

On 8 August 2009 AS Monaco FC have signed the former São Paulo's Brazilian midfielder^[4] in 3-year deal.^[5]

On December 2010, Eduardo Costa was loaned to Vasco da Gama for 6 months.^[6] Six months after it became a permanent deal following Monaco's relegation from the Ligue 1.

Honours[link]

• Winner FIFA U-17 World Cup in 1997 with Brazil
• Winner Copa do Brasil (Brazilian Cup) in 2001 with Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense
• Winner Campeonato Gaúcho in 2001 with Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense
• Winner Coupe de la Ligue (French League Cup) in 2002 with FC Girondins de Bordeaux
• Winner Copa del Rey (Spanish League Cup) in 2006 with RCD Espanyol
• Winner Copa do Brasil (Brazilian Cup) in 2011 with Vasco da Gama

References[link]

1. ^ Stats Hosted Solution Football
2. ^ Sólo Nàstic, Recreativo y Osasuna gastaron menos que el Espanyol, "Infoaccio issue 1" (in Spanish). RCD Espanyol. October 2006. http://www.rcdespanyol.com/imgscontenidos/infoaccio/infoaccio001.pdf. Retrieved 1 November 2011. 
3. ^ "BOLETIM INFORMATIVO DIÁRIO ELETRÔNICO (BID-E) RELAÇÃO PELA DATA 21/01/2009" (in Portuguese). CBF. 21 January 2009. Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. http://www2.cbf.com.br/php/bid.php?d=21/01/2009&uf=SP. Retrieved 1 November 2011. 
4. ^ "Monaco: le Brésilien Eduardo Costa va signer" (in French). AFP. FIFA.com. 8 August 2009. http://fr.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=1088308.html. Retrieved 1 November 2011. 
5. ^ "Eduardo Costa à l’AS Monaco FC" (in French). AS Monaco FC. 10 August 2009. http://www.asm-fc.com/actualites/equipe/eduardo-costa-a-l-as-monaco-fc. Retrieved 1 November 2011. 
6. ^ "Costa loaned to Vasco". PA. FIFA.com. 30 December 2010. http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=1357454.html. Retrieved 1 November 2011. 

External links[link]

• Eduardo Costa French league stats at LFP.fr (French)
• Eduardo Costa – FIFA competition record
• Eduardo Costa at cbf.com.br (site currently offline) (Portuguese)

v t e Brazil squad – 2001 Copa América 1 Marcos 2 Belletti 3 Cris 4 Roque Júnior 5 Eduardo Costa 6 Roger 7 Geovanni 8 Emerson (c) 9 Guilherme 10 Juninho Paulista 11 Denílson 12 Dida 13 Alessandro 14 Luisão 15 Juan 16 Júnior 17 Juninho Pernambucano 18 Rochemback 19 Fernando 20 Alex 21 Ewerthon 22 Jardel Coach: Scolari

v t e Brazil squad – 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup 1 Dida 2 Belletti 3 Lúcio 4 Juan 5 Emerson (c) 6 Gilberto 7 Ronaldinho 8 Kléberson 9 Adriano 10 Ricardinho 11 Gil 12 Júlio César 13 Maurinho 14 Fábio Luciano 15 Edu Dracena 16 Kléber 17 Eduardo Costa 18 Dudu Cearense 19 Adriano Gabiru 20 Alex 21 Ilan 22 Luís Fabiano 23 Fábio Coach: Parreira