- published: 29 Aug 2011
- views: 29569
- author: Mohammad Ayaz Alam
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Loading...
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- ABC News
- Adam Malik
- Adolf Hitler
- Adolfo Suárez
- Agostinho Neto
- Agustín Eyzaguirre
- Ahmad Shah Massoud
- Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
- Alain Poher
- Alberto Bachelet
- Alcide De Gasperi
- Aldo Moro
- Alec Douglas-Home
- Alexander Dubček
- Alexei Kosygin
- Alfredo Jocelyn-Holt
- Alliance for Chile
- Alma mater
- Anatoly Dobrynin
- Andes
- Andrei Gromyko
- Anthony Eden
- Anthrax
- Anti-communism
- Antofagasta
- António de Spínola
- Anwar Sadat
- Aníbal Cavaco Silva
- Aníbal Pinto
- Argentina
- Arica
- Arms deal
- Arturo Alessandri
- Assassination
- Asset (intelligence)
- Associated Press
- Augusto Pinochet
- Avanzada Nacional
- Babrak Karmal
- BAE Systems
- Balkans war
- Baltasar Garzón
- Basque Chilean
- BBC
- BBC News
- Benigno Aquino, Jr.
- Bentley University
- Bernardo Leighton
- Bettino Craxi
- Black cocaine
- Bolesław Bierut
- Boris Yeltsin
- Botulism
- Breton people
- Brian Mulroney
- Buenos Aires
- Burma
- Burnt Alive case
- Carabineros de Chile
- Caravan of Death
- Carl Levin
- Carlos Altamirano
- Carlos Cáceres
- Carlos Dávila
- Carlos Prats
- Carmelo Soria
- Caspar Weinberger
- Category Cold War
- Catholic Church
- Cemetery
- Censorship
- CEPAL
- Charles de Gaulle
- Charles Horman
- Che Guevara
- Chiang Ching-kuo
- Chiang Kai-shek
- Chicago Boys
- Chile
- Chile under Allende
- Chile under Pinochet
- Chilean Air Force
- Chilean army
- Chilean Army
- Chilean Navy
- Church Committee
- Clarín (newspaper)
- Clement Attlee
- Client state
- Clive Foss
- CNN
- Coal
- Cold War
- Commander-in-chief
- Commonwealth English
- Concepción, Chile
- Concón
- Corazon Aquino
- Coup d'état
- Court of Appeal
- Cremation
- Croatia
- Cuban exile
- Curfew
- César Mendoza
- Daniel Ortega
- David H. Popper
- David Leigh
- Decree
- Dementia
- Democracy
- Democracy Now!
- Democratic
- Deng Xiaoping
- Derek Jacobi
- Despotism
- Diosdado Macapagal
- Dollars & Sense
- Domingo Santa María
- Dow Chemical
- Dwight D. Eisenhower
- Economic inequality
- Economy of Chile
- Ecuador
- Eduard Shevardnadze
- Edward Gierek
- Edward Heath
- Edward Koch
- EFE
- Eisaku Satō
- El Mercurio
- Election
- Electoral fraud
- Embargo
- Embezzlement
- Emiliano Figueroa
- Enrico Berlinguer
- Enver Hoxha
- Erich Honecker
- Ernest Bevin
- Eugenio Berrios
- Exile
- Extradition
- Falklands War
- Family name
- Fascism
- Felipe González
- Ferdinand Marcos
- Fernando Matthei
- Fidel Castro
- Fidel V. Ramos
- Forced disappearance
- FPMR
- Francesco Cossiga
- Francisco Franco
- Francisco Ruiz-Tagle
- François Mitterrand
- Free-market
- Front companies
- Gabriel Salazar
- Gamal Abdel Nasser
- Gennady Yanayev
- Geopolitics
- George H. W. Bush
- George Marshall
- George P. Shultz
- George Weigel
- Georges Pompidou
- Gerald Ford
- Gerardo Huber
- Germán Riesco
- Getúlio Vargas
- Giulio Andreotti
- Globe and Mail
- Gonzalo Vial Correa
- Gregorio Honasan
- Gustavo Leigh
- Hafez al-Assad
- Hafizullah Amin
- Half staff
- Harold Macmillan
- Harold Wilson
- Harry S. Truman
- Hawker Hunter
- Helmut Kohl
- Helmut Schmidt
- Henry Kissinger
- Heraldo Muñoz
- Hernan Buchi
- Hernán Büchi
- Hirohito
- History of Chile
- Ho Chi Minh
- House arrest
- Hua Guofeng
- Human rights
- Ichirō Hatoyama
- Idi Amin
- Illegal drug trade
- Imelda Marcos
- Imre Nagy
- Indira Gandhi
- Infantry
- Iquique
- Jack Straw
- Jacobo Timerman
- Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán
- Jaime Guzmán
- James Callaghan
- Jawaharlal Nehru
- Jean Charpentier
- Jerónimo Méndez
- Jimmy Carter
- Joe Clark
- John Diefenbaker
- John F. Kennedy
- John Foster Dulles
- John Turner
- Jonas Savimbi
- Jorge Alessandri
- Jorge Montt
- Jorge Rafael Videla
- Jose Maria Sison
- Joseph McCarthy
- Joseph Stalin
- Josip Broz Tito
- José Joaquín Prieto
- José Joaquín Pérez
- José Tomás Ovalle
- José Toribio Merino
- Journalist
- João Goulart
- Juan Antonio Ríos
- Juan Domingo Perón
- Juan Esteban Montero
- Juan Guzmán Tapia
- Juan José Torres
- Juan Luis Sanfuentes
- Juan Ponce Enrile
- Julius Nyerere
- Jurisprudence
- János Kádár
- Kakuei Tanaka
- Kim Campbell
- Kim Il-sung
- Kim Philby
- Konrad Adenauer
- Konstantin Chernenko
- Kwame Nkrumah
- La Moneda Palace
- La Nacion (Chile)
- La Nación (Chile)
- La Tercera
- Labour Party (UK)
- Lamballe
- Larry Rohter
- Las Condes
- Last rites
- Law of Chile
- Le Duan
- Lech Wałęsa
- Leighton case
- Leonel Brizola
- Leonid Brezhnev
- Leopoldo Galtieri
- Lester B. Pearson
- Letelier case
- Libertarianism
- Life sentences
- Lota, Chile
- Louis St. Laurent
- Lucia Hiriart
- Lucía Hiriart
- Lucía Pinochet
- Luís Carlos Prestes
- Lyndon B. Johnson
- M16 rifle
- M72 LAW
- Manuel Bulnes
- Manuel Contreras
- Manuel Montt
- Manuel Noriega
- Mao Zedong
- Marcelo Caetano
- Marcos Pérez Jiménez
- Margaret Thatcher
- Marist Brothers
- Masayoshi Ōhira
- Menachem Begin
- Miami
- Michael Townley
- Michel Aflaq
- Michelle Bachelet
- Middle class
- Miguel Enríquez
- Mikhail Gorbachev
- Military funeral
- Military geography
- Military junta
- Milton Friedman
- Minister of Finances
- Miracle of Chile
- Missing (film)
- Mobutu Sese Seko
- Mohammad Hatta
- Mohammad Mosaddegh
- Mohammad Najibullah
- Money laundering
- Muammar Gaddafi
- Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
- Mário Soares
- Mátyás Rákosi
- National Review
- Ne Win
- Neltume
- Neo-fascist
- New York Times
- Ngo Dinh Diem
- Nicolae Ceauşescu
- Nikita Khrushchev
- Nikolai Ryzhkov
- Noam Chomsky
- Noboru Takeshita
- Nobusuke Kishi
- Norm Coleman
- Nur Misuari
- Nur Muhammad Taraki
- Offshore company
- Omar Torrijos
- Operation Colombo
- Operation Condor
- Orlando Bosch
- Palingenesis
- Palmiro Togliatti
- Park Chung-hee
- Pascal Allende
- Patrice Lumumba
- Patricio Aylwin
- Pedro Aguirre Cerda
- Pedro Espinoza Bravo
- Pedro Montt
- Peter Kornbluh
- Pierre Trudeau
- Pinochet in Suburbia
- Plan Zeta
- Plastic explosive
- Pol Pot
- Political corruption
- Political pluralism
- Pope John Paul II
- Portal Cold War
- President of Chile
- President-elect
- Privatization
- Project FUBELT
- Proletarian
- Propaganda
- Proprietor
- Prosecuting attorney
- Pulmonary edema
- Quillota
- Quito
- Radio Cooperativa
- Ramón Barros Luco
- Ramón Freire
- Referendum
- Rettig Report
- Ricardo Izurieta
- Ricardo Lagos
- Richard Nixon
- Riggs Bank
- Robert F. Kennedy
- Robert McNamara
- Robert Paxton
- Roger Griffin
- Ronald Reagan
- RPG-7
- Ruhollah Khomeini
- Rómulo Betancourt
- Saddam Hussein
- Salah Jadid
- Salgueiro Maia
- Salvador Allende
- Samuel Chavkin
- Santiago
- Santiago de Chile
- Sarin gas
- Scapegoat
- Schneider Doctrine
- Sebastián Piñera
- Second lieutenant
- Secretary of State
- Senator-for-life
- Sergio de Castro
- Sergio Muñoz
- Shell company
- Shigeru Yoshida
- Siad Barre
- Sir Galahad
- Sir Tristram
- Socialist
- South America
- Spanish language
- State funeral
- State of emergency
- Stefano delle Chiaie
- Suharto
- Sukarno
- Syngman Rhee
- Sōsuke Uno
- Takeo Fukuda
- Takeo Miki
- Tanquetazo
- Tarapacá Region
- Tax evasion
- Testify
- The Guardian
- The New York Times
- The Observer
- The Washington Post
- Todor Zhivkov
- Tony Blair
- Torture
- Toshiki Kaifu
- Totem
- U Nu
- Ultra-nationalism
- United Kingdom
- United Nations
- United States Senate
- Urho Kekkonen
- USA PATRIOT Act
- Valech Report
- Valparaíso
- Vasco Gonçalves
- Villa Grimaldi
- Vivianne Blanlot
- Volodia Teitelboim
- Vyacheslav Molotov
- Víctor Olea Alegría
- Walter Hallstein
- Walter Laqueur
- Walter Ulbricht
- Washington Post
- Washington, D.C.
- Weapons traffic
- Wikipedia Link rot
- Wikipedia Persondata
- Wiktionary maternal
- Wiktionary paternal
- Wiktionary watershed
- Willy Brandt
- Winston Churchill
- Wojciech Jaruzelski
- World Bank
- WP IPA for Spanish
- Władysław Gomułka
- Yasuhiro Nakasone
- Yugoslavia
- Yuri Andropov
- Zaire
- Zenko Suzuki
- Zhao Ziyang
- Zhou Enlai
- Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
- Álvaro Cunhal
-
Antofagasta
Antofagasta (Spanish pronunciation: [antofaˈɣasta] (
listen)) is a port city in northern Chile, about 700 miles (1,130 km) north of Santiago. It is the capital of Antofagasta Province and Antofagasta Region. According to the 2002 census, the city has a population of 296,905. However, a recent population projection by the National Institute of Statistics of Chile in 2009, says the city has an estimated population of 360,473 inhabitants.
The city of Antofagasta is closely linked to mining activity, being a major mining area of the country. The last decade has been a steady growth in the areas of construction, retail, hotel accommodations, population growth, and remarkable skyline development.
Also Antofagasta has the best GDP per capita of Chile, 32.008 USD and the 3rd place for Human Development Index just after Metropolitana de Santiago Region and Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region.
Currently there are several theories to explain the origin of the name Antofagasta. A clear consensus regarding the true origin of the word has not yet been determined.
wn.com/Antofagasta -
Argentina
Argentina
i/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
wn.com/Argentina -
Arica
Arica is a commune and a port city with a population of 185,269 in the Arica Province of northern Chile's Arica and Parinacota Region, located only 18 km (11 mi) south of the border with Peru. The city is the capital of both the Arica Province and the Arica and Parinacota Region. Known as the "city of the eternal spring", it was originally a part of Peru but it was lost after the Treaty of Ancon as part of the results of the War of the Pacific.
Archaeological research has indicated the site of Arica was inhabited by different native groups for at least ten thousand years. The city was founded by Spanish captain Lucas Martinez de Begazo in 1541, and in 1570 was entitled as "La Muy Ilustre y Real Ciudad San Marcos de Arica" (the very illustrious and royal city of San Marcos of Arica). This city was, from 1545, the port for exporting the silver of Potosí, Bolivia.
The Potosi silver mine was the largest such mine in world history, making Arica a crucial port for the Spanish Empire. This port was looted by such famous pirates, buccaneers, and privateers as Francis Drake, Thomas Cavendish, Richard Hawkins, Joris van Spilbergen, John Watling, Simon de Cordes, Leandro de Valencia, Bartholomew Sharp, William Dampier, and John Clipperton.
wn.com/Arica -
BAE Systems
Coordinates: 51°16′25″N 0°46′00″W / 51.27361°N 0.7666667°W / 51.27361; -0.7666667
BAE Systems plc (LSE: BA.) is a British multinational defence, security and aerospace company headquartered in London, United Kingdom, that has global interests, particularly in North America through its subsidiary BAE Systems Inc. BAE is among the world's largest military contractors; in 2009 it was the second-largest based on revenues. It was formed on 30 November 1999 by the £7.7 billion merger of two British companies, Marconi Electronic Systems (MES), the defence electronics and naval shipbuilding subsidiary of the General Electric Company plc (GEC), and aircraft, munitions and naval systems manufacturer British Aerospace (BAe).
BAE Systems is the successor to various aircraft and defence electronics companies, including The Marconi Company, the first commercial company devoted to the development and use of radio; A.V. Roe and Company, one of the world's first aircraft companies; de Havilland, manufacturer of the world's first commercial jet airliner; British Aircraft Corporation, co-manufacturer of the Concorde supersonic transport; and Supermarine, manufacturer of the Spitfire. Since its formation it has sold its shares in Airbus, Astrium, AMS and Atlas Elektronik, and made a number of acquisitions, most notably United Defense and Armor Holdings of the United States.
wn.com/BAE_Systems -
Bentley University
Coordinates: 42°23′15″N 71°13′14″W / 42.387633°N 71.22061°W / 42.387633; -71.22061
Bentley University is a private co-educational university in Waltham, Massachusetts, 10 miles (16 km) west of Boston. Founded in 1917 as a school of accounting and finance in Boston's Back Bay neighborhood, Bentley moved to Waltham in 1968. In late 2010, Bentley University was ranked one of the top 20 undergraduate business schools by Business Week and was ranked #6 in Best Career/Job Placement Services by Princeton Review. As a business university, Bentley University's mission is to create new knowledge within and across business and the arts and sciences and to educate creative, ethical, and socially responsible organizational leaders. Bentley University provides a focused undergraduate business curriculum with bachelor of science degrees in 11 business fields and bachelor of arts degrees in six arts and sciences disciplines. The graduate school emphasizes the impact of technology on business practice and offers PhD programs in Business and Accountancy, the Bentley MBA with 16 areas of concentration, an integrated MS+MBA, seven Master of Science degrees, and custom executive education programs.
wn.com/Bentley_University -
Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires (
/ˈbweɪnəs ˈɛəriːz/ or /ˈaɪrɪs/,Spanish: [ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes]) is the capital and largest city of Argentina, and the second-largest metropolitan area in South America, after Greater Sao Paulo. It is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern coast of the South American continent. Greater Buenos Aires conurbation, which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts, constitutes the third-largest conurbation in Latin America, with a population of around thirteen million.
The city of Buenos Aires is not a part of Buenos Aires Province, nor is it the Province's capital, but an autonomous district. In 1880, after decades of political infighting, Buenos Aires was federalised and removed from Buenos Aires Province. The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores (both are currently neighborhoods of the city). The 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy, hence its formal name: Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (Autonomous City of Buenos Aires). Its citizens first elected a Chief of Government (i.e. Mayor) in 1996; before, the Mayor was directly appointed by the President of the Republic.
wn.com/Buenos_Aires -
Burma
Burma
i/ˈbɜrmə/ BUR-mə, also known as Myanmar i/ˌmjɑːnˈmɑr/ MYAHN--MAR, is a country in South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is bordered by India, Bangladesh, China, Laos and Thailand. One-third of Burma's total perimeter of 1,930 kilometres (1,200 mi) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. At 676,578 km2 (261,227 sq mi), it is the 40th largest country in the world and the second largest country in Southeast Asia. Burma is also the 24th most populous country in the world with over 60.28 million people.
Burma is home to some of the early civilizations of Southeast Asia including the Pyu and the Mon. In the 9th century, the Burmans of the Kingdom of Nanzhao, entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Empire in the 1050s, the Burmese language and culture slowly became dominant in the country. During this period, Theravada Buddhism gradually became the predominant religion of the country. The Pagan Empire fell due to the Mongol invasions (1277–1301), and several warring states emerged. In the second half of the 16th century, the country was reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty which for a brief period was the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Burma as well as Manipur and Assam. The country was colonized by Britain following three Anglo-Burmese Wars (1824–1885).
wn.com/Burma -
Chile
Chile (i/ˈtʃɪliː/ or /ˈtʃɪleɪ/), officially the Republic of Chile (Spanish: República de Chile [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈtʃile] ( listen)), is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Along with Ecuador, it is one of two countries in South America that do not border Brazil. Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas and Easter Island. Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.
Chile's distinctive shape—4,300 kilometres (2,700 mi) long and on average 175 kilometres (109 mi) wide—makes it the longest country in the world, north to south, with the fifth lengthiest coastline at over 78 thousand kilometers. The diverse climate of Chile ranges from the world's driest desert in the north—the Atacama—through a Mediterranean climate in the centre, humid subtropical in Easter Island, to an Oceanic climate, including alpine tundra and glaciers in the east and south. The northern desert contains great mineral wealth, principally copper. The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources, and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands.
wn.com/Chile -
Concón
Concón is a Chilean city and commune in Valparaíso Province, Valparaíso Region. It is known as the Gastronomical Capital of Chile[citation needed] and is a major tourist center known for its beaches, balnearios (beachside resorts) and night life.
The commune of Concón spans an area of 76.0 km2 (29 sq mi). It is located on the Pacific coast north of Reñaca, Viña del Mar and south of Quintero. The Aconcagua river ends at the north of the town.
Its three main beaches are Playa Negra, Amarilla and Boca. 50 hectares of dunes stretch along and above the coast, though only about 20 are protected, the rest being increasingly encroached by highrise apartment buildings.
According to data from the 2002 Census of Population and Housing, the commune of Concón had 32,273 inhabitants; of these, 31,558 (97.8%) lived in urban areas and 715 (2.2%) in rural areas. At that time, there were 15,713 men and 16,560 women. Since then, the city has been one of the fastest growing in the country, The population grew by 71% (13,401 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses. The 2010 population was more than 50,000.[citation needed]
wn.com/Concón -
Croatia
Croatia (i/kroʊˈeɪʃə/ kroh-AY-shə; Croatian: Hrvatska pronounced [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska listen (help·info)), is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of Central Europe, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers 56,594 square kilometres (21,851 square miles) and has diverse, mostly continental and Mediterranean climates. Croatia's Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands. The country's population is 4.29 million, most of whom are Croats, with the most common religious denomination being Roman Catholicism.
In the early 7th century the Croats arrived in area of present-day Croatia. They organised the state into two dukedoms by the 9th century. Tomislav became the first king by 925 AD, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. The Kingdom of Croatia retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries, reaching its peak during the rule of Kings Peter Krešimir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir. Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the Croatian throne. In 1918, after World War I, Croatia was included in the short-lived State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs that declared independence from Austria–Hungary and co-founded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. A Croatian state briefly existed during World War II as a fascist puppet state. After the war, Croatia became a founding member and a federal constituent of the Second Yugoslavia, a socialist state. In June 1991, Croatia declared independence, which came into effect on 8 October of the same year. The Croatian War of Independence was fought successfully during the four years following the declaration.
wn.com/Croatia -
Ecuador
Ecuador (i/ˈɛkwədɔr/ E-kwə-dawr), officially the Republic of Ecuador (Spanish: República del Ecuador [reˈpuβlika ðel ekwaˈðor], which literally translates to the "Republic of the Equator") is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, (along with Chile), that do not have a border with Brazil. The country also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) west of the mainland.
The main spoken language in Ecuador is Spanish. Ecuador straddles the equator, from which it takes its name, and has an area of 275,830 km2 (106,500 sq mi). Its capital city is Quito, which was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in the 1970s for having the best preserved and least altered historic center in Latin America. The country's largest city is Guayaquil. The historic center of Cuenca, the third largest city in the country, was also declared a World Heritage Site in 1999, for being an outstanding example of a planned inland Spanish style colonial city in the Americas. Ecuador is also home—despite its size—to a great variety of species, many of them endemic, like those of the Galápagos islands. This species diversity makes Ecuador one of the 17 megadiverse countries in the world. The new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature, or ecosystem rights.
wn.com/Ecuador -
El Mercurio
El Mercurio is a conservative Chilean newspaper with editions in Valparaíso and Santiago. Its Santiago edition is considered the country's paper-of-record and its Valparaíso edition is the oldest daily in the Spanish language currently in circulation. El Mercurio is owned by El Mercurio S.A.P. (Sociedad Anónima Periodística, "joint stock news company"), which operates a network of 19 regional dailies and 32 radio stations across the country. (See List of newspapers in Chile.)
The Valparaíso edition of El Mercurio was founded by Pedro Félix Vicuña (Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna's father) on September 12, 1827, and was later acquired by Agustín Edwards Ross in 1880. The Santiago edition was founded by Agustín Edwards Mac Clure, son of Edwards Ross, on June 1, 1900. In 1942 Edwards Mac Clure died and his son Agustín Edwards Budge took over as president. When Edwards Budge died in 1956, his son, Agustín Edwards Eastman, took control of the company.
El Mercurio received funds from the CIA in the early 1970s to undermine the Socialist government of Salvador Allende, acting as a mouthpiece for anti-Allende propaganda. The paper played "a significant role in setting the stage for the military coup" which took place on 11 September 1973, bringing General Pinochet to power.
wn.com/El_Mercurio -
Iquique
Iquique (Spanish pronunciation: [iˈkike]) is a port city and commune in northern Chile, capital of both the Iquique Province and Tarapacá Region. It lies on the Pacific coast, west of the Atacama Desert and the Pampa del Tamarugal. It had a population of 216,419 as of the 2002 census. It is also the main commune of the Greater Iquique.
Iquique has one of the largest duty-free commercial port centers (or Zona Franca) of South America and has been traditionally called Zofri. There are around 2.4 square kilometres (0.93 sq mi) of warehouses, banking branches, and restaurants.
Copper mining, mainly in Quebrada Blanca, Cerro Colorado, and Doña Inés de Collahuasí, is also an important industry in Iquique.
Although the city was founded in the sixteenth century, there is evidence of habitation in the area by the Chango people as early as 7,000 BC. During colonial times, Iquique was part of the Viceroyalty of Peru as much of South America was at the time, and remained part of Peruvian territory until the end of the 19th century. Iquique's early development was due in large part to the discovery of mineral riches, particularly the presence of large deposits of sodium nitrate in the Atacama Desert (then part of Peruvian territory).
wn.com/Iquique -
La Moneda Palace
Palacio de La Moneda (Spanish: [paˈlasjo ðe la moˈneða], Mint Palace), or simply La Moneda, is the seat of the President of the Republic of Chile. It also houses the offices of three cabinet ministers: Interior, General Secretariat of the Presidency and General Secretariat of the Government. It occupies an entire block in downtown Santiago, in the area known as Civic District.
La Moneda, originally a colonial mint (moneda means coin), was designed by Italian architect Joaquín Toesca. Construction began in 1784 and was opened in 1805, while still under construction. The production of coins in Chile took place at La Moneda from 1814 to 1929.
In June, 1845 during president Manuel Bulnes's administration, the palace became the seat of government and presidential residence. In 1930, a public square —named Plaza de la Constitución ("Constitution Square")— was built in front of the palace. After the presidency of Gabriel González Videla it ceased to serve as a presidential residence.
wn.com/La_Moneda_Palace -
Lamballe
Coordinates: 48°28′10″N 2°31′00″W / 48.4694°N 2.5167°W / 48.4694; -2.5167
Lamballe (Breton: Lambal, Gallo: Lanball) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department in Brittany in northwestern France.
It lies on the Gouessant 13 miles (21 km) east-southeast of Saint-Brieuc by rail.
Lamballe was the capital of the territory of the counts of Penthièvre, who in 1569 were made dukes.
La Noue, the famous Huguenot leader, was mortally wounded in 1591 in the siege of the castle, which was dismantled in 1626 by Richelieu. The last Duke of Penthièvre granted his son Louis the title Prince of Lamballe. The Prince de Lamballe married Marie Therese de Savoie-Carignan and she took the title Princesse de Lamballe. The Princesse lived with her father-in-law after the early death of her husband. She was a close friend of Queen Marie Antoinette and one of the most famous victims of the French Revolution.
Charles Armand Tuffin, marquis de la Rouerie, hero of the American war of independence, died near Lamballe in 1793.
wn.com/Lamballe -
Las Condes
Las Condes is a commune of Chile located in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region. The area is inhabited primarily by upper-mid to high income families, and known in the Chilean collective consciousness as home to the country's economic elite. Most of Las Condes commercial activity is situated along Apoquindo Avenue where locals have labeled the location "Sanhattan," a portmanteau of Santiago and Manhattan.
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Las Condes spans an area of 99.4 km2 (38 sq mi) and has 249,893 inhabitants (110,916 men and 138,977 women), making the commune an entirely urban area. The population grew by 20.1% (41,830 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses. The 2006 projected population was 283,226.[dead link]
As a commune, Las Condes is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Francisco De La Maza Chadwick (UDI).
wn.com/Las_Condes -
Letelier case
The Letelier case (September 21, 1976) refers to the killing in Washington, D.C. of Orlando Letelier, a Chilean political figure and later United States-based activist, along with his American assistant, Ronni Moffitt. The assassination by agents of the Chilean secret police DINA of the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet was one among many in Operation Condor.
In 1971, Letelier was appointed ambassador to the United States by Salvador Allende, the socialist president of Chile. Letelier had lived in Washington, D.C. during the 1960s and had supported Allende's campaign for the presidency. Allende believed Letelier's experience and connections in international banking would be highly beneficial to developing US–Chile diplomatic relations. During 1973, Letelier served successively as Minister of Foreign Affairs, then Interior Minister, and, finally, Defense Minister. After the Chilean coup of 1973 that brought Augusto Pinochet to power, Letelier became the first member of the Allende administration to be arrested by the Chilean government and sent to a political prison in Tierra del Fuego.
wn.com/Letelier_case -
Miami
Miami ( /maɪˈæmi/ or /maɪˈæmə/) is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County, the most populous county in Florida and the eighth-most populous county in the United States with a population of 2,500,625. The 42nd largest city proper in the United States, with a population of 408,568, it is the principal, central, and most populous city of the South Florida metropolitan area, and the most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States. According to the US Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the seventh most populous and fifth-largest urban area in the United States, with a population of around 5.5 million.
Miami is a major center and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2010, Miami was classified as a Alpha- World City in the World Cities Study Group’s inventory. In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked thirty-third among global cities. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami "America's Cleanest City", for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets and city-wide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, and the world's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power. Miami is nicknamed the "Capital of Latin America", is the 2nd largest U.S. city (after El Paso) with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.
wn.com/Miami -
Neltume
Neltume is a Chilean town in Panguipulli commune, of Los Ríos Region. It lies along the 203-CH route to Huahum Pass into Argentina. The town's main economic activities are forestry and, more recently, tourism since the Huilo-Huilo Biological Reserve was created in 1999. During large periods of the 20th century Neltume was a site of social mobilizations and unrest, events which culminated in 1981 with the crack down of the "Toqui Lautaro" guerrilla set of by MIR to fight the military dictatorship in Chile.
The area of Neltume was colonized in the first decades of the 20th century as part of the economic boom that the wood industry was experiencing in Chile at that time. The humid and forested areas of Neltume had not had any recorded human occupation until that years as native Mapuches lived rather on the lake shores of Calafquén, Panguipulli and Riñihue Lakes and visited sporadically the eastern parts of these lakes for gathering food. In 1885 Panguipulli became settled by the first non-indigenous persons and on 1898 a small forestry enterprise was installed in Neltume. In 1942, an engineered wood plant is installed in Neltume. Before the gravel road to Neltume built the town relied on steam boat transport across Panguipulli Lake.
wn.com/Neltume -
Project FUBELT
Project FUBELT (also known as Track II) is the code name for the secret Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) operations that were to prevent Salvador Allende rise to power before his confirmation, and promote a military coup in Chile.
The highlights of Project FUBELT are cited in declassified U.S. government documents released by the National Security Archive on September 11, 1998, 25 years after the coup, as well as in papers uncovered by a 1975 congressional inquiry.
CIA memoranda and reports on Project FUBELT include meetings between United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and CIA officials, CIA cables to its Santiago station, and summaries of secret action in 1970 — detailing decisions and operations to undermine the election of Salvador Allende in September 1970 and promote a military coup.
Among the revelations in the formerly secret documents were the following:
Coordinates: 38°57′06″N 77°08′48″W / 38.95167°N 77.14667°W / 38.95167; -77.14667
wn.com/Project_FUBELT -
Quillota
Quillota is a city and commune located in the Aconcagua River valley of central Chile's Valparaíso Region. It is the capital and largest city of the Quillota Province where many inhabitants live in the surrounding farm areas of San Isidro, La Palma, Pocochay, and San Pedro. It is an important agricultural center, mainly because the plantations of avocado and cherimoya (custard apple) trees.
Quillota is connected with the city of La Calera by the small town of La Cruz. The area's agriculture and landscape was described by Charles Darwin in his book The Voyage of the Beagle. Nearby La Campana National Park holds a plaque at a viewpoint Darwin once visited.
Quillota is 120 kilometres (75 mi) from the national capital Santiago and 60 km (37 mi) from the regional capital Valparaíso.
The Quillota valley has been densely populated for about 2,000 years. At the outset, the area was inhabited by Native Americans of the Bato and Lleo-Lleo cultures, who had migrated to the valley because of the fertile land south of the Aconcagua River. These natives where later influenced by Mapuches and Diaguitas. The Diaguitas are credited with the evolution of the local culture of the Aconcagua zone and were well known for their pottery.
wn.com/Quillota -
Quito
San Francisco de Quito, most often called Quito (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkito]), is the capital city of Ecuador in northwestern South America. It is located in north-central Ecuador in the Guayllabamba river basin, on the eastern slopes of Pichincha, an active stratovolcano in the Andes mountains. With a population of 2,197,698 according to the last census (2001), and, as estimated by the municipality, approximately 2,504,991 in 2005, Quito is the second most populous city in Ecuador, after Guayaquil. It is also the capital of the Pichincha province and the seat of Metropolitan District of Quito. The canton recorded a population of 1,842,201 residents in the 2001 national census. In 2008, the city was designated as the headquarters of the Union of South American Nations.
The elevation of the city's central square (Plaza de la Independencia or Plaza Grande) is 2,800 metres (9,200 ft), making Quito the second-highest administrative capital city in the world (after La Paz, Bolivia), and the highest legal capital (ahead of Sucre, also in Bolivia, and Bogotá, Colombia).
wn.com/Quito -
Santiago
Santiago (Spanish: Santiago de Chile (help·info)), also Santiago de Chile, is the capital and largest city of Chile, and the center of its largest conurbation (Greater Santiago). It is located in the country's central valley, at an elevation of 520 m (1,706.04 ft) above mean sea level. Although Santiago is the capital, the National Congress of Chile meets in the coastal town of Valparaíso, 120 km to the west.
Chile's steady economic growth has transformed Santiago into Latin America's most modern metropolitan area, with extensive suburban development, dozens of shopping centers, and impressive high-rise architecture. It has a very modern transport infrastructure, including the steadily growing underground Santiago Metro, an effort at modernizing public bus transport and a free flow toll-based ring road and inner city highway system, part of which is tunneled underneath a large section of the city's main river Mapocho connecting the Eastern and Western end of the city in a 25-minute drive. Santiago is the regional headquarters to many multinationals and a financial center.
wn.com/Santiago -
Tarapacá Region
The I Tarapacá Region (Spanish: I Región de Tarapacá) is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions. It borders the Chilean Arica and Parinacota Region to the north, Bolivia's Oruro Department on the east, the Antofagasta Region on the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west. The port city of Iquique (2002 pop. 216,419) is the region's capital.
Much of the region was once a Peruvian province, which was annexed by Chile under the 1883 Treaty of Ancón at the close of the War of the Pacific. The region was important economically as a site of intense saltpeper mining, before synthetic nitrate manufacturing became possible. A number of abandoned mining towns can still be found in the region.
The present day Tarapacá Region was created in 2007 by subdividing the former Tarapacá Region under Law 20.175, which was signed by President Michelle Bachelet in Arica.
The government of the region resides in the intendant, who is assigned by the president. Each of the region's two provinces are further subdivided into communes.
wn.com/Tarapacá_Region -
Totem
A totem is a stipulated ancestor of a group of people, such as a family, clan, group, lineage, or tribe.
Totems support larger groups than the individual person. In kinship and descent, if the apical ancestor of a clan is nonhuman, it is called a totem. Normally this belief is accompanied by a totemic myth.
Although the term is of Ojibwe origin in North America, totemistic beliefs are not limited to Native Americans. Similar totem-like beliefs have been historically present in societies throughout much of the world, including Africa, Asia, Australia, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and the Arctic polar region.
In modern times, some single individuals, not otherwise involved in the practice of a tribal religion, have chosen to adopt a personal spirit animal helper, which has special meaning to them, and may refer to this as a totem. This non-traditional usage of the term is prevalent in the New Age movement and the mythopoetic men's movement.
Totemism (derived from the root -oode- in the Ojibwe language, which referred to something kinship-related, c.f. odoodem, "his totem") is a religious belief that is frequently associated with shamanistic religions. The totem is usually an animal or other natural figure that spiritually represents a group of related people such as a clan.
wn.com/Totem -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
wn.com/United_Kingdom -
Valparaíso
Valparaíso (/ˌvælpəˈraɪzoʊ/, Spanish: [balpaɾaˈiso]) is a city and commune of Chile, center of its third largest conurbation (Greater Valparaíso) and one of the country's most important seaports; it is an increasingly important cultural center in the Southwest Pacific hemisphere. The city is the capital of the Valparaíso Province and the Valparaíso Region. Although Santiago is Chile's official capital, the National Congress of Chile was established in Valparaíso in 1990.
Valparaíso played an important geopolitical role in the second half of the 19th century, when the city served as a major stopover for ships traveling between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by crossing the Straits of Magellan. Always a magnet for European immigrants, Valparaíso mushroomed during its golden age, when the city was known by international sailors as “Little San Francisco” and “The Jewel of the Pacific.”
Examples of Valparaíso’s former glory include Latin America’s oldest stock exchange, the continent’s first volunteer fire department, Chile’s first public library, and the oldest Spanish language newspaper in continuous publication in the world. The opening of the Panama Canal and reduction in ship traffic dealt a staggering blow to Valparaíso, though the city has staged an impressive renaissance in recent years.
wn.com/Valparaíso -
Villa Grimaldi
Villa Grimaldi was a complex of buildings used for the interrogation and torture of political prisoners by DINA, the Chilean secret police, during the government of Augusto Pinochet. The complex was located in Peñalolén, in the outskirts of Santiago, and was in operation from mid-1974 to mid-1978. About 5,000 detainees were brought to Villa Grimaldi during this time, at least 240 of whom were "disappeared" or killed by DINA.
The property originally belonged to a wealthy family, whose daughter was arrested by the Army shortly after the coup of 1973. The family surrendered the land to the Army in return for the release of their daughter.[citation needed]
Villa Grimaldi is an extensive plot of land and its buildings, now demolished, were enlarged to accommodate the center’s additional functions. Apparently, the first prisoners arrived in mid-1974 although their volume did not become more regular until later that year. Around the summer of 1975, Villa Grimaldi became the Metropolitan Intelligence Brigade(BIM)'s center of operations, in charge of internal repression in Santiago.
wn.com/Villa_Grimaldi -
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia (Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: Jugoslavija; Cyrillic: Југославија) was a country in the western part of the Balkans during most of the 20th century which was established three times under differing forms of government.
The first country to be known by this name was the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which before 3 October 1929 was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It was established on 1 December 1918 by the union of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and the Kingdom of Serbia (the Kingdom of Montenegro was annexed on 13 November 1918, and the Conference of Ambassadors in Paris gave international recognition to the union on 13 July 1922). The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis powers in 1941, and because of the events that followed, was officially abolished in 1943 and 1945.
The second country with this name was the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia, proclaimed in 1943 by the Yugoslav Partisans resistance movement during World War II. It was renamed to the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia in 1946, when a communist government was established. In 1963, it was renamed again to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). This was the largest Yugoslav state, as Istria, Rijeka and Zadar were added to the new Yugoslavia after the end of World War II.
wn.com/Yugoslavia -
Zaire
Zaire ( /zɑːˈɪər/), officially the Republic of Zaire (French: République du Zaïre; French pronunciation: [za.iʁ]), was the name of the present Democratic Republic of the Congo between 27 October 1971 and 17 May 1997. The name of Zaire derives from the Portuguese: Zaire, itself an adaptation of the Kongo word nzere or nzadi, or "the river that swallows all rivers".
In 1965, as in 1960, the division of power between president and prime minister led to a stalemate and threatened the country's stability. Joseph-Désiré Mobutu again seized power. Unlike the first time, however, Mobutu assumed the presidency, rather than remaining behind the scenes.
From 1965, Mobutu dominated the political life of Congo (Léopoldville), restructuring the state on more than one occasion, and claiming the title of "Father of the Nation".
When, under the authenticity policy of the early 1970s, Zairians were obliged to adopt "authentic" names, Mobutu dropped Joseph-Désiré and officially changed his name to Mobutu Sésé Seko Nkuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga—or, more commonly, Mobutu Sésé Seko, roughly meaning "the all-conquering warrior, who goes from triumph to triumph".
wn.com/Zaire
-
Adam Malik
Adam Malik Batubara (22 July 1917 – 5 September 1984) was Indonesia's third vice president, a senior diplomat, and one of the pioneers of Indonesian journalism.
Malik was born in Pematang Siantar, North Sumatra, Dutch East Indies to Abdul Malik Batubara and Salamah Lubis. He is from a Batak Muslim family of Batubara clan. After completing Junior High School, he received his first job as a shopkeeper, filling in time by reading books and increasing his knowledge.
Malik quickly developed an interest in politics and aged just 17, became the Chairman of the Pematang Siantar branch of Partindo (Indonesia Party). In this position, Malik campaigned for the Dutch Colonial Government to grant independence to Indonesia. As a result of this, Malik was put in prison for disobeying the Colonial Government's ban on political assemblies. Once he was freed, Malik left Pematang Siantar for Jakarta.
After leaving hometown, Malik pursued a job as a journalist. He wrote for Partindo's Party Magazine and Pelita Andalas Newspaper. In 1937, along with like-minded colleagues, Malik formed ANTARA. ANTARA would develop to become Indonesia's national news agency.
wn.com/Adam_Malik -
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (German: [ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] ( listen); 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and dictator of Nazi Germany (as Führer und Reichskanzler) from 1934 to 1945. Hitler is commonly associated with the rise of fascism in Europe, World War II, and the Holocaust.
A decorated veteran of World War I, Hitler joined the German Workers' Party, precursor of the Nazi Party, in 1919, and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923, he attempted a coup d'état, known as the Beer Hall Putsch, in Munich. The failed coup resulted in Hitler's imprisonment, during which time he wrote his memoir, Mein Kampf (My Struggle). After his release in 1924, Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting Pan-Germanism, antisemitism, and anticommunism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda. After his appointment as chancellor in 1933, he transformed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich, a single-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of Nazism. His aim was to establish a New Order of absolute Nazi German hegemony in continental Europe.
wn.com/Adolf_Hitler -
Adolfo Suárez
Adolfo Suárez y González, 1st Duke of Suárez, Grandee of Spain, KOGF (Spanish pronunciation: [aˈðolfo ˈswaɾeθ]; born 25 September 1932) is a Spanish lawyer and politician. Suárez was Spain's first democratically elected prime minister after the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, and the key figure in the country's transition to democracy.
He is a son of Hipólito Suárez Guerra and Herminia González Prados (Ávila, 1910 – 18 July 2006), and the brother of Doña María del Carmen Suárez González, who is married to Aurelio Delgado Martín
Suárez studied Law at Salamanca University, and held several government posts during the late Francoist regime.
He became the Minister Secretary General of the National Movement (Movimiento Nacional), a body that served as sole political party, for 18 years, a period that extended beyond the death of Franco in November 1975. At a rally just a month before Franco's death, Suárez was queried by the aging Caudillo on the political future of Spain and told him frankly that the Movement would not likely long survive Franco and that democratization was inevitable. Suárez was appointed as the 138th Prime Minister of Spain by the Spanish King Juan Carlos on 4 July 1976, a move opposed by leftists and some centrists given his Francoist history. As a nationalist, he was chosen by the monarch to lead the country towards a democratic, parliamentary monarchy without annoying the powerful conservative factions (especially the military) in the country. Surprising many observers and political opponents, Suárez introduced Political Reform in 1976 as a first, decisive step in the Transition (La Transición) to democracy.
wn.com/Adolfo_Suárez -
Agostinho Neto
António Agostinho Neto (September 17, 1922 – September 10, 1979) served as the first President of Angola (1975–1979), leading the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) in the war for independence and the civil war. His birthday is celebrated as National Heroes Day, a public holiday in Angola.
Born at Ícolo e Bengo, in Bengo Province, Angola, in 1922, Neto attended high school in the capital city, Luanda; his father, also called Agostinho Neto, was a Methodist pastor. The younger Neto left Angola for Portugal, and studied medicine at the universities of Coimbra and Lisbon. He combined his academic life with covert political activity of a revolutionary sort; and PIDE, the security police force of the Estado Novo regime headed by Portuguese Prime Minister Salazar, arrested him in 1951 for his separatist activism. Seven years later he was released from prison, and he finished his studies, marrying a white 23-years-old Portuguese woman who was born in Trás-os-Montes, Maria Eugénia da Silva, the same day he graduated. He returned to Angola in 1959.
wn.com/Agostinho_Neto -
Agustín Eyzaguirre
Agustín Manuel de Eyzaguirre y Arechavala (May 3, 1768 – July 19, 1837) was a Chilean political figure. He served as Provisional President of Chile between 1826 and 1827.
He was born in Santiago, Chile, the son of the Basque Domingo Eyzaguirre Escutasolo and of María Rosa de Aretxabala y Alday. He studied law and theology at the Real Universidad de San Felipe, graduating in 1789. Originally he wanted to become a priest, but later changed his mind, and decided to take over the family hacienda in Calera de Tango. He married María Teresa de Larraín y Guzmán Peralta on September 13, 1808. During all the rest of his life he dedicated himself to the commerce and the management of his lands.
During the first days of the revolt of Chile against Spanish domination in 1810 he was a member of the municipal corporation of Santiago, and joined the revolutionary cause with enthusiasm. He began his political career in 1812, when he was elected deputy to the first congress. When, in 1813, General José Miguel Carrera marched to meet the invasion of Brigadier Antonio Pareja, the senate appointed a temporary government, and Eyzaguirre was elected a member of the Junta de Gobierno established in March, 1813, along with José Miguel Infante and José Ignacio Cienfuegos, and which lasted until March 7, 1814.
wn.com/Agustín_Eyzaguirre -
Ahmad Shah Massoud
Ahmad Shah Massoud (احمد شاه مسعود Aḥmad Šāh Mas'ūd; September 2, 1953 – September 9, 2001) was a political and military leader in Afghanistan. He was a central figure, known as the "Lion of Panjshir", in the resistance against the Soviet occupation between 1979 and 1989, fought against the alliance of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar in the early 1990s, and led resistance against the Taliban regime between 1996 and 2001. Massoud was assassinated on September 9, 2001, two days before the attacks of September 11.
Massoud was an Afghan-Tajik Sunni Muslim born in the Panjshir in northern Afghanistan. He studied engineering at Kabul University in the 1970s, where he became involved with Muslim anti-communist movements around Burhanuddin Rabbani. He led an uprising against the Soviet-backed communist government in his native Panjshir in 1979. His role in the following period of armed resistance against the Soviet occupation forces earned him the nickname of "Lion of Panjshir" (شیر پنجشیر). Following the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan the Wall Street Journal named Massoud "the Afghan who won the Cold War". In 1992, he was appointed minister of defense in the government of the newly established Islamic State of Afghanistan by the peace and power-sharing agreement Peshawar Accords. He led the Islamic State's defense against attacks by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's alliance of militias which were backed by Pakistan. Following the rise of the Taliban in 1996, Massoud, who rejected the Taliban's and Al-Qaeda's extremist interpretation of Islam, returned to the role of an armed opposition leader, serving as the military and political leader of the multiethnic United Islamic Front (also known in the West as Northern Alliance). In 1997, he helped end the civil war in neighboring Tajikistan urging parties to accept a United Nations peace plan.
wn.com/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud -
Alain Poher
Alain Émile Louis Marie Poher (French: [alɛ̃ pɔɛʁ]; 17 April 1909 – 9 December 1996) was a French centrist politician, affiliated first with the Popular Republican Movement and later with the Democratic Centre. He served as a Senator for Val-de-Marne from 1946 to 1995. He was President of the Senate from 3 October 1968 to 1 October 1992 and, in that capacity, served twice as the country's interim president. Candidate in the 1969 presidential election, he was defeated by Georges Pompidou in the second round.
Poher was born in Ablon-sur-Seine, Val-de-Marne.
He graduated from the Lycée Louis-le-Grand and the Lycée Saint-Louis in Paris and later studied law. On 19 August 1938 he married Henriette Tugler, with whom he had one daughter, Marie-Agnès.
His political career began in 1938, when he became a junior executive officer in the Ministry of Finance.
Later he served on several positions before entering Senate:
A longtime ally and political protege of Schumann, Poher was elected to the Senate in 1952, where he remained for over 40 years (until 1995). As Senator he continued to serve in some governments and his home town mayor. Like Schuman, he was known for strongly pro-European integration positions, having served as President of the European Parliament (1968–1969).
wn.com/Alain_Poher -
Alberto Bachelet
Alberto Arturo Miguel Bachelet Martínez (April 27, 1923 – March 12, 1974) was a Brigadier General of the Chilean Air Force. He opposed the 1973 coup of General Augusto Pinochet, and was imprisoned and subject to torture for several months until his death in 1974 of heart problems at the hands of the dictatorship.
Bachelet was born in Santiago to Alberto Bachelet Brandt and Mercedes Martínez Binimelis. He was married to archaeologist Ángela Jeria Gómez, with whom he fathered two children, Alberto and Michelle. Michelle later became the first female president of Chile.
wn.com/Alberto_Bachelet -
Alcide De Gasperi
Alcide De Gasperi (Italian pronunciation: [alˈtʃiːde de ˈɡasperi]; April 3, 1881 – August 19, 1954) was an Italian statesman and politician and founder of the Christian Democratic Party. From 1945 to 1953 he was the prime minister of eight successive coalition governments. His eight-year rule remains a landmark of political longevity for a leader in modern Italian politics. A conservative Catholic, he was one of the Founding fathers of the European Union, along with the Frenchman Robert Schuman and the German Konrad Adenauer.
De Gasperi was born in Pieve Tesino in Tyrol, which at that time belonged to Austria-Hungary, now part of the Trentino in Italy. His father was a local police officer of limited financial means. From 1896 De Gasperi was active in the Social Christian movement. In 1900 he joined the Faculty of Literature and Philosophy in Vienna, where he played an important role in the inception of the Christian student movement. He was very much inspired by the Rerum Novarum encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII in 1891. In 1904 he took an active part in the student demonstrations in favour of an Italian-language university. Imprisoned with other protesters during the inauguration of the Italian juridical faculty in Innsbruck, he was released after twenty days. In 1905, De Gasperi obtained a degree in philology.
wn.com/Alcide_De_Gasperi -
Aldo Moro
Aldo Moro (Italian pronunciation: [ˈaldo ˈmɔːro]; September 23, 1916 – May 9, 1978) was an Italian politician and the 39th Prime Minister of Italy, from 1963 to 1968, and then from 1974 to 1976. He was one of Italy's longest-serving post-war Prime Ministers, holding power for a combined total of more than six years.
A leader of Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democracy, DC), Moro was considered an intellectual and a patient mediator, especially in the internal life of his party. He was kidnapped on March 16, 1978, by the left-wing Red Brigades (BR), and killed after 55 days of captivity.
Moro was born in Maglie, in the province of Lecce (Puglia), into a family from Ugento. At 4, he moved with his family to Milan, but they soon moved back to Puglia, where he gained a classical high school degree at Archita lyceum in Taranto. Till 1939 he studied Law at the University of Bari, an institution where he was later to hold the post of ordinary professor of philosophy of Law and Colonial Policy (1941) and of Criminal Law (1942).
wn.com/Aldo_Moro -
Alexander Dubček
Alexander Dubček (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈalɛksandɛr ˈduptʃɛk]; 27 November 1921 – 7 November 1992) was a Slovak politician and briefly leader of Czechoslovakia (1968–1969), famous for his attempt to reform the communist regime during the Prague Spring. Later, after the overthrow of the government in 1989, he was Chairman of the federal Czecho-Slovak parliament.
Dubček was born in Uhrovec, Czechoslovakia (Slovakia), and raised in the Kyrgyz SSR of the Soviet Union (now Kyrgyzstan) as a member of the Esperantist industrial cooperative Interhelpo. His father, Štefan, moved from Chicago to Czechoslovakia after World War I, when he refused to serve in the military for his pacifism. Alexander Dubček was conceived in Chicago, but born after the family relocated to Czechoslovakia. When Alexander Dubček was three, the family moved to the Soviet Union, in part to help build socialism and in part because jobs were scarce in Czechoslovakia. In 1938 the family returned to Czechoslovakia.
During the Second World War, Alexander Dubček joined the underground resistance against the wartime pro-German Slovak state headed by Jozef Tiso. In August 1944, Dubček fought in the Slovak National Uprising and was wounded. His brother, Július, was killed.
wn.com/Alexander_Dubček -
Alexei Kosygin
Alexei Nikolayevich Kosygin (Russian: Алексе́й Никола́евич Косы́гин, tr. Aleksej Nikolajevič Kosygin; IPA: [ɐlʲɪkˈsʲej nʲɪkɐˈlajɪvʲɪtɕ kɐˈsɨgʲɪn]; (21 February [O.S. 5 March] 1904 – 18 December 1980) was a Soviet-Russian statesman during the Cold War. Kosygin was born in the city of St. Petersburg in 1904 to a Russian working class family. He was conscripted into the labor army during the Russian Civil War, and after the Red Army's demobilisation in 1921, he worked in Siberia as an industrial manager. Kosygin returned to Leningrad in the early 1930s and worked his way up the Soviet hierarchy. During the Great Patriotic War (World War II), Kosygin was a member of the State Defence Committee and was tasked with moving Soviet industry out of territories soon to be overrun by the German military. He served as Minister of Finance for a year before becoming Minister of Light Industry and later, the Minister of Light and Food Industry. One year before his death in 1953, Stalin removed Kosygin from the Politburo, intentionally weakening his position within the Soviet hierarchy.
wn.com/Alexei_Kosygin -
Anatoly Dobrynin
Anatoly Fyodorovich Dobrynin (Russian: Анатолий Фёдорович Добрынин, November 16, 1919 – April 6, 2010) was a Russian statesman and a former Soviet diplomat and politician. He was Soviet Ambassador to the United States, serving from 1962 to 1986 and most notably during the Cuban Missile Crisis. He was appointed by Nikita Khrushchev.
Dobrynin was born in the village of Krasnaya Gorka, near Mozhaisk in the Moscow Oblast. His father was a locksmith. He attended the Moscow Aviation Institute and after graduation went to work for the Yakovlev Design Bureau. He entered the Higher Diplomatic School in 1944 and graduated with distinction.
Dobrynin joined the Soviet Diplomatic Service working in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Training Division. He later joined the Secretariat of the ministry working for Molotov, Shepilov, Gromyko and Zorin. He was appointed Deputy Secretary-General at the United Nations in 1957 and returned to Moscow as head of the Soviet Foreign Ministry's North America Department in 1959. Dobrynin was appointed Soviet Ambassador to the USA in 1962.
wn.com/Anatoly_Dobrynin -
Andrei Gromyko
Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko (Russian: Андре́й Андре́евич Громы́ко; Belarusian Андрэ́й Андрэ́евіч Грамы́ка; 18 July [O.S. 5 July] 1909 – 2 July 1989) was a Soviet statesman during the Cold War. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs (1957–1985) and as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1985–1987). Gromyko was responsible for many top decisions on Soviet foreign policy until he retired in 1987. In the West he was given the nickname Mr. Nyet ("Mr. No").
Gromyko's political career started in 1939 with his employment at the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (later renamed Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1946). In 1943 Gromyko became the Soviet ambassador to the United States, leaving in 1946 to become the Soviet Permanent Representative to the United Nations. Upon his return to the Soviet Union he became a Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and later the First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs. He went on to become the Soviet ambassador to the United Kingdom in 1952.
Gromyko played a direct role in the Cuban Missile Crisis in his role as the Soviet Foreign Minister. Gromyko helped negotiate arms limitations treaties such as the ABM Treaty, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and SALT I and II among others. Under Leonid Brezhnev's leadership Gromyko helped build the policy of détente between the US and the USSR. He supported Mikhail Gorbachev's candidacy for General Secretary in 1985. Gromyko lost his office as foreign minister when Gorbachev became General Secretary, and was instead appointed to the largely ceremonial office of head of state. Gromyko retired from political life in 1988 and died the following year on 2 July 1989 in Moscow.
wn.com/Andrei_Gromyko -
Anthony Eden
Robert Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon, KG, MC, PC (12 June 1897 – 14 January 1977) was a British Conservative politician, who was Prime Minister from 1955 to 1957. He was also Foreign Secretary for three periods between 1935 and 1955, including during the Second World War. He is best known for his outspoken opposition to appeasement in the 1930s, his diplomatic leadership in the 1940s and 1950s, and the failure of his Middle East policy in 1956 that ended his premiership.
Eden's worldwide reputation as an opponent of appeasement, a "Man of Peace", and a skilled diplomat was overshadowed in the second year of his premiership when the United States refused to support the Anglo-French military response to the Suez Crisis, which critics across party lines regarded as an historic setback for British foreign policy, signalling the end of British predominance in the Middle East. Most historians argue that he made a series of blunders, especially not realizing the depth of opposition to military action by the US. Most historians say that Eden completely dominated the British decision-making process in the Suez crisis. However, Jonathan Pearson argues in Sir Anthony Eden and the Suez Crisis: Reluctant Gamble (2002) that Eden was more reluctant and less bellicose than most historians say.
wn.com/Anthony_Eden -
António de Spínola
António Sebastião Ribeiro de Spínola, GCTE, ComA (generally referred to as António de Spínola, though this particular surname never had a particle) (Santo André, Estremoz, April 11, 1910 – Lisbon, August 13, 1996) was a Portuguese soldier, conservative politician and author, who was important in the transition to democracy following the Portuguese Carnation Revolution.
He was a son of António Sebastião Spínola and first wife Maria Gabriela Alves Ribeiro, both natives of Madeira.
Spínola entered the Colégio Militar in 1920, beginning what would be a very successful military career. By 1928, Spínola was at Portugal's Military Academy, where he stood out as a young and promising cavalry officer.
In Anjos, Lisbon, by August 1932, he married Maria Helena Martin Monteiro de Barros (14 January 1913 - 23 May 2002), daughter of João de Azevedo Monteiro de Barros and his German wife Gertrud Elisabete Martin.
In 1939, he became adjunct-de-camp of the Guarda Nacional Republicana (English: Republican National Guard). In 1941 he travelled to the German-Russian Front, as an observer, to monitor Wehrmacht movements during the encirclement of Leningrad (the Portuguese volunteers had been incorporated into the Blue Division).
wn.com/António_de_Spínola -
Anwar Sadat
Anwar El Sadat (Arabic: محمد أنور السادات Anwar as-Sādāt, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mæˈħæmmæd ˈʔɑnwɑɾˤ essæˈdæːt]; 25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. In his eleven years as president he changed Egypt's direction, departing from some of the economic and political principles of Nasserism by re-instituting the multi-party system, and launching the Infitah economic policy.
He was a senior member of the Free Officers group that overthrew the Muhammad Ali Dynasty in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and a close confidant of President Gamal Abdul Nasser, whom he succeeded as President in 1970. As president he led Egypt in the October War of 1973 to re-acquire Egyptian territory lost to Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War, making him a hero in Egypt and, for a time, the wider Arab World. Afterwards he engaged in negotiations with Israel, culminating in the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty. This won him the Nobel Peace Prize but also made him unpopular among some Arabs, resulting in a temporary suspension of Egypt's membership in the Arab League, and eventually his assassination.
wn.com/Anwar_Sadat -
Aníbal Cavaco Silva
Aníbal António Cavaco Silva, GCC (Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐˈniβɐɫ kɐˈvaku ˈsiɫvɐ]; born 15 July 1939), is the President of Portugal. He won the Portuguese presidential election on 22 January 2006 and was re-elected on 23 January 2011, for a second five-year term. Cavaco Silva was sworn in on 9 March 2006.
He was previously Prime Minister of Portugal from 6 November 1985 to 28 October 1995. His tenure of ten years was the longest of any Prime Minister since Salazar, and he was the first Portuguese Prime Minister to have won an absolute parliamentary majority under the current constitutional system (which was established after the country's redemocratization following the Carnation Revolution).
wn.com/Aníbal_Cavaco_Silva -
Aníbal Pinto
Aníbal Pinto Garmendia (March 15, 1825 - June 9, 1884) was a Chilean political figure. He served as the president of Chile between 1876 and 1881.
He was born in Santiago de Chile, the son of former Chilean president General Francisco Antonio Pinto and of Luisa Garmendia Aldurralde. He completed his studies at the Colegio Argentino de Santiago and the Instituto Nacional. At the age of 20, he joined the foreign service, and was posted as under-secretary to the Chilean Legation to the Holy See. He returned to Chile two years later, in 1850. Two years later, he was elected to the lower house of congress, and was reelected several times. Later, he became a Senator and, in 1861, was named Intendant of Concepción, position that he held for 10 years. There he married Delfina de la Cruz Zañartu, daughter of General José María de la Cruz Prieto and Josefa Zañartu Trujillo.
In 1871, President Errázuriz named him minister of war and navy, and, from that position, became one of the contenders for the presidential nomination. He first defeated Miguel Luis Amunátegui in the liberal primaries, and later Benjamín Vicuña in the presidential elections.
wn.com/Aníbal_Pinto -
Arturo Alessandri
Arturo Fortunato Alessandri Palma (December 20, 1868 – August 24, 1950) was a Chilean political figure and reformer, who served twice as the President of Chile, first between 1920 and 1924, and then again in 1925, and finally from 1932 until 1938.
He was son of Pedro Alessandri Vargas, son of an Italian immigrant, and Susana Palma Guzmán. His father was dedicated to the agricultural labor of the estate in which he lived. At the age of 12 he entered the Sacred Hearts High School, run by French priests, where his brothers were studying and his father had studied.
He began a law career in the University of Chile at the age of 20, graduating in 1893. In 1891, while studying, he participated in the newspaper "La Justicia", which was in opposition to the President of the time, José Manuel Balmaceda. After graduating as a lawyer, he married Rosa Ester Rodríguez Velasco, with whom he had 9 children.
He began his political life in 1897, entering the Liberal Party, and assuming as the representative of Curicó, where he would be re-elected for almost 20 years. In 1915, already showing his first presidential aspirations, he challenged the senator of the province of Tarapacá, Arturo del Río. Alessandri won a disputed and violent election, from where he earned the nickname of León de Tarapacá (Lion of Tarapacá), due to his charisma, his popularity with the people and his abilities of speech.
wn.com/Arturo_Alessandri -
Augusto Pinochet
Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte, more commonly known as Augusto Pinochet (Spanish pronunciation: [auˈɣusto pinoˈtʃet]), (25 November 1915 – 10 December 2006) was a Chilean army general and dictator who assumed power in a coup d'état on 11 September 1973. He was the commander-in-chief of the Chilean army from 1973 to 1998, president of the Government Junta of Chile from 1973 to 1981 and President of the Republic from 1974 until transferring power to a democratically elected president in 1990.
wn.com/Augusto_Pinochet -
Babrak Karmal
Babrak Karmal (born Sultan Hashem; 6 January 1929 – 1 or 3 December 1996) was an Afghan politician and statesman during the Cold War. Karmal was born in Kamari and educated at Kabul University, after which he started his career as a bureaucrat. Before, during and after his career as a bureaucrat Karmal was a leading member of the Afghan movement. He was introduced to Marxism by Mir Akbar Khyber during his imprisonment for activities deemed too radical by the government. When the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) was formed, Karmal became one of its leading members, and eventually became the leader of the Parcham faction. When the PDPA split in 1967, the Parcham-faction established a Parcham PDPA, while their ideological nemesis, the Khalqs, established a Khalqist PDPA. Under Karmal's leadership, the Parchamite PDPA participated in Mohammad Daoud Khan's rise to power, and his subsequent regime. While relations were good at the beginning, Daoud began a major purge of leftist influence in the mid-1970s. This in turn led to the refoundation of the PDPA in 1977. The PDPA took power in the 1978 Saur Revolution.
wn.com/Babrak_Karmal -
Baltasar Garzón
Baltasar Garzón Real (Spanish pronunciation: [baltaˈsar ɣarˈθon]; born 26 October 1955) is a former Spanish jurist who served on Spain's central criminal court, the Audiencia Nacional. He was the examining magistrate of the Juzgado Central de Instrucción No. 5, which investigates the most important criminal cases in Spain, including terrorism, organised crime, and money laundering.
In 1993–94 he was elected a deputy and briefly held a ministerial role in the Felipe González's socialist government. Following his return to the Audiencia Nacional, he led a series of investigations that helped convict a government minister as the head of the Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación (GAL), a state terrorist group.
Garzón came to international attention on 10 October 1998 when he issued an international warrant for the arrest of former Chilean President, General Augusto Pinochet, for the alleged deaths and torture of Spanish citizens.
Garzón was accused of various irregularities by Manos Limpias and finally indicted on three different counts relating to a fraud trial, investigating Francoist crimes and taking bribes. He was suspended from judicial activity on 14 May 2010, pending trial. He was given permission to work as a consultant at the International Criminal Court in The Hague for 7 months from May 2010. On 9 February 2012 The Supreme Court of Spain convicted him of illegally wiretapping conversations between suspects on remand for massive fraud and their lawyers who were believed to be moving their money beyond the reach of the court. The trial judge described this act as appropriate to a dictatorship and sentenced him to eleven years disqualification from judicial activity.
wn.com/Baltasar_Garzón -
Basque Chilean
Many Basques arrived in Chile in the 16th,17th,18th and 19th century from their homeland in northern Spain (see Basque Provinces) and parts of southwestern France, as conquistadors, soldiers, sailors, merchants, priests and labourers. Due to their traditional hard work and entrepreneurship, many of them rose to the top of the social scale and intermarried into the Chilean elites formed by Basques, giving birth to the new Basque-Chilean aristocracy in Chile. This union is the basis of the Chilean elite of today. But also, they immensely contributed to the ethnic make up of the bulk of the Chilean population. Many years after the first waves of settlers, thousands of Basque refugees fleeing Spanish Civil War in 1939 also settled and have many descendants in the country and have even intermarried with Spanish ethnic groups other than Castilians, and other European ethnic groups. An estimated range of Basque-Chileans from 10% (1,600,000) to as high as 27% (4,500,000).
To describe the Basque-Chilean relationship, we cite Miguel de Unamuno, who said: "There are at least two things that clearly can be attributed to the Basques: the Society of Jesus and the Republic of Chile."
wn.com/Basque_Chilean -
Bernardo Leighton
Bernardo Leighton Guzmán (August 16, 1909, Nacimiento, Biobío Province – January 26, 1995) was a Chilean Christian Democrat who was targeted by Operation Condor.
In 1937, President Arturo Alessandri Palma appointed him as Employment minister.
According to CIA documents released by National Security Archive, in 1975 in Madrid, Italian terrorist Stefano Delle Chiaie met with DINA agent Michael Townley and Cuban Virgilio Paz Romero to prepare, with the help of Francisco Franco's secret police, the murder of Bernardo Leighton. On October 5, 1975 he and his wife were severely injured by gunshots while in exile in Rome.
In 1978, the Chilean government allowed him to return from Italy. He died on January 26, 1995.
Leighton case
wn.com/Bernardo_Leighton -
Bettino Craxi
Benedetto "Bettino" Craxi (pronounced [betˈtiːno ˈkraksi]) (24 February 1934 – 19 January 2000) was an Italian politician, head of the Italian Socialist Party from 1976 to 1993, the first socialist President of the Council of Ministers of Italy from 1983 to 1987.
Craxi led the 2nd longest-lived government of Italy during the republican era (after the 2nd Silvio Berlusconi cabinet), and had strong influence in Italian politics throughout the eighties; for some time, he was a close ally of two key figures of Christian Democracy, Giulio Andreotti and Arnaldo Forlani, in a loose cross-party alliance often dubbed CAF (from the first letter of the surname Craxi-Andreotti-Forlani). Craxi had a firm grasp on a party previously troubled by factionalism, and tried to distance it from the communists and to bring it closer to Christian Democrats and other parties; his objective was to create an Italian version of European reformist socialist parties, like the German SPD or the French Socialist Party. The Italian Socialist Party reached its post-war apex when it increased its share of votes in the general election of 1987. However, the Italian Socialist Party never outgrew the much larger Italian Communist Party, whose highly charismatic leader, Enrico Berlinguer, was a fierce adversary of Craxi's policies throughout the years.
wn.com/Bettino_Craxi -
Bolesław Bierut
Bolesław Bierut ([bɔˈlɛswaf ˈbjɛrut] ( listen); 1892–1956; also known under assumed names Jerzy Bolesław Bielak and Bolesław Birkowski) was a Polish Communist leader, NKVD agent, and a hard-line Stalinist who became President of Poland after the Soviet takeover of the country in the aftermath of World War II.
Bierut was born in Rury Jezuickie, now a part of Lublin, as the son of Henryk Rutkowski, a village teacher, and his wife Barbara Biernacka (Wojciech and Maria, according to IPN source). He later adopted the surname "Bierut" combining the first syllables of his parents' surnames. In 1918 he took courses at the Warsaw School of Economics, and in 1924–1930 went to Moscow, to be trained at the school of the Communist International.
In 1930–1931 Bierut was sent by the Comintern to Austria, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria. In 1933 he became an agent of Soviet military intelligence, the GRU, and subsequently, was sentenced in Poland to 10 years in prison for his anti-state activities (incarcerated between 1933–1938). The pro-Soviet Communist Party of Poland was dissolved by Joseph Stalin in 1938. Bierut was fortunate to avoid being caught in the Great Purge, which led to the execution of most of the leaders of the Communist Party of Poland in the USSR. After an amnesty from the Polish government in 1938 Bierut settled down in Warsaw and worked as a bookkeeper in a cooperative.
wn.com/Bolesław_Bierut -
Boris Yeltsin
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (Russian: Бори́с Никола́евич Е́льцин; IPA: [bɐˈrʲis nʲɪkɐˈlaɪvʲɪtɕ ˈjelʲtsɨn] ( listen); 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was the President of Russia, serving from 1991 to 1999.
Originally a supporter of Mikhail Gorbachev, Yeltsin emerged under the perestroika reforms as one of Gorbachev's most powerful political opponents. On 29 May 1990 he was elected the chairman of the Russian Supreme Soviet. On 12 June 1991 he was elected by popular vote to the newly created post of President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (SFSR), at that time one of the 15 constituent republics of the Soviet Union. He won 57% of the vote in a six-candidate contest and became the second democratically elected leader of Russia in history. Upon the resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev and the final dissolution of the Soviet Union on 25 December 1991, Yeltsin remained in office as the President of the Russian Federation, the USSR's successor state. Yeltsin was reelected in the 1996 election; in the second round of the election Yeltsin defeated Gennady Zyuganov from the revived Communist Party by a margin of 13%. However, Yeltsin never recovered his early popularity after a series of economic and political crises in Russia in the 1990s.
wn.com/Boris_Yeltsin -
Breton people
The Bretons are an ethnic group located in the region of Brittany in France. They trace much of their heritage to groups of Brythonic speakers who emigrated from southwestern Great Britain in waves from the 3rd to 6th century into the Armorican peninsula, subsequently named Brittany after them.[citation needed]
The main traditional language of Brittany is Breton (Brezhoneg) and is spoken in Western Brittany. Today Breton is spoken by approximately 365,000 people, of whom about 240,000 speak it fluently. Another linguistic minority is present in Brittany, namely speakers of the Gallo language; Gallo is only spoken in Eastern Brittany, where Breton has virtually never been. Breton is closely related to the Brythonic languages Cornish (closely) and Welsh (more distantly) while the Gallo language is a Romance language of the langue d'oil family. Bretons' native language is mainly French nowadays.
Brittany and its people are included as one of the six Celtic nations. Ethnically, along with the Cornish and Welsh, the Bretons are the last vestiges of the ancient British. The actual number of ethnic Bretons in Brittany and France as a whole is difficult to assess as the French government does not make such statistics. The present day population of Brittany based on a January 2007 estimate is 4,365,500.
wn.com/Breton_people -
Brian Mulroney
Martin Brian Mulroney, PC CC GOQ (born March 20, 1939) was the 18th Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993 and was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993. His tenure as Prime Minister was marked by the introduction of major economic reforms, such as the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement and the Goods and Services Tax, and the rejection of constitutional reforms such as the Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Accord. Prior to his political career, he was a prominent lawyer and businessman in Montreal.
Mulroney was born on March 20, 1939, in Baie-Comeau, Quebec, a remote and isolated town in the eastern part of the province. He is the son of Irish Canadian Catholic parents, Mary Irene (née O'Shea) and Benedict Martin Mulroney, who was a paper mill electrician. Six of the couple's children survived infancy. As there was no English-language Catholic high school in Baie-Comeau, Mulroney completed his high school education at a Roman Catholic boarding school in Chatham, New Brunswick operated by St. Thomas University (in 2001, St. Thomas University named its newest academic building in his honour). Benedict Mulroney worked overtime and ran a repair business to earn extra money for his children's education, and he encouraged his oldest son to attend university.
wn.com/Brian_Mulroney -
Carl Levin
Carl Milton Levin (born June 28, 1934) is the senior United States Senator from Michigan, serving since 1979. He is the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Armed Services. He is a member of the Democratic Party.
He has been Michigan's senior senator since 1995. He has served as a U.S. Senator longer than any Senator in Michigan history. He was elected to a sixth term in 2008, which will end in January 2015. He is the younger brother of U.S. Representative Sander M. Levin.
Levin was born in Detroit, the son of Jewish parents Bess (née Levinson) and Saul R. Levin. He attended Detroit public schools and graduated from Swarthmore College in 1956 and from Harvard Law School in 1959. Soon after earning his law degree, he was admitted to the Michigan bar and opened a practice in Detroit, where he still lives. He received honorary degrees from Michigan State University in 2004, Wayne State University in 2005, and Michigan Technological University in 2008.
He was state assistant police officer and general counsel for the Michigan civil rights commission from 1964 to 1967. He was special assistant attorney general for the state of Michigan and chief appellate defender for the city of Detroit from 1968 to 1969. He was a member of the Detroit City Council from 1969 to 1977, serving two four-year terms, the last four years as council president.
wn.com/Carl_Levin -
Carlos Altamirano
Carlos Altamirano Orrego (December 18, 1922, Santiago de Chile) is a lawyer and one of the most influential politicians of Chilean socialism. He was the general secretary of the Chilean Socialist Party (PS) between 1971 and 1979. Before that, he was deputy from 1961 to 1965 and senator from 1965 to 1973. He escaped after Pinochet's coup d'état on September 11, 1973 and lived as a refugee in Cuba.
Carlos Altamirano started as professor of financial law and public finances in the University of Chile. During the Salvador Allende's rule, Altamirano was one of the leaders of the more radical left-wing, revolutionary faction of the Socialist Party. He ruled out any compromise with the Christian Democrats whom he regarded as reactionary and counterrevolutionary, and supported an armed struggle of the workers. After the anticommunist coup of 11 September 1973, he first fled to Cuba and later lived in the GDR. Altamirano became one of the main protagonist of the ideological renovation of Chilean socialism. He wrote Dialéctica de una Derrota en 1977 ("Dialectics of a Defeat"). He now favoured more Western style social democratic positions. In 1979, supporting an alliance with the Christian Democrats, he was expelled from the Socialist Party, that split in two: the PS-Almeyda (nostalgic of the positions of the Allende era) and the PS-Briones, that later became the PS-Nuñez (favorable to Altamirano's positions).
wn.com/Carlos_Altamirano -
Carlos Dávila
Carlos Gregorio Dávila Espinoza (September 15, 1887 - October 19, 1955), was a Chilean political figure, Chairman of Government Junta of Chile in 1932, and Secretary General of the Organization of American States from 1954 until his death in 1955.
Dávila was born in Los Ángeles, Chile to Luis Dávila and Emilia Espinoza. He graduated from the University of Santiago, Chile (then called School of Arts and Crafts) in 1907. In 1911, he entered Law School at the University of Chile, but dropped out three years later to work for newspaper “El Mercurio”, of Santiago. He left that paper in 1917 to establish “La Nación” of the same city, which he directed until 1927. In 1932, he founded the Chilean magazine, “Hoy”.
From 1927 to 1931, Dávila served as Chilean Ambassador to the United States. In 1929, he received an honorary LL.D. from Columbia University, and another the same year from the University of Southern California, in Los Angeles.
In 1932 Dávila was a member of the Government Junta and for several months provisional President of Chile.
wn.com/Carlos_Dávila -
Carlos Prats
General Carlos Prats González (February 24, 1915 - September 30, 1974) was a Chilean Army officer, a political figure, minister and Vice President of Chile during President Salvador Allende's government, and General Augusto Pinochet's predecessor as commander-in-chief of the Chilean Army. In voluntary Argentinian exile immediately after Pinochet's September 11, 1973 coup, he was killed with a car bomb in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1974, by the DINA.
He was born in Talcahuano in 1915, the oldest son of Carlos Prats Risopatrón and Hilda González Suárez. He joined the Army in 1931, and graduated top of his class. In 1935, he was commissioned as an artillery officer. Three years later he became a Sub Lieutenant. Soon he returned to the Military Academy, this time as a teacher. He taught there and at the War Academy until 1954. In 1944, he married Sofia Cuthbert Chiarleoni, with whom he had three daughters.
In 1954, he was promoted to Major, and sent to military mission in the US, as adjunt military attaché, until 1958. That year he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel, and returned as teacher to the War Academy. In 1961, he became commander of the Artillery Regiment Nº3 “Chorrillos”, and in 1963, became commander of the Regiment Nº1 “Tacna”.
wn.com/Carlos_Prats -
Carmelo Soria
Carmelo Soria (Madrid, 5 November 1921 – Santiago de Chile, 16 July 1976) was a Spanish-Chilean United Nations diplomat. A member of the CEPAL (United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean) in the 1970s, he was assassinated by Chile's DINA agents as a part of Operation Condor. Augusto Pinochet had personally been indicted in this case.
Carmelo Soria was the nephew of the Spanish urban planner Arturo Soria y Mata. He had three children with his wife Laura González Vera.
After the Spanish Civil War (1936–39), Carmelo Soria, who was a member of the Communist Party of Spain (PCE),exiled himself to Chile, where he obtained double citizenship. He became a UN civil servant in the 1960s. Between 1971 and 1973, during Salvador Allende's rule, Soria temporarily abandoned his functions to become an advisor to the Popular Unity government. In September 1973, after Augusto Pinochet's coup, he re-joined the UN. He then used his diplomatic immunity status to protect opponents of Pinochet by granting them political asylum in various embassies, thus making him a target for the DINA secret police.
wn.com/Carmelo_Soria -
Caspar Weinberger
Caspar Willard "Cap" Weinberger (August 18, 1917 – March 28, 2006), was an American politician and businessman. He served in a variety of prominent state and federal positions for three decades, most prominently as Secretary of Defense under President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1987.
Born in San Francisco, California, Weinberger served in the 41st Infantry Division in the Pacific theater of World War II. His entry into politics was as a California State Assemblyman from 1953 to 1959, and he would go on to serve as Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission and Director of the Office of Management and Budget under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. An accomplished private sector businessman, he later became vice president and general counsel of Bechtel Corporation, and still later Chairman of Forbes.
His tenure as Secretary of Defense is the third longest in U.S. history, and spanned the final years of the Cold War. He is also known for his key role in the administration's Strategic Defense Initiative and later indictments in the Iran-Contra affair. He was awarded both the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1987 and an honorary British knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II.
wn.com/Caspar_Weinberger -
Charles de Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (/ˈtʃɑrlz/ or /ˈʃɑrl dəˈɡɔːl/; French: [ʃaʁl də ɡol] ( listen); 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969.
A veteran of World War I, in the 1920s and 1930s de Gaulle came to the fore as a proponent of mobile armoured divisions, which he considered would become central in modern warfare. During World War II, he earned the rank of brigadier general (retained throughout his life), leading one of the few successful armoured counter-attacks during the 1940 Battle of France in May in Montcornet, and then briefly served in the French government as France was falling. De Gaulle was the most senior French military officer to reject the June 1940 armistice to Nazi Germany right from the outset.
He escaped to Britain and gave a famous radio address, broadcast by the BBC on 18 June 1940, exhorting the French people to resist Nazi Germany and organised the Free French Forces with exiled French officers in Britain. As the war progressed de Gaulle gradually gained control of all French colonies except Indochina most of which had at first been controlled by the pro-German Vichy regime. Despite earning a reputation for being a difficult man to do business with, by the time of the Allied invasion of France in 1944 he was heading what amounted to a French government in exile, but although he insisted that France be treated as a great independent power by the other Allies, the Americans in particular remained deeply suspicious of his motives. De Gaulle became prime minister in the French Provisional Government, resigning in 1946 because of political conflicts.
wn.com/Charles_de_Gaulle -
Charles Horman
Charles Horman (May 15, 1942–September 19, 1973) was an American journalist and was one of the victims of the 1973 Chilean coup d'état led by General Augusto Pinochet, that deposed the socialist president, Salvador Allende, after bombing the Chilean presidential palace on September 11, 1973. Horman's death was the subject of the 1982 Costa-Gavras film Missing.
Horman was born and raised in New York City, where he attended the Allen-Stevenson School, from which he graduated in 1957. He then graduated cum laude (top 15%) from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1960 and Harvard University in 1964 and worked for a number of years in the U.S. media. In 1972, he settled temporarily in Chile to work as a freelance writer.
wn.com/Charles_Horman -
Che Guevara
Ernesto "Che" Guevara (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈtʃe ɣeˈβaɾa]; June 14, 1928 – October 9, 1967), commonly known as el Che or simply Che, was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, intellectual, guerrilla leader, diplomat, and military theorist. A major figure of the Cuban Revolution, his stylized visage has become a ubiquitous countercultural symbol of rebellion and global insignia within popular culture.
As a young medical student, Guevara traveled throughout Latin America and was radically transformed by the endemic poverty and alienation he witnessed. His experiences and observations during these trips led him to conclude that the region's ingrained economic inequalities were an intrinsic result of capitalism, monopolism, neocolonialism, and imperialism, with the only remedy being world revolution. This belief prompted his involvement in Guatemala's social reforms under President Jacobo Arbenz, whose eventual CIA-assisted overthrow solidified Guevara's political ideology. Later, while living in Mexico City, he met Raúl and Fidel Castro, joined their 26th of July Movement, and sailed to Cuba aboard the yacht, Granma, with the intention of overthrowing U.S.-backed Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. Guevara soon rose to prominence among the insurgents, was promoted to second-in-command, and played a pivotal role in the victorious two-year guerrilla campaign that deposed the Batista regime.
wn.com/Che_Guevara -
Clement Attlee
Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee, KG, OM, CH, PC, FRS (3 January 1883 – 8 October 1967) was a British Labour politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951, and as the Leader of the Labour Party from 1935 to 1955. He was also the first person to hold the office of Deputy Prime Minister, under Winston Churchill in the wartime coalition government, before leading the Labour Party to a landslide election victory over Churchill's Conservative Party in 1945. He was the first Labour Prime Minister to serve a full Parliamentary term, and the first to command a Labour majority in Parliament.
The government he led put in place the post-war settlement, based upon the assumption that full employment would be maintained by Keynesian policies, and that a greatly enlarged system of social services would be created – aspirations that had been outlined in the wartime Beveridge Report. Within this context, his government undertook the nationalisation of major industries and public utilities as well as the creation of the National Health Service. After initial Conservative opposition to Keynesian fiscal policy, this settlement was broadly accepted by all parties until Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister in 1979.
wn.com/Clement_Attlee -
Corazon Aquino
Maria Corazon Sumulong Cojuangco-Aquino (January 25, 1933 – August 1, 2009) was the 11th President of the Philippines and the first woman to hold that office. She led the 1986 People Power Revolution, which toppled Ferdinand Marcos and restored democracy in the Philippines. She was named "Woman of the Year" in 1986 by Time Magazine.
A self-proclaimed "plain housewife", Aquino was married to Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr., the staunchest critic of then President Ferdinand Marcos. Senator Aquino was assassinated on August 21, 1983 upon returning to the Philippines after three years in exile in the United States. After her husband's assassination, Corazon Aquino emerged as the leader of the opposition against the Marcos administration. In late 1985, when President Marcos called for a snap election, Aquino ran for president with former senator Salvador Laurel as her vice-presidential running mate. After the elections were held on February 7, 1986, and the Batasang Pambansa proclaimed Marcos the winner in the elections, she called for massive civil disobedience protests, declaring herself as having been cheated and as the real winner in the elections. Filipinos enthusiastically heeded her call and rallied behind her. These events eventually led to the ousting of Marcos and the installation of Aquino as President of the Philippines on February 25, 1986 through the "People Power Revolution".
wn.com/Corazon_Aquino -
César Mendoza
General César Leonidas Mendoza Durán (September 11, 1918 – September 13, 1996) was a member of the Government Junta which ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990, representing the country-wide police force, the Carabineros de Chile.
Mendoza was born in Santiago, the youngest of the eleven children of Atilio Mendoza Valdebenito, a science teacher and first mayor of La Cisterna, and Amalia Durán, a pianist. In 1938, young César Mendoza began his compulsory military service. In 1940, he matriculated at the Carabineros' School, from which he was graduated as a second lieutenant the following year. Mendoza worked in different cities during his police career, starting in 1942 as a lieutenant at Molina, Talca, and the Carabineros' School. He was promoted to captain in 1953, to major in 1959, to lieutenant colonel in 1965, to colonel in 1968, to general in 1970, and to inspector general of the carabineros in 1972.
A noted horseman, Mendoza won a silver medal in the XV Olympiade of 1952 at Helsinki as a member of the show jumping team.
wn.com/César_Mendoza -
Daniel Ortega
José Daniel Ortega Saavedra (Spanish pronunciation: [xo̞ˈse̞ ðaˈnje̞l o̞rˈte̞ɣa saˈβe̞ðɾa]; born 11 November 1945) is a Nicaraguan politician. He is the current President of Nicaragua (since 2007), a position he has held previously between 1985 and 1990. A leader in the socialist Sandinista National Liberation Front (Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional, FSLN), his policies in government have seen the implementation of leftist reforms across Nicaragua.
Born into a working class family, from an early age Ortega developed a hatred of the ruling President Anastasio Somoza Debayle, who was widely seen as a dictator, and became involved in the underground movement to oppose Somoza's regime. Joining the Sandinistas, he also travelled to Cuba to receive training in guerilla warfare from Fidel Castro's Marxist-Leninist government. After the Nicaraguan Revolution resulted in the overthrow and exile of the Somoza's government in 1979, Ortega became a member of the ruling multipartisan Junta of National Reconstruction and was later elected president, serving from 1985 to 1990. At the time a Marxist-Leninist, his first period in office was characterized by a controversial program of land reform, wealth redistribution and literacy programs. Such leftist reforms damaged U.S. economic interests in the country, gaining hostility from the U.S.'s governing Reagan administration, who funded a right wing militia, the Contras, to overthrow Ortega's government.
wn.com/Daniel_Ortega -
Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping (IPA: [tə̂ŋ ɕjɑ̀ʊpʰǐŋ] ( listen); 22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997) was a Chinese politician, statesman, and diplomat. As leader of the Communist Party of China, Deng was a reformer who led China towards a market economy. While Deng never held office as the head of state, head of government or General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (historically the highest position in Communist China), he nonetheless served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 to 1992. As the core of the second generation leaders Deng shared his power with the two most powerful men after him: Li Xiannian and Chen Yun.
Born into a peasant background in Guang'an, Sichuan, China, Deng studied and worked in France in the 1920s, where he was influenced by Marxism. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1923. Upon his return to China he worked as a political commissar in rural regions and was considered a "revolutionary veteran" of the Long March. Following the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Deng worked in Tibet and other southwestern regions to consolidate Communist control. He was also instrumental in China's economic reconstruction following the Great Leap Forward in the early 1960s. His economic policies were at odds with the political ideologies of Chairman Mao Zedong. As a result, he was purged twice during the Cultural Revolution but regained prominence in 1978 by outmaneuvering Mao's chosen successor, Hua Guofeng.
wn.com/Deng_Xiaoping -
Derek Jacobi
Sir Derek George Jacobi, CBE ( /ˈdʒækəbi/; born 22 October 1938) is an English actor and film director.
A "forceful, commanding stage presence", Jacobi has enjoyed a highly successful stage career, appearing in such stage productions as Hamlet,Uncle Vanya, and Oedipus the King. He received a Tony Award for his performance in Much Ado About Nothing. His stage work also included playing Edward II,Octavius Caesar,Richard III, and Cyrano de Bergerac.
In addition to being a founder member of the Royal National Theatre and winning several prestigious theatre awards, Jacobi has also enjoyed a successful television career, starring in the critically praised adaptation of Roberts Graves' I, Claudius, for which he won a BAFTA; the titular role in the acclaimed medieval drama series Brother Cadfael, and Stanley Baldwin in The Gathering Storm. Though principally a stage actor, Jacobi has appeared in a number of films, such as Henry V (1989), Dead Again (1991), Gladiator (2000), Gosford Park (2001), The Golden Compass (2007), The King's Speech (2010), My Week with Marilyn (2011), and the forthcoming Hippie Hippie Shake. Like Laurence Olivier, he holds two knighthoods, Danish and British.
wn.com/Derek_Jacobi -
Diosdado Macapagal
Diosdado Pangan Macapagal (September 28, 1910 – April 21, 1997) was the ninth President of the Philippines, serving from 1961 to 1965, and the sixth Vice President, serving from 1957 to 1961. He also served as a member of the House of Representatives, and headed the Constitutional Convention of 1970. He is the father of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, who served as the 14th President of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010.
A native of Lubao, Pampanga, Macapagal graduated from the University of the Philippines and University of Santo Tomas, after which he worked as a lawyer for the government. He first won election in 1949 to the House of Representatives, representing a district in his home province of Pampanga. In 1957 he became vice president in the administration of President Carlos P. Garcia, and in 1961 he defeated Garcia's re-election bid for the presidency.
As president, Macapagal worked to suppress graft and corruption and to stimulate the Philippine economy. He introduced the country's first land reform law, placed the peso on the free currency exchange market, and liberalized foreign exchange and import controls. Many of his reforms, however, were crippled by a Congress dominated by the rival Nacionalista Party. He is also known for shifting the country's observance of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12, commemorating the day Filipino patriots declared independence from Spain in 1898. His re-election bid was defeated in 1965 by Ferdinand Marcos, whose subsequent authoritarian rule lasted 20 years.
wn.com/Diosdado_Macapagal -
Domingo Santa María
Domingo Santa María González (August 4, 1825 - July 18, 1889) was a Chilean political figure. He served as the president of Chile between 1881 and 1886.
He was born in Santiago de Chile, the son of Luis José Santa María González and Ana Josefa González Morandé. He completed his early studies in the Instituto Nacional, and graduated as a lawyer from the Universidad de Chile in 1847. Soon after, he became a clerk at the Justice Ministry, where he rose to become Official Mayor. At the same time, he became the secretary of the Sociedad del Orden (Society for Public Order), a liberal club opposed to the conservative party.
At the age of 23, he became Intendant of Colchagua. His active intervention in rigging elections in favor of the conservatives made him into the principal target of the opposition. Two years later, he was asked to resign by his superiors. His refusal sparked his destitution by Manuel Montt. At that point, he joined Montt's opposition and joined the liberal party, participating actively in the 1851 revolution. In 1856, during the clash between the government and the church due to the "verger problem" he joined the opposition to the church, a position that would eventually carry to the extreme during his administration.
wn.com/Domingo_Santa_María -
Eduard Shevardnadze
Eduard Shevardnadze (Georgian: ედუარდ შევარდნაძე [ɛduard ʃɛvardnad͡zɛ]; born 25 January 1928) is a former Soviet, and later, Georgian statesman from the height to the end of the Cold War. He served as President of Georgia from 1995 to 2003, and as First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party (GPC, the de facto leader of Soviet Georgia), from 1972 to 1985. Shevardnadze was responsible for many top decisions on Soviet foreign policy in the Gorbachev Era. He was forced to retire in 2003 as a consequence of the bloodless Rose Revolution.
Shevardnadze's political career started in the late 1940s as a leading member of his local Komsomol organisation. He was later appointed its Second Secretary, and even First Secretary. His rise up the Georgian Soviet hierarchy continued until 1961 when he was demoted after he insulted a senior official. After spending two years in obscurity, Shevardnadze's returned as a First Secretary of a Tbilisi city district, and was able to charge the Tbilisi First Secretary at the time for corruption. His anti-corruption work quickly garnered the interest of the Soviet government, and Shevardnadze was appointed to First Deputy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Georgian SSR. He would later become the head of the internal affairs ministry and was able to charge First Secretary (leader of Soviet Georgia) Vasil Mzhavanadze for corruption charges.
wn.com/Eduard_Shevardnadze -
Edward Gierek
Edward Gierek (Polish pronunciation: [ˈɛdvart ˈɡʲɛrɛk]; January 6, 1913 – July 29, 2001) was a Polish communist politician.
He was born in Porąbka, outside of Sosnowiec. He lost his father to a mining accident in a pit at the age of four. His mother married again and emigrated to northern France, where he was raised. He joined the French Communist Party in 1931 and was later deported to Poland for organizing a strike. After his military service in Stryj, Galicia, Gierek went to Belgium in 1934, where he joined the Communist Party of Belgium while working in the coal mines of Waterschei. During World War II, he remained activist of the Communist Party of Belgium. He returned to Poland in 1948 and rose through the party ranks to become by 1957 a member of the Polish parliament. As first secretary of the Katowice voivodship party organization (1957–70), Gierek created a personal power base and became the recognized leader of the young technocrat faction of the party. When rioting over economic conditions broke out in late 1970, Gierek replaced Władysław Gomułka as party first secretary. Gierek promised economic reform and instituted a program to modernize industry and increase the availability of consumer goods, doing so mostly through foreign loans. His good relations with Western politicians, especially France's Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's Helmut Schmidt, were a catalyst for his receiving western aid and loans.
wn.com/Edward_Gierek -
Edward Heath
Sir Edward Richard George "Ted" Heath, KG, MBE, PC (9 July 1916 – 17 July 2005) was a British Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1970–74) and as Leader of the Conservative Party (1965–75).
Born in Broadstairs, Kent, Heath studied at Oxford and served in the Second World War. He was first elected in the 1950 general election, for Bexley and was government Chief Whip during the 1950s. Entering the Cabinet as Minister of Labour in 1959, he was then Lord Privy Seal responsible for Macmillan's unsuccessful EEC entry negotiations, then President of the Board of Trade. In 1965 Heath won the leadership of the Conservative Party against Reginald Maudling and Enoch Powell. The general election of 1966 saw the Labour government of Harold Wilson achieve a large increase in seats, however Heath remained Conservative leader.
Heath became Prime Minister after winning the 1970 general election. In 1971, Heath oversaw the decimalisation of British coinage and in 1972, he implemented major reform to the UK's system of local government. In foreign policy, Heath took the UK into the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1973. Heath's premiership oversaw the height of The Troubles in Northern Ireland, with the suspension of the Stormont parliament and the imposition of direct British rule. Unofficial talks with IRA delegates were unsuccessful, as was the Sunningdale Agreement of 1973, which caused Ulster Unionists to withdraw from the Conservative whip.
wn.com/Edward_Heath -
Eisaku Satō
This article is about the Prime Minister of Japan. For the governor of Fukushima Prefecture of Japan of the same name, see Eisaku Satō (governor).
Eisaku Satō (佐藤 榮作, Satō Eisaku?, March 27, 1901 – June 3, 1975) was a Japanese politician and the 39th Prime Minister of Japan, elected on November 9, 1964, and re-elected on February 17, 1967, and January 14, 1970, serving until July 7, 1972. He was the longest serving prime minister in the history of Japan.
Satō was born in Tabuse, Yamaguchi Prefecture, and studied German law at Tokyo Imperial University. In 1923, he passed the senior civil service examinations, and in the following year, upon graduation, became a civil servant in the Ministry of Railways. He served as Director of the Osaka Railways Bureau from 1944 to 1946 and Vice-Minister for Transportation from 1947 to 1948.
Satō entered the Diet in 1949 as a member of the Liberal Party.
He was appointed Minister of Postal Services and Telecommunications from July 1951 - July 1952. Sato gradually rose through the ranks of Japanese politics, becoming Chief Cabinet Secretary to Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida from January 1953 to July 1954. He later served as Minister of Construction from October 1952-February 1953.
wn.com/Eisaku_Satō -
Emiliano Figueroa
Emiliano Figueroa Larraín (July 12, 1866 - May 15, 1931) was President of Chile from December 23, 1925 until his resignation on May 10, 1927. He also served as Acting president for a few months on 1910.
Figueroa was born on July 12, 1866 in Santiago, son of Francisco de Paula Figueroa Araoz and of Rosalía Larraín Echeverría. He studied in the San Ignacio School and then went on to study law at the State University. He graduated in 1889 and that same year was named secretary to the Intendant of Santiago.
Figueroa decided to embark on a political career and joined the Liberal Democratic Party, which supported a stronger executive. He was elected deputy for Victoria and Melipilla in 1900 and reelected in 1903. In 1907, once his term had ended, he was selected to replace Juan José Valenzuela, deputy for Rere and Puchacay, who had died in July that year. In 1909, Figueroa was once again elected to the Chamber of Deputies, this time representing Itata.
On October 25, 1907, President Pedro Montt named Figueroa Minister of Justice, a position which he kept until September 15, 1909. President Montt died on August 16, 1910 and was replaced by his Minister of Interior, Elías Fernández, who became acting president. Fernández named Figueroa Minister of Interior but died on September 6 that very year. Figueroa then replaced Fernández as acting president and stayed in that position until December 23, when Ramón Barros Luco was inaugurated as President.
wn.com/Emiliano_Figueroa -
Enrico Berlinguer
Enrico Berlinguer (Italian pronunciation: [berliŋˈɡwɛr]) (25 May 1922 – 11 June 1984) was an Italian politician; he was national secretary of the Italian Communist Party (Partito Comunista Italiano or PCI) from 1972 until his death.
The son of Mario Berlinguer and Maria Loriga, Enrico Berlinguer was born in Sassari, Italy to a noble and important Sardinian family, in a notable cultural context, with family ties and political contacts that would heavily influence his life and career. His surname 'Berlinguer' is of Catalan origin, a reminder of the period when Sardinia was part of the dominions of the Crown of Aragon.
He was a cousin of Francesco Cossiga (who was a leader of the Italian Christian Democrats and later became a President of the Italian Republic), and both were relatives of Antonio Segni, another Christian Democrat leader and President of the Republic. Enrico's grandfather, Enrico Berlinguer Sr., was the founder of La Nuova Sardegna, an important Sardinian newspaper, and a personal friend of Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini, whom he had helped in his attempts through his parliamentary work to improve the sad conditions on the island.
wn.com/Enrico_Berlinguer -
Enver Hoxha
Enver Hoxha ( pronunciation (help·info); 16 October 1908 – 11 April 1985) was the leader of Albania from the end of World War II until his death in 1985, as the First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania. He also served as Prime Minister of Albania from 1944 to 1954, Minister of Defence, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Chairman of the Democratic Front from 1945 to his death, and as Commander-in-Chief of the Albanian armed forces from 1944 to his death. Hoxha's leadership was characterized by his proclaimed firm adherence to anti-revisionist Marxism–Leninism from the mid-1970s onwards. After his break with Maoism in the 1976–1978 period, numerous Maoist parties declared themselves Hoxhaist. The International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle) is the most well known collection of these parties today.
Hoxha was born in Gjirokastër, a city in southern Albania (then under the Ottoman Empire) that has been home to many prominent families. He was the son of Halil Hoxha, a BektashiTosk cloth merchant who travelled widely across Europe and the United States of America, and Gjylihan (Gjylo) Hoxha. At age 16 he helped found and became secretary of the Students Society of Gjirokastër, which protested against the monarchist government. After the Society was closed down by the government, he left his hometown and moved to Korçë, continuing his studies in a French secondary school. There he learned French history, literature and philosophy. In this city he read for the first time the Communist Manifesto.
wn.com/Enver_Hoxha -
Erich Honecker
Erich Honecker (German: [ˈeːʁɪç ˈhɔnɛkɐ]; 25 August 1912 – 29 May 1994) was a German socialist politician who led the German Democratic Republic as General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party from 1971 until 1989, serving as Head of State as well after Willi Stoph's relinquishment of that post in 1976.
Following the definite end of the Cold War, Honecker refused all but cosmetic changes and was ousted by the party in late 1989 and removed from power. Following the German reunification he successfully evaded prosecution for human rights abuses committed under his regime, finally settling down with his family in Chile in 1993, dying the following year from liver cancer.
Honecker was born on Max-Braun-Straße in Neunkirchen, now Saarland, as the son of Wilhelm Honecker, a coal miner and political activist, who in 1905 had married Caroline Catharina Weidenhof. There were six children born to the family: Katharina (Käthe), Wilhelm (Willi), Frieda, Erich, Gertrud (b. 1917; m. Hoppstädter), and Karl-Robert.
wn.com/Erich_Honecker -
Ernest Bevin
Ernest Bevin (9 March 1881 – 14 April 1951) was a British trade union leader and Labour politician. He co-founded and served as general secretary of the powerful Transport and General Workers' Union from 1922 to 1940, as Minister of Labour in the war-time coalition government, and as Foreign Secretary in the post-war Labour Government he supported the creation of NATO.
Bevin was born in the village of Winsford in Somerset, England, to Diana Bevin who, since 1877, had described herself as a widow. His father is unknown. After his mother's death in 1889, the young Bevin lived with his half-sister's family, moving to Morchard Bishop in Devon. He had little formal education, having briefly attended two village schools and then Hayward's School, Crediton, starting in 1890 and leaving in 1892. He later recalled being asked as a child to read the newspaper aloud for the benefit of adults in his family who were illiterate. At the age of eleven, he went to work as a labourer, then as a lorry driver in Bristol, where he joined the Bristol Socialist Society. In 1910 he became secretary of the Bristol branch of the Dockers' Union, and in 1914 he became a national organiser for the union.
wn.com/Ernest_Bevin -
Felipe González
Felipe González Márquez (born 5 March 1942) is a Spanish socialist politician. He was the General Secretary of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) from 1974 to 1997. To date, he remains the longest-serving Prime Minister of Spain, after having served four successive mandates from 1982 to 1996.
Felipe was born in Seville, son of a farmer who had a small dairy. He has a sister named Lola González y Márquez, married to Francisco Germán Palomino y Romera, by whom she has two sons, Felipe and Germán Palomino y González. He studied Law at Seville University and started his career as attorney specialising in labour. While at the University he met members of the socialist trade union Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) that was clandestine at the time. He also contacted members of the PSOE and started taking part in the party's clandestine activity. During that time he adopted the nom de guerre Isidoro and moved to Madrid. He was elected Secretary General of the Party at the Suresnes Congress, in France.
wn.com/Felipe_González -
Ferdinand Marcos
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was a Filipino politician who held the title of President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He was a lawyer, member of the Philippine House of Representatives (1949–1959) and a member of the Philippine Senate (1959–1965). He was Senate President from 1963–1965.
While in power he implemented wide-ranging programs of infrastructure development and economic reform. However, his administration was marred by massive authoritarian corruption, despotism, nepotism, political repression, and human rights violations.
In 1983, his government was accused of being involved in the assassination of his primary political opponent, Benigno Aquino, Jr. Public outrage over the assassination served as the catalyst for the People Power Revolution in February 1986 that led to his removal from power and eventual exile in Hawaii. It was later discovered that, during his 20 years in power, he and his wife Imelda Marcos had moved billions of dollars of embezzled public funds to accounts and investments in the United States, Switzerland, and other countries.
wn.com/Ferdinand_Marcos -
Fernando Matthei
Fernando Matthei Aubel (b.Osorno July 11, 1925) is a retired Chilean Air Force General that was part of the military junta that ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990, after Gustavo Leigh was dismissed in 1978. Before he became a junta member, Matthei was Minister of Health of the military government. He was part of the junta from 1977 to 1989.
In October 1988, Matthei was the first junta member that admitted that the regime had lost a referendum to elect Pinochet for a new eight-year presidential term. Later the same day the government stated that the referendum result would be respected and that the 1980 Constitution path to democracy would be strictly followed. In September, 2005, Matthei admitted in a television program that he "did everything possible so that Argentina would lose" in the 1982 Falklands War with Britain.[1]. His comments and actions can be interpreted as junta's efforts to maintain power and legitimacy in the eyes of the U.S. and the U.K. The post junta Chilean governments have claimed they were not responsible for the actions of the military junta.
wn.com/Fernando_Matthei -
Fidel Castro
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (Spanish: [fiˈðel ˈkastro]; born August 13, 1926) is a Cuban revolutionary and politician, having held the position of Prime Minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976, and then President from 1976 to 2008. He also served as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from the party's foundation in 1961 until 2011. Politically a Marxist-Leninist, under his administration the Republic of Cuba was converted into a one-party socialist state, with industry and business being nationalized under state ownership and socialist reforms implemented in all areas of society. On the international stage, he also served as the Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1979 to 1983 and 2006 to 2008.
wn.com/Fidel_Castro -
Francesco Cossiga
Francesco Cossiga (26 July 1928 – 17 August 2010) was an Italian politician, the 43rd Prime Minister and the eighth President of the Italian Republic. He was also a professor of constitutional law at the University of Sassari.
Cossiga was born in Sassari in the north of Sardinia. He started his political career during World War II. His name is now usually pronounced Italian pronunciation: [kosˈsiːɡa], but it was originally pronounced Italian pronunciation: [ˈkɔssiɡa], with the stress on the first syllable, meaning "Corsica". He was the cousin of Enrico Berlinguer.
He was a minister several times for the Democrazia Cristiana party (DC), notably during his stay at Viminale (Ministry for internal affairs) where he re-structured the Italian police, civil protection and secret services. In 1977, when Cossiga was minister of internal affairs, police squads organized by Cossiga shot against a demonstration in Rome, killing student Giorgiana Masi. Cossiga for many years stated that she was killed by her companions.
wn.com/Francesco_Cossiga -
Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco y Bahamonde, better known under the name of Franco, (Spanish: [fɾanˈθisko ˈfɾaŋko]; 4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general, dictator and the leader of the Nationalist military rebellion in the Spanish Civil War, and totalitarian head of state of Spain, from October 1936 (as a unified nation from 1939 onwards) until his death in November 1975. He came to power while recognizing the principles of the far-right Falange movement, although this was for propaganda reasons, as he belonged to no political party before becoming Head of State. As head of state, Franco used the titles Caudillo de España and Generalísimo, but also was called formally as His Excellency, The Head of State.
Franco was from a military family, and although originally intent on entering the Spanish Navy, he instead became a soldier. He participated in the Rif War in Morocco, becoming the youngest general in Europe by 1926. After returning to the Spanish mainland, he saw service suppressing an anarchist-led strike in 1934, defending the stability of Alcalá-Zamora's conservative government. Following the formation of a Popular Front government, made up of various left-wing factions, instability heightened. Violence between militant groups rose sharply with assassination of conservative parliamentary leader José Calvo Sotelo, in retaliation for the killing of José Castillo. Franco and his co-conspirators used Calvo's death as their pretext for war, as they had already initiated the plan for their rebellion.
wn.com/Francisco_Franco -
François Mitterrand
François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (French: [fʁɑ̃swa mɔʁis mitɛˈʁɑ̃] ( listen); 26 October 1916 – 8 January 1996) was the 21st President of the French Republic and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra, serving from 1981 until 1995. He is the longest-serving President of France and, as leader of the Socialist Party, the first figure from the left elected President under the Fifth Republic.
Reflecting family influences, Mitterrand started political life on the Catholic nationalist right. He served under the Vichy Regime in its earlier years. Subsequently, however, he joined the Resistance, moved to the left, and held ministerial office repeatedly under the Fourth Republic. He opposed de Gaulle's establishment of the Fifth Republic. Although at times a politically isolated figure, Mitterrand outmanoeuvred rivals to become the left's standard bearer in every presidential election from 1965 to 1988, except 1969. Elected President in the May 1981 presidential election, he was re-elected in 1988 and held office until 1995.
wn.com/François_Mitterrand -
Gabriel Salazar
Gabriel Salazar Vergara, (Santiago 31 January 1936) is a Chilean historian. He is known in Chile for his study of social history and interpretations of social movements, particularily the recent student protests of 2006 and 2011.
wn.com/Gabriel_Salazar -
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (Arabic: جمال عبد الناصر حسين, IPA: [ɡæˈmæːl ʕæbdenˈnɑːsˤeɾ ħeˈseːn]; 15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt from 1956 until his death. A colonel in the Egyptian army, Nasser led the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 along with Muhammad Naguib, the first president, which overthrew the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan, and heralded a new period of modernization, and socialist reform in Egypt together with a profound advancement of pan-Arab nationalism, including a short-lived union with Syria.
Nasser is seen as one of the most important political figures in both modern Arab history and politics in the 20th century. Under his leadership, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal Company and came to play a central role in anti-imperialist efforts in the Arab World and Africa. The imposed ending to the Suez Crisis made him a hero throughout the Arab world. He was also instrumental in the establishment of the international Non-Aligned Movement. He is well known for his nationalist policies and version of pan-Arabism, also referred to as Nasserism, which won a great following in the Arab World during the 1950s and 1960s. Although his status as "leader of the Arabs" was badly damaged by the Israeli victory over the Arab armies in the Six-Day War, as well as Egypt's failure to win the subsequent War of Attrition against Israel, many in the general Arab population still view Nasser as a symbol of Arab dignity and freedom.
wn.com/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser -
Gennady Yanayev
Gennady Ivanovich Yanayev (Russian: Генна́дий Ива́нович Яна́ев; 26 August 1937 – 24 September 2010) was a Soviet Russian politician and statesman whose career spanned the rules of Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov and Chernenko, and culminated during the Gorbachev years. Yanayev was born in Perevoz, Gorky Oblast. After years in local politics, he rose to prominence as Chairman of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, but he also held other lesser posts such as deputy of the Union of Soviet Societies for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries.
Due to his chairmanship of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions he gained a seat in the Politburo. During the 1990 July plenum he was elected to the Secretariat of the CPSU Central Committee. Later that year, with the help of Mikhail Gorbachev, Yanayev was elected the first, and only, Vice President of the Soviet Union. Having growing doubts about where Gorbachev's reforms were leading, Yanayev started working with, and eventually leading, the Gang of Eight, the group which deposed Gorbachev during the August coup of 1991. After three days the coup collapsed due to the popularity of Boris Yeltsin, but during its brief grip of power Yanayev was made Acting President of the Soviet Union. He was then arrested for his role in the coup, but in 1994 he was pardoned by the State Duma. He spent the rest of his life working in the Russian tourism administration until his death on 24 September 2010.
wn.com/Gennady_Yanayev -
George Marshall
George Catlett Marshall (December 31, 1880 – October 16, 1959) was an American military leader, Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of State, and the third Secretary of Defense. Once noted as the "organizer of victory" by Winston Churchill for his leadership of the Allied victory in World War II, Marshall served as the United States Army Chief of Staff during the war and as the chief military adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. As Secretary of State, his name was given to the Marshall Plan, for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953.
George Catlett Marshall was born into a middle-class family in Uniontown, Pennsylvania, the son of George Catlett Marshall, Sr. and Laura Emily (Bradford) Marshall. Marshall was a scion of an old Virginia family, as well as a distant relative of former Chief Justice John Marshall. Marshall graduated from the Virginia Military Institute (VMI), where he was initiated into the Kappa Alpha Order, in 1901.
Following graduation from VMI, Marshall was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. Until World War I, he was posted to various positions in the US and the Philippines. He served as an infantry platoon leader and company commander in the Phillipines during the Phillipine-American War and several other guerilla uprisings. He was schooled and trained in modern warfare. His pre-war service included a tour at Fort Leavenworth, KS from 1906 to 1910 as both a student and an instructor.
wn.com/George_Marshall -
George Weigel
George Weigel (Baltimore, 1951 - ) is an American author, and political and social activist. He currently serves as a Distinguished Senior Fellow of the Ethics and Public Policy Center. Weigel was the Founding President of the James Madison Foundation. He is the author of the best-selling biography of Pope John Paul II, Witness to Hope and Tranquillitas Ordinis: The Present Failure and Future Promise of American Catholic Thought on War and Peace.
Weigel grew up in Baltimore, Maryland, where he attended St. Mary's Seminary and University, and he later received his masters degree from St. Michael's College, University of Toronto. Weigel has received nine honorary doctorate degrees, as well as the papal cross Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice and the Gloria Artis Gold Medal from the Polish Ministry of Culture.
Weigel lived in Seattle, serving as Assistant Professor of Theology and Assistant Dean of Studies at the St. Thomas the Apostle Seminary School of Theology in Kenmore, and Scholar-in-Residence at the World Without War Council of Greater Seattle, before returning to Washington, D.C. as a fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
wn.com/George_Weigel -
Georges Pompidou
Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (French pronunciation: [ʒɔʁʒ pɔ̃pidu]; 5 July 1911 – 2 April 1974) was a French politician. He was Prime Minister of France from 1962 to 1968, holding the longest tenure in this position, and later President of the French Republic from 1969 until his death in 1974.
He was born in the commune of Montboudif, in the department of Cantal in central France. After his khâgne at Lycée Louis-le-Grand, where he befriended Senegalese future poet and statesman Léopold Sédar Senghor, he graduated from the École Normale Supérieure with a degree of Agrégation in literature.
He first taught literature at the lycée Henri IV in Paris until hired in 1953 by Guy de Rothschild to work at Rothschild. In 1956, he was appointed the bank's general manager, a position he held until 1962. Later, he was hired by Charles de Gaulle to manage the Anne de Gaulle Foundation for Down's Syndrome (de Gaulle's daughter Anne had Down's Syndrome).
He served as prime minister under de Gaulle after Michel Debré resigned, from 16 April 1962 to 21 July 1968, and to this day is the longest serving French prime minister under the Fifth Republic. His nomination was controversial because he was not a member of the National Assembly. In October 1962, he was defeated by a vote of non-confidence, but de Gaulle dissolved the National Assembly. The Gaullists won the legislative election and Pompidou was reappointed as Prime Minister. In 1964, he was faced with a miners' strike. He led the 1967 legislative campaign of the Union of Democrats for the Fifth Republic to a narrow victory. Pompidou was widely regarded as being responsible for the peaceful resolution of the student uprising of May 1968. His strategy was to break the coalition of students and workers by negotiating with the trade-unions and employers (Grenelle conference). Until this crisis, he was the Prime Minister of a quiet and prosperous France.
wn.com/Georges_Pompidou -
Gerald Ford
Gerald Rudolph "Jerry" Ford, Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the 38th President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the 40th Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. As the first person appointed to the vice-presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment (after Spiro Agnew had resigned), when he became President upon Richard Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974, he became the only President of the United States who was never elected President nor Vice-President by the Electoral College. Before ascending to the vice-presidency, Ford served nearly 25 years as the Representative from Michigan's 5th congressional district, eight of them as the Republican Minority Leader.
As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward détente in the Cold War. With the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U.S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. Domestically, Ford presided over arguably the weakest economy since the Great Depression, with growing inflation and a recession during his tenure. One of his more controversial acts was to grant a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Ford's incumbency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the President. In 1976, Ford narrowly defeated Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination, but lost the presidential election to Democrat Jimmy Carter.
wn.com/Gerald_Ford -
Gerardo Huber
Gerardo Huber Olivares (disappeared 29 January 1992; body found 20 February 1992) was a Chilean Army Colonel and agent of the DINA, Chile's intelligence agency. He was in charge of purchasing weapons abroad for the army. Huber was assassinated shortly before he was due to testify before Magistrate Hernán Correa de la Cerda in a case concerning the illegal export of weapons to the Croatian army. That enterprise involved 370 tons of weapons sold to the Croatian government by Chile on 7 December 1991, when Croatia was under a United Nations embargo arising from the war in Yugoslavia. In January 1992, Magistrate Correa sought testimony from Huber on the deal. However, Huber may well have been silenced to avoid implicating former Chilean President and then-Commander-in-Chief of the Army Augusto Pinochet, who was himself awaiting trial on related charges.
Gerardo Huber graduated from military school in 1964, specializing as an engineer. Ten years later, after Augusto Pinochet's coup in 1973, he began working for the DINA intelligence agency and was sent to Argentina to infiltrate groups supporting the Chilean MIR faction in its struggle against Pinochet's dictatorship. When he returned to Chile, he worked with American-born DINA agent Michael Townley in producing chemical weapons, which were used against political dissidents.
wn.com/Gerardo_Huber -
Germán Riesco
Germán Riesco Errázuriz (May 28, 1854 - December 8, 1916) was a Chilean political figure, and he served as President of Chile between 1901 and 1906.
He was born in Rancagua, the son of Mauricio Riesco, a Spanish merchant and of Carlota Errázuriz Zañartu, sister of President Federico Errázuriz Zañartu, of Basque descent. He studied at the Seminario Conciliar and at the Universidad de Chile. At the age of 17 (four years before graduating as a lawyer) he obtained his first public job as a clerk at the ministry of Justice, in order to help support financially his family.
He graduated as a lawyer on April 19, 1875, and was promoted to chief clerk at the ministry in 1880. The same year he married his cousin, María Errázuriz Echaurren, thus becoming brother-in-law to future president Federico Errázuriz Echaurren. He became clerk of the Appeals Court of Santiago in 1891, and clerk of the Supreme Court in 1897. He retired from the judiciary in 1898, to dedicate himself to private practice.
Germán Riesco's first incursion in politics was when elected as a senator for Talca in 1900. After the sudden death of president Federico Errázuriz Echaurren and due to the proximity of the presidential elections, he was proclaimed candidate by the Liberal Alliance, on March 8, 1901. This alliance was formed by the radicals, the democrats, the Balmacedists and the liberals, even though Riesco was more of a Conservative.
wn.com/Germán_Riesco -
Getúlio Vargas
Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒeˈtuliu doɾˈnɛlis ˈvaɾɡɐs]; 19 April 1882 – 24 August 1954) served as President of Brazil, first as dictator, from 1930 to 1945, and in a democratically elected term from 1951 until his suicide in 1954. Vargas led Brazil for 18 years, the most for any President, and second in Brazilian history only to Emperor Pedro II among heads of government. He favored nationalism, industrialization, centralization, social welfare and populism – for the latter, Vargas won the nickname "O Pai dos Pobres" (Portuguese for "The Father of the Poor"). Despite his promotion of workers' rights, Vargas was a staunch anti-communist.
Vargas was brought to power by political outsiders and the rank and file of the Armed Forces in the Revolution of 1930, a reaction to his loss in rigged elections earlier that year. His ascent marked the end of the Brazilian oligarchic Old Republic and states' dominated café com leite politics. He successfully influenced the outcome of the Brazilian presidential election of 1934, and instituted an authoritarian corporatist regime in 1937 known as the Estado Novo ("New State"), prolonging his hold onto power. Vargas went on to appease and eventually dominate his supporters, and pushed his political agenda as he built a propaganda machine around his figure.
wn.com/Getúlio_Vargas -
Giulio Andreotti
Giulio Andreotti (Italian pronunciation: [ˈʤuːljo andreˈɔtti]; born January 14, 1919) is an Italian politician of the now dissolved centrist Christian Democracy party. He served as the 42nd Prime Minister of Italy from 1972 to 1973, from 1976 to 1979 and from 1989 to 1992. He also served as Minister of the Interior (1954 and 1978), Defense Minister (1959–1966 and 1974) and Foreign Minister (1983–1989) and he has been a senator for life since 1991. He is also a journalist and author.
He is sometimes called Divo Giulio (from Latin Divus Iulius, "divine Julius", an epithet of Julius Caesar). The movie Il Divo tells about Andreotti's links with the Mafia and won the Prix du Jury at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival.
Andreotti was born in Rome into a family from Segni. He studied law in Rome, during which time he was member of the Federazione Universitaria Cattolica Italiana (FUCI, or Italian Catholic University Federation), which was then the only Catholic university association allowed by the Fascist government. Its members included many of the future leaders of the Italian Democrazia Cristiana (or DC, the Christian Democracy party). In July 1939, while Aldo Moro was president of FUCI, Andreotti became director of its magazine Azione Fucina. In 1942, when Moro was enrolled in the Italian Army, Andreotti succeeded him as president of FUCI, a position he held until 1944.
wn.com/Giulio_Andreotti -
Gregorio Honasan
Gregorio Ballesteros Honasan II (born March 14, 1948), better known as Gringo Honasan, is a Filipino political figure. He played a key role in the 1986 EDSA Revolution that toppled the dictatorship of President Ferdinand Marcos. He led a series of coup attempts against the administration of Corazon Aquino. President Fidel Ramos granted him amnesty in 1992. He entered politics and became a senator from 1995 to 2004 and again since 2007.
Gregorio Honasan was born in Baguio City to Colonel Romeo Honasan and Alice Ballesteros, both from Sorsogon province. Honasan spent his elementary days at San Beda College from Kindergarten to Grade 6. After which, he went to Taiwan and studied at the Dominican School, Taipei, Taiwan. He then returned to the Philippines and finished his high school at Don Bosco Mandaluyong. He attained his Bachelor of Science degree at the Philippine Military Academy, where he received the title of "Class Baron", the academy's highest leadership award.
After graduating in 1971, he joined the Philippine Army and went into combat duty against separatist and communist insurgents in Luzon and Mindanao. He was wounded in action at battles in Lebak and Jolo. Making his way up through the armed forces, he became aide-de-camp to Secretary of National Defense Juan Ponce Enrile in 1974, and later became the department's Chief of Security.
wn.com/Gregorio_Honasan -
Gustavo Leigh
Air General Gustavo Leigh Guzmán (September 19, 1920 - September 29, 1999) was a Chilean general, who represented the Air Force in the 1973 Chilean coup d'état and, for a time, in the ruling junta that followed. Leigh was forced out of the military government in 1978.
Leigh was born in Santiago, son of Hernán Leigh Bañados and Laura Guzmán Cea. After a brilliant career, President Salvador Allende named him commander-in-chief of the Air Force on August 17, 1973. However, Leigh was the first to sign the coup document, drafted by Vice Admiral José Toribio Merino, to depose Allende.
Leigh quickly emerged as the toughest member in the four-man military junta. Just hours after the coup, Leigh vowed that the military would "eradicate the Marxist cancer from our fatherland, until the last consequences." It was on his personal orders, he disclosed later, that the air force bombarded and heavily damaged the presidential palace to put down the resistance by Allende and a small group of his followers. He responded to criticisms that his order to bomb the La Moneda palace saying, "It was a hard measure to take, but believe me when I say that [...] it was a measure that saved many lives, because President Allende had decided to die in La Moneda [...]."
wn.com/Gustavo_Leigh -
Hafizullah Amin
Hafizullah Amin (1 August 1929 – 27 December 1979) was an Afghan politician and statesman during the Cold War. Amin was born in Paghman and educated at Kabul University, after which he started his career as a teacher. After a few years in that occupation, he went to the United States to study. He would visit the United States a second time before moving permanently to Afghanistan, and starting his career in radical politics. He ran as a candidate in the 1965 parliamentary election but failed to secure a seat. Amin was the only Khalqist elected to parliament in the 1969 parliamentary election, thus increasing his standing within the party. He was one of the leading organisers of the Saur Revolution which overthrew the government of Mohammad Daoud Khan.
Amin's short-lived presidency was marked by controversies from beginning to end. He came to power by killing his predecessor Nur Muhammad Taraki. The revolt against communist rule which had begun under Taraki worsened under Amin, and was a problem that his government was unable to solve. The Soviet Union, which alleged that Amin was an agent of the Central Intelligence Agency, intervened in Afghanistan on behalf of the Twenty-Year Treaty of Friendship between Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. Amin was assassinated by the Soviets in December 1979 as part of Operation Storm-333, having ruled for slightly longer than three months.
wn.com/Hafizullah_Amin -
Harold Macmillan
Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC, FRS (10 February 1894 – 29 December 1986) was Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 10 January 1957 to 18 October 1963.
Nicknamed 'Supermac' and known for his pragmatism, wit and unflappability, Macmillan achieved notoriety before the Second World War as a Tory radical and critic of appeasement. Rising to high office as a protégé of wartime Prime Minister Winston Churchill, he believed in the post-war settlement and the necessity of a mixed economy, and in his premiership pursued corporatist policies to develop the domestic market as the engine of growth. During his time as prime minister, average living standards steadily rose while numerous social reforms were carried out such as the 1956 Clean Air Act, the 1957 Housing Act, the 1960 Offices Act, the 1960 Noise Abatement Act, the Factories Act 1961, and the introduction of a graduated pension scheme to provide an additional income to retirees.
As a One Nation Tory of the Disraelian tradition, haunted by memories of the Great Depression, he championed a Keynesian strategy of public investment to maintain demand, winning a second term in 1959 with an increased majority on an electioneering budget. Benefiting from favourable international conditions, he presided over an age of affluence, marked by low unemployment and high if uneven growth. In his Bedford speech of July 1957 he told the nation they had 'never had it so good', but warned of the dangers of inflation, summing up the fragile prosperity of the 1950s.
wn.com/Harold_Macmillan -
Harold Wilson
James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, FSS, PC (11 March 1916 – 24 May 1995) was a British Labour politician and Leader of the Labour Party. He was twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the 1960s and 1970s, winning four general elections, including a minority government after the February 1974 general election resulted in a hung parliament. He is the most recent British Prime Minister to have served non-consecutive terms.
wn.com/Harold_Wilson -
Helmut Kohl
Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (German pronunciation: [ˈhɛlmuːt ˈkoːl]; born 3 April 1930) is a German conservative politician and statesman. He was Chancellor of Germany from 1982 to 1998 (of West Germany between 1982 and 1990 and of the reunited Germany between 1990 and 1998) and the chairman of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from 1973 to 1998. His 16-year tenure was the longest of any German chancellor since Otto von Bismarck and oversaw the end of the Cold War and the German reunification. Kohl is widely regarded as one of the main architects of the German reunification and, together with French President François Mitterrand, the Maastricht Treaty, which contributed to the creation of the European Union.
Kohl and Mitterrand were the joint recipients of the Karlspreis in 1988. In 1998, Kohl was named Honorary Citizen of Europe by the European heads of state or government for his extraordinary work for European integration and cooperation, an honour previously only bestowed on Jean Monnet. In 1996, he won the prestigious Prince of Asturias Award in International Cooperation.
wn.com/Helmut_Kohl -
Helmut Schmidt
Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt (German pronunciation: [ˈhɛlmʊt ˈʃmɪt]; born 23 December 1918) is a German Social Democratic politician who served as Chancellor of West Germany from 1974 to 1982. Prior to becoming chancellor, he had served as Minister of Defence and Minister of Finance. He had also served briefly as Minister of Economics and as acting Foreign Minister. He is the oldest surviving German Chancellor and the last surviving person to have been solely Chancellor of West Germany (Helmut Kohl was Chancellor of both West Germany and reunified Germany). He is also the oldest living Federal German Minister, after the death of his Interior Minister Werner Maihofer.
Helmut Schmidt was born in Hamburg, as son of two teachers. He studied at Hamburg Lichtwark School, graduating in 1937. He was conscripted into military service and began serving with an anti-aircraft battery at Vegesack near Bremen during World War II. After brief service on the Eastern Front he returned to Germany in 1942 to work as a trainer and advisor at the Reichsluftfahrtministerium. Also in 1942, on 27 June, he married his childhood sweetheart Hannelore "Loki" Glaser (3 March 1919 – 21 October 2010), with whom he fathered two children: Helmut Walter (26 June 1944–February 1945, died of meningitis), and Susanne (b. 1947), who works in London for Bloomberg Television. Toward the end of the war, from December 1944 onwards, he served as an Oberleutnant in the artillery on the Western Front. He was captured by the British in April 1945 on Lüneburg Heath and was a prisoner of war until August. During his service in World War II Schmidt was awarded the Iron Cross.
wn.com/Helmut_Schmidt -
Henry Kissinger
Heinz Alfred "Henry" Kissinger ( /ˈkɪsɪndʒər/; born May 27, 1923) is a German-born American writer, political scientist, diplomat, and businessman. A recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, he served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as Secretary of State in the administrations of Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. After his term, his opinion was still sought by many subsequent presidents and many world leaders.
A proponent of Realpolitik, Kissinger played a dominant role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977. During this period, he pioneered the policy of détente with the Soviet Union, orchestrated the opening of relations with the People's Republic of China, and negotiated the Paris Peace Accords, ending American involvement in the Vietnam War. Various American policies of that era, including the bombing of Cambodia, remain controversial to many.
Kissinger is still a controversial figure today. He is the founder and chairman of Kissinger Associates, an international consulting firm.
wn.com/Henry_Kissinger -
Heraldo Muñoz
Heraldo Muñoz Valenzuela (born July 22, 1948) is a Chilean politician and diplomat, the former Chilean Ambassador to the United Nations, and currently Assistant Secretary General, Assistant Administrator, and Regional Director for Latin America and the Caribbean of the United Nations Development Programme.
Muñoz was born in Santiago. In 1973, under the Salvador Allende government, he served as National Supervisor of the People's Stores (Almacenes del Pueblo) until the coup d'état of September 11, 1973. He holds a Ph.D. from Josef Korbel School of International Studies at the University of Denver, Colorado (1978), a Diploma in International Relations from the Catholic University of Chile (1975, graduated with honors), and also took courses at Harvard University. He received a B.A. with a major in Political Science at the State University of New York, Oswego. Recipient of the "Distinguished Alumnus Award" from the Graduate School of International Studies at the University of Denver (1991), he was bestowed with the title of Doctor Honoris Causa from the State University of New York (1996). He has received fellowships from: Resources for the Future, the Ford Foundation, the Tinker Foundation, the Twentieth Century Fund, and the MacArthur Foundation. He was a Ph.D. fellow at the Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. (1977). He later taught at the University of Chile's Institute of International Studies.
wn.com/Heraldo_Muñoz -
Hernán Büchi
Hernán Büchi Buc (born March 6, 1949) is a Chilean economist and politician. He served as Minister of the Treasury under the government of Augusto Pinochet between 1985 and 1989.
After the recession of the early 1980s, Büchi's appointment as Finance Minister in 1985:
...marked the beginning of economic recovery. Büchi's strategy was to create the financial conditions for stable, export-led growth and to reorganize the productive structures of the export sector. Control of public spending, periodic devaluations, and incentives for domestic savings, foreign investment and the repatriation of capital gradually brought inflation down to 12 per cent by 1989, the lowest rate in Latin America. A vigorous campaign to sell parcels of the public debt to private investors in exchange for shares in Chilean industries reduced the nation's debt burden by over $4 billion...Economic growth averaged between 5 per cent and 6 per cent in 1985-8, the highest rate in the region.
In the 1989 Chilean presidential election Büchi stood for the centre-right Democracy and Progress Party. Büchi's campaign hired a former public relations adviser to former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, Timothy Bell. Büchi came second with 2,051,975 votes (29.40%). However he "received more support from women than men in 59 of the 60 electoral districts, the exception being in southernmost district of Magallanes, where his support was about equal between the sexes".
wn.com/Hernán_Büchi -
Hirohito
Hirohito (裕仁?), posthumously in Japan officially called Emperor Shōwa or the Shōwa Emperor (昭和天皇, Shōwa tennō?), (April 29, 1901 – January 7, 1989) was the 124th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order, reigning from December 25, 1926, until his death in 1989. Although better known outside of Japan by his personal name Hirohito, in Japan he is now referred to exclusively by his posthumous name Emperor Shōwa. The word Shōwa is the name of the era that corresponded with the Emperor's reign, and was made the Emperor's own name upon his death.
At the start of his reign, Japan was already one of the great powers—the ninth largest economy in the world after Italy, the third largest naval country, and one of the five permanent members of the council of the League of Nations. He was the head of state under the limitation of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan during Japan's imperial expansion, militarization, and involvement in World War II. After the war, he was not prosecuted for war crimes as many other leading government figures were. During the postwar period, he became the symbol of the new state.
wn.com/Hirohito -
Ho Chi Minh
Hồ Chí Minh (Vietnamese pronunciation: [hô cǐ miɲ] (Vietnamese pronunciation: [hô̤ tɕǐmɪŋ] ( listen)); 19 May 1890 – 2 September 1969), born Nguyễn Sinh Cung and also known as Nguyễn Tất Thành and Nguyễn Ái Quốc, was a Vietnamese Stalinist revolutionary leader who was prime minister (1945–1955) and president (1945–1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). He was a key figure in the foundation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945, as well as the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the Việt Cộng (NLF or VC) during the Vietnam War.
He led the Việt Minh independence movement from 1941 onward, establishing the communist-governed Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and defeating the French Union in 1954 at Điện Biên Phủ. He officially stepped down from power in 1955 due to health problems, but remained a highly visible figurehead and inspiration for Vietnamese fighting for his cause – a united, independent Vietnam – until his death. After the war, Saigon, the capital of Republic of Vietnam, was renamed Hồ Chí Minh City in his honor.
wn.com/Ho_Chi_Minh -
Hua Guofeng
Su Zhu (16 February 1921 – 20 August 2008), better known by the nom de guerre Hua Guofeng, was Mao Zedong's designated successor as the Paramount Leader of the Communist Party of China and the People's Republic of China.
A regional official in Hunan between 1949 and 1971, he became the head of the party leadership in the province during the latter stages of the Cultural Revolution. Hua was elevated to the national stage in early 1976, and was known for his loyalty to Mao. Upon Zhou Enlai's death in January 1976, Hua succeeded Zhou as Premier of the People's Republic of China. After Mao's death, Hua took on the titles of Chairman of the Communist Party of China and the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, to the surprise and dismay of Jiang Qing and the rest of the Gang of Four. Hua is the only leader to have simultaneously held the three highest offices of the PRC - leading the Party, State Council, and the Central Military Commission.
Hua brought the Cultural Revolution to an end and ousted the Gang of Four from political power by staging their arrests in Beijing. He attempted moderate reforms and reversing some of the excesses of Cultural Revolution-era policies. However, because of his insistence on continuing the Maoist line, he was himself outmaneuvered a few years later by Deng Xiaoping, a pragmatic reformer, who forced Hua into early retirement. As Hua faded into political obscurity, he continued to insist on the correctness of Maoist principles. He is remembered as a largely benign transitional figure in modern Chinese political history.
wn.com/Hua_Guofeng -
Ichirō Hatoyama
Ichirō Hatoyama (鳩山 一郎, Hatoyama Ichirō?, January 1, 1883 – March 7, 1959) was a Japanese politician and the 52nd, 53rd and 54th Prime Minister of Japan, serving terms from December 10, 1954 through March 19, 1955, from then to November 22, 1955, and from then through December 23, 1956.
Ichirō Hatoyama was, as his name indicates, the firstborn boy. He was born into a wealthy cosmopolitan family in Tokyo. His father Kazuo Hatoyama (1856–1911) was a Yale graduate (and Speaker of the House of Representatives) and his mother Haruko Hatoyama (1863–1938) was a famous author and the founder of Kyoritsu Women's University.
Ichirō was a Master Mason and a Protestant Christian (Baptist). He was Japan's third postwar Christian Prime Minister.
Iichirō Hatoyama, Ichirō's only son, made a career for himself as a civil servant in the Budget Bureau of the Finance Ministry. Iichirō retired after having achieved the rank of administrative Vice Minister. In his second career in politics, he rose to become Foreign Minister of Japan in 1976–1977.
wn.com/Ichirō_Hatoyama -
Idi Amin
Idi Amin Dada (c. 1924 – 16 August 2003) was the military dictator and third President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. Amin joined the British colonial regiment, the King's African Rifles in 1946. Eventually he held the rank of Major General in the post-colonial Ugandan Army and became its Commander before seizing power in the military coup of January 1971, deposing Milton Obote. He later promoted himself to Field Marshal while he was the head of state. While serving in the British Regiment he toured Kenya.
Amin's rule was characterised by gross human rights abuse, political repression, ethnic persecution, extrajudicial killings, nepotism, corruption, and gross economic mismanagement. The number of people killed as a result of his regime is estimated by international observers and human rights groups to range from 100,000 to 500,000. During his years in power, Amin shifted in allegiance from being a pro-Western ruler enjoying considerable Israeli support to being backed by Libya's Muammar al-Gaddafi, the Soviet Union and East Germany.
wn.com/Idi_Amin -
Imelda Marcos
Imelda R. Marcos (born Imelda Remedios Visitasion Romualdez on July 2, 1929) is a Filipino politician and widow of 10th Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos. Upon the ascension of her husband to political power, she held various positions to the government until 1986. She is the first politician elected as member of the Philippine legislature in three geographical locations (Manila, Leyte, Ilocos Norte). In 2010, she was elected to become a member of the House of Representatives to represent Ilocos Norte's second district. She is sometimes referred to as the Steel Butterfly or the Iron Butterfly. She is often remembered for symbols of the extravagance of her husband's political reign, including her collection of 2,700 pairs of shoes.
Her paternal ancestors, the Lopezes of Leyte, were wealthy, landed and prominent, and claimed to have founded the town of Tolosa, Leyte. Spanish mestizos, the Lopezes were descended from the Spanish friar and silversmith Don Francisco Lopez, originally from Granada in the Andalusian region of Spain. Together with Fray Salustiano Buz, he arrived by way of Acapulco to build Roman Catholic missions in the island provinces of Samar and Leyte (Buz would establish his home base in Palapag, Samar, the exit-entry point of the Manila Galleons in the Visayas islands). It was common then for Spanish friars to take mistresses, and Lopez's life-long relationship with a Chinese mestiza, Maria Crisostomo y Talentin of Basey, Samar, produced seven children. The eldest of them was Trinidad Lopez, or Doña Tidad in later years.
wn.com/Imelda_Marcos -
Imre Nagy
Imre Nagy (7 June 1896 – 16 June 1958) was a Hungarian communist politician who was appointed Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Hungary on two occasions. Nagy's second term ended when his non-Soviet-backed government was brought down by Soviet invasion in the failed Hungarian Revolution of 1956, resulting in Nagy's execution on charges of treason two years later.
Nagy (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈnɒɟ]) was born in Kaposvár, to a peasant family and was apprenticed to a locksmith. He enlisted in the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I and served on the Eastern Front. He was taken prisoner in 1915. He became a member of the Russian Communist Party, and joined the Red Army.
Nagy returned to Hungary in 1921. In 1930 he travelled to the Soviet Union and joined the communist party. He was engaged in agricultural research, and also worked in the Hungarian section of the Comintern. He was expelled from the party in 1936 and later worked for the Soviet Statistical Service. Rumours that he was an agent of the Soviet secret service surfaced later, begun by Hungarian party-leader Károly Grósz in 1989 in an attempt to discredit Nagy. There is evidence, however, that Nagy did serve as an informant for the NKVD during his time in Moscow and provided names to the secret police as a way to prove his loyalty (not an uncommon tactic for foreign communists in the Soviet Union at the time).
wn.com/Imre_Nagy -
Indira Gandhi
Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (Hindi: इंदिरा प्रियदर्शिनी गांधी Indirā Priyadarśinī Gāndhī listen (help·info), née Nehru; 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian politician who served as the third Prime Minister of India for three consecutive terms (1966–77) and a fourth term (1980–84). Gandhi was the second female head of government in the world after Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka, and she remains as the world's second longest serving female Prime Minister as of 2012. She was the first woman to become prime minister in India.
Gandhi was the only child of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of independent India. She adhered to the quasi-socialist policies of industrial development that had been begun by her father. Gandhi established closer relations with the Soviet Union, depending on that nation for support in India’s long-standing conflict with Pakistan. She was also the only Indian Prime Minister to have declared a state of emergency in order to 'rule by decree' and the only Indian Prime Minister to have been imprisoned after holding that office. She was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards in retaliation for ordering Operation Blue Star.
wn.com/Indira_Gandhi -
Jack Straw
John Whitaker "Jack" Straw (born 3 August 1946) is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Blackburn since 1979. He served as Home Secretary from 1997 to 2001, Foreign Secretary from 2001 to 2006 and Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Commons from 2006 to 2007 under Tony Blair. From 2007 to 2010 he was the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain and the Secretary of State for Justice, appointed as part of Prime Minister Gordon Brown's first Cabinet. Straw is one of only three people to have served in Cabinet continuously from 1997 to 2010 (the others being Gordon Brown and Alistair Darling).
When the Labour Party lost power in May 2010, he briefly became the Shadow Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, Shadow Secretary of State for Justice and the Shadow Deputy Prime Minister, but stood down from the frontbench after the Labour Party elected a new Shadow Cabinet.
Straw was born in Buckhurst Hill, Essex, England. One of his maternal great-grandparents was a Jewish German immigrant. Straw was brought up at Loughton, Essex by his mother, Joan Sylvia Gilbey on a council estate after his father Walter Arthur Whitaker Straw, an insurance salesman, left the family and condemned them to poverty. Walter Straw had been sent to prison in 1939 for being a conscientious objector.
wn.com/Jack_Straw -
Jacobo Timerman
Jacobo Timerman (6 January 1923 – 11 November 1999) was an Argentine publisher, journalist, and author who was persecuted and honored for confronting the atrocities of the Argentine military regime's Dirty War. Born in Bar, Ukraine, Timerman and his family emigrated to Argentina in 1928.
During the 1960s, Timerman established himself as a popular journalist, and, before the decade had come to a close, was already able to found two different weekly news magazines. Later, from 1971 to 1977, Timerman edited and published the left-leaning daily La Opinión. Under his leadership, this paper publicized news and criticisms of the human rights violations of the Argentine government during the early years of the Dirty War as a result of investigations about his relationship with David Graiver. On 15 April 1977, Timerman was arrested by the military. Thereafter, he was subjected to electric shock torture, beatings, and solitary confinement. These experiences were chronicled in his 1981 book Prisoner Without a Name, Cell Without a Number, and a 1983 movie by the same name. The Armed Forces who seized power in 1966, overthrowing president Illia, began a repressive and unpopular regime, characteristic for its violent actions against Argentina's universities and for its policy of establishing strict and conservative catholic morals.
wn.com/Jacobo_Timerman -
Jaime Guzmán
Jaime Jorge Guzmán Errázuriz (June 28, 1946 - April 1, 1991) was a Chilean lawyer and senator, member and doctrinal founder of the conservative Independent Democrat Union party. He opposed President Salvador Allende and later became a close advisor to President Augusto Pinochet. A professor of Constitutional Law, he played an important part in the drafting of the 1980 Constitution. He was assassinated in 1991, during the transition to democracy, allegedly by members of the Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front, a terrorist organization formed to fight the Pinochet Government.[citation needed]
Jaime Guzmán was born in Santiago to Jorge Guzmán Reyes and Carmen Errázuriz Edwards. Between 1951 and 1962 he studied in the Colegio de los Sagrados Corazones de Santiago, where at a young age he showed interest in literature and strong leadership qualities. Already during his senior year he began to show interest in political life. An excellent student, he graduated from high school at the age of 15.
In 1963, only 16 years old, he was accepted to study law at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile (UC, formerly PUC) (Spanish: Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile), graduating in 1968 with hightest honours. He was awarded the Monseñor Carlos Casanueva prize for being the best student in his class.
wn.com/Jaime_Guzmán -
James Callaghan
Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, KG, PC (27 March 1912 – 26 March 2005), was a British Labour politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1976 to 1980. Commonly known as Jim Callaghan (and nicknamed "Sunny Jim", "Gentleman Jim", "Lucky Jim" or "Big Jim"), Callaghan is the only person to have served in all four of the Great Offices of State: Prime Minister, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Home Secretary and Foreign Secretary.
Callaghan was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1964 to 1967 during a turbulent period in the British economy in which he had to wrestle with a balance of payments deficit and speculative attacks on the pound sterling. In November 1967, the Government was forced to devalue the pound sterling despite having already denied this would be done, both publicly and to the House of Commons. Callaghan offered to resign, but was persuaded to swap his ministerial post with Roy Jenkins, becoming Home Secretary from 1967 to 1970. In that capacity, Callaghan took the decision to use the Army to support the police in Northern Ireland, after a request from the Northern Ireland Government.
wn.com/James_Callaghan -
Jawaharlal Nehru
Jawaharlal Nehru (IPA: [dʒəʋaːɦərˈlaːl ˈneːɦru] ( listen), Hindi: जवाहरलाल नेहरू; 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964), often referred to with the epithet of Panditji, was an Indian lawyer, politician and statesman who became the first Prime Minister of independent India (1947–64) and became noted for his “neutralist” policies in foreign affairs. He was also one of the principal leaders of India’s independence movement in the 1930s and ’40s. Nehru was elected by the Indian National Congress to assume office as independent India's first Prime Minister, and re-elected when the Congress Party won India's first general election in 1951 and 1952. Nehru contributed to the establishment of a parliamentary democracy in India and was one of the founders of the international Non-Aligned Movement.
The son of moderate nationalist leader and Congressman Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru became a leader of the left wing of the Congress when fairly young. Rising to become Congress President under the mentorship of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Nehru was a charismatic leader, advocating complete independence for India from the British Empire. Throughout his life, Nehru advocated Democratic Socialism/Fabian Socialism and a strong public sector as the means by which economic development could be pursued by poorer nations. He was the father of Indira Gandhi and the maternal grandfather of Rajiv Gandhi, who would later serve as the third and sixth Prime Ministers of India respectively.
wn.com/Jawaharlal_Nehru -
Jean Charpentier
Jean Charpentier (May 14, 1935 – January 8, 2010) was a Canadian journalist who served as the press secretary for Pierre Trudeau, the Prime Minister of Canada, from 1975 until 1979. He was nicknamed "The Count" by journalists and reporters for his "elegance" and manners.
Charpentier was born on May 14, 1935, in Ottawa, Canada, the second youngest of his father, Fulgence Charpentier's, six children. Fulgence Charpentier had his four eldest children with his first wife, who died. Fulgence remarried to his second wife, Louise Dionne, shortly afterwards. The couple had their two youngest children, including Jean Charpentier. Fulgence Charpentier, who had worked as a journalist coverning the Parliament of Canada, was the acting Mayor of Ottawa at the time of Jean Charpentier's birth.
Fulgence Charpentier worked for the Canadian federal government as a diplomat and wartime censorship director during World War II. His father was posted to the Canadian embassy in Paris, under Georges Vanier in 1948, and was the first Ambassador to African francophonie, based in Cameroon, beginning in the 1960s. Fulgence Charpentier died in 2001.
wn.com/Jean_Charpentier -
Jerónimo Méndez
Jerónimo Méndez Arancibia (September 25, 1887 – 1959) was a Chilean politician who served as provisional president.
He was born in Chañaral, where he completed his secondary studies. In 1914 he graduated as an MD from the Universidad de Chile. President Pedro Aguirre Cerda appointed him Minister of the Interior. At the death of President Aguirre Cerda on November 25, 1941, he became provisional President. He called for presidential elections that were won by Juan Antonio Ríos on February 1, 1942.
wn.com/Jerónimo_Méndez -
Jimmy Carter
James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States (1977–1981) and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Before he became President, Carter served as a U.S. Naval officer, was a peanut farmer, served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia (1971–1975).
During Carter's term as President, two new cabinet-level departments were created: the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. He established a national energy policy that included conservation, price control, and new technology. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II), and returned the Panama Canal Zone to Panama. Throughout his career, Carter strongly emphasized human rights. He took office during a period of international stagflation, which persisted throughout his term. The end of his presidential tenure was marked by the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (at the end of 1979), 1980 Summer Olympics boycott by the United States of the Moscow Olympics and the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.
wn.com/Jimmy_Carter -
Joe Clark
Charles Joseph "Joe" Clark, PC CC AOE (born June 5, 1939) is a Canadian statesman, businessman, and university professor, and former journalist and politician. He served as the 16th Prime Minister of Canada, from June 4, 1979, to March 3, 1980.
Despite his relative inexperience, Clark rose quickly in federal politics, entering the House of Commons in the 1972 election and winning the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party in 1976. He came to power in the 1979 election, defeating the Liberal government of Pierre Trudeau and ending sixteen continuous years of Liberal rule. Taking office the day before his 40th birthday, Clark is the youngest person to become Prime Minister. His tenure was brief as he only won a minority government, and it was defeated on a motion of non-confidence. Clark subsequently lost the 1980 election and the leadership of the party in 1983.
He returned to prominence in 1984 as a senior cabinet minister in Brian Mulroney's cabinet, retiring from politics after not standing for re-election for the House of Commons in 1993. He made a political comeback in 1998 to lead the Progressive Conservatives before its dissolution, serving his final term in Parliament from 2000 to 2004. Clark today is recognized as a distinguished scholar and statesman, and serves as a university professor and as president of his own consulting firm.
wn.com/Joe_Clark -
John Diefenbaker
John George Diefenbaker, PC, CH, QC (September 18, 1895 – August 16, 1979) was the 13th Prime Minister of Canada, serving from June 21, 1957, to April 22, 1963. He was the only Progressive Conservative (PC or Tory) party leader between 1930 and 1979 to lead the party to an election victory, doing so three times, although only once with a majority of seats in the Canadian House of Commons.
Diefenbaker was born in southwestern Ontario in 1895. In 1903, his family migrated west to the portion of the Northwest Territories which would shortly thereafter become the province of Saskatchewan. He grew up in the province, and was interested in politics from a young age. After brief service in World War I, Diefenbaker became a lawyer. He contested elections through the 1920s and 1930s with little success until he was finally elected to the House of Commons in 1940.
In the House of Commons, Diefenbaker was repeatedly a candidate for the PC leadership. He attained leadership of the party in 1956, leading it for eleven years. In 1957, he led the party to its first electoral victory in 27 years; a year later he called a snap election and spearheaded the Tories to one of their greatest triumphs. Diefenbaker appointed the first female minister in Canadian history to his Cabinet, as well as the first aboriginal member of the Senate. During his six years as Prime Minister, his government obtained passage of the Canadian Bill of Rights and granted the vote to the First Nations and Inuit peoples. In foreign policy, his stance against apartheid helped secure the departure of South Africa from the Commonwealth of Nations, but his indecision on whether to accept Bomarc nuclear missiles from the United States led to his government's downfall. Diefenbaker is also remembered for his role in the 1959 cancellation of the Avro Arrow project.
wn.com/John_Diefenbaker -
John Foster Dulles
John Foster Dulles (February 25, 1888 – May 24, 1959) served as U.S. Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against communism throughout the world. He advocated support of the French in their war against the Viet Minh in Indochina and it is widely believed that he refused to shake the hand of Zhou Enlai at the Geneva Conference in 1954. He also played a major role in the Central Intelligence Agency operation to overthrow the democratic Mossadegh government of Iran in 1953 (Operation Ajax) and the democratic Arbenz government of Guatemala in 1954 (Operation PBSUCCESS).
Born in Washington, D.C., he was one of five children and the eldest son born to Presbyterian minister Allen Macy Dulles and his wife Edith (Foster). His paternal grandfather, John Welsh Dulles, had been a Presbyterian missionary in India. He attended public schools in Watertown, New York. After graduating from Princeton University (Phi Beta Kappa, 1908), where he competed on the American Whig-Cliosophic Society debate team, and graduating from The George Washington University Law School, he joined the New York City law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell, where he specialized in international law. He tried to join the United States Army during World War I but was rejected because of poor eyesight. Instead, Dulles received an Army commission as Major on the War Industries Board.
wn.com/John_Foster_Dulles -
John Turner
John Napier Wyndham Turner, PC, CC, QC (born June 7, 1929) is an English Canadian lawyer and retired politician, who served as the 17th Prime Minister of Canada from June 30 to September 17, 1984.
In his political career, Turner held several prominent Cabinet posts, including minister of justice and minister of finance, under Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau from 1968 to 1975. Amid a world recession and the prospect of having to implement the unpopular wage and price controls, Turner surprisingly resigned his position in 1975. After a hiatus from politics from 1975 to 1984, Turner returned and successfully contested the Liberal leadership. Turner held the office of Prime Minister for 79 days (the second shortest tenure in Canadian history after Charles Tupper), as he dissolved Parliament immediately after being sworn in as Prime Minister, and went on to lose the 1984 election in a landslide. Turner stayed on as Liberal leader and headed the Official Opposition for the next six years, leading his party to a modest recovery in the 1988 campaign, resigning from politics in 1990.
wn.com/John_Turner -
Jonas Savimbi
Jonas Malheiro Savimbi (August 3, 1934 – February 22, 2002) was an Angolan political leader. He founded and led UNITA, a movement that first waged a guerrilla war against Portuguese colonial rule, 1966–1974, then confronted the rival MPLA during the decolonization conflict, 1974-75, and after independence in 1975 fought the ruling MPLA in the Angolan Civil War until his death in a clash with government troops in 2002.
Savimbi was born on August 3, 1934, in Munhango, Moxico Province, a small town on the Benguela Railway, and raised in Bié Province. Savimbi's father, Lote, was a stationmaster on Angola's Benguela railway line and a preacher of the Protestant "Igreja Evangélica Congregacional de Angola", founded and maintained by American missionaries. Both his parents were members of the Bieno group of the Ovimbundu, the people who later served as Savimbi's major political base.
wn.com/Jonas_Savimbi -
Jorge Alessandri
Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez (May 19, 1896 – August 31, 1986) was the 27th President of Chile from 1958 to 1964, and was the candidate of the Chilean right in the crucial presidential election of 1970 being defeated by Salvador Allende. He was the son of Arturo Alessandri, who was president from 1920 to 1925 and again from 1932 to 1938.
Born in Santiago, Alessandri studied civil engineering at the University of Chile in Santiago and after graduating in 1919 worked there as a lecturer. After the fall of the parliamentary republic, he lived in European exile with his parents from 1924–1925, but returned to his native land where he was elected to parliament as an independent from a Santiago constituency in 1926.
He withdrew from public life in 1932 to concentrate on business interests, becoming president of the mortgage bank, Caja de Crédito Hipotecario until 1938 and running the Paper and Carton Manufacturing Company. From 1944 to 1947, he was chairman of the Chilean employers' confederation.
wn.com/Jorge_Alessandri -
Jorge Montt
Jorge Montt Álvarez (April 26, 1845 - October 8, 1922) was vice admiral of the Chilean Navy and president of Chile from 1891 to 1896.
Born in Casablanca, Chile, He was a relative of previous Chilean president Manuel Montt, and future president Pedro Montt. After graduating from the naval academy in 1861, he served in the Chincha Islands War (1864-1866) and the War of the Pacific (1879-1883). He led a civil war against President José Manuel Balmaceda to become provisional leader and eventually president in 1891.
The close of the revolution against Balmaceda left the government of Chile in the hands of the junta under whose guidance the military and naval operations had been organized. Admiral Jorge Montt had been the head of this revolutionary committee, and he acted as president of the provisional government when the administration of the country changed hands after the victory of the Congressional party. An election was then immediately ordered for the choice of a president of the republic and for representatives in the senate and chamber of deputies. Admiral Montt, as head of the executive power, staunchly refused to allow official influence to be brought to bear in any way in the presidential campaign. The great majority of the voters, however, required no pressure to decide who was in their opinion the man most fit to administer the affairs of the republic.
wn.com/Jorge_Montt -
Jorge Rafael Videla
Jorge Rafael Videla Redondo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈxorxe rafaˈel βiˈðela]; born 2 August 1925) is a former senior commander in the Argentine Army who was the de facto President of Argentina from 1976 to 1981. He came to power in a coup d'état that deposed Isabel Martínez de Perón. After the return of a representative democratic government, he was prosecuted for large-scale human rights abuses and crimes against humanity that took place under his rule, including kidnappings or forced disappearance, widespread torture and extrajudicial murder of activists, political opponents (either real, suspected or alleged) as well as their families, at secret concentration camps. The accusations also included the theft of many babies born during the captivity of their mothers at the illegal detention centres. He was under house arrest until 10 October 2008, when he was sent to a military prison. On 5 July 2010, Videla took full responsibility for his army's actions during his rule. "I accept the responsibility as the highest military authority during the internal war. My subordinates followed my orders," he told an Argentine court. On 22 December 2010, Videla was sentenced to life in a civilian prison for the deaths of 31 prisoners following his coup d'état.
wn.com/Jorge_Rafael_Videla -
Jose Maria Sison
Jose Maria Sison (born February 8, 1939, Cabugao, Commonwealth of the Philippines) is a writer and activist who reorganized the Communist Party of the Philippines and added elements of Maoism to its philosophy.
Since August 2002, he has been classified as a "person supporting terrorism" by the United States. The European Union's second highest court ruled to delist him as a "person supporting terrorism" and reversed a decision by member governments to freeze assets.
Jose Maria Sison was born at Cabugao, Ilocos Sur on February 8, 1939. Also a member of a prominent family with the connections to other prominent personalities like the Crisologos, Sison affirmed his background as a member of a landowning family. But during his childhood days, his inclination to the left began by listening to his barber discussing him about the Hukblahap in Ilocos (kwentong barbero), as well as studying in a public school in Ilocos (unlike his relatives) before entering Ateneo de Manila, then in Colegio de San Juan de Letran. A 1959 graduate of the University of the Philippines, Sison studied in Indonesia, before returning to the Philippines to settle as a university professor of literature. Sison also joined the Lavaite Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas as well as one of the founding members of the Socialist Party and Movement for the Advancement of Nationalism. And in 1964, he co-founded the Kabataang Makabayan or Patriotic Youth with Nilo S. Tayag. This organization rallied Filipino youth against the Vietnam war, against the Marcos presidency and corrupt politicians alongside Imperialism, Bureaucrat Capitalism and Feudalism. The organization also spearheaded the studying of Maoism as part of the struggle.
wn.com/Jose_Maria_Sison -
Joseph McCarthy
Joseph Raymond "Joe" McCarthy (November 14, 1908 – May 2, 1957) was an American politician who served as a Republican U.S. Senator from the state of Wisconsin from 1947 until his death in 1957. Beginning in 1950, McCarthy became the most visible public face of a period in which Cold War tensions fueled fears of widespread Communist subversion. He was noted for making claims that there were large numbers of Communists and Soviet spies and sympathizers inside the United States federal government and elsewhere. Ultimately, McCarthy's tactics and his inability to substantiate his claims led him to be censured by the United States Senate.
The term McCarthyism, coined in 1950 in reference to McCarthy's practices, was soon applied to similar anti-communist activities. Today the term is used more generally in reference to demagogic, reckless, and unsubstantiated accusations, as well as public attacks on the character and/or patriotism of political opponents.
Born and raised on a Wisconsin farm, McCarthy earned a law degree at Marquette University in 1935 and was elected as a circuit judge in 1939, the youngest in state history. At age 33, McCarthy volunteered for the United States Marine Corps and served during World War II. He successfully ran for the United States Senate in 1946, defeating Robert M. La Follette, Jr. After three largely undistinguished years in the Senate, McCarthy rose suddenly to national fame in February 1950 when he asserted in a speech that he had a list of "members of the Communist Party and members of a spy ring" who were employed in the State Department. McCarthy was never able to prove his sensational charge.
wn.com/Joseph_McCarthy -
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин; born Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Джугашвили; 18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 and later held the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953. While the office of the General Secretary was officially elective and not initially regarded as the top position in the Soviet state, Stalin managed to use it to consolidate more and more power in his hands after the death of Vladimir Lenin in 1924 and gradually put down all opposition groups within the Communist Party. This included Leon Trotsky, a socialist theorist and the principal critic of Stalin among the early Soviet leaders, who was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1929. Whereas Trotsky was an exponent of permanent revolution, it was Stalin's concept of socialism in one country that became the primary focus of Soviet politics.
wn.com/Joseph_Stalin -
Josip Broz Tito
Marshal Josip Broz Tito (Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: [jɔ̂sip brɔ̂ːz tîtɔ]; born Josip Broz; Cyrillic: Јосип Броз Тито; 7 May 1892 – 4 May 1980) was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman, serving in various roles from 1945 until his death in 1980. While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian, due to his successful economic and diplomatic policies, Tito was seen by most as a benevolent dictator, and was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad. Viewed as a unifying symbol, his internal policies successfully maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, working with Jawaharlal Nehru of India and Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt.
Josip was born as the seventh child of Franjo and Marija Broz in the village of Kumrovec within Austria-Hungary (modern-day Croatia). Drafted into the army, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest Sergeant Major in the Austro-Hungarian Army. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Russians, Josip was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains. He participated in the October Revolution, and later joined a Red Guard unit in Omsk. Upon his return home, Broz found himself in the newly established Kingdom of Yugoslavia, where he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia.
wn.com/Josip_Broz_Tito -
José Joaquín Prieto
José Joaquín Prieto Vial (August 20, 1786 - November 22, 1854) was a Chilean military and political figure. He was twice President of Chile between 1831 and 1841. José Joaquín Prieto was of Spanish and Basque descent.
Prieto was one of five sons of a Creole officer in Concepción. After finishing school, he joined the cavalry garrison in his home town. In 1810, he joined the Chilean fight for independence against his father's will. He met Manuela Warnes García de Zúñiga in Buenos Aires and married her in 1812. During the Chilean War of Independence, he served as a captain. In the dispute between Bernardo O'Higgins and José Miguel Carrera, he took the side of O'Higgins, who then made him Quartermaster general of the southern army.
After the defeat in the Battle of Rancagua, which he wasn't a part of, Prieto fled to Mendoza, Argentina to build up the Liberation Army of the Andes. After the victory of the Chileans in the battle of Chacabuco in 1817, in which he also wasn't involved, he was appointed Commanding General of Santiago, where he dealt with defense strategies and ballistic matters. Then, he turned his attention to Peru, in order to support its fight for independence.
wn.com/José_Joaquín_Prieto -
José Joaquín Pérez
José Joaquín Pérez Mascayano (May 6, 1801 - July 1, 1889) was a Chilean political figure. He served as the president of Chile between 1861 and 1871.
wn.com/José_Joaquín_Pérez -
José Tomás Ovalle
José Tomás Ovalle y Bezanilla (December 21, 1787 - March 21, 1831) was a Chilean political figure. He served twice as provisional president of Chile.
He was born in Santiago, the son of Vicente María Ovalle Guzmán and of María del Rosario Bezanilla y Noriega. He studied in the Convictorio Carolino and law at the Universidad de San Felipe, where he obtained his doctorate in both laws in 1809. He married his cousin, Rafaela Bezanilla on April 1, 1812, and had eight children.
Ovalle was twice elected deputy for Santiago (1823 and 1824-1825), supplementary senador (1824), Vice presidente of the Provincial Assembly of Santiago and was a delegate to the Plenipotenciaries Congress of 1830, being elected Vice president.
When the Chilean Civil War of 1829 broke out between the conservative centralists and the liberal federalists, President Francisco Antonio Pinto was forced twice to leave the post of president to Francisco Ramón Vicuña. First, from July 14 to October 19, when Vicuña assumed as President Delegate, and then finally when he resigned on November 2 and Vicuña assumed power.
wn.com/José_Tomás_Ovalle -
José Toribio Merino
José Toribio Merino Castro (December 14, 1915 - August 30, 1996) was one of the principal coup leaders of the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, along with General Augusto Pinochet of the Army, General Gustavo Leigh of the Air Force, and General Mendoza of the "Carabineros" (National Police). Together they established a military government that ruled Chile from 1973 until 1990.
Born in La Serena, he was son of Vice Admiral José Toribio Merino Saavedra, Navy Inspector General, and of Bertina Castro Varela. He entered the Naval Academy in 1931, graduating in 1936 as a Midshipman. During WWII he served in the US Navy at the USS Raleigh until 1945. After WWII he served in different units of the Chilean Navy such as: Destructor Serrano (2do), Crucero O'Higgins (4to)(CL02),Corbeta Papudo(1º), Transporte Angamos(3ro)
Between 1955 and 1957 he served as aide and counsel in weaponry to the Chilean embassy in London. During the construction of the Almirante class destroyers "Williams" and "Riveros". In 1960, he was assigned as a teacher at the Naval War Academy (AGN) teaching Logistics, Geopolitics, Geostrategy. In 1969 he became Naval Director of Weapons. In January 1970 he was appointed as Director of Navy Services, and in November of the same year he assumed the command of the Chilean main combat fleet (CJE). On September 11 1973 he took command of the Chilean Navy (CJA).
wn.com/José_Toribio_Merino -
João Goulart
João Belchior Marques Goulart (gaúcho Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈʒu.ɐ̃w bewˈki.ɔɾ ˈmarkis ɡuˈlaɾ], or [ˈʒwɐ̃w ˈbɛwkjɔʁ ˈmaʁkiʒ ɡuːˈlaʁ] in the standard fluminense dialect; March 1, 1919 – December 6, 1976) was a Brazilian politician and the 24th President of Brazil until a military coup d'état deposed him on April 1, 1964. He is considered to have been the last left-wing President of the country until Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva took office in 2003.
João Goulart is nicknamed "Jango" ([ˈʒɐ̃gu]). The Jânio Quadros–João Goulart presidential bid was thus called "Jan–Jan" ([ʒɐ̃.ʒɐ̃], an amalgamation of Jânio and Jango).
His childhood hypocoristics was "Janguinho" (little Jango), which came from an uncle named Jango. Years later, when he entered the world of politics, supported and advised by Getúlio Vargas, his friends and colleagues started to call him Jango.
His grandfather, Belchior Rodrigues Goulart, descended from Portuguese immigrants from Azores who arrived at Rio Grande do Sul in the second half of the 18th century. In the group of first Azoreans established in the state there were at least three immigrants with the surname Govaert (latter adapted to Goulart or Gularte in Portuguese) of Flemish-Azorean ancestors; the surname Goulart originates from France.
wn.com/João_Goulart -
Juan Antonio Ríos
Juan Antonio Ríos Morales (November 10, 1888 – June 27, 1946) was a Chilean political figure, and President of Chile from 1942 to 1946, during the height of World War II. He died in office.
Ríos was born at the Huichicura hacienda, near the town of Cañete, a coal-mining village in the Arauco Province of southern Chile. He was the youngest son of Anselmo Ríos, a rich landowner, and his third wife Lucinda Morales. His father (aged 69 to his young wife's 19 at marriage) died when he was very young so he and his three brothers were raised single-handedly by his mother. He completed his primary studies at the rural school of Cañete, and his secondary studies first at the Liceo of Lebu and later at the one in Concepción, and continued legal studies at the courses given at the annex of his school. Ríos became a lawyer in 1914 with an exposition on the creation and development of the police in Chile.
A member of the conservative wing of the Radical Party since his high school days, he was elected local president of the youth branch of that party and later city councillor. During the presidential election of 1920 he campaigned for Arturo Alessandri, being responsible for the southern part of the country. He was rewarded by Alessandri with the appointment of Consul-general and Chargé d'affaires to Panama. On October 21, 1921 he married Marta Ide, and together they had three sons: Juan, Carlos, and Fernando.
wn.com/Juan_Antonio_Ríos -
Juan Esteban Montero
Juan Esteban Montero Rodríguez (February 12, 1879 - February 25, 1948) was a Chilean political figure. He served twice as president of Chile between 1931 and 1932.
He was born in Santiago, the son of Benjamín Montero and of Eugenia Rodríguez. Juan Esteban Montero studied at the colegio de San Ignacio and at the Universidad de Chile. He graduated as a lawyer on September 16, 1901, and soon after became professor of civil and Roman law at his alma mater. He also worked as a government lawyer and in private practice. He married Graciela Fehrman Martínez, with whom had three children: Juan Esteban, Benjamín and Carmen.
Montero's first incursion in politics was in 1931, when President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo named him Minister of the Interior and Social Welfare. After the resignation of president Ibáñez on July 26, 1931 he reluctantly agreed to serve in similar position to Ibáñez's successor, Pedro Opazo; just to find himself promoted to president the very next day, after Opazo's resignation. Montero, as a way out of the political impasse, immediately called for presidential elections. In the meanwhile he assumed as Vice President.
wn.com/Juan_Esteban_Montero -
Juan Guzmán Tapia
Juan Salvador Guzmán Tapia (born April 22, 1939) is a retired Chilean judge who gained international recognition for being the first judge to prosecute former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet on human rights charges, after Pinochet's return to Chile following more than a year of house arrest in London, in England.
Guzmán was born into a Chilean diplomatic family in San Salvador, El Salvador. His father was Juan Guzmán Cruchaga. Is of Basque descent. He studied Law at the University of Chile and did postgraduate studies in Paris. He began his judicial career in 1970 and was a member of the Santiago Appeals Court.
Guzmán retired in 2005. In a memoir published later that year, he revealed that he had come under political pressure to drop the case against Pinochet [1].
In 2008, Guzmán voiced his support of Cuba in defense against hostility towards and blockade of Cuba by the United States. [2]
In May, 2010, Judge Guzmán was awarded an Honorary Degree, honoris causa, by Haverford College, in Pennsylvania, USA, for his steady and courageous defense of human rights, even in the most adverse circumstances. In the fall of 2011, Guzmán joined the University of Pennsylvania Law School as a Bok Visiting International Professor, where he taught a course on transnational justice.
wn.com/Juan_Guzmán_Tapia -
Juan José Torres
Juan José Torres González (5 March 1920 – 2 June 1976) was a Bolivian socialist politician and military leader. He served as President of Bolivia from October 7, 1970 to August 21, 1971. He was popularly known as "J.J." (Jota-Jota). Juan José Torres was murdered in 1976 in Buenos Aires, in the frame of Operation Condor.
Torres was born in Cochabamba to a poor family of Mestizo heritage with mainly Aymara ancestry and joined the army in 1941. He served as military attache to Brazil from 1964 and as ambassador to Uruguay from 1965 to 1966, when he was appointed Labor Minister.
He became the reform-minded dictator Alfredo Ovando's right-hand man and commander-in-chief of the armed forces when the latter came to power as a result of a coup d'état in September 1969. Torres became one of the more left-leaning officers in the Bolivian military, urging Ovando to enact more far-reaching reforms and to stand up to the more conservative officers. On October 6, 1970, an anti-government coup d'état took place, led by right-wing military commanders. Much blood was shed on the streets of various major cities, with military garrisons fighting each other on behalf of one camp or the other. Eventually, President Ovando sought asylum in a foreign embassy, believing all hope was lost. But the leftist military forces re-asserted themselves under the combative leadership of general Torres, and eventually triumphed. Worn out by 13 grueling months in office, Ovando agreed to leave the presidency in the hands of his friend, general Torres, the hero of the moment. The latter was sworn in and went on to govern the country for 10 difficult and tumultuous months.
wn.com/Juan_José_Torres -
Juan Luis Sanfuentes
Juan Luis Sanfuentes Andonaegui (December 27, 1858 - July 16, 1930) was President of Chile between 1915 and 1920. He was son of writer and politician Salvador Sanfuentes Torres and Matilde Andonaegui.
He previously served as senator for Valdivia Province (1900-1906) and for Concepción Province (1906-1915).
wn.com/Juan_Luis_Sanfuentes -
Juan Ponce Enrile
Juan Ponce Enrile (born February 14, 1924) is a Filipino politician. As a protege of President Ferdinand Marcos, he served as Justice Secretary and then Defense Secretary under the Marcos regime. He later became one of the leaders (along with General Fidel V. Ramos) of the 1986 People Power Movement that drove Marcos from power. Enrile has continued to be a prominent politician since then; he has been President of the Senate of the Philippines since November 2008.
Juan Ponce Enrile was born Juanito Furagganan in Gonzaga, Cagayan, to Petra Furagganan, the daughter of a poor fisherman. He was born out of wedlock—his father was the already married powerful regional politician and renowned lawyer Alfonso Ponce Enrile. He is the second great-nephew of Mariano Ponce. He was reunited with his father by the time he reached his high school years.
He graduated cum laude in 1949 with an Associate of Arts degree at the Ateneo de Manila University. Afterward, he attended the University of the Philippines College of Law and graduated cum laude with a Bachelor of Laws degree. While in law school, he joined the Sigma Rho fraternity. Upon graduation, he was elected to the prestigious Pi Gamma Mu and Phi Kappa Phi international honor societies. He achieved the 11th highest score in the 1953 bar examinations with a 91.72% rating and a perfect score in mercantile law. As a scholar at the Harvard Law School, he earned a Master of Laws degree with specialized training in international tax law.
wn.com/Juan_Ponce_Enrile -
Julius Nyerere
Julius Kambarage Nyerere (13 April 1922 – 14 October 1999) was a Tanzanian politician who served as the first President of Tanzania and previously Tanganyika, from the country's founding in 1961 until his retirement in 1985.
Born in Tanganyika to Nyerere Burito (1860–1942), Chief of the Zanaki, Nyerere was known by the Swahili name Mwalimu or 'teacher', his profession prior to politics. He was also referred to as Baba wa Taifa (Father of the Nation). Nyerere received his higher education at Makerere University in Kampala and the University of Edinburgh. After he returned to Tanganyika, he worked as a teacher. In 1954, he helped form the Tanganyika African National Union.
In 1961, Nyerere was elected Tanganyika's first Prime Minister, and following independence, in 1962, the country's first President. In 1964, Tanganyika became politically united with Zanzibar and was renamed to Tanzania. In 1965, a one-party election returned Nyerere to power. During the first years Nyerere created a single-party system and used "preventive detention" to eliminate trade unions and opposition.
wn.com/Julius_Nyerere -
János Kádár
János Kádár (26 May 1912 – 6 July 1989) was a Hungarian communist leader and the General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, presiding over the country from 1956 until his retirement in 1988. His thirty-two year term as General Secretary makes Kádár the longest ruler of the People's Republic of Hungary. During Kádár's rule, Hungary was stabilized and liberalized to an extent never before seen in any Eastern Bloc country until Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary. Due to his age and declining health, he decided to retire as Secretary-General of the party in 1988, and a younger generation consisting mostly of reformers took over.
Kádár was born in Fiume to a poor family, his father left his mother and him when he was very young, and he never met his father. After living in the countryside for some years, Kádár and his mother moved to Budapest. After quitting school, Kádár joined the Communist Party of Hungary's youth organisation, KIMSZ. Kádár would go on to become a notable figure of the pre-World War II communist party, even becoming First Secretary. As leader he dissolved the party, and reorganised it as the Peace Party. This new party failed to win any popular support for the communist cause, and he would later be accused, of dissolving the Hungarian communist party. With the German invasion of Hungary, the Peace Party tried again to win support from the Hungarian populace, but failed. At the time of the Soviet occupation, the communists led by Kádár were very small in size.
wn.com/János_Kádár -
Kakuei Tanaka
Kakuei Tanaka (田中 角栄 or 田中 角榮, Tanaka Kakuei?, 4 May 1918 – 16 December 1993) was a Japanese politician and the 64th and 65th Prime Minister of Japan from 7 July 1972 to 22 December 1972 and from 22 December 1972 to 9 December 1974 respectively. He was also the most influential member of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party until the mid-1980s, when he fell from power after a long series of scandals, leading him to be described as "that paragon of post-war corruption."
Tanaka, nicknamed Kaku-san, was known as the "Shadow Shogun" (闇将軍 Yami-shōgun. literally, "Shadow Shogun" or "Shogun of Darkness").
His political-economic direction is called construction state (土建国家, Doken Kokka?).
Tanaka was born into a rural family with seven children in Nishiyama, Niigata Prefecture. His father was involved with a disastrous venture to start Niigata's first dairy farm, and so the family scraped by in abject poverty. Kakuei left school after the equivalent of the eighth grade and went to work in the construction business, and soon moved to Tokyo.
wn.com/Kakuei_Tanaka -
Kim Campbell
Avril Phædra Douglas "Kim" Campbell, PC CC OBC QC (born March 10, 1947) is a Canadian politician, lawyer, university professor, diplomat, and writer. She served as the 19th Prime Minister of Canada, from June 25, 1993 to November 4, 1993. Campbell was the first and to date the only female Prime Minister of Canada, the first baby boomer to hold that office, and the only PM to have been born in British Columbia.
Campbell was born in Port Alberni, British Columbia to George Thomas Campbell (1920–2002) and Phyllis "Lisa" Cook. Her mother left the family when Campbell was 12, leaving Kim and her sister Alix to be raised by their father. As a teenager, Campbell permanently nicknamed herself Kim, perhaps for actress Kim Novak.
While in her pre-teens, Campbell was a host and reporter on the CBC children's program Junior Television Club.
Campbell and her family moved to Vancouver, where she attended Prince of Wales Secondary School, and was a top student. She became the school's first female student president, and graduated in 1964.
wn.com/Kim_Campbell -
Kim Philby
Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby (1 January 1912–11 May 1988) was a high-ranking member of British intelligence who worked as a double agent before defecting to the Soviet Union. He served as both an NKVD and KGB operative.
In 1963, Philby was revealed to be a member of the spy ring now known as the Cambridge Five, the other members of which were Donald Maclean, Guy Burgess, Anthony Blunt, and John Cairncross. Of the five, Philby is believed to have been most successful in providing secret information to the Soviet Union. His activities were moderated only by Joseph Stalin's fears that he was secretly on Britain's side. Philby was an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) from 1946 to 1965.
Philby was born at Ambala in the Punjab while it was a province of British India. His father, St. John Philby, a well-known author, orientalist, and convert to Islam, was a member of the Indian Civil Service and later a civil servant in Mesopotamia and advisor to King Ibn Sa'ud of Saudi Arabia.
wn.com/Kim_Philby -
Konrad Adenauer
Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer (German pronunciation: [ˈkɔnʁaːt ˈhɛɐman ˈjoːzɛf ˈaːdənaʊɐ]; 5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967) was a German statesman. As Chancellor of Germany (West Germany) from 1949 to 1963, he led his country from the ruins of World War II to a powerful and prosperous nation that forged close relations with old enemies France and the United States. In his years in power Germany achieved prosperity, democracy, stability and respect. He was the first chancellor (head of government) of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, called West Germany), 1949–63. He was the first leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), a coalition of Catholics and Protestants that under his leadership became and has since remained the most dominant in Germany.
Adenauer, dubbed "Der Alte" ("the old one"), belied his age as the oldest elected leader in world history by his intense work habits and his uncanny political instinct. He displayed a strong dedication to a broad vision of democracy, capitalism, and anti-Communism. A shrewd politician, Adenauer was deeply committed to a Western-oriented foreign policy and restoring the position of West Germany on the world stage. He worked to restore the West German economy from the destruction in World War II to a central position in Europe, rebuilt its army and came to terms with France, helped make possible Western European unification, opposed rival East Germany, and made his nation a member of NATO and a firm ally of the United States.
wn.com/Konrad_Adenauer -
Konstantin Chernenko
Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (24 September 1911 – 10 March 1985) was a Soviet politician and the fifth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He led the Soviet Union from 13 February 1984 until his death thirteen months later, on 10 March 1985. Chernenko was also Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 11 April 1984 until his death.
Chernenko was born to a poor family in the village of Bolshaya Tes (now in Novosyolovsky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai). His father, Ustin Demidovich (of Ukrainian origin),[citation needed] worked in copper and gold mines while his mother took care of the farm work.
Chernenko joined the Komsomol (Communist Youth League) in 1929, and became a full member of the Communist Party in 1931. From 1930 to 1933, he served in the Soviet frontier guards on the Soviet-Chinese border. After completing his military service, he returned to Krasnoyarsk as a propagandist. In 1933 he worked in the Propaganda Department of the Novosyolovsky District Party Committee. A few years later he was promoted head of the same department in Uyarsk Raykom. Chernenko then steadily rose through the Party ranks, becoming the Director of the Krasnoyarsk House of Party Enlightenment then in 1939, the Deputy Head of the AgitProp Department of Krasnoyarsk Territorial Committee and finally, in 1941 he was appointed Secretary of the Territorial Party Committee for Propaganda. It was in the 1940s that Chernenko established a close-knit relationship with Fyodor Kulakov. In 1945, he acquired a diploma from a party training school in Moscow, and in 1953 he finished a correspondence course for schoolteachers.
wn.com/Konstantin_Chernenko -
Kwame Nkrumah
The Rt. Hon. Dr. Kwame Nkrumah (21 September 1909 – 27 April 1972), P.C., was the leader of Ghana and its predecessor state, the Gold Coast, from 1951 to 1966. Overseeing the nation's independence from British colonial rule in 1957, Nkrumah was the first President of Ghana and the first Prime Minister of Ghana. An influential 20th-century advocate of Pan-Africanism, he was a founding member of the Organization of African Unity and was the winner of the Lenin Peace Prize in 1963.
Kwame Nkrumah was born in 1909 to Madam Nyaniba in Nkroful, Gold Coast. Nkrumah trained to be a teacher at Achimota School in Accra from 1927 to 1930 . For the following 5 years he worked as a teacher in several schools in the Gold Coast including a Catholic school in Axim, whilst saving money to continue his education in the USA. In 1935 he sailed from Takoradi, the Gold Coast's main port, to Liverpool in England, and made his way to London where he obtained his student visa from the US Embassy. It was while he was in London in late 1935 thet he heard the news of Fascist Italy's invasion of Abyssinia, an event that outraged the young Nkrumah and influenced his political development. In October 1935 Nkrumah sailed from Liverpool to the United States and enrolled in Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. He graduated with a BA in 1939, and received a Bachelor of Sacred Theology in 1942. Nkrumah earned a Master of Science in education from the University of Pennsylvania in 1942, and a Master of Arts in philosophy the following year. While lecturing in political science at Lincoln he was elected president of the African Students Organization of America and Canada. As an undergraduate at Lincoln he participated in at least one student theater production and published an essay on European government in Africa in the student newspaper, The Lincolnian.
wn.com/Kwame_Nkrumah -
Larry Rohter
William Lawrence Rohter, Jr. — known as Larry Rohter — (born in Oak Park, Illinois, February 3, 1950) is an American journalist who was a South American bureau chief (based in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) for The New York Times from 1999 to 2007. Previously, he was Caribbean and Latin American correspondent of the Times from 1994 to 1999. He now writes about cultural topics.
In 1998, Rohter was awarded the Maria Moors Cabot Prize at Columbia University. He was also awarded the Brazilian Embratel prize, as the "Melhor correspondente estrangeiro" (best foreign correspondent).
Rohter is married to Clotilde Rohter. They have 2 children. He lives today in Hoboken, New Jersey".
Rohter published an article titled "Brazilian Leader's Tippling Becomes National Concern", insinuating the Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva had a drinking problem that affected his presidency. The article's only quoted source for Lula's alcoholism was Leonel Brizola, a sworn political enemy of Mr. da Silva. The article caused consternation in the Brazilian press. Rohter's visa was temporarily revoked (and quickly reinstated) by Brazil's government, an event which overshadowed much criticism of Rohter's reporting.
wn.com/Larry_Rohter -
Le Duan
Lê Duẩn (7 April 1907 – 10 July 1986) was a Vietnamese communist politician. He rose in the party hierarchy in the late 1950s, and was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam at the 3rd Party Congress. Le Duan continued Hồ Chí Minh's policy of ruling through collective leadership. From 1958 until his death in 1986, Le Duan was the top decision-maker in Vietnam.
Born into a lower class family in Quảng Trị province, French Indochina, little is known about Le Duan's family and childhood; his birthname remains unknown. He first came in contact with Marxist literature in the 1920s through his work as a railway clerk. Le Duan was a founding member of the Indochina Communist Party (the future Communist Party of Vietnam) in 1930, but was arrested the following year, in 1931. He spent six years in jail until he was released in 1937. From 1937 to 1939 he worked himself up the party ladder; but he was rearrested in 1939, this time for fomenting an uprising in the South. Le Duan was released from jail following the successful communist-led August Revolution.
wn.com/Le_Duan -
Lech Wałęsa
Lech Wałęsa (commonly rendered Walesa) (Polish: [ˈlɛx vaˈwɛ̃sa] ( listen), English: /ˌlɛk vəˈwɛnsə/ or /wɔːˈlɛnsə/; born 29 September 1943) is a Polish politician, trade-union organizer, and human-rights activist. A charismatic leader, he co-founded Solidarity (Solidarność), the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland between 1990 and 1995.
Wałęsa was an electrician by trade, with no higher education. Soon after beginning work at the Gdańsk (then, "Lenin") Shipyards, he became a trade-union activist. For this he was persecuted by the Polish communist government, placed under surveillance, fired in 1976, and arrested several times. In August 1980 he was instrumental in negotiations that led to the ground-breaking Gdańsk Agreement between striking workers and the government, and he became a co-founder of the Solidarity trade-union movement. Arrested again after martial law was imposed and Solidarity was outlawed, upon release he continued his activism and was prominent in the establishment of the 1989 Round Table Agreement that led to semi-free parliamentary elections in June 1989 and to a Solidarity-led government.
wn.com/Lech_Wałęsa -
Leonel Brizola
Leonel de Moura Brizola (January 22, 1922 – June 21, 2004) was a Brazilian politician. Launched in politics by Getúlio Vargas, Brizola was the only politician to serve as governor of two different states in the whole history of Brazil. In 1959 he was elected governor of Rio Grande do Sul, and in 1982 and 1990 he was elected governor of Rio de Janeiro. He was also vice-president of the Socialist International, as well as Honorary President of that organization for a few months, from October 2003 until his death. Brizola and his party (Democratic Labour Party) preached and practiced a kind of social democratic left-wing policy.
wn.com/Leonel_Brizola -
Leonid Brezhnev
Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (Russian: Леони́д Ильи́ч Бре́жнев; IPA: [lʲɪɐˈnʲid ɪlʲˈjitɕ ˈbrʲeʐnʲɪf] ( listen); Ukrainian: Леоні́д Іллі́ч Бре́жнєв, 19 December 1906 (O.S. 6 December) – 10 November 1982) was the General Secretary of the Central Committee (CC) of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), presiding over the country from 1964 until his death in 1982. His eighteen-year term as General Secretary was second only to that of Joseph Stalin in length. During Brezhnev's rule, the global influence of the Soviet Union grew dramatically, in part because of the expansion of the Soviet military during this time, but his tenure as leader has often been criticised for marking the beginning of a period of economic stagnation in which serious economic problems were overlooked, problems which eventually led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Brezhnev was born in Kamenskoe into a Russian worker's family. After graduating from the Dniprodzerzhynsk Metallurgical Technicum, he became a metallurgical engineer in the iron and steel industry, in Ukraine. He joined Komsomol in 1923, and in 1929 became an active member of the Communist Party. He was drafted into immediate military service during World War II and left the army in 1946 with the rank of Major General. In 1952 Brezhnev became a member of the Central Committee, and in 1964, Brezhnev succeeded Nikita Khrushchev as First Secretary. Alexei Kosygin succeeded Khrushchev in his post as Chairman of the Council of Ministers.
wn.com/Leonid_Brezhnev -
Leopoldo Galtieri
Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri Castelli (July 15, 1926 – January 12, 2003) was an Argentine general and President of Argentina from December 22, 1981 to June 18, 1982, during the last military dictatorship (known officially as the National Reorganization Process). The death squad Intelligence Battalion 601 directly reported to him. He was removed from power soon after the British retook the Falklands Islands, whose invasion he had ordered.
Galtieri was the child of working class parents who were poor Italian immigrants. At 17 he enrolled at the National Military Academy to study civil engineering, and his early military career was as an officer in the engineering branch.
In 1975, after more than 25 years as a combat engineer, he became commander of the Argentine engineering corps. He was an enthusiastic supporter of the military coup that started the self-styled National Reorganisation Process in 1976 and rose further, becoming a major general in 1977, and commander-in-chief in 1980 with the rank of lieutenant general.
wn.com/Leopoldo_Galtieri -
Lucía Hiriart
María Lucía Hiriart Rodríguez (born December 10, 1922), also known as Lucía Hiriart de Pinochet, is the widow of former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet. She was First Lady of Chile from 1973 to 1990.
Hiriart was born on 10 December 1922 in Antofagasta to Osvaldo Hiriart Corvalán, a lawyer and former Radical Party senator and former Interior Minister of president Juan Antonio Ríos; and Lucía Rodríguez Auda de Hiriart, of French descent.
Hiriart married Chilean army general Augusto Pinochet Ugarte on January 30, 1943). They had five children: three daughters (Inés Lucía, María Verónica, Jacqueline Marie) and two sons (Augusto Osvaldo and Marco Antonio).
In 2005 Hiriart was sued by the Chilean Internal Revenue Service ("Servicio de Impuestos Internos") over tax evasion totaling US$2.35 million and was arrested for a full day with son Marco Antonio a few months later. In October 2007, she was arrested again in the frame of the Riggs case, along with Pinochet's five children and 17 other persons (including two generals, one of his ex-lawyer and his ex-secretary) on charges of embezzlement and use of false passports. They are accused of having illegally transferred $27m (£13.2m) to foreign bank accounts during Pinochet's rule.
wn.com/Lucía_Hiriart -
Lucía Pinochet
Inés Lucía Pinochet Hiriart (born December 14, 1943) is the eldest daughter of former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet and Lucía Hiriart de Pinochet.
Under indictment for tax fraud, Pinochet traveled to the United States in January 2006 where she appealed for political asylum, but was promptly deported back to Argentina, the nation where she had last resided. At her father's private funeral in December 2006, she praised him for lighting a "flame of freedom" in September 1973, when he overthrew the government of Salvador Allende.
On September 13, 2007, Pinochet announced her intention to run as independent for a seat in parliament for the 23rd district (Las Condes, Vitacura, Lo Barnechea) in Santiago. However, she was arrested in October 2007 in the frame of the Riggs case, along with Pinochet's four other children and Lucia Hiriart, and 17 other persons (including two generals, one of his ex-lawyer and his ex-secretary). They are charged of embezzlement and use of false passports, accused of having illegally transferred $27m (£13.2m) to foreign bank accounts during Pinochet's rule.
wn.com/Lucía_Pinochet -
Luís Carlos Prestes
Luís Carlos Prestes (January 3, 1898 – March 7, 1990) was a leader of the 1920s tenente rebellion and the Communist opposition to the dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas in Brazil.
Known as the "Knight of Hope" - title of a biography written by Jorge Amado - Prestes helped organize the failed tenente rebellion of 1922, a revolt by the largely middle class officer corps and poor conscripted servicemen against the agrarian oligarchies that dominated Brazil's Old Republic (1889–1930). As he was sick with typhoid fever, he was not able to fight on the day of the rebellion. From 1924 Prestes was one of the leaders of the insurrectionary movement, leading the Coluna Prestes Prestes' column on a 25,000 km (15,534 mi) march through the rural Brazilian countryside, aiming not to defeat the enemy forces of the Federal government, but keep the column in being and continue to threaten the enemy.
The tenente revolt heralded the end of the politics of coffee and milk and coronelism and the beginning of social reforms. Years later, in 1930 the Revolution of 1930 would bring down the Old Republic. Joined by many moderate tenentes, but not Prestes, the Revolution of 1930 installed Getúlio Vargas as provisional president. Although the tenentes sympathized with him, Vargas was a far more conservative figure. As the tenentes wanted Prestes to join Vargas, Prestes decided to meet him in Porto Alegre and explained his idea of socialist revolution for around two hours. Vargas was highly impressed by him, and even donated 800 contos de réis, around 400,000 USD, but Prestes viewed Vargas as the leader of a bourgeois revolution, and decided to donate most of the money to the Latin American branch of the Comintern, which financed the group for a few years. Another part of the money was given to the tenente Siqueira Campos, who died in a plane crash while flying from Argentina to Brazil. His body was discovered three days later, but the money was never found.
wn.com/Luís_Carlos_Prestes -
Manuel Bulnes
Manuel Bulnes Prieto (December 25, 1799 – October 18, 1866) was a Chilean military and political figure. He was twice President of Chile between 1841–1846 and 1846-1851.
Born in Concepción, he served as the president of Chile between 1841 and 1851. At the age of 16 he was imprisoned as a revolutionary by the Spanish authorities, but was soon released, and in 1818 joined the army of San Martin under whom he served as colonel throughout the Chilean War of Independence. After three years of continuous warfare (1820–23), he accomplished the temporary conquest of the Arucanian Indians. He was appointed brigadier general in 1831. In 1832 he crossed the Cordillera and defeated decisively the Pincheira brothers in the battle of Epulafquén. Then Bulnes commanded the Chilean army in 1838 against Gen. Santa Cruz in Peru; and, after taking Lima and winning the battles of Huaraz and Puente del Buin, combined his forces with those of Gamarra and defeated Santa Cruz at the Battle of Yungay (January 19, 1839), thus putting an end to the confederation between Peru and Bolivia.
wn.com/Manuel_Bulnes -
Manuel Contreras
Juan Manuel Guillermo Contreras Sepúlveda (born May 4, 1929) is a Chilean military officer and the former head of DINA, during the dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet. As head of DINA he was the most powerful man in the country, after Pinochet. He is currently serving 25 life sentences for kidnapping, forced disappearance and assassination.
From 1973 to 1977, Contreras led the agency on an international hunt to track down and murder the political opponents of the dictatorship, particularly members of the Communist and Socialist Parties and the violent Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR). According to the report "CIA activities in Chile" released on September 19, 2000, the US government policy community approved CIA's contact with Contreras from 1974 to 1977 to accomplish the CIA's mission in Chile in spite of his role in human rights abuses. By 1975 American intelligence reporting had concluded that Contreras was the principal obstacle to a reasonable human rights policy within the Pinochet's government, but the CIA was directed to continue its relationship with Contreras, even giving Contreras a one-time payment in 1975. The CIA became concerned with Contrera's role in the assassination of former Salvador Allende cabinet member and ambassador to Washington Orlando Letelier and his American assistant, Ronni Karpen Moffit in Washington, DC, on September 21, 1976. The CIA gathered specific, detailed intelligence reporting concerning Contrera's involvement in ordering the Letelier assassination, but some of the material remains classified and another portion has been withheld at the request of the US Department of Justice (CIA, 2000) CIA contacts with Contreras continued until 1977.
wn.com/Manuel_Contreras -
Manuel Montt
Manuel Francisco Antonio Julián Montt Torres (September 4, 1809 – September 21, 1880) was a Chilean statesman and scholar. He was twice elected President of Chile between 1851 and 1861.
Montt was born in Petorca, Valparaíso Region, the son of Catalan immigrants. His family was very poor, and in 1822, the death of his father increased their hardship. The same year, Manuel's mother secured his entrance into the Instituto Nacional (National Institute), where he also would serve as rector later in life (1835–40), though he could only afford the fees by tutoring other students. After studying law at the Instituto Nacional, he graduated as a lawyer in 1833 and soon achieved prominent academic and government posts.
Montt had a distinguished career as a scholar, and was introduced into public life during the presidency (1831-1841) of José Joaquín Prieto by Diego Portales. Montt distinguished himself by his courage in the crisis that followed upon Portales' assassination in 1837, though only holding a subordinate post in the government. In 1840, Montt was elected to the National Congress of Chile. He served as minister of the interior and minister of justice under President Manuel Bulnes (1841–51). He emphasized the need for educational and scientific advancement in the Chile, and was Minister of public instruction for a time. He was also twice Minister of Interior and Foreign Affairs during the Bulnes administration.
wn.com/Manuel_Montt -
Manuel Noriega
Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno (Spanish pronunciation: [maˈnwel noˈɾjeɣa]; born February 11, 1934) is a former Panamanian politician and soldier. He was military governor of Panama from 1983 to 1989.
In the 1989 invasion of Panama by the United States he was removed from power, captured, detained as a prisoner of war, and flown to the United States. Noriega was tried on eight counts of drug trafficking, racketeering, and money laundering in April 1992. Noriega's U.S. prison sentence ended in September 2007; pending the outcome of extradition requests by both Panama and France, for convictions in absentia for murder in 1995 and money laundering in 1999. France was granted its extradition request in April 2010. He arrived in Paris on April 27, 2010, and after a re-trial as a condition of the extradition, he was found guilty and sentenced to seven years in jail in July 2010. A conditional release was granted on September 23, 2011 for Noriega to be extradited to serve 20 years in Panama. He arrived in Panama on December 11, 2011.
wn.com/Manuel_Noriega -
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong, also transliterated as Mao Tse-tung listen (help·info), and commonly referred to as Chairman Mao (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976), was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, guerrilla warfare strategist, Marxist political philosopher, and leader of the Chinese Revolution. He was the architect and founding father of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949, and held authoritarian control over the nation until his death in 1976. His theoretical contribution to Marxism–Leninism, along with his military strategies and brand of policies, are collectively known as Maoism.
Mao rose to power by commanding the Long March, forming a Second United Front with Kuomintang (KMT) during the Second Sino-Japanese War to repel a Japanese invasion, and leading the Communist Party of China (CPC) to victory against Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War. After solidifying the reunification of China through his Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, Mao enacted sweeping land reform, by using violence and terror to overthrow the feudal landlords before seizing their large estates and dividing the land into people's communes. During the years when Mao was China’s 'Great Helmsman', a range of positive changes came to China. These included promoting the status of women, improving popular literacy, doubling the school population, providing universal housing, abolishing unemployment and inflation, increasing health care access, and dramatically raising life expectancy. In addition, China's population almost doubled during the period of Mao's leadership (from around 550 to over 900 million). As a result, Mao is still officially held in high regard by many in China as a great political strategist, military mastermind, and savior of the nation. Maoists further promote his role as a theorist, statesman, poet, and visionary, while anti-revisionists continue to defend most of his policies.
wn.com/Mao_Zedong -
Marcelo Caetano
Marcelo José das Neves Alves Caetano, GCTE, GCC, also spelled Marcello Caetano (Portuguese pronunciation: [mɐɾˈsɛlu kɐiˈtɐnu]; Lisbon, 17 August 1906 – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 26 October 1980), was a Portuguese politician and scholar, who was the last prime minister of the Estado Novo regime, from 1968 until his overthrow in the Carnation Revolution of 1974.
He was a son of José Maria de Almeida Alves Caetano and his first wife Josefa Maria das Neves. Graduated as a Licentiate and later a Doctorate in Law, Caetano was a Cathedratic Professor at the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon, where he graduated and of which he would also become the 9th Dean or Rector. An ultraconservative politician and a self-proclaimed reactionary in his youth, Caetano started his political career in the 1930s under the authoritarian regime of António de Oliveira Salazar. He soon became an important figure in the "Estado Novo" government, and in 1940 was appointed chief of the Portuguese Youth organisation. Caetano progressed in his academic career at the university, publishing several works and lecturing law. While in jail due to political causes, Álvaro Cunhal, law student, the future leader and founder of the Portuguese Communist Party, submitted his final thesis on the topic of abortion before a faculty jury that included Marcelo Caetano. Between 1944 and 1947 Caetano was Minister of the Colonies and since 1947 President of the Executive Board of the National Union. He served as President of the Corporative Chamber between 1949 and 1955.
wn.com/Marcelo_Caetano -
Marcos Pérez Jiménez
Marcos Evangelista Pérez Jiménez (Michelena, Táchira, April 25, 1914 – Alcobendas, Spain, September 20, 2001) was a Venezuelan military and general officer of the Army of Venezuela, engineer and politician.
His period in charge of the country is characterized by a marked improvement and development, with the rise of oil prices due to conflicts like the Korean War, its ambitious policy of public works and building could be executed to perfection. Also achieved an imminent development of industries such as hydropower, mining, steel, real estate sector and of course the building itself, all these bases, the high level of economic prosperity that is lived in the country.
Not go unnoticed, the progress in the military, which included the final professionalization of the armed forces, and increased sophistication of equipment, raising the level of armaments, and in general, the modernized undertaken in the area, while in with regard to domestic policy, the country experienced a state of order, high safety standards, but the negative side, said highly repressive character, with the National Security (Seguridad Nacional, secret police), as the spearhead and the almost complete concentration of power in his hands, turning his presidency into a dictatorial regime.
wn.com/Marcos_Pérez_Jiménez -
Margaret Thatcher
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS, née Roberts (born 13 October 1925) is a British politician and the longest-serving (1979–1990) British prime minister of the 20th century, and the only woman ever to have held the post. A Soviet journalist nicknamed her the "Iron Lady", which later became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. As prime minister, she implemented conservative policies that have come to be known as Thatcherism.
Originally a research chemist before becoming a barrister, Thatcher was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Finchley in 1959. Edward Heath appointed her Secretary of State for Education and Science in his 1970 government. In 1975 Thatcher defeated Heath in the Conservative Party leadership election and became Leader of the Opposition, as well as the first woman to lead a major political party in the United Kingdom. She became prime minister after winning the 1979 general election.
After entering 10 Downing Street, Thatcher introduced a series of political and economic initiatives to reverse what she perceived as Britain's precipitous national decline. Her political philosophy and economic policies emphasised deregulation (particularly of the financial sector), flexible labour markets, the privatisation of state-owned companies, and reducing the power and influence of trade unions. Thatcher's popularity during her first years in office waned amid recession and high unemployment, until economic recovery and the 1982 Falklands War brought a resurgence of support, resulting in her re-election in 1983. Thatcher was re-elected for a third term in 1987, but her Community Charge (popularly referred to as "poll tax") was widely unpopular and her views on the European Community were not shared by others in her Cabinet. She resigned as Prime Minister and party leader in November 1990, after Michael Heseltine launched a challenge to her leadership.
wn.com/Margaret_Thatcher -
Masayoshi Ōhira
Masayoshi Ōhira (大平 正芳, Ōhira Masayoshi?, March 12, 1910 – June 12, 1980) was a Japanese politician and the 68th and 69th Prime Minister of Japan from December 7, 1978 to June 12, 1980. He is the most recent Japanese prime minister to die in office.
He was born in present day Kan'onji, Kagawa and attended Hitotsubashi University.
At the apex of his political life, Ōhira came to represent what were known as "mainstream factions" within the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) which put him at odds with Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda, who led what were known as an "anti-mainstream" faction.
Ōhira was elected to the presidency of the LDP in late 1978.
On December 7, 1978, he was appointed 68th Prime Minister, successfully pushing Takeo Fukuda from his position.
Ōhira was the sixth Christian to hold this office after Hara Takashi, Takahashi Korekiyo, Ichirō Hatoyama, Tetsu Katayama, and Shigeru Yoshida.
In the general election of 1979, the LDP narrowly failed to win an outright majority, but enough independent members of the Diet joined the party to enable Ōhira to remain in office, and he was duly reappointed on November 9 of that year. On May 16, 1980, a vote of no confidence was held in the Diet.
wn.com/Masayoshi_Ōhira -
Menachem Begin
Menachem Begin (help·info) (Hebrew: מְנַחֵם בֵּגִין, Polish: Mieczysław Biegun, Arabic: مناحيم بيغن Munahayyim Beeghin, Russian: Менахем Вольфович Бегин Menakhem Vol'fovich Begin, 16 August 1913 – 9 March 1992) was a politician, founder of Likud and the sixth Prime Minister of the State of Israel. Before independence, he was the leader of the Zionist militant group Irgun, the Revisionist breakaway from the larger Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah. He proclaimed a revolt, on 1 February 1944, against the British mandatory government, which was opposed by the Jewish Agency. As head of the Irgun, he targeted the British in Palestine.
Begin was elected to the first Knesset, as head of Herut, the party he founded, and was at first on the political fringe, embodying the opposition to the Mapai-led government and Israeli establishment. He remained in opposition in the eight consecutive elections (except for a national unity government around the Six-Day War), but became more acceptable to the political center. His 1977 electoral victory and premiership ended three decades of Labour Party political dominance. He probably served as Opposition Leader longer than anyone in the history of modern democratic politics.
wn.com/Menachem_Begin -
Michael Townley
Michael Vernon Townley is a US citizen currently living in the United States under terms of the federal witness protection program. A Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) agent and operative of the Chilean secret police, DINA, Townley confessed, was convicted, and served 62 months in prison in the United States for the 1976 Washington, D.C., assassination of Orlando Letelier, former Chilean ambassador to the United States. As part of his plea bargain, Townley received immunity from further prosecution and was therefore not extradited to Argentina to stand trial for the assassination of Chilean general Carlos Prats and his wife. Townley has also been convicted (1993), in absentia, by an Italian court for carrying out the 1975 Rome murder attempt on Bernardo Leighton. Townley worked in producing chemical weapons for Chilean dictator, General Pinochet's, use against political opponents along with Colonel Gerardo Huber and the DINA biochemist Eugenio Berríos.
According to head of DINA Manuel Contreras, Townley returned to Chile at the end of 1973, working for the CIA, with the intent of receiving from the "Highest National Authority, in agreement with what had already been planned by the CIA ... the order to act in direct, personal and exclusive form, without intermediaries, against General Prats in Buenos Aires". Prats was killed with a car bomb in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1974. Contreras also said that Townley travelled with a false passport provided by the CIA under the name of Kenneth Enyart. Contreras stated Townley was aided by CIA agents as well as Argentine and Chilean agents and paramilitary groups such as the Triple A and the Grupo Milicias. Contreras stated he thought this occurred because the CIA feared Carlos Prats would try to overthrow Pinochet's dictatorship with the help of the Argentine Army, thus leading to a war between Chile and Argentina which would constitute "a difficult problem for the United States in the Cold War era".
wn.com/Michael_Townley -
Michel Aflaq
Michel Aflaq (Arabic: ميشيل عفلق, Damascus, 1910 – Paris, 23 June 1989) was a Syrian philosopher, sociologist and Arab nationalist. His ideas played a significant role in the development of Ba'athism and its political movement; he is considered by several Ba'athists to be the principal founder of Ba'athist thought. He published various books during his lifetime, the most notable being The Battle for One Destiny (1958) and The Struggle Against Distorting the Movement of Arab Revolution (1975).
Born into a middle class family in Damascus, Syria, Aflaq studied at the Sorbonne, where he met his future political companion Salah al-Din al-Bitar. He returned to Syria in 1932, and began his political career in communist politics. Aflaq became a communist activist, but broke his ties with the communist movement when the Syrian–Lebanese Communist Party supported France's colonial policies. Later in 1940 Aflaq and al-Bitar established the Arab Ihya Movement (later renaming itself the Arab Ba'ath Movement, taking the name from Zaki al-Arsuzi's group by the same name). The movement proved successful, and in 1947 the Arab Ba'ath Movement merged with al-Arsuzi's Arab Ba'ath organisation to establish the Arab Ba'ath Party. Aflaq was elected to the party's executive committee and was elected "'Amid" (meaning the party's leader).
wn.com/Michel_Aflaq -
Michelle Bachelet
Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria (Spanish pronunciation: [miˈtʃel vatʃeˈlet]; born September 29, 1951) is a Social Democrat politician who was President of Chile from 11 March 2006 to 11 March 2010. She was the first female president of her country. In September 2010 Bachelet was appointed as the head of UN Women by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.
Bachelet won the 2006 presidential election in a runoff, beating center-right businessman and former senator Sebastián Piñera (who eventually succeeded Bachelet as President) with 53.5% of the vote. She campaigned on a platform of continuing Chile's free-market policies, while increasing social benefits to help reduce the gap between rich and poor.
Bachelet, a pediatrician and epidemiologist with studies in military strategy, served as Health Minister and Defense Minister under her predecessor, President Ricardo Lagos. She is a separated mother of three and describes herself as an agnostic. As well as her native Spanish, she speaks English, German, Portuguese and French, with varying levels of fluency.
wn.com/Michelle_Bachelet -
Miguel Enríquez
Miguel Enríquez Espinosa (Spanish pronunciation: [miˈɣel enˈrikeθ espiˈnosa]; March 27, 1944 - October 5, 1974) was a physician and one founder of the Chilean political party and former far left-wing guerrilla organization Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR) (Spanish Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria), founded 1965. He was General Secretary of the MIR between 1967 and his death in 1974.
After the September 11, 1973 coup Enriquez led the political-military resistance of MIR against the newly established dictatorship. Besides a small automatic weapons arsenal the MIR manufactured its own workshop-made assault weaponry at the "Talleres" (one of MIR's infrastructure details founded in 1969).
After a year of Enríquez operating in clandestinity, Army Intelligence DINA uncovered his safe-house in the working class district of San Miguel in Santiago from where he organised the MIR. On October 5, 1974 his house was surrounded by DINA agents backed by heavily armed security forces personnel with an armored personnel carrier and a helicopter. Enriquez resisted arrest by returning fire upon DINA agents and police. He was wounded in the beginning of the assault, remaining alone in the ensuing hours-lasting gun battle, thus covering the retreat of his pregnant wife (Carmen Castillo, also wounded) and two other men that fled. He received ten bullet wounds, including one to the head.
wn.com/Miguel_Enríquez -
Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (Russian: Михаи́л Серге́евич Горбачёв, tr. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov; IPA: [mʲɪxɐˈil sʲɪrˈɡʲejəvʲɪtɕ ɡərbɐˈtɕof] ( listen); born 2 March 1931) is a former Soviet statesman, having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991, and as the last head of state of the Soviet Union, having served from 1988 until its dissolution in 1991. He was the only general secretary in the history of the Soviet Union to have been born during the Communist rule.
Gorbachev was born in Stavropol Krai into a peasant Ukrainian–Russian family, and in his teens operated combine harvesters on collective farms. He graduated from Moscow State University in 1955 with a degree in law. While he was at the university, he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and soon became very active within it. In 1970, he was appointed the First Party Secretary of the Stavropol Kraikom, First Secretary to the Supreme Soviet in 1974, and appointed a member of the Politburo in 1979. Within three years of the deaths of Soviet Leaders Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov, and Konstantin Chernenko, Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo in 1985. Before he reached the post, he had occasionally been mentioned in western newspapers as a likely next leader and a man of the younger generation at the top level.
wn.com/Mikhail_Gorbachev -
Milton Friedman
Milton Friedman (July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006) was an American economist, statistician, and author who taught at the University of Chicago for more than three decades. He was a recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and is known for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and the complexity of stabilization policy. As a leader of the Chicago school of economics, he influenced the research agenda of the economics profession. A survey of economists ranked Friedman as the second most popular economist of the twentieth century behind John Maynard Keynes, and The Economist described him as "the most influential economist of the second half of the 20th century…possibly of all of it."
Friedman's challenges to what he later called "naive Keynesian" (as opposed to New Keynesian) theory began with his 1950s reinterpretation of the consumption function, and he became the main advocate opposing activist Keynesian government policies. In the late 1960s he described his own approach (along with all of mainstream economics) as using "Keynesian language and apparatus" yet rejecting its "initial" conclusions. During the 1960s he promoted an alternative macroeconomic policy known as "monetarism". He theorized there existed a "natural" rate of unemployment, and argued that governments could increase employment above this rate (e.g., by increasing aggregate demand) only at the risk of causing inflation to accelerate. He argued that the Phillips curve was not stable and predicted what would come to be known as stagflation. Friedman argued that, given the existence of the Federal Reserve, a constant small expansion of the money supply was the only wise policy.
wn.com/Milton_Friedman -
Mobutu Sese Seko
Mobutu Sese Seko Nkuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (born Joseph-Desiré Mobutu; 14 October 1930 – 7 September 1997), commonly known as Mobutu or Mobutu Sese Seko ( /məˈbuːtuː ˈsɛseɪ ˈsɛkoʊ/), was the President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (also known as Zaire for much of his rule) from 1965 to 1997. While in office, he formed an authoritarian regime, amassed vast personal wealth, and attempted to purge the country of all colonial cultural influence, while also maintaining an anti-communist stance.
Mobutu, a member of the Ngbandi ethnic group, was born in Lisala, Belgian Congo. Mobutu's mother Marie Madeleine Yemo, was a hotel maid who fled to Lisala to escape the harem of a local village chief. There she met and married Albéric Gbemani, a cook for a Belgian judge. Shortly she gave birth to Mobutu. The name "Mobutu" was selected by an uncle. Gbemani died when Mobutu was eight.
The wife of the Belgian judge took a liking to Mobutu and taught him to speak, read and write fluently. Yemo relied on the help of relatives to support her four children, and the family moved often. Mobutu's earliest studies were in Léopoldville, but his mother eventually sent him to an uncle in Coquilhatville, where he attended the Christian Brothers School, a Catholic mission boarding school. A physically imposing figure, he dominated school sports. He also excelled in academics and ran the class newspaper. He was also known for his pranks and impish sense of humor. A classmate recalled that when the Belgian priests, whose first language was Dutch, misspoke in French, Mobutu would leap to his feet in class and point out the mistake. In 1949 Mobutu stowed away aboard a boat to Léopoldville and met a girl. The priests found him several weeks later, and at the end of the school year he was sent to the Force Publique (FP), the Belgian Congolese army. Enlistment, which came with a seven-year commitment, was a punishment for rebellious students.
wn.com/Mobutu_Sese_Seko -
Mohammad Hatta
Mohammad Hatta (help·info) (12 August 1902 – 14 March 1980) was born in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). He was Indonesia's first vice president, later also serving as the country's Prime Minister. Known as "The Proclamator", he and a number of Indonesians, including the first president of Indonesia, Sukarno, fought for the independence of Indonesia from the Dutch. Despite his efforts to gain Indonesian independence, he studied in the Netherlands from 1921 until 1932. Moreover, after his early education, he studied in Dutch schools in Indonesia.
Mohammad Hatta is often remembered as Bung Hatta ('Bung' is an affectionate title used to address colleagues, popular in the early 1900s and is still used by Indonesians).
Hatta was born in Bukittinggi on 12 August 1902 into a prominent and strongly Islamic family. His grandfather was a respected ulema in Batuhampar, near Payakumbuh. His father, Haji Mohammad Djamil, died when he was eight months old and he was left with his six sisters and his mother. As in the matrilineal society of Minangkabau tradition, he was then raised in his mother's family. His mother's family was wealthy, and Hatta was able to study Dutch as well as finishing Qur'an after school.
wn.com/Mohammad_Hatta -
Mohammad Mosaddegh
Mohammad Mosaddegh or Mosaddeq (Persian: محمد مصدق, IPA: [mohæmˈmæd(-e) mosædˈdeɣ] ( listen)*), also spelled Mossadegh, Mossadeq, Mosadeck, or Musaddiq (16 June 1882 – 5 March 1967), was the Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 until being overthrown in a coup d'état in 1953.
His administration introduced a wide range of social and political reforms but is most notable for its nationalization of the Iranian oil industry, which had been under British control since 1913 through the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC/AIOC) (later British Petroleum or BP).
Mosaddegh was removed from power in a coup on 19 August 1953, organised and carried out by the United States CIA at the request of the British MI6 which chose Iranian General Fazlollah Zahedi to succeed Mosaddegh.
The coup is sometimes known as the TPAJAX Project after its CIA cryptonym, however, in Iran it is referred to as the 28 Mordad 1332 coup, after its date on the Iranian calendar., which is incorrect as the Operation's proper name was TPAjax (TP standing for Tudeh Party of Iran the Russian backed communist party of Iran} Mosaddegh was imprisoned for three years, then put under house arrest until his death.
wn.com/Mohammad_Mosaddegh -
Mohammad Najibullah
Mohammad Najibullah Ahmadzai (February 1947 – 28 September 1996), better known mononymously as Najibullah or Najib, was an Afghan politician and statesman during the Cold War. Najibullah was born in Gardiz and educated at Kabul University, after which he began his career in the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). He became a member of the Parcham faction led by Babrak Karmal. Following the Saur Revolution Najibullah was a low profile bureaucrat, who was sent into exile during Hafizullah Amin's rise to power as Afghan ambassador to Iran. He returned to Afghanistan following the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan which toppled Amin's rule, and placed Karmal as head of state, party and government. During Karmal's rule, Najibullah became head of the KHAD, the Afghan equivalent to the Soviet KGB.
During Najibullah's tenure as KHAD head, it became one of the most efficient governmental organs. Because of this he gained the attention of several leading Soviet officials, such as Yuri Andropov, Dmitriy Ustinov and Boris Ponomarev. In 1981, Najibullah was appointed to the PDPA Politburo. Because of its efficiency, the KHAD was turned into the Ministry of State Security in 1985. On 21 September 1985 Najibullah stepped down as state security minister to focus on PDPA politics; he had just recently been appointed to the PDPA Secretariat. Mikhail Gorbachev, the last Soviet leader, was able to get Karmal to step down as PDPA General Secretary on 4 May 1986, and replace him with Najibullah. From then, until November, Najibullah was locked in a power struggle against Karmal, who still retained his post of Chairman of the Revolutionary Council. Najibullah accused Karmal of trying to wreck his policy of National Reconciliation.
wn.com/Mohammad_Najibullah -
Muammar Gaddafi
Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي) (June 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Muammar Gaddafi /ˈmoʊ.əmɑr ɡəˈdɑːfi/ (Arabic: مُعَمَّر القَذَّافِي Muʿammar al-Qaḏḏāfī audio (help·info)) or Colonel Gaddafi, was the official ruler of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then the "Brother Leader" of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Gaddafi seized power in a bloodless military coup in 1969 and served as the country's head of state until 1977, when he stepped down from his official executive role as Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya, and claimed subsequently to be merely a symbolic figurehead. He styled himself as "Leader of the Revolution"; in 2008 a meeting of traditional African rulers bestowed on him the title "King of Kings". A leading advocate for a United States of Africa, he served as Chairperson of the African Union (AU) from 2 February 2009 to 31 January 2010.
Gaddafi replaced the Libyan Constitution of 1951 with laws based on the political ideology he had formulated, which he called the Third International Theory and published in The Green Book. After establishing the Jamahiriya (جماهيرية, "state of the masses") system in 1977, he officially stepped down from power and after that time held a largely symbolic role within the country's official governance structure. Rising oil prices and extraction in Libya led to increasing revenues. By exporting as much oil per capita as Saudi Arabia and through various welfare programs, Libya achieved the highest living standards in Africa; Libya remained debt-free.
wn.com/Muammar_Gaddafi -
Mário Soares
Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares, GColTE, GCC, GColL, KE (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈmaɾiu suˈaɾɨʃ]; born 7 December 1924), Portuguese politician, served as Prime Minister of Portugal from 1976 to 1978 and from 1983 to 1985, and subsequently as the 17th President of Portugal from 1986 to 1996.
Soares is the son of João Lopes Soares (Leiria, Arrabal, 17 November 1878 - Lisbon, Campo Grande, 31 July 1970), Founder of the Colégio Moderno in Lisbon, Minister and then anti-fascist republican activist who had been a Priest for some time before marrying Elisa Nobre Baptista (Santarém, Pernes, 8 September 1887 - Lisbon, Campo Grande, 28 February 1955), Mário Soares's mother, at the 7th Conservatory of the Civil Register of Lisbon on 5 September 1934. His father also had another son by an unknown mother named Tertuliano Lopes Soares. His mother had previously been married and had two children, J. Nobre Baptista and Cândido Nobre Baptista. Mário Soares was raised as a Roman Catholic, but came to identify himself as a laic, agnostic and atheist.
wn.com/Mário_Soares -
Mátyás Rákosi
Mátyás Rákosi (March 9, 1892 – February 5, 1971) was a Hungarian communist politician. He was born Mátyás Rosenfeld in present-day Serbia. He was the de facto ruler of communist Hungary between 1945 and 1956 — first in his capacity as General Secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party (1945–1948) and later as General Secretary of the Hungarian Working People's Party (1948–1956). His rule was aligned with USSR politics during Joseph Stalin's government.
Rákosi was born in Ada, a village in Bács County in what was then the Austro-Hungarian Empire (now in Vojvodina, Serbia). Born into a Jewish family, the fourth son of a grocer (his mother would give birth to seven more children) he later repudiated religion and totally repudiated Judaism.
He served in the Austro-Hungarian Army during the First World War and was captured on the Eastern Front. After returning to Hungary, he participated in the communist government of Béla Kun; after its fall he fled, eventually to the Soviet Union. After returning to Hungary in 1924 he was imprisoned, and was released to the Soviet Union in 1940, in exchange for the Hungarian revolutionary banners captured by the Russian troops at Világos in 1849. In the Soviet Union, he became leader of the Comintern. He returned to Debrecen, Hungary, on January 30, 1945, sent by Soviet leadership, to organize the Communist Party.
wn.com/Mátyás_Rákosi -
Ne Win
Ne Win (Burmese: နေဝင်း IPA: [nè wɪ́ɴ]; born on 24 May or 14 May 1911 or 10 July 1910 – 5 December 2002) was a Burmese politician and military commander. He was Prime Minister of Burma from 1958 to 1960 and 1962 to 1974 and also head of state from 1962 to 1981. He also was the founder and from 1962 to 1988 the chairman of the Burma Socialist Programme Party, which from 1964 until 1988 was the sole political party in the Burmese nation state.
Ne Win's date of birth is not known with certainty. The English language publication Who's Who in Burma published in 1961 by People's Literature House, Rangoon, stated that Ne Win was born on 24 May 1911. Dr. Maung Maung stated in the Burmese version of his book Burma and General Ne Win, also published in English, that Ne Win was born on 14 May 1911. However, in a book written in Burmese titled The Thirty Comrades, the author Kyaw Nyein gave Ne Win's date of birth as 10 July 1910.
wn.com/Ne_Win -
Ngo Dinh Diem
Ngô Đình Diệm ( listen; 3 January 1901 – 2 November 1963) was the first president of South Vietnam (1955–1963). In the wake of the French withdrawal from Indochina as a result of the 1954 Geneva Accords, Diệm led the effort to create the Republic of Vietnam. Accruing considerable U.S. support due to his staunch anti-Communism, he achieved victory in a 1955 plebiscite that was widely considered fraudulent. A Roman Catholic, Diệm pursued biased and religiously oppressive policies against the Republic's Montagnard natives and its Buddhist majority, epitomized in Malcolm Browne's Pulitzer Prize winning photograph of the self-immolation of Buddhist monk Thích Quảng Đức in 1963.
Amid religious protests that garnered worldwide attention, Diệm lost the backing of his U.S. patrons and was assassinated, along with his brother, Ngô Đình Nhu by Nguyễn Văn Nhung, the aide of ARVN General Dương Văn Minh on 2 November 1963, during a coup d'état that deposed his government.
Diệm was born in Huế, the original capital of the Vietnamese Nguyễn Dynasty. His family originated in the central Vietnamese village of Phú Cẩm. Portuguese missionaries had converted his family to Roman Catholicism in the 17th century, so Diệm was given a saint's name at birth, following the custom of the Catholic Church. His full name was Jean Baptiste Ngô Đình Diệm. He would often claim that he had descended from a blue-blooded family of mandarins who were so revered that people believed that it was a great honour and good luck to be buried alongside his ancestors. Most historians dismiss this as false and believe that his family were of low rank until his father passed the imperial examinations.[citation needed]
wn.com/Ngo_Dinh_Diem -
Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (April 15 [O.S. April 3] 1894, – September 11, 1971) led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the partial de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the early Soviet space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy. Khrushchev's party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Premier.
Khrushchev was born in the Russian village of Kalinovka in 1894, close to the present-day border between Russia and Ukraine. He was employed as a metalworker in his youth, and during the Russian Civil War was a political commissar. With the help of Lazar Kaganovich, he worked his way up the Soviet hierarchy. He supported Joseph Stalin's purges, and approved thousands of arrests. In 1939, Stalin sent him to govern Ukraine, and he continued the purges there. During what was known in the Soviet Union as the Great Patriotic War (Eastern Front of World War II), Khrushchev was again a commissar, serving as an intermediary between Stalin and his generals. Khrushchev was present at the bloody defense of Stalingrad, a fact he took great pride in throughout his life. After the war, he returned to Ukraine before being recalled to Moscow as one of Stalin's close advisers.
wn.com/Nikita_Khrushchev -
Nikolai Ryzhkov
Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov (Russian: Николай Иванович Рыжков, Nikolaj Ivanovič Ryžkov; born 28 September 1929) was a Soviet official who became a Russian politician following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. He served as the last Chairman of the Council of Ministers or Premier of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. Responsible for the cultural and economic administration of the Soviet Union during the late Gorbachev Era, Ryzhkov was succeeded as premier by Valentin Pavlov in 1991. The same year, he lost his seat on the Presidential Council going on to become Boris Yeltsin's leading opponent in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) 1991 presidential election.
Ryzhkov was born in the city of Dzerzhynsk, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1929. After graduating in the 1950s he started work in the 1970s and began his political career in local industry, working his way up through the hierarchy of Soviet industrial ministries. In 1979 Ryzhkov was appointed First Deputy Chairman of the State Planning Committee. Following Nikolai Tikhonov's resignation as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Ryzhkov was voted into office in his place. During his tenure, he supported Mikhail Gorbachev's much-needed 1980s reform of the Soviet economy.
wn.com/Nikolai_Ryzhkov -
Noam Chomsky
Avram Noam Chomsky (/ˈnoʊm ˈtʃɒmski/; born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher,cognitive scientist, historian, and activist. He is an Institute Professor and Professor (Emeritus) in the Department of Linguistics & Philosophy at MIT, where he has worked for over 50 years. Chomsky has been described as the "father of modern linguistics" and a major figure of analytic philosophy. His work has influenced fields such as computer science, mathematics, and psychology.
Ideologically identifying with anarcho-syndicalism and libertarian socialism, Chomsky is known for his critiques of U.S. foreign policy and contemporary capitalism, and he has been described as a prominent cultural figure. His media criticism has included Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (1988), co-written with Edward S. Herman, an analysis articulating the propaganda model theory for examining the media.
According to the Arts and Humanities Citation Index in 1992, Chomsky was cited as a source more often than any other living scholar from 1980 to 1992, and was the eighth most cited source overall. Chomsky is the author of over 100 books. He is credited as the creator or co-creator of the Chomsky hierarchy, the universal grammar theory, and the Chomsky–Schützenberger theorem.
wn.com/Noam_Chomsky -
Noboru Takeshita
Noboru Takeshita (竹下 登, Takeshita Noboru?, February 26, 1924 – June 19, 2000) was a Japanese politician and the 74th Prime Minister of Japan from November 6, 1987 to June 3, 1989.
Takeshita was also the last Prime Minister during the long rule of the Emperor Shōwa.
Takeshita was born in present-day Unnan, Shimane and attended Waseda University.
In 1958, he entered the lower house of the Diet of Japan, joining the powerful faction of Kakuei Tanaka in the Liberal Democratic Party. Takeshita eventually became Tanaka's primary fundraiser, traveling the country to garner support for the LDP's coffers. Like Tanaka, Takeshita was fond of "pork barrel" politics, retaining his own seat by bringing excessively huge public works projects to Shimane.
Takeshita served as Chief Cabinet Secretary from 1971 to 1974, as Minister of Construction in 1976.
Takeshita served as Minister of Finance from 1979 to 1980; and he again accepted the finance position from 1982 to 1986. In this period, he achieved prominence as Japan's negotiator during deliberations which led to the agreement which is known as the Plaza Accord in New York.
wn.com/Noboru_Takeshita -
Nobusuke Kishi
Nobusuke Kishi (岸 信介, Kishi Nobusuke?, November 13, 1896 – August 7, 1987) was a Japanese politician and the 56th and 57th Prime Minister of Japan from February 25, 1957 to June 12, 1958 and from then to July 19, 1960. He was called[who?]Shōwa no yōkai (昭和の妖怪 "the Shōwa era ghost/monster").
Kishi was born Nobusuke Satō in Tabuse, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi Prefecture, but left his family at a young age to move in with the more affluent Kishi family, adopting their family name. His biological younger brother, Eisaku Satō, would also go on to become a prime minister.
Kishi attended Tokyo Imperial University (now the University of Tokyo) and entered the Ministry of Commerce and Industry in 1920. In 1935, he became one of the top officials involved in the industrial development of Manchukuo, where he was later accused of exploiting Chinese forced labor. Prime Minister Hideki Tōjō, himself a veteran of the Manchurian campaign, appointed Kishi Minister of Commerce and Industry in 1941, and he held this position until Japan's surrender in 1945. He was also elected to the Lower House of the Diet of Japan in 1942.
wn.com/Nobusuke_Kishi -
Norm Coleman
Norman Bertram Coleman, Jr. (born August 17, 1949) is an American attorney and politician. He was a United States senator from Minnesota from 2003 to 2009. Coleman was elected in 2002 and served in the 108th, 109th, and 110th Congresses. Before becoming a senator, he was mayor of Saint Paul, Minnesota, from 1994 to 2002. Previously a member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL), Coleman became a Republican in 1996.
Coleman's 2008 US Senate re-election bid, in which he was challenged by Democrat Al Franken and former senator Dean Barkley, was long unresolved. His term ended on January 3, 2009, and after a six-month legal battle in which he lost each of his contests, the Minnesota Supreme Court unanimously declared Franken the election winner by 312 votes (out of over 3 million cast) on June 30, 2009, prompting Coleman to concede.
As of 2011, Coleman works as an adviser and board director with the Republican Jewish Coalition.
In 2010, Norm Coleman served as Chairman and CEO of the American Action Network. In April 2011, Coleman joined Hogan Lovells, an international legal practice, as senior government advisor in their Washington D.C. office. As of 2012, Coleman continues to serve on the board of directors to the Republican Jewish Coalition and as Chairman of the American Action Network. Coleman is also on the National Advisory Council for the US Global Leadership Coalition, a bipartisan committee that promotes interntational engagement, and includes every living former US Secretary of State.
wn.com/Norm_Coleman -
Nur Misuari
Nur Misuari (Bahasa Sūg: Nūr Miswāri) (born in 1942 in Jolo, Sulu, Philippines) is a Moro politician and former leader of the Moro National Liberation Front. He completed his education through academic scholarships at the University of the Philippines and became a student activist. Misuari was a lecturer at the University of the Philippines in political science and in the 1960s, he established the Mindanao Independence Movement which aimed to organize an independent state in southern Philippines. The Mindanao Independence Movement formed the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) that sought political reforms from the Government of the Philippines. Unable to gain reforms, the MNLF engaged in military conflict against the Philippine government and its supporters between 1972 to 1976 under the leadership of Misuari. The military resistance to the government of former Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos did not produce autonomy for the Moro people. He departed to Saudi Arabia in exile. He returned to the Philippines after Marcos was removed from office during the People Power Revolution in 1986.
wn.com/Nur_Misuari -
Nur Muhammad Taraki
Nur Muhammad Taraki (15 July 1917, or 1913 – 14 September 1979) was an Afghan politician and statesman during the Cold War. Taraki was born near Kabul and educated at Kabul University, after which he started his political career as a journalist. He later became one of the founding members of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) and was elected as the party's General Secretary at its first congress. He ran as a candidate in the 1965 Afghan parliamentary election but failed to secure himself a seat. In 1966 he published the first issue of Khalq, a party newspaper, but it was closed down shortly afterwards by the Afghan Government. The assassination of Mir Akbar Khyber led Taraki, along with Hafizullah Amin (the organiser of the revolution) and Babrak Karmal, to initiate the Saur Revolution and establish the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
The presidency of Taraki, albeit short-lived, was marked by controversies from beginning to end. Taraki launched a land reform on 1 January 1978 which proved to be highly unpopular and, along with his government's other reforms, led to a popular backlash which initiated the Afghan civil war. Despite repeated attempts throughout his reign, Taraki proved unable to persuade the Soviet Union to intervene in support of the restoration of civil order.
wn.com/Nur_Muhammad_Taraki -
Omar Torrijos
Omar Efraín Torrijos Herrera (February 13, 1929 – July 31, 1981) was the Commander of the Panamanian and National Guard and the de facto leader of Panama from 1968 to 1981. Torrijos was never officially the president of Panama, but instead held titles including "Maximum Leader of the Panamanian Revolution" and "Supreme Chief of Government." Although he was considered a leftist dictator, he simultaneously had the support of the United States as he opposed communism. His politics were based instead on progressivism.
Torrijos is best known for negotiating the 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties that eventually gave Panama full sovereignty over the Panama Canal, at noon on December 31, 1999. His son Martín Torrijos was elected president and served from 2004 to 2009.
Torrijos was born in Santiago in the province of Veraguas, the sixth of twelve children. His father, José Maria Torrijos, was originally from Colombia, and was employed as a teacher. He was educated at the local Juan Demóstenes Arosemena School and won a scholarship to the military academy in San Salvador. He graduated with a commission as a second lieutenant. He joined the Panamanian army, the National Guard (Guardia Nacional), in 1952. He was promoted to captain in 1956 and took a cadet course at the School of the Americas in 1965.
wn.com/Omar_Torrijos -
Orlando Bosch
Orlando Bosch Ávila (18 August 1926 – 27 April 2011) was a Cuban exile militant, former Central Intelligence Agency-backed operative, and head of Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations, which the FBI has described as "an anti-Castro terrorist umbrella organization". Former U.S. Attorney General Dick Thornburgh called Bosch an "unrepentant terrorist". He was accused of taking part in Operation Condor and several other terrorist attacks, including the 6 October 1976 bombing of a Cuban civilian airliner in which all 73 people on board were killed, including many young members of a Cuban fencing team and five North Koreans. The bombing is alleged to have been plotted at a 1976 meeting in Washington, D.C. attended by Bosch, Luis Posada Carriles, and DINA agent Michael Townley. At the same meeting, the assassination of Chilean former minister Orlando Letelier is alleged to have been plotted. Bosch was given safe haven within the US in 1990 by President George H. W. Bush, who in 1976 as head of the CIA had declined an offer by Costa Rica to extradite Bosch.
wn.com/Orlando_Bosch -
Palmiro Togliatti
Palmiro Togliatti (Italian pronunciation: [palˈmiro toʎˈʎatti]; 26 March 1893 - 21 August 1964) was an Italian politician and leader of the Italian Communist Party from 1927 until his death.
Born in Genoa to a middle class family, Togliatti began his political life in the Italian Socialist Party prior to the First World War. He served as a volunteer officer during the war, and was wounded in action and sent home for illness. Returning at the end of the conflict, he was a part of the group around Antonio Gramsci's L'Ordine Nuovo paper in Turin, while working as a tutor.
He was a founding member of the Communist Party of Italy (PCd'I, later PCI) and, after Gramsci was jailed by Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime, he became the senior leader of the PCd'I until his death, for which he also directed Il Comunista.
When the party was banned by the Italian Fascist government in 1926, Togliatti was one of few leaders not to be arrested, as he was attending a meeting of the Comintern in Moscow. In exile during the late 1920s and the 1930s, he organized clandestine meetings of the PCd'I at Lyon (1926) and Cologne (1931). In 1927 he took the position of Secretary of the party.
wn.com/Palmiro_Togliatti -
Patrice Lumumba
Patrice Émery Lumumba (2 July 1925 – 17 January 1961) was a Congolese independence leader and the first legally elected Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo after he helped win its independence from Belgium in June 1960. Only twelve weeks later, Lumumba's government was deposed in a coup during the Congo Crisis. He was subsequently imprisoned and executed by firing squad, an act that was committed with the assistance of the government of Belgium, for which the Belgian government officially apologized in 2002.
Lumumba was born in Onalua in the Katakokombe region of the Kasai province of the Belgian Congo, a member of the Tetela ethnic group. Raised in a Catholic family as one of four sons, he was educated at a Protestant primary school, a Catholic missionary school, and finally the government post office training school, passing the one-year course with distinction. He subsequently worked in Leopoldville (now Kinshasa) and Stanleyville (now Kisangani) as a postal clerk and as a travelling beer salesman. In 1951, he married Pauline Opangu. In 1955, Lumumba became regional head of the Cercles of Stanleyville and joined the Liberal Party of Belgium, where he worked on editing and distributing party literature. After traveling on a three-week study tour in Belgium, he was arrested in 1955 on charges of embezzlement of post office funds. His two-year sentence was commuted to twelve months after it was confirmed by Belgian lawyer Jules Chrome that Lumumba had returned the funds, and he was released in July 1956. After his release, he helped found the broad-based Mouvement National Congolais (MNC) in 1958, later becoming the organization's president. Lumumba and his team represented the MNC at the All-African Peoples' Conference in Accra, Ghana, in December 1958. At this international conference, hosted by influential Pan-African President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Lumumba further solidified his Pan-Africanist beliefs.
wn.com/Patrice_Lumumba -
Patricio Aylwin
Patricio Aylwin Azócar (born November 26, 1918) is a Chilean Christian Democrat politician, lawyer and former senator. He was the first president of Chile after democracy was restored in 1990.
Aylwin was born in Viña del Mar, Chile to Miguel Aylwin and Laura Azócar, the eldest of five children. An excellent student, he enrolled in the Law School of the University of Chile where he became a lawyer, with the highest distinction, in 1943. He served as professor of administrative law, first at the University of Chile and then also at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. He was also professor of civic education and political economy at the National Institute.
He is married to Leonor Oyarzún Ivanovic. They have five children (his daughter Mariana worked as a minister in subsequent governments) and 14 grandchildren (among them, popular telenovela actress Paz Bascuñán).
Patricio Aylwin’s involvement in politics started in 1945, when he joined the Falange Nacional. Later he was elected president of the Falange and when that party became the Christian Democrats, he served seven terms as its president between 1958 and 1989.
wn.com/Patricio_Aylwin -
Pedro Aguirre Cerda
Pedro Aguirre Cerda (February 6, 1879 – November 25, 1941) was a Chilean political figure. A member of the Radical Party, he was chosen as the Popular Front's candidate for the 1938 presidential election, and was triumphally elected. He governed Chile until his death in 1941. Pedro Aguirre Cerda was of Basque descent.
He was born in Pocuro, a small village near the city of Los Andes, in Chile. The seventh of a total of eleven children of Juan Bautista Aguirre and Clarisa Cerda. His father, a farmer, died when he was eight years old in 1887. His mother had to run the farm and raise him and all his brothers alone.
He finished his university studies in Santiago, at the Pedagogic Institute and became a teacher of Spanish in 1900. In 1904 he became a lawyer. He married his cousin Juana Rosa Aguirre Luco, with whom he had no children. In 1910, thanks to a government scholarship he studied administrative and financial law at La Sorbonne, plus political economy and social legislation at the College de France. He returned to Chile in 1914 and took a position as a teacher at the National Institute. He also became president of the National Society of Teachers.
wn.com/Pedro_Aguirre_Cerda -
Pedro Montt
Pedro Elías Pablo Montt Montt (Santiago, Chile, June 29, 1849 - August 16, 1910) was a Chilean political figure. He served as the president of Chile from 1906 to his death from a probable stroke in 1910. His conservative government furthered railroad and manufacturing activities but ignored pressing social and labour problems.
The son of the former Chilean president Manuel Montt Torres and Rosario Montt Goyenechea, Pedro Montt graduated in law from the National Institute in 1870. He was elected a member of the Chamber of Deputies in 1876 and became its president in 1885. Montt held two posts in the cabinet of President José Manuel Balmaceda, but in 1891 he took an active part in the revolution that overthrew Balmaceda. He then went to the United States, first as an agent of the revolutionary junta and later (after U.S. recognition) as Minister.
Unsuccessful in his first bid for the presidency in 1901, Montt was elected by a large majority in 1906 as the candidate of the National Union ticket. His first action was to call out the army to suppress large-scale strikes in 1907. His administration supported the construction of a railway that ran the length of the country and stimulated the production of nitrates and copper. It did little, however, to improve the living conditions of the people. In 1909, then-child-prodigy pianist Claudio Arrau played for Montt, who was so taken by the performance that he authorized a ten year grant from the Chilean government for Arrau to study in Europe. In 1910, Montt left Chile for medical treatment in Germany, but died before he could return to Chile.
wn.com/Pedro_Montt -
Peter Kornbluh
Peter Kornbluh is director of the National Security Archive's Chile Documentation Project and of the Cuba Documentation Project.
He played a large role in the campaign to declassify government documents, via the FOIA, relating to the history of the U.S. Government's support for the Pinochet dictatorship. He is the author of several books, most recently The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability (New Press). Kenneth Maxwell wrote a review in November/December 2003 issue of Foreign Affairs, creating a controversy about Henry Kissinger's involvement in Operation Condor. He won a 1990 James Aronson Award honorable mention for writing in The New Yorker.
His only son, Gabriel Kornbluh, is a successful voiceover artist and broadcast television producer.
wn.com/Peter_Kornbluh -
Pierre Trudeau
Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau CC, CH, PC, QC, FSRC ( /truːˈdoʊ/; French pronunciation: [tʁydo]; October 18, 1919 – September 28, 2000), usually known as Pierre Trudeau or Pierre Elliott Trudeau, was the 15th Prime Minister of Canada from April 20, 1968 to June 4, 1979, and again from March 3, 1980 to June 30, 1984.
Trudeau began his political career campaigning for socialist ideals, but he eventually joined the Liberal Party of Canada when he entered federal politics in the 1960s. He was appointed as Lester Pearson's Parliamentary Secretary, and later became his Minister of Justice. From his base in Montreal, Trudeau took control of the Liberal Party and became a charismatic leader, inspiring "Trudeaumania". From the late 1960s until the mid-1980s, he dominated the Canadian political scene and aroused passionate reactions. "Reason before passion" was his personal motto. He retired from politics in 1984, and John Turner succeeded him as Prime Minister.
Admirers praise the force of Trudeau's intellect and they salute his political acumen in preserving national unity against Quebec separatists, suppressing a violent revolt, and establishing the Charter of Rights and Freedoms within Canada's constitution. Critics accuse him of arrogance, economic mismanagement, and unduly favouring the federal government relative to the provinces, especially in trying to control the oil wealth of the Prairies.
wn.com/Pierre_Trudeau -
Pol Pot
Saloth Sar (19 May 1925 – 15 April 1998), better known as Pol Pot (Khmer: ប៉ុល ពត), was a Cambodian Maoist revolutionary who led the Khmer Rouge from 1963 until his death in 1998. From 1963 to 1981, he served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Kampuchea. From 1976 to 1979, he also served as the prime minister of Democratic Kampuchea. Pol Pot became leader of Cambodia on April 17, 1975. During his time in power he imposed agrarian socialism, forcing urban dwellers to relocate to the countryside to work in collective farms and forced labor projects. The combined effects of forced labor, malnutrition, poor medical care, and executions resulted in the deaths of approximately 21% of the Cambodian population. In all, an estimated 1.7 to 2.5 million people (out of a population of slightly over 8 million) died as a result of the policies of his three-year premiership.
In 1979, after the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, Pol Pot fled to the jungles of southwest Cambodia, and the Khmer Rouge government collapsed. From 1979 to 1997, he and a remnant of the old Khmer Rouge operated near the border of Cambodia and Thailand, where they clung to power, with nominal United Nations recognition as the rightful government of Cambodia. Pol Pot died in 1998 while under house arrest by the Ta Mok faction of the Khmer Rouge. Since his death, rumours that he was poisoned have persisted.
wn.com/Pol_Pot -
Pope John Paul II
Blessed Pope John Paul II (Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP. II, Italian: Giovanni Paolo II, Polish: Jan Paweł II), born Karol Józef Wojtyła (Polish: [ˈkarɔl ˈjuzɛf vɔjˈtɨwa]; 18 May 1920, Wadowice, Republic of Poland – 2 April 2005, Apostolic Palace, Vatican City), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church from 1978 until his death in 2005. He was the second-longest serving Pope in history and the first non-Italian since 1523.
John Paul II was acclaimed as one of the most influential leaders of the 20th century. He was instrumental in ending communism in his native Poland and eventually all of Europe. John Paul II significantly improved the Catholic Church's relations with Judaism, Islam, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion. Though criticised by progressives for upholding the Church's teachings against artificial contraception and the ordination of women, and by traditionalists for his support of the Church's Second Vatican Council and its reform, he was also widely praised for his firm, orthodox Catholic stances.
wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_II -
Ramón Barros Luco
Ramón Barros Luco (June 9, 1835 – September 20, 1919) was President of Chile between 1910 and 1915.
Barros Luco was born in 1835 in Santiago, Barros Luco was son of Ramón Luis Barros Fernández and Dolores Luco Fernández de Leiva. He graduated from Law School in 1858. He died in Santiago in 1919.
He was elected representative for the city of Casablanca in 1861, and from then on occupied a seat in the Lower House, being elected representative for Caldera (1867–70), Curicó (1870–73), Valparaíso (1873–76, and 1888–91), as well as for Santiago, during four separate terms, between 1876-1894. Later, he was elected senator for Linares (1900–06).
In his position as President of the House of Deputies in 1891, he endorsed the move to dismiss the then President of the Republic, José Manuel Balmaceda, a move drawn up by the Congress. In addition, he lent his support to the uprising of the National Army, whose movements he oversaw, (alongside Waldo Silva, vice-president of the Senate), until they took their place in the government in Iquique. The revolution having succeeded, he resumed his functions as a parliamentarian, performing as a minister on several occasions, whenever the situacion called for, "someone who posed no threat to anybody".
wn.com/Ramón_Barros_Luco -
Ramón Freire
Ramón Freire Serrano (November 29, 1787 – December 9, 1851) was a Chilean political figure. He was head of state on several occasions, and enjoyed a numerous following until the War of the Confederation. Ramón Freire was one of the principal leaders of the liberal Piopiolo movement and has been praised by historian Gabriel Salazar as the most democratic leader of the early republican period in Chile.
He was born in Santiago on November 29, 1787, the son of Francisco Antonio Freire y Paz and Gertrudis Serrano y Arrechea. An orphan from early age, he was raised in a hacienda by his maternal uncles near the town of Colina. He became an orphan again at age 16, and moved to the city of Concepción where he worked as a clerk in a store, and later as an apprentice in a merchant ship.
At the beginning of the independence struggle in 1810, he became actively involved in the public meetings that accompanied the establishment of the first Junta. In 1811, he became a cadet of the Dragones de la Frontera, and participated in the battles of Huilquilemu, Talcahuano, El Roble and El Quilo during the Chilean War of Independence.
wn.com/Ramón_Freire -
Ricardo Lagos
Ricardo Froilán Lagos Escobar (born March 2, 1938) is a lawyer, economist and social democrat politician, who served as president of Chile from 2000 to 2006. He won the 1999-2000 presidential election by a narrow margin in a runoff over Independent Democrat Union (UDI) candidate Joaquín Lavín. Lagos was the third president from the center-left Coalition of Parties for Democracy to have ruled Chile since 1990. He was succeeded on March 11, 2006 by Socialist Michelle Bachelet, from the same coalition. Since May 2007 he has served as a Special Envoy on Climate Change for the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.
He teaches political and economic development at Brown University in the United States.
He is also the former president of the Club de Madrid Club of Madrid.
Lagos was born in Santiago, Chile. He was the only child of Froilán Lagos Sepúlveda (a farmer who died when his son was eight years old) and Emma Escobar Morales (who died in April 2005 at age 108). He attended primary school at Liceo Manuel de Salas and high school at the prestigious Instituto Nacional.
wn.com/Ricardo_Lagos -
Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. The only president to resign the office, Nixon had previously served as a US representative and senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.
Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate work at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937, and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife, Pat Nixon, moved to Washington to work for the federal government in 1942. He subsequently served in the United States Navy during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950. His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president. He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California in 1962. In 1968, he ran again for the presidency and was elected.
wn.com/Richard_Nixon -
Robert McNamara
Robert Strange McNamara (June 9, 1916 – July 6, 2009) was an American business executive and the eighth Secretary of Defense, serving under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson from 1961 to 1968, during which time he played a large role in escalating the United States involvement in the Vietnam War. Following that, he served as President of the World Bank from 1968 to 1981. McNamara was responsible for the institution of systems analysis in public policy, which developed into the discipline known today as policy analysis.
Prior to public service, McNamara was one of the "Whiz Kids" who helped rebuild Ford Motor Company after World War II, and briefly served as Ford's President before becoming Secretary of Defense.
Robert McNamara was born in San Francisco, California. His father was Robert James McNamara, sales manager of a wholesale shoe company. His mother was Clara Nell Strange McNamara. His father's family was Irish and in about 1850, following the Great Irish Famine, had emigrated to Massachusetts and later to California. He graduated from Piedmont High School in Piedmont, California in 1933 where he was president of the Rigma Lions boys club and earned the rank of Eagle Scout. He graduated from the University of California, Berkeley in 1937 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics with minors in mathematics and philosophy. He was a member of Phi Gamma Delta fraternity, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa his sophomore year and earned a varsity letter in crew. He was also a member of the UC Berkeley's Order of the Golden Bear which was a fellowship of students and leading faculty members formed to promote leadership within the student body. He earned an MBA from Harvard Business School in 1939.
wn.com/Robert_McNamara -
Robert Paxton
Robert O. Paxton (born 1932 in Lexington, Virginia) is an American political scientist and historian specializing in Vichy France, fascism, and Europe during the World War II era.
Paxton was born in Lexington, Virginia, and studied at Washington and Lee University for B.A. He earned his M.A. at Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar. He earned his Ph.D. at Harvard University.
Paxton taught at the University of California, Berkeley and the State University of New York at Stony Brook before joining the faculty of Columbia University in New York, where he is now Mellon Professor Emeritus of Social Science in the Department of History.
Paxton was called to testify at the trial of Maurice Papon (1910–2007), who was convicted for crimes against humanity in 1998.
In April, 2009, the French government awarded Paxton the Legion d'honneur.
Paxton is best known for his 1972 book Vichy France, Old Guard and New Order, 1940-1944, in which he argued that Vichy collaboration with Germany was a voluntary program entered into by the Vichy government, not forced upon it by German pressure. It is considered one of the path-breaking works on France in the Vichy era. Its thesis has earned respect among both American and French historians. Paxton was the co-writer of Claude Chabrol's The Eye of Vichy.
wn.com/Robert_Paxton -
Roger Griffin
Roger D. Griffin (born 31 January 1948) is a British academic political theorist at Oxford Brookes University, England. His recent efforts have focused on a definition and examination of fascism. He has also translated works by Norberto Bobbio and Ferruccio Rossi-Landi.
Griffin's theory of fascism suggests that a heuristically useful ideal type of its definitional core is that it is a form of palingenetic ultranationalism. In other words it seeks, by directly mobilizing popular energies or working through an elite, to eventually conquer cultural hegemony for new values, to bring about the total rebirth of the nation from its present decadence, whether the nation is conceived as a historically formed nation-state or a racially determined 'ethnos'. Conceived in these terms, fascism is an ideology that has assumed a large number of specific national permutations and several distinct organizational forms. Moreover, it is a political project that continues to evolve to this day throughout the Europeanized world, though it remains highly marginalized compared with the central place it occupied in inter-war Europe.
wn.com/Roger_Griffin -
Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan ( /ˈrɒnəld ˈwɪlsən ˈreɪɡən/; February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States, serving from 1981 to 1989. Prior to that, he was the 33rd Governor of California from 1967 to 1975 and a radio, film and television actor.
Born in Tampico, Illinois and raised in Dixon, Reagan was educated at Eureka College, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and sociology. After his graduation, Reagan moved first to Iowa to work as a radio broadcaster and then in to Los Angeles in 1937 where he began a career as an actor, first in films and later television. Some of his most notable films include Knute Rockne, All American, Kings Row, and Bedtime for Bonzo. Reagan served as president of the Screen Actors Guild, and later as a spokesman for General Electric (GE); his start in politics occurred during his work for GE. Originally a member of the Democratic Party, his positions began shifting rightward in the late 1950s, and he switched to the Republican Party in 1962. After delivering a rousing speech in support of Barry Goldwater's presidential candidacy in 1964, he was persuaded to seek the California governorship, winning two years later and again in 1970. He was defeated in his run for the Republican presidential nomination in 1968 as well as 1976, but won both the nomination and general election in 1980, defeating incumbent Jimmy Carter.
wn.com/Ronald_Reagan -
Ruhollah Khomeini
Sayyed Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini (روحاللّه مصطفوی موسوی خمینی, Persian pronunciation: [ruːholˈlɑːhe muːsæˈviːje xomeiˈniː], 22 or 24 September 1902 – 3 June 1989) was an Iranian religious leader and politician, and leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. Following the revolution, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader — a position created in the constitution as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation – until his death.
Khomeini was a marja ("source of emulation") in Twelver Shi'a Islam, author of more than forty books, but is primarily known for his political activities. He spent more than 15 years in exile for his opposition to the last Shah. In his writings and preachings he expanded the Shi'a Usuli theory of velayat-e faqih, the "guardianship of the jurisconsult (clerical authority)" to include theocratic political rule by the Islamic jurists. This principle (though not known to the wider public before the revolution) was installed in the new Iranian constitution after being put to a referendum.
wn.com/Ruhollah_Khomeini -
Rómulo Betancourt
Rómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello (22 February 1908 – 28 September 1981), known as "The Father of Venezuelan Democracy", was President of Venezuela from 1945 to 1948 and again from 1959 to 1964, as well as leader of Accion Democratica, Venezuela's dominant political party in the 20th century. He survived an assassination attempt ordered by Rafael Trujillo, dictator of the Dominican Republic. Betancourt, one of Venezuela's most important political figures, led a tumultuous and highly controversial career in Latin American politics. Periods of exile brought Betancourt in contact with various Latin American countries as well as the United States, securing his legacy as one of the few real international leaders to emerge from 20th-century Latin America. Scholars credit Betancourt as the Founding Father of modern democratic Venezuela.
Rómulo Betancourt was born in Guatire, a town near Caracas, son of Luis Betancourt Bello (from Canary origins) and Venezuelan Virginia Bello Milano, being the middle brother between his older sister Teresa and younger sister Helena. Living along with his maternal grandmother Maria Milano Bello and his uncle Luis Bello Milano.
wn.com/Rómulo_Betancourt -
Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي Ṣaddām Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Maǧīd al-Tikrītī; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was the fifth President of Iraq, serving in this capacity from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolutionary Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and later, the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party and its regional organisation Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region, which espoused ba'athism, a mix of Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup, later referred to as the 17 July Revolution, that brought the party to long-term power of Iraq.
As vice president under the ailing General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, and at a time when many groups were considered capable of overthrowing the government, Saddam created security forces through which he tightly controlled conflict between the government and the armed forces. In the early 1970s, Saddam nationalized oil and other industries. The state-owned banks were put under his control, leaving the system eventually insolvent mostly due to the Iran–Iraq War, the Gulf War, and UN sanctions. Through the 1970s, Saddam cemented his authority over the apparatuses of government as oil money helped Iraq's economy to grow at a rapid pace. Positions of power in the country were filled with Sunnis, a minority that made up only a fifth of the population.
wn.com/Saddam_Hussein -
Salah Jadid
Salah Jadid (1926 – 19 August 1993, Arabic: صلاح جديد) was a Syrian general and political figure in the Arab Socialist Baath Party in Syria, and the country's de facto leader from 1966 until 1970.
Jadid was born in 1926 in the village of Duwayr B'abda, near the coastal city of Jableh, which in turn was close to Lattakia, to a Alawite family. He studied at the Homs Military Academy, and entered the Syrian Army in 1946. Jadid was originally a member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP), but later became a member of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, led by Michel Aflaq and Salah al-Din al-Bitar, in the 1950s through an associate of Akram al-Hawrani. Even so, Jadid remained close to the SNPP; his brother, Ghassan, was one of its most prominent members in Syria. He changed allegiance again in the 1950s, when he became a member of the Arab Liberation Movement, a party supporting Gamal Abdel Nasser's ideological beliefs. Jadid supported Syria's ascension into the United Arab Republic (UAR), a union republic consisting of Egypt and Syria.
wn.com/Salah_Jadid -
Salgueiro Maia
Fernando José Salgueiro Maia, GOTE, GCL (born July 1, 1944 in Castelo de Vide, Portugal; died April 4, 1992 in Santarém), commonly known just by Salgueiro Maia (Portuguese pronunciation: [saɫˈɡɐjɾu ˈmajɐ]) was a captain of the Portuguese army. He made a significant contribution to the Carnation Revolution, which resulted in the fall of the then ruling dictatorship.
Salgueiro Maia was one of the captains of the Portuguese Army who led the revolutionary forces during the Carnation Revolution. He was a son of Francisco da Luz Maia, a railway worker, and Francisca Silvéria Salgueiro. He attended the Primary School in São Torcato, Coruche, and would later relocate to Tomar where he studied at Colégio Nun'Álvares, but would finish his Secondary School education in the National Liceu of Leiria. Maia later graduated in Social and Political Sciences and Ethnological and Anthropological Sciences.
In 1983 he received the Grand Cross of the Order of Liberty; in 1992, posthumously, the degree of Grand Officer of the Military Order of the Tower and of the Sword, of Valour, Loyalty and Merit; and in 2007, the Gold Medal of the city of Santarém.
wn.com/Salgueiro_Maia -
Salvador Allende
Salvador Allende Gossens (Spanish pronunciation: [salβaˈðoɾ aˈʝende ˈɣosens]; 26 June 1908 – 11 September 1973) was a Chilean physician and politician who is generally considered the first democratically elected Marxist to become president of a country in Latin America.
Allende's involvement in Chilean political life spanned a period of nearly forty years. As a member of the Socialist Party, he was a senator, deputy and cabinet minister. He unsuccessfully ran for the presidency in the 1952, 1958, and 1964 elections. In 1970, he won the presidency in a close three-way race, formally elected by Congress as no candidate had gained a majority.
Allende adopted the policy of nationalization of industries and collectivization. On 11 September 1973 the military, citing a call by the Chilean Congress to end his presidency, staged a coup against Allende. As the armed forces surrounded La Moneda Palace, Allende gave his last speech vowing not to resign, and committed suicide thereafter. After Allende's ouster, Chile was led by a military junta, and then as a dictatorship by General Augusto Pinochet.
wn.com/Salvador_Allende -
Sebastián Piñera
Miguel Juan Sebastián Piñera Echenique (Spanish pronunciation: [miˈɣel ˈxwan sevasˈtjan piˈɲeɾa etʃeˈnice]; born December 1, 1949) is a Chilean businessman and politician. He was elected President of Chile in January 2010, taking office in March 2010.
One year after his birth, Piñera's family moved abroad to Belgium and later to New York City where his father was the Chilean ambassador to the United Nations. Piñera returned to Chile in 1955 and was enrolled in the Colegio del Verbo Divino ("Divine Word College"), from which he graduated in 1967.
Piñera then matriculated at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile to undertake his undergraduate degree in Business and Administration, from which he graduated in 1971. Upon graduation, he was awarded the Raúl Iver Oxley Prize which is given to the best overall student of each class.
Piñera continued on to study at Harvard University on a partial Fulbright Program for his postgraduate studies in economics. During his time at Harvard, Piñera and a classmate co-authored an article titled, "The Old South's Stake in the Inter-Regional Movement of Slaves" for the Journal of Economic History. After three years at Harvard, Piñera graduated with both a M.A. and Ph.D. in Economics.
wn.com/Sebastián_Piñera -
Sergio de Castro
Sergio de Castro Spikula is a Chilean economist who served the military junta headed by Augusto Pinochet as economy and finance minister. Sergio de Castro is one of the authors of the influential text known as El ladrillo, where he wrote himself its prologue.
wn.com/Sergio_de_Castro -
Shigeru Yoshida
Shigeru Yoshida (吉田 茂, Yoshida Shigeru?) (September 22, 1878 – October 20, 1967) was a Japanese diplomat and politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan from 1946 to 1947 and from 1948 to 1954.
Yoshida was born in Yokosuka near Tokyo and educated at Tokyo Imperial University. He entered Japan's diplomatic corps in 1906 just after Japan's victory against Russia in the Russo-Japanese War. He was Japan's ambassador to Italy and the United Kingdom during the 1930s and finally retired from his last appointment as ambassador to London in 1938. Throughout the 1930s and before the war ended in the 1940s, Yoshida continued to participate in Japan's imperialist movement. After several months' imprisonment in 1945, he became one of Japan's key postwar leaders.
Yoshida became the 45th prime minister on May 22, 1946. His pro-American and pro-British ideals and his knowledge of Western societies, gained through education and political work abroad are what made him the perfect candidate in the eyes of the postwar Allied occupation. He is de facto the last prime minister of the Empire of Japan, before it was abolished following the signing of the constitution.
wn.com/Shigeru_Yoshida -
Siad Barre
Mohamed Siad Barre (Somali: Maxamed Siyaad Barre, Arabic: محمّد زياد بري) (October 6, 1919 – January 2, 1995) was the military dictator and President of the Somali Democratic Republic from 1969 to 1991. During his rule, he styled himself as Jaalle Siyaad ("Comrade Siad").
At the time of independence in 1960, Somalia was touted in the West as the model of a democracy in Africa. However, clanism and extended family loyalties and conflicts were social problems the civilian government failed to eradicate and eventually succumbed to itself.
The Barre-led military junta that came to power after a coup d'état in 1969 said it would adapt scientific socialism to the needs of Somalia. It drew heavily from the traditions of China. Volunteer labour harvested and planted crops, and built roads and hospitals. Almost all industry, banks and businesses were nationalised, and cooperative farms were promoted. The government forbade clanism and stressed loyalty to the central authorities. A new writing script for the Somali language was also adopted. To spread the new language and the methods and message of the revolution, secondary schools were closed in 1974 and 25,000 students from fourteen to sixteen years of age and an additional 3,000 military and civil service employees were sent to rural areas to educate their nomadic relatives.
wn.com/Siad_Barre -
Stefano delle Chiaie
Stefano Delle Chiaie (born 13 September 1936 in Caserta) is a neofascist Italian activist (founder of Avanguardia Nazionale, 1960, member of Ordine Nuovo, and founder of Lega nazionalpopolare, 1991). He went on to become a wanted man worldwide, suspect to be involved in Italy's strategy of tension, but was acquitted. He was a friend of Licio Gelli, grandmaster of P2 masonic lodge. He was suspected of involvement in South America's Operation Condor, but was acquitted.
Delle Chiaie began as member of the Italian Social Movement (MSI, the neo-Fascist party). However he rejected the participation of the MSI in elections, preferring to take the battle to the streets, and so he left the party in 1960 to form the National Vanguard ("Avanguardia Nazionale") as a street-fighting group. Around this time, he also became a member of the secret P2 Masonic Lodge.
Delle Chiaie soon became a close ally of Junio Valerio Borghese and was suspected with him in the Golpe Borghese, but was acquitted because at time was in Barcelona-Spain.
wn.com/Stefano_delle_Chiaie -
Suharto
Suharto (help·info) (8 June 1921 – 27 January 2008) was the second President of Indonesia, having held the office for 31 years from 1967 following Sukarno's removal until his resignation in 1998.
Suharto was born in a small village, Kemusuk, in the Godean area near Yogyakarta, during the Dutch colonial era. He grew up in humble circumstances. His Javanese peasant parents divorced not long after his birth, and he was passed between foster parents for much of his childhood. During the Japanese occupation of Indonesia, Suharto served in Japanese-organised Indonesian security forces. Indonesia's independence struggle saw him joining the newly formed Indonesian army. Suharto rose to the rank of Major General following Indonesian independence. An attempted coup on 30 September 1965 was countered by Suharto-led troops and was blamed on the Indonesian Communist Party. The army subsequently led an anti-communist purge, and Suharto wrested power from Indonesia's founding president, Sukarno. He was appointed acting president in 1967 and President the following year. Support for Suharto's presidency was strong throughout the 1970s and 1980s but eroded following a severe financial crisis that led to widespread unrest and his resignation in May 1998. Suharto died in 2008.
wn.com/Suharto -
Sukarno
Sukarno, born Kusno Sosrodihardjo (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was the first President of Indonesia.
Sukarno was the leader of his country's struggle for independence from the Netherlands and was Indonesia's first President from 1945 to 1967. He was replaced by one of his generals, Suharto (see Transition to the New Order), and remained under house arrest until his death.
The spelling "Sukarno" is frequently used in English as it is based on the newer official spelling in Indonesia since 1947 but the older spelling Soekarno, based on Dutch orthography, is still frequently used, mainly because he signed his name in the old spelling. Official Indonesian presidential decrees from the period 1947–1968, however, printed his name using the 1947 spelling. The Soekarno–Hatta International Airport which serves near Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia for example, still uses the older spelling.
Indonesians also remember him as Bung Karno or Pak Karno. Like many Javanese people, he had only one name; in religious contexts, he was occasionally referred to as "Achmed Sukarno". The name Soekarno means "Good Karna" in Javanese.
wn.com/Sukarno -
Syngman Rhee
Syngman Rhee or Yi Seungman (Hangul: 이승만; Hanja: 李承晩; Korean pronunciation: [i sɯŋman]; March 26, 1875 – July 19, 1965) was the first president of South Korea. His presidency, from August 1948 to April 1960, remains controversial, affected by Cold War tensions on the Korean peninsula and elsewhere.
Rhee was regarded as an anti-Communist and a strongman, and he led South Korea through the Korean War. His presidency ended in resignation following popular protests against a disputed election. He died in exile in Hawaii.
Syngman Rhee was born on March 26, 1875 into a rural family of modest means in Hwanghae Province, Korea. Rhee was the youngest of five siblings, though his elder brothers died prematurely. Rhee's family traced its lineage back to the third king of the Chosŏn Dynasty. When Rhee was two years old, the family moved to Seoul. His early education involved primarily classic Chinese literature; though he attempted civil service examinations, he failed them multiple times. When reforms abolished traditional systems of education, Rhee enrolled in Paejae School, an institution which had been established by a missionary from the United States. Rhee learned English and began a school newspaper, Maeil Sinmun.
wn.com/Syngman_Rhee -
Sōsuke Uno
Sōsuke Uno (宇野 宗佑, Uno Sōsuke?, August 27, 1922 – May 19, 1998) was a Japanese politician and the 75th Prime Minister of Japan from June 3, 1989 to August 10, 1989.
He was born in Shiga Prefecture and attended the Kobe University of Commerce. After serving in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II, he entered politics, winning election to the Diet of Japan in 1960.
Uno's main action as prime minister was to institute the country's first consumption tax, which immediately caused an uproar among many voters and led to the Japan Socialist Party's victory in the Tokyo metropolitan legislative election of 1989. Uno's government was also hurt by repercussive effects from the Recruit Scandal of 1988. Uno assumed office on June 3, 1989.
Uno eventually had to resign after less than three months amid a sex scandal revealed by a geisha.[citation needed] The controversy surrounding Uno's extramarital affair was more focused on irresponsibility rather than immorality; Uno supposedly did not support his mistress, at the least not with an appropriate amount, which led her to complain publicly. The story was not widely publicized in Japan until a Washington Post reporter picked up the story from the Mainichi Shimbun, bringing international attention to Uno.
wn.com/Sōsuke_Uno -
Takeo Fukuda
Takeo Fukuda (福田 赳夫, Fukuda Takeo?, January 14, 1905 – July 5, 1995) was a Japanese politician and the 42d Prime Minister of Japan (67th administration) from December 24, 1976 to December 7, 1978.
He was born in Gunma Prefecture and attended Tokyo Imperial University. Before and during World War II, he served as a bureaucrat in the Finance Ministry and as Chief Cabinet Secretary. After the war, he directed Japan's general accounting office.
In 1952, Fukuda was elected to the House of Representatives representing the third district of Gunma. He was elected party secretary in 1957 and served as Minister of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (1959–69), Minister of Finance (1969–71), Minister of Foreign Affairs (1971–73), and Director of the Economic Planning Agency (1974–76). He was a candidate for prime minister in 1972 but lost to Kakuei Tanaka.
He took over the presidency of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) from Takeo Miki after the party's poor showing in the 1976 election. It remained in office, but relied on the support of minor parties to maintain a parliamentary majority. Although he was regarded as a conservative and a hawk on foreign policies, Fukuda drew international criticism when he caved in to the demands of a group of terrorists who hijacked Japan Airlines Flight 472, saying "Jinmei wa chikyû yori omoi (The value of a human life outweighs the Earth)."
wn.com/Takeo_Fukuda -
Takeo Miki
Takeo Miki (三木 武夫, Miki Takeo?, March 17, 1907 – November 4, 1988) was a Japanese politician and the 41st Prime Minister of Japan.
Born in Awa, Tokushima, Miki graduated from Meiji University in Tokyo. He attended the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, and was awarded an honorary doctorate in law from the institution in 1966.
Miki was elected to the Diet in 1937 and remained there until his death in 1988, during which he was elected a representative for 19 times over 51 years. He took over from Kakuei Tanaka as Prime Minister on December 9, 1974, following the latter's implication in the corruptions concerning real-estate and construction companies. Miki's attraction was particularly due his reputed political cleanness, and his weak power base from his small faction. In fact, he was not prepared to be prime minister at all, as was reflected when upon his election he murmured "a bolt from the blue".
After being elected, Miki attempted to reform the LDP, relentlessly investigating the Lockheed bribery scandals, which made him a large number of enemies within the party. A campaign literally called "Down with Miki" ("Miki oroshi") was started by influential faction leaders. Despite Miki's personal popularity with the public, the Lockheed scandal reflected poorly on the party, which lost its overall majority in the 1976 election to the Diet and had to make deals with minor parties to remain in power. Embarrassed by the result, Miki resigned and was succeeded on December 24, 1976, by Takeo Fukuda.
wn.com/Takeo_Miki -
Todor Zhivkov
Todor Hristov Zhivkov (Bulgarian: Тодор Христов Живков); IPA: [ˈtɔdɔr ˈxristɔf ˈʒifkɔf]) (7 September 1911 – 5 August 1998) was the communist president of the People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB) from March 4, 1954 until November 10, 1989.
He became First Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party in 1954 and remained on this position for 35 years, until 1989, thus becoming the longest-serving leader of any Eastern Bloc nation, and one of the longest ruling non-royal leaders in history. His rule marked a period of unprecedented political and economic stability for Bulgaria, marked both by complete submission of Bulgaria to Soviet rule and a desire for expanding ties with the West. His rule remained unchallenged until the deterioration of East-West relations in the 1980s, when a stagnating economic situation, a worsening international image and growing careerism and corruption in the BCP weakened his positions. He resigned on November 10, 1989, under pressure by senior BCP members due to his refusal to recognize problems and deal with public protests. Only two months later, in January 1990, the People's Republic of Bulgaria and its Communist system ceased to exist.
wn.com/Todor_Zhivkov -
Tony Blair
Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a British Labour Party politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to 27 June 2007. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sedgefield from 1983 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007. He resigned from all of these positions in June 2007.
Blair was elected Leader of the Labour Party in the leadership election of July 1994, following the sudden death of his predecessor, John Smith. Under his leadership, the party used the phrases "New Labour" and "New Socialism" to define its policy, and moved away from its support of state socialism since the 1960s and created a new version of the ethical socialism that was last pursued by Clement Attlee. Critics of Blair claim that "New Labour" did not adhere to socialism as claimed, and that it effectively advocated capitalism. Blair subsequently led Labour to a landslide victory in the 1997 general election. At 43 years old, he became the youngest Prime Minister since Lord Liverpool in 1812. In the first years of the New Labour government, Blair's government implemented a number of 1997 manifesto pledges, introducing the minimum wage, Human Rights Act and Freedom of Information Act, and carrying out devolution, establishing the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly.
wn.com/Tony_Blair -
Toshiki Kaifu
Toshiki Kaifu (海部 俊樹, Kaifu Toshiki?, born 2 January 1931) is a Japanese politician who was the 76th and 77th Prime Minister of Japan from 1989 to 1991.
He was born in Nagoya City, Aichi Prefecture, and was educated at Chuo University and Waseda University. A member of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Kaifu ran successfully for the Diet in 1960 and served for sixteen terms totaling 49 years. He was education minister before rising to lead the party after the resignations of Takeshita Noboru and Sōsuke Uno, elected on the platform of "clean leadership." Kaifu became the 76th Prime Minister of Japan in August 1989, but his faction was too small to push through the reforms Kaifu sought, and the continuing repercussions of the Sagawa Express scandal caused problems. He resigned in February 1991 and was replaced by Kiichi Miyazawa.
In 1994, he left the LDP to become head of the newly founded Shinshinto (New Frontier Party). He left Shinshinto in 1998, then returned to LDP in 2003. He was defeated in the election of 2009 by DPJ candidate Mitsunori Okamoto, which witnessed the end of almost uninterrupted LDP dominance since 1955. At the time of his defeat, he was the longest-serving member of the lower house of the Diet, and he was also the first former prime minister to be defeated at a re-election since 1963.
wn.com/Toshiki_Kaifu -
U Nu
U Nu (Burmese: ဦးနု; pronounced: [ʔú nṵ]; also Thakin Nu; 25 May 1907 – 14 February 1995) was a leading Burmese nationalist and political figure of the 20th century. He was the first Prime Minister of Burma under the provisions of the 1947 Constitution of the Union of Burma, from 4 January 1948 to 12 June 1956, again from 28 February 1957 to 28 October 1958, and finally from 4 April 1960 to 2 March 1962.
He was born to U San Tun and Daw Saw Khin of Wakema, Myaungmya District, British Burma. He attended Myoma High School in Yangon. In 1929 he got a B.A. from Rangoon University. In 1935 he married Mya Yi while entering the exam of LLB.
wn.com/U_Nu -
Urho Kekkonen
Urho Kaleva Kekkonen (Finnish pronunciation: [urhɔ kɑlɛʋɑ kekːɔnɛn] ( listen); 3 September 1900 - 31 August 1986), was a Finnish politician who served as Prime Minister of Finland (1950–1953, 1954–1956) and later as the eighth and longest-serving President of Finland (1956–1982). Kekkonen continued the “active neutrality” policy of his predecessor President Juho Kusti Paasikivi, a doctrine which came to be known as the “Paasikivi–Kekkonen line”. Under it, Finland retained its independence while being able to trade with both NATO members and those of the Warsaw Pact.
The son of Juho Kekkonen and Emilia Pylvänäinen, Kekkonen was born in Pielavesi, in the Savo region of Finland and spent his childhood in Kainuu. His family were farmers (though not poor tenant farmers, as some of his supporters later claimed). His father was originally a farm-hand and forestry worker who rose to become a forestry manager and stock agent at Halla Ltd. Claims made that Kekkonen's family had lived in a rudimentary farmhouse with no chimney were later proved to be false—a photograph of Kekkonen's childhood home had been retouched to remove the chimney. His school years did not go smoothly. During the Finnish Civil War, Kekkonen fought for the White Guard (Kajaani chapter), fighting in Kuopio, Varkaus, Mouhu and Viipuri, and taking part in mop-up operations, including leading a firing squad in Hamina. He later admitted to having killed a man in battle, but wrote in his memoirs that he was randomly selected by his company commander to follow a squad escorting ten prisoners, where the squad turned out to be a firing squad, and then to give the actual order to aim and fire.
wn.com/Urho_Kekkonen -
Vasco Gonçalves
General Vasco dos Santos Gonçalves (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈvaʃku ɡõˈsaɫvɨʃ]; Lisbon 3 May 1922 – 11 June 2005) was a Portuguese army officer in the Engineering Corps who took part in the Carnation Revolution and later served as the 104th Prime Minister from 18 July 1974 to 19 September 1975.
He was best known for his controversial left-wing positions, including nationalization of banks and insurance companies after the events of 11 March 1975. The matter of fact is that those nationalizations were provoked by the bank conglomerates' huge debt to the Portuguese State and their directors' escape to Brazil.
In parallel, other measures implemented by his Government, such as imposing a minimum wage and the attribution of the "Christmas subsidy" (equal to one month's pay), were hardly radical in democratic Europe, even by today's standards.
wn.com/Vasco_Gonçalves -
Vivianne Blanlot
Vivianne Blanlot Soza (born October 22, 1956 in La Serena, Chile) is a Chilean economist and politician. She studied economics at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. In 2006 Michelle Bachelet appointed her as Minister of National Defense. She acted as government envoy at the funeral of Augusto Pinochet where she faced boos from Pinochet mourners. She was replaced by Jose Goni Carrasco in March 2007.
wn.com/Vivianne_Blanlot -
Volodia Teitelboim
Volodia Valentín Teitelboim Volosky (March 17, 1916 - January 31, 2008) was a Chilean lawyer, politician and author.
Born in Chillán to Jewish immigrants (Ukrainian Moises Teitelboim and Bessarabian Sara Volosky), Teitelboim was interested in literature from an early age. He finished high school (as well as served in the Communist Youth starting at age sixteen), then began his studies in the Faculty of Law of the University of Chile, where at graduation he presented his superior thesis “The Dawn of Capitalism - The Conquest of America.”
During the 1940s Teitelboim suffered, along with all the militants of the Chilean Communist Party, persecution and exile, under the ruling of the Democratic Defense Law (also known as Ley maldita). He was treated and detained in Pisagua. In 1965 he was elected senator of Santiago, remaining in this position until the coup of September 11, 1973. During the rule of Pinochet he lived in exile in Moscow, where he developed the program Listen Chile. He clandestinely infiltrated the Militant Regiment, presenting them to the authorities in 1988. The next year he was elected president of the Communist Party, a position he held until 1994.
wn.com/Volodia_Teitelboim -
Vyacheslav Molotov
Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (Russian: Вячесла́в Миха́йлович Мо́лотов; 9 March [O.S. 25 February] 1890 – 8 November 1986) was a Soviet politician and diplomat, an Old Bolshevik and a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he rose to power as a protégé of Joseph Stalin, to 1957, when he was dismissed from the Presidium (Politburo) of the Central Committee by Nikita Khrushchev. He served as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Premier) from 1930 to 1941, and as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1939 to 1949 and from 1953 to 1956. Molotov served for several years as First Deputy Premier in Joseph Stalin's cabinet. He retired in 1961 after several years of obscurity.
Molotov was the principal Soviet signatory of the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact of 1939 (also known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact), after Britain and France repeatedly failed to join the Soviets in an anti-Nazi alliance, was involved in post-war negotiations where he became noted for his diplomatic skills, and knew of the Katyn massacre committed by the Soviet authorities. Following the aftermath of World War II (Great Patriotic War) Molotov kept his place, until 1949, as a leading Soviet diplomat and politician. In March 1949, after losing Stalin's favour, he lost the foreign affairs ministry to Andrei Vyshinsky. Molotov's relationship with Stalin deteriorated further, with Stalin complaining about Molotov's mistakes in a speech to the 19th Party Congress. However, after Stalin's death in 1953 Molotov was staunchly opposed to Khrushchev's de-Stalinisation policy. He defended his policies and the legacy of Stalin until his death in 1986, and harshly criticized Stalin's successors, especially Nikita Khrushchev.
wn.com/Vyacheslav_Molotov -
Víctor Olea Alegría
Víctor Olea Alegría (born 17 June 1950) was a member (militante) of Chile’s Partido Socialista.
Olea lived in Santiago, Chile. He was detained by “security agents” on 11 September 1974, and became one of the "detenidos desaparecidos". Manuel Contreras was convicted in 2002 for his abduction.
wn.com/Víctor_Olea_Alegría -
Walter Hallstein
Walter Hallstein (17 November 1901 – 29 March 1982) was a German politician and professor.
He was one of the key figures of European integration after World War II, becoming the first President of the Commission of the European Economic Community, serving from 1958 to 1967. He famously defined his position as "a kind of Prime Minister of Europe". His name is associated with the Hallstein Doctrine, a key doctrine in West German foreign policy during the Cold War.
Hallstein was born in Mainz, Germany, the son of a government building officer. He studied law in Bonn, Munich and Berlin and graduated in 1925 with a doctoral dissertation on the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles with regard to insurance policies. From 1926 he worked at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Foreign Private and International Private Law in Berlin. In 1930, at the age of 28, he was appointed professor for private law and company law at the University of Rostock (Rostock), where he remained until 1941. During Nazism Hallstein was a member of National Socialist People's Welfare and national socialist professional associations for lawyers and judges. In 1941 he was appointed professor of civil law at the University of Frankfurt (Frankfurt am Main). He was also, at the same time, director of the university's Institute for Comparative Law and Commercial Law.
wn.com/Walter_Hallstein -
Walter Laqueur
Walter Ze'ev Laqueur (born 26 May 1921) is an American historian and political commentator. He was born in Breslau, Lower Silesia, Prussia (modern Wrocław, Poland), to a Jewish family. In 1938, Laqueur left Germany for the British Mandate of Palestine. His parents, who were unable to leave, became victims of the Holocaust. He lived in Israel 1938–53 and since then in the UK and US.
Laqueur was Director of the Institute of Contemporary History and the Wiener Library in London in 1965–1994. He was founder and editor, with George Mosse, of the Journal of Contemporary History and of Survey 1956–1964. He was founding editor of the The Washington Papers. From 1969 he was member, later Chairman (until 2000) International Research Council of the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington. Laqueur was Professor of History of Ideas at Brandeis University 1968–1972, University Professor at Georgetown University 1976–1988. He has been visiting professor of history and government at Harvard, University of Chicago, Tel Aviv and Johns Hopkins University.
wn.com/Walter_Laqueur -
Walter Ulbricht
Walter Ulbricht (30 June 1893 – 1 August 1973) was a German communist politician. As First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party from 1950 to 1971 (and then Honorary "Chairman" until his death), he played a leading role in the creation of the Weimar-era Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and later (spending the years of Nazi rule in exile in the Soviet Union) in the early development and establishment of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). From President Wilhelm Pieck's death in 1960 he was the East German head of state until his own death in 1973.
Ulbricht was born in Leipzig, Saxony, where his father worked as a tailor. He spent eight years in primary school (Volksschule). After leaving school, he trained to be a joiner. Both his parents worked actively for the Social Democratic Party (SPD). Walter Ulbricht joined the party in 1912.
Ulbricht served in World War I from 1915 to 1917 in Galicia on the Eastern Front, and in the Balkans. He deserted in 1917, as he had opposed the war from the beginning. Imprisoned in Charleroi, in 1918 he was released during the German Revolution of 1918–1919. In 1917 he became a member of the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) after it split off from the Social Democratic Party (SPD) over support of Germany's participation in World War I. During the German Revolution he became a member of the soldier's soviet of his army corps and later a member of the KPD in 1920, joining its Central Committee in 1923. Ulbricht attended the International Lenin School of the Comintern in Moscow in 1924/1925. The electors subsequently voted him into the regional parliament of Saxony (Sächsischer Landtag) in 1926. He became a Member of the Reichstag for South Westphalia from 1928 to 1933 and served as KPD chairman in Berlin from 1929.
wn.com/Walter_Ulbricht -
Wikipedia Persondata
wn.com/Wikipedia_Persondata -
Willy Brandt
Willy Brandt (born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm; German pronunciation: [ˈvɪli ˈbʁant]; 18 December 1913 – 8 October 1992) was a German politician, Mayor of West Berlin 1957–1966, Chancellor of West Germany 1969–1974, and leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 1964–1987.
Brandt's most important legacy was Ostpolitik, a policy aimed at improving relations with East Germany, Poland, and the Soviet Union. This policy caused considerable controversy in West Germany, but won Brandt the Nobel Peace Prize in 1971.
In 1974, Brandt resigned as Chancellor after Günter Guillaume, one of his closest aides, was exposed as an agent of the Stasi, the East German secret service.
Willy Brandt was born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm in the Free City of Lübeck (German Empire) to Martha Frahm, an unwed mother who worked as a cashier for a department store. His father was an accountant from Hamburg named John Möller, whom Brandt never met. As his mother worked six days a week, he was mainly brought up by his mother's stepfather Ludwig Frahm and his second wife Dora.
wn.com/Willy_Brandt -
Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, PC, DL, FRS, Hon. RA (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British Conservative politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. Widely regarded as one of the greatest wartime leaders of the century, he served as Prime Minister twice (1940–45 and 1951–55). A noted statesman and orator, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian, a writer, and an artist. He is the only British prime minister to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature, and was the first person to be made an Honorary Citizen of the United States.
Churchill was born into the aristocratic family of the Dukes of Marlborough. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a charismatic politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer; his mother, Jenny Jerome, was an American socialite. As a young army officer, he saw action in British India, the Sudan, and the Second Boer War. He gained fame as a war correspondent and wrote books about his campaigns.
wn.com/Winston_Churchill -
Wojciech Jaruzelski
Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (pronounced [ˈvɔi̯t͡ɕɛx jaruˈzɛlskʲi] ( listen); born 6 July 1923) is a retired Polish military officer and Communist politician. He was the last Communist leader of Poland from 1981 to 1989, Prime Minister from 1981 to 1985 and the country's head of state from 1985 to 1990. He was also the last commander-in-chief of the Polish People's Army (LWP). He resigned from power after the Polish Round Table Agreement in 1989 led to democratic elections in Poland.
Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski was born on 6 July 1923 in Kurów, into a family of gentry. He was raised on the family estate near Wysokie (in the vicinity of Białystok). He was educated in a Catholic school during the 1930s.
On 1 September 1939, the September Campaign started when Poland was invaded by Germany, with the latter country aided by another invasion begun sixteen days later by the Soviet Union. The invasions resulted in the defeat of Poland by the following month, and its partition between Soviet and German control. Jaruzelski and his family fled to Lithuania and stayed with some friends there. However, a few months later, after Lithuania and the other Baltic states were forcibly incorporated into the Soviet Union, Jaruzelski and his family were captured by the army of the Soviet Union, and deported to Siberia. In 1940 at the age of sixteen, Jaruzelski was sent to the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, where he performed forced labour in the Karaganda coal mines. During his labour work, having experienced snow blindness, developed permanent damage to his eyes and back. The damage to his eyes forced him to wear dark sunglasses most of the time, which became his trademark.
wn.com/Wojciech_Jaruzelski -
Władysław Gomułka
Władysław Gomułka (Polish pronunciation: [vwaˈdɨswaf ɡɔˈmuwka]; 6 February 1905, Krosno – 1 September 1982, Konstancin) was a Polish Communist leader. He was the de facto leader of Poland from 1945 to 1948, and again from 1956 to 1970.
Gomułka was a member of the Communist Party of Poland (Komunistyczna Partia Polski, KPP) starting in 1926.
In 1934 Gomułka went to Moscow, where he lived for a year. Upon his return to Poland he was arrested and spent most of his time in prison until the beginning of World War II. During the war, Gomułka became an influential Polish Communist and in 1943 convinced Stalin to allow the reformation of the local Communist party under the name Polish Workers' Party (Polska Partia Robotnicza). He was a Deputy Prime Minister in the Provisional Government of Republic of Poland - Rząd Tymczasowy Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, from January to June 1945, and in the Provisional Government of National Unity (Tymczasowy Rząd Jedności Narodowej), from 1945 to 1947. Using his position in the government, he crushed all meaningful resistance to the Communists. He also helped the Communists in winning the 3 x Tak (3 Times Yes) referendum of 1946. A year later, he played a key role in the 1947 parliamentary elections, which saw the Communists and their allies win an overwhelming majority. It later emerged that the Communists had only won both of these votes through massive fraud.
wn.com/Władysław_Gomułka -
Yasuhiro Nakasone
Yasuhiro Nakasone (中曽根 康弘, Nakasone Yasuhiro?, born 27 May 1918) is a Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan from November 27, 1982 to November 6, 1987. A contemporary of Brian Mulroney, Ronald Reagan, Helmut Kohl, François Mitterrand, Margaret Thatcher, and Mikhail Gorbachev, he is best known for pushing through the privatization of state-owned companies, and for helping to revitalize Japanese nationalism during and after his term as prime minister. Nakasone is currently the oldest living Japanese prime minister.
Nakasone was born in Takasaki, in Gunma, a poor mountainous prefecture where his father was a lumber dealer. He attended Tokyo Imperial University. During World War II, he was a commissioned officer and paymaster in the Imperial Japanese Navy.
In 1947, he gave up a promising career in an elite government ministry to run for Parliament with the belief that in its postwar remorse, Japan was in danger of discarding its traditional values (according to a 2010 profile). He entered the Diet of Japan as a member of the House of Representatives for the Democratic Party. "As a freshman lawmaker in 1951, he delivered a 28-page letter to General MacArthur criticizing the occupation, a brazen move. The general angrily threw the letter in the wastebasket, Mr. Nakasone was later told. This stand established [Nakasone's] credentials as a right-wing politician." He gained brief notoriety in 1952 for blaming Emperor Hirohito for Japan's defeat in the war. In 1955, at Nakasone's urging, the government granted the equivalent of 14 million dollars to the Agency for Industrial Science and Technology to begin nuclear power research.[1] Nakasone rose through the LDP's ranks, becoming Minister of Science in 1959 under the government of Nobusuke Kishi, then Minister of Transport in 1967, head of the Agency of Defense in 1970, Minister of International Trade and Industry in 1972 and Minister of Administration in 1981.
wn.com/Yasuhiro_Nakasone -
Yuri Andropov
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (Russian: Ю́рий Влади́мирович Андро́пов, tr. Yuriy Vladimirovich Andropov; IPA: [ˈjʉrʲɪj vlɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvʲɪtɕ ɐnˈdropəf]; 15 June [O.S. 2 June] 1914 – 9 February 1984) was a Soviet politician and the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 12 November 1982 until his death fifteen months later.
Andropov was the son of a railway official Vladimir Konstantinovich Andropov, who was a member of a Don Cossack noble family. His mother was Yevgenia Karlovna Fleckenstein, a daughter of a wealthy Moscow businessman, Karl Franzovich Fleckenstein, a German Russian from Vyborg. Andropov was educated at the Rybinsk Water Transport Technical College.
Andropov joined the Komsomol in 1930. He became a member of the Communist Party in 1939 and was First Secretary of the Central Committee of Komsomol in the Soviet Karelo-Finnish Republic from 1940 to 1944.
During World War II, Andropov took part in partisan guerrilla activities in Finland. From 1944 onwards, he left Komsomol for Communist Party work. In 1947, he was elected Second Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Karelo-Finnish SSR.
wn.com/Yuri_Andropov -
Zhao Ziyang
Zhao Ziyang (pronounced [tʂɑ̂ʊ tsɨ̀jɑ̌ŋ]; 17 October 1919 – 17 January 2005) was a high-ranking politician in the People's Republic of China (PRC). He was the third Premier of the People's Republic of China from 1980 to 1987, and General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1987 to 1989.
As a senior government official, Zhao was critical of Maoist policies and instrumental in implementing free-market reforms, first in Sichuan, subsequently nationwide. He emerged on the national scene due to support from Deng Xiaoping after the Cultural Revolution. He also sought measures to streamline the bureaucracy and fight corruption, which was severely affecting the Party's legitimacy in the 1980s. Zhao Ziyang was also an advocate of the privatization of state-owned enterprises, the separation of the Party and the state, and general market economic reforms. Many of these views were shared by then-General Secretary Hu Yaobang.
His economic reform policies and sympathies to student demonstrators during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 placed him at odds with some members of the party leadership, including Premier Li Peng. Zhao also began to lose favour with paramount leader Deng Xiaoping. In the aftermath of the events, Zhao was purged politically and effectively placed under house arrest for the next 15 years. He died in Beijing in 2005, but because of his political fall from grace he was not given the funeral rites generally accorded to senior Chinese officials.
wn.com/Zhao_Ziyang -
Zhou Enlai
Zhou Enlai (pinyin: Zhōu Ēnlái; Wade-Giles: Chou En-lai; IPA: [tʂóʊ ə́nlǎɪ]; 5 March 1898 – 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Mao Zedong and was instrumental in consolidating the control of the Communist Party's rise to power, forming foreign policy, and developing the Chinese economy.
A skilled and able diplomat, Zhou served as the Chinese foreign minister from 1949 to 1958. Advocating peaceful coexistence with the West after the stalemated Korean War, he participated in the 1954 Geneva Conference and helped orchestrate Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China. He helped devise policies regarding the bitter disputes with the U.S., Taiwan, the Soviet Union (after 1960), India and Vietnam. Zhou is best known as the long-time top aide to Mao Zedong, specializing in foreign policy. Their contrasting personalities made them an effective team, according to Henry Kissinger, the American diplomat who had extensive dealings with both men:
wn.com/Zhou_Enlai -
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Urdu: ذوالفقار علی بھٹو, Sindhi: ذوالفقار علي ڀُٽو, IPA: [zʊlfɪqɑːɾ ɑli bʱʊʈːoː]) (5 January 1928 – 4 April 1979) was 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977, and prior to that, 4th President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973. Bhutto was the founder of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and served as its chairman until his execution in 1979. His elder daughter, Benazir Bhutto, later also served as Prime Minister, while his son Murtaza Bhutto served as member of Parliament of Pakistan.
Educated at the University of Southern California and University of California, Berkeley in the United States and the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, Bhutto was noted for his progressive economic initiatives, industrialisation, education, and foreign policy, and his intellectualism. In addition to national security issues, Bhutto promoted his policies on nationalisation, health care, and social reforms. Under his premiership, Pakistan's Parliament gave approval and passed unanimously the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan, a supreme law that provides a parliamentary system to Pakistan, strengthened Sino-Pakistani and Saudi-Pakistani relations, recognised East-Pakistan as Bangladesh, and hosted the second Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) in 1974 where he delegated and invited leaders from the Muslim world to Lahore, Punjab Province of Pakistan. In July 1972, Bhutto successfully proceeded the Shimla treaty, signed with Indira Gandhi of India, brought 93,000 Prisoners of War back to Pakistan, and secured 5,000 sq mi (13,000 km2) held by India. In 20 January 1972, weeks after the Indo-Pakistani 1971 winter war, Bhutto orchestrated, authorised, and administrated the scientific research on nuclear weapons; for this, he is colloquially known in the world as "Father of the Pakistan's nuclear deterrent programme".
wn.com/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto -
Álvaro Cunhal
Álvaro Barreirinhas Cunhal, who used the name Álvaro Cunhal (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈaɫvɐɾu kuˈɲaɫ]; Sé Nova, Coimbra, 10 November 1913 — Lisbon, 13 June 2005), was a Portuguese politician. He was one of the major opponents of the dictatorial regime of Estado Novo. He served as secretary-general of the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) from 1961 to 1992. He was one of the most pro-Soviet of all western Europe communist leaders, often supporting USSR world policies, including the intervention in Czechoslovakia in 1968.
Cunhal was born in Coimbra, the third child of Avelino Henriques da Costa Cunhal (Seia, Seia, October 28, 1887 – Coimbra, Sé Nova, December 19, 1966) and wife (m. Coimbra, Sé Nova, August 22, 1908) Mercedes Simões Ferreira Barreirinhas (Coimbra, Sé Nova, May 5, 1888 – Lisbon, September 12, 1971). His father was a lawyer in Coimbra and Seia, and later on in Lisbon, and came from a family of rural bourgeoisie, related to a rich and more aristocratic family, the Cunhal Patrício. His mother was a devout Catholic who wished her son had also become one. He also studied Law at the University of Lisbon, where he joined the PCP, then an illegal organization, in 1931. The deaths of his younger sister Maria Mansueta Barrerinhas Cunhal (Coimbra – Seia, January 13, 1921) and of his older brother António José Barreirinhas Cunhal (Coimbra, 1910 – Lisbon, 1932) struck the grief of both his parents and brothers, but specially of his mother and Álvaro, of whom they had always been close. He visited the Soviet Union for the first time in 1935 to attend the Seventh World Congress of the Comintern in Moscow. He joined the Central Committee of the PCP in 1936 at the age of 24. His first arrest occurred in 1937.
wn.com/Álvaro_Cunhal
Famous quotes by Augusto Pinochet:
"This disappoints me. Without even questioning him, Pinochet is being put on trial,"
"On this date, I want to express to every man and woman of my beloved fatherland, that I shelter in my heart the firm hope that our divisions and pains of the past will be overcome, and we will set our sight in the future, for the sake of the new generations,"
"didn't have time to control what others were doing."
"take whatever steps necessary to end this situation."
"rather die in this country than to go to Spain."
"During 65 years, I have walked the path of duty and discipline, ... And today, looking back at that long path of service, my soldier's heart stirs and murmurs from deep within: Thank you. Thank you, my homeland."
"more personal, high-level contact between Riggs officials and Pinochet than previously described."
"Not a leaf moves in Chile if I don't know about it,"
"Sometimes democracy must be bathed in blood."
"I'm not a dictator. It's just that I have a grumpy face."
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
The Other 9/11 - Chile - Coup d'état - September 11, 1973
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 58:25
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
On September 11, 1973 a military coup was started by General Augusto Pinochet that ousted the democratically elected President Salvador Allende of Chile. Allende's was the first democratically elected Marxist government in the world. This documentary produced by BBC Four is a chronicle of the event from witnesses and archive footage. A chilling and moving account of the day by perpetrators, as well as those at receiving end, who survived to tell this story of a defining moment in Chile's history. It changed Chile forever. It is the only full length (almost 1 hour) documentary in English on it. Also, it is the only documentary that takes into account both sides of the story.
http://wn.com/The_Other_9_11_Chile_Coup_d'état_September_11,_1973
On September 11, 1973 a military coup was started by General Augusto Pinochet that ousted the democratically elected President Salvador Allende of Chile. Allende's was the first democratically elected Marxist government in the world. This documentary produced by BBC Four is a chronicle of the event from witnesses and archive footage. A chilling and moving account of the day by perpetrators, as well as those at receiving end, who survived to tell this story of a defining moment in Chile's history. It changed Chile forever. It is the only full length (almost 1 hour) documentary in English on it. Also, it is the only documentary that takes into account both sides of the story.
The Overthrow of Democratic Chile Part 1 (Salvador Allende)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:38
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
The 1973 Chilean coup d'état was a watershed event in the history of Chile and the Cold War. On 11 September 1973, the democratically elected President Salvador Allende was overthrown in a coup d'état organised by the Chilean military. A military junta took control of the government, composed of the heads of the Air Force, Navy, Carabineros (police force) and the Army led by General Augusto Pinochet.[1] Pinochet later assumed power and ended Allende's democratically elected Popular Unity government.[2][3] During the air raids and ground attacks that preceded the coup, Allende gave his last speech where he vowed to stay in the presidential palace.[4] Direct witness accounts of his death agree that he committed suicide in the presidential palace.[5][6] After the coup Pinochet established a military dictatorship that ruled Chile until 1990 and that was marked by severe human rights violations. A weak insurgence movement against the Pinochet government was maintained inside Chile by elements sympathetic to the former Allende government.
http://wn.com/The_Overthrow_of_Democratic_Chile_Part_1_Salvador_Allende
The 1973 Chilean coup d'état was a watershed event in the history of Chile and the Cold War. On 11 September 1973, the democratically elected President Salvador Allende was overthrown in a coup d'état organised by the Chilean military. A military junta took control of the government, composed of the heads of the Air Force, Navy, Carabineros (police force) and the Army led by General Augusto Pinochet.[1] Pinochet later assumed power and ended Allende's democratically elected Popular Unity government.[2][3] During the air raids and ground attacks that preceded the coup, Allende gave his last speech where he vowed to stay in the presidential palace.[4] Direct witness accounts of his death agree that he committed suicide in the presidential palace.[5][6] After the coup Pinochet established a military dictatorship that ruled Chile until 1990 and that was marked by severe human rights violations. A weak insurgence movement against the Pinochet government was maintained inside Chile by elements sympathetic to the former Allende government.
- published: 10 Jan 2011
- views: 35654
- author: RATMagainstbush8
His Excellency General Augusto Pinochet
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
A Christian Falangist Party video dedicated to General Augusto Pinochet defender of Capitalism who saved Chile from Marxism.
http://wn.com/His_Excellency_General_Augusto_Pinochet
A Christian Falangist Party video dedicated to General Augusto Pinochet defender of Capitalism who saved Chile from Marxism.
- published: 04 Mar 2009
- views: 5715
- author: cfpa1
Última entrevista al General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (2003) HQ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:30
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
En noviembre de 2003 el General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte concedió la última entrevista a un medio de prensa antes de morir.
http://wn.com/Última_entrevista_al_General_Augusto_Pinochet_Ugarte_2003_HQ
En noviembre de 2003 el General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte concedió la última entrevista a un medio de prensa antes de morir.
- published: 06 Jun 2012
- views: 7887
- author: llinogonzalez
Tributo General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
Video dedicado a nuestro general libertador don Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1915-2006), Capitán General del ejercito Chileno (1973-1998), Presidente de Chile (1973-1990).
http://wn.com/Tributo_General_Augusto_Pinochet_Ugarte
Video dedicado a nuestro general libertador don Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1915-2006), Capitán General del ejercito Chileno (1973-1998), Presidente de Chile (1973-1990).
- published: 08 Sep 2011
- views: 25685
- author: leomixkine
Augusto Pinochet: Ultimo Mensaje Presidencial 10 marzo 1990. ¡VIVA CHILE!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:33
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
En su última cadena nacional el presidente Augusto Pinochet hace un llamado a la unidad ya mantener respeto por las instituciones. A no olvidar las regiones y los chilenos menos favorecidos A unirse y apoyar el nuevo gobierno de Patricio Aylwin, el bien del país debe estar por sobre los intereses partidistas. A no confiarse en los logros alcanzados, mantenerse constantemente alertas a quienes siempre buscan socavar las bases del crecimiento y convivencia pacífica (Aquí el General Libertador no los nombra explícitamente en honor a la fraternidad y reencuentro nacional, pero sabemos que se refiere a ese cáncer de nuestra sociedad que son los comunistas). Finalmente el Presidente Pinochet se despide: "Los Invito desde ya a fundirnos en un sólo gran abrazo fraterno ya gritar con todas las fuerzas de nuestros corazones y voluntades: ¡VIVA CHILE!" Este es un valiosísimo documento histórico. Por favor difundir. Otros interesantes documentos históricos: El Sonido de la Historia. La verdad del Gobierno de Salvador Allende: youtu.be "Pinochet" - Documental de Ignacio Zegers: youtu.be
http://wn.com/Augusto_Pinochet_Ultimo_Mensaje_Presidencial_10_marzo_1990_¡VIVA_CHILE!
En su última cadena nacional el presidente Augusto Pinochet hace un llamado a la unidad ya mantener respeto por las instituciones. A no olvidar las regiones y los chilenos menos favorecidos A unirse y apoyar el nuevo gobierno de Patricio Aylwin, el bien del país debe estar por sobre los intereses partidistas. A no confiarse en los logros alcanzados, mantenerse constantemente alertas a quienes siempre buscan socavar las bases del crecimiento y convivencia pacífica (Aquí el General Libertador no los nombra explícitamente en honor a la fraternidad y reencuentro nacional, pero sabemos que se refiere a ese cáncer de nuestra sociedad que son los comunistas). Finalmente el Presidente Pinochet se despide: "Los Invito desde ya a fundirnos en un sólo gran abrazo fraterno ya gritar con todas las fuerzas de nuestros corazones y voluntades: ¡VIVA CHILE!" Este es un valiosísimo documento histórico. Por favor difundir. Otros interesantes documentos históricos: El Sonido de la Historia. La verdad del Gobierno de Salvador Allende: youtu.be "Pinochet" - Documental de Ignacio Zegers: youtu.be
- published: 25 Jun 2012
- views: 3284
- author: verdadhistoricachile
El dia que Sebastian Piñera apoyo a Pinochet en 1998
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/El_dia_que_Sebastian_Piñera_apoyo_a_Pinochet_en_1998
Anti-tributo a Augusto Pinochet by The Re∆ktion! Vancouver Canada.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:19
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
On June 10th, 2012, an homage was held in Santiago (Chile) for Augusto Pinochet, chilean dictator responsible for thousands of deaths and disappearances in the 70s and the 80s, and stablished the foundations for an obsolete economical system that places Chile as one of the countries with greater inequalities between the wealthy and the poor. While demonstrators in Chile protested against this, we got some friends to help us with this anti-tribute for this man that DOES NOT deserve an homage. Thanks to all the good people from Vancouver that helped us in this, and to all the people resisting back in Chile!!!! Visit our sites and share your comments and views with us: www.thereactionmusic.com soundcloud.com www.purevolume.com Get the album Believe in Revolution here!!! thereactionmusic.bandcamp.com Find us in FACEBOOK! www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Anti-tributo_a_Augusto_Pinochet_by_The_Re∆ktion!_Vancouver_Canada
On June 10th, 2012, an homage was held in Santiago (Chile) for Augusto Pinochet, chilean dictator responsible for thousands of deaths and disappearances in the 70s and the 80s, and stablished the foundations for an obsolete economical system that places Chile as one of the countries with greater inequalities between the wealthy and the poor. While demonstrators in Chile protested against this, we got some friends to help us with this anti-tribute for this man that DOES NOT deserve an homage. Thanks to all the good people from Vancouver that helped us in this, and to all the people resisting back in Chile!!!! Visit our sites and share your comments and views with us: www.thereactionmusic.com soundcloud.com www.purevolume.com Get the album Believe in Revolution here!!! thereactionmusic.bandcamp.com Find us in FACEBOOK! www.facebook.com
- published: 11 Jun 2012
- views: 3494
- author: theReActionMusicBand
Inside Pinochet's Prisons - 30 minute documentary - trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:36
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Watch the full film here: www.youtube.com For more information or to buy the DVD, visit: www.journeyman.tv In September 1973 Augusto Pinochet, backed by America, overthrew Chile's Marxist but democratically elected government. Under his direct orders the Chilean secret police erected vast prison camps to detain left wing sympathisers. No-one was safe - doctors, lawyers, trade unionists and Communists were all rounded up in the night. Held without trial in Pinochet's prisons they were brutally tortured and many executed; an attempt by Pinochet to stamp his ideological mark on the consciousness of a nation. Dressed in his pristine white military jacket Pinochet chillingly told the camera, "Marxism is like a ghost, it's very difficult to catch - even impossible to trap."
http://wn.com/Inside_Pinochet's_Prisons_30_minute_documentary_trailer
Watch the full film here: www.youtube.com For more information or to buy the DVD, visit: www.journeyman.tv In September 1973 Augusto Pinochet, backed by America, overthrew Chile's Marxist but democratically elected government. Under his direct orders the Chilean secret police erected vast prison camps to detain left wing sympathisers. No-one was safe - doctors, lawyers, trade unionists and Communists were all rounded up in the night. Held without trial in Pinochet's prisons they were brutally tortured and many executed; an attempt by Pinochet to stamp his ideological mark on the consciousness of a nation. Dressed in his pristine white military jacket Pinochet chillingly told the camera, "Marxism is like a ghost, it's very difficult to catch - even impossible to trap."
- published: 08 May 2008
- views: 33019
- author: journeymanpictures
Pinochet ordenó asesinatos, torturas y desapariciones
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:18
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
Augusto Pinochet consiguió no ser condenado pero no pudo evitar ser enjuiciado.
http://wn.com/Pinochet_ordenó_asesinatos,_torturas_y_desapariciones
Augusto Pinochet consiguió no ser condenado pero no pudo evitar ser enjuiciado.
- published: 11 Dec 2006
- views: 93727
- author: BF26A4F468341A4F
Chile protesters rally against Pinochet film
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
Hundreds of protesters have clashed with police in the streets of the Chilean capital to protest a ceremony centred around a new documentary honouring the late Augusto Pinochet. "Murderer, Murderer!" chanted the demonstrators at Teatro Caupolican on Sunday, ahead of the screening of Pinochet, which celebrates the general's 1973-1990 military dictatorship. Al Jazeera's Barbara Benitez reports.
http://wn.com/Chile_protesters_rally_against_Pinochet_film
Hundreds of protesters have clashed with police in the streets of the Chilean capital to protest a ceremony centred around a new documentary honouring the late Augusto Pinochet. "Murderer, Murderer!" chanted the demonstrators at Teatro Caupolican on Sunday, ahead of the screening of Pinochet, which celebrates the general's 1973-1990 military dictatorship. Al Jazeera's Barbara Benitez reports.
- published: 11 Jun 2012
- views: 5326
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Augusto Pinochet Muere
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:40
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Augusto Pinochet, el Dictador, falleció hoy a las 14.15 Hrs. (hora Chilena). Extracto noticiario TVN. Televisión Nacional de Chile. Canal del estado.
http://wn.com/Augusto_Pinochet_Muere
Augusto Pinochet, el Dictador, falleció hoy a las 14.15 Hrs. (hora Chilena). Extracto noticiario TVN. Televisión Nacional de Chile. Canal del estado.
- published: 11 Dec 2006
- views: 33783
- author: Felipe Araos
Inside Pinochet's Prisons
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:26
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
In September 1973 Augusto Pinochet, backed by America, overthrew Chile's Marxist but democratically elected government. Under his direct orders the Chilean secret police erected vast prison camps to detain left wing sympathisers. No-one was safe - doctors, lawyers, trade unionists and Communists were all rounded up in the night. Held without trial in Pinochet's prisons they were brutally tortured and many executed; an attempt by Pinochet to stamp his ideological mark on the consciousness of a nation. Dressed in his pristine white military jacket Pinochet chillingly told the camera, "Marxism is like a ghost, it's very difficult to catch - even impossible to trap."
http://wn.com/Inside_Pinochet's_Prisons
In September 1973 Augusto Pinochet, backed by America, overthrew Chile's Marxist but democratically elected government. Under his direct orders the Chilean secret police erected vast prison camps to detain left wing sympathisers. No-one was safe - doctors, lawyers, trade unionists and Communists were all rounded up in the night. Held without trial in Pinochet's prisons they were brutally tortured and many executed; an attempt by Pinochet to stamp his ideological mark on the consciousness of a nation. Dressed in his pristine white military jacket Pinochet chillingly told the camera, "Marxism is like a ghost, it's very difficult to catch - even impossible to trap."
- published: 16 Sep 2010
- views: 136
- author: JourneymanVOD
Augusto Pinochet Molina: "No nos vamos a quedar callados, no nos van a amedrentar"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:17
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
CNN Chile conversó con el nieto y único familiar directo de Augusto Pinochet Ugarte que asistió al homenaje en el Teatro Caupolicán.
http://wn.com/Augusto_Pinochet_Molina_No_nos_vamos_a_quedar_callados,_no_nos_van_a_amedrentar
CNN Chile conversó con el nieto y único familiar directo de Augusto Pinochet Ugarte que asistió al homenaje en el Teatro Caupolicán.
- published: 12 Jun 2012
- views: 3185
- author: cnnchile
Augusto Pinochet con Eduardo Bonvallet 1997. Entrevista COMPLETA. Noche de Bomba.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 53:08
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
Noche de Bomba, programa de entrevistas del canal La Red Televisión, conducido por Eduardo Bonvallet. Año 1997, ultimo capítulo de la primera temporada, invitado: Comandante en Jefe del Ejército y ex-Presidente de Chile: Augusto Pinochet. Pinochet repasa desde sus inicios cuando trató 3 veces de entrar a la Escuela Militar, pasando por sus primeras experiencias con comunistas en Pisagua y Schwager. El General relata cómo vivió los días previos al 11 de septiembre de 1973. Algunas frases destacadas: "El militar debe ser mesurado pero efectivo." "Durante el período de allende varios actuales parlamentarios desfilaban encapuchados, con picas y hondas." "Hay muchas cosas que se han olvidado. Estábamos pésimo, se habían robado hasta las barras de oro del banco central, las cambiaron por barras de cobre." "Tenemos muy buenas relaciones con personajes muy importantes de China Comunista y Rusia y son grandes amigos nuestros, nunca hemos tenido ningún problema." "EEUU considera a los demás países como colonias, muy similar al Imperio Romano". "No tengo interés de entrar en polémica con Aylwin, cuando uno llega a presidente no se puede bajar de altura y menos hablar mal de otro presidente". "Me llama la atención que EEUU haya acusado tan rápido al General Contreras y al Brigadier Espinoza que son chilenos y todavía no ha esclarecido los asesinatos de John Kennedy y Martin Luther King que fueron norteamericanos". Respecto a Contreras y Espinoza: "No pongo las manos al fuego por ...
http://wn.com/Augusto_Pinochet_con_Eduardo_Bonvallet_1997_Entrevista_COMPLETA_Noche_de_Bomba
Noche de Bomba, programa de entrevistas del canal La Red Televisión, conducido por Eduardo Bonvallet. Año 1997, ultimo capítulo de la primera temporada, invitado: Comandante en Jefe del Ejército y ex-Presidente de Chile: Augusto Pinochet. Pinochet repasa desde sus inicios cuando trató 3 veces de entrar a la Escuela Militar, pasando por sus primeras experiencias con comunistas en Pisagua y Schwager. El General relata cómo vivió los días previos al 11 de septiembre de 1973. Algunas frases destacadas: "El militar debe ser mesurado pero efectivo." "Durante el período de allende varios actuales parlamentarios desfilaban encapuchados, con picas y hondas." "Hay muchas cosas que se han olvidado. Estábamos pésimo, se habían robado hasta las barras de oro del banco central, las cambiaron por barras de cobre." "Tenemos muy buenas relaciones con personajes muy importantes de China Comunista y Rusia y son grandes amigos nuestros, nunca hemos tenido ningún problema." "EEUU considera a los demás países como colonias, muy similar al Imperio Romano". "No tengo interés de entrar en polémica con Aylwin, cuando uno llega a presidente no se puede bajar de altura y menos hablar mal de otro presidente". "Me llama la atención que EEUU haya acusado tan rápido al General Contreras y al Brigadier Espinoza que son chilenos y todavía no ha esclarecido los asesinatos de John Kennedy y Martin Luther King que fueron norteamericanos". Respecto a Contreras y Espinoza: "No pongo las manos al fuego por ...
- published: 26 Jun 2012
- views: 9468
- author: verdadhistoricachile
El documental sobre Augusto Pinochet que provoca polémicas - 24 HORAS TVN 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:20
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
24 HORAS NOTICIAS © 2012 TELEVISION NACIONAL DE CHILE (06/06/2012) www.24horas.cl VISITA Breaking News Chile en http - goo.gl Organizaciones defensoras de Derechos Humanos interponen recursos de protección para evitar el estreno. - POR JAVIERA SALINAS - Suma críticas y defensas. El documental sobre el ex dictador Augusto Pinochet Ugarte ha provocado diversas reacciones de cara al estreno que se realizará el 10 de junio en el Teatro Caupolicán. La Agrupación de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos (AFDD) presentó un recurso de protección para evitarlo, mientras los realizadores del filme abogan por la libertad de expresión. El documental "Pinochet" fue dirigido por Ignacio Zegers y premiado con el galardón Hispania de Oro, del Festival Internacional del Gran Cine Hispanoamericano. Desde que se supo que su emisión en Chile sería dentro de un homenaje a la figura del ex general comenzó la polémica. El rechazo al evento cuenta con el apoyo del presidente del Senado, el socialista Camilo Escalona, quien calificó como un "despropósito" y ofensa contra las víctimas de la dictadura. De hecho, representantes de la AFDD presentaron este martes un recurso de protección para evitar que se realice y emplazó al gobierno a pronunciarse sobre el tema. "Lo que se requiere es una voluntad que genere políticas públicas que prohíban por ley las apologías al terrorismo de Estado", señaló a 24horas.cl Gabriela Zúñiga, dirigenta de la AFDD. El gobierno, en tanto, tomó distancia de la polémica ...
http://wn.com/El_documental_sobre_Augusto_Pinochet_que_provoca_polémicas_24_HORAS_TVN_2012
24 HORAS NOTICIAS © 2012 TELEVISION NACIONAL DE CHILE (06/06/2012) www.24horas.cl VISITA Breaking News Chile en http - goo.gl Organizaciones defensoras de Derechos Humanos interponen recursos de protección para evitar el estreno. - POR JAVIERA SALINAS - Suma críticas y defensas. El documental sobre el ex dictador Augusto Pinochet Ugarte ha provocado diversas reacciones de cara al estreno que se realizará el 10 de junio en el Teatro Caupolicán. La Agrupación de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos (AFDD) presentó un recurso de protección para evitarlo, mientras los realizadores del filme abogan por la libertad de expresión. El documental "Pinochet" fue dirigido por Ignacio Zegers y premiado con el galardón Hispania de Oro, del Festival Internacional del Gran Cine Hispanoamericano. Desde que se supo que su emisión en Chile sería dentro de un homenaje a la figura del ex general comenzó la polémica. El rechazo al evento cuenta con el apoyo del presidente del Senado, el socialista Camilo Escalona, quien calificó como un "despropósito" y ofensa contra las víctimas de la dictadura. De hecho, representantes de la AFDD presentaron este martes un recurso de protección para evitar que se realice y emplazó al gobierno a pronunciarse sobre el tema. "Lo que se requiere es una voluntad que genere políticas públicas que prohíban por ley las apologías al terrorismo de Estado", señaló a 24horas.cl Gabriela Zúñiga, dirigenta de la AFDD. El gobierno, en tanto, tomó distancia de la polémica ...
- published: 09 Jun 2012
- views: 7042
- author: TomahawkNoticias
"After Pinochet: The healing of a country's wounded heart"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 59:33
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
A documentary about Chile's journey to democracy. Twenty years after the end of a lengthy dictatorship under the General Augusto Pinochet, Chile is still struggling to regain a sense of national well-being.
http://wn.com/After_Pinochet_The_healing_of_a_country's_wounded_heart
A documentary about Chile's journey to democracy. Twenty years after the end of a lengthy dictatorship under the General Augusto Pinochet, Chile is still struggling to regain a sense of national well-being.
- published: 19 Mar 2012
- views: 911
- author: Annabel Aguirre
Milton Friedman - Pinochet And Chile
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:33
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
Professor Friedman clears up controversy about his relation with Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet. www.LibertyPen.com
http://wn.com/Milton_Friedman_Pinochet_And_Chile
Professor Friedman clears up controversy about his relation with Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet. www.LibertyPen.com
- published: 02 Jan 2013
- views: 2714
- author: LibertyPen
Entrevista Augusto Pinochet CNN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
Reportaje de CNN que rescata extractos de una entrevista realizada al ex-dictador chileno Augusto Pinochet, en el cual evalúa brevemente la obra del régimen militar, explica y justifica las causas del golpe de estado, objeta el calificativo dictadura y expresa su idea sobre la democracia. Rescata las bondades de la economía neoliberal, critica la legitimidad de la comisión Rettig (Comisión Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliación) y finalmente propone olvidar los hechos relacionados con la violación de los derechos humanos cometidas por la dictadura. Anexo... El dictador Augusto Pinochet, a un par de sacerdotes que le impugnaron el trato a los prisioneros, respondió lo siguiente: "El bacilo del comunismo ha invadido al pueblo, por eso tengo que exterminar el comunismo. Los comunistas más peligrosos son los miristas. Hay que torturarlos porque si no, no cantan. La tortura es necesaria para extirpar el comunismo." La abrumadora mayoría de los detenidos no fue interrogada para obtener la información específica. Se trataba de "sacudir el árbol", como dicen en la jerga, para ver si caía algún "fruto". Pero, por sobre todo, se buscó aterrorizar a la población para que los torturados se apartaran de toda actividad política y sirvieran de advertencia al resto de la ciudadanía. (Sohr, 2008, pp. 343-344) REFERENCIA: -Shor, R. (2008). El Mundo y sus Guerras. Santiago: Copesa SA y Random House Mondadori SA
http://wn.com/Entrevista_Augusto_Pinochet_CNN
Reportaje de CNN que rescata extractos de una entrevista realizada al ex-dictador chileno Augusto Pinochet, en el cual evalúa brevemente la obra del régimen militar, explica y justifica las causas del golpe de estado, objeta el calificativo dictadura y expresa su idea sobre la democracia. Rescata las bondades de la economía neoliberal, critica la legitimidad de la comisión Rettig (Comisión Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliación) y finalmente propone olvidar los hechos relacionados con la violación de los derechos humanos cometidas por la dictadura. Anexo... El dictador Augusto Pinochet, a un par de sacerdotes que le impugnaron el trato a los prisioneros, respondió lo siguiente: "El bacilo del comunismo ha invadido al pueblo, por eso tengo que exterminar el comunismo. Los comunistas más peligrosos son los miristas. Hay que torturarlos porque si no, no cantan. La tortura es necesaria para extirpar el comunismo." La abrumadora mayoría de los detenidos no fue interrogada para obtener la información específica. Se trataba de "sacudir el árbol", como dicen en la jerga, para ver si caía algún "fruto". Pero, por sobre todo, se buscó aterrorizar a la población para que los torturados se apartaran de toda actividad política y sirvieran de advertencia al resto de la ciudadanía. (Sohr, 2008, pp. 343-344) REFERENCIA: -Shor, R. (2008). El Mundo y sus Guerras. Santiago: Copesa SA y Random House Mondadori SA
- published: 15 Jun 2009
- views: 46559
- author: comunaburguesa
Khaled Nezzar, Augusto Pinochet Algerien
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:41
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Khaled Nezzar, Augusto Pinochet Algerien
http://wn.com/Khaled_Nezzar,_Augusto_Pinochet_Algerien
WikiLawyer: Assange hires 'Pinochet prosecutor' for legal battle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:27
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Wikileaks editor Julian Assange hasn't been sitting idle while holed up, seeking asylum, in the Ecuadorean embassy in London.He's been bolstering his legal team in a big way - signing up the celebrated Spanish lawyer and human rights investigator Baltasar Garzon - renowned for indicting the late Chilean leader Augusto Pinochet. RT's Laura Smith explains what this means for Assange's case. RT LIVE rt.com Subscribe to RT! www.youtube.com Like us on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter twitter.com Follow us on Google+ plus.google.com RT (Russia Today) is a global news network broadcasting from Moscow and Washington studios. RT is the first news channel to break the 500 million YouTube views benchmark.
http://wn.com/WikiLawyer_Assange_hires_'Pinochet_prosecutor'_for_legal_battle
Wikileaks editor Julian Assange hasn't been sitting idle while holed up, seeking asylum, in the Ecuadorean embassy in London.He's been bolstering his legal team in a big way - signing up the celebrated Spanish lawyer and human rights investigator Baltasar Garzon - renowned for indicting the late Chilean leader Augusto Pinochet. RT's Laura Smith explains what this means for Assange's case. RT LIVE rt.com Subscribe to RT! www.youtube.com Like us on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter twitter.com Follow us on Google+ plus.google.com RT (Russia Today) is a global news network broadcasting from Moscow and Washington studios. RT is the first news channel to break the 500 million YouTube views benchmark.
- published: 25 Jul 2012
- views: 5335
- author: RussiaToday
duelo de reggaeton entre salvador allende y augusto pinochet 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:05
- Updated: 14 Jun 2012
maximo dxelo de reggaeton entre nxestro eterno presidente salvador allende y el dictador augusto pinochet jjaajjaja bxenisimo recatado del mprograma asi somos de la red se ve mejor q el q sxbi anteriormente disfrutenlo
http://wn.com/duelo_de_reggaeton_entre_salvador_allende_y_augusto_pinochet_2
maximo dxelo de reggaeton entre nxestro eterno presidente salvador allende y el dictador augusto pinochet jjaajjaja bxenisimo recatado del mprograma asi somos de la red se ve mejor q el q sxbi anteriormente disfrutenlo
- published: 01 Jun 2011
- views: 5725
- author: pitbxll loko
No Trailer (Gael García Bernal - 2013)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Yes Or No, to Keep Pinochet in Power ? English Trailer for No, the movie directed by Pablo Larraín, starring Christopher Reeve, Gael García Bernal and Jane Fonda. Join us on Facebook FB.com & twitter.com No Movie follows the story of an ad executive who comes up with a campaign to defeat Augusto Pinochet in Chile's 1988 referendum. No Official Trailer. In Theaters March 6, 2013. Subscribe now to get the best and the latest movie trailers, clips and videos !
http://wn.com/No_Trailer_Gael_García_Bernal_2013
Yes Or No, to Keep Pinochet in Power ? English Trailer for No, the movie directed by Pablo Larraín, starring Christopher Reeve, Gael García Bernal and Jane Fonda. Join us on Facebook FB.com & twitter.com No Movie follows the story of an ad executive who comes up with a campaign to defeat Augusto Pinochet in Chile's 1988 referendum. No Official Trailer. In Theaters March 6, 2013. Subscribe now to get the best and the latest movie trailers, clips and videos !
- published: 20 Dec 2012
- views: 5190
- author: FilmsActuTrailers
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
The Other 9/11 - Chile - Coup d'état - September 11, 1973
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 58:25
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
On September 11, 1973 a military coup was started by General Augusto Pinochet that ousted the democratically elected President Salvador Allende of Chile. Allende's was the first democratically elected Marxist government in the world. This documentary produced by BBC Four is a chronicle of the event from witnesses and archive footage. A chilling and moving account of the day by perpetrators, as well as those at receiving end, who survived to tell this story of a defining moment in Chile's history. It changed Chile forever. It is the only full length (almost 1 hour) documentary in English on it. Also, it is the only documentary that takes into account both sides of the story.
http://wn.com/The_Other_9_11_Chile_Coup_d'état_September_11,_1973
On September 11, 1973 a military coup was started by General Augusto Pinochet that ousted the democratically elected President Salvador Allende of Chile. Allende's was the first democratically elected Marxist government in the world. This documentary produced by BBC Four is a chronicle of the event from witnesses and archive footage. A chilling and moving account of the day by perpetrators, as well as those at receiving end, who survived to tell this story of a defining moment in Chile's history. It changed Chile forever. It is the only full length (almost 1 hour) documentary in English on it. Also, it is the only documentary that takes into account both sides of the story.
- published: 29 Aug 2011
- views: 29276
- author: Mohammad Ayaz Alam
The Overthrow of Democratic Chile Part 1 (Salvador Allende)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:38
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
The 1973 Chilean coup d'état was a watershed event in the history of Chile and the Cold War. On 11 September 1973, the democratically elected President Salvador Allende was overthrown in a coup d'état organised by the Chilean military. A military junta took control of the government, composed of the heads of the Air Force, Navy, Carabineros (police force) and the Army led by General Augusto Pinochet.[1] Pinochet later assumed power and ended Allende's democratically elected Popular Unity government.[2][3] During the air raids and ground attacks that preceded the coup, Allende gave his last speech where he vowed to stay in the presidential palace.[4] Direct witness accounts of his death agree that he committed suicide in the presidential palace.[5][6] After the coup Pinochet established a military dictatorship that ruled Chile until 1990 and that was marked by severe human rights violations. A weak insurgence movement against the Pinochet government was maintained inside Chile by elements sympathetic to the former Allende government.
http://wn.com/The_Overthrow_of_Democratic_Chile_Part_1_Salvador_Allende
The 1973 Chilean coup d'état was a watershed event in the history of Chile and the Cold War. On 11 September 1973, the democratically elected President Salvador Allende was overthrown in a coup d'état organised by the Chilean military. A military junta took control of the government, composed of the heads of the Air Force, Navy, Carabineros (police force) and the Army led by General Augusto Pinochet.[1] Pinochet later assumed power and ended Allende's democratically elected Popular Unity government.[2][3] During the air raids and ground attacks that preceded the coup, Allende gave his last speech where he vowed to stay in the presidential palace.[4] Direct witness accounts of his death agree that he committed suicide in the presidential palace.[5][6] After the coup Pinochet established a military dictatorship that ruled Chile until 1990 and that was marked by severe human rights violations. A weak insurgence movement against the Pinochet government was maintained inside Chile by elements sympathetic to the former Allende government.
- published: 10 Jan 2011
- views: 35396
- author: RATMagainstbush8
His Excellency General Augusto Pinochet
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
A Christian Falangist Party video dedicated to General Augusto Pinochet defender of Capitalism who saved Chile from Marxism.
http://wn.com/His_Excellency_General_Augusto_Pinochet
A Christian Falangist Party video dedicated to General Augusto Pinochet defender of Capitalism who saved Chile from Marxism.
- published: 04 Mar 2009
- views: 5681
- author: cfpa1
Última entrevista al General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (2003) HQ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:30
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
En noviembre de 2003 el General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte concedió la última entrevista a un medio de prensa antes de morir.
http://wn.com/Última_entrevista_al_General_Augusto_Pinochet_Ugarte_2003_HQ
En noviembre de 2003 el General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte concedió la última entrevista a un medio de prensa antes de morir.
- published: 06 Jun 2012
- views: 7650
- author: llinogonzalez
Entrevista Augusto Pinochet CNN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
Reportaje de CNN que rescata extractos de una entrevista realizada al ex-dictador chileno Augusto Pinochet, en el cual evalúa brevemente la obra del régimen militar, explica y justifica las causas del golpe de estado, objeta el calificativo dictadura y expresa su idea sobre la democracia. Rescata las bondades de la economía neoliberal, critica la legitimidad de la comisión Rettig (Comisión Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliación) y finalmente propone olvidar los hechos relacionados con la violación de los derechos humanos cometidas por la dictadura. Anexo... El dictador Augusto Pinochet, a un par de sacerdotes que le impugnaron el trato a los prisioneros, respondió lo siguiente: "El bacilo del comunismo ha invadido al pueblo, por eso tengo que exterminar el comunismo. Los comunistas más peligrosos son los miristas. Hay que torturarlos porque si no, no cantan. La tortura es necesaria para extirpar el comunismo." La abrumadora mayoría de los detenidos no fue interrogada para obtener la información específica. Se trataba de "sacudir el árbol", como dicen en la jerga, para ver si caía algún "fruto". Pero, por sobre todo, se buscó aterrorizar a la población para que los torturados se apartaran de toda actividad política y sirvieran de advertencia al resto de la ciudadanía. (Sohr, 2008, pp. 343-344) REFERENCIA: -Shor, R. (2008). El Mundo y sus Guerras. Santiago: Copesa SA y Random House Mondadori SA
http://wn.com/Entrevista_Augusto_Pinochet_CNN
Reportaje de CNN que rescata extractos de una entrevista realizada al ex-dictador chileno Augusto Pinochet, en el cual evalúa brevemente la obra del régimen militar, explica y justifica las causas del golpe de estado, objeta el calificativo dictadura y expresa su idea sobre la democracia. Rescata las bondades de la economía neoliberal, critica la legitimidad de la comisión Rettig (Comisión Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliación) y finalmente propone olvidar los hechos relacionados con la violación de los derechos humanos cometidas por la dictadura. Anexo... El dictador Augusto Pinochet, a un par de sacerdotes que le impugnaron el trato a los prisioneros, respondió lo siguiente: "El bacilo del comunismo ha invadido al pueblo, por eso tengo que exterminar el comunismo. Los comunistas más peligrosos son los miristas. Hay que torturarlos porque si no, no cantan. La tortura es necesaria para extirpar el comunismo." La abrumadora mayoría de los detenidos no fue interrogada para obtener la información específica. Se trataba de "sacudir el árbol", como dicen en la jerga, para ver si caía algún "fruto". Pero, por sobre todo, se buscó aterrorizar a la población para que los torturados se apartaran de toda actividad política y sirvieran de advertencia al resto de la ciudadanía. (Sohr, 2008, pp. 343-344) REFERENCIA: -Shor, R. (2008). El Mundo y sus Guerras. Santiago: Copesa SA y Random House Mondadori SA
- published: 15 Jun 2009
- views: 46422
- author: comunaburguesa
Tributo General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Video dedicado a nuestro general libertador don Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1915-2006), Capitán General del ejercito Chileno (1973-1998), Presidente de Chile (1973-1990).
http://wn.com/Tributo_General_Augusto_Pinochet_Ugarte
Video dedicado a nuestro general libertador don Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1915-2006), Capitán General del ejercito Chileno (1973-1998), Presidente de Chile (1973-1990).
- published: 08 Sep 2011
- views: 25463
- author: leomixkine
Augusto Pinochet: Ultimo Mensaje Presidencial 10 marzo 1990. ¡VIVA CHILE!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:33
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
En su última cadena nacional el presidente Augusto Pinochet hace un llamado a la unidad ya mantener respeto por las instituciones. A no olvidar las regiones y los chilenos menos favorecidos A unirse y apoyar el nuevo gobierno de Patricio Aylwin, el bien del país debe estar por sobre los intereses partidistas. A no confiarse en los logros alcanzados, mantenerse constantemente alertas a quienes siempre buscan socavar las bases del crecimiento y convivencia pacífica (Aquí el General Libertador no los nombra explícitamente en honor a la fraternidad y reencuentro nacional, pero sabemos que se refiere a ese cáncer de nuestra sociedad que son los comunistas). Finalmente el Presidente Pinochet se despide: "Los Invito desde ya a fundirnos en un sólo gran abrazo fraterno ya gritar con todas las fuerzas de nuestros corazones y voluntades: ¡VIVA CHILE!" Este es un valiosísimo documento histórico. Por favor difundir. Otros interesantes documentos históricos: El Sonido de la Historia. La verdad del Gobierno de Salvador Allende: youtu.be "Pinochet" - Documental de Ignacio Zegers: youtu.be
http://wn.com/Augusto_Pinochet_Ultimo_Mensaje_Presidencial_10_marzo_1990_¡VIVA_CHILE!
En su última cadena nacional el presidente Augusto Pinochet hace un llamado a la unidad ya mantener respeto por las instituciones. A no olvidar las regiones y los chilenos menos favorecidos A unirse y apoyar el nuevo gobierno de Patricio Aylwin, el bien del país debe estar por sobre los intereses partidistas. A no confiarse en los logros alcanzados, mantenerse constantemente alertas a quienes siempre buscan socavar las bases del crecimiento y convivencia pacífica (Aquí el General Libertador no los nombra explícitamente en honor a la fraternidad y reencuentro nacional, pero sabemos que se refiere a ese cáncer de nuestra sociedad que son los comunistas). Finalmente el Presidente Pinochet se despide: "Los Invito desde ya a fundirnos en un sólo gran abrazo fraterno ya gritar con todas las fuerzas de nuestros corazones y voluntades: ¡VIVA CHILE!" Este es un valiosísimo documento histórico. Por favor difundir. Otros interesantes documentos históricos: El Sonido de la Historia. La verdad del Gobierno de Salvador Allende: youtu.be "Pinochet" - Documental de Ignacio Zegers: youtu.be
- published: 25 Jun 2012
- views: 3180
- author: verdadhistoricachile
Augusto Pinochet Muere
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:40
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Augusto Pinochet, el Dictador, falleció hoy a las 14.15 Hrs. (hora Chilena). Extracto noticiario TVN. Televisión Nacional de Chile. Canal del estado.
http://wn.com/Augusto_Pinochet_Muere
Augusto Pinochet, el Dictador, falleció hoy a las 14.15 Hrs. (hora Chilena). Extracto noticiario TVN. Televisión Nacional de Chile. Canal del estado.
- published: 11 Dec 2006
- views: 33768
- author: Felipe Araos
Nostalgia, Memory, and Revolution: An Interview With Patricio Guzmán
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:27
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
In Patricio Guzmán's most recent film, Nostalgia for the Light, the Chilean filmmaker points his camera toward Chile's Atacama desert, where astronomers, archeologists, and the relatives of Augusto Pinochet's disappeared all intertwine in a search for the past and the present. In this interview, Guzmán speaks about his new movie, nostalgia, Chile, the Latin American "pink tide," filmmaking, and the need for an audio-visual revolution. The interview was held in New York in March 2011. Nostalgia Trailer: Courtesy of Icarus Films Filmed, edited, and produced by Sílvia Leindecker and Michael Fox. Estreito Meio Productions vimeo.com/estreitomeios flickr.com/estreitomeios estreitomeio@gmail.com nacla.org
http://wn.com/Nostalgia,_Memory,_and_Revolution_An_Interview_With_Patricio_Guzmán
In Patricio Guzmán's most recent film, Nostalgia for the Light, the Chilean filmmaker points his camera toward Chile's Atacama desert, where astronomers, archeologists, and the relatives of Augusto Pinochet's disappeared all intertwine in a search for the past and the present. In this interview, Guzmán speaks about his new movie, nostalgia, Chile, the Latin American "pink tide," filmmaking, and the need for an audio-visual revolution. The interview was held in New York in March 2011. Nostalgia Trailer: Courtesy of Icarus Films Filmed, edited, and produced by Sílvia Leindecker and Michael Fox. Estreito Meio Productions vimeo.com/estreitomeios flickr.com/estreitomeios estreitomeio@gmail.com nacla.org
- published: 20 Dec 2011
- views: 752
- author: mfoxus
Morre o ex-ditador chileno Augusto Pinochet (2006)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:46
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
Jornal Nacional, 11/12/2006. Milhares de partidários de Pinochet esperaram horas para ver o corpo do general. Ele comandou um golpe de estado em 1973, no qual o presidente socialista Salvador Allende se suicidou.
http://wn.com/Morre_o_ex-ditador_chileno_Augusto_Pinochet_2006
Jornal Nacional, 11/12/2006. Milhares de partidários de Pinochet esperaram horas para ver o corpo do general. Ele comandou um golpe de estado em 1973, no qual o presidente socialista Salvador Allende se suicidou.
- published: 27 Feb 2011
- views: 502
- author: Billy Martins
Augusto Pinochet con Eduardo Bonvallet 1997. Entrevista COMPLETA. Noche de Bomba.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 53:08
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
Noche de Bomba, programa de entrevistas del canal La Red Televisión, conducido por Eduardo Bonvallet. Año 1997, ultimo capítulo de la primera temporada, invitado: Comandante en Jefe del Ejército y ex-Presidente de Chile: Augusto Pinochet. Pinochet repasa desde sus inicios cuando trató 3 veces de entrar a la Escuela Militar, pasando por sus primeras experiencias con comunistas en Pisagua y Schwager. El General relata cómo vivió los días previos al 11 de septiembre de 1973. Algunas frases destacadas: "El militar debe ser mesurado pero efectivo." "Durante el período de allende varios actuales parlamentarios desfilaban encapuchados, con picas y hondas." "Hay muchas cosas que se han olvidado. Estábamos pésimo, se habían robado hasta las barras de oro del banco central, las cambiaron por barras de cobre." "Tenemos muy buenas relaciones con personajes muy importantes de China Comunista y Rusia y son grandes amigos nuestros, nunca hemos tenido ningún problema." "EEUU considera a los demás países como colonias, muy similar al Imperio Romano". "No tengo interés de entrar en polémica con Aylwin, cuando uno llega a presidente no se puede bajar de altura y menos hablar mal de otro presidente". "Me llama la atención que EEUU haya acusado tan rápido al General Contreras y al Brigadier Espinoza que son chilenos y todavía no ha esclarecido los asesinatos de John Kennedy y Martin Luther King que fueron norteamericanos". Respecto a Contreras y Espinoza: "No pongo las manos al fuego por ...
http://wn.com/Augusto_Pinochet_con_Eduardo_Bonvallet_1997_Entrevista_COMPLETA_Noche_de_Bomba
Noche de Bomba, programa de entrevistas del canal La Red Televisión, conducido por Eduardo Bonvallet. Año 1997, ultimo capítulo de la primera temporada, invitado: Comandante en Jefe del Ejército y ex-Presidente de Chile: Augusto Pinochet. Pinochet repasa desde sus inicios cuando trató 3 veces de entrar a la Escuela Militar, pasando por sus primeras experiencias con comunistas en Pisagua y Schwager. El General relata cómo vivió los días previos al 11 de septiembre de 1973. Algunas frases destacadas: "El militar debe ser mesurado pero efectivo." "Durante el período de allende varios actuales parlamentarios desfilaban encapuchados, con picas y hondas." "Hay muchas cosas que se han olvidado. Estábamos pésimo, se habían robado hasta las barras de oro del banco central, las cambiaron por barras de cobre." "Tenemos muy buenas relaciones con personajes muy importantes de China Comunista y Rusia y son grandes amigos nuestros, nunca hemos tenido ningún problema." "EEUU considera a los demás países como colonias, muy similar al Imperio Romano". "No tengo interés de entrar en polémica con Aylwin, cuando uno llega a presidente no se puede bajar de altura y menos hablar mal de otro presidente". "Me llama la atención que EEUU haya acusado tan rápido al General Contreras y al Brigadier Espinoza que son chilenos y todavía no ha esclarecido los asesinatos de John Kennedy y Martin Luther King que fueron norteamericanos". Respecto a Contreras y Espinoza: "No pongo las manos al fuego por ...
- published: 26 Jun 2012
- views: 9078
- author: verdadhistoricachile
El documental sobre Augusto Pinochet que provoca polémicas - 24 HORAS TVN 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:20
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
24 HORAS NOTICIAS © 2012 TELEVISION NACIONAL DE CHILE (06/06/2012) www.24horas.cl VISITA Breaking News Chile en http - goo.gl Organizaciones defensoras de Derechos Humanos interponen recursos de protección para evitar el estreno. - POR JAVIERA SALINAS - Suma críticas y defensas. El documental sobre el ex dictador Augusto Pinochet Ugarte ha provocado diversas reacciones de cara al estreno que se realizará el 10 de junio en el Teatro Caupolicán. La Agrupación de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos (AFDD) presentó un recurso de protección para evitarlo, mientras los realizadores del filme abogan por la libertad de expresión. El documental "Pinochet" fue dirigido por Ignacio Zegers y premiado con el galardón Hispania de Oro, del Festival Internacional del Gran Cine Hispanoamericano. Desde que se supo que su emisión en Chile sería dentro de un homenaje a la figura del ex general comenzó la polémica. El rechazo al evento cuenta con el apoyo del presidente del Senado, el socialista Camilo Escalona, quien calificó como un "despropósito" y ofensa contra las víctimas de la dictadura. De hecho, representantes de la AFDD presentaron este martes un recurso de protección para evitar que se realice y emplazó al gobierno a pronunciarse sobre el tema. "Lo que se requiere es una voluntad que genere políticas públicas que prohíban por ley las apologías al terrorismo de Estado", señaló a 24horas.cl Gabriela Zúñiga, dirigenta de la AFDD. El gobierno, en tanto, tomó distancia de la polémica ...
http://wn.com/El_documental_sobre_Augusto_Pinochet_que_provoca_polémicas_24_HORAS_TVN_2012
24 HORAS NOTICIAS © 2012 TELEVISION NACIONAL DE CHILE (06/06/2012) www.24horas.cl VISITA Breaking News Chile en http - goo.gl Organizaciones defensoras de Derechos Humanos interponen recursos de protección para evitar el estreno. - POR JAVIERA SALINAS - Suma críticas y defensas. El documental sobre el ex dictador Augusto Pinochet Ugarte ha provocado diversas reacciones de cara al estreno que se realizará el 10 de junio en el Teatro Caupolicán. La Agrupación de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos (AFDD) presentó un recurso de protección para evitarlo, mientras los realizadores del filme abogan por la libertad de expresión. El documental "Pinochet" fue dirigido por Ignacio Zegers y premiado con el galardón Hispania de Oro, del Festival Internacional del Gran Cine Hispanoamericano. Desde que se supo que su emisión en Chile sería dentro de un homenaje a la figura del ex general comenzó la polémica. El rechazo al evento cuenta con el apoyo del presidente del Senado, el socialista Camilo Escalona, quien calificó como un "despropósito" y ofensa contra las víctimas de la dictadura. De hecho, representantes de la AFDD presentaron este martes un recurso de protección para evitar que se realice y emplazó al gobierno a pronunciarse sobre el tema. "Lo que se requiere es una voluntad que genere políticas públicas que prohíban por ley las apologías al terrorismo de Estado", señaló a 24horas.cl Gabriela Zúñiga, dirigenta de la AFDD. El gobierno, en tanto, tomó distancia de la polémica ...
- published: 09 Jun 2012
- views: 6982
- author: TomahawkNoticias
Anti-tributo a Augusto Pinochet by The Re∆ktion! Vancouver Canada.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:19
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
On June 10th, 2012, an homage was held in Santiago (Chile) for Augusto Pinochet, chilean dictator responsible for thousands of deaths and disappearances in the 70s and the 80s, and stablished the foundations for an obsolete economical system that places Chile as one of the countries with greater inequalities between the wealthy and the poor. While demonstrators in Chile protested against this, we got some friends to help us with this anti-tribute for this man that DOES NOT deserve an homage. Thanks to all the good people from Vancouver that helped us in this, and to all the people resisting back in Chile!!!! Visit our sites and share your comments and views with us: www.thereactionmusic.com soundcloud.com www.purevolume.com Get the album Believe in Revolution here!!! thereactionmusic.bandcamp.com Find us in FACEBOOK! www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Anti-tributo_a_Augusto_Pinochet_by_The_Re∆ktion!_Vancouver_Canada
On June 10th, 2012, an homage was held in Santiago (Chile) for Augusto Pinochet, chilean dictator responsible for thousands of deaths and disappearances in the 70s and the 80s, and stablished the foundations for an obsolete economical system that places Chile as one of the countries with greater inequalities between the wealthy and the poor. While demonstrators in Chile protested against this, we got some friends to help us with this anti-tribute for this man that DOES NOT deserve an homage. Thanks to all the good people from Vancouver that helped us in this, and to all the people resisting back in Chile!!!! Visit our sites and share your comments and views with us: www.thereactionmusic.com soundcloud.com www.purevolume.com Get the album Believe in Revolution here!!! thereactionmusic.bandcamp.com Find us in FACEBOOK! www.facebook.com
- published: 11 Jun 2012
- views: 3491
- author: theReActionMusicBand
Augusto Pinochet Molina: "No nos vamos a quedar callados, no nos van a amedrentar"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:17
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
CNN Chile conversó con el nieto y único familiar directo de Augusto Pinochet Ugarte que asistió al homenaje en el Teatro Caupolicán.
http://wn.com/Augusto_Pinochet_Molina_No_nos_vamos_a_quedar_callados,_no_nos_van_a_amedrentar
CNN Chile conversó con el nieto y único familiar directo de Augusto Pinochet Ugarte que asistió al homenaje en el Teatro Caupolicán.
- published: 12 Jun 2012
- views: 3138
- author: cnnchile
Spanish Judge Baltasar Garzón on Trial: Interview with Reed Brody of Human Rights Watch
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:06
- Updated: 16 Jun 2012
democracynow.org - Spanish Judge Baltasar Garzón is known for ordering the arrest of Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet and seeking to indict members of the George W. Bush administration for their role in torturing prisoners. Now Garzón is facing trial himself, in Madrid, after right-wing groups objected to his investigation of atrocities committed by supporters of the dictator Francisco Franco. Garzón has used the doctrine of universal jurisdiction to investigate war crimes and torture across national lines. "The irony here, of course, is that he is being prosecuted in Spain for trying to apply the very principles that he so successfully promoted internationally," says Reed Brody of Human Rights Watch, who has been in the courtroom observing Garzón's trial Towatch the complete daily, independent news hour, read the transcript, download the podcast, and for the additional Democracy Now! visit www.democracynow.org. FOLLOW DEMOCRACY NOW! ONLINE Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: @democracynow Subscribe on YouTube: www.youtube.com Listen on SoundCloud: www.soundcloud.com Daily Email News Digest: www.democracynow.org Please consider supporting independent media by making a donation to Democracy Now! today, visit www.democracynow.org
http://wn.com/Spanish_Judge_Baltasar_Garzón_on_Trial_Interview_with_Reed_Brody_of_Human_Rights_Watch
democracynow.org - Spanish Judge Baltasar Garzón is known for ordering the arrest of Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet and seeking to indict members of the George W. Bush administration for their role in torturing prisoners. Now Garzón is facing trial himself, in Madrid, after right-wing groups objected to his investigation of atrocities committed by supporters of the dictator Francisco Franco. Garzón has used the doctrine of universal jurisdiction to investigate war crimes and torture across national lines. "The irony here, of course, is that he is being prosecuted in Spain for trying to apply the very principles that he so successfully promoted internationally," says Reed Brody of Human Rights Watch, who has been in the courtroom observing Garzón's trial Towatch the complete daily, independent news hour, read the transcript, download the podcast, and for the additional Democracy Now! visit www.democracynow.org. FOLLOW DEMOCRACY NOW! ONLINE Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: @democracynow Subscribe on YouTube: www.youtube.com Listen on SoundCloud: www.soundcloud.com Daily Email News Digest: www.democracynow.org Please consider supporting independent media by making a donation to Democracy Now! today, visit www.democracynow.org
- published: 03 Feb 2012
- views: 459
- author: democracynow
A Usted Señor Me dirijo (A Augusto Pinochet, in memoriam)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:46
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
A Usted Señor me Dirijo: Canción compuesta por Eduardo Yáñez e interpretada por Quilapayún. Aparece en el disco "Desde Chile Resistimos" (1976)
http://wn.com/A_Usted_Señor_Me_dirijo_A_Augusto_Pinochet,_in_memoriam
A Usted Señor me Dirijo: Canción compuesta por Eduardo Yáñez e interpretada por Quilapayún. Aparece en el disco "Desde Chile Resistimos" (1976)
- published: 31 Jul 2009
- views: 238548
- author: spartakku
Khaled Nezzar, Augusto Pinochet Algerien
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:41
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Khaled Nezzar, Augusto Pinochet Algerien
http://wn.com/Khaled_Nezzar,_Augusto_Pinochet_Algerien
"After Pinochet: The healing of a country's wounded heart"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 59:33
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
A documentary about Chile's journey to democracy. Twenty years after the end of a lengthy dictatorship under the General Augusto Pinochet, Chile is still struggling to regain a sense of national well-being.
http://wn.com/After_Pinochet_The_healing_of_a_country's_wounded_heart
A documentary about Chile's journey to democracy. Twenty years after the end of a lengthy dictatorship under the General Augusto Pinochet, Chile is still struggling to regain a sense of national well-being.
- published: 19 Mar 2012
- views: 892
- author: Annabel Aguirre
Tony Manero - Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:45
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
As Augusto Pinochet holds Chile in the grip of dictatorship, a fifty year old man obsessed with John Travolta's character from Saturday Night Fever imitates his idol each weekend in a small bar on the outskirts of Santiago. Each weekend, Raúl Peralta and his friends a devoted group of dancers gather in a small bar and act out their favorite scenes from the film. Raúl longs to become a showbiz superstar, and when the national television announces a Tony Manero impersonating contest it seems like he may finally have a shot at living his dreams. But as Raúl is driven to commit a series of crimes and thefts in order to reproduce his matinee idols persona, his dancing partners (also underground resistance fighters who rail against the regime) are persecuted by the secret police. For more info, visit www.lorberfilms.com
http://wn.com/Tony_Manero_Trailer
As Augusto Pinochet holds Chile in the grip of dictatorship, a fifty year old man obsessed with John Travolta's character from Saturday Night Fever imitates his idol each weekend in a small bar on the outskirts of Santiago. Each weekend, Raúl Peralta and his friends a devoted group of dancers gather in a small bar and act out their favorite scenes from the film. Raúl longs to become a showbiz superstar, and when the national television announces a Tony Manero impersonating contest it seems like he may finally have a shot at living his dreams. But as Raúl is driven to commit a series of crimes and thefts in order to reproduce his matinee idols persona, his dancing partners (also underground resistance fighters who rail against the regime) are persecuted by the secret police. For more info, visit www.lorberfilms.com
- published: 25 Feb 2010
- views: 7051
- author: LorberFilms
Pinochet ordenó asesinatos, torturas y desapariciones
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:18
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
Augusto Pinochet consiguió no ser condenado pero no pudo evitar ser enjuiciado.
http://wn.com/Pinochet_ordenó_asesinatos,_torturas_y_desapariciones
Augusto Pinochet consiguió no ser condenado pero no pudo evitar ser enjuiciado.
- published: 11 Dec 2006
- views: 93689
- author: BF26A4F468341A4F
duelo de reggaeton entre salvador allende y augusto pinochet 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:05
- Updated: 14 Jun 2012
maximo dxelo de reggaeton entre nxestro eterno presidente salvador allende y el dictador augusto pinochet jjaajjaja bxenisimo recatado del mprograma asi somos de la red se ve mejor q el q sxbi anteriormente disfrutenlo
http://wn.com/duelo_de_reggaeton_entre_salvador_allende_y_augusto_pinochet_2
maximo dxelo de reggaeton entre nxestro eterno presidente salvador allende y el dictador augusto pinochet jjaajjaja bxenisimo recatado del mprograma asi somos de la red se ve mejor q el q sxbi anteriormente disfrutenlo
- published: 01 Jun 2011
- views: 5717
- author: pitbxll loko
El dia que Sebastian Piñera apoyo a Pinochet en 1998
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/El_dia_que_Sebastian_Piñera_apoyo_a_Pinochet_en_1998
BONVALLET ENTREVISTA AL GENERAL AUGUSTO PINOCHET(6/7)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:07
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
VIVA CHILE Y PINOCHET!
http://wn.com/BONVALLET_ENTREVISTA_AL_GENERAL_AUGUSTO_PINOCHET6_7
58:25
The Other 9/11 - Chile - Coup d'état - September 11, 1973
On September 11, 1973 a military coup was started by General Augusto Pinochet that ousted ...
published: 29 Aug 2011
author: Mohammad Ayaz Alam
The Other 9/11 - Chile - Coup d'état - September 11, 1973
On September 11, 1973 a military coup was started by General Augusto Pinochet that ousted the democratically elected President Salvador Allende of Chile. Allende's was the first democratically elected Marxist government in the world. This documentary produced by BBC Four is a chronicle of the event from witnesses and archive footage. A chilling and moving account of the day by perpetrators, as well as those at receiving end, who survived to tell this story of a defining moment in Chile's history. It changed Chile forever. It is the only full length (almost 1 hour) documentary in English on it. Also, it is the only documentary that takes into account both sides of the story.
- published: 29 Aug 2011
- views: 29276
- author: Mohammad Ayaz Alam
9:38
The Overthrow of Democratic Chile Part 1 (Salvador Allende)
The 1973 Chilean coup d'état was a watershed event in the history of Chile and the Cold Wa...
published: 10 Jan 2011
author: RATMagainstbush8
The Overthrow of Democratic Chile Part 1 (Salvador Allende)
The 1973 Chilean coup d'état was a watershed event in the history of Chile and the Cold War. On 11 September 1973, the democratically elected President Salvador Allende was overthrown in a coup d'état organised by the Chilean military. A military junta took control of the government, composed of the heads of the Air Force, Navy, Carabineros (police force) and the Army led by General Augusto Pinochet.[1] Pinochet later assumed power and ended Allende's democratically elected Popular Unity government.[2][3] During the air raids and ground attacks that preceded the coup, Allende gave his last speech where he vowed to stay in the presidential palace.[4] Direct witness accounts of his death agree that he committed suicide in the presidential palace.[5][6] After the coup Pinochet established a military dictatorship that ruled Chile until 1990 and that was marked by severe human rights violations. A weak insurgence movement against the Pinochet government was maintained inside Chile by elements sympathetic to the former Allende government.
- published: 10 Jan 2011
- views: 35396
- author: RATMagainstbush8
4:19
His Excellency General Augusto Pinochet
A Christian Falangist Party video dedicated to General Augusto Pinochet defender of Capita...
published: 04 Mar 2009
author: cfpa1
His Excellency General Augusto Pinochet
A Christian Falangist Party video dedicated to General Augusto Pinochet defender of Capitalism who saved Chile from Marxism.
- published: 04 Mar 2009
- views: 5681
- author: cfpa1
10:30
Última entrevista al General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (2003) HQ
En noviembre de 2003 el General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte concedió la última entrevista a un...
published: 06 Jun 2012
author: llinogonzalez
Última entrevista al General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (2003) HQ
En noviembre de 2003 el General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte concedió la última entrevista a un medio de prensa antes de morir.
- published: 06 Jun 2012
- views: 7650
- author: llinogonzalez
3:21
Entrevista Augusto Pinochet CNN
Reportaje de CNN que rescata extractos de una entrevista realizada al ex-dictador chileno ...
published: 15 Jun 2009
author: comunaburguesa
Entrevista Augusto Pinochet CNN
Reportaje de CNN que rescata extractos de una entrevista realizada al ex-dictador chileno Augusto Pinochet, en el cual evalúa brevemente la obra del régimen militar, explica y justifica las causas del golpe de estado, objeta el calificativo dictadura y expresa su idea sobre la democracia. Rescata las bondades de la economía neoliberal, critica la legitimidad de la comisión Rettig (Comisión Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliación) y finalmente propone olvidar los hechos relacionados con la violación de los derechos humanos cometidas por la dictadura. Anexo... El dictador Augusto Pinochet, a un par de sacerdotes que le impugnaron el trato a los prisioneros, respondió lo siguiente: "El bacilo del comunismo ha invadido al pueblo, por eso tengo que exterminar el comunismo. Los comunistas más peligrosos son los miristas. Hay que torturarlos porque si no, no cantan. La tortura es necesaria para extirpar el comunismo." La abrumadora mayoría de los detenidos no fue interrogada para obtener la información específica. Se trataba de "sacudir el árbol", como dicen en la jerga, para ver si caía algún "fruto". Pero, por sobre todo, se buscó aterrorizar a la población para que los torturados se apartaran de toda actividad política y sirvieran de advertencia al resto de la ciudadanía. (Sohr, 2008, pp. 343-344) REFERENCIA: -Shor, R. (2008). El Mundo y sus Guerras. Santiago: Copesa SA y Random House Mondadori SA
- published: 15 Jun 2009
- views: 46422
- author: comunaburguesa
2:23
Tributo General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte
Video dedicado a nuestro general libertador don Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1915-2006), Capit...
published: 08 Sep 2011
author: leomixkine
Tributo General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte
Video dedicado a nuestro general libertador don Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1915-2006), Capitán General del ejercito Chileno (1973-1998), Presidente de Chile (1973-1990).
- published: 08 Sep 2011
- views: 25463
- author: leomixkine
6:33
Augusto Pinochet: Ultimo Mensaje Presidencial 10 marzo 1990. ¡VIVA CHILE!
En su última cadena nacional el presidente Augusto Pinochet hace un llamado a la unidad ya...
published: 25 Jun 2012
author: verdadhistoricachile
Augusto Pinochet: Ultimo Mensaje Presidencial 10 marzo 1990. ¡VIVA CHILE!
En su última cadena nacional el presidente Augusto Pinochet hace un llamado a la unidad ya mantener respeto por las instituciones. A no olvidar las regiones y los chilenos menos favorecidos A unirse y apoyar el nuevo gobierno de Patricio Aylwin, el bien del país debe estar por sobre los intereses partidistas. A no confiarse en los logros alcanzados, mantenerse constantemente alertas a quienes siempre buscan socavar las bases del crecimiento y convivencia pacífica (Aquí el General Libertador no los nombra explícitamente en honor a la fraternidad y reencuentro nacional, pero sabemos que se refiere a ese cáncer de nuestra sociedad que son los comunistas). Finalmente el Presidente Pinochet se despide: "Los Invito desde ya a fundirnos en un sólo gran abrazo fraterno ya gritar con todas las fuerzas de nuestros corazones y voluntades: ¡VIVA CHILE!" Este es un valiosísimo documento histórico. Por favor difundir. Otros interesantes documentos históricos: El Sonido de la Historia. La verdad del Gobierno de Salvador Allende: youtu.be "Pinochet" - Documental de Ignacio Zegers: youtu.be
- published: 25 Jun 2012
- views: 3180
- author: verdadhistoricachile
3:40
Augusto Pinochet Muere
Augusto Pinochet, el Dictador, falleció hoy a las 14.15 Hrs. (hora Chilena). Extracto noti...
published: 11 Dec 2006
author: Felipe Araos
Augusto Pinochet Muere
Augusto Pinochet, el Dictador, falleció hoy a las 14.15 Hrs. (hora Chilena). Extracto noticiario TVN. Televisión Nacional de Chile. Canal del estado.
- published: 11 Dec 2006
- views: 33768
- author: Felipe Araos
15:27
Nostalgia, Memory, and Revolution: An Interview With Patricio Guzmán
In Patricio Guzmán's most recent film, Nostalgia for the Light, the Chilean filmmaker poin...
published: 20 Dec 2011
author: mfoxus
Nostalgia, Memory, and Revolution: An Interview With Patricio Guzmán
In Patricio Guzmán's most recent film, Nostalgia for the Light, the Chilean filmmaker points his camera toward Chile's Atacama desert, where astronomers, archeologists, and the relatives of Augusto Pinochet's disappeared all intertwine in a search for the past and the present. In this interview, Guzmán speaks about his new movie, nostalgia, Chile, the Latin American "pink tide," filmmaking, and the need for an audio-visual revolution. The interview was held in New York in March 2011. Nostalgia Trailer: Courtesy of Icarus Films Filmed, edited, and produced by Sílvia Leindecker and Michael Fox. Estreito Meio Productions vimeo.com/estreitomeios flickr.com/estreitomeios estreitomeio@gmail.com nacla.org
- published: 20 Dec 2011
- views: 752
- author: mfoxus
5:46
Morre o ex-ditador chileno Augusto Pinochet (2006)
Jornal Nacional, 11/12/2006. Milhares de partidários de Pinochet esperaram horas para ver ...
published: 27 Feb 2011
author: Billy Martins
Morre o ex-ditador chileno Augusto Pinochet (2006)
Jornal Nacional, 11/12/2006. Milhares de partidários de Pinochet esperaram horas para ver o corpo do general. Ele comandou um golpe de estado em 1973, no qual o presidente socialista Salvador Allende se suicidou.
- published: 27 Feb 2011
- views: 502
- author: Billy Martins
53:08
Augusto Pinochet con Eduardo Bonvallet 1997. Entrevista COMPLETA. Noche de Bomba.
Noche de Bomba, programa de entrevistas del canal La Red Televisión, conducido por Eduardo...
published: 26 Jun 2012
author: verdadhistoricachile
Augusto Pinochet con Eduardo Bonvallet 1997. Entrevista COMPLETA. Noche de Bomba.
Noche de Bomba, programa de entrevistas del canal La Red Televisión, conducido por Eduardo Bonvallet. Año 1997, ultimo capítulo de la primera temporada, invitado: Comandante en Jefe del Ejército y ex-Presidente de Chile: Augusto Pinochet. Pinochet repasa desde sus inicios cuando trató 3 veces de entrar a la Escuela Militar, pasando por sus primeras experiencias con comunistas en Pisagua y Schwager. El General relata cómo vivió los días previos al 11 de septiembre de 1973. Algunas frases destacadas: "El militar debe ser mesurado pero efectivo." "Durante el período de allende varios actuales parlamentarios desfilaban encapuchados, con picas y hondas." "Hay muchas cosas que se han olvidado. Estábamos pésimo, se habían robado hasta las barras de oro del banco central, las cambiaron por barras de cobre." "Tenemos muy buenas relaciones con personajes muy importantes de China Comunista y Rusia y son grandes amigos nuestros, nunca hemos tenido ningún problema." "EEUU considera a los demás países como colonias, muy similar al Imperio Romano". "No tengo interés de entrar en polémica con Aylwin, cuando uno llega a presidente no se puede bajar de altura y menos hablar mal de otro presidente". "Me llama la atención que EEUU haya acusado tan rápido al General Contreras y al Brigadier Espinoza que son chilenos y todavía no ha esclarecido los asesinatos de John Kennedy y Martin Luther King que fueron norteamericanos". Respecto a Contreras y Espinoza: "No pongo las manos al fuego por ...
- published: 26 Jun 2012
- views: 9078
- author: verdadhistoricachile
5:20
El documental sobre Augusto Pinochet que provoca polémicas - 24 HORAS TVN 2012
24 HORAS NOTICIAS © 2012 TELEVISION NACIONAL DE CHILE (06/06/2012) www.24horas.cl VISITA B...
published: 09 Jun 2012
author: TomahawkNoticias
El documental sobre Augusto Pinochet que provoca polémicas - 24 HORAS TVN 2012
24 HORAS NOTICIAS © 2012 TELEVISION NACIONAL DE CHILE (06/06/2012) www.24horas.cl VISITA Breaking News Chile en http - goo.gl Organizaciones defensoras de Derechos Humanos interponen recursos de protección para evitar el estreno. - POR JAVIERA SALINAS - Suma críticas y defensas. El documental sobre el ex dictador Augusto Pinochet Ugarte ha provocado diversas reacciones de cara al estreno que se realizará el 10 de junio en el Teatro Caupolicán. La Agrupación de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos (AFDD) presentó un recurso de protección para evitarlo, mientras los realizadores del filme abogan por la libertad de expresión. El documental "Pinochet" fue dirigido por Ignacio Zegers y premiado con el galardón Hispania de Oro, del Festival Internacional del Gran Cine Hispanoamericano. Desde que se supo que su emisión en Chile sería dentro de un homenaje a la figura del ex general comenzó la polémica. El rechazo al evento cuenta con el apoyo del presidente del Senado, el socialista Camilo Escalona, quien calificó como un "despropósito" y ofensa contra las víctimas de la dictadura. De hecho, representantes de la AFDD presentaron este martes un recurso de protección para evitar que se realice y emplazó al gobierno a pronunciarse sobre el tema. "Lo que se requiere es una voluntad que genere políticas públicas que prohíban por ley las apologías al terrorismo de Estado", señaló a 24horas.cl Gabriela Zúñiga, dirigenta de la AFDD. El gobierno, en tanto, tomó distancia de la polémica ...
- published: 09 Jun 2012
- views: 6982
- author: TomahawkNoticias
1:19
Anti-tributo a Augusto Pinochet by The Re∆ktion! Vancouver Canada.
On June 10th, 2012, an homage was held in Santiago (Chile) for Augusto Pinochet, chilean d...
published: 11 Jun 2012
author: theReActionMusicBand
Anti-tributo a Augusto Pinochet by The Re∆ktion! Vancouver Canada.
On June 10th, 2012, an homage was held in Santiago (Chile) for Augusto Pinochet, chilean dictator responsible for thousands of deaths and disappearances in the 70s and the 80s, and stablished the foundations for an obsolete economical system that places Chile as one of the countries with greater inequalities between the wealthy and the poor. While demonstrators in Chile protested against this, we got some friends to help us with this anti-tribute for this man that DOES NOT deserve an homage. Thanks to all the good people from Vancouver that helped us in this, and to all the people resisting back in Chile!!!! Visit our sites and share your comments and views with us: www.thereactionmusic.com soundcloud.com www.purevolume.com Get the album Believe in Revolution here!!! thereactionmusic.bandcamp.com Find us in FACEBOOK! www.facebook.com
- published: 11 Jun 2012
- views: 3491
- author: theReActionMusicBand
15:17
Augusto Pinochet Molina: "No nos vamos a quedar callados, no nos van a amedrentar"
CNN Chile conversó con el nieto y único familiar directo de Augusto Pinochet Ugarte que as...
published: 12 Jun 2012
author: cnnchile
Augusto Pinochet Molina: "No nos vamos a quedar callados, no nos van a amedrentar"
CNN Chile conversó con el nieto y único familiar directo de Augusto Pinochet Ugarte que asistió al homenaje en el Teatro Caupolicán.
- published: 12 Jun 2012
- views: 3138
- author: cnnchile
Vimeo results:
0:35
La Muerte de Pinochet - El Viejo Pascuero (microtrailer)
Un retrato de 4 vidas alteradas con una noticia: Augusto Pinochet ha muerto.
Un fan, una ...
published: 04 Aug 2011
author: Perut + Osnovikoff
La Muerte de Pinochet - El Viejo Pascuero (microtrailer)
Un retrato de 4 vidas alteradas con una noticia: Augusto Pinochet ha muerto.
Un fan, una víctima, una casualidad...Y el Viejo Pascuero.
1 DE SEPTIEMBRE EN CINES
2:04
AUGUSTO PINOCHET vs. ALLENDE
Duelo musical realizado por el equipo de ASI SOMOS, programa de LA RED....
published: 20 May 2012
author: ÁREA33
AUGUSTO PINOCHET vs. ALLENDE
Duelo musical realizado por el equipo de ASI SOMOS, programa de LA RED.
1:47
Augusto Pinochet Documentary
published: 07 Dec 2011
author: Paul McAleavey
Augusto Pinochet Documentary
0:24
Thriller.
Legit movie I made in Photo/Tech....
published: 11 Feb 2010
author: augusto pinochet
Thriller.
Legit movie I made in Photo/Tech.
Youtube results:
10:06
Spanish Judge Baltasar Garzón on Trial: Interview with Reed Brody of Human Rights Watch
democracynow.org - Spanish Judge Baltasar Garzón is known for ordering the arrest of Chile...
published: 03 Feb 2012
author: democracynow
Spanish Judge Baltasar Garzón on Trial: Interview with Reed Brody of Human Rights Watch
democracynow.org - Spanish Judge Baltasar Garzón is known for ordering the arrest of Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet and seeking to indict members of the George W. Bush administration for their role in torturing prisoners. Now Garzón is facing trial himself, in Madrid, after right-wing groups objected to his investigation of atrocities committed by supporters of the dictator Francisco Franco. Garzón has used the doctrine of universal jurisdiction to investigate war crimes and torture across national lines. "The irony here, of course, is that he is being prosecuted in Spain for trying to apply the very principles that he so successfully promoted internationally," says Reed Brody of Human Rights Watch, who has been in the courtroom observing Garzón's trial Towatch the complete daily, independent news hour, read the transcript, download the podcast, and for the additional Democracy Now! visit www.democracynow.org. FOLLOW DEMOCRACY NOW! ONLINE Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: @democracynow Subscribe on YouTube: www.youtube.com Listen on SoundCloud: www.soundcloud.com Daily Email News Digest: www.democracynow.org Please consider supporting independent media by making a donation to Democracy Now! today, visit www.democracynow.org
- published: 03 Feb 2012
- views: 459
- author: democracynow
2:46
A Usted Señor Me dirijo (A Augusto Pinochet, in memoriam)
A Usted Señor me Dirijo: Canción compuesta por Eduardo Yáñez e interpretada por Quilapayún...
published: 31 Jul 2009
author: spartakku
A Usted Señor Me dirijo (A Augusto Pinochet, in memoriam)
A Usted Señor me Dirijo: Canción compuesta por Eduardo Yáñez e interpretada por Quilapayún. Aparece en el disco "Desde Chile Resistimos" (1976)
- published: 31 Jul 2009
- views: 238548
- author: spartakku
59:33
"After Pinochet: The healing of a country's wounded heart"
A documentary about Chile's journey to democracy. Twenty years after the end of a lengthy ...
published: 19 Mar 2012
author: Annabel Aguirre
"After Pinochet: The healing of a country's wounded heart"
A documentary about Chile's journey to democracy. Twenty years after the end of a lengthy dictatorship under the General Augusto Pinochet, Chile is still struggling to regain a sense of national well-being.
- published: 19 Mar 2012
- views: 892
- author: Annabel Aguirre
photo: Creative Commons / INABA Tomoaki
16 Jan 2013
YURI KAGEYAMA. AP Business Writers= TOKYO (AP) — Boeing Co.'s 787 planes were grounded for safety checks Wednesday by two major Japanese airlines after one was forced to make an emergency landing in the latest blow for the new jet ... The 787, known as the Dreamliner, is Boeing's newest and most technologically advanced jet, and the company is counting heavily on its success ... The grounding was done voluntarily by the airlines ... The U.S ... U.S....(size: 11.1Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
17 Jan 2013
AMY TEIBEL. Associated Press= JERUSALEM (AP) — Israel's premier on Wednesday dismissed President Barack Obama's reported displeasure with his hard-line policies toward the Palestinians, a sisgn that the two could be headed for a showdown. Polls suggest Benjamin Netanyahu is poised to win Israel's elections next week and continue in office ... could suffer in unprecedented ways if the Israeli government doesn't change its policies....(size: 10.2Kb)
photo: GFDL
17 Jan 2013
TOKYO. Aviation regulators on Thursday grounded most of the world's 787 Dreamliner fleet until a fire risk linked to the plane's batteries can been fixed, deepening a crisis for its US manufacturer Boeing. Regulators in Japan, India and Chile followed the lead of the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in ordering an indefinite halt to all operations, after a Japanese Dreamliner on Wednesday was forced into an emergency landing ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: US Army / Staff Sgt. Michael R. Noggle
18 Jan 2013
“For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction” is Newton’s third law of physics. Its counterpart in geopolitics is “blowback,” when military action in one sphere produces an unintended and undesirable consequence in another. September 11, 2001, was blowback. George H.W. Bush had sent an army of half a million to hurl Saddam Hussein out of Kuwait, a triumph ... bases in Saudi Arabia ... Patrick J....(size: 5.8Kb)
photo: French MoD photo
16 Jan 2013
BAMAKO, Mali -- After a punishing bombing campaign failed to halt the advance of al-Qaida-linked fighters, France pledged Tuesday to triple the size of its force in Mali, sending in hundreds more troops as it prepared for a land assault to dislodge the militants occupying the country's northern half ... On Tuesday, France announced that it was increasing the number of troops from 800 to 2,500 ... "We have one objective ... On Tuesday, U.S ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)
Deutsche Welle
17 Jan 2013
Chile's middle class is in better shape than it has been in decades. But in the Latin American country often praised for the economic strides it has made, the cost of prosperity is high, experts warn. They live in quiet, safe neighborhoods ... Their children go to private or good quality state schools ... "Subsequently the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet introduced a political, economic and social system that was focused on the market ... ....(size: 5.8Kb)
Huffington Post
17 Jan 2013
The NRA, conservatives and anti-gun control advocates in the U.S make the claim over and over that they have the right to carry weapons. They point to the second amendment which reads. “A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.” ... In the U.S ... This is nothing new ... The U.S ... Augusto Pinochet overthrew Allende in a bloody coup on Sept ... Like ... ....(size: 18.5Kb)
Sun Sentinel
16 Jan 2013
Besides commerce and tourism, one of the frequent exchanges between Latin America and Florida seems to involve murderers, torturers and financial fraudsters ... The latest such case involves a resident of the Central Florida bedroom community of Deltona, an uneventful city of 85,000 people ... ally of 17 million people, began the transition back to democracy after the end of the Augusto Pinochet regime. Barrientos is now a naturalized U.S ... ....(size: 4.4Kb)
Al Jazeera
16 Jan 2013
According to the Israeli government and sympathetic entities, Iran poses an apocalyptic threat to the world ... Elsewhere in Latin America, Iran provided the homicidal Chilean dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet with useful methods of popular oppression, while helping spawn the contemporary incarnation of Colombian paramilitarism that has been responsible for an untold quantity of civilian bloodshed and other forms of suffering ... 1289 ... Share ... ....(size: 21.7Kb)
IMDb
15 Jan 2013
“In 1988, Chilean military dictator Augusto Pinochet, due to international pressure, is forced to call a plebiscite on his presidency. The country will vote Yes or No to Pinochet extending his rule for ......(size: 1.1Kb)
Denver Post
12 Jan 2013
Augusto Pinochet from power after 16 years of his brutal regime ... Augusto Pinochet from power after 16 years as a dictator. Gael Garcia Bernal plays Rene Saavedra, a formerly exiled advertising hot shot drawn into a 1988 referendum TV campaign who tries to persuade people to vote "No" to eight more years of Pinochet ... The film's July premiere in Santiago unsettled many audiences because Chile remains deeply divided over Pinochet's rule....(size: 3.8Kb)
The Times of India
12 Jan 2013
Augusto Pinochet from power after 16 years as a dictator. Gael Garcia Bernal plays Rene Saavedra, a formerly exiled advertising hot shot drawn into a 1988 referendum TV campaign who tries to persuade people to vote "No" to eight more years of Pinochet ... Pinochet, who once compared himself to the best Roman emperors, was ousted when 55 percent of people voted "no" to continuing his rule....(size: 2.9Kb)
Sacramento Bee
12 Jan 2013
Augusto Pinochet from power after 16 years as a dictator. Gael Garcia Bernal plays Rene Saavedra, a formerly exiled advertising hot shot drawn into a 1988 referendum TV campaign who tries to persuade people to vote "No" to eight more years of Pinochet ... Pinochet, who once compared himself to the best Roman emperors, was ousted when 55 percent of people voted "no" to continuing his rule....(size: 3.0Kb)
Seattle Post
12 Jan 2013
Augusto Pinochet from power after 16 years as a dictator. Gael Garcia Bernal plays Rene Saavedra, a formerly exiled advertising hot shot drawn into a 1988 referendum TV campaign who tries to persuade people to vote "No" to eight more years of Pinochet ... Pinochet, who once compared himself to the best Roman emperors, was ousted when 55 percent of people voted "no" to continuing his rule....(size: 3.0Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
12 Jan 2013
Augusto Pinochet from power after 16 years as a dictator. Gael Garcia Bernal plays Rene Saavedra, a formerly exiled advertising hot shot drawn into a 1988 referendum TV campaign who tries to persuade people to vote "No" to eight more years of Pinochet ... Pinochet, who once compared himself to the best Roman emperors, was ousted when 55 per cent of people voted "no" to continuing his rule....(size: 3.1Kb)
The Washington Post
12 Jan 2013
Augusto Pinochet from power after 16 years as a dictator. Gael Garcia Bernal plays Rene Saavedra, a formerly exiled advertising hot shot drawn into a 1988 referendum TV campaign who tries to persuade people to vote “No” to eight more years of Pinochet ... Pinochet, who once compared himself to the best Roman emperors, was ousted when 55 percent of people voted “no” to continuing his rule....(size: 3.9Kb)
IMDb
12 Jan 2013
The Washington Times
12 Jan 2013
Augusto Pinochet from power after 16 years as a dictator. Gael Garcia Bernal plays Rene Saavedra, a formerly exiled advertising hot shot drawn into a 1988 referendum TV campaign who tries to persuade people to vote “No” to eight more years of Pinochet ... Pinochet, who once compared himself to the best Roman emperors, was ousted when 55 percent of people voted “no” to continuing his rule....(size: 5.9Kb)
This name uses Spanish naming customs; the first or paternal family name is Pinochet and the second or maternal family name is Ugarte.
| Augusto Pinochet | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Augusto Pinochet in 1990 | |
| 30th President of Chile | |
| In office 17 December 1974 – 11 March 1990 |
|
| Preceded by | Salvador Allende |
| Succeeded by | Patricio Aylwin |
| President of the Government Junta of Chile |
|
| In office 11 September 1973 – 11 March 1981 |
|
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | José Toribio Merino |
| 58th Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army | |
| In office 23 August 1973 – 11 March 1998 |
|
| Preceded by | Carlos Prats |
| Succeeded by | Ricardo Izurieta |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (1915-11-25)25 November 1915 Valparaíso, Chile |
| Died | 10 December 2006(2006-12-10) (aged 91) Santiago, Chile |
| Nationality | Chilean |
| Spouse(s) | Lucía Hiriart (1943-2006) |
| Children | Inés Lucía Pinochet María Verónica Pinochet Jacqueline Marie Pinochet Augusto Osvaldo Pinochet Marco Antonio Pinochet |
| Alma mater | Chilean War Academy |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Profession | Soldier |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Chile |
| Service/branch | Chilean Army |
| Years of service | 1931 - 1998 |
| Rank | Captain General |
| Unit | "Chacabuco" Regiment "Maipo" Regiment "Carampangue" Regiment "Rancagua" Regiment 1st Army Division |
| Commands | "Esmeralda" Regiment 2nd Army Division 6th Army Division Santiago Army Garrison Chilean Army |
| Battles/wars | none |
Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte, more commonly known as Augusto Pinochet (Spanish pronunciation: [auˈɣusto pinoˈtʃet]),[note 1] (25 November 1915 – 10 December 2006) was a Chilean army general and dictator who assumed power in a coup d'état on 11 September 1973. He was the commander-in-chief of the Chilean army from 1973 to 1998, president of the Government Junta of Chile from 1973 to 1981 and President of the Republic from 1974 until transferring power to a democratically elected president in 1990.[2]
By early 1972 Pinochet was General Chief of Staff of the Army. In 23 August 1973 he was promoted to Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army by president Salvador Allende.[3] On 11 September 1973 Pinochet led a coup d'état which overthrew Allende's democratically elected socialist government. In December 1974 the military junta appointed Pinochet as President by a joint decree, with which Air Force General Gustavo Leigh disagreed.[4] From the beginning, the government implemented harsh measures against its political opponents.[5] According to various reports and investigations 1,200–3,200 people were killed, up to 80,000 were interned, and up to 30,000 were tortured by his regime including women and children.[6][7][8] Under the influence of the free market-oriented libertarian Chicago Boys, the new military government of Chile (1973–1990) also implemented economic reforms, including currency stabilization, tariff cutting, opening Chile's markets to global trade, restricting labor unions, privatizing social security, and the privatization of hundreds of state-controlled industries. These policies produced what has been referred to as the "miracle of Chile", but critics claim the government policies dramatically increased economic inequality.[9] But the devastating effect of the 1982 monetary crisis in the Chilean economy can be attributed to the Finance Minister Sergio De Castro's decision to peg Chile's currency to the U.S. dollar - to align Chile's high inflation rate with the U.S. inflation rate, but triggered a tremendous devaluation when the U.S. dollar fell, and set off a bank crisis. Economist Milton Friedman, whose ideas influenced the Chicago Boys, criticized De Castro for his decision as it distorted markets.[10] Pinochet's economic policies were continued and strengthened by successive governments after he gave up power and returned the country to democracy in 1990. Chile is now the best-performing economy in Latin America, though academics continue to dispute the legacy of Pinochet's reforms.[11]
Pinochet's regime was given a legal framework through a highly controversial plebiscite in 1980, which approved a new Constitution drafted by a government-appointed commission. A plebiscite in 1988 (which saw 56% vote against continuing his presidency) led to democratic elections for the Presidency and Parliament. After peacefully stepping down in 1990, Pinochet continued to serve as Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army until 10 March 1998, when he retired and became a senator-for-life in accordance with the 1980 Constitution. He was arrested in the UK in October 1998 in connection with human rights allegations, but following a legal battle was released and returned to Chile in March 2000. In 2004, Chilean Judge Juan Guzmán Tapia ruled that Pinochet was medically fit to stand trial and placed him under house arrest.[3] By the time of his death on 10 December 2006, about 300 criminal charges were still pending against him in Chile for numerous human rights violations, tax evasion and embezzlement during his 17-year rule and afterwards.[12] Pinochet was accused of having corruptly amassed a wealth of US$28 million or more.[13]
Early life and military career[link]
Pinochet was born in Valparaíso to Augusto Pinochet Vera, descendant of a Breton immigrant from Lamballe, and Avelina Ugarte Martínez, woman of Basque descent.[14] He went to primary and secondary school at the San Rafael Seminary of Valparaíso, the Rafael Ariztía Institute (Marist Brothers) in Quillota, the French Fathers' School of Valparaíso, and then to the Military School in Santiago, which he entered in 1931. In 1935, after four years of study, he graduated with the rank of alférez (Second Lieutenant) in the infantry. In September 1937, Pinochet was assigned to the "Chacabuco" Regiment, in Concepción. Two years later, in 1939, then with the rank of Sub-lieutenant, he moved to the "Maipo" Regiment, garrisoned in Valparaíso. He returned to Infantry School in 1940. On 30 January 1943, he married Lucía Hiriart Rodríguez, with whom he has five children: Inés Lucía, María Verónica, Jacqueline Marie, Augusto Osvaldo, and Marco Antonio.
By late 1945, Pinochet was assigned to the "Carampangue" Regiment in the northern city of Iquique. Three years later, he entered the War Academy, but he had to postpone his studies because, being the youngest officer, he had to carry out a service mission in the coal zone of Lota. The following year he returned to his studies in the Academy, and after obtaining the title of Officer Chief of Staff, in 1951, he returned to teach at the Military School. At the same time, he worked as a teachers' aide at the War Academy, giving military geography and geopolitics classes. In addition to this, he was active as editor of the institutional magazine Cien Águilas ("One Hundred Eagles"). At the beginning of 1953, with the rank of Major, he was sent for two years to the "Rancagua" Regiment in Arica. While there, he was appointed professor of the Chilean War Academy, and he returned to Santiago to take up his new position.[3]
In 1956, Pinochet and a group of young officers were chosen to form a military mission that would collaborate in the organization of the War Academy of Ecuador in Quito. He remained with the Quito mission for three-and-a-half years, during which time he dedicated himself to the study of geopolitics, military geography and intelligence. It's been recently alleged that while in Quito Pinochet had a romance with Piedad Noe, and fathered a boy called Juan.[15] At the end of 1959, he returned to Chile and was sent to General Headquarters of the 1st Army Division, based in Antofagasta. The following year, he was appointed Commander of the "Esmeralda" Regiment. Due to his success in this position, he was appointed Sub-director of the War Academy in 1963. In 1968, he was named Chief of Staff of the 2nd Army Division, based in Santiago, and at the end of that year, he was promoted to Brigadier General and Commander in Chief of the 6th Division, garrisoned in Iquique. In his new function, he was also appointed Intendant of the Tarapacá Province.
In January 1971, Pinochet rose to Division General, and was named General Commander of the Santiago Army Garrison. At the beginning of 1972, he was appointed General Chief of Staff of the Army. With rising domestic strife in Chile, after General Prats resigned his position, Pinochet was appointed commander-in-chief of the Army on 23 August 1973 by President Salvador Allende just the day after the Chamber of Deputies of Chile approved a resolution asserting that the government was not respecting the Constitution. Less than a month later, the Chilean military deposed Allende.
Military coup of 1973[link]
Main article: 1973 Chilean coup d'état
On 11 September 1973, the combined Chilean Armed Forces (the Army, Navy, Air Force and the Carabineros) overthrew Allende's government in a coup, during which the presidential palace, La Moneda, was shelled and Allende committed suicide.[16]
In his memoirs Pinochet said that he was the leading plotter of the coup and used his position as commander-in-chief of the Army to coordinate a far-reaching scheme with the other two branches of the military and the national police. In later years, however, high military officials from the time have said that Pinochet reluctantly became involved only a few days before it was scheduled to occur and followed the lead of the other branches (especially the Navy, under Merino) as they executed the coup.[citation needed]
The new government rounded up thousands of people and held them in the national stadium, where many were killed, setting the stage for decades of brutal repression that followed. As many as 3,000 people died during Pinochet's years in power, and more than 1,000 are still missing.[17]
In the months that followed the coup, the junta, with authoring work by historian Gonzalo Vial and admiral Patricio Carvajal, published a book titled El Libro Blanco del cambio de gobierno en Chile (commonly known as El Libro Blanco, "The White Book of the Change of Government in Chile"), where they attempted to justify the coup by claiming that they were in fact anticipating a self-coup (the alleged Plan Zeta, or Plan Z) that Allende's government or its associates were purportedly preparing. United States intelligence agencies believed the plan to be untrue propaganda.[18] Although later discredited and officially recognized as the product of political propaganda,[19] some Chilean historians pointed to the similarities between the alleged Plan Z and other existing paramilitary plans of the Popular Unity parties in support of its legitimacy.[20]
Canadian Jean Charpentier of Télévision de Radio-Canada was the first foreign journalist to interview General Pinochet following the coup.[21]
U.S. backing of the coup[link]
Further information: United States intervention in Chile
The U.S. provided material support to the military regime after the coup, although criticizing it in public. A document released by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in 2000, titled "CIA Activities in Chile", revealed that the CIA actively supported the military junta after the overthrow of Allende, and that it made many of Pinochet's officers into paid contacts of the CIA or U.S. military, even though some were known to be involved in human rights abuses.[22] Perhaps most infamously, the CIA maintained contacts among the Chilean DINA intelligence service while DINA leaders, under Pinochet's direct command, led the multinational "anti-communism campaign" known as Operation Condor, resulting in assassinations of prominent politicians and activists of the legal left in various Latin American countries, in Washington, D.C., and in Europe (see section below). In particular, CIA contact with the head DINA, Manuel Contreras, was established soon after the coup (in 1974, during the Junta period prior to official transfer of Presidential powers to Pinochet); in 1975, the CIA reviewed a warning that keeping Contreras as an asset might trouble the maintenance of human rights in the region, yet they chose to keep him as an asset anyhow and even made him a paid asset at one point. In addition to the CIA's maintaining of assets in DINA beginning soon after the coup, several CIA assets, such as CORU Cuban exile militants Orlando Bosch and Guillermo Novo, collaborated in DINA operations under the Condor Plan in the early years of Pinochet's presidency.
While the U.S. tacitly supported the Pinochet regime after the 1973 coup, there is no evidence that the US was directly involved in the coup.[23] However, the Church Report concluded that, while the US had not directly participated in the 1973 coup, it had supported an attempted coup in 1970,[24] and had directed money to anti-Allende elements, including possibly terrorist groups, during the period 1970–1973.[25] The armed forces under Pinochet's command had strong enough coordination and military resources, and sufficient motivation, to undertake the coup on their own, as evidenced by their earlier coup attempt known as the Tanquetazo. Many historians have noted the role of US economic policy towards Chile in creating the conditions that led to the coup; in Kissinger's own words, the US intended to "make the [Chilean] economy scream" and, after the coup, US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger remarked to US President Richard Nixon that despite the lack of direct US involvement, "we helped them... created the conditions as great as possible."
Military junta[link]
Main article: Government Junta of Chile (1973)
A military junta was established immediately following the coup, made up of General Pinochet representing the Army, Admiral José Toribio Merino representing the Navy, General Gustavo Leigh representing the Air Force, and General César Mendoza representing the Carabineros (national police). As established the junta exercised both executive and legislative functions of the government, suspended the Constitution and the Congress, imposed strict censorship and curfew, banned all parties and halted all political activities. This military junta held the executive role until 17 December 1974, after which it remained strictly as a legislative body, the executive powers being transferred to Pinochet with the title of President.
Presidency[link]
Main article: Military government of Chile (1973–1990)
File:Pinochet junta1.gif
Junta session one week after the 1973 coup.
The junta members originally planned for the presidency to rotate among the commanders-in-chief of the four military branches. However, Pinochet soon consolidated his control, first retaining sole chairmanship of the military junta, and then proclaiming himself "Supreme Chief of the Nation" (de facto provisional president) on 27 June 1974. He officially changed his title to "President" on 17 December 1974. General Leigh, head of the Air Force, became increasingly opposed to Pinochet's policies and was forced into retirement on 24 July 1978, after contradicting Pinochet on that year's plebiscite (officially called Consulta Nacional, or National Consultation, in response to a UN resolution condemning Pinochet's government). He would be replaced by General Fernando Matthei.
Pinochet organized a plebiscite on 11 September 1980. The Chilean people were asked to ratify a new Constitution, replacing the 1925 Constitution drafted during Arturo Alessandri's presidency. The new Constitution, partly drafted by Jaime Guzmán, a close adviser to Pinochet and future founder of the right-wing party Independent Democratic Union (UDI), gave the position of President of the Republic, held by Pinochet, a large amount of power. It created some new institutions, such as the Constitutional Tribunal and the controversial National Security Council (COSENA). It also prescribed an 8-year presidential period, and a single-candidate presidential referendum in 1988, where a candidate nominated by the Junta would be approved or rejected for another 8-year period. The 1980 referendum was approved by 67.04% against 30.19%,[26] although the opposition denounced extensive irregularities. Headed by ex-president Eduardo Frei Montalva, they argued that this result did not tally with electoral records. One objection was that voters cast their vote using as identification only their own ID cards, without any official records, and were only marked with ink on the thumb, which came off rapidly, making electoral fraud easy. These criticisms were rejected by the Scrutiny Association, and the Constitution was promulgated on 21 October 1980, taking effect on 11 March 1981. Pinochet was replaced as President of the Junta that day by Admiral Merino.
In a massive operation spearheaded by Chilean Army Para-Commandos, some 2,000 security forces troops[27] were deployed in the mountains of Neltume from June to November,[28] where they destroyed two MIR bases, seizing large caches of munitions and killing a number of guerrillas.
In a 1985 report, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights stated that it hoped that "the case now under way will lead to the identification and punishment of the persons responsible for the execution of so culpable an act."[29] Eventually, six members of the police secret service were given life sentences.
According to a book by Ozren Agnic Krstulovic, weapons including C-4 plastic explosives, RPG-7 and M72 LAW rocket launchers as well as more than three thousand M-16 rifles were smuggled into the country by opponents of the government.[30]
In September, weapons from the same source were used in an unsuccessful assassination attempt against Pinochet by the FPMR. Taken by surprise, five of his military bodyguards were killed. Although Pinochet's Mercedes Benz bulletproof vehicle was struck by a rocket, it did not explode, and Pinochet suffered only minor injuries, managing to escape.[31]
Allegations of fascism[link]
Pinochet and his regime have been characterised as fascist.[32] For example, author Samuel Chavkin, in his book Storm Over Chile: The Junta Under Siege, repeatedly characterizes both Pinochet himself and the military dictatorship as fascist.[33] However, he and his regime are generally excluded from academic typologies of fascism.[34][35][36][37] Roger Griffin included Pinochet in a group of pseudo-populist despots distinct from fascism and including the likes of Hitler (to a certain extent since Pinochet was not fanatically violent)[citation needed], Saddam Hussein, Suharto, and Ferdinand Marcos. He argues that such regimes may be considered populist ultra-nationalism but lack the palingenesis necessary to make them conform to the model of palingenetic ultranationalism.[34] Robert Paxton meanwhile compared Pinochet's regime to that of Mobutu Sese Seko in the former Zaire (now Democratic Republic of Congo), arguing that both were merely client states that lacked popular acclaim and the ability to expand. He further argued that had Pinochet attempted to build true fascism, the regime would likely have been toppled or at least been forced to alter its relationship to the United States.[35] Anna Cento Bull also excluded Pinochet from fascism, although she has argued that his regime belongs to a strand of Cold War anti-communism that was happy to accommodate neo-fascist elements within its activity.[36] World Fascism: a Historical encyclopedia notes:
Although he was authoritarian and ruled dictatorially, Pinochet's support of neoliberal economic policies and his unwillingness to support national businesses distinguished him from classical fascists.[38]
This view is implicitly rejected by those who have argued that the Chilean economy revived under Pinochet only when the regime adopted corporatist economic policies as opposed to neoliberal ones of the Chicago School.[39] The notion of Pinochet's "unwillingness to support national businesses" has been challenged by such critics, including Noam Chomsky; indeed, the copper industry remained nationalized throughout Pinochet's presidency and remains so to this day.
Jacobo Timerman has called the Chilean army under Pinochet “the last Prussian army in the world",[40] suggesting a pre-Fascist origin to the model of Pinochet's military government.
Suppression of opposition[link]
Further information: Operation Condor and Indictment and arrest of Augusto Pinochet
| “ | He shut down parliament, suffocated political life, banned trade unions, and made Chile his sultanate. His government disappeared 3,000 opponents, arrested 30,000 (torturing thousands of them) ... Pinochet's name will forever be linked to the Desaparecidos, the Caravan of Death, and the institutionalized torture that took place in the Villa Grimaldi complex. | ” |
|
— Thor Halvorssen, president of the Human Rights Foundation, National Review[41] |
||
Almost immediately after the military's seizure of power, the junta banned all the leftist parties that had constituted Allende's UP coalition.[42] All other parties were placed in "indefinite recess," and were later banned outright. The government's violence was directed not only against dissidents, but also against their families and other civilians.[42]
The Rettig Report concluded 2,279 persons who disappeared during the military government were killed for political reasons or as a result of political violence, and approximately 31,947 tortured according to the later Valech Report, while 1,312 were exiled. The latter were chased all over the world by the intelligence agencies. In Latin America, this was made in the frame of Operation Condor, a cooperation plan between the various intelligence agencies of South American countries, assisted by a United States CIA communication base in Panama. Pinochet believed these operations were necessary in order to "save the country from communism".[43] In 2011, commission identified an additional 9,800 victims of political repression during the Pinochet regime. This led to the total number of victims being revised to approximately 40,018, including 3,065 killed.[44]
Some political scientists have ascribed the relative bloodiness of the coup to the stability of the existing democratic system, which required extreme action to overturn. Some of the most infamous cases of human rights violation occurred during the early period: in October 1973, at least 70 people were killed throughout the country by the Caravan of Death. Charles Horman, a US journalist, "disappeared", as did Víctor Olea Alegría, a member of the Socialist Party, and many others, in 1973.
Furthermore, many other important officials of Allende's government were tracked down by the DINA in the frame of Operation Condor. Thus, General Carlos Prats, Pinochet's predecessor and army commander under Allende, who had resigned rather than support the moves against Allende's government, was assassinated in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1974. A year later, the murder of 119 opponents abroad was disguised as an internal conflict, the DINA setting up a propaganda campaign to accredit this thesis (Operation Colombo), campaign that received diffusion by the leading newspaper in Chile, El Mercurio.
Other victims of Condor included, among hundreds of less famous persons, Juan José Torres, the former President of Bolivia, assassinated in Buenos Aires on 2 June 1976; Carmelo Soria, a UN diplomat working for the CEPAL, assassinated in July 1976; Orlando Letelier, a former Chilean ambassador to the United States and minister in Allende's cabinet, assassinated after his release from internment and exile in Washington, D.C. by a car bomb on 21 September 1976. This led to strained relations with the US and to the extradition of Michael Townley, a US citizen who worked for the DINA and had organized Letelier's assassination. Other targeted victims, who escaped assassination, included Christian-Democrat Bernardo Leighton, who escaped an assassination attempt in Rome in 1975 by the Italian terrorist Stefano delle Chiaie; Carlos Altamirano, the leader of the Chilean Socialist Party, targeted for murder in 1975 by Pinochet, along with Volodia Teitelboim, member of the Communist Party; Pascal Allende, the nephew of Salvador Allende and president of the MIR, who escaped an assassination attempt in Costa Rica in March 1976; US Congressman Edward Koch, who became aware in 2001 of relations between death threats and his denunciation of Operation Condor, etc. Furthermore, according to current investigations, Eduardo Frei Montalva, the Christian Democrat President of Chile from 1964 to 1970, may have been poisoned in 1982 by toxin produced by DINA biochemist Eugenio Berrios.[45]
Protests continued, however, during the 1980s, leading to several scandals. In March 1985, the savage murder of three Communist Party members led to the resignation of César Mendoza, head of the Carabineros and member of the junta since its formation. During a 1986 protest against Pinochet, 21 year old American photographer Rodrigo Rojas DeNegri and 18 year old student Carmen Gloria Quintana were burnt alive, with only Carmen surviving.
In August 1989, Marcelo Barrios Andres, a 21 year-old member of the FPMR (the armed wing of the PCC, created in 1983, which had attempted to assassinate Pinochet on 7 September 1986), was assassinated by a group of military personnel who were supposed to arrest him on orders of Valparaíso's public prosecutor. However, they simply executed him; this case was included in the Rettig Report.[46] Among the killed and disappeared during the military regime were 440 MIR guerrillas.[47]
Economic policy[link]
In 1973, the Chilean economy was deeply hurt for several reasons, including the expropriation of 600 businesses by the Marxist Allende government, a tiered exchange rate that distorted markets, protectionism, and the economic sanctions imposed by the Nixon administration,[48] inflation was 1000%, the country had no foreign reserves, and GDP was falling.[49] By mid 1975, the government set forth an economic policy of free-market reforms which attempted to stop inflation and collapse. Pinochet declared that he wanted "to make Chile not a nation of proletarians, but a nation of proprietors."[50] To formulate the economic rescue, the government relied on the so-called Chicago Boys.
The economic policies espoused by the Chicago Boys and implemented by the junta caused several economic indicators to decline for Chile's lower classes.[51] Wages decreased by 8%.[52] Family allowances in 1989 were 28% of what they had been in 1970 and the budgets for education, health and housing had dropped by over 20% on average[52] The junta relied on the middle class, the oligarchy, huge foreign corporations, and foreign loans to maintain itself.[53] Businesses recovered most of their lost industrial and agricultural holdings, for the junta returned properties to original owners who had lost them during expropriations, and sold other industries expropriated by Allende's Popular Unity government to private buyers. This period saw the expansion of business and widespread speculation.
Financial conglomerates became major beneficiaries of the liberalized economy and the flood of foreign bank loans. Large foreign banks reinstated the credit cycle, as the Junta saw that the basic state obligations, such as resuming payment of principal and interest installments, were honored. International lending organizations such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the Inter-American Development Bank lent vast sums anew.[52] Many foreign multinational corporations such as International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT), Dow Chemical, and Firestone, all expropriated by Allende, returned to Chile.[52] Pinochet's policies eventually led to substantial GDP growth, in contrast to the negative growth seen in the early years of his administration. Foreign debt also grew substantially under Pinochet, rising 300% between 1974 and 1988.
His government implemented an economic model that had three main objectives: economic liberalization, privatization of state owned companies, and stabilization of inflation. In 1985, the government started with a second round of privatization, it revised previously introduced tariff increases and gave a greater supervisory role for the Central Bank. Pinochet's market liberalizations have continued after his death, led by Patricio Aylwin.[11]
1988 referendum and transition to democracy[link]
Further information: Chilean transition to democracy
According to the transitional provisions of the 1980 Constitution, a referendum was scheduled for 5 October 1988, to vote on a new eight-year presidential term for Pinochet. Confronted with increasing opposition, notably at the international level, Pinochet legalized political parties in 1987 and called for a plebiscite to determine whether or not he would remain in power until 1997. If the "YES" won, Pinochet would have to implement the dispositions of the 1980 Constitution, mainly the call for general elections, while he would himself remain in power as President. If the "NO" won, Pinochet would remain President for another year, and a joint Presidential and Parliamentary election would be scheduled.
Another reason of Pinochet's decision to call for elections was the April 1987 visit of Pope John Paul II to Chile. According to the US Catholic author George Weigel, he held a meeting with Pinochet during which they discussed a return to democracy. John Paul II allegedly pushed Pinochet to accept a democratic opening of the regime, and even called for his resignation.[54]
Political advertising was legalized on 5 September 1987, as a necessary element for the campaign for the "NO" to the referendum, which countered the official campaign which presaged a return to a Popular Unity government in case of a defeat of Pinochet. The Opposition, gathered into the Concertación de Partidos por el NO ("Coalition of Parties for NO"), organized a colorful and cheerful campaign under the slogan La alegría ya viene ("Joy is coming"). It was formed by the Christian Democracy, the Socialist Party and the Radical Party, gathered in the Alianza Democrática (Democratic Alliance). In 1988, several more parties, including the Humanist Party, the Ecologist Party, the Social Democrats, and several Socialist Party splinter groups added their support.
On 5 October 1988, the "NO" option won with 55.99%[55] of the votes, against 44.1% of "YES" votes. Pinochet complied, so the ensuing Constitutional process led to presidential and legislative elections the following year.
The Coalition changed its name to Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia (Coalition of Parties for Democracy) and put forward Patricio Aylwin, a Christian Democrat who had opposed Allende, as presidential candidate, and also proposed a list of candidates for the parliamentary elections. The opposition and the Pinochet government made several negotiations to amend the Constitution and agreed to 54 modifications. These amendments changed the way the Constitution would be modified in the future, added restrictions to state of emergency dispositions, the affirmation of political pluralism, and enhanced constitutional rights as well as the democratic principle and participation to political life. In July 1989, a referendum on the proposed changes took place, supported by all the parties except the right-wing Avanzada Nacional. The Constitutional changes were approved by 91.25% of the voters.
Thereafter, Aylwin won the December 1989 presidential election with 55% of the votes,[55] against less than 30% for the right-wing candidate, Hernan Buchi, who had been Pinochet's Minister of Finances since 1985 (there was also a third-party candidate, Francisco Javier Errázuriz, a wealthy aristocrat that represented the extreme economic right, who garnered the remaining 15%[55]). Pinochet thus left the presidency on 11 March 1990 and transferred power to the new democratically elected president.
The Concertación also won the majority of votes for the Parliament. However, due to the "binominal" representation system included in the constitution, the elected senators did not achieve a complete majority in Parliament, a situation that would last for over 15 years. This forced them to negotiate all law projects with the Alliance for Chile (originally called "Democracy and Progress" and then "Union for Chile"), a center-right coalition involving the Unión Demócrata Independiente (UDI) and Renovación Nacional (RN), parties composed mainly of Pinochet's supporters.
Due to the transitional provisions of the constitution, Pinochet remained as Commander-in-Chief of the Army until March 1998. He was then sworn in as a senator-for-life, a privilege granted by the 1980 constitution to former presidents with at least six years in office. His senatorship and consequent immunity from prosecution protected him from legal action. These were only possible in Chile after Pinochet was arrested in 1998 in the United Kingdom, on an extradition request issued by Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón — allegations of abuses had been made numerous times before his arrest, but never acted upon.[56] The extradition attempt was dramatised in the 2006 BBC television docudrama Pinochet in Suburbia, with Pinochet played by Derek Jacobi.
Relationship with UK[link]
Chile was officially neutral during the Falklands War, but Chile's Westinghouse long range radar that was deployed in the south of the country gave the British task force early warning of Argentinian air attacks. This allowed British ships and troops in the war zone to take defensive action.[57] Margaret Thatcher, the British prime minister at the time of the war, has said that the day the radar was taken out of service for overdue maintenance was the day Argentinian fighter-bombers bombed the troopships Sir Galahad and Sir Tristram, leaving 53 dead and many injured. According to Chilean Junta and former Air Force commander Fernando Matthei, Chilean support included military intelligence gathering, radar surveillance, allowing British aircraft to operate with Chilean colours, and facilitating the safe return of British special forces, among other forms of assistance.[58] In April and May 1982, a squadron of mothballed British Hawker Hunter fighter-bombers departed for Chile, arriving on 22 May and allowing the Chilean Air Force to reform the No. 9 "Las Panteras Negras" Squadron. A further consignment of three frontier surveillance and shipping reconnaissance Canberras left for Chile in October. Some authors have speculated that Argentina might have won the war had the military felt able to employ the elite VIth and VIIIth Mountain Brigades which remained sitting in the Andes guarding against possible Chilean incursions.[59] Pinochet subsequently visited Margaret Thatcher for tea on more than one occasion.[60] Pinochet's controversial relationship with Thatcher led Labour Prime Minister Tony Blair to mock Thatcher's Conservatives as "the party of Pinochet" in 1999.
Arrest and court cases in Britain[link]
Main article: Indictment and arrest of Augusto Pinochet
The case was a watershed event in judicial history, as it was the first time that a former government head was arrested on the principle of universal jurisdiction.[61]
After having been placed under house arrest in Britain and initiating a judicial and public relations battle, the latter run by Thatcherite political operative Patrick Robertson,[62] he was eventually released in March 2000 on medical grounds by the Home Secretary Jack Straw without facing trial.[63]
Return to Chile[link]
Pinochet returned to Chile on 3 March 2000. His first act when landing in Santiago's airport was to triumphantly get up from his wheelchair to the acclaim of his supporters.[64][65][66] He was first greeted by his successor as head of the Chilean armed forces, General Ricardo Izurieta.[64] President-elect Ricardo Lagos said the retired general's televised arrival had damaged the image of Chile, while thousands demonstrated against him.[67]
In March 2000 Congress approved a constitutional amendment creating the status of "ex-president," which granted its holder immunity from prosecution and a financial allowance; this replaced Pinochet's senatorship-for-life. 111 legislators voted for, and 29 (mostly, if not all, from the Left) against.[68]
The Supreme Court ruled in favor of judge Juan Guzmán's request on August 2000, and Pinochet was indicted on 1 December 2000 for the kidnapping of 75 opponents in the Caravan of Death case.[69] Guzmán advanced the charge of kidnapping as the 75 were officially "disappeared": even though they were all most likely dead, the absence of their corpses made any charge of "homicide" difficult.
However, in July 2002, the Supreme Court dismissed Pinochet's indictment in the various human rights abuse cases, for medical reasons (vascular dementia). The debate concerned Pinochet's mental faculties, his legal team claiming that he was senile and could not remember, while others (including several physicians) claimed that he was only physically affected but retained all control of his faculties. The same year, the prosecuting attorney Hugo Guttierez, in charge of the Caravan of Death case, declared that "Our country has the degree of justice that the political transition permits us to have."[70]
Pinochet resigned from his senatorial seat shortly after the Supreme Court's July 2002 ruling. In May 2004, the Supreme Court overturned its precedent decision, and ruled that he was capable of standing trial. In arguing their case, the prosecution presented a recent TV interview Pinochet had given for a Miami-based television network, which raised doubts about his alleged mental incapacity. He was charged with several crimes in December of that year (including the 1974 assassination of General Prats, and the Operation Colombo case in which 119 died) and was again placed under house arrest. He suffered a stroke on 18 December 2004.[71] Questioned by his judges in order to know if, as President, he was the direct head of DINA, he answered: "I don't remember, but it's not true. And if it were true, I don't remember."[72]
In January 2005, the Chilean Army accepted institutional responsibility for past human rights abuses.[73] In 2006 Pinochet was indicted for kidnappings and torture at the Villa Grimaldi detention center by the judge Alejandro Madrid (Guzmán's successor),[74] as well as for the 1995 assassination of the DINA biochemist Eugenio Berrios (himself involved in the Letelier case).[75] Berrios, who had worked with Michael Townley, had produced sarin gas, anthrax and botulism in the Bacteriological War Army Laboratory for Pinochet; these materials were used against political opponents. The DINA biochemist was also alleged of having created black cocaine, which Pinochet then sold in Europe and the United States.[76] The money for the drug trade was allegedly put directly into Pinochet's bank accounts.[77] Pinochet's son Marco Antonio, who had been accused of participating in the drug trade, has denied claims of drug trafficking in his father's administration and announced a lawsuit for libel against Manuel Contreras, who had also claimed Pinochet sold cocaine.[78]
On 25 November 2006, Pinochet marked his 91st birthday by having his wife read a statement written by him, and read to his admirers present for his birthday: "I assume the political responsibility of all that has been done."[79] Two days later, he was again ordered to house arrest for the kidnapping and murder of two bodyguards of Salvador Allende who were arrested the day of the 1973 coup and executed by a firing squad during the Caravan of Death episode.[80][81]
However, Pinochet died a few days later, on 10 December 2006, without having been convicted of any of the crimes of which he was accused.
Secret bank accounts, tax evasion and arms deal[link]
In 2004, a United States Senate money laundering investigation led by Senators Carl Levin (D-MI) and Norm Coleman (R-MN)—ordered in the wake of the 11 September 2001 attacks—uncovered a network of over 125 securities and bank accounts at Riggs Bank and other U.S. financial institutions used by Pinochet and his associates for twenty-five years to secretly move millions of dollars.[82] Though the subcommittee was charged only with investigating compliance of financial institutions under the USA PATRIOT Act, and not the Pinochet regime, Senator Coleman noted:
This is a sad, sordid tale of money laundering involving Pinochet accounts at multiple financial institutions using alias names, offshore accounts, and close associates. As a former General and President of Chile, Pinochet was a well-known human rights violator and violent dictator.[82]
Over several months in 2005, Chilean judge Sergio Muñoz indicted Augusto Pinochet's wife, Lucia Hiriart; four of his children — Marco Antonio, Jacqueline, Veronica and Lucia Pinochet; his personal secretary, Monica Ananias; and his former aide Oscar Aitken on tax evasion and falsification charges stemming from the Riggs Bank investigation. In January 2006, daughter Lucia Pinochet was detained at Washington DC-Dulles airport and subsequently deported while attempting to evade the tax charges in Chile.[83] In January 2007, the Santiago Court of Appeals revoked most of the indictment from Judge Carlos Cerda against the Pinochet family.[84] But Pinochet's five children, his wife and 17 other persons (including two generals, one of his former lawyer and former secretary) were arrested in October 2007 on charges of embezzlement and use of false passports. They are accused of having illegally transferred $27m (£13.2m) to foreign bank accounts during Pinochet's rule.[85][86]
In September 2005, a joint investigation by The Guardian and La Tercera revealed that the British arms firm BAE Systems had been identified as paying more than £1m to Pinochet, through a front company in the British Virgin Islands, which BAE has used to channel commission on arms deals.[87] The payments began in 1997 and lasted until 2004.[87][88]
Furthermore, in 2007, fifteen years of investigation led to the conclusion that the 1992 assassination of DINA Colonel Gerardo Huber was most probably related to various illegal arms traffic carried out, after Pinochet's resignation from power, by military circles very close to himself.[13] Huber had been assassinated a short time before he was due to testify in the case concerning the 1991 illegal export of weapons to Croatian army. The deal involved 370 tons of weapons, sold to Croatia by Chile on 7 December 1991, when the former country was under a United Nations' embargo because of the support for Croatia war in Yugoslavia.[89] In January 1992, the judge Hernán Correa de la Cerda wanted to hear Gerardo Huber in this case, but the latter may have been silenced to avoid implicating Pinochet in this new case[13][90][91]—although the latter was not anymore President, he remained at the time Commander-in-Chief of the Army. Pinochet was at the center of this illegal arms trade, receiving money through various offshores and front companies, including the Banco Coutts International in Miami.[92]
Pinochet was stripped of his parliamentary immunity in August 2000 by the Supreme Court, and indicted by judge Juan Guzmán Tapia. Guzmán had ordered in 1999 the arrest of five militarists, including General Pedro Espinoza Bravo of the DINA, for their role in the Caravan of Death following the 11 September coup. Arguing that the bodies of the "disappeared" were still missing, he made jurisprudence which had as effect to lift any prescription on the crimes committed by the military. Pinochet's trial continued until his death on 10 December 2006, with an alternation of indictments for specific cases, lifting of immunities by the Supreme Court or to the contrary immunity from prosecution, with his health a main argument for, or against, his prosecution. The Supreme Court affirmed in March 2005 Pinochet's immunity concerning the 1974 assassination of General Carlos Prats in Buenos Aires, which had taken place in the frame of Operation Condor. However, he was deemed fit to stand trial for Operation Colombo, during which 119 political opponents were "disappeared" in Argentina. The Chilean justice also lifted his immunity on the Villa Grimaldi case, a detention and torture center in the outskirts of Santiago. Pinochet, who still benefited from a reputation of righteousness from his supporters, lost legitimacy when he was put under house arrest on tax fraud and passport forgery, following the publication by the US Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of a report concerning the Riggs Bank in July 2004. The report was a consequence of investigations on financial funding of the 11 September 2001 attacks in the US. The bank controlled between USD $4 million and $8 million of Pinochet's assets, who lived in Santiago in a modest house, dissimulating his wealth. According to the report, Riggs participated in money laundering for Pinochet, setting up offshore shell corporations (referring to Pinochet as only "a former public official"), and hiding his accounts from regulatory agencies. Related to Pinochet's and his family secret bank accounts in United States and in Caribbean islands, this tax fraud filing for an amount of 27 million dollars shocked the conservative sectors who still supported him. Ninety percent of these funds would have been raised between 1990 and 1998, when Pinochet was chief of the Chilean armies, and would essentially have come from weapons traffic (when purchasing Belgian 'Mirage' air-fighters in 1994, Dutch 'Léopard' tanks, Swiss 'Mowag' tanks or by illegal sales of weapons to Croatia, in the middle of the Balkans war.) His wife, Lucía Hiriart, and his son, Marco Antonio Pinochet, were also sued for complicity. For the fourth time in seven years, Pinochet was indicted by the Chilean justice.[93]
Human rights violations[link]
Main article: Chile under Pinochet#Human rights violations
Pinochet's regime was responsible for various human rights abuses during its reign including murder and torture of political opponents. According to a government commission report that included testimony from more than 30,000 people, Pinochet's government killed at least 3,197 people and tortured about 29,000. Two-thirds of the cases listed in the report happened in 1973.[94]
Professor Clive Foss, in The Tyrants: 2500 Years of Absolute Power and Corruption (Quercus Publishing 2006), estimates that 1,500–2,000 Chileans were killed or disappeared during the Pinochet regime. In October 1979, the New York Times reported that Amnesty International had documented the disappearance of approximately 1,500 Chileans since 1973.[95] Among the killed and disappeared during the military regime were at least 663 Marxist MIR guerrillas.[96] The Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front, however, has stated that only 49 FPMR guerrillas were killed but hundreds detained and tortured.[97] According to a study in Latin American Perspectives,[98] at least 200,000 Chileans (about 2% of Chile's 1973 population) were forced to go into exile. Additionally, hundreds of thousands left the country in the wake of the economic crises that followed the military coup during the 1970s and 1980s.[98] Some of the key individuals who fled because of political persecution were followed in their exile by the DINA secret police, in the framework of Operation Condor, which linked South American military dictatorships together against political opponents.
Public image[link]
Pinochet has different nicknames, some of them given to him by his opponents and some by his supporters. Supporters sometimes refer to him as mi general (Spanish for "my general") while opponents call him pinocho (Spanish for "Pinocchio").[99] Another common nickname used by both opponents and supporters is el tata (Spanish equivalent of "grampa"). After the Riggs Bank scandal he has been referred sarcastically as Daniel López, one of his fake identities used to deposit money in that bank.
Historian Gabriel Salazar has lamented the lack of an international condemnation of Pinochet in court since that would according to him had damaged his image "irreparably" and that of the judicial system of Chile too.[100] Alfredo Jocelyn-Holt, also a historian, has referred to Pinochet's figure as "totemic" and added that it is a scapegoat that attracts all hate.[100]
| “ | It's notable that among all declarations of the men of Pinochet nobody has mentioned the craftmen of the new Chilean society and state, I haven't heard anybody mention Jaime Guzmán, Carlos Cáceres, Hernán Büchi, Sergio de Castro. There is no mention of the true brains nor that the whole armed forces where involved in this, in dirty and symbolic tasks. Everything is embodied in Pinochet, it's very interesting that figures of the size of Büchi are inmolated before the figure of Pinochet, in what is to me a fascist rite, give it everything to the Führer, "I did it, but essentially it was him". | ” |
Death[link]
Pinochet suffered a heart attack on the morning of 3 December 2006, and subsequently the same day he was given the last rites. On 4 December 2006, the Chilean Court of Appeals ordered the release of his house arrest. On 10 December 2006 at 13:30 local time (16:30 UTC) he was taken to the intensive care unit.[101] He died of congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema,[102] surrounded by family members, at the Military Hospital at 14:15 local time (17:15 UTC).[103]
Demonstrations[link]
Massive spontaneous street demonstrations broke out throughout the country upon the learning of his death. In Santiago, opponents celebrated at the Alameda avenue, while supporters grieved outside the Military Hospital. Pinochet's remains were publicly exhibited on 11 December 2006 at the Military Academy in Las Condes. During this ceremony Francisco Cuadrado Prats, the grandson of Carlos Prats, a former Commander in Chief of the Army in Allende's Government, murdered by Pinochet's secret police, spat on the coffin, and was quickly surrounded by supporters of Pinochet, who kicked and insulted him. Pinochet's funeral took place the following day at the same venue before a gathering of 60,000 supporters.[104]
Funeral[link]
In a government decision, he was not granted a state funeral, an honor bestowed upon constitutionally elected Chilean presidents, but a military funeral as former commander-in-chief of the Army appointed by President Salvador Allende. The government also refused to declare an official national day of mourning, but it did authorize flags at military barracks to fly at half staff. Pinochet's coffin was also allowed to be draped in a Chilean flag. Socialist President Michelle Bachelet, whose father Alberto was temporarily imprisoned and tortured after the 1973 coup, dying shortly after from heart complications, said it would be "a violation of [her] conscience" to attend a state funeral for Pinochet.[105] The only government authority present at the public funeral was the Defense Minister, Vivianne Blanlot.
Cremation[link]
Pinochet's body was cremated in "Parque del Mar" cemetery, Concón on 12 December 2006, on his request to "avoid vandalism of his tomb," according to his son Marco Antonio.[106] His ashes were delivered to his family later that day, and are deposited in one of his personal residences. The armed forces refused to allow his ashes to be deposited on any military grounds.[107]
See also[link]
- Chilean presidential election, 1970
- History of Chile
- Missing, a film based on the life of U.S. journalist Charles Horman, who disappeared in the aftermath of the Pinochet coup
- United States intervention in Chile
- David H. Popper, US ambassador to Chile (1974–77).
Footnotes and references[link]
- ^ Wells, John C. (1990). Longman pronunciation dictionary. Harlow, England: Longman. p. 537. ISBN 0-582-05383-8. entry "Pinochet"
- ^ "Bush praises revival of Democracy in Chile". Google news. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IxoPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jYQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6782,3529255&dq=chile+return+to+democracy%20Deseret%20News:%20Bush%20praises%20revival%20of%20democracy%20in%20Chile%20%28Dec%206,%201990%29. Retrieved 2009-09-21.
- Smith, James F. (1990-03-13). "80,000 Chileans Cheer Return...". LA Times. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60017525.html?dids=60017525:60017525&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+13%2C+1990&author=JAMES+F.+SMITH&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=80%2C000+Chileans+Cheer+Return+of+Democracy+in+%60Stadium+of+Pain%27&pqatl=google%20Los%20Angeles%20times:%2080,000%20Chileans%20Cheer%20Return%20of%20Democracy%20in%20%60Stadium%20of%20Pain%27%20%28March%201990%29. Retrieved 2009-09-21.
- ^ a b c "Augusto Pinochet: Timeline". CBSNews. 11 December 2006. http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/chile/pinochet.html.
- ^ Cavallo, Ascanio et al. La Historia Oculta del Régimen Militar, Grijalbo, Santiago, 1997.
- ^ "Chile under Pinochet – a chronology | World news | guardian.co.uk". London: Guardian. 1999-03-24. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/1999/jan/15/pinochet.chile1. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
- ^ English translation of the Rettig Report
- ^ 2004 Commission on Torture (Valech Report) (Spanish)
- ^ "Chile to sue over false reports of Pinochet-era missing. The Age. 30 December 2008". Latinamericanstudies.org. http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/human-rights/false-reports.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
- ^ Angell, Alan (1991). The Cambridge History of Latin America, Vol. VIII, 1930 to the Present. Ed. Leslie Bethell. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-521-26652-9. http://books.google.com/?id=cbhOISlOv3MC&pg=PA381&lpg=PA381&dq=pinochet+economic+inequality.
- ^ "Chile: No todo es como parece". COHA. 3 January 2005. Archived from the original on 24 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080224134700/http://www.coha.org/NEW_PRESS_RELEASES/New_Press_Releases_2004/04.100+the+one+in+Spanish.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
- ^ a b Thomas M. Leonard. Encyclopedia Of The Developing World. Routledge. ISBN 1-57958-388-1 p. 322
- ^ Chang, Jack; Yulkowski, Lisa (13 December 2006). "Vocal minority praises Pinochet at his funeral". Bradenton Herald. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-28896708_ITM. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
- ^ a b c Larry Rohter, Colonel's Death Gives Clues to Pinochet Arms Deals, The New York Times, 19 June 2006 (English)
- ^ Augusto Pinochet, el insulso hijo del aduanero
- ^ "Supuesto hijo de Pinochet en Ecuador dispuesto a prueba de ADN". Emol.com. http://www.emol.com/noticias/internacional/detalle/detallenoticias.asp?idnoticia=364860. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
- ^ "Chilean president Salvador Allende committed suicide, autopsy confirms". The Guardian (London). 20 July 2011. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/20/salvador-allende-committed-suicide-autopsy.
- ^ "Soldier confirms Chile stadium killings". BBC News. 27 June 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/807599.stm.
- ^ El fin de un mito en Chile: el Plan Zeta, Clarín, 5 July 1999 (Spanish)
- ^ Comisión Nacional sobre Prisión Política y Tortura CAPÍTULO III Contexto.
- ^ Vial Correa, Gonzalo (2003-09-23). "Carlos Altamirano, el Plan Z y la "Operación Blanqueo"". La Segunda.
- ^ Fine, Philip (2010-01-23). "Cool and mannerly, he was Trudeau's press secretary at a difficult time". Globe and Mail (Toronto). http://v1.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20100123.OBCHARPENTIER23ART2043/BDAStory/BDA/deaths. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
- ^ Peter Kornbluh (2000-09-19). "CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet’s Repression: Report to Congress Reveals U.S. Accountability in Chile". Chile Documentation Project. National Security Archive. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/news/20000919/. Retrieved 26 November 2006.
- ^ Frank Church et al. (1975-12-18). "Covert Action in Chile 1963–1973". US Government Printing Office. http://foia.state.gov/Reports/ChurchReport.asp#A.%20Overview:%20Cover%20Action%20in%20Chile. Retrieved 2010-07-20. "Was the United States DIRECTLY involved, covertly, in the 1973 coup in Chile? The Committee has found no evidence that it was."
- ^ Frank Church et al. (1975-12-18). "Covert Action in Chile 1963–1973". US Government Printing Office. http://foia.state.gov/Reports/ChurchReport.asp#A.%20Overview:%20Cover%20Action%20in%20Chile. Retrieved 2010-07-20. "The United States sought in 1970 to foment a military coup in Chile; after 1970 it adopted a policy both overt and covert, of opposition to Allende; and it remained in intelligence contact with the Chilean military, including officers who were participating in coup plotting."
- ^ Frank Church et al. (1975-12-18). "Covert Action in Chile 1963–1973". US Government Printing Office. http://foia.state.gov/Reports/ChurchReport.asp#A.%20Overview:%20Cover%20Action%20in%20Chile. Retrieved 2010-07-20. "The CIA gave support in 1970 to one group whose tacticts [sic] became more violent over time. Through 1971 that group received small sums of American money through third parties for specific purpose. And it is possible that money was passed to these groups on the extreme right from CIA-supported opposition political parties."
- ^ Hudson, Rex A., ed. "Chile: A Country Study". GPO for the Library of Congress. 1995. 20 March 2005 http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cltoc.html
- ^ Chile under Pinochet: recovering the truth. By Mark Ensalaco. Page 146. Cloth 1999. Books.google.co.nz. 2000. ISBN 978-0-8122-3520-3. http://books.google.com/?id=hzrwMb3UppYC&pg=PA146&dq=black+berets+neltume&cd=1#v=onepage&q=black%20berets%20neltume. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
- ^ "Chile: Terrorism still counterproductive. CIA document". Faqs.org. http://www.faqs.org/cia/docs/33/0000451376/LATIN-AMERICA-REVIEW---CHILE:--TERRORISM-STILL-COUNTERPRODUCTIVE.html. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
- ^ "Inter-American Commission on human rights Report 1986". Cidh.org. http://www.cidh.org/annualrep/85.86eng/chap.4.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
- ^ Pinochet S.A.: la base de la fortuna. Ozren Agnic Krstulovic. Page 147. RiL Editores 2006.
- ^ Emol, website of newspaper El Mercurio: Adobe Flash presentation reconstructing the September 1986 assassination attempt (Spanish)
- ^ Neil, Andrew (1998-10-22). "Pinochet was a vile Fascist...". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/pinochet-was-a-vile-fascist-but-allende-was-no-hero-1179768.html. Retrieved 2009-09-21.
- Parenti, Michael (1997). Blackshorts and Reds. Google Books. ISBN 978-0-87286-329-3. http://books.google.com/?id=WSsGEsBUsVcC&lpg=PA96&dq=pinochet%20fascism&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=pinochet%20fascism. Retrieved 2009-09-21.
- "Mourning for Pinochet...". GlobalResearch.ca. http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=4145. Retrieved 2009-09-21.
- "Day of Reckoning Near for Pinochet". Transnational Institute. http://www.tni.org/detail_page.phtml?page=letelier-docs_291178. Retrieved 2009-09-21.
- Alistair Horne, "The case for Henry Kissinger" – The Independent (3587 words, 18 August 2009)
- Alide Dasnois, "Chile and the absurdity of ideological social engineering" – The Cape Times (1226 words, 8 July 2009)
- Michael Posner, "What it's like to arrive at a place called exile; Drawing on personal experience, Carmen Aguirre's play chronicles the plight of Chilean refugees fleeing the Pinochet regime" – The Globe & Mail (829 words, 17 September 2009)
- Sàenz, Mario (1999-08-31). The Identity of Liberation in Latin American Thought.... Google Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-0084-4. http://books.google.com/?id=lIz3ykCJlaMC&lpg=PA302&dq=pinochet%20%22fascist%20policies%22&pg=PA302#v=onepage&q=pinochet%20%22fascist%20policies%22. Retrieved 2009-09-21.
- ^ Samuel Chavkin, Storm Over Chile: The Junta Under Siege. Laurence Hill Books. ISBN 978-1-55652-067-9
- ^ a b R. Griffin, The Nature of Fascism, London: Routledge, 2003, pp. 36–37
- ^ a b R.O. Paxton, The Anatomy of Fascism, London: Allen Lane 2004, p. 201
- ^ a b A. Cento Bull, 'Neo-Fascism', R.J.B. Bosworth, The Oxford Handbook of Fascism, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 604
- ^ Walter Laqueur. Fascism: Past, Present, Future. Oxford University Press. 1997. p. 115
- ^ World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1 By Cyprian Blamires, Paul Jackson. Books.google.com. 2006. ISBN 978-1-57607-940-9. http://books.google.com/?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&pg=PT163&dq=pinochet+fascism&q=pinochet%20fascism. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
- ^ Gregory Palast, "Inside corporate America" column, The Observer,22 November 1998
- ^ Christian, Shirley (14 November 1987). "Buenos Aires Journal; Timerman, Stranger in Two More Strange Lands". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/14/world/buenos-aires-journal-timerman-stranger-in-two-more-strange-lands.html?pagewanted=all.
- ^ Pinochet Is History: But how will it remember him? National Review Symposium, 11 December 2006
- ^ a b Stern, Steve J.. Remembering Pinochet's Chile. 2004-09-30: Duke University Press. pp. 32, 90, 101, 180–81. ISBN 0-8223-3354-6. , accessed 10-24-2006 through Google Books.
- ^ Eduardo Gallardo, Pinochet Was Unrepentant to the End, ABC News (Associated Press), 11 December 2006 (English)
- ^ "Chile recognises 9,800 more victims of Pinochet's rule". BBC News. 18 August 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-14584095.
- ^ Ex-Chilean leader 'was murdered', BBC, 23 January 2007
- ^ Capítulos desconocidos de los mercenarios chilenos en Honduras camino de Iraq, La Nación, 25 September 2005 – URL accessed on 14 February 2007 (Spanish)
- ^ Su revolución contra nuestra revolución: izquierdas y derechas en el Chile, Verónica Valdivia Ortiz de Zárate, p. 179, LOM Ediciones, 2006. Books.google.com. 2006. ISBN 978-956-282-853-6. http://books.google.com/?id=efkdTQof5z0C&pg=PA179&lpg=PA179&dq=muertos+del+MIR+chile&q=muertos%20del%20MIR%20chile. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
- ^ Still Hidden: A Full Record Of What the U.S. Did in Chile, Peter Kornbluh, The Washington Post, Sunday 24 October 1999; Page B01
- ^ Manfred Bräuchle. "Applied Theory: The Reforms in Chile". http://www.ecaef.org/klex/user/1/41894820_10_10.ppt.
- ^ "Augusto Pinochet biography data. Chilean coup d'etat. Pinochet human rights violations". Mundoandino.com. http://www.mundoandino.com/Chile/History-pinochet. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
- ^ K. Remmer (1998). The Politics of Neoliberal Economic Reform in South America. 33. pp. 3–29. Studies in Comparative International Development.
- ^ a b c d Petras and Vieux (1998). The Chilean "Economic Miracle": An Empirical Critique. pp. 57–72. Crit Sociol.
- ^ [1] Chile under Pinochet: recovering the truth
- ^ George Weigel, Biografía de Juan Pablo II – Testigo de Esperanza, Editorial Plaza & Janés (2003), ISBN 84-01-01304-6
- ^ a b c Tribunal Calificador, Chilean governmental website (Spanish)
- ^ See Juan Guzmán Tapia's autobiography
- ^ "Margaret Thatcher Foundation. Speech on Pinochet at the Conservative Party Conference. 6 October 1999". Margaretthatcher.org. 1999-10-06. http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=108383. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
- ^ "Mercopress. September 3rd 2005". En.mercopress.com. 2005-09-03. http://en.mercopress.com/2005/09/03/us-support-to-uk-in-falklands-war-was-decisive. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
- ^ Nicholas van der Bijl and David Aldea, 5th Infantry Brigade in the Falklands , page 28, Leo Cooper 2003
- ^ "UK | UK Politics | Pinochet death 'saddens' Thatcher". BBC News. 2006-12-11. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6167351.stm. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
- ^ Robertson, Geoffrey, Crimes Against Humanity. Penguin Books, 2006. Ppg. 336-7.
- ^ Evening Standard 21 June 1995
- ^ Pinochet set free, BBC, 2 March 2000 (English)
- ^ a b Pinochet arrives in Chile, BBC, 3 March 2000 (English)
- ^ video of Pinochet arriving at Santiago airport, 3 March 2000
- ^ Alex Bellos and Jonathan Franklin, Pinochet receives a hero's welcome on his return, The Guardian, 4 March 2000 (English)
- ^ Thousands march against Pinochet, BBC, 4 March 2000
- ^ Chile offers Pinochet new immunity, BBC, 25 March 2000 (English)
- ^ Pinochet charged with kidnapping, BBC, 1st December 2000 (English)
- ^ "The Appeals Court Ruling Is Negotiated Out for Pinochet", Interview with Attorney Hugo Gutierrez, by Memoria y Justicia,21 February 2002 (English)
- ^ "Chile's Pinochet 'suffers stroke'". BBC News. 18 December 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4108039.stm.
- ^ 16 November 2005. Spanish: '"No me acuerdo, pero no es cierto. Y si es cierto, no me acuerdo". Quoted in Las frases para el bronce de Pinochet, La Nacion, 11 December 2006 (Spanish)
- ^ General Juan Emilio Cheyre, "Ejército de Chile: el fin de una visión", La Tercera, 11 May 2004
- ^ Court 'lifts Pinochet immunity', BBC, 8 September 2006.
- ^ Levée de l'immunité de Pinochet pour le meurtre d'un chimiste, news agency cable, 12 October 2006 (French)
- ^ Jonathan Franklin, Pinochet 'sold cocaine to Europe and US', The Guardian, 11 July 2006 (English)
- ^ General (r) Manuel Contreras: Eugenio Berríos está vivo, Radio Cooperativa, 10 July 2006 (Spanish)
- ^ Hijo de Pinochet acusa de "mentiroso y canalla" a ex jefe DINA, Los Tiempos, 10 July 2006(Spanish)
- ^ Las frases para el bronce de Pinochet, La Nacion, 11 December 2006 (Spanish)
- ^ Eduardo Gallardo: "Pinochet indicted for 1973 executions," Associated Press, 27 November 2006.
- ^ Procesan a Pinochet y ordenan su arresto por los secuestros y homicidios de la "Caravana de la Muerte", 20minutos, 28 November 2006.
- ^ a b United States Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs: "Levin-Coleman Staff Report Discloses Web of Secret Accounts Used by Pinochet", Press Release. US Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, http://www.senate.gov/~levin/newsroom/release.cfm?id=233631 16 March 2005
- ^ "U.S. Sends Back Pinochet Daughter," CNN, 28 January 2006
- ^ Corte revoca mayoría de procesamientos en caso Riggs, El Mercurio, 3 January 2007 (Spanish)
- ^ Pinochet family arrested in Chile, BBC, 4 October 2007 (English)
- ^ Cobertura Especial: Detienen a familia y principales colaboradores de Pinochet, La Tercera, 4 October 2007 (Spanish)
- ^ a b David Leigh and Rob Evans, Revealed: BAE's secret £1m to Pinochet, The Guardian, 15 September 2005 (English)
- ^ David Leigh, Jonathan Franklin and Rob Evans, Detective story that linked £1m Pinochet cash to BAE, The Guardian, 15 September 2005 (English)
- ^ Biographical notice on Memoria viva NGO website (Spanish)
- ^ Jorge Molina Sanhueza, Gerardo Huber sabía demasiado, pero no alcanzó a contarlo. El coronel que le pena al ejército, La Nación, 25 September 2005 (Spanish)
- ^ Andrea Chaparro, CDE insiste en unir caso Huber con tráfico de armas a Croacia, La Nación, 15 August 2005 (Spanish)
- ^ Andrea Chaparro Solís, Generales (R) y civiles de Famae procesados en caso armas a Croacia, La Nación, 13 June 2006 (Spanish)
- ^ U.S. sends back Pinochet daughter, CNN, 28 January 2006
- ^ Reel, Monte; J.Y. Smith (11 December 2006). "A Chilean Dictator's Dark Legacy". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/10/AR2006121000302.html. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
- ^ A Green Light for The Junta? New York Times. 28 October 1977
- ^ CAIDOS DEL MIR EN DIFERENTE PERIODOS. CEME (CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS MIGUEL ENRIQUEZ.
- ^ Aquellos que todo lo dieron. El Rodriguista, 11 Años de Lucha y Dignidad, 1994
- ^ a b Wright, Thomas C.; Oñate Zúñiga, Rody (2007). "Chilean political exile". Latin American Perspectives 34 (4): 31.
- ^ Capturing Contested Memories: The Day Pinochet Died, Kristin Sorensen, Bentley University
- ^ a b c Pinochet por Salazar y Joceyn-Holt.
- ^ Muere el ex dictador Chileno Augusto Pinochet EFE
- ^ Augusto Pinochet falleció en el Hospital Militar tras sufrir recaída "; El Mercurio"
- ^ Chile's General Pinochet 'dead' BBC News
- ^ "Pinochet's Funeral Draws 360,000", CBA news, http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2006/12/12/pinochet-funeral.html
- ^ "Clashes Break out after Pinochet's death", Yahoo!News, 11 December 2006
- ^ Family Wants Pinochet Cremation[dead link]
- ^ Pedregoso camino para que cenizas de Pinochet llegaran a Los Boldos, La Nación 26 December 2006
Notes[link]
- ^ Spanish pronunciation: [pinoˈtʃet]; North American English: /piːnoʊˈtʃɛt/, Commonwealth English: /ˈpiːnoʊʃeɪ/). Pinochet pronounced his name with a silent t, though it is not uncommon for the /t/ to be pronounced by Spanish-speaking Chileans.[1]
Further reading[link]
- Muñoz, Heraldo (2008). The dictator's shadow : life under Augusto Pinochet. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00250-4. http://lccn.loc.gov/2008015654. Retrieved 2008-01-20. (Reviewed in Washington Post, Book World, p. 2, 2009-10-19)
External links[link]
| Find more about Augusto Pinochet on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
 |
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
 |
Images and media from Commons |
 |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
 |
News stories from Wikinews |
 |
Quotations from Wikiquote |
 |
Source texts from Wikisource |
 |
Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Augusto Pinochet (1915–2006) – A Biography
- France 24 coverage – Augusto Pinochet's Necrology on France 24
- BBC coverage (special report)
- Documentary Film on Chilean Concentration Camp from Pinochet's Regime: Chacabuco
- CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet’s Repression from The National Security Archive
- Chile under Allende and Pinochet
- Human rights violation under Pinochet
- The Times obituary
- Analysis of economic policy under Pinochet by economist Jim Cypher in Dollars & Sense magazine
- Chile: The Price of Democracy New English Review
- What Pinochet Did for Chile Hoover Digest (2007 No. 1)
- Pinochet and Me by journalist Marc Cooper
- When US-Backed Pinochet Forces Took Power in Chile – video report by Democracy Now!
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Salvador Allende |
President of Chile 1974–1990 |
Succeeded by Patricio Aylwin |
| Military offices | ||
| Preceded by Carlos Prats |
Army Commander-in-chief 1973–1998 |
Succeeded by Ricardo Izurieta |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Pinochet, Augusto |
| Alternative names | Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto José Ramón (full name) |
| Short description | Chilean General and Politician |
| Date of birth | (1915-11-25)25 November 1915 |
| Place of birth | Valparaíso, Chile |
| Date of death | 10 December 2006(2006-12-10) |
| Place of death | Santiago de Chile |
http://wn.com/Augusto_Pinochet
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Augusto Pinochet
http://cs.wn.com/Augusto Pinochet
http://id.wn.com/Augusto Pinochet
http://es.wn.com/Augusto Pinochet
http://ru.wn.com/Пиночет, Аугусто
http://pl.wn.com/Augusto Pinochet
http://fr.wn.com/Augusto Pinochet
http://de.wn.com/Augusto Pinochet
http://pt.wn.com/Augusto Pinochet
http://nl.wn.com/Augusto Pinochet
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This name uses Spanish naming customs; the first or paternal family name is Allende and the second or maternal family name is Gossens.
| Salvador Allende | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 29th President of Chile | |
| In office 4 November 1970 – 11 September 1973 |
|
| Preceded by | Eduardo Frei Montalva |
| Succeeded by | Augusto Pinochet |
| 56th President of the Senate of the Republic of Chile | |
| In office December 27, 1966 – 1969 |
|
| Preceded by | Tomás Reyes Vicuña |
| Succeeded by | Tomás Pablo Elorza |
| Minister of Health and Social Welfare | |
| In office August 28, 1938 – April 2, 1942 |
|
| Preceded by | Miguel Etchebarne Riol |
| Succeeded by | Eduardo Escudero Forrastal |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1908-06-26)26 June 1908 Valparaíso, Chile |
| Died | 11 September 1973(1973-09-11) (aged 65) Santiago, Chile |
| Nationality | Chilean |
| Political party | Socialist Party of Chile Popular Unity coalition |
| Spouse(s) | Hortensia Bussi (1940–1973) |
| Children | Beatriz Allende (1943–1977) Carmen Paz Allende (b.1944) Isabel Allende (b.1945) |
| Alma mater | University of Chile |
| Profession | Medical doctor Civil servant |
| Religion | Agnostic- Roman Catholic |
| Signature |  |
| Website | [2] |
 |
Wikisource has original works written by or about: |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Salvador Allende |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Salvador Allende |
Salvador Allende Gossens (Spanish pronunciation: [salβaˈðoɾ aˈʝende ˈɣosens]; 26 June 1908 – 11 September 1973) was a Chilean physician and politician who is generally considered the first democratically elected Marxist to become president of a country in Latin America.[1]
Allende's involvement in Chilean political life spanned a period of nearly forty years. As a member of the Socialist Party, he was a senator, deputy and cabinet minister. He unsuccessfully ran for the presidency in the 1952, 1958, and 1964 elections. In 1970, he won the presidency in a close three-way race, formally elected by Congress as no candidate had gained a majority.
Allende adopted the policy of nationalization of industries and collectivization. On 11 September 1973 the military, citing a call by the Chilean Congress to end his presidency, staged a coup against Allende.[2][3] As the armed forces surrounded La Moneda Palace, Allende gave his last speech vowing not to resign,[4] and committed suicide thereafter.[5] After Allende's ouster, Chile was led by a military junta, and then as a dictatorship by General Augusto Pinochet.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Allende was born on 26 June 1908[6] in Valparaíso.[7] He was the son of Salvador Allende Castro and Laura Gossens Uribe. Allende's family belonged to the Chilean upper class and had a long tradition of political involvement in progressive and liberal causes. His grandfather was a prominent physician and a social reformist who founded one of the first secular schools in Chile.[8] Salvador Allende was of Belgian and Basque[9] descent.
Allende attended high school at the Liceo Eduardo de la Barra in Valparaíso. As a teenager, his main intellectual and political influence came from the shoe-maker Juan De Marchi, an Italian-born anarchist.[8] Allende was a talented athlete in his youth, being a member of the Everton de Viña del Mar sports club (named after the more famous English football club of the same name and which regularly competes at the highest level in Chilean football), where he is said to have excelled at the long jump.[10] Allende then graduated with a medical degree in 1926 from the University of Chile.[8]
He co-founded a section of the Socialist Party of Chile (founded in 1933 with Marmaduque Grove and others) in Valparaíso[8] and became its chairman. He married Hortensia Bussi with whom he had three daughters. In 1933, he published his doctoral thesis Higiene Mental y Delincuencia (Crime and Mental Hygiene) in which he criticized Cesare Lombroso's proposals.[11]
In 1938, Allende was in charge of the electoral campaign of the Popular Front headed by Pedro Aguirre Cerda.[8] The Popular Front's slogan was "Bread, a Roof and Work!"[8] After its electoral victory, he became Minister of Health in the Reformist Popular Front government which was dominated by the Radicals.[8] While serving in this position, Allende was responsible for the passage of a wide range of progressive social reforms, including safety laws protecting workers in the factories, higher pensions for widows, maternity care, and free lunch programmes for schoolchildren.[12]
Upon entering the government, Allende relinquished his parliamentary seat for Valparaíso, which he had won in 1937. Around that time, he wrote La Realidad Médico Social de Chile (The social and medical reality of Chile). After the Kristallnacht in Nazi Germany, Allende and other members of the Parliament sent a telegram to Adolf Hitler denouncing the persecution of Jews.[13] Following Aguirre's death in 1941, he was again elected deputy while the Popular Front was renamed Democratic Alliance.
In 1945, Allende became senator for the Valdivia, Llanquihue, Chiloé, Aisén and Magallanes provinces; then for Tarapacá and Antofagasta in 1953; for Aconcagua and Valparaíso in 1961; and once more for Chiloé, Aisén and Magallanes in 1969. He became president of the Chilean Senate in 1966.
His three unsuccessful bids for the presidency (in the 1952, 1958 and 1964 elections) prompted Allende to joke that his epitaph would be "Here lies the next President of Chile." In 1952, as candidate for the Frente de Acción Popular (Popular Action Front, FRAP), he obtained only 5.4% of the votes, partly due to a division within socialist ranks over support for Carlos Ibáñez. In 1958, again as the FRAP candidate, Allende obtained 28.5% of the vote. This time, his defeat was attributed to votes lost to the populist Antonio Zamorano.[citation needed] In 1964, once more as the FRAP candidate, he lost again, polling 38.6% of the votes against 55.6% for Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei. As it became clear that the election would be a race between Allende and Frei, the political right – which initially had backed Radical Julio Durán.[citation needed] – settled for Frei as "the lesser evil". Allende's socialist beliefs and friendship with Cuban president Fidel Castro made him deeply unpopular within the administrations of successive U.S. presidents, from John F. Kennedy to Richard Nixon. Chile was the first Government in continental America to recognize the People's Republic of China in 1971.[citation needed]
Election[link]
Main article: Chilean presidential election, 1970
Allende won the 1970 Chilean presidential election as leader of the Unidad Popular ("Popular Unity") coalition. On 4 September 1970, he obtained a narrow plurality of 36.2 percent to 34.9 percent over Jorge Alessandri, a former president, with 27.8 percent going to a third candidate (Radomiro Tomic) of the Christian Democratic Party (PDC), whose electoral platform was similar to Allende's. According to the Chilean Constitution of the time, if no presidential candidate obtained a majority of the popular vote, Congress would choose one of the two candidates with the highest number of votes as the winner. Tradition was for Congress to vote for the candidate with the highest popular vote, regardless of margin. Indeed, former president Jorge Alessandri had been elected in 1958 with only 31.6 percent of the popular vote, defeating Allende.
One month after the election, on 20 October, while the senate had still to reach a decision and negotiations were actively in place between the Christian Democrats and the Popular Unity, General René Schneider, Commander in Chief of the Chilean Army, was shot resisting a kidnap attempt by a group led by General Roberto Viaux. Hospitalized, he died of his wounds three days later, on 23 October. Viaux's kidnapping plan had been supported by the CIA, although the then U.S. National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger claims to have ordered the plans postponed at the last moment. Many believe Kissinger's statement to be false and evidence points towards CIA director Richard Helms following orders directly from President Nixon to do whatever was necessary in order “to get rid of him”, referring to Allende. Nixon handed over a blank check to Helms, which allowed him to use full discretion in ridding Chile of Allende’s presence and “making the economy scream”. Schneider was a defender of the "constitutionalist" doctrine that the army's role is exclusively professional, its mission being to protect the country's sovereignty and not to interfere in politics.
General Schneider's death was widely disapproved of and, for the time, ended military opposition to Allende,[14] whom the parliament finally chose on 24 October. On 26 October, President Eduardo Frei named General Carlos Prats as commander in chief of the army to replace René Schneider.
Allende assumed the presidency on 3 November 1970 after signing a Statute of Constitutional Guarantees proposed by the Christian Democrats in return for their support in Congress. In an extensive interview with Régis Debray in 1972, Allende explained his reasons for agreeing to the guarantees.[15] Some critics have interpreted Allende's responses as an admission that signing the Statute was only a tactical move.[16]
Presidency[link]
Main article: Chile under Allende
Upon assuming power, Allende began to carry out his platform of implementing a socialist programme called La vía chilena al socialismo ("the Chilean Path to Socialism"). This included nationalization of large-scale industries (notably copper mining and banking), and government administration of the health care system, educational system (with the help of an U.S. educator, Jane A. Hobson-Gonzalez from Kokomo, Indiana), a programme of free milk for children in the schools and shanty towns of Chile, and an expansion of the land seizure and redistribution already begun under his predecessor Eduardo Frei Montalva,[17] who had nationalized between one-fifth and one-quarter of all the properties listed for takeover.[18] The Allende government's intention was to seize all holdings of more than eighty irrigated hectares.[19] Allende also intended to improve the socio-economic welfare of Chile's poorest citizens;[citation needed] a key element was to provide employment, either in the new nationalised enterprises or on public work projects.[citation needed]
Allende’s first step in early 1971 was to raise minimum wages (in real terms) for blue-collar workers by 37%-41% and 8%-10% for white-collar workers. Educational, food, and housing assistance was significantly expanded, with public-housing starts going up twelvefold and eligibility for free milk extended from age 6 to age 15. A year later, blue-collar wages were raised by 27% in real terms and white-collar wages became fully indexed.[20] Price controls were also set up, while the Allende Government introduced a system of distribution networks through various agencies (including local committees on supply and prices) to ensure that the new rules were adhered to by shopkeepers.[21]
The new Minister of Agriculture, Jacques Chonchol, promised to expropriate all estates which were larger than eighty “basic” hectares. This promise was kept, with no farm in Chile exceeding this limit by the end of 1972.[22]
The Allende Government also sought to bring the arts (both serious and popular) to the mass of the Chilean population by funding a number of cultural endeavours. With eighteen-year olds and illiterates now granted the right to vote, mass participation in decision-making was encouraged by the Allende government, with traditional hierarchical structures now challenged by socialist egalitarianism. The Allende Government was also able to draw upon the idealism of its supporters, with teams of "Allendistas" travelling into the countryside and shanty towns to perform volunteer work.[22]
Social spending was dramatically increased, particularly for housing, education, and health, while a major effort was made to redistribute wealth to poorer Chileans. As a result of new initiatives in nutrition and health, together with higher wages, many poorer Chileans were able to feed themselves and clothe themselves better than they had been able to before. Public access to the social security system was increased, while state benefits such as family allowances were raised significantly.[22]
Chilean presidents were allowed a maximum term of six years, which may explain Allende's haste to restructure the economy. Not only was a major restructuring program organized (the Vuskovic plan), he had to make it a success if a Socialist successor to Allende was going to be elected. In the first year of Allende's term, the short-term economic results of Minister of the Economy Pedro Vuskovic's expansive monetary policy were highly favorable: 12% industrial growth and an 8.6% increase in GDP, accompanied by major declines in inflation (down from 34.9% to 22.1%) and unemployment (down to 3.8%). However by 1972, the Chilean escudo had an inflation rate of 140%. The average Real GDP contracted between 1971 and 1973 at an annual rate of 5.6% ("negative growth"); and the government's fiscal deficit soared while foreign reserves declined [Flores, 1997: source requires title/publisher]. The combination of inflation and government-mandated price-fixing, together with the "disappearance" of basic commodities from supermarket shelves, led to the rise of black markets in rice, beans, sugar, and flour.[23] The Chilean economy also suffered as a result of a US campaign against the Allende government.[24] The Allende government announced it would default on debts owed to international creditors and foreign governments. Allende also froze all prices while raising salaries. His implementation of these policies was strongly opposed by landowners, employers, businessmen and transporters associations, and some civil servants and professional unions. The rightist opposition was led by National Party, the Roman Catholic Church (which in 1973 was displeased with the direction of educational policy),[25] and eventually the Christian Democrats. There were growing tensions with foreign multinational corporations and the government of the United States.
Allende also undertook Project Cybersyn, a system of networked telex machines and computers. Cybersyn was developed by British cybernetics expert Stafford Beer. The network transmitted data from factories to the government in Santiago, allowing for economic planning in real-time.[26]
In 1971, Chile re-established diplomatic relations with Cuba, joining Mexico and Canada in rejecting a previously-established Organization of American States convention prohibiting governments in the Western Hemisphere from establishing diplomatic relations with Cuba. Shortly afterward, Cuban president Fidel Castro made a month-long visit to Chile. Originally the visit was supposed to be one week, however Castro enjoyed Chile, and one week turned to another. The visit, in which Castro held massive rallies and gave public advice to Allende, was seen by those on the political right as proof to support their view that "The Chilean Path to Socialism" was an effort to put Chile on the same path as Cuba.[citation needed]
October 1972 saw the first of what were to be a wave of strikes. The strikes were led first by truckers, and later by small businessmen, some (mostly professional) unions and some student groups. Other than the inevitable damage to the economy, the chief effect of the 24-day strike was to induce Allende to bring the head of the army, general Carlos Prats, into the government as Interior Minister.[23] Allende also instructed the government to begin requisitioning trucks in order to keep the nation from coming to a halt. Government supporters also helped to mobilize trucks and buses but violence served as a deterrent to full mobilization, even with police protection for the strike breakers. Allende's actions were eventually declared unlawful by the Chilean appeals court and the government was ordered to return trucks to their owners.[27]
Throughout this presidency racial tensions between the poor descendants of indigenous people, who supported Allende's reforms, and the white settler elite increased.[28]
Allende raised wages on a number of occasions throughout 1970 and 1971, but these wage hikes were negated by the in-tandem inflation of Chile's fiat currency. Although price rises had also been high under Frei (27% a year between 1967 and 1970), a basic basket of consumer goods rose by 120% from 190 to 421 escudos in one month alone, August 1972. In the period 1970–72, while Allende was in government, exports fell 24% and imports rose 26%, with imports of food rising an estimated 149%.[29]
Export income fell due to a hard hit copper industry: the price of copper on international markets fell by almost a third, and post-nationalization copper production fell as well. Copper is Chile's single most important export (more than half of Chile's export receipts were from this sole commodity[30]). The price of copper fell from a peak of $66 per ton in 1970 to only $48–9 in 1971 and 1972.[31] Chile was already dependent on food imports, and this decline in export earnings coincided with declines in domestic food production following Allende's agrarian reforms.[32]
Throughout his presidency, Allende remained at odds with the Chilean Congress, which was dominated by the Christian Democratic Party. The Christian Democrats (who had campaigned on a socialist platform in the 1970 elections, but drifted away from those positions during Allende's presidency, eventually forming a coalition with the National Party), continued to accuse Allende of leading Chile toward a Cuban-style dictatorship, and sought to overturn many of his more radical policies. Allende and his opponents in Congress repeatedly accused each other of undermining the Chilean Constitution and acting undemocratically.
Allende's increasingly bold socialist policies (partly in response to pressure from some of the more radical members within his coalition), combined with his close contacts with Cuba, heightened fears in Washington. The Nixon administration began exerting economic pressure on Chile via multilateral organizations, and continued to back Allende's opponents in the Chilean Congress. Almost immediately after his election, Nixon directed CIA and U.S. State Department officials to "put pressure" on the Allende government.[33]
Foreign relations during Allende's presidency[link]
Allende's Popular Unity government tried to maintain normal relations with the United States. When Chile nationalized its copper industry, Washington cut off U.S. credits and increased its support to opposition. Forced to seek alternative sources of trade and finance, Chile gained commitments from the Soviet Union to invest some $400 million in Chile in the next six years. Allende's government was disappointed that it received far less economic assistance from the USSR than it hoped for. Trade between the two countries did not significantly increase and the credits were mainly linked to the purchase of Soviet equipment. Moreover, credits from the Soviet Union were much less than those provided to the People's Republic of China and countries of Eastern Europe. When Allende visited the USSR in late 1972 in search of more aid and additional lines of credit, after 3 years of political and economic failure and chaos, he was turned down.[34]
Foreign involvement in Chile during Allende's Presidency[link]
US involvement[link]
Main article: United States intervention in Chile
The possibility of Allende winning Chile's 1970 election was deemed a disaster by a US administration which wanted to protect US business interests and prevent any spread of Communism during the Cold War.[35] In September 1970, President Nixon informed the CIA that an Allende government in Chile would not be acceptable and authorized $10 million to stop Allende from coming to power or unseat him.[36] Henry Kissinger's 40 Committee and the CIA planned to impede Allende's investiture as President of Chile with covert efforts known as "Track I" and "Track II"; Track I sought to prevent Allende from assuming power via so-called "parliamentary trickery", while under the Track II initiative, the CIA tried to convince key Chilean military officers to carry out a coup.[36]
During Nixon's presidency, U.S. officials attempted to prevent Allende's election by financing political parties aligned with opposition candidate Jorge Alessandri and supporting strikes in the mining and transportation sectors.[37]
After the 1970 election, the Track I operation attempted to incite Chile's outgoing president, Eduardo Frei Montalva, to persuade his party (PDC) to vote in Congress for Alessandri.[citation needed] Under the plan, Alessandri would resign his office immediately after assuming it and call new elections. Eduardo Frei would then be constitutionally able to run again (since the Chilean Constitution did not allow a president to hold two consecutive terms, but allowed multiple non-consecutive ones), and presumably easily defeat Allende. The Chilean Congress instead chose Allende as President, on the condition that he would sign a "Statute of Constitutional Guarantees" affirming that he would respect and obey the Chilean Constitution, and that his reforms would not undermine any of its elements.
Track II was aborted, as parallel initiatives already underway within the Chilean military rendered it moot.[38]
During the second term of office of Democratic President Bill Clinton, the CIA acknowledged having played a role in Chilean politics prior to the coup, but its degree of involvement is debated. The CIA was notified by its Chilean contacts of the impending coup two days in advance, but contends it "played no direct role in" the coup.[39]
Much of the internal opposition to Allende's policies came from business sector, and recently-released U.S. government documents confirm that the U.S. indirectly[24] funded the truck drivers' strike,[40] which exacerbated the already chaotic economic situation prior to the coup.
The most prominent U.S. corporations in Chile prior to Allende's presidency were the Anaconda and Kennecott copper companies, and ITT Corporation, International Telephone and Telegraph. Both the copper corporations aimed to expand privatized copper production in the city of El Teniente in the Chilean Andes, the world's largest underground copper mine.[41] At the end of 1968, according to US Department of Commerce data, U.S. corporate holdings in Chile amounted to $964 million. Anaconda and Kennecott accounted for 28% of U.S. holdings, but ITT had by far the largest holding of any single corporation, with an investment of $200 million in Chile.[41] In 1970, before Allende was elected, ITT owned 70% of Chitelco, the Chilean Telephone Company and funded El Mercurio, a Chilean right-wing newspaper. Documents released in 2000 by the CIA confirmed that before the elections of 1970, ITT gave $700,000 to Allende's conservative opponent, Jorge Alessandri, with help from the CIA on how to channel the money safely. ITT president Harold Geneen also offered $1 million to the CIA to help defeat Allende in the elections.[42]
After General Pinochet assumed power, United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger told President Richard Nixon that the U.S. "didn't do it," but "we helped them...created the conditions as great as possible." (referring to the coup itself).[43] Recent documents declassified under the Clinton administration's Chile Declassification Project show that the United States government and the CIA sought the overthrow of Allende in 1970 immediately before he took office ("Project FUBELT"). Many documents regarding the 1973 coup remain classified.
Soviet involvement[link]
Material based on reports from the Mitrokhin Archive, the KGB said of Allende that "he was made to understand the necessity of reorganising Chile's army and intelligence services, and of setting up a relationship between Chile's and the USSR's intelligence services". It is also claimed that Allende was given $30,000 "in order to solidify the trusted relations" with him.[44] According to Vasili Mitrokhin, a former KGB major and senior archivist in the KGB intelligence central KGB office in the Yasenevo area of Moscow, Allende made a personal request for Soviet money through his personal contact, KGB officer Svyatoslav Kuznetsov (codenamed LEONID), who urgently came to Chile from Mexico City to help Allende.[45] The original allocation of money for these elections through the KGB was $400,000, a personal subsidy of $50,000 was sent directly to Allende, with an additional $100,000 funneled through funds provided to the Chilean Communist Party.[45]
Historian Christopher Andrew, argued that help from the KGB was a decisive factor, because Allende won by a narrow margin of 39,000 votes of a total of the 3 million cast. After the elections, the KGB director Yuri Andropov obtained permission for additional money and other resources from the Central Committee of the CPSU to ensure an Allende victory in Congress. In his request on 24 October, he stated that the KGB "will carry out measures designed to promote the consolidation of Allende's victory and his election to the post of President of the country". In his KGB file, Allende was reported to have "stated his willingness to co-operate on a confidential basis and provide any necessary assistance, since he considered himself a friend of the Soviet Union". He willingly shared political information.[45]
Andrew writes that regular Soviet contact with Allende after his election was maintained by his KGB case officer, Svyatoslav Kuznetsov, who was instructed by KGB's the 'Centre' to "exert a favorable influence on Chilean government policy". Allende was said to have reacted "positively."
Political and moral support came mostly through the Communist Party and unions. For instance, he received the Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet Union in 1972. However, there were some fundamental differences between Allende and Soviet political analysts who believed that some violence – or measures that those analysts "theoretically considered to be just" – should have been used.[46] According to Andrew's account of the Mitrokhin archives, "In the KGB's view, Allende's fundamental error was his unwillingness to use force against his opponents. Without establishing complete control over all the machinery of the State, his hold on power could not be secure."[44]
Declarations from KGB General Nikolai Leonov, former Deputy Chief of the First Chief Directorate of the KGB, confirmed that the Soviet Union supported Allende's government economically, politically and militarily.[46] Leonov stated in an interview at the Chilean Center of Public Studies (CEP) that the Soviet economic support included over $100 million in credit, three fishing ships (that distributed 17,000 tons of frozen fish to the population), factories (as help after the 1971 earthquake), 3,100 tractors, 74,000 tons of wheat and more than a million tins of condensed milk.[46]
In mid-1973 the USSR had approved the delivery of weapons (artillery, tanks) to the Chilean Army. However, when news of an attempt from the Army to depose Allende through a coup d'état reached Soviet officials, the shipment was redirected to another country.[46]
Crisis[link]
See also: Tanquetazo and Chile under Allende
On June 29, 1973, Colonel Roberto Souper surrounded the presidential palace, La Moneda, with his tank regiment but failed to depose the government.[47] That failed coup d’état – known as the Tanquetazo ("tank putsch") – organised by the nationalist Patria y Libertad paramilitary group, was followed by a general strike at the end of July that included the copper miners of El Teniente.
In August, 1973, a constitutional crisis occurred, and the Supreme Court of Chile publicly complained about the inability of Allende government to enforce the law of the land. On August 22, the Chamber of Deputies (with the Christian Democrats uniting with the National Party) accused the government of unconstitutional acts through Allende's refusal to promulgate constitutional amendments, already approved by the Chamber, which would have prevented his government from continuing his massive nationalization plan[48] and called upon the military to enforce constitutional order.[49]
For months, Allende had feared calling upon the Carabineros ("Carabineers", the national police force), suspecting them of disloyalty to his government. On August 9, President Allende appointed General Carlos Prats as Minister of Defence. On August 24, 1973, General Prats was forced to resign both as defense minister and as the commander-in-chief of the army, embarrassed by both the Alejandrina Cox incident and a public protest in front of his house by the wives of his generals. General Augusto Pinochet replaced him as Army commander-in-chief the same day.[49]
Supreme Court's resolution[link]
On May 26, 1973, the Supreme Court of Chile unanimously denounced the Allende government's disruption of the legality of the nation in its failure to uphold judicial decisions, because of its continual refusal to permit police execution of judicial decisions contrary to the government's own measures.
Chamber of Deputies' resolution[link]
On August 22, 1973, the Christian Democrats and the National Party members of the Chamber of Deputies joined together to vote 81 to 47 in favor of a resolution that asked the authorities to "put an immediate end" to "breach[es of] the Constitution . . . with the goal of redirecting government activity toward the path of law and ensuring the Constitutional order of our Nation, and the essential underpinnings of democratic co-existence among Chileans."
The resolution declared that Allende's government sought "to conquer absolute power with the obvious purpose of subjecting all citizens to the strictest political and economic control by the State . . . [with] the goal of establishing . . . a totalitarian system" and claimed that the government had made "violations of the Constitution . . . a permanent system of conduct." Essentially, most of the accusations were about disregard by the Socialist government of the separation of powers, and arrogating legislative and judicial prerogatives to the executive branch of government.
Specifically, the Socialist government of President Allende was accused of:
- Ruling by decree, thwarting the normal legislative system
- Refusing to enforce judicial decisions against its partisans; not carrying out sentences and judicial resolutions that contravened its objectives
- Ignoring the decrees of the independent General Comptroller's Office
- Sundry media offenses; usurping control of the National Television Network and applying economic pressure against those media organizations that are not unconditional supporters of the government
- Allowing its Socialist supporters to assemble with arms, and preventing the same by its right-wing opponents
- Supporting more than 1,500 illegal "takings" of farms
- Illegal repression of the El Teniente miners’ strike
- Illegally limiting emigration
Finally, the resolution condemned the creation and development of government-protected [socialist] armed groups, which . . . are headed towards a confrontation with the armed forces. President Allende's efforts to re-organize the military and the police forces were characterized as notorious attempts to use the armed and police forces for partisan ends, destroy their institutional hierarchy, and politically infiltrate their ranks.[50]
President Allende's response[link]
Two days later, on 24 August 1973, President Allende responded,[51] characterising the Congress's declaration as destined to damage the country’s prestige abroad and create internal confusion, predicting It will facilitate the seditious intention of certain sectors. He noted that the declaration (passed 81–47 in the Chamber of Deputies) had not obtained the two-thirds Senate majority constitutionally required to convict the president of abuse of power: essentially, the Congress were invoking the intervention of the armed forces and of Order against a democratically-elected government and subordinat[ing] political representation of national sovereignty to the armed institutions, which neither can nor ought to assume either political functions or the representation of the popular will.
Mr Allende argued he had obeyed constitutional means for including military men to the cabinet at the service of civic peace and national security, defending republican institutions against insurrection and terrorism. In contrast, he said that Congress was promoting a coup d’état or a civil war with a declaration full of affirmations that had already been refuted beforehand and which, in substance and process (directly handing it to the ministers rather than directly handing it to the President) violated a dozen articles of the (then-current) Constitution. He further argued that the legislature was usurping the government's executive function.
President Allende wrote: Chilean democracy is a conquest by all of the people. It is neither the work nor the gift of the exploiting classes, and it will be defended by those who, with sacrifices accumulated over generations, have imposed it . . . With a tranquil conscience . . . I sustain that never before has Chile had a more democratic government than that over which I have the honor to preside . . . I solemnly reiterate my decision to develop democracy and a state of law to their ultimate consequences . . . Parliament has made itself a bastion against the transformations . . . and has done everything it can to perturb the functioning of the finances and of the institutions, sterilizing all creative initiatives.
Adding that economic and political means would be needed to relieve the country's current crisis, and that the Congress were obstructing said means; having already paralyzed the State, they sought to destroy it. He concluded by calling upon the workers, all democrats and patriots to join him in defending the Chilean Constitution and the revolutionary process.
The coup[link]
Main article: 1973 Chilean coup d'état
In early September 1973, Allende floated the idea of resolving the constitutional crisis with a plebiscite. His speech outlining such a solution was scheduled for 11 September, but he was never able to deliver it. On 11 September 1973, the Chilean military staged a coup against Allende.
Death[link]
Main article: Death of Salvador Allende
Just prior to the capture of La Moneda (the Presidential Palace), with gunfire and explosions clearly audible in the background, Allende gave his (subsequently famous) farewell speech to Chileans on live radio, speaking of himself in the past tense, of his love for Chile and of his deep faith in its future. He stated that his commitment to Chile did not allow him to take an easy way out, and he would not be used as a propaganda tool by those he called "traitors" (he refused an offer of safe passage), clearly implying he intended to fight to the end.[52]
| "Workers of my country, I have faith in Chile and its destiny. Other men will overcome this dark and bitter moment when treason seeks to prevail. Keep in mind that, much sooner than later, the great avenues will again be opened through which will pass free men to construct a better society. Long live Chile! Long live the people! Long live the workers!" |
| President Salvador Allende's farewell speech, 11 September 1973.[4] |
Shortly afterwards, the coup plotters announced that Allende committed suicide. An official announcement declared that he had committed suicide with an automatic rifle. Prior to his death he had been photographed several times holding an AK-47, a gift from his good friend Fidel Castro.[53] He was found dead with this gun. In his 2004 documentary Salvador Allende, Patricio Guzmán incorporates a graphic image of Allende's corpse in the position it was found after his death. According to Guzmán's documentary, Allende shot himself with a pistol and not a rifle.
For years, Chilean left-wing maintained that Allende had been assassinated, considering that a suicide would weaken Allende's figure. His doctor, José Quiroga, witness of Allende's suicide, but who kept silence for a long time, said “It was more important the political issue of everybody believing that Allende had been killed by the military”.[54] In recent years the view that he committed suicide has become more broadly accepted, particularly as different testimonies appear to confirm details of the suicide reported in news and documentary interviews.[55][56][57][58][59] His personal doctor described the death as a suicide, and his family accepts the finding. The theory that he was assassinated persists and is referenced in the Michael Moore film Bowling for Columbine.[60]
In 2011, the controversy over the cause of death was reopened as the subject of an official investigation. On the basis of the original 1973 autopsy, Luis Ravanal, a medical examiner, expressed the opinion that the wounds on the body were not consistent with the theses of the alleged witnesses, namely that there were wounds caused by different guns.[61] In January 2011, a Chilean judge ordered an inquiry,[62] the first judicial investigation of the death. On May 23, 2011, Allende's body was exhumed in order to have an autopsy performed by an international forensic team.[63] On May 31, TVN, the state television station, reported the recent discovery of a secret 300-page military account of Allende's death. The document had been kept in the home of a former military justice official, and was discovered when his house was destroyed in the 2010 earthquake. After reviewing the report, two forensic experts told TVN "that they are inclined to conclude that Allende was assassinated."[64] This belief is supported by forensic expert Luis Ravanal who has been studying Allende's autopsy since 2007. Ravanal says he found details in the autopsy that weren't in line with the official version of Allende's death. The cranium, he says, shows evidence of a first shot with a small gun, like a pistol, and then, a second shot from a larger weapon — like an AK-47 — which could mean that Allende was shot and killed, then shot a second time with his own gun, to make it look like suicide.[65] Chile's Legal Medical Service confirmed on July 19, 2011 that the death was suicide, consistent with the beliefs of Allende's family.[66] Dr. Patricio Bustos, the director of Chile's LMS, described the conclusions as "definitive". Briton David Prayer, an expert in ballistics, stated that the former president died as the result of two gunshots wounds which came from an assault rifle placed between his legs and aimed at his chin.[67] The scientific autopsy team delivered a unanimous finding that Allende used an AK-47 rifle given to him by Fidel Castro. The gun was set to fire automatically and the shots tore off the top of his head, killing him instantly.[68]
Family[link]
Main article: Allende family
Well-known relatives of Salvador Allende include his daughter Isabel Allende (politician) and a cousin Isabel Allende (author).
Memorials[link]
Memorials to Allende include a statue in front of the Palacio de la Moneda.
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Profile of Salvador Allende". BBC. 8 September 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3089846.stm.
- ^ Pipes, Richard (2003). Communism: A History. The Modern Library. p. 138. ISBN 0-8129-6864-6.
- ^ "Chile: The Bloody End of a Marxist Dream... Allende's downfall had implications that reached far beyond the borders of Chile. His had been the first democratically elected Marxist government in Latin America...". Time Magazine. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,907929,00.html.
- ^ a b Salvador Allende's Last Speech
- ^ post (2011-07-19). "Informe del Servicio Médico Legal confirma la tesis del suicidio de ex Presidente Allende | Política". La Tercera. http://www.latercera.com/noticia/politica/2011/07/674-380613-9-informe-del-servicio-medico-legal-confirma-la-tesis-del-suicidio-de-ex.shtml. Retrieved 2011-09-18.
- ^ [1]
- ^ "Biography of Allende". salvador-allende.cl. http://www.salvador-allende.cl/biografia/Trayectoria.pdf.
- ^ a b c d e f g Patricio Guzmán, Salvador Allende (film documentary, 2004)
- ^ "?". http://www.genealog.cl/Chile/A/Allende/. [dead link]
- ^ Tallentire, Mark (3 August 2010). "A hundred years on, Everton face Everton for the first time". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/blog/2010/aug/03/everton-chile-football/.
- ^ "Unmasked defamatory libel on Salvador Allende". 27 May 2005. http://www.elclarin.cl/fpa/temas/20.html. with link to thesis, on the Clarin's website (English) (Spanish version available)
- ^ Salvador Allende by Hedda Garza
- ^ "Telegram protesting against the persecution of Jews in Germany". El Clarín de Chile's. http://www.elclarin.cl/fpa/pdf/p_020605.pdf. (Spanish)
- ^ Mark Falcoff (10 November 2003). "Kissinger and Chile originally". frontpagemag.com. http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=10612. Retrieved 21 September 2006.
- ^ Régis Debray (1972). The Chilean Revolution: Conversations with Allende. New York: Vintage Books.
- ^ "Como Allende destruyo la democracia en Chile". elcato.org. http://www.elcato.org/node/2108. (Spanish)
- ^ (Spanish) "La Unidad Popular". icarito.latercera.cl. Archived from the original on 7 March 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20050307181050/http://icarito.latercera.cl/icarito/2003/912/pag1a.htm. , archived 7 March 2005 on the Internet Archive
- ^ Collier & Sater, 1996.
- ^ Faundez, 1988.
- ^ The Macroeconomics of populism in Latin America by Rüdiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards
- ^ The Cambridge History of Latin America Volume VIII edited by Leslie Bethell
- ^ a b c A History of Chile, 1808–1994, by Simon Collier and William F. Sater
- ^ a b (Spanish) "Comienzan los problemas". Enciclopedia Escolar Icarito. Archived from the original on 22 September 2003. http://web.archive.org/web/20030922064807/http://icarito.latercera.cl/icarito/2003/912/pag1b.htm. . Archived on the Internet Archive, 22 September 2003
- ^ a b United States Senate Report (1975) "Covert Action in Chile, 1963–1973" U.S. Government Printing Office Washington. D.C.
- ^ (Spanish) "Declaración de la Asamblea Plenaria del Episcopado sobre la Escuela Nacional Unificada". Conferencia Episcopal de Chile. 11 April 1973.
- ^ Eden Medina, "Designing Freedom, Regulating a Nation: Socialist Cybernetics in Allende's Chile," Journal of Latin American Studies 38 (2006):571–606.
- ^ Edy Kaufman, "Crisis in Allende's Chile: New Perspectives", Praeger Publishers, New York, 1988. 266–267.
- ^ Richard Gott.Latin America is preparing to settle accounts with its white settler elite. Guardian Unlimited, 15 November 2006. Retrieved on 22 December 2006.
- ^ Figures are from November, 1986, pp. 4–12, tables 1.1 & 1.7
- ^ Hoogvelt, 1997
- ^ Nove, 1986
- ^ Tier, Mark, 1973, "Allende Erred", Nation Review (Melbourne, Australia), 12–18 October
- ^ Still Hidden: A Full Record Of What the U.S. Did in Chile, Peter Kornbluh, The Washington Post, Sunday 24 October 1999; Page B01
- ^ The USSR and Latin America By Eusebio Mujal-León
- ^ "Pawn or Player? Chile in the cold war". http://www.cepchile.cl/dms/archivo_1150_299/rev72_fermandois_ing.pdf.
- ^ a b Hinchey Report CIA Activities in Chile. 18 September 2000. Accessed online 18 November 2006.
- ^ CIA Reveals Covert Acts In Chile, Admits Support For Kidnappers, Links To Pinochet Regime – CBS News
- ^ "Church Report. Covert Action in Chile 1963–1973", 18 December 1975.
- ^ CIA Reveals Covert Acts In Chile, CBS News, 19 September 2000.
- ^ Jonathan Franklin, Files show Chilean blood on US hands, The Guardian, 11 October 1999.
- ^ a b Moran, Theodore (1974). Multinational Corporations and the Politics of Dependence: CoppeEncyclopedic r in Chile. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- ^ Brandt, Daniel (1998-11-28). "U.S. Responsibility for the Coup in Chile". NameBase. Archived from the original on 2012-01-16. http://www.webcitation.org/64k6he2wX. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
- ^ "The Kissinger Telcons: Kissinger Telcons on Chile, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 123, edited by Peter Kornbluh, posted May 26, 2004". http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB123/chile.htm. This particular dialogue can be found at "Telcon: September 16, 1973, 11:50 am Kissinger Talking to Nixon". http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB123/Box%2022,%20File%203,%20Telcon,%209-16-73%2011,50%20Mr.%20Kissinger-The%20Pres%202.pdf. Retrieved 26 November 2006..
- ^ a b Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin How 'weak' Allende was left out in the cold by the KGB (excerpt from The Mitrokhin Archive Volume II), The Times (UK), 19 September 2005.
- ^ a b c The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World by Christopher Andrew, 736 pages, 2005.
- ^ a b c d "Soviet intelligence in Latin America during the Cold War – Lectures by General Nikolai Leonov". Centro de Estudios Publicos (Chile). 22 September 1999.. http://www.cepchile.cl/dms/lang_2/doc_1140.html.
- ^ Second coup attempt: El Tanquetazo (the tank attack), originally on RebelYouth.ca. Unsigned, but with citations. Archived on Internet Archive 13 October 2004.
- ^ Historia de Chile. Accessed online 15 May 2009.
- ^ a b (Spanish) Se desata la crisis, part of series "Icarito > Enciclopedia Virtual > Historia > Historia de Chile > Del gobierno militar a la democracia" on LaTercera.cl. Accessed 22 September 2006.
- ^ English translation on Wikisource.
- ^ (Spanish) respuesta del Presidente Allende on Wikisource. (English) English translation on Wikisource, accessed 22 September 2006.
- ^ "Socialist Says AllendeOnce Spoke of Suicide". The New York Times. 12 September 1973. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60E14FC3B54137A93C0A81782D85F478785F9. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
- ^ A Victim of the U.S. Cold War Rises from the Grave
- ^ Labarca, Eduardo (2007). Salvador Allende : biografía sentimental (1a. ed. ed.). Santiago de Chile: Catalonia. p. 401. ISBN 978-956-8303-68-6.
- ^ "The World: Allende's Last Day". Time. 4 February 1974. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,908433,00.html. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
- ^ Christian, Shirley (17 September 1990). "Leftist Journal Concludes Allende Killed Himself". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/17/world/leftist-journal-concludes-allende-killed-himself.html. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
- ^ "Wife admits Allende suicide with gun Castro gave him". Chicago Tribune. 16 September 1973. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/605672702.html?dids=605672702:605672702&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&date=Sep+16%2C+1973&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=Wife+admits+Allende+suicide+with+gun+Castro+gave+him&pqatl=google.
- ^ Parkinson, William (16 September 1973). "The death of Allende: Officially a suicide". Chicago Tribune. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/605674032.html?dids=605674032:605674032&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Sep+16%2C+1973&author=William+Parkinson&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=The+death+of+Allende%3A+Officially+a+suicide&pqatl=google.
- ^ Camus, Ignacio Gonzalez, El dia en que murio Allende ("The day that Allende Died"). Instituto Chileno de Estudios Humanísticos (ICHEH) and Centro de Estudios Sociales (CESOC), 1988. p. 282 and following.
- ^ "Profile: Salvador Allende". BBC News. 8 September 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3089846.stm. Retrieved 15 May 2009.
- ^ France-Presse, Agence (2011-04-15). "Chile Orders Exhumation to Settle How President Allende Died". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/16/world/americas/16chile.html. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
- ^ Bonnefoy, Pascale (27 January 2011). "Chilean Judge Orders Investigation Into Allende’s Death". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/28/world/americas/28chile.html. Retrieved 2011-01-28.
- ^ Vergara, Eva (2011-05-23). "Allende's body taken from Chile tomb for autopsy". heraldonline. http://www.heraldonline.com/2011/05/23/3089889/allendes-body-taken-from-chile.html. Retrieved 2011-05-24.
- ^ "Chile TV: Secret military report on Allende’s death raises doubts about suicide". Washington Post. 31 May 2011. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/chile-tv-secret-military-report-on-allendes-death-raises-doubts-about-suicide/2011/05/31/AG1rkTFH_story.html. Retrieved 2011-05-31. [dead link]
- ^ "For Chileans, Allende's Exhumation Raises The Past". National Public Radio. 31 May 2011. http://www.npr.org/2011/05/31/136831116/chile-investigates-ex-presidents-cause-of-death. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
- ^ "Former Chilean President Allende's death confirmed as suicide". CNN. 19 July 2011. http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/americas/07/19/chile.allende/index.html?hpt=hp_p1&iref=NS1.
- ^ Scotsman Newspaper website 20 July 2011
- ^ Chilean president Salvador Allende committed suicide, autopsy confirms The Guardian, 2011-07-20.
Other sources[link]
- Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents relating to the Military Coup, 1970–1976, (From the United States' National Security Archive).
- Thomas Karamessines (1970). Operation Guide for the Conspiration in Chile, Washington: United States National Security Council.
- Isabel Allende, Chilean writer, Allende's cousin once-removed.
- Henry A. Kissinger
- La Batalla de Chile) – Cuba/Chile/França/Venezuela, 1975, 1977 e 1979. Director Patricio Guzmán. Duration: 272 minutes. (Spanish)
- Márquez, Gabriel García. Chile, el golpe y los gringos. Crónica de una tragedia organizada, Manágua, Nicaragua: Radio La Primeirissima, 11 de setembro de 2006 (Spanish)
- Kornbluh, Peter. El Mercurio file, The., Columbia Journalism Review, Sep/Oct 2003
- Victoria A. Schobert-Gonzalez, Jane A. Gonzalez's American daughter-in-law, Writer, Historian, Artist, Naturalist
External links[link]
- Photos of the public places named in homage to the President Allende all around the world
- Salvador Allende's "Last Words" Spanish text with English translation. The transcript of the last radio broadcast of Chilean President Salvador Allende, made on 11 September 1973, at 9:10 am. MP3 audio available here [3].
- Caso Pinochet. While nominally a page about the Pinochet case, this large collection of links includes Allende's dissertation and numerous documents (mostly PDFs) related to the dissertation and to the controversy about it, ranging from the Cesare Lombroso material discussed in Allende's dissertation to a collective telegram of protest over Kristallnacht signed by Allende. (Spanish)
- An Interview with Salvadore Allende: President of Chile, interviewed by Saul Landau, Dove Films, 1971, 32 min. (previously unreleased):
- Video (Spanish with English subtitles) in El Clarin de Chile. (Alternative location at Google Video)
- September 11, 1973, When US-Backed Pinochet Forces Took Power in Chile – video report by Democracy Now!
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Miguel Etchebarne |
Minister of Public Health, Social Assistance and Welfare 1939–1942 |
Succeeded by Eduardo Escudero |
| Preceded by Tomás Reyes |
President of the Senate of Chile 1966–1969 |
Succeeded by Tomás Pablo |
| Preceded by Eduardo Frei Montalva |
President of Chile 1970–1973 |
Succeeded by Augusto Pinochet |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Allende, Salvador, Gossens |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | President of Chile |
| Date of birth | 26 June 1908 |
| Place of birth | Valparaíso, Chile |
| Date of death | 11 September 1973 |
| Place of death | Santiago, Chile |
http://wn.com/Salvador_Allende
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Salvador Allende
http://cs.wn.com/Salvador Allende
http://id.wn.com/Salvador Allende
http://es.wn.com/Salvador Allende
http://ru.wn.com/Альенде, Сальвадор
http://nl.wn.com/Salvador Allende
http://pl.wn.com/Salvador Allende
http://fr.wn.com/Salvador Allende
http://de.wn.com/Salvador Allende
http://pt.wn.com/Salvador Allende
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Allende
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (February 2010) |
|
|||
| Personal information | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Eduardo Guillermo Bonvallet Godoy | ||
| Date of birth | 13 January 1955 | ||
| Place of birth | Santiago, Chile | ||
| Height | 1,82 mts | ||
| Playing position | defensive midfielder | ||
Eduardo Guillermo Bonvallet Godoy (born 13 January 1955 in Santiago, Chile) is a retired Chilean footballer who played as a defensive midfielder and later developed a TV and radio sports commentator career, best known for his strong and rather raw commentaries on Chilean footballers, coaches and football's power structures. Bonvallet has self-promoted repeatedly for the position of Coach for the national team. Bonvallet has experience training university-level teams, such as Universidad Gabriela Mistral.
In 2007, Bonvallet was appointed manager of Deportivo Temuco (owned by Nehuen S.A.). The club was undergoing difficulty losing many games before Bonvallet took charge. This was his first chance of managing a professional team in the second division yet failure was not avoided with Temuco being relegated to the Chilean third division. He has been on trial several times for publicly insulting managers, politicians, businessmen, etc. In recent years he has earned a considerable support, while he proclaimed himself "El gurú" ("The Guru").
Bonvallet has also coined a lot of insulting words and phrases, which became popular on his show TVO Channel thanks to the involuntary aid of another one, Caiga Quién Caiga. Some of his notorious phrases are:
- ¡Avíspate re-huevón! (React, dumbass!)
- ¡Desconchetumadrízate! (Un-motherfucker-ize yourself!)
- ¡Ahuevonado al máximo! (Dumbass to the max!)
- ¡Feo, mamón y no sabís nada! (Ugly, pussy, and you got no idea!)
- ¡Grita huevón, grita! (Scream idiot, scream!)
- ¡O eres monje, fakir o guerrero, o sencillamente te pierdes![1] (You must be either a monk, a fakir or a warrior or you will simply get lost!)
- ¡Tienen que comer carne! (They have to eat meat!)
In June 2008, it was reported that there was a physical altercation between Bonvallet and former Chilean footballer Carlos Caszely. The location was a Santiago, Chile ice cream shop located in the commune of Las Condes. Witnesses reported that there was a fist fight after the two had an exchange of words.[2]
References[link]
External links[link]
|
|||||||
|
|||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bonvallet, Eduardo |
| Alternative names | Bonvallet Godoy, Eduardo Guillermo |
| Short description | footballer and sports commentator |
| Date of birth | 13 January 1955 |
| Place of birth | Santiago, Chile |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
  |
This biographical article related to Chilean football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
http://wn.com/Eduardo_Bonvallet
Related pages:
http://nl.wn.com/Eduardo Bonvallet
http://pt.wn.com/Eduardo Bonvallet
http://it.wn.com/Eduardo Bonvallet
http://es.wn.com/Eduardo Bonvallet
http://pl.wn.com/Eduardo Bonvallet
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Bonvallet
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Chicago School of Economics | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Born | (1912-07-31)July 31, 1912 Brooklyn, New York |
| Died | November 16, 2006(2006-11-16) (aged 94) San Francisco, California |
| Nationality | American |
| Institution | Hoover Institution (1977–2006) University of Chicago (1946–77) Columbia University (1937–41, 1943–45, 1964–65) NBER (1937–40) |
| Field | Economics |
| Alma mater | Columbia University (Ph.D.), 1946, University of Chicago (M.A.), 1933 Rutgers University (B.A.), (1932) |
| Opposed | John Maynard Keynes, John Kenneth Galbraith, Murray Rothbard |
| Influences | Adam Smith, Irving Fisher, Frank Knight, Murray Rothbard, Jacob Viner, Harold Hotelling, Arthur Burns, Friedrich Hayek, Homer Jones, Ludwig von Mises, Henry Simons, George Stigler |
| Influenced | Margaret Thatcher, Alan Greenspan, David D. Friedman, Anna J. Schwartz, Ben Bernanke, Gary Becker, Thomas Sowell, Harry Markowitz, Chicago Boys, William F. Buckley, Jr., Cato Institute |
| Contributions | Price theory, Monetarism, applied macroeconomics, floating exchange rates, volunteer military, Permanent income hypothesis, Friedman test |
| Awards | John Bates Clark Medal (1951) Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics (1976) Presidential Medal of Freedom (1988) National Medal of Science (1988) |
| Signature |  |
| Part of a series on the |
| Chicago School of Economics |
|---|
|
People
|
|
Theories
|
|
Ideas
|
Milton Friedman (July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006) was an American economist, statistician, and author who taught at the University of Chicago for more than three decades. He was a recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and is known for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and the complexity of stabilization policy.[1] As a leader of the Chicago school of economics, he influenced the research agenda of the economics profession. A survey of economists ranked Friedman as the second most popular economist of the twentieth century behind John Maynard Keynes,[2] and The Economist described him as "the most influential economist of the second half of the 20th century…possibly of all of it."[3]
Friedman's challenges to what he later called "naive Keynesian" (as opposed to New Keynesian) theory[4] began with his 1950s reinterpretation of the consumption function, and he became the main advocate opposing activist Keynesian government policies.[5] In the late 1960s he described his own approach (along with all of mainstream economics) as using "Keynesian language and apparatus" yet rejecting its "initial" conclusions.[6] During the 1960s he promoted an alternative macroeconomic policy known as "monetarism". He theorized there existed a "natural" rate of unemployment, and argued that governments could increase employment above this rate (e.g., by increasing aggregate demand) only at the risk of causing inflation to accelerate.[7] He argued that the Phillips curve was not stable and predicted what would come to be known as stagflation.[8] Friedman argued that, given the existence of the Federal Reserve, a constant small expansion of the money supply was the only wise policy.[9]
Friedman was an economic adviser to conservative President Ronald Reagan. His political philosophy extolled the virtues of a free market economic system with minimal intervention. He once stated that his role in eliminating U.S. conscription was his proudest accomplishment, and his support for school choice led him to found The Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice. In his 1962 book Capitalism and Freedom, Friedman advocated policies such as a volunteer military, freely floating exchange rates, abolition of medical licenses, a negative income tax, and education vouchers.[10] His ideas concerning monetary policy, taxation, privatization and deregulation influenced government policies, especially during the 1980s. His monetary theory influenced the Federal Reserve's response to the global financial crisis.[11]
Milton Friedman's works include many monographs, books, scholarly articles, papers, magazine columns, television programs, videos, and lectures, and cover a broad range of topics of microeconomics, macroeconomics, economic history, and public policy issues. His books and essays were widely read, and have had an international influence, including in Communist countries.[12][13][14][15]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Friedman was born in Brooklyn, New York, to recent Jewish immigrants Jenő Friedman and Sára Landau from Beregszász in Austria-Hungary (now Berehove in Ukraine), both of whom worked as dry goods merchants. Shortly after Milton's birth, the family relocated to Rahway, New Jersey. A talented student, Friedman graduated from Rahway High School in 1928, just before his 16th birthday.[16][17]
Friedman graduated from Rutgers University in New Jersey, where he specialized in mathematics and initially intended to become an actuary. During his time at Rutgers, Friedman became influenced by two economics professors, Arthur F. Burns and Homer Jones, who convinced him that modern economics could help end the Great Depression. After graduating from Rutgers in 1932, Friedman was offered two scholarships to do graduate work; one being Mathematics at Brown University and the other being Economics at the University of Chicago.[18]Friedman chose the latter, thus earning an M.A. in 1933. He was strongly influenced by Jacob Viner, Frank Knight, and Henry Simons. It was at Chicago that Friedman met his future wife, economist Rose Director. During 1933–34 he had a fellowship at Columbia University, where he studied statistics with renowned statistician and economist Harold Hotelling. He was back in Chicago for 1934–35, spending the year working as a research assistant for Henry Schultz, who was then working on Theory and Measurement of Demand. That year, Friedman formed what would prove to be lifelong friendships with George Stigler and W. Allen Wallis.[19]
Public service[link]
Friedman was initially unable to find academic employment, so during 1935, he followed his friend W. Allen Wallis to Washington, where Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal was "a lifesaver" for many young economists.[20] At this stage, Friedman said that he and his wife "regarded the job-creation programs such as the WPA, CCC, and PWA appropriate responses to the critical situation," but not "the price- and wage-fixing measures of the National Recovery Administration and the Agricultural Adjustment Administration."[21] Foreshadowing his later ideas, he believed price controls interfered with an essential signaling mechanism to help resources be used where they were most valued. Indeed, Friedman later concluded that all government intervention associated with the New Deal was "the wrong cure for the wrong disease," arguing that the money supply should simply have been expanded, instead of contracted.[22] In the publication Monetary History of the United States by Friedman and Anna Schwartz, they argue that the Great Depression was caused by monetary contraction, which was the consequence of poor policymaking by the Federal reserve and the continuous crises of the banking system.[23]
During 1935, he began work for the National Resources Committee, which was then working on a large consumer budget survey. Ideas from this project later became a part of his Theory of the Consumption Function. Friedman began employment with the National Bureau of Economic Research during autumn 1937 to assist Simon Kuznets in his work on professional income. This work resulted in their jointly authored publication Incomes from Independent Professional Practice, which introduced the concepts of permanent and transitory income, a major component of the Permanent Income Hypothesis that Friedman worked out in greater detail in the 1950s. The book hypothesizes that professional licensing artificially restricts the supply of services and raises prices.
During 1940, Friedman was appointed an assistant professor teaching Economics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, but encountered antisemitism in the Economics department and decided to return to government service.[24][25] Friedman spent 1941–43 working on wartime tax policy for the Federal Government, as an advisor to senior officials of the United States Department of the Treasury. As a Treasury spokesman during 1942 he advocated a Keynesian policy of taxation. He helped to invent the payroll withholding tax system, since the federal government badly needed money in order to fight the war.[26] He later said, "I have no apologies for it, but I really wish we hadn't found it necessary and I wish there were some way of abolishing withholding now."[27]
Academic career[link]
Early years[link]
In 1943, Friedman joined the Division of War Research at Columbia University (headed by W. Allen Wallis and Harold Hotelling), where he spent the rest of World War II working as a mathematical statistician, focusing on problems of weapons design.[28]
During 1945, Friedman submitted Incomes from Independent Professional Practice (co-authored with Kuznets and completed during 1940) to Columbia as his doctoral dissertation. The university awarded him a Ph.D. during 1946. Friedman spent the 1945–46 academic year teaching at the University of Minnesota (where his friend George Stigler was employed). On February 12, 1945, his son, David D. Friedman was born.
University of Chicago[link]
During 1946, Friedman accepted an offer to teach economic theory at the University of Chicago (a position opened by departure of his former professor Jacob Viner to Princeton University). Friedman would work for the University of Chicago for the next 30 years. There he helped build an intellectual community that produced a number of Nobel Prize winners, known collectively as the Chicago School of Economics.
At that time, Arthur Burns, who was then the head of the National Bureau of Economic Research, asked Friedman to rejoin the Bureau's staff. He accepted the invitation, and assumed responsibility for the Bureau's inquiry into the role of money in the business cycle. As a result, he initiated the "Workshop in Money and Banking" (the "Chicago Workshop"), which promoted a revival of monetary studies. During the latter half of the 1940s, Friedman began a collaboration with Anna Schwartz, an economic historian at the Bureau, that would ultimately result in the 1963 publication of a book co-authored by Friedman and Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960.
Friedman spent the 1954–55 academic year as a Fulbright Visiting Fellow at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. At the time, the Cambridge economics faculty was divided into a Keynesian majority (including Joan Robinson and Richard Kahn) and an anti-Keynesian minority (headed by Dennis Robertson). Friedman speculates that he was invited to the fellowship because his views were unacceptable to both of the Cambridge factions. Later his weekly columns for Newsweek magazine (1966–84) were well read and increasingly influential among political and business people.[29] From 1968 to 1978, he and Paul Samuelson participated in the Economics Cassette Series, a biweekly subscription series where the economist would discuss the days' issues for about a half hour at a time.[30]
Friedman was an economic adviser to Republican presidential candidate Barry Goldwater during 1964.
Nobel memorial prize and retirement[link]
In 1976 Friedman won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics "for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy."[1] During the banquet speech he made a reference to “the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel”. In that he was the first recipient to do so, and it wasn’t until 2006 that a recipient of the prize called it by its proper name.[31] During 1977, at age 65, Friedman retired from the University of Chicago after teaching there for 30 years. He and his wife moved to San Francisco where he became a visiting scholar at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. From 1977 on, he was affiliated with the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. During the same year, Friedman was approached by the Free To Choose Network and asked to create a television program presenting his economic and social philosophy. The Friedmans worked on this project for the next three years, and during 1980, the ten-part series, titled Free to Choose, was broadcast by the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). The companion book to the series (co-authored by Milton and his wife, Rose Friedman), also titled Free To Choose, was the bestselling nonfiction book of 1980 and has since been translated into 14 foreign languages.
Friedman served as an unofficial adviser to Ronald Reagan during his 1980 presidential campaign, and then served on the President's Economic Policy Advisory Board for the rest of the Reagan Administration. During 1988, he received the National Medal of Science and Reagan honored him with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Milton Friedman is known now as one of the most influential economists of the 20th century.[32][33] Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Friedman continued to write editorials and appear on television. He made several visits to Eastern Europe and to China, where he also advised governments. He was also for many years a Trustee of the Philadelphia Society.[34][35][36]
Scholarly contributions[link]
See also: Friedman–Savage utility function, Friedman rule, Friedman's k-percent rule, and Friedman test
Economics[link]
Friedman was best known for reviving interest in the money supply as a determinant of the nominal value of output, that is, the quantity theory of money. Monetarism is the set of views associated with modern quantity theory. Its origins can be traced back to the 16th-century School of Salamanca or even further; however, Friedman's contribution is largely responsible for its modern popularization. He co-authored, with Anna Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States (1963), which was an examination of the role of the money supply and economic activity in U.S. history. A striking conclusion of their research was one regarding the role of money supply fluctuations as contributing to economic fluctuations. Several regression studies with David Meiselman during the 1960s suggested the primacy of the money supply over investment and government spending in determining consumption and output. These challenged a prevailing but largely untested view on their relative importance. Friedman's empirical research and some theory supported the conclusion that the short-run effect of a change of the money supply was primarily on output but that the longer-run effect was primarily on the price level.
Friedman was the main proponent of the monetarist school of economics. He maintained that there is a close and stable association between price inflation and the money supply, mainly that price inflation should be regulated with monetary deflation and price deflation with monetary inflation. He famously quipped that price deflation can be fought by "dropping money out of a helicopter."[37]
Friedman's arguments were designed to counter popular claims that price inflation at the time was the result of increases in the price of oil, or increases in wages: as he wrote,
Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon.—Milton Friedman, 1963.[38]
Friedman rejected the use of fiscal policy as a tool of demand management; and he held that the government's role in the guidance of the economy should be restricted severely. Friedman wrote extensively on the Great Depression, which he termed the Great Contraction, arguing that it had been caused by an ordinary financial shock whose duration and seriousness were greatly increased by the subsequent contraction of the money supply caused by the misguided policies of the directors of the Federal Reserve.
The Fed was largely responsible for converting what might have been a garden-variety recession, although perhaps a fairly severe one, into a major catastrophe. Instead of using its powers to offset the depression, it presided over a decline in the quantity of money by one-third from 1929 to 1933 ... Far from the depression being a failure of the free-enterprise system, it was a tragic failure of government.—Milton Friedman, Two Lucky People, 233
Friedman also argued for the cessation of government intervention in currency markets, thereby spawning an enormous literature on the subject, as well as promoting the practice of freely floating exchange rates. His close friend George Stigler explained, "As is customary in science, he did not win a full victory, in part because research was directed along different lines by the theory of rational expectations, a newer approach developed by Robert Lucas, also at the University of Chicago."[39]
Friedman was also known for his work on the consumption function, the permanent income hypothesis (1957), which Friedman himself referred to as his best scientific work.[40] This work contended that rational consumers would spend a proportional amount of what they perceived to be their permanent income. Windfall gains would mostly be saved. Tax reductions likewise, as rational consumers would predict that taxes would have to increase later to balance public finances. Other important contributions include his critique of the Phillips curve and the concept of the natural rate of unemployment (1968). This critique associated his name, together with that of Edmund Phelps, with the insight that a government that brings about greater inflation cannot permanently reduce unemployment by doing so. Unemployment may be temporarily lower, if the inflation is a surprise, but in the long run unemployment will be determined by the frictions and imperfections of the labor market.
Friedman's essay "The Methodology of Positive Economics" (1953) provided the epistemological pattern for his own subsequent research and to a degree that of the Chicago School. There he argued that economics as science should be free of value judgments for it to be objective. Moreover, a useful economic theory should be judged not by its descriptive realism but by its simplicity and fruitfulness as an engine of prediction. That is, students should measure the accuracy of its predictions, rather than the "soundness of its assumptions. His argument was part of an ongoing debate among such statisticians as Jerzy Neyman, Leonard Savage, and Ronald Fisher.[41]
Statistics[link]
One of his most famous contributions to statistics is sequential sampling. "Friedman did statistical work at the Division of War Research at Columbia. He and his colleagues came up with a sampling technique, known as sequential sampling, which became, in the words of The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 'the standard analysis of quality control inspection.' The dictionary adds: 'Like many of Friedman’s contributions, in retrospect it seems remarkably simple and obvious to apply basic economic ideas to quality control; that however is a measure of his genius.'"[42]
Public policy positions[link]
| Part of a series on |
| Libertarianism |
|---|
|
Origins and history
|
|
Theory and ideals
|
|
People
|
|
Related topics
|
Federal reserve[link]
Friedman believed that if the money supply was to be centrally controlled (as by the Federal Reserve) that the preferable way to do it would be with a mechanical system that would keep the quantity of money increasing at a steady rate. However, instead of government involvement at all, he was open to a "real," non-government, gold standard where money is produced by the private market: "A real gold standard is thoroughly consistent with [classical] liberal principles and I, for one, am entirely in favor of measures promoting its development." He did however add this caveat, "Let me emphasize that this note is not a plea for a return to a gold standard.... I regard a return to a gold standard as neither desirable nor feasible—with the one exception that it might become feasible if the doomsday predictions of hyperinflation under our present system should prove correct."[43] He said the reason that it was not feasible was because "there is essentially no government in the world that is willing to surrender control over its domestic monetary policy." However, it could be done if "you could re-establish a world in which government's budget accounted for 10 percent of the national income, in which laissez-faire reigned, in which governments did not interfere with economic activities and in which full employment policies had been relegated to the dustbin..."[43]
He was critical of the Federal Reserve's influence on the economics profession. In a 1993 letter to University of Texas economics professor and former House Banking Committee investigator Robert Auerbach, Friedman wrote:
I cannot disagree with you that having something like 500 economists is extremely unhealthy. As you say, it is not conducive to independent, objective research. You and I know there has been censorship of the material published. Equally important, the location of the economists in the Federal Reserve has had a significant influence on the kind of research they do, biasing that research toward noncontroversial technical papers on method as opposed to substantive papers on policy and results.[44]
School choice[link]
In his 1955 article "The Role of Government in Education" Friedman proposed supplementing publicly operated schools with privately run but publicly funded schools through a system of school vouchers.[45] Reforms similar to those proposed in the article were implemented in, for example, Chile in 1981 and Sweden in 1992.[46] In 1996 Friedman, together with his wife, founded the The Foundation for Educational Choice to advocate school choice and vouchers.
Conscription[link]
Milton Friedman was a major proponent of a volunteer military, stating that the draft was "inconsistent with a free society."[47][48] In Capitalism and Freedom, he argued that conscription is inequitable and arbitrary, preventing young men from shaping their lives as they see fit.[49] During the Nixon administration he headed the committee to research a conversion to paid/volunteer armed force. He would later state that his role in eliminating the conscription in the United States was his proudest accomplishment.[9] Friedman did, however, believe a nation could compel military training as a reserve in case of war time.[49]
Libertarianism and the Republican party[link]
He served as a member of President Reagan's Economic Policy Advisory Board during 1981. During 1988, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the National Medal of Science. He said that he was a libertarian philosophically, but a member of the U.S. Republican Party for the sake of "expediency" ("I am a libertarian with a small 'l' and a Republican with a capital 'R.' And I am a Republican with a capital 'R' on grounds of expediency, not on principle.") But, he said, "I think the term classical liberal is also equally applicable. I don't really care very much what I'm called. I'm much more interested in having people thinking about the ideas, rather than the person."[50]
Public goods and monopoly[link]
Friedman was supportive of the state provision of some public goods that private businesses are not considered as being able to provide. However, he argued that many of the services performed by government could be performed better by the private sector. Above all, if some public goods are provided by the state, he believed that they should not be a legal monopoly where private competition is prohibited; for example, he wrote:
There is no way to justify our present public monopoly of the post office. It may be argued that the carrying of mail is a technical monopoly and that a government monopoly is the least of evils. Along these lines, one could perhaps justify a government post office, but not the present law, which makes it illegal for anybody else to carry the mail. If the delivery of mail is a technical monopoly, no one else will be able to succeed in competition with the government. If it is not, there is no reason why the government should be engaged in it. The only way to find out is to leave other people free to enter.—Milton Friedman, Friedman, Milton & Rose D. Capitalism and Freedom, University of Chicago Press, 1982, 29
Welfare[link]
Friedman made newspaper headlines by proposing a negative income tax to replace the existing welfare system, and then opposing a bill to implement it because the bill proposed to supplement the existing system rather than replace it.
Drugs[link]
Friedman also supported libertarian policies such as legalization of drugs and prostitution. During 2005, Friedman and more than 500 other economists advocated discussions regarding the economic benefits of the legalization of marijuana.[51]
Economic freedom[link]
Michael Walker of the Fraser Institute and Friedman hosted a series of conferences from 1986 to 1994. The goal was to create a clear definition of economic freedom and a method for measuring it. Eventually this resulted in the first report on worldwide economic freedom, Economic Freedom in the World. This annual report has since provided data for numerous peer-reviewed studies and has influenced policy in several nations.
Along with sixteen other distinguished economists he opposed the Copyright Term Extension Act and filed an amicus brief in Eldred v. Ashcroft.[52] He supported the inclusion of the word "no-brainer" in the brief.[53]
Friedman argued for stronger basic legal (constitutional) protection of economic rights and freedoms in order to further promote industrial-commercial growth and prosperity and buttress democracy and freedom and the rule of law generally in society.[54]
Honors, recognition, and influence[link]
Friedman allowed the Cato Institute to use his name for its biannual Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty beginning in 2001. A Friedman Prize was given to the late British economist Peter Bauer during 2002, Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto during 2004, Mart Laar, former Estonian Prime Minister during 2006 and a young Venezuelan student Yon Goicoechea during 2008. His wife Rose, sister of Aaron Director, with whom he initiated the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice, served on the international selection committee. Friedman was also a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics.
Hong Kong[link]
Friedman once said, "If you want to see capitalism in action, go to Hong Kong."[55] He wrote in 1990 that the Hong Kong economy was perhaps the best example of a free market economy.[56]
One month before his death, he wrote the article "Hong Kong Wrong – What would Cowperthwaite say?" in the Wall Street Journal, criticizing Donald Tsang, the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, for abandoning "positive noninterventionism."[57] Tsang later said he was merely changing the slogan to "big market, small government," where small government is defined as less than 20% of GDP. In a debate between Tsang and his rival, Alan Leong, before the 2007 Chief Executive election, Leong introduced the topic and jokingly accused Tsang of angering Friedman to death.
Chile[link]
Main articles: Miracle of Chile and Chicago Boys
During 1975, two years after the military coup that ended the government of Salvador Allende, the economy of Chile experienced a severe crisis. Friedman accepted the invitation of a private foundation to visit Chile and speak on principles of economic freedom. He spent seven days in Chile giving a series of lectures. One of the lectures was entitled "The Fragility of Freedom," and according to Friedman, "dealt with precisely the threat to freedom from a centralized military government."[58] Friedman encapsulated his philosophy in a lecture at Universidad Católica de Chile, saying: "free markets would undermine political centralization and political control."[59]
Friedman also met with military dictator President Augusto Pinochet during his visit. He never served as an adviser to the Chilean government, but did write a letter to Pinochet outlining what Friedman considered the two key economic problems of Chile. The letter listed a series of monetary and fiscal measures deemed a "shock program" to end hyperinflation and promote a market economy.[60] His letter suggested (among other, more specific prescriptions) that a brief period of cutting government spending would reduce its fiscal deficit and thus reduce the rate of increase of the quantity of money in the country that was driving inflation. The economist did however admit his knowledge of Chile was "too limited to enable [him] to be precise or comprehensive" and that the measures he outlined were "to be taken as illustrative."[60] Friedman felt that there might be a brief period ("measured in months") of higher unemployment, followed by recovery once inflation was tamed. His letter also suggested that cutting spending to reduce the fiscal deficit would result in less transitional unemployment than raising taxes to do so. Later, Friedman said he believed that market reforms would undermine Pinochet.[61] Chilean graduates of the Chicago School of Economics and its new local chapters had been appointed to important positions in the new government soon after the coup, which allowed them to advise Pinochet on economic policies in accord with the School's economic doctrine.
According to his critics, Friedman did not criticize Pinochet's dictatorship at the time, nor the assassinations, illegal imprisonments, torture, or other atrocities that were well known by then.[62] In his 1980 documentary Free to Choose, he said the following: "Chile is not a politically free system, and I do not condone the system. But the people there are freer than the people in Communist societies because government plays a smaller role. ... The conditions of the people in the past few years has been getting better and not worse. They would be still better to get rid of the junta and to be able to have a free democratic system."[63][64] In 1984 Friedman stated that he has "never refrained from criticizing the political system in Chile."[58]
Friedman defended his activity in Chile on the grounds that, in his opinion, the adoption of free market policies not only improved the economic situation of Chile but also contributed to the amelioration of Pinochet's rule and to the eventual transition to a democratic government during 1990. That idea is included in Capitalism and Freedom, in which he declared that economic freedom is not only desirable in itself but is also a necessary condition for political freedom. He stressed that the lectures he gave in Chile were the same lectures he later gave in China and other socialist states.[65] During the 2000 PBS documentary The Commanding Heights (based on the book), Friedman continued to argue that criticism over his role in Chile missed his main contention that freer markets resulted in freer people, and that Chile's unfree economy had caused the military government. Friedman suggested that the economic liberalization he advocated caused the end of military rule and a free Chile.[66]
Iceland[link]
Friedman visited Iceland during the autumn of 1984, met with important Icelanders and gave a lecture at the University of Iceland on the "tyranny of the status quo." He participated in a lively television debate on August 31, 1984 with socialist intellectuals, including Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, who later became the president of Iceland.[67] When they complained that a fee was charged for attending his lecture at the University and that hitherto, lectures by visiting scholars had been free-of-charge, Friedman replied that previous lectures had not been free-of-charge in a meaningful sense: Lectures always have related costs. What mattered was whether attendees or non-attendees covered those costs. Friedman thought that it was fairer that only those who attended paid. In this discussion Friedman also stated that he did not receive any money for delivering that lecture.
Estonia[link]
Although Friedman never visited Estonia, his book Free to Choose exercised a great influence on that nation's then 32-year-old prime minister, Mart Laar, who has claimed that it was the only book on economics he had read before taking office. Laar's reforms are often credited with responsibility for transforming Estonia from an impoverished Soviet Republic to the "Baltic Tiger." A prime element of Laar's program was introduction of the flat tax. Laar won the 2006 Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty, awarded by the Cato Institute.[68]
United Kingdom[link]
Milton Friedman influenced the thinking of Alan Walters and Patrick Minford, two of Margaret Thatcher's main macroeconomic advisers. See the book Margaret Thatcher's Revolution: How it Happened and What it Meant, edited by Subroto Roy & John Clarke, Continuum 2005
Criticism[link]
Keynesian criticism[link]
During the financial crisis of 2007–2010, several Keynesian economists such as James Galbraith and Joseph Stiglitz blamed the free market philosophy of Friedman and the Chicago school for the economic turmoil.[69]
After Friedman's death in 2006, Keynesian Nobel laureate Paul Krugman, praised Friedman as a "great economist and a great man," but criticized him by writing that "he slipped all too easily into claiming both that markets always work and that only markets work. It's extremely hard to find cases in which Friedman acknowledged the possibility that markets could go wrong, or that government intervention could serve a useful purpose."[70]
Austrian school criticism[link]
In 1971, libertarian economist Murray Rothbard criticized Friedman's efforts to make the government more efficient as detrimental to individual liberty, concluding "...as we examine Milton Friedman’s credentials to be the leader of free-market economics, we arrive at the chilling conclusion that it is difficult to consider him a free-market economist at all."[71] Friedman's position on governmental control of money changed since 1971 when this criticism was made.[72] In a 1995 interview in Reason magazine he said the "difference between me and people like Murray Rothbard is that, though I want to know what my ideal is, I think I also have to be willing to discuss changes that are less than ideal so long as they point me in that direction." He said he actually would "like to abolish the Fed," and points out that when he has written about the Fed it is simply his recommendations of how it should be run given that it exists.[9]
| Part of a series on |
| Liberalism |
|---|
 |
|
Development
|
|
Ideas
|
|
People
|
|
Organizations
|
Other criticism[link]
In her book The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism, journalist and author Naomi Klein criticized Friedman's ideology and the principles that guided the economic restructuring that followed the military coups in countries such as Chile and Indonesia, drawing analogies between the way that Friedman proposed using the social "shock" of the coups to create an economic "blank slate" with Ewen Cameron's controversial medical experiments that used electroshock therapy to create a mental "blank slate" in patients with mental disorders.[73] Based on the extent to which the application of neoliberal policies has contributed to income disparities and inequality,[74] both Klein and Noam Chomsky have suggested that the primary role of neoliberalism was as an ideological cover for capital accumulation by multinational corporations.[75] Chilean economist Orlando Letelier asserted that Pinochet's dictatorship resorted to oppression because of popular opposition to Chicago School policies in Chile.[76] Klein's book has been criticized. In the October 2008 issue of Reason magazine, Swedish historian Johan Norberg called her book a "disastrous ... polemic" and criticized the book as exaggerating some facts and ignoring others, subjecting Friedman to "the most malevolent distortions of a thinker's ideas in recent history." Norberg states that "Friedman's view was the opposite of what Klein claims" and "twists [the] relationship [between Friedman and Pinochet's regime] beyond recognition," concluding that "Klein is dead wrong about Friedman."[77] Tom Redburn wrote that Klein "accuses Friedman of being the godfather of a Mafia-like gang", stated that "her argument constantly overreaches because her goal is not really to tame capitalism so much as to taunt it", and that Klein is "blind to the necessary role of entrepreneurial capitalism in overcoming the inherent tendency of any established social system to lapse into stagnation."[78]
Personal life[link]
According to a 2007 article in Commentary magazine, his "parents were moderately observant [Jews], but Friedman, after an intense burst of childhood piety, rejected religion altogether."[79] He described himself as an agnostic.[80]
Friedman wrote extensively of his life and experiences, especially in 1998 in his memoirs with his wife Rose, titled Two Lucky People. He died of heart failure at the age of 94 years in San Francisco on November 16, 2006.[81][82] He was survived by his wife (who died on August 18, 2009) and their two children, David, who is a philosopher and anarcho-capitalist economist, and Janet. David's son, Patri Friedman, is the executive director of the Seasteading Institute.[83]
See also[link]
- Works of Milton Friedman
- Friedman–Savage utility function
- Friedman rule
- Friedman's k-percent rule
- Friedman test
- List of economists
- List of Jewish Nobel laureates
- List of notable Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
- History of economic thought
Notes[link]
- ^ a b "Milton Friedman on nobelprize.org". Nobel Prize. 1976. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1976/. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ Davis, William L, Bob Figgins, David Hedengren, and Daniel B. Klein. "Economic Professors' Favorite Economic Thinkers, Journals, and Blogs", Econ Journal Watch 8(2): 126-146, May 2011.
- ^ "Milton Friedman, a giant among economists". The Economist. November 23, 2006. http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8313925. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ "Milton Friedman". Commanding Heights. PBS. Oct 1, 2000. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_miltonfriedman.html#7. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
- ^ Milton Friedman—Economist as Public Intellectual
- ^ Mark Skousen. The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and Ideas of the Great Thinkers. M.E. Sharpe. p. 407. ISBN 0-7656-2227-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=6sisXMv_AecC&lpg=PA407&dq=friedman%20we.are.all.keynesians.now&pg=PA407#v=onepage&q=friedman%20we.are.all.keynesians.now&f=false.
- ^ Among macroeconomists, the "natural" rate has been increasingly replaced by James Tobin's NAIRU, the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment, which is seen as having fewer normative connotations.
- ^ Nobel prize winner Paul Krugman stated that, "In 1968 in one of the decisive intellectual achievements of postwar economics, Friedman not only showed why the apparent tradeoff embodied in the idea of the Phillips curve was wrong; he also predicted the emergence of combined inflation and high unemployment...dubbed ‘stagflation.” Paul Krugman, Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in an Age of Diminished Expectations (1995) p 43 online
- ^ a b c Doherty, Brian (June 1, 1995), "Best of Both Worlds", Reason Magazine, http://www.reason.com/news/show/29691.html, retrieved October 24, 2009
- ^ Milton Friedman (1912–2006)
- ^ Bullock, Penn (November 17, 2009), "Bernanke’s Philosopher", Reason Magazine, http://reason.com/archives/2009/11/17/bernankes-philosopher, retrieved February 4, 2010
- ^ "Capitalism and Friedman". The Wall Street Journal. November 17, 2006. http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110009260. Retrieved August 22, 2008.
- ^ Václav Klaus (January 29, 2007). "Remarks at Milton Friedman Memorial Service". http://www.klaus.cz/klaus2/asp/clanek.asp?id=3DpXss5H9RJv. Retrieved August 22, 2008.
- ^ Johan Norberg, Defaming Milton Friedman: Naomi Klein's disastrous yet popular polemic against the great free market economist, Reason Magazine, Washington, D.C., Oct. 2008
- ^ Friedman 1999, p. 506
- ^ Eamonn Butler, Milton Friedman (2011) ch 1
- ^ Alan O. Ebenstein, Milton Friedman: a biography (2007) pp 5-12
- ^ "Milton Friedman and his start in economics". Young America's Foundation. August, 2006. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EhYOtG2pt3w&feature=related. Retrieved march 12, 2012.
- ^ Ebenstein, Milton Friedman: a biography (2007) pp 13-30
- ^ Feeney, Mark (November 16, 2006). "Nobel laureate economist Milton Friedman dies at 94". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/globe/city_region/breaking_news/2006/11/nobel_lauriet_e.html. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ Friedman 1999, p. 59
- ^ "Right from the Start? What Milton Friedman can teach progressives." (PDF). J. Bradford DeLong. http://delong.typepad.com/pdf/20070308_108-115.delong.FINAL.pdf. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ Bernanke 2004, p. 7
- ^ Friedman 1999, p. 42
- ^ Friedman 1999, pp. 84–85
- ^ Milton Friedman; Rose D. Friedman (1999). Two Lucky People: Memoirs. University of Chicago Press. pp. 122–23. http://books.google.com/books?id=6l0_vQ1zpI8C&pg=PA122.
- ^ Doherty, Brian (June 1995). "Best of Both Worlds". Reason. http://reason.com/archives/1995/06/01/best-of-both-worlds. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
- ^ Philip Mirowski (2002). Machine Dreams: Economics Becomes a Cyborg Science. Cambridge University Press. pp. 202–3. http://books.google.com/books?id=GkrYxL0QtpcC&pg=PA203.
- ^ CATO, "Letter from Washington," National Review, September 19, 1980, Vol. 32 Issue 19, p 1119
- ^ http://www.hoover.org/multimedia/slide-shows/79281
- ^ { http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1976/friedman-speech.html }
- ^ "Milton Friedman: An enduring legacy". The Economist. November 17, 2006. http://www.economist.com/daily/news/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8190872. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ Sullivan, Patricia (November 17, 2006). "Economist Touted Laissez-Faire Policy". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/16/AR2006111600592.html. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ http://www.cato.org/special/friedman/friedman/index.html
- ^ http://phillysoc.org/trustees.htm
- ^ http://www.phillysoc.org/fried.htm
- ^ Optimum Quantity of Money. Aldine Publishing Company. 1969. p. 4.
- ^ Friedman, Milton. Inflation: Causes and Consequences. New York: Asia Publishing House.
- ^ Friedman, Milton (1969). Memoirs of an Unregulated Economist. Aldine Publishing Company. p. 4.
- ^ "Charlie Rose Show". December 26, 2005.
- ^ David Teira, "Milton Friedman, the Statistical Methodologist," History of Political Economy (2007) 39#3 pp 511-527,
- ^ The Life and Times of Milton Friedman – Remembering the 20th century's most influential libertarian
- ^ a b Richard M. Ebeling.Monetary Central Planning and the State, Part 27: Milton Friedman's Second Thoughts on the Costs of Paper Money http://www.fff.org/freedom/0399b.asp
- ^ Grim, Ryan (September 7, 2009) Priceless: How The Federal Reserve Bought The Economics Profession, Huffington Post
- ^ Leonard Ross and Richard Zeckhauser (December 1970). "Review: Education Vouchers". The Yale Law Journal 80 (2): 451–461. JSTOR 795126.
- ^ Martin Carnoy (August 1998). "National Voucher Plans in Chile and Sweden: Did Privatization Reforms Make for Better Education?". Comparative Education Review 42 (3): 309–337. JSTOR 1189163.
- ^ Milton Friedman (1991). The War on Drugs. America's Drug Forum. http://yes390.org/friedmanvideos.html.
- ^ Rostker, Bernard (2006). I Want You!: The Evolution of the All-Volunteer Force. Rand Corporation. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8330-3895-1.
- ^ a b Friedman, Milton (November 15, 2002). Capitalism and Freedom. University Of Chicago Press. p. 36.
- ^ "Friedman and Freedom". Queen's Journal. Archived from the original on August 11, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060811115145/http://queensjournal.ca/article.php?point=vol129/issue37/features/lead1. Retrieved February 20, 2008. , Interview with Peter Jaworski. The Journal, Queen's University, March 15, 2002 – Issue 37, Volume 129
- ^ "An open letter". Prohibition Costs. http://www.prohibitioncosts.org/endorsers.html. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ "In the Supreme Court of the United States". Harvard Law School. http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/supct/amici/economists.pdf. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ Lessig, Lawrence (November 19, 2006). ""only if the word 'no-brainer' appears in it somewhere": RIP Milton Friedman (Lessig Blog)". Lessig.org. http://lessig.org/blog/2006/11/only_if_the_word_nobrainer_app.html. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
- ^ A New British Bill of Rights: The Case For, ISR Online Guide
- ^ Ingdahl, Waldemar (March 22, 2007). "Real Virtuality". The American. http://www.american.com/archive/2007/march-0307/real-virtuality/. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ Friedman, Milton; Friedman, Rose (1990). Free to Choose: A Personal Statement. Harvest Books. p. 34. ISBN 0-15-633460-7.
- ^ Friedman, Milton (October 6, 2006). "Dr. Milton Friedman". Opinion Journal. http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110009051. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ a b Milton Friedman (August 31, 1984) (Flash Video). Iceland Television Debate (Television production). Reykjavík: Icelandic State Television. Event occurs at 009:48:00. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJNxg3ZhXf8#t=9m11s&feature=PlayList&p=EBBF6DB20C85145A&playnext_from=PL&index=3. Retrieved June 27, 2010.
- ^ "Interview with Jeffery Sachs on the "Miracle of Chile"". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/ufd_reformliberty_full.html. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ a b Letters of correspondence between Friedman and dictator Pinochet
- ^ "Commanding Heights: Milton Friedman". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_miltonfriedman.html#10. Retrieved December 29, 2008.
- ^ O'Shaughnessy, Hugh (December 11, 2006). "General Augusto Pinochet". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/general-augusto-pinochet-427998.html. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ "Free to Choose Vol. 5". Free to Choose. Archived from the original on February 9, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080209233014/http://www.freetochoose.net/1980_vol5_transcript.html. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ Frances Fox Piven vs. Milton Friedman, Thomas Sowell, debate, 1980, YouTube.
- ^ Friedman 1999, pp. 600–601
- ^ "Milton Friedman interview". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitextlo/int_miltonfriedman.html. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ Friedman, Milton; Grímsson, Ólafur Ragnar. Milton Friedman on Icelandic State Television in 1984.
- ^ "Mart Laar". Cato Institute. http://www.cato.org/special/friedman/laar/. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ John Lippert, Friedman Would Be Roiled as Chicago Disciples Rue Repudiation, Bloomberg L.P., December 23, 2009. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
- ^ The New York Review of Books, Who Was Milton Friedman?, February 15, 2007
- ^ Murray Rothbard, "Milton Friedman Unraveled". Originally printed 1971 in The Individualist. Reprinted in the Journal of Libertarian Studies, Fall 2002.
- ^ Ebeling, Richard. M., "Monetary Central Planning and the State, Part 27: Milton Friedman's Second Thoughts on the Costs of Paper Money"
- ^ Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine, Metropolitan Books, New York, NY 2007.
- ^ Goldberg, P.K. and Pavcnik, N. (2007) "Distributional Effects of Globalization in Developing Countries" Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association 45(1): 39–82
- ^ Noam Chomsky (1999) Profit Over People: Neoliberalism and Global Order, Seven Stories Press, New York, NY.
- ^ Orlando Letelier, Economic Freedom's Awful Toll, The Nation, August 28, 1976.
- ^ Johan Norberg, Defaming Milton Friedman, Reason Magazine, October 2008.
- ^ Tom Redburn, It’s All a Grand Capitalist Conspiracy, The New York Times, September 29, 2007.
- ^ Lanny Ebenstein, Milton Friedman, Commentary, May 2007, p. 286.
- ^ Asman, David (November 16, 2006). "'Your World' Interview With Economist Milton Friedman". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,230045,00.html. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
- ^ Christie, Jim (November 16, 2006). "Free market economist Milton Friedman dead at 94". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/ousiv/idUSWBT00621920061116. Retrieved February 20, 2008.
- ^ Ambrose, Jay (November 22, 2006). "Milton Friedman’s legacy". Examiner.com. http://www.examiner.com/a-413909~Jay_Ambrose__Milton_Friedman_s_legacy.html. Retrieved February 20, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Doherty, Brian (July 1, 2009), "20,000 Nations Above the Sea; Is floating the last, best hope for liberty?", Reason Magazine, http://www.reason.com/news/show/133865.html, retrieved October 24, 2009
Bibliography[link]
Main article: Milton Friedman bibliography
References[link]
- Bernanke, Ben (2004), Essays on the Great Depression, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-11820-5
- Butler, Eamonn. Milton Friedman (Harriman Economic Essentials) (2011)
- Ebenstein, Alan O. Milton Friedman: a biography (2007)
- Friedman, Milton (1999), Two Lucky People: Memoirs, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-26415-7
- Wood, John Cunningham, and Ronald N. Wood, ed. (1990) Milton Friedman: Critical Assessments, v. 3. Scroll to chapter-preview links. Routledge.
Further reading[link]
- Friedman, Milton (1948). "A Monetary and Fiscal Framework for Economic Stability," American Economic Review, 38(3), pp. 245-264. Also in Friedman (1953), pp. 133–56.
- Friedman, Milton (1953). Essays in Positive Economics, University of Chicago Press. Chapter- preview links.
- Friedman, Milton (1959). A Program for Monetary Stability. Fordham University Press. New York. TOC chapter-preview links.
- Friedman, Milton (1963). A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00354-8.
- "The Role of Monetary Policy." American Economic Review, Vol. 58, No. 1 (Mar., 1968), pp. 1–17 JSTOR presidential address to American Economics Association
- Ebenstein, Lanny (January 23, 2007). Milton Friedman: A Biography. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-7627-9.
- Enlow, Robert (September 25, 2006). Liberty & Learning: Milton Friedman's Voucher Idea at Fifty. Cato Institute. ISBN 1-930865-86-4.
- Friedman, Milton (November 15, 2002). Capitalism and Freedom. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-26421-1.
- Friedman, Milton (November 26, 1990). Free to Choose: A Personal Statement. Harvest Books. ISBN 0-15-633460-7.
- Friedman, Milton (February 1, 2008). Milton Friedman on Economics: Selected Papers. University of Chicago Press Journals. ISBN 0-226-26349-5.
External links[link]
| Find more about Milton Friedman on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
|
Images and media from Commons |
|
News stories from Wikinews |
|
Quotations from Wikiquote |
- Works by or about Milton Friedman in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Milton Friedman at the Internet Movie Database
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- A film clip "The Open Mind - Living Within Our Means (1975)" is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
- A film clip "The Open Mind - A Nobel Laureate on the American Economy (1977)" is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
- Milton Friedman on Charlie Rose
- Milton Friedman collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- The Milton Friedman papers at the Hoover Institution Archives
- Selected Bibliography for Milton Friedman at the University of Chicago Library
- Inflation and Unemployment 1976 lecture at NobelPrize.org
- Profile and Papers at Research Papers in Economics/RePEc
- Milton Friedman at Econlib
- Milton Friedman, Commanding Heights, PBS, October 1, 2000, interview, profile and video
- Becker Friedman Institute at the University of Chicago
- "Free To Choose" (1980) a PBS TV Series by Milton Friedman
- Milton Friedman at the Cato Institute
- Free to Choose Network
- The Foundation for Educational Choice
- Milton Fridman at Scarlett
- Milton Friedman:Why Not a Volunteer Army?, New Individualist Review, Spring 1967
- The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits, Milton Friedman, The New York Times Magazine, September 13, 1970
- Interview with Milton Friedman, Dominic Streatfeild, May 25, 2000, source material for Cocaine: An Unauthorised Biography
- Milton Friedman vs. The Fed Bailout by Michael Hirsh, Newsweek, July 17, 2009
- Four Deformations of the Apocalypse, David Stockman, The New York Times, July 31, 2010
- The Case for Free Trade by Milton and Rose Friedman
- How to Cure Inflation : Milton Friedman
|
||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
|||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Friedman, Milton |
| Alternative names | None |
| Short description | American economist, public intellectual, nobel laureate |
| Date of birth | July 31, 1912 |
| Place of birth | Brooklyn, New York City, New York, United States |
| Date of death | November 16, 2006 |
| Place of death | San Francisco, California, United States of America |
http://wn.com/Milton_Friedman
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Milton Friedman
http://cs.wn.com/Milton Friedman
http://id.wn.com/Milton Friedman
http://es.wn.com/Milton Friedman
http://pl.wn.com/Milton Friedman
http://fr.wn.com/Milton Friedman
http://ru.wn.com/Фридман, Милтон
http://de.wn.com/Milton Friedman
http://pt.wn.com/Milton Friedman
http://nl.wn.com/Milton Friedman
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Major-General Khaled Nezzar (Arabic خالد نزّار) (born 25 December 1937) is an Algerian general and former member of the High Council of State of Algeria. He was born in the douar of Thlet, in Seriana in the Batna region. His father, Rahal Nezzar, was a former non-commissioned officer in the French army who had turned to farming after World War II. His mother died in 1941.
Contents |
Military career[link]
After studying in the local native school (école indigène), he was transferred to a school for troops' children at Kolea, and then joined the French army, studying at the Strasbourg military school in Algiers where non-commissioned officers were trained. After independence in 1962, he remained in the Algerian army, and starting rising through the ranks. He went to Moscow in 1964 to receive military training at the Frunze Military Academy there. Upon his return in 1965, he was named Director of Materiel in the Ministry of National Defense. Soon after Houari Boumedienne's coup, he was put in charge of the Saharan 2nd Motorized Infantry, based around Ain Sefra. In 1968, he was sent to Egypt to help guard the Egypt-Israel line of control, which at the time (just after the Six Day War) witnessed regular artillery bombardments and aerial bombings. After returning from Egypt, he was put in charge of training Algeria's first parachutists, with Soviet help, at Biskra.
In 1975, he went through further training at the Ecole Supérieure de Guerre in Paris; at this point, he was a Lieutenant-Colonel. He returned in his second year without finishing his studies, having been summoned back to command troops in Tindouf at the height of the Moroccan-Algerian conflict over the Western Sahara issue. He spent the next seven years in the Bechar-Tindouf area.
After Chadli Bendjedid took power, Nezzar was sent away from Tindouf to the east, a decision which he resented. He rose rapidly through the ranks, and, by 1988, he was a ground forces commander at Ain Naadja in Algiers, where he played a significant role in suppressing the "Black October" riots.
Political career[link]
He became Minister of Defense in July 1990. In his memoirs, he recounts his hostility during this period to the interim prime minister Mouloud Hamrouche and president Chadli Bendjedid, whom he accuses of effectively "conniving" with the Islamic Salvation Front for the sake of increasing their power.
After the Islamic Salvation Front's electoral victory in 1991, he, along with Larbi Belkheir, was among the leading generals who decided to depose then-President Chadli Bendjedid and annul the elections, marking the beginning of the Algerian Civil War. He became a member of the new provisional governing body, the High Council of State (HCS), when it was established in January 1992. He survived an assassination attempt in February 1993 in El Biar (Algiers), and gave up his position five months later, when the HCS's mandate terminated. In 1999, he (unusual for an Algerian general) published his memoirs, written in French and translated into Arabic.
Personal life[link]
In October 2001, Khaled Nezzar's son Lotfi violently attacked a Le Matin reporter, Sid Ahmed Semiane, for having criticized his father. He had already threatened him several times. Nezzar apologized for his son's actions three days later; his son was eventually found guilty in court, and paid a fine of 12 euros.[1]
In 2002, Nezzar sued the dissident officer Habib Souaidia in Paris for defamation. Souaidia had accused him of "being responsible for the assassination of thousands of people", blaming him and other generals for starting the war and committing massacres attributed to the Armed Islamic Group. As the trial began, nine Algerians in Paris filed complaints against Nezzar for torture and inhumane treatment; he left Paris before these could be evaluated, saying he did not want to risk a diplomatic incident. The court found Souaidia innocent.
References[link]
 |
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2009) |
- Nezzar, Khaled. 1999. Mémoires du Général Khaled Nezzar, Chihab Editions. ISBN 9961-63-386-5.
- Proces K. Nezzar / H. Souaidia: Presse anglophone
- Algérie : le général-major Khaled Nezzar perd son procès en diffamation contre Habib Souaïdia, l’auteur de La Sale Guerre
- Nezzar, Khaled - biographie
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Nezzar, Khaled |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 25 December 1937 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Khaled_Nezzar
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Khaled Nezzar
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaled_Nezzar
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
