The flower of a geranium opening over a period of about two hours. Consecutive frames are 7 minutes apart.

Timelapse video of a wikipedia page (YSR) being edited over a period of time.

Time-lapse photography is a technique whereby the frequency at which film frames are captured (the frame rate) is much lower than that used to view the sequence. When played at normal speed, time appears to be moving faster and thus lapsing. For example, an image of a scene may be captured once every second, then played back at 30 frames per second. The result is an apparent 30-times speed increase. Time-lapse photography can be considered the opposite of high speed photography or slow motion.

Processes that would normally appear subtle to the human eye, e.g. the motion of the sun and stars in the sky, become very pronounced. Time-lapse is the extreme version of the cinematography technique of undercranking, and can be confused with stop motion animation.

History[link]

Moving clouds time-lapse

A sunset time-lapse

Time lapse video of mung bean seeds germinating

Some classic subjects of timelapse photography include:

• cloudscapes and celestial motion
• plants growing and flowers opening
• fruit rotting
• evolution of a construction project
• people in the city

The technique has been used to photograph crowds, traffic, and even television. The effect of photographing a subject that changes imperceptibly slowly, creates a smooth impression of motion. A subject that changes quickly is transformed into an onslaught of activity.

The first use of time-lapse photography in a feature film was in Georges Méliès' motion picture Carrefour De L'Opera (1897). Time-lapse photography of biologic phenomena was pioneered by Jean Comandon^[1] in collaboration with Pathé Frères from 1909, by F. Percy Smith in 1910 and Roman Vishniac from 1915 to 1918. Time-lapse photography was further pioneered in the 1920s via a series of feature films called Bergfilms (Mountain films) by Arnold Fanck, including The Holy Mountain (1926).

From 1929 to 1931, R. R. Rife astonished journalists with early demonstrations of high magnification time-lapse cine-micrography^[2][3] but no filmmaker can be credited for popularizing time-lapse more than Dr. John Ott, whose life-work is documented in the DVD-film "Exploring the Spectrum".

Ott's initial "day-job" career was that of a banker, with time-lapse movie photography, mostly of plants, initially just a hobby. Starting in the 1930s, Ott bought and built more and more time-lapse equipment, eventually building a large greenhouse full of plants, cameras, and even self-built automated electric motion control systems for moving the cameras to follow the growth of plants as they developed. He time-lapsed his entire greenhouse of plants and cameras as they worked - a virtual symphony of time-lapse movement. His work was featured on a late 1950s episode of the request TV show, You Asked For It.

Ott discovered that the movement of plants could be manipulated by varying the amount of water the plants were given, and varying the color-temperature of the lights in the studio. Some colors caused the plants to flower, and other colors caused the plants to bear fruit. Ott discovered ways to change the sex of plants merely by varying the light source color-temperature.

By using these techniques, Ott time-lapse animated plants "dancing" up and down in synch to pre-recorded music tracks.

His cinematography of flowers blooming in such classic documentaries as Walt Disney's Secrets of Life (1956), pioneered the modern use of time-lapse on film and television. Ott wrote several books on the history of his time-lapse adventures, My Ivory Cellar (1958), "Health and Light" (1979), and the film documentary "Exploring the Spectrum" (DVD 2008).

A major refiner and developer of time-lapse is the Oxford Scientific Film Institute in Oxford, United Kingdom. The Institute specializes in time-lapse and slow-motion systems, and has developed camera systems that can go into (and move through) impossibly small places. Most people have seen at least some of their footage which has appeared in TV documentaries and movies for decades.

PBS's NOVA series aired a full episode on time-lapse (and slow motion) photography and systems in 1981 titled Moving Still. Highlights of Oxford's work are slow-motion shots of a dog shaking water off himself, with close ups of drops knocking a bee off a flower, as well as time-lapse of the decay of a dead mouse.

The first major usage of time-lapse in a feature film was Koyaanisqatsi (1983). The non-narrative film, directed by Godfrey Reggio, contained much time-lapse of clouds, crowds, and cities filmed by cinematographer Ron Fricke. Years later, Ron Fricke produced a solo project called "Chronos" shot on IMAX cameras, which is still frequently played on Discovery HD. Fricke used the technique extensively in the documentary Baraka (1992) which he photographed on Todd-AO (70 mm) film. The most recent film made entirely in time-lapse photography is Nate North's film Silicon Valley Timelapse, which holds the distinction of being the first feature length film shot almost entirely in 3 frame high dynamic range.

Countless other films, commercials, TV shows and presentations have included time-lapse.

For example, Peter Greenaway's film A Zed & Two Noughts featured a sub-plot involving time-lapse photography of decomposing animals and included a composition called "Time-lapse" written for the film by Michael Nyman. More recently, Adam Zoghlin's time-lapse cinematography was featured in the CBS television series Early Edition, depicting the adventures of a character that receives tomorrow's newspaper today. David Attenborough's 1995 series, The Private Life of Plants, also utilised the technique extensively.

Terminology[link]

Time-lapse animation of global seasonal differences through the year at a rate of one frame per month.

A decaying peach over a period of six days. Consecutive frames are approximately 12 hours apart, as the peach shrivels and becomes covered with mold.

The frame rate of time-lapse movie photography can be varied to virtually any degree, from a rate approaching a normal frame rate (between 24 and 30 frames per second) to only one frame a day, a week, or more, depending on subject.

The term "time-lapse" can also apply to how long the shutter of the camera is open during the exposure of EACH frame of film (or video), and has also been applied to the use of long-shutter openings used in still photography in some older photography circles. In movies, both kinds of time-lapse can be used together, depending on the sophistication of the camera system being used. A night shot of stars moving as the Earth rotates requires both forms. A long exposure of each frame is necessary to enable the dim light of the stars to register on the film. Lapses in time between frames provide the rapid movement when the film is viewed at normal speed.

As the frame rate of time-lapse approaches normal frame rates, these "mild" forms of time-lapse are sometimes referred to simply as fast motion or (in video) fast forward. This type of borderline time-lapse resembles a VCR in a fast forward ("scan") mode. A man riding a bicycle will display legs pumping furiously while he flashes through city streets at the speed of a racing car. Longer exposure rates for each frame can also produce blurs in the man's leg movements, heightening the illusion of speed.

Two examples of both techniques are the running sequence in Terry Gilliam's The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1989) in which Eric Idle outraces a speeding bullet, and Los Angeles animator Mike Jittlov's 1980 short and feature-length film, both titled The Wizard of Speed and Time, released to theaters in 1987 and to video in 1989.

An animated example is the clip from the show "The Simpsons" in which Homer Simpson takes a picture of himself a day for 39 years, although it is intended to be a comedy, thus not realistic.

When used in motion pictures and on television, fast motion can serve one of several purposes. One popular usage is for comic effect. A slapstick style comic scene might be played in fast motion with accompanying music. (This form of special effect was often used in silent film comedies in the early days of the cinema; see also liquid electricity.)

Another use of fast motion is to speed up slow segments of a TV program that would otherwise take up too much of the time allotted a TV show. This allows, for example, a slow scene in a house redecorating show of furniture being moved around (or replaced with other furniture) to be compressed in a smaller allotment of time while still allowing the viewer to see what took place.

The opposite of fast motion is slow motion. Cinematographers refer to fast motion as undercranking since it was originally achieved by cranking a handcranked camera slower than normal. Overcranking produces slow motion effects.

How time-lapse works[link]

Film is often projected at 24 frame/s, meaning 24 images appear on the screen every second. Under normal circumstances, a film camera will record images at 24 frame/s. Since the projection speed and the recording speed are the same, the images onscreen appear to move at normal speed.

Even if the film camera is set to record at a slower speed, it will still be projected at 24 frame/s. Thus the image on screen will appear to move faster.

The change in speed of the onscreen image can be calculated by dividing the projection speed by the camera speed.

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \mathrm{perceived\ speed} = \frac{\mathrm{projection\ frame\ rate}}{\mathrm{camera\ frame\ rate}}\times\mathrm{actual\ speed}

So a film recorded at 12 frames per second will appear to move twice as fast. Shooting at camera speeds between 8 and 22 frames per second usually falls into the undercranked fast motion category, with images shot at slower speeds more closely falling into the realm of time-lapse, although these distinctions of terminology have not been entirely established in all movie production circles.

The same principles apply to video and other digital photography techniques. However, until very recently, video cameras have not been capable of recording at variable frame rates.

Time-lapse can be achieved with some normal movie cameras by simply shooting individual frames manually. But greater accuracy in time-increments and consistency in exposure rates of successive frames are better achieved through a device that connects to the camera's shutter system (camera design permitting) called an intervalometer. The intervalometer regulates the motion of the camera according to a specific interval of time between frames. Today, many consumer grade digital cameras, including even some point-and-shoot cameras have hardware or freeware intervalometers available.^[4] Some intervolometers can be connected to motion control systems that move the camera on any number of axes as the time-lapse photography is achieved, creating tilts, pans, tracks, and trucking shots when the movie is played at normal frame rate. Ron Fricke is the primary developer of such systems, which can be seen in his short film Chronos (1992) and his feature film Baraka (1992, released to video in 2001).

Short Exposure vs. Long Exposure Time-lapse[link]

Exposure time in frame interval

As mentioned above, in addition to modifying the speed of the camera, it is important to consider the relationship between the frame interval and the exposure time. This relationship controls the amount of motion blur present in each frame and is, in principle, exactly the same as adjusting the shutter angle on a movie camera. This is known as "Dragging the shutter."

A film camera normally records images at twenty four frames per second. During each 1/24th of a second, the film is actually exposed to light for roughly half the time. The rest of the time, it is hidden behind the shutter. Thus exposure time for motion picture film is normally calculated to be one 48th of a second (1/48 second, often rounded to 1/50 second). Adjusting the shutter angle on a film camera (if its design allows), can add or reduce the amount of motion blur by changing the amount of time that the film frame is actually exposed to light.

Blurring vs. exposure times

In time-lapse photography, the camera records images at a specific slow interval such as one frame every thirty seconds (1/30 frame/s). The shutter will be open for some portion of that time. In short exposure time-lapse the film is exposed to light for a normal exposure time over an abnormal frame interval. For example, the camera will be set up to expose a frame for 1/50th of a second every 30 seconds. Such a setup will create the effect of an extremely tight shutter angle giving the resulting film a stop-animation or clay-mation quality.

In long exposure time-lapse, the exposure time will approximate the effects of a normal shutter angle. Normally, this means the exposure time should be half of the frame interval. Thus a 30 second frame interval should be accompanied by a 15 second exposure time to simulate a normal shutter. The resulting film will appear smooth.

The exposure time can be calculated based on the desired shutter angle effect and the frame interval with the equation:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \mathrm{exposure\ time} = \frac{\mathrm{shutter\ angle}}{360^\circ}\times\mathrm{frame\ interval}

Long exposure time-lapse is less common because it is often difficult to properly expose film at such a long period, especially in daylight situations. A film frame that is exposed for 15 seconds will receive 750 times more light than its 1/50th of a second counterpart. (Thus it will be more than 9 stops over normal exposure.) A scientific grade neutral density filter can be used to compensate for the over-exposure.

Time-lapse camera movement[link]

Some of the most stunning time-lapse images are created by moving the camera during the shot. A time-lapse camera can be mounted to a moving car for example to create a notion of extreme speed.

However, to achieve the effect of a simple tracking shot, it is necessary to use motion control to move the camera. A motion control rig can be set to dolly or pan the camera at a glacially slow pace. When the image is projected it could appear that the camera is moving at a normal speed while the world around it is in time lapse. This juxtaposition can greatly heighten the time-lapse illusion.

The speed that the camera must move to create a perceived normal camera motion can be calculated by inverting the time-lapse equation:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \mathrm{actual\ speed} = \frac{\mathrm{camera\ frame\ rate}}{\mathrm{projection\ frame\ rate}}\times\mathrm{perceived\ speed}

Baraka was one of the first films to use this effect to its extreme. Director and cinematographer Ron Fricke designed his own motion control equipment that utilized stepper motors to pan, tilt and dolly the camera.

A panning time-lapse can be easily and inexpensively achieved by using a widely available Equatorial telescope mount with a Right ascension motor (*360 degree example using this method). Two axis pans can be achieved as well, with contemporary motorized telescope mounts.

A variation of these are rigs that move the camera DURING exposures of each frame of film, blurring the entire image. Under controlled conditions, usually with computers carefully making the movements during and between each frame, some exciting blurred artistic and visual effects can be achieved, especially when the camera is mounted on a tracking system that enables its own movement through space.

The most classic example of this is the slit-scan opening of the stargate sequence toward the end of Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), created by Douglas Trumbull.

Related techniques[link]

• Stop motion animation
• Slow motion photography
• Motion control photography
• Bullet time

High-Dynamic-Range (HDR) Time-lapse[link]

The most recent development in time-lapse cinematography is the addition of High-dynamic-range imaging (photographic technique) to time-lapse. One of the first experiments was an 11-second series completed in un-automated form by Nicholas Phillips on July 8, 2006 . Modern time-lapse enthusiasts have started to follow suit as of May 2007. Ollie Larkin (work) and Jay Burlage (work) have both shot and processed HDR time-lapse footage in High definition, with motion control, using digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) cameras. The first example of this technique in a full length film can be seen in Silicon Valley Timelapse (2008).

One method using a DSLR involves bracketing for each frame. Three photographs are taken at separate exposure values (capturing the three in immediate succession) to produce a group of pictures for each frame representing the highlights, mid-tones, and shadows. The bracketed groups are consolidated into individual frames (see HDR). Those frames are then sequenced into video.

However, the number of images required to be taken is relatively high. For a 30 fps video of HDR (each frame tonemapped with 3 images), 5,400 original images (60×30×3) are required for each minute.

Notes[link]

References[link]

• ICP Library of Photographers. Roman Vishniac. Grossman Publishers, New York. 1974.
• Roman Vishniac. Current Biography (1967).
• My Ivory Cellar John Ott. (1958)
• "Health and Light" John Ott. (1979)
• Exploring the Spectrum John Ott. (1973, 2008) DVD-film version available since 2008. http://www.amazon.com/Exploring-Spectrum-Effects-Artificial-Organisms/dp/B0015I0HKO

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Time-lapse videos

Look up time-lapse in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• A collection of 55 timelapse video clips from the BBC natural history archive
• BBC Time lapse photography tutorial

Ludovico Einaudi
Ludovico Einaudi at Quirinal Palace in 2008
Background information
Birth name	Ludovico Einaudi
Born	(1955-11-23) 23 November 1955 (age 56) Turin, Piedmont, Italy
Genres	Classical, minimalist, film score
Occupations	Musician, sound designer, film score composer
Instruments	piano, synthesizer, keyboard
Years active	1980–present
Labels	Decca Records, Universal Music Group
Website	www.einaudiwebsite.com

Ludovico Einaudi OMRI (Italian pronunciation: [ludoˈviːko eiˈnaudi]) (born 23 November 1955 in Turin, Piedmont) is an Italian pianist and composer.

Biography[link]

Einaudi was born in Turin, Italy. His mother played to him on the piano as a child. He began his musical training at the Conservatorio Verdi in Milan, gaining a diploma in composition in 1982. That same year, he studied with Luciano Berio and gained a scholarship to the Tanglewood Music Festival.

After studying at the Conservatory in Milan, and subsequently with Berio, he spent several years composing in traditional forms. In the mid-1980s he began to search for a more personal expression in a series of works for dance and multimedia, and later for piano. His music is ambient, meditative and often introspective, drawing on minimalism, world music, and contemporary pop. He has made a significant impact in the film world, with four international awards to his name.^{[citation needed]}

His father, Giulio Einaudi, was a publisher, and his grandfather, Luigi Einaudi, was President of Italy between 1948 and 1955. He currently resides on a vineyard in the Italian region of Piedmont.

Music[link]

	"Ludovico Einaudi – Primavera" noicon Extract from 2007 album "Divenire"
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

Although Einaudi would prefer not to be labeled as any particular type of genre, he is sometimes referred to as a Minimalist. He says: "In general I don't like definitions, but 'Minimalist' is a term that means elegance and openness, so I would prefer to be called a Minimalist than something else." However, Einaudi's style differs from those of the Minimalism movement, and this attribution is likely more due to his work's sparse orchestration and simple melodies.

Einaudi's own words on the matter reflect this viewpoint, with Einaudi referring to Minimalism as "elegance and openness", despite its more formal definition as a musical movement to which he arguably does not belong.

Einaudi is signed to Sony Music Entertainment's classical music division, Sony Classical.

Einaudi's Due Tramonti was featured in the film I'm Still Here (2010) directed by Casey Affleck.

Einaudi's Nuvole Bianche was featured in the film Insidious (2010) directed by James Wan, the British TV-drama This Is England 86 and in the TV-series Derek (2012) directed by and starring Ricky Gervais.

Einaudi's Una Mattina and Fly were recently featured in a French success movie Intouchables (2011) directed by Olivier Nakache and Eric Toledano.

In June 2011, BBC Radio 1 Presenter Greg James started a campaign to get I Giorni in the top 40 singles chart. He mentioned that he found the piece therapeutic when he was studying in University. The first plays of the song got a phenomenal response from listeners which led to the song appearing in the charts

Most recently Einaudi's Divenire is featured in a Proctor & Gamble advertising campaign on Youtube in light of the 2012 London Olympics and Mother's Day in United States.^[1]

Works[link]

• Time Out (1988)
• Stanze (1992, harp)
• Salgari (1995)
• Le Onde (1996, piano)
• Eden Roc (1999, piano and strings)
• I Giorni (2001, piano)
• Diario Mali (2003; piano, harp)
• Una Mattina (2004; piano, cello)
• Divenire (2007; piano, string quartet)
• Nightbook (2009; piano, electronic)

Recordings[link]

• 1988 Time Out – BMG Ricordi
• 1992 Stanze – BMG Ricordi
• 1995 Salgari – BMG Ricordi
• 1996 Le Onde – BMG Ricordi^[2]
• 1998 Fuori dal Mondo – BMG Ricordi
• 1998 Ultimi Fuochi – BMG Ricordi
• 1999 Eden Roc – BMG Ricordi
• 2001 I Giorni – BMG Ricordi
• 2001 Luce dei miei Occhi- BMG Ricordi
• 2002 Dr. Zhivago – BMG Ricordi
• 2003 La Scala Concert 03.03.03 – BMG Ricordi
• 2003 Le parole di mio padre – BMG Ricordi
• 2003 Diario Mali (with Ballaké Sissoko) – Ponderosa IRD
• 2004 Echoes: The Einaudi Collection
• 2004 Una Mattina – Ponderosa Music and Art/Decca/Sony Classical
• 2006 Divenire – Ponderosa Music and Art/Decca
• 2009 Cloudland^[3] – Ponderosa Music and Art
• 2009 Nightbook – Ponderosa Music and Art/Decca
• 2010 The Royal Albert Hall Concert – Ponderosa Music and Art
• 2011 Islands: Essential Einaudi – Decca (UMO)

Film and television scores[link]

• 1988: Treno di panna (Director: Andrea De Carlo)
• 1994: Da qualche parte in città (Director: Michele Sordillo)
• 1996: Acquario (Director: Michele Sordillo)
• 1998: Aprile (Director: Nanni Moretti)
• 1998: Giorni dispari (Director: Dominick Tambasco)
• 1999: Fuori dal mondo (Director: Giuseppe Piccioni)
• 2000: La vita altrui (Director: Michele Sordillo)
• 2000: Un delitto impossibile (Director: Antonio Luigi Grimaldi)
• 2001: Le parole di mio padre (Director: Francesca Comencini)
• 2001: Alexandria (Director: Maria Iliou)
• 2002: Luce dei miei occhi (Director: Giuseppe Piccioni) – Italian music award for best film score
• 2002: Doctor Zhivago (TV mini-series, Director: Giacomo Campiotti)
• 2004: Sotto falso nome (Director: Roberto Andò) – Prize for the best film music at Avignon Film Festival 2004
• 2004: Mission: Saturn
• 2006: This Is England (Director: Shane Meadows)^[4]
• 2010: This Is England '86 (Director: Shane Meadows)^[4]
• 2010: Stargate Universe – Pathogen
• 2010: Sangandaan – Landas ng Buhay
• 2010: I'm Still Here (Director: Casey Affleck)
• 2010: Das Ende ist mein Anfang - German film
• 2010: Black Swan (Director: Darren Aronofosky) (Trailer)
• 2011: Elena - Mysterio ng Kahapon
• 2011: BBC - background music to minute of silence for recent racing deaths before Formula 1 Airtel Grand Prix of India (October 30)

• 2011: This Is England '88 (Director: Shane Meadows)^[5]
• 2011: Intouchables - (Director: Olivier Nakache & Eric Toledano)
• 2012: J. Edgar - (Director: Clint Eastwood)
• 2012: Derek (Pilot episode) - (Director: Ricky Gervais)
• 2012: Proctor and Gamble commercial for the Olympics 2012

Numerous episodes of the BBC's Top Gear

• Year of creation unknown: National Basketball Association (NBA) of America, Where Will Amazing Happen This Year (Magic Johnson Sky Hook)^[6]

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• The Independent review Album: Ludovico Einaudi, Nightbook (Decca) (16 October 2009), accessed 19 February 2010
• Voce di Italia review of Ludovico Einaudi – The Nightbook Tour by Daniele Orlandi (13 February 2010), accessed 19 February 2010 (Italian)
• Romagna Noi review Ravenna – Ludovico Einaudi all'Alighieri by Daniele Orlandi (8 February 2010), accessed 19 February 2010 (Italian)

External links[link]

• Composer's website
• Chester Novello biographical page
• Ludovico Einaudi at the Internet Movie Database
• Ponderosa biographical page, accessed 19 February 2010
• (Italian) A brief critical essay on Ludovico Einaudi
• History and Mystery: The piano spheres of Ludovico Einaudi, Bluefat interview