- published: 17 Mar 2010
- views: 40819
- author: LouisDLys
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Argentina
Argentina
i/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
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Armenia
Armeniai/ɑrˈmiːniə/ (Armenian: Հայաստան Hayastan [hɑjɑsˈtɑn]), officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun, [hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtuˈtʰjun]), is a landlocked, mountainous country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.
A former republic of the Soviet Union, Armenia is a unitary, multiparty, democratic nation-state with an ancient and historic cultural heritage. The Kingdom of Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its religion, in the early years of the 4th century (the traditional date is 301 AD). The modern Republic of Armenia recognizes the Armenian Apostolic Church, the world's oldest national church, as the country's primary religious establishment. Armenians have their own unique alphabet invented by Mesrob Mashtots in 406 AD.
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Australia
Australia (
/əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
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Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] (
listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
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Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan (
i/ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn/ AZ-ər-by-JAHN; Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikası) is the largest country in the Caucasus region located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south. The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east, Iran to the south and west, while having a short borderline with Turkey to the northwest.
Azerbaijan has an ancient and historic cultural heritage. Aside from having been the first Muslim-majority country to have operas, theater and plays, Azerbaijan today is among the Muslim-majority countries where support for secularism and tolerance is the highest. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the first democratic and secular republic in the Muslim world, was established in 1918, but was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920. Azerbaijan regained independence in 1991. Shortly thereafter, during the Nagorno-Karabakh War, neighboring Armenia occupied Nagorno-Karabakh, its surrounding territories and the enclaves of Karki, Yukhary Askipara, Barkhudarly and Sofulu. The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, which emerged in Nagorno-Karabakh, continues to be not diplomatically recognized by any nation and the region is still considered a de jure part of Azerbaijan, despite being de facto independent since the end of the war. Azerbaijan has come under repeated international criticism for its record on human rights.
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Belarus
Belarus (i/bɛləˈruːs/ bel-ə-ROOSS; Belarusian: Беларусь, Russian pronunciation: [bʲɛlaˈrusʲ] Russian: Беларусь, Белоруссия, Belarus', Belorussiya), officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Gomel (Homiel), Mogilev (Mahilyow) and Vitebsk (Vitsebsk). Over forty percent of its 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) is forested, and its strongest economic sectors are agriculture and manufacturing.
Until the 20th century, the lands of modern-day Belarus belonged to several countries, including the Principality of Polotsk, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Russian Empire. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, Belarus became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR). The borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were incorporated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland. The nation and its territory were devastated in World War II, during which Belarus lost about a third of its population and more than half of its economic resources. The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years. In 1945 the Belorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations, along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR.
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Brazil
Brazili/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
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Bulgaria
Coordinates: 42°45′N 25°30′E / 42.75°N 25.5°E / 42.75; 25.5
Bulgariai/bʌlˈɡɛəriə/ (Bulgarian: България, IPA: [bɤ̞ɫˈɡarijɐ]), is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and the Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south and the Black Sea to the east. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), Bulgaria is Europe's 14th-largest country. Its location has made it a historical crossroad for various civilisations and as such it is the home of some of the earliest metalworking, religious and other cultural artifacts in the world.
Prehistoric cultures began developing on Bulgarian lands during the Neolithic period. Its ancient history was marked by the presence of the Thracians, and later by the Greeks and Romans. The emergence of a unified Bulgarian ethnicity and state dates back to the First Bulgarian Empire, which dominated most of the Balkans and functioned as a cultural hub for Slavic peoples during the Middle Ages. With the downfall of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1396, its territories came under Ottoman rule for nearly five hundred years. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 resulted in the Third Bulgarian State, recognised in 1908. The following years saw several conflicts with its neighbours, which prompted Bulgaria to align with Germany in both World Wars. In 1946 it became a Communist republic with a single-party system until 1989, when the Communist Party allowed multi-party elections. After 1990 Bulgaria transitioned to democracy and a market-based economy.
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Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
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Carpathian Ruthenia
Carpathian Ruthenia, Carpatho-Ukraine, or Zakarpattia (Rusyn and Ukrainian: Карпатська Русь, Karpats’ka Rus’; or Закарпаття, Zakarpattya; Slovak and Czech: Podkarpatská Rus; Hungarian: Kárpátalja; Romanian: Transcarpatia; Polish: Zakarpacie; German: Karpatenukraine) is a region in Eastern Europe, mostly located in western Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast (Ukrainian: Zakarpats’ka oblast’), with smaller parts in easternmost Slovakia (largely in Prešov kraj and Košice kraj) and Poland's Lemkovyna.[citation needed]
It is an ethnically diverse region, inhabited by Ukrainian, Rusyn, Lemko, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Bulgarian and Russian populations. It also has small Bogomil, Hutsul, Jewish, Romani, Szekler and Csango minorities.
The nomenclature of the region depends on geographic perspective and political point of view. Thus from a Hungarian, Slovak and Czech perspective the region is described as Sub-Carpathia, (i.e. below the Carpathians) while from a Ukrainian and Russian perspective it is referred to as Trans-Carpathia (on the other side of the Carpathian mountains). The use of Carpathian Ruthenia is an attempt to provide a neutral term.
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Cossack Hetmanate
The Hetmanate (Ukrainian: Гетьманщина, Het’manshchyna) or Zaporizhian Host (Ukrainian: Військо Запорозьке, Viys’kо Zaporoz’kе) was the Ruthenian Cossack state in the Central Ukraine between 1649 and 1764. The Hetmanate was founded by Ukrainian hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky during the Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648–1657). In 1654 it pledged its allegiance to Muscovy during the Council of Pereyaslav, while being a constituency of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Later the documents of the treaty (articles) were rewritten numerous times for reorganization purposes. A regional referendum concluded the fall of the region under the protection of the Russian monarchy that guaranteed sovereignty of the region in fight against the Polish Crown. The Treaty of Andrusovo of 1667, however, was conducted without any representation from the Cossack Hetmanate and concluded the borders between Polish and Russian states, dividing the Hetmanate in half along the Dnieper. This division caused a civil war in Ukraine between various parties of Cossacks that lasted till the end of the 17th century. In the 18th century the territory of the Hetmanate was limited to Left-bank Ukraine. In 1764 the autonomy of the Cossack state was officially abolished by Catherine II of Russia.
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Croatia
Croatia (i/kroʊˈeɪʃə/ kroh-AY-shə; Croatian: Hrvatska pronounced [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska listen (help·info)), is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of Central Europe, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers 56,594 square kilometres (21,851 square miles) and has diverse, mostly continental and Mediterranean climates. Croatia's Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands. The country's population is 4.29 million, most of whom are Croats, with the most common religious denomination being Roman Catholicism.
In the early 7th century the Croats arrived in area of present-day Croatia. They organised the state into two dukedoms by the 9th century. Tomislav became the first king by 925 AD, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. The Kingdom of Croatia retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries, reaching its peak during the rule of Kings Peter Krešimir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir. Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the Croatian throne. In 1918, after World War I, Croatia was included in the short-lived State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs that declared independence from Austria–Hungary and co-founded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. A Croatian state briefly existed during World War II as a fascist puppet state. After the war, Croatia became a founding member and a federal constituent of the Second Yugoslavia, a socialist state. In June 1991, Croatia declared independence, which came into effect on 8 October of the same year. The Croatian War of Independence was fought successfully during the four years following the declaration.
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Czech Republic
The Czech Republic (i/ˈtʃɛk/ CHEK;Czech: Česká republika, pronounced [ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka] ( listen), short form Česko Czech pronunciation: [ˈtʃɛskɔ]) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. Its capital and largest city, with 1.3 million inhabitants, is Prague.
It is a pluralist multi-party parliamentary representative democracy, a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group.
The Czech state, formerly known as Bohemia, was formed in the late 9th century as a small duchy around Prague, at that time under dominance of the powerful Great Moravian Empire (which reached its greatest territorial extent during the reign of Svatopluk I from the House of Mojmír). After the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power was transferred from Moravia to Bohemia, under the Přemyslids. During the rule of Přemyslid dukes/kings and their successors, the Luxembourgs, the country reached its greatest territorial extent (13th–14th century). Life in the country was significantly affected by the Hussite wars, during which it faced economic embargo and crusades from all over Europe. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg monarchy as one of its three principal parts alongside the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Bohemian Revolt (1618–20) led to the further centralization of the monarchy including forced recatholization and Germanization. During radical reforms in the 18th century the Bohemian Crown was even de facto abolished (1749). In the 19th century the Czech lands became the industrial powerhouse of the monarchy and the core of the Republic of Czechoslovakia which was formed in 1918, following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire after World War I.
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Dniester
The Dniester ( /ˈniːstər/ NEES-tər;Romanian: Nistru, Ukrainian: Дністе́р translit. Dnister; Russian: Днестр) is a river in Eastern Europe. It runs through Ukraine and Moldova and separates most of Moldova's territory from the breakaway territory of Transnistria.
The name Dniester derives from Iranic Sarmatian Dānu nazdya "the close river." The Dnieper River also derives from the same Sarmatian Iranic meaning, "the river on the far side.") The older name, Tyras, is from Scythian tūra, meaning "rapid." The names of the Don and Danube are also from the same Proto Indo-European word *dānu - river.
In Russian, it is known as Днестр, translit. Dnestr, in Yiddish: Nester נעסטער; in Turkish, Turla and during antiquity, it was called Tyras in Latin and Danastris in Greek. Classical authors have also referred to it as Danaster.
The Dniester rises in Ukraine, near the city of Drohobych, close to the border with Poland, and flows toward the Black Sea. Its course marks part of the border of Ukraine and Moldova, after which it flows through Moldova for 398 kilometres (247 mi), separating the bulk of Moldova's territory from Transnistria. It later forms an additional part of the Moldova-Ukraine border, then flows through Ukraine to the Black Sea, where its estuary forms the Dniester Liman.
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Estonia
Estoniai/ɨsˈtoʊniə/ (Estonian: Eesti), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and the Russian Federation (338.6 km). Across the Baltic Sea lies Sweden in the west and Finland in the north. The territory of Estonia covers 45,227 km2 (17,462 sq mi), and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. The Estonians are a Finnic people, and the official language, Estonian, is closely related to Finnish.
Estonia is a democratic parliamentary republic divided into 15 counties. The capital and largest city is Tallinn. With a population of 1.29 million, it is one of the least-populous members of the European Union, Eurozone and NATO. Estonia has the highest GDP per person among former Soviet republics. Estonia is listed as a "High-Income Economy" by the World Bank and as an "advanced economy" by the International Monetary Fund; the country is an OECD member. The United Nations lists Estonia as a developed country with a Human Development Index of "Very High". The country is also ranked highly for press freedom, economic freedom, democracy and political freedom and education.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Greece
Greecei/ˈɡriːs/ (Greek: Ελλάδα, Ellada, IPA: [eˈlaða] ( listen) historically in Katharevousa and Ancient Greek: Ἑλλάς, Hellas, IPA: [eˈlas] and [helːás] respectively), officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Elliniki Dimokratia, IPA: [eliniˈci ðimokraˈtia]), is a country in Southern Europe, politically considered part of Western Europe.Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country (its urban area also including Piraeus). The population of the country is around 11 million.
Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).
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Ireland
Coordinates: 53°20′N 08°00′W / 53.333°N 8°W / 53.333; -8
Ireland (pronounced [ˈaɪrlənd] ( listen); Irish: Éire [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen); Ulster Scots: Airlann or Airlan) is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth. To its east is the larger island of Great Britain, from which it is separated by the Irish Sea.
Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.4 million. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
Relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain epitomise Ireland's geography with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild but changeable oceanic climate, which avoids extremes in temperature. Thick woodlands covered the island until the 17th century. Today, it is one of the most deforested areas in Europe. There are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan (i/ˌkɑːzəkˈstɑːn/ or /ˌkæzəkˈstæn/) (Kazakh: Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, pronounced [qɑzɑqstɑ́n]; Russian: Казахстан [kəzɐxˈstan]), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Europe. The ninth largest country in the world by land area, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of 2,727,300 square kilometres (1,053,000 sq mi) is larger than Western Europe. It is neighbored clockwise from the north by Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and also borders on a significant part of the Caspian Sea. Although Kazakhstan does not share a border with Mongolia, its most easterly point is only 38 kilometres (24 mi) from Mongolia's western tip. The terrain of Kazakhstan ranges from flatlands, steppes, taigas, rock-canyons, hills, deltas, and snow-capped mountains to deserts. With 16.6 million people (2011 estimate) Kazakhstan has the 62nd largest population in the world, though its population density is less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 per sq. mi.). The capital was moved in 1998 from Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, to Astana.
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Kiev
Kiev or Kyiv (Ukrainian: Київ [ˈkɪjiw] ( listen); Russian: Киев) is the capital and the largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population as of the 2001 census was 2,611,300. However, higher numbers have been cited in the press.
Kiev is an important industrial, scientific, educational and cultural centre of Eastern Europe. It is home to many high-tech industries, higher education institutions and world-famous historical landmarks. The city has an extensive infrastructure and highly developed system of public transport, including the Kiev Metro.
The name Kiev is said to derive from the name of Kyi, one of four legendary founders of the city (brothers Kyi, Shchek, Khoryv, and sister Lybid). During its history, Kiev, one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe, passed through several stages of great prominence and relative obscurity. The city probably existed as a commercial centre as early as the 5th century. A Slavic settlement on the great trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople, Kiev was a tributary of the Khazars, until seized by the Varangians (Vikings) in the mid-9th century. Under Varangians rule, the city became a capital of the Rus', the first East Slavic state. Completely destroyed during the Mongol invasion in 1240, the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come. It was a provincial capital of marginal importance in the outskirts of the territories controlled by its powerful neighbours; first the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, followed by Poland and Russia.
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Kievan Rus
Kievan Rus (also Kyivan Rus) was a medieval polity in Europe, from the late 9th to the mid 13th century, when it disintegrated under the pressure of the Mongol invasion of 1237–1240.
Contemporarily, the state was known as "land of the Rus'" (Old East Slavic русьскаꙗ землꙗ, from the ethnonym Рѹ́сь, Greek Ῥώς, Arabic الروس ar-Rūs), in Greek as Ῥωσία, later also Latin pseudo-antique Ruthenia. The name "Kievan Rus'" (Ки́евская Русь Kievskaya Rus’) was coined in the 19th century in Russian historiography to refer to the period when the center was in Kiev. In English, the term was introduced in the early 20th century, when it was found in the 1913 English translation of Vasily Klyuchevsky's A History of Russia, to distinguish the early polity from successor states, which were also called Rus in their title. Also in the 20th century, the Russian term was rendered in Belarusian and Ukrainian as Кіеўская Русь Kijeŭskaja Rus’ and Ки́ївська Русь Kyivs'ka Rus’, respectively.
The early phase of the state is sometimes known as the "Rus Khaganate", while the history of Rus' proper begins in 882, when the capital was moved from Novgorod to Kiev, after Varangians (Vikings), who were called Rus, liberated this slavic city from the Khazars' tribute. The state reached its zenith in the mid 11th century, when it encompassed territories stretching south to the Black Sea, east to the Volga, and west to the Kingdom of Poland and to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The reigns of Vladimir the Great (980–1015) and his son Yaroslav I the Wise (1019–1054) constituted the "Golden Age" of Kiev, which saw the introduction of Christianity and the creation of the first East Slavic written legal code, the Russkaya Pravda ("Justice of Rus").
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Kuban
Coordinates: 45°02′N 38°58′E / 45.033°N 38.967°E / 45.033; 38.967
Kuban (Russian: Кубань; Adyghe: Пшызэ, Ukrainian: Кубань) is a geographic region of Southern Russia surrounding the Kuban River, on the Black Sea between the Don Steppe, Volga Delta and the Caucasus. Krasnodar Krai is often referred to as Kuban, both officially and unofficially, although the term is not exclusive to the krai and accommodates the republics of Adygea, Karachay–Cherkessia, and parts of Stavropol Krai.
The settlement of Kuban and of the adjacent Black Sea region occurred gradually for over a century, and was heavily influenced by the outcomes of the conflicts between Russia and Turkey. In the mid-18th century, the area was predominantly settled by the mountainous Adyghe tribes. After the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774, the population of the area started to show more pro-Russian tendencies.
In order to stop Turkish ambitions to use Kuban region to facilitate the return of the Crimea, Russia started to establish a network of fortifications along the Kuban River in the 1770s. After the Russian annexation of the Crimea, right-bank Kuban, and Taman in 1783, the Kuban River became the border of the Russian Empire. New fortresses were built on the Kuban in the 1780s–1790s.
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Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan (
/ˈkɜrɡɨstæn/ KUR-gi-stan;Kyrgyz & Russian: Кыргызстан, Kyrgyzstan, or Киргизия, Kirgiziya), officially the Kyrgyz Republic is a nation located in Central Asia. Landlocked and mountainous, Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek.
Kyrgyzstan is officially a democratic parliamentary republic. A revolution in April 2010 overthrew the former president Kurmanbek Bakiyev and resulted in the adoption of a new constitution and the appointment of an interim government. Presidential elections were held in November 2011.
Kyrgyzstan is one of the active members of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community. The national language, Kyrgyz, is also closely related to the other Turkic languages, with which it shares strong cultural and historical ties.
Additionally, Kyrgyzstan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Eurasian Economic Community, the Non-aligned movement and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
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Latvia
Latviai/ˈlætviə/ (Latvian: Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvian: Latvijas Republika), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia (border length 343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), to the east by the Russian Federation (276 km), to the southeast by Belarus (141 km), and shares maritime borders to the west with Sweden. With 2,067,887 inhabitants and a territory of 64,589 km2 (24,938 sq mi) it is one of the least populous and least densely populated countries of the European Union. The capital of Latvia is Riga. The official language is Latvian and the currency is called Lats (Ls). The country has a temperate seasonal climate.
The Latvians are a Baltic people, culturally related to the Lithuanians. Together with the Finno-Ugric Livs (or Livonians), the Latvians are the indigenous people of Latvia.Latvian is an Indo-European language and along with Lithuanian the only two surviving members of the Baltic branch. Indigenous minority languages are Latgalian and the nearly extinct Finno-Ugric Livonian language. In terms of geography, territory and population Latvia is the middle of three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Latvia and Estonia share a long common history: historical Livonia, times of German (Teutonic Order), Polish-Lithuanian, Swedish, Russian, Nazi German and Soviet rule, 13th century Christianization and 16th century Protestant Reformation. Both countries are home to a large number of ethnic Russians (26.9% in Latvia and 25.5% in Estonia) of whom some are non-citizens. Latvia is historically predominantly Protestant, except for the region of Latgalia in the southeast which is historically predominantly Roman Catholic.
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Lithuania
Lithuania (i/ˌlɪθuːˈeɪniə/ or /ˌlɪθjuːˈeɪniə/; Lithuanian: Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublika) is a country in Northern Europe, the largest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark. It borders Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and a Russian exclave (Kaliningrad Oblast) to the southwest. Lithuania has an estimated population of 3.2 million as of 2011, and its capital and largest city is Vilnius. The Lithuanians are a Baltic people, and the official language, Lithuanian, is one of only two living languages (together with Latvian) in the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.
For centuries, the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea was inhabited by various Baltic tribes. In the 1230s the Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas, who was crowned as King of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the first Lithuanian state, on 6 July 1253. During the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the largest country in Europe: present-day Belarus, Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia were territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. With the Lublin Union of 1569, Lithuania and Poland formed a voluntary two-state union, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth lasted more than two centuries, until neighboring countries systematically dismantled it from 1772 to 1795, with the Russian Empire annexing most of Lithuania's territory.
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Lviv
Lviv (Ukrainian: Львів L’viv, IPA: [lʲwiu̯] ( listen); Polish: Lwów, pronounced [lvuf]; Russian: Львов, L'vov; German: Lemberg and Yiddish Lemberg, לעמבערג; Latin: Leopolis; see also other names) is a city in western Ukraine. The city is regarded as one of the main cultural centres of today's Ukraine and historically had also been a major Polish and Jewish cultural center; as Poles and Jews comprised a demographic majority of the city for a period leading up to the outbreak of World War II, the Holocaust, and Polish population transfers (1944–1946) that followed. The historical heart of Lviv with its old buildings and cobblestone roads has survived World War II and ensuing Soviet presence largely unscathed. The city has many industries and institutions of higher education such as the Lviv University and the Lviv Polytechnic. Lviv is also a home to many world-class cultural institutions, including a philharmonic orchestra and the famous Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet. The historic city centre is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Lviv celebrated its 750th anniversary with a son et lumière in the city centre in September 2006.
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Moldova
Moldovai/mɒlˈdoʊvə/, officially the Republic of Moldova (Moldovan/Romanian: Republica Moldova pronounced [reˈpublika molˈdova]) is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991 as part of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. On 29 July 1994, the new constitution of Moldova was adopted. A strip of Moldova's internationally recognized territory on the east bank of the river Dniester has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990.
The nation is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. Moldova is a member state of the United Nations, Council of Europe, WTO, OSCE, GUAM, CIS, BSEC and other international organizations. Moldova currently aspires to join the European Union, and has implemented the first three-year Action Plan within the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP).
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Moscow
Moscow ( /ˈmɒskaʊ/ or /ˈmɒskoʊ/; Russian: Москва́, tr. Moskva; IPA: [mɐˈskva] (
listen)) is the capital and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural and scientific center of Russia and the continent. Moscow is the northernmost megacity on Earth, the most populous city in Europe, and the 6th largest city proper in the world. Its population, according to the results of the 2010 Census, is 11,503,501. Based on Forbes 2011, Moscow has the largest community of billionaires in the world.
Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia. In the course of its history the city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Soviet Union. Moscow is the site of the Moscow Kremlin, an ancient fortress that is today the residence of the Russian President and of the executive branch of the Government of Russia. The Kremlin is also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) also sit in Moscow.
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Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
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Portugal
Portugali/ˈpɔrtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, IPA: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula . Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale.
The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times: occupied by Celts like the Gallaeci and the Lusitanians, integrated into the Roman Republic and later settled by Germanic peoples such as the Suebi, Swabians, Vandals and the Visigoths. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar under the Order of Christ. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation state.
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Romania
Romania (i/roʊˈmeɪniə/ roh-MAY-nee-ə; dated: Roumania; or Rumania;Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a] ( listen)) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast and east, and Bulgaria to the south.
At 238,400 square kilometers (92,000 sq mi), Romania is the ninth largest country of the European Union by area, and has the seventh largest population of the European Union with over 19 million people. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, the tenth largest city in the EU with about two million people.
The Kingdom of Romania emerged when the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were united under Prince Alexander Ioan Cuza in 1859. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared on 9 May 1877, and was internationally recognized the following year. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania. Greater Romania emerged into an era of progression and prosperity that would continue until World War II. By the end of the War, many north-eastern areas of Romania's territories were occupied by the Soviet Union, and Romania forcibly became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Pre-reform Russian orthography: Россійская Имперія, Modern Russian: Российская Империя, translit: Rossiyskaya Imperiya) was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the short-lived Russian Republic, which was succeeded by the Soviet Union. It was one of the largest empires in world history, surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongol empires: at one point in 1866, it stretched from eastern Europe across Asia and into North America.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian Empire extended from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea on the south, from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Pacific Ocean and into North America on the east. With 125.6 million subjects registered by the 1897 census, it had the third largest population of the world at the time, after Qing China and the British Empire. Like all empires, it represented a large disparity in economic, ethnic and religious positions. Its government, ruled by the Emperor, was the last absolute monarchy in Europe at the time of its demise.
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Siberia
Coordinates: 60°0′N 105°0′E / 60°N 105°E / 60; 105
Siberia (/saɪˈbɪəriə/; Russian: Сиби́рь, tr. Sibir'; IPA: [sʲɪˈbʲirʲ] ( listen)) is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union (USSR) from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th to 19th centuries.
Encompassing much of the Eurasian Steppe, the territory of Siberia extends eastward from the Ural Mountains to the watershed between the Pacific and Arctic drainage basins, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and the national borders of Mongolia and China. Siberia makes up about 77% of Russia's territory (13.1 million square kilometres), but has only 28% (40 million people) of Russia's population.
Some sources say that the word Siberia originates from the Turkic for "sleeping land". Another version is that this name was the ancient tribal name of the Sabirs, Turkic nomads later assimilated to Siberian Tatars. The modern usage of the name appeared in the Russian language after the conquest of the Siberian Khanate.
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Slovakia
The Slovak Republic (short form: Slovakiai/sloʊˈvɑːkiə/ or /sləˈvækiə/; Slovak: Slovensko (help·info), long form Slovenská republika (help·info)) is a landlocked state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about 49,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi). Slovakia is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. The largest city is the capital, Bratislava, and the second largest is Košice. Slovakia is a member state of the European Union, NATO, United Nations, OECD and WTO among others. The official language is Slovak, a member of the Slavic language family.
The Slavs arrived in the territory of present day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries during the migration period. In the course of history, various parts of today's Slovakia belonged to Samo's Empire (the first known political unit of Slavs), Principality of Nitra (as independent polity, as part of Great Moravia and as part of Hungarian Kingdom), Great Moravia, Kingdom of Hungary, the Austro-Hungarian Empire or Habsburg Empire, and Czechoslovakia. A separate Slovak state briefly existed during World War II, during which Slovakia was a dependency of Nazi Germany between 1939 and 1944. From 1945 Slovakia once again became a part of Czechoslovakia. The present-day Slovakia became an independent state on 1 January 1993 after the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia.
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Slovenia
Slovenia (i/sloʊˈviːniə/ sloh-VEE-nee-ə, Slovene: Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija, [reˈpublika sloˈveːnija]) is a Slavic nation state, situated in South-Central Europe, at the crossroad of main European cultural and trade routes. It borders Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Croatia to the south and southeast, and Hungary to the northeast. It covers 20,273 square kilometres (7,827 sq mi) and has a population of 2.05 million. It is a parliamentary republic, member of the European Union and NATO. Relative to its geography, history, economy, culture, and language, it is a very diverse country distinguished by a transitional character. It is characterised by a high economic and social level. Its capital and largest city is Ljubljana.
The territory of Slovenia is mainly hilly or mountainous and has an exceptionally high landscape and biological diversity and a mosaic structure, which are a result of natural attributes and the long-lasting presence of humans. Four major European geographic units interweave here: the Alps, the Dinaric Alps, the Mediterranean, with a small portion of coastline along the Adriatic Sea, and the Pannonian Plain. The climate is temperate and significantly influenced by the variety of territory, with a strong interaction of the continental climate, the sub-Mediterranean climate and Alpine climate across most of the country. The country is one of the water-richest in Europe, with a dense river network, a rich aquifer system, and significant karstic underground watercourses. Over half of the territory is covered by forest.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Sweden
Sweden (i/ˈswiːdən/ SWEE-dən; Swedish: Sverige [ˈsværjɛ] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige (help·info)), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland, and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Øresund.
At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of about 9.4 million. Sweden has a low population density of 21 inhabitants per square kilometre (54 /sq mi) with the population mostly concentrated to the southern half of the country. About 85% of the population live in urban areas. Sweden's capital city is Stockholm, which is also the largest city.
Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages. In the 17th century, the country expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire. The empire grew to be one of the great powers of Europe in the 17th and early 18th century. Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries. The eastern half of Sweden, present-day Finland, was lost to Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, practicing "non-participation in military alliances during peacetime and neutrality during wartime". However, Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995 and is a member of the OECD.
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Switzerland
Switzerland (German: die Schweiz[ˈʃvaɪts]; French: Suisse [sɥis(ə)]; Italian: Svizzera [ˈzvit͡sːɛra]; Romansh: Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ] or [ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ]), in its full name the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western Europe, where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi). While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8 million people is concentrated mostly on the Plateau, where the largest cities are to be found. Among them are the two global cities and economic centres of Zurich and Geneva.
The Swiss Confederation has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002. It pursues, however, an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. Switzerland is also the birthplace of the Red Cross and home to a large number of international organizations, including the second largest UN office. On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association and is part of the Schengen Area – although it is notably not a member of the European Union, nor the European Economic Area.
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Syria
Syria (/ˈsɪriə/ ( listen) SIRR-ee-ə; Arabic: سورية Sūriyya or سوريا Sūryā; Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܐ; Kurdish: Sûrî), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية العربية السورية al-Jumhūriyyah al-‘Arabīyah as-Sūriyyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
In English, the name Syria was formerly synonymous with the Levant, known in Arabic as Sham, while the modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblan civilization of the third millennium BC. In the Islamic era, its capital city, Damascus, the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate, and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
The population of Syria is 74% Sunni, 12% Alawi, 10% Christian, and 3% Druze. Combined, 87% of the Syrian population is Muslim, while the other 10% is Christian, which includes mainly Arab Christians but also Assyrians and Armenians. Major ethnic minorities in Syria include Kurds (9%), Assyrians, Armenians, Turkmens and Circassians. The majority of the population is Arab (90%).
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Toronto
Toronto (/təˈrɒntoʊ/, colloquially /ˈtrɒnoʊ/) is the largest city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. A relatively modern city, Toronto's history dates back to the late-18th century, when its land was first purchased by the British monarchy from the Mississaugas of the New Credit. The settlement was later established as the Town of York and proclaimed as the new capital of Upper Canada by its lieutenant-governor, John Graves Simcoe. In 1834, York was incorporated as a city and renamed to its present name. The city was ransacked in the Battle of York during the War of 1812 and damaged in two great fires in 1849 and in 1904. Since its incorporation, Toronto has repeatedly expanded its borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities, most recently in 1998.
With over 2.6 million residents, it is the fifth most populous city in North America. Its metropolitan area has over 5.5 million residents. Toronto is at the heart of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and is part of a densely populated region in Southern Ontario known as the Golden Horseshoe, which has a population of nearly 9 million people as of 2011. The census metropolitan area (CMA) had a population of 5,583,064, and the Greater Toronto Area had a population of 6,054,191 in the 2011 Census. Its cosmopolitan and international population reflects its role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada. Toronto is one of the world's most diverse cities by percentage of non-native-born residents, with about 49% of the population born outside Canada. Toronto is also consistently rated as one of the world's most livable cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit and the Mercer Quality of Living Survey.
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Ukraine
Ukraine (i/juːˈkreɪn/ yew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]; Russian: Украина; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II, and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani/ʊzˌbɛkɨˈstɑːn/, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi, Ўзбекистон Республикаси) is the only doubly landlocked country in Central Asia and one of only two such countries worldwide. It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south. Before 1991, it was part of the Soviet Union.
Uzbekistan is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia.
Once part of the Persian Samanid and later Timurid empires, the region was conquered in the early 16th century by Uzbek nomads, who spoke an Eastern Turkic language. Most of Uzbekistan’s population today belong to the Uzbek ethnic group and speak the Uzbek language, one of the family of Turkic languages.
Uzbekistan was incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 19th century, and in 1924 became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, known as the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Uzbek SSR). It became independent on 31 August 1991 (officially, from the following day).
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Verkhovna Rada
Coordinates: 50°26′50.3″N 30°32′12.6″E / 50.447306°N 30.536833°E / 50.447306; 30.536833
The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Верховна Рада України (English: Supreme Council of Ukraine)) is Ukraine's parliament. The Verkhovna Rada is a unicameral parliament composed of 450 deputies, which is presided over by a chairman (speaker). It meets in the Verkhovna Rada building in Ukraine's capital Kiev.
The Verkhovna Rada was first established in 1938 as the national parliament of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic after the reorganization of Central Executive Committee of Ukrainian SSR. Since then, 17 convocations (sessions) of the Verkhovna Rada were held. The Verkhovna Rada of the 14th convocation officially changed the numbering of sessions, proclaiming itself the Verkhovna Rada of the third convocation. The sixth convocation is the latest convocation of the parliament.
In the Verkhovna Rada elections, the seats are divided among all parties that achieved a minimum 3% nationwide vote tally, using the Hamilton method of apportionment. The latest elections to the Verkhovna Rada were held on September 30, 2007. On October 8, 2008, President Viktor Yushchenko dissolved the parliament and called early elections, however these never took place.
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Vydubychi Monastery
Coordinates: 50°25′56″N 30°33′47″E / 50.432098°N 30.563069°E / 50.432098; 30.563069
Vydubychi Monastery (Ukrainian: Видубицький монастир, Vydubyts'kyi monastyr) is an historic monastery in the Ukrainian capital Kiev.
The monastery was established between 1070 and 1077 by Vsevolod, son of Yaroslav the Wise. It was a family cloister of Vsevolod's son Vladimir Monomakh and his descendants.
The monastery, and the neighbourhood in present-day Kiev where it is located, was named after an old Slavic legend about the pagan god Perun and the Grand Prince Vladimir the Great of Kiev. The word "Vydubychi" comes from the word Vydobychi → Vydobych → Vydobech (Ukrainian: Видобичі → Видобич → Видобеч) which means "to swim up", "emerge from water".
The legend has it that Vladimir ordered the wooden figures of Perun (the Thunder God) and other pagan gods dumped into the Dnieper River during the mass Baptism of Kiev. The disheartened Kievans, though accepting the baptism, ran along the Dnieper River calling for the old gods to emerge from water (Перуне выдуби!). Accordingly, the area down the river stream where Perun emerged was named Vydubichu or Vydubychi in modern Ukrainian.
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White Sea
The White Sea (Russian: Бе́лое мо́ре) is a southern inlet of the Barents Sea located on the northwest coast of Russia. It is surrounded by Karelia to the west, the Kola Peninsula to the north, and the Kanin Peninsula to the northeast. The whole of the White Sea is under Russian sovereignty and considered to be part of the internal waters of Russia. Administratively, it is divided between Arkhangelsk and Murmansk Oblasts and the Republic of Karelia.
The major port of Arkhangelsk is located on the White Sea. For much of Russia's history this was Russia's main centre of international maritime trade, conducted by the so-called Pomors ("seaside settlers") from Kholmogory. In the modern era it became an important Soviet naval and submarine base. The White Sea-Baltic Canal connects the White Sea with the Baltic Sea.
The White Sea is one of four seas named in English after common colour terms — the others being the Black Sea, the Red Sea and the Yellow Sea.
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the northern limit of the White Sea as "A line joining Svyatoi Nos (Murmansk Coast, 39°47'E) and Cape Kanin".
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Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia (Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: Jugoslavija; Cyrillic: Југославија) was a country in the western part of the Balkans during most of the 20th century which was established three times under differing forms of government.
The first country to be known by this name was the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which before 3 October 1929 was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It was established on 1 December 1918 by the union of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and the Kingdom of Serbia (the Kingdom of Montenegro was annexed on 13 November 1918, and the Conference of Ambassadors in Paris gave international recognition to the union on 13 July 1922). The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis powers in 1941, and because of the events that followed, was officially abolished in 1943 and 1945.
The second country with this name was the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia, proclaimed in 1943 by the Yugoslav Partisans resistance movement during World War II. It was renamed to the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia in 1946, when a communist government was established. In 1963, it was renamed again to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). This was the largest Yugoslav state, as Istria, Rijeka and Zadar were added to the new Yugoslavia after the end of World War II.
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Abkhaz people
The Abkhaz or Abkhazians (Abkhaz: Аҧсуа, Apswa) are a Caucasian ethnic group, mainly living in Abkhazia, a disputed region on the Black Sea coast. A large Abkhaz diaspora population resides in Turkey, the origins of which lie in the emigration from the Caucasus in the late 19th century known as muhajirism. Many Abkhaz also live in other parts of the former Soviet Union, particularly in Russia and Ukraine.
The Abkhaz language belongs to the Northwest Caucasian languages group. Classical sources speak of several tribes dwelling in the region, but their exact identity and location remains controversial. The Abasgoi and Apsilai of the Graeco-Roman authors are considered as the predecessors of modern-day Abkhaz.
The integration of various smaller ethnic subgroups into the modern-day Abkhaz people was basically completed by the late 10th century, but some of these groups were deprived of their homeland when the Russian conquest of northwestern Caucasus forced them to become muhajirun and emigrate to the Ottoman possessions.
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Albanians
Albanians (Albanian: Shqiptarët) are an ethnic group native to Albania and neighbouring countries. In the context of an ethnicity, they are commonly referred to as ethnic Albanians to distinguish the group from the use of the term Albanians as referring to citizens of Albania. They speak the Albanian language. More than half of all Albanians live in Albania and Kosovo. The Albanian diaspora also exists in a number of other countries.
While the exonym Albania for the general region inhabited by the Albanians does hark back to Classical Antiquity, the name was lost within the Albanian language, the Albanian endonym being shqiptar, from the term for the Albanian language, shqip, a derivation of the verb shqiptoj "to utilize a correct Albanian pronunciation ". This theory pertains to Hahn and it holds that perhaps the word is ultimately a loan from Latin excipio. Thus, the Albanian endonym, like Slav and others, is in origin a term for "those who speak [intelligibly, the same language]". However another plausible theory has been advanced by Maximilian Lambertz to explain the endonym as derived from the Albanian noun shqype or shqiponjë (eagle), which, according to Albanian folk etymology, denoted a bird totem dating from the times of Skanderbeg, as displayed on the Albanian flag.
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Altay people
The Altay or Altai are a conglomerative ethnic group of Mongolic, Tungusic and Turkic peoples living in the Siberian Altai Republic and Altai Krai and surrounding areas of Tuva and Mongolia and Manchuria. For alternative ethnonyms see also Teleut, Tele, Telengit, Mountain Kalmuck, White Kalmuck, Black Tatar, Oirat/Oirot.
The Uriankhai people were annexed by the Oirat Zunghars in the 16th century. After the fall of the Zunghar Khanate in the 18th century, the Uriankhai were subjugated by the Qing Dynasty; and their one part, Altayans, was called by the Qing court as Altan Nuur Uriyangkhai. They have had skills in metalworking dating back to the 2nd millennium BC. The Altay came into contact with Russians in the 18th century. In the tsarist period, the Altay were known as oirot or oyrot (this name means oirat and would later be carried on for the Oyrot Autonomous Oblast). The Altay report that many of them became addicted to the Russians' vodka, which they called "fire water".
The Altay were originally nomadic, with a lifestyle based on hunting / trapping and pastoralism (mainly cattle, sheep, goats), but many of them settled as a result of Russian influence. In regard to religion, some of the Altay remain Tengriists or Shamanists, while others (in a trend beginning in the mid-19th century) have converted to the Orthodox. (The Altai mission took shape under Saint Makarii Glukharev, Apostle to the Altai.) In 1904, a religious movement called Ak Jang or Burkhanism arose, perhaps in response to Russian colonization.
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Amhara people
The Amhara (Amharic: አማራ?, Ge'ez: አምሐራ) are an ethnic group (but see below) inhabiting the central highlands of Ethiopia. Numbering about 19.8 million people, they comprise 26% of the country's population according to the 2007 national census. They speak Amharic, an Afro-Asiatic tongue, which is the working language of the federal authorities of Ethiopia.
The derivation of the name "Amhara" is debated; according to some it comes from the word amari, meaning "pleasing, agreeable, beautiful and gracious" (also mehare, "gracious", containing the same m-h-r root as the verb to learn), while some Ethiopian historians such as Getachew Mekonnen Hasen say it is an ethnic name connected with Himyarites. Still others say that it derives from Ge'ez, meaning "free people" (i.e. from Ge'ez ዓም "ʿam" meaning "people," and ሓራ "h.ara", meaning "free" or "soldier"), though others, such as Donald Levine, have dismissed this as a folk etymology. Ultimately, however, the name for the language and ethnic group came from the medieval province of Amhara, located in central Ethiopia in modern Amhara Region and the pre-1995 province of Wollo.
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Andriy Shevchenko
Andriy Mykolayovych Shevchenko (Ukrainian: Андрі́й Микола́йович Шевче́нко; born 29 September 1976) is a Ukrainian footballer who currently plays as a striker for Dynamo Kyiv and the Ukraine national team. He is the third-highest scorer in the history of European club competition with 67 goals as of 10 March 2011, behind Ruud van Nistelrooy and Raúl. With 175 goals scored with Milan, Shevchenko is the second most prolific player in the history of the club, and is also the all-time top scorer of the Derby della Madonnina (derby between Milan and their local rivals Internazionale) with 14 goals, as well as for the Ukrainian national team with 46 goals.
Shevchenko's career has been highlighted by many awards, the most prestigious of which was the Ballon d'Or in 2004 (becoming the third Ukrainian, after Oleg Blokhin and Igor Belanov, to receive it). He won the UEFA Champions League in 2003 with Milan, and he has also won various league and cup titles in Ukraine, Italy, and England.
In his illustrious international career, the striker led Ukraine as captain to the quarter-finals in their first ever FIFA World Cup appearance in 2006. He is capable of playing centre-forward or attacking from the left wing and is effective with set-pieces and penalties.
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Anna Akhmatova
Anna Andreyevna Gorenko (Russian: А́нна Андре́евна Горе́нко Russian pronunciation: [ˈanə ɐndrʲəˈjɛvnə gɐˈrʲɛnkə]; Ukrainian: А́нна Андрі́ївна Горе́нко) (June 23 [O.S. June 11] 1889 – March 5, 1966), better known by the pen name Anna Akhmatova (Russian and Ukrainian: А́нна Ахма́това), was a Russian and Soviet modernist poet, one of the most acclaimed writers in the Russian canon.
Akhmatova's work ranges from short lyric poems to intricately structured cycles, such as Requiem (1935–40), her tragic masterpiece about the Stalinist terror. Her style, characterised by its economy and emotional restraint, was strikingly original and distinctive to her contemporaries. The strong and clear leading female voice struck a new chord in Russian poetry. Her writing can be said to fall into two periods – the early work (1912–25) and her later work (from around 1936 until her death), divided by a decade of reduced literary output. Her work was condemned and censored by Stalinist authorities and she is notable for choosing not to emigrate, and remaining in Russia, acting as witness to the atrocities around her. Her perennial themes include meditations on time and memory, and the difficulties of living and writing in the shadow of Stalinism.
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Armenians
Armenian people or Armenians (Armenian: հայեր, Armenian pronunciation: [hɑˈjɛɾ]) are a nation and ethnic group native to the Armenian Highland.
The largest concentration is in Armenia, having a nearly homogeneous population with 97.9% or 3,145,354 being ethnic Armenian. Because of wide-ranging and long-lasting diaspora, an estimated total of 3 million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry live outside of Armenia. As a result of the Armenian Genocide, a large number of survivors fled to many countries throughout the world, most notably the Russian Empire, the Near East, the United States, France, Iran, Georgia and other parts of Europe (see Armenian diaspora).
Christianity began to spread in Armenia soon after Jesus's death, due to the efforts of two of his apostles, St. Thaddeus and St. Bartholomew In the early 4th century, the Kingdom of Armenia became the first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion. Most Armenians adhere to the Armenian Apostolic Church, a non-Chalcedonian church, which is also the world's oldest national church.
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Aromanians
Aromanians, or Vlachs (Aromanian: Armânji, Rromânji,Makidonji), are a Latin people native throughout the southern Balkans, especially in northern and central Greece, southern Albania, the Republic of Macedonia, south-western Bulgaria, and, as an emigrant community, in Serbia and Romania (Dobrudja). They are a native people in the regions of Epirus, Thessalia and Macedonia. An older term used for them is Macedo-Aromanians. Especially in Greece, the term Vlachs (Vlahoi) is widespread; this term is sometimes used outside Greece to encompass all Latin-descended peoples of the Balkans, including the modern day Romanians.
The Vlachs speak Aromanian, a Latin-derived language similar to Romanian, which has many slightly varying dialects of its own. The Aromanian language descends from the vulgar Latin spoken by native Balkan people subsequent to their Latinization by Rome. It is a mix of domestic and Latin language with additional influences from other surrounding languages of the Balkan peninsula, such as Bulgarian, Greek and Albanian.
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Assyrian people
The Assyrian people, most commonly known as Assyrians and other later names, such as: Chaldeans, Syrians, Syriacs (see names of Syriac Christians), are a distinct ethnic group whose origins lie in ancient Mesopotamia. They are Eastern Aramaic speaking Semites who trace their ancestry back to the Sumero-Akkadian civilisation that emerged in Mesopotamia circa 4000- 3500 BC, and in particular to the northern region of the Akkadian lands, which would become known as Assyria by the 24th Century BC. The Assyrian nation existed as an independent state, and often a powerful empire, from the 24th century BC until the end of the 7th century BC.
Today that ancient territory is part of several nations; Assyria remained a Geo-political entity after its fall, and was ruled as an occupied province under the rule of various empires from the late 7th century BC until the mid 7th century AD when it was dissolved, and the Assyrian people have gradually become a minority in their homelands since that time. They are indigenous to, and have traditionally lived all over what is now Iraq, north east Syria, north west Iran, and Southeastern Turkey. They are predominantly Christian.
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Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
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Belarusians
Belarusians (Belarusian: беларусы, biełarusy, Russian: белорусы, byelorusy) are an East Slavic ethnic group who populate the majority of the Republic of Belarus. There are over 8 million people who associate themselves with the Belarusian nationality today.
Belarusians also form minorities in neighboring Poland (especially in the Podlaskie Voivodeship), Russia and Lithuania. At the beginning of 20th century Belarusians constituted a majority in the regions around Smolensk.[citation needed]
Noticeable numbers have emigrated to the United States, Brazil and Canada in the early 20th century. During Soviet times, many Belarusians were deported or migrated to various regions of the USSR, including Siberia, Kazakhstan and Ukraine.
Since the breakup of the USSR several hundred thousand have emigrated to the European Union, United States, Canada and Russia.
The most spoken language in Belarus is Russian, principally spoken by 72% of the population, while the other official language, Belarusian, is only used by 11.9% in every day life. Statistical data shows that Belarusian is fluently communicated, read and written by 29.4%, while 52.5% of the population can communicate and read in Belarusian. Belarusian is a language of the Eastern Slavic group.
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Bohdan Khmelnytsky
Bohdan Zynoviy Mykhailovych Khmelnytsky (Ukrainian: Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький, commonly transliterated as Khmelnytsky; Polish: Bohdan Zenobi Chmielnicki; Russian: Богдан Хмельницкий, tr. Bogdan Khmelnitsky) (c. 1595 – 6 August 1657) was a hetman of the Zaporozhian Cossack Hetmanate of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (now part of Ukraine). He led an uprising against the Commonwealth and its magnates (1648–1654) which resulted in the creation of a Cossack state. In 1654, he concluded the Treaty of Pereyaslav with the Tsardom of Russia, which led to the eventual loss of independence to the Russian Empire.
Although there is no definite proof of the date of his birth, it has been suggested by Ukrainian historian Mykhaylo Maksymovych that it is likely 27 December 1595 (St. Theodore's day). As it was the custom in the Orthodox Church, he was baptized with one of his middle names—Theodor, translated into Ukrainian as Bohdan.
The latest biography of Khmelnytsky by Smoliy and Stepankov, however, challenges the 27 December date and suggests that it is more likely he was born on 9 November (feast day of St Zenoby, 30 October in Julian Calendar) and was baptised on 11 November (feast day of St. Theodore in the Catholic Church)
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Bosniaks
The Bosniaks or Bosniacs (Bosnian: Bošnjak, pl: Bošnjaci, pronounced [bɔːˈʃɲaːtsi]) are a South Slavic ethnic group, living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a smaller minority also present in other lands of the Balkan Peninsula especially in Serbia, Montenegro and Croatia. Bosniaks are typically characterized by their historic tie to the Bosnian historical region, traditional adherence to Islam since the 15th and 16th centuries, common culture and language. In the English-speaking world, Bosniaks are also referred to as Bosnian Muslims or simply Bosnians. Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an official ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam. The term Bosnian is used to denote all inhabitants of Bosnia regardless of ethnic origin.
Bosniaks are a South Slavic people. Nonetheless, it has been proposed, based on genetic signatures, that their roots also date back to pre-Slavic inhabitants of the Dinaric region, effectively predating many modern European homogenous ethnic groups. There are well over two million Bosniaks living in the Balkans today, with an estimated additional million settled and living around the world.[citation needed] Several instances of ethnic cleansing and genocide have had a tremendous effect on the territorial distribution of the population. Partially due to this,[citation needed] a notable Bosniak diaspora exists in a number of countries, including Austria, Germany, Australia, Sweden, Turkey, Canada and the United States. Both within the region and throughout the world, Bosniaks are often noted for their unique culture, which has been influenced by both eastern and western civilizations and schools of thought over the course of their history.
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Bulgars
The Bulgars (also Bolgars, Bulghars, Huno-Bulgars) were a semi-nomadic people who flourished in the Pontic Steppe and the Volga basin in the 7th century. Ethnically, the Bulgars comprised Turkic and probably Scytho-Sarmatian elements. They had enveloped also other ethnic groups by their migration westwards across the Eurasian steppe.
The Bulgars emerged after the collapse of the Hunnic Empire in the 5th century. Initially, they conquered the Pontic-Caspian steppe and around the lower Volga basin, by the 7th century dispersing further towards Bessarabia. Originating as nomadic equestrians of Central Asia, they became sedentary during the 7th century, establishing the polities (khanates) of Old Great Bulgaria in the Pontic steppe and Volga Bulgaria on the middle Volga.
Old Great Bulgaria was absorbed by the Khazar Empire in the 8th century, but in the 680s, Khan Asparukh conquered Scythia Minor, opening access to Moesia, and established the First Bulgarian Empire, which was however Slavicized by the 10th century. Volga Bulgaria preserved their national identity well into the 13th century by repelling the first Mongol attacks in 1223. But they were eventually subdued, and their capital Bolghar city became one of major cities of the Mongol Golden Horde. Later, Volga Bulgars mixed with Tatars of Kazan.
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Bunjevci
Bunjevci (pronounced [bǔɲeːʋtsi] or [bǔːɲeːʋtsi]) are a South Slavic community and ethnic group living mostly in the Bačka region of Serbia (province of Vojvodina) and southern Hungary (Bács-Kiskun county, particularly in the Baja region). They presumably originate from western Herzegovina region, from where they migrated into the Dalmatia, and from there to Lika and Bačka in 16th and 17th century. Bunjevci who remained in the original areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as those in modern Croatia, today maintain the designation chiefly as an ethno-regional identity, and declare themselves as Croats. In Bunjevac-populated areas of Serbia, some people declaring themselves as Croat or Yugoslav are of Bunjevac ancestry.
Bunjevci are Roman Catholic, and speak with an Ikavian accent (Bunjevci dialect) with certain archaic characteristics. During the 18th and 19th century, they formed a sizable part of population of northern Bačka, but many of them were gradually assimilated into Hungarians, while some other adopted Croat or Serb identity.
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Byzantine Greeks
Byzantine Greeks or Byzantines (Greek: Βυζαντινοί) is a conventional term used by modern historians to refer to the medieval Greek or Hellenised citizens of the Byzantine Empire, centered mainly in Constantinople, the southern Balkans, the Greek islands, Asia Minor (modern Turkey), Cyprus and the large urban centres of the Near East and northern Egypt. The identity of the Byzantine Greeks has taken many forms in name, with such variants as Romaioi or Romioi (meaning "Romans"), Graikoi (meaning "Greeks"), "Byzantines", and "Byzantine Greeks".
The social structure of the Byzantine Greeks was primarily supported by a rural, agrarian base that consisted of the peasantry, and a small fraction of the poor. These peasants lived within three kinds of settlements, the chorion or village, the agridion or hamlet, and the proasteion or estate. Many civil disturbances that occurred during the time of the Byzantine Empire were attributed to political factions within the Empire rather than to this large popular base. Soldiers among the Byzantine Greeks were at first conscripted amongst the rural peasants and trained on an annual basis. As the Byzantine Empire entered the 11th century, more of the soldiers within the army were either professional men-at-arms or mercenaries.
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Chukchi people
The Chukchi, or Chukchee (Russian: чукчи (plural), чукча (singular)) are an indigenous people inhabiting the Chukchi Peninsula and the shores of the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea region of the Arctic Ocean within the Russian Federation. They speak the Chukchi language. The Chukchi originated from the people living around the Okhotsk Sea.
The majority of Chukchi reside within Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, but some also reside in the neighboring Sakha Republic to the west, Magadan Oblast to the southwest, and Koryak Autonomous Okrug to the south. Some Chukchi also reside in other parts of Russia, as well as in Europe and North America. The total number of Chukchi in the world slightly exceeds 15,000.
The Chukchi are traditionally divided into the Maritime Chukchi, who had settled homes on the coast and lived primarily from sea mammal hunting, and the Reindeer Chukchi, who nomadised in the inland tundra region with their herds of reindeer. The Russian name "Chukchi" is derived from the Chukchi word Chauchu ("rich in reindeer"), which was used by the 'Reindeer Chukchi' to distinguish themselves from the 'Maritime Chukchi,' called Anqallyt ("the sea people"). The indigenous name for a member of the Chukchi ethnic group as a whole is Luoravetlan (literally 'true person').
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Chuvash people
The Chuvash people (Chuvash: Чăвашсем; Russian: Чуваши) are a Turkic ethnic group, native to an area stretching from the Volga Region to Siberia. Most of them live in Republic of Chuvashia and surrounding areas, although Chuvash communities may be found throughout all Russia.
There is no universally accepted etymology of the word Chuvash. However, there are two main theories that try to explain it.
According to one theory, "Chuvash" is a Shaz-Turkic adaptation of Lir-Turkic Suvar, an ethnonym of people that are widely considered to be the ancestors of modern Chuvashes. Compare Lir-Turkic Chuvash: huran to Shaz-Turkic Tatar: qazan (cauldron).
Another theory suggests that the word "Chuvash" may be derived from Common Turkic jăvaš ("friendly", "peaceful") as opposed to şarmăs ("warlike").
There are rival schools of thought on the origin of Chuvash people. One is that they originated from a mixing between the Turkic Suar and Sabir tribes of Volga Bulgaria with local Mari tribes and also the Finno-Ugrian population of the Volga Basin. Another is that the Chuvash are a remainder of the pre-Volga Bulgar population of the Volga region, merged with Scythians, Volga Bulgars and Mari.
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Crimean Tatars
Crimean Tatars (sg. Qırımtatar, pl. Qırımtatarlar) or Crimeans (sg. Qırım, Qırımlı, pl. Qırımlar, Qırımlılar) are a Turkic ethnic group that originally resided in Crimea. They speak the Crimean Tatar language. They are not to be confused with the Volga Tatars.
In modern times, in addition to living in Crimea, Ukraine, there is a large diaspora of Crimean Tatars in Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, Uzbekistan, Western Europe, the Middle East and North America, as well as small communities in Finland, Lithuania, Russia, Belarus and Poland. (See Crimean Tatar diaspora)
Today, more than 240,000 Crimean Tatars live in Crimea and about 150,000 remain in exile in Central Asia, mainly in Uzbekistan. There is an unspecified number of people of Crimean Tatar origin living in Turkey, descendants of those who emigrated in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In the Dobruja region straddling Romania and Bulgaria, there are more than 27,000 Crimean Tatars: 24,000 on the Romanian side, and 3,000 on the Bulgarian side[citation needed].
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Croats
Croats (Croatian: Hrvati) are a South Slavic ethnic group mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. There are around 4 million Croats living inside Croatia and up to 4.5 million throughout the rest of the world. Responding to political, social and economic pressure, many Croats have migrated throughout the world, and established a notable Croatian diaspora. Large Croat communities exists in The United States, Chile, Argentina, Germany, Austria, Australia, Peru, Canada, Serbia, New Zealand and South Africa. Croats are noted for their culture, which has been influenced by a number of other neighbouring cultures through the ages. The strongest influences came from Central Europe and the Mediterranean where, at the same time, Croats have made their own contribution. The Croats are predominantly Catholic with minor groups of Protestants, Muslims, Orthodox, Jews and secular non religious atheists and agnostics. Their language is Croatian.
Croatia is the nation state of the Croats, while in the adjacent Bosnia and Herzegovina they are one of the three constituent peoples alongside Bosniaks and Serbs.
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Czechs
Czechs, or Czech people (Czech: Češi, Czech pronunciation: [ˈtʃɛʃɪ], archaic Czech: Čechové [ˈtʃɛxɔvɛː]) are a western Slavic people of Central Europe, living predominantly in the Czech Republic. Small populations of Czechs also live in Slovakia, Austria, the United States, the United Kingdom, Chile, Argentina, Canada, Germany, Russia and other countries. They speak the Czech language, which is closely related to the Slovak and Upper Sorbian language.
Among the ancestors of the Czechs are ancient Slavic tribes who inhabited the regions of Bohemia, Moravia, and Upper Silesia from the 6th century onwards.
The Czechs are descended from the Celts, early Slavs, and Germanic tribes. According to an international project called Family Tree DNA results a very slight majority of the Czech population forms an offspring of the Celts (28.8%), followed by Slavic (28.4%) and Germanic (13.0%) forefathers.West Slavic tribes have inhabited the regions of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia since the 6th century, and eventually absorbed pre-Slavic populations. Within the West Slavs, the Czechs form part of the Czech-Slovak group (together with the Slovaks), alongside the Lechites and the Sorbs.
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Daniel of Galicia
Daniel I of Galicia or Daniel Romanovych or Danylo Halytskyi (Ukrainian: Данило I Галицький) was a King of Galicia (Halych) (1205–1255), Peremyshl (1211), and Volodymyr (1212–1231). He was crowned by a papal archbishop in Dorohochyn 1253 as the first King of Rus' (1253–1264).
In 1205, after the death of his father, Roman II Mstyslavich, the ruler of Galicia–Volhynia, the boyars of Galicia forced the four-year-old Daniel into exile with his mother Anna of Byzantium and brother Vasylko Romanovich. After the boyars proclaimed one of their own as prince in 1213, the Poles and Hungarians invaded the principality, ostensibly to support the claims of young Daniel and Vasylko, and divided it between themselves. In 1219 he renounced his claims to Galicia in favor of his father-in-law Mstislav the Bold.
In 1221 Daniel re-established his rule over Volhynia, where the boyars and populace had remained loyal to his dynasty. In 1234 he defeated Alexander Vsevolodovich, taking the Duchy of Belz. By 1238, he had defeated the Dobrzyń Knights, and regained most of Galicia, including the capital at Galicia. While the Prussians were under pressure from the Teutonic Order, Daniel attempted to conquer the related Yatvingians.
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Dmitry Bortniansky
Dmitry Stepanovich Bortniansky (Russian: Дмитрий Степанович Бортнянский; alternative transcriptions of names are Dmitri and Bortnyansky; 28 October 1751 – 10 October [O.S. 28 September] 1825) was a Russian composer of Ukrainian origin ; his father however had been born in the Polish village of Bartne, and was of Lemkos (Rusyn) stock..
Bortniansky is best known today for his liturgical works. He was one of the "Golden Three" of his era, along with Artemy Vedel and Maksym Berezovsky. Bortniansky composed in many different musical styles, including choral compositions in French, Italian, Latin, German and Church Slavonic.
Dmitry Bortniansky was born on 28 October 1751 in the city of Hlukhiv (present-day Ukraine), then a part of the autonomous Cossack Hetmanate within the Russian Empire (as Glukhov), into the family of Stefan Skurat (or Shkurat), a Lemko-Rusyn Orthodox religious refugee from the village of Bortne in the Malopolska region (he was entered in the Cossack register of Glukhov in 1755). At the age of seven, Dmitry's prodigious talent at the local church choir afforded him the opportunity to go the capital of the empire and sing with the Imperial Chapel Choir in St. Petersburg. There he studied music and composition under the director of the Imperial Chapel Choir, the Italian master Baldassare Galuppi. When Galuppi left for Italy in 1769, he took the boy with him. In Italy, Bortniansky gained considerable success composing operas: Creonte (1776) and Alcide (1778) in Venice, and Quinto Fabio (1779) at Modena. He also composed sacred works in Latin and German, both a cappella and with orchestral accompaniment (including an Ave Maria for two voices and orchestra).
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Dolgans
Dolgans (Russian: долганы; self-designation: долган, тыа-кихи, саха) are a Turkic-speaking people, who mostly inhabit Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. The 2002 Census counted 7,261 Dolgans. This number includes 5,517 in former Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. There are 26 Dolgans in Ukraine, four of whom speak Dolgan (2001 Ukrainian Census).
Dolgans speak Dolgan language. Some believe that it is a dialect of Yakut language. Dolgan identity emerged in the 19th – early 20th century, when some of the Evenks, Yakuts, Enets, and the so-called Tundra peasants migrated to the region away from the Lena River and Olenyok River. Originally, the Dolgans were nomadic reindeer breeders and hunters. They were eventually forced to settle and form kolkhozes during the Soviet times, engaging in reindeer breeding, hunting, fishing, dairy farming as well as market gardening.
Most Dolgans are Orthodox Christians, belonging to the Russian Orthodox Church; old shamanistic beliefs, however, survive among them.
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Feofan Prokopovich
Feofan/Theophan Prokopovich (18 June 1681, Kiev–19 September 1736, St. Petersburg) was an archbishop and statesman in the Russian Empire, of Ukrainian descent. He elaborated and implemented Peter the Great's reform of the Russian Orthodox Church. One of the founding fathers of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prokopovich wrote much religious verse and some of the most enduring sermons in the Russian language.
From a merchant family, he distinguished himself at the Kiev-Mohyla Academy of Kiev, subsequently completing his education in Poland (for which purpose he turned Uniate), and at Rome in the College of the Propaganda. Primed with all the knowledge of the West, he returned home to seek his fortune, and, as an Orthodox monk, became one of the professors at, and subsequently rector of, the academy of Kiev. He entirely reformed the teaching of theology there, substituting the historical method of the German theologians for the former Orthodox scholastic system.
In 1709 Peter the Great, while passing through Kiev, was struck by the eloquence of Prokopovich in a sermon on the Poltava, and in 1716 summoned him to St Petersburg. From henceforth it was Prokopovich's duty and pleasure to explain the new ideas and justify the most alarming innovations from the pulpit. He became so invaluable to the civil power that despite the determined opposition of the Russian clergy, who regarded the "Light of Kiev" as an interloper and semi-heretic, he was rapidly promoted, becoming, in 1718, bishop of Pskov, and finally, in 1724, archbishop of Novgorod.1
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Gagauz people
The Gagauz people are a Turkic group living mostly in southern Moldova (Gagauzia), southwestern Ukraine (Budjak), south-eastern Romania (Dobrogea), northeastern Bulgaria, Greece, Brazil, America and Canada. Unlike most other Turkic speaking people, the Gagauz are predominantly Orthodox Christians. There is a related ethnic group also called Gagavuz (or Gajal) living in the European part of northwestern Turkey.
Today Gagauz people outside Moldova live mainly in the Ukrainian regions of Odesa and Zaporizhia, as well as in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Bulgaria, Romania, Brazil, Turkmenistan, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Georgia, Turkey and the Russian region of Kabardino-Balkaria.
There are also nearly 20,000 descendants of Gagauzes living in the Balkan country of Bulgaria, as well as upwards of 2,000 living in the United States of America, Brazil and Canada. Most of Gagauz immigrants in the USA are Evangelical Christians, who left their homeland in Moldova as refugees. They were persecuted by the communist government of the Soviet Union. Gagauz immigrants live in Sacramento, California; Salem, Oregon; Seattle, Washington; Broken Arrow, Oklahoma; Tacoma, Washington; Charlotte, North Carolina; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and in Massachusetts. The official figures in the latter group of countries cited in this article are much lower due to the loss of Gagauz identity during the last century.
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Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan (/ˈɡɛŋɡɪs ˈkɑːn/ or /ˈdʒɛŋɡɪs ˈkɑːn/,Mongol: [tʃiŋɡɪs xaːŋ] ( listen); 1162? – August 1227), born Temujin, was the founder and Great Khan (emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death.
He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed "Genghis Khan", he started the Mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia. These included raids or invasions of the Kara-Khitan Khanate, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in Khwarezmia. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China.
Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons. He died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location. His descendants went on to stretch the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states out of all of modern-day China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asian countries, and substantial portions of modern Eastern Europe, Russia and the Middle East. Many of these invasions resulted in the large-scale slaughter of local populations, which have given Genghis Khan and his empire a fearsome reputation in local histories.
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Goths
The Goths (Gothic: *Gut-þiuda, *Gutans; Old Norse: Gutar/Gotar; German: Goten; Latin: Gothi; Greek: Γότθοι, Gótthoi) were an East Germanic tribe of Scandinavian origin whose two branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe.
The most important source is Jordanes' 6th-century, semi-fictional Getica which describes a migration from southern Scandza (Scandinavia), to Gothiscandza, believed to be the lower Vistula region in modern Pomerania, and from there to the coast of the Black Sea. The Pomeranian Wielbark culture and the Chernyakhov culture northeast of the lower Danube are archaeological traces of this migration. In the 3rd century, either through crossing the lower Danube, or travelling by sea, the Goths ravaged the Balkan Peninsula and Anatolia as far as Cyprus, sacking Athens, Byzantium, Sparta. By the fourth century, the Goths conquered Dacia, and were divided into at least two distinct groups separated by the Dniester River, the Thervingi, led by the Balti dynasty, and the Greuthungi, led by the Amali dynasty. Centered around their capital at the Dnieper, the Goths ruled a vast area which at its peak under the Kings Ermanaric and Athanaric stretched from the Danube to the Volga river, and from the Black to the Baltic Sea.
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Greeks
The Greeks, also known as the Hellenes (Greek: Ἕλληνες, [ˈelines]), are a nation and ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and other regions. They also form a significant diaspora, with Greek communities established around the world.
Greek colonies and communities have been historically established in most corners of the Mediterranean, but Greeks have always been centered around the Aegean Sea, where the Greek language has been spoken since antiquity. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were uniformly distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, Pontus, Egypt, Cyprus and Constantinople; many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of the ancient Greek colonization.
In the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), a large-scale population exchange between Greece and Turkey transferred and confined Christians from Turkey, except Constantinople (effectively ethnic Greeks) into the borders of the modern Greek state and Cyprus. Other ethnic Greek populations can be found from southern Italy to the Caucasus and in diaspora communities in a number of other countries. Today, most Greeks are officially registered as members of the Greek Orthodox Church.
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Hutsuls
Hutsuls (Ukrainian: Гуцули, singular Гуцул; alternatively spelled Huculs, Huzuls, Hutzuls, Gutsuls, Guculs, Guzuls, or Gutzuls; Polish: Hucuł, plural Huculi, Hucułowie) are an ethno-cultural group of Ukrainian highlanders who for centuries have inhabited the Carpathian mountains, mainly in Ukraine, the northern extremity of Romania (in the areas of Bukovina and Maramureş).
There are different versions for the origins of the name Hutsul. An explanation is that it comes from the Romanian word for "outlaw" (cf. Rom. hoţ - "thief", hoţul - "the thief"). Other explanations place their origins in the Slavic kochul - "wanderer","migrant", in reference to their semi-nomadic lifestyle, to the name of the Turkic tribe of the Uzy, and even to the name of the Moravian Grand Duke Hetsyla.
Hutsuls inhabit areas situated between the south-east of those inhabited by the Boykos, down to the northern part of the Romanian segment of the Carpathians. There are several hypotheses concerning the origin of Hutsuls. According to one of them, Hutsuls are descendants of White Croats, Slavic tribe that inhabited area from 4th until 12th century or Slavic tribe Ulichs, that had to leave their previous homes near the Buh river under the pressure of Pechenegs. Hutsuls identify themselves as a part of Ukrainian ethnos, having at the same time their local identity as a sub-ethnos.
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Illyrians
The Illyrians (English pronunciation: /ɪˈlɪəriəns/; Ancient Greek: Ἰλλυριοί; Latin: Illyrii or Illyri) were a group of tribes who inhabited part of the western Balkans in antiquity and the south-eastern coasts of the Italian peninsula (Messapia). The territory the Illyrians covered came to be known as Illyria to Greek and Roman authors, corresponding to parts of the former Yugoslavia and Albania, between the Adriatic Sea in the west, the Drava river in the north, the Morava river in the east and the mouth of the Vjosë river in the south. The first account of Illyrian peoples comes from Periplus or Coastal Passage, an ancient Greek text of the middle of the 4th century BC.
These tribes, or at least a number of tribes considered "Illyrians proper", are assumed to have been united by a common Illyrian language, of which only small fragments are attested enough to classify it as a branch of Indo-European, while it was extinct by the 5th century AD. However, the name "Illyrians" as applied by the ancient Greeks to their northern neighbors may have referred to a broad, ill-defined group of peoples, and it is today unclear to what extent they were linguistically and culturally homogeneous. In fact, an Illyric origin was and still is attributed also to a few ancient peoples in Italy, in particular the Iapyges, Dauni and Messapi, as it is thought that, most likely, they had shored to the Peninsula, coming from the geographic "Illyria". The Illyrian tribes never collectively regarded themselves as 'Illyrians', and it is unlikely that they used any collective nomenclature for themselves. However, the name Illyrians seems to be the name of a specific Illyrian tribe, which was the first to come in contact with the ancient Greeks during the Bronze Age, causing the name Illyrians to be applied to all people of similar language and customs.
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Ilya Repin
Ilya Yefimovich Repin (Russian: Илья́ Ефи́мович Ре́пин, Ukrainian: Ілля Юхимович Рєпін, (5 August [O.S. 24 July] 1844, Chuguyev, Kharkov Governorate, Russian Empire – September 29, 1930, Kuokkala, Viipuri Province, Finland) was a leading Russianpainter and sculptor of the Peredvizhniki artistic school. An important part of his work is dedicated to his native country, Ukraine. His realistic works often expressed great psychological depth and exposed the tensions within the existing social order. Beginning in the late 1920s, detailed works on him were published in the Soviet Union, where a Repin cult developed about a decade later. He was held up as a model "progressive" and "realist" to be imitated by "Socialist Realist" artists in the USSR.
Repin was born in the town of Chuhuiv near Kharkiv in the heart of the historical region called Sloboda Ukraine. His parents were Russian military settlers. In 1866, after apprenticeship with a local icon painter named Bunakov and preliminary study of portrait painting, he went to Saint Petersburg and was shortly admitted to the Imperial Academy of Arts as a student. From 1873 to 1876 on the Academy's allowance, Repin sojourned in Italy and lived in Paris, where he was exposed to French Impressionist painting, which had a lasting effect upon his use of light and colour. His style was to remain closer to that of the old European masters, especially Rembrandt, and he never embraced Impressionism.
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Iranian languages
The Iranian languages (also called Iranic languages) form a subfamily of the Indo-Iranian languages which in turn are a subgroup of the Indo-European language family. The speakers of Iranian languages are known as Iranian peoples.
The Iranian languages are considered in three stages of Old (until 400 BCE), Middle (400 BCE – 900 CE), and New (since 900 CE). From the Old Iranian languages the better understood and recorded ones are Old Persian (a language of Achaemenid Iran) and Avestan (the language of Zarathushtra). Middle Iranian languages included Middle Persian (a language of Sassanid Iran) and Parthian (a language of Arsacid Iran). There are many Iranian languages, the largest amongst them are Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, and Balochi.
Today, there are an estimated 150–200 million native speakers of Iranian languages. The Ethnologue lists 87 Iranian languages.Persian has about 65 million native speakers, Pashto about 50 million, Kurdish about 18 million, Balochi about 7 million, and Lurish about 2.3 million.
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Ivan Franko
Ivan Yakovych Franko (Ukrainian: Іван Якович Франко, pronounced [iˈvɑn ˈjɑkovɪt͡ʃ frɑnˈko]) (August 27 [O.S. August 15] 1856 – May 28 [O.S. May 15] 1916) was a Ukrainian poet, writer, social and literary critic, journalist, interpreter, economist, political activist, doctor of philosophy, the author of the first detective novels and modern poetry in the Ukrainian language.
He was a political radical, and a founder of the socialist and nationalist movement in western Ukraine. In addition to his own literary work, he also translated the works of such renowned figures as William Shakespeare, Lord Byron, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Dante, Victor Hugo, Adam Mickiewicz, Goethe and Schiller into the Ukrainian language. Along with Taras Shevchenko, he has had a tremendous impact on modern literary and political thought in Ukraine.
Franko was born in the Ukrainian village of Nahuievychi (Ukrainian: Нагуєвичі) located then in the Austrian kronland Galicia, today part of Drohobych Raion, Lviv Oblast, Ukraine. As a child he was baptized as Ivan by Father Yosyp Levytsky known as a poet and the author of the first Galician-Ruthenian Hramatyka and who was exiled to Nahuyevychi for a "sharp tongue". At home, however, Ivan was called Myron because of a local superstitious belief that naming a person by different name will dodge a death. Franko's family in Nahuyevychi was considered "well-to-do", with their own servants and 24 hectares (59 acres) of their own property.
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Ivan Kotlyarevsky
Ivan Petrovych Kotlyarevsky (Ukrainian: Іван Петрович Котляревський) (9 September [O.S. 29 August] 1769, Poltava – 10 November [O.S. 29 October] 1838, Poltava, Russian Empire, now Ukraine), was a Ukrainian writer, poet and playwright, regarded as the pioneer of modern Ukrainian literature. Kotliarevsky was a veteran of the Russo-Turkish War.
Eneyida by Kotlyarevsky Aeneas was a lively fellow
And quite a Cossack for a lad,
For mischief he was more than mellow
While courage above all he had.
But when the Greeks felt very bitter
And made of Troy a heap of litter
He took a bag, and with a lust -
With some good Troyans whom he gathered
Whose hides were tough and necks well lethered -
He showed old Troy a cloud of dust.
He quickly built some boats of timber,
Then launched them in the quiet sea
And filling them with muscle limber
He hit the foam where eyes could see.
But cackling Juno, dog-gone-daughter,
Kept cackling like a hen for water;
- That's how Aeneas lacked her grace -
A long long time she had been praying:
She wished his soul would stop delaying
The trip to that unearthly place.
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Ivan Mazepa
Ivan Stepanovych Mazepa (Ukrainian: Іван Степанович Мазепа, Russian: Ива́н Степа́нович Мазе́па, Polish: Jan Mazepa Kołodyński; March 20, 1639 – October 2, 1709), Cossack Hetman of the Hetmanate in Left-bank Ukraine, from 1687–1708. He was famous as a patron of the arts, and also played an important role in the Battle of Poltava where after learning of Peter I's intent to relieve him as acting Hetman of Ukraine and replace him with Alexander Menshikov, he deserted his army and sided with Charles of Sweden. The politicization of this desertion has held a lasting legacy in both Russian and Ukrainian national history.
Because of this, the Russian Orthodox Church has laid an anathema on his name since the beginning of the 18th century and refuses to renounce to this day. Everyone who opposed the Russian government in eighteenth-century Ukraine were derogatorily referred to as Mazepintsy (Mazepists). A similar pattern can be traced later into history with other Russian-given nicknames such as "Petlyurovtsy" and "Banderovtsy" (Banderites) that are associated with Ukrainian national heroes. The alienation of Mazepa from Ukrainian history continued during the Soviet period as well as in the present day, an example of which is the refusal in 2008 of the Poltava city council to erect a monument of Mazepa in Poltava choosing instead a monument glorifying the defeat of Mazepa in the Battle of Poltava.
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Jews
The Jews (Hebrew: יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3 Yhudim Israeli pronunciation [jehuˈdim]), also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and an ethnoreligious group, originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation.Converts to Judaism, whose status as Jews within the Jewish ethnos is equal to those born into it, have been absorbed into the Jewish people throughout the millennia.
In Jewish tradition, Jewish ancestry is traced to the Biblical patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in the second millennium BCE. The modern State of Israel defines itself as a Jewish state in its Basic Laws, and Israel's Law of Return states: "Every Jew has the right to come to this country as an oleh." Israel is the only country where Jews are a majority of the population. Jews achieved political autonomy twice before in ancient history. The first of these periods lasted from 1350 to 586 BCE, and encompassed the periods of the Judges, the United Monarchy, and the Divided Monarchy of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, ending with the destruction of the First Temple. The second was the period of the Hasmonean Kingdom spanning from 140 to 37 BCE. Since the destruction of the First Temple, most Jews have lived in diaspora. A minority in every country in which they live (except Israel), they have frequently experienced persecution throughout history, resulting in a population that has fluctuated both in numbers and distribution over the centuries.
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Jordanes
Jordanes, also written Jordanis or, uncommonly, Jornandes, was a 6th century Roman bureaucrat, who turned his hand to history later in life.
While he also wrote Romana about the history of Rome, his best-known work is his Getica, written in Constantinople about AD 551. It is the only extant classical work dealing with the early history of the Goths.
Jordanes was asked by a friend to write this book as a summary of a multi-volume history of the Goths (now lost) by the statesman Cassiodorus. He was selected for his known interest in history (he was working on Rome's), his ability to write succinctly, and because of his own Gothic background. He had been a high-level notarius, or secretary, of a small client state on the Roman frontier in Moesia, modern northern Bulgaria.
Other writers, e.g. Procopius, wrote works still extant on the later history of the Goths. As the only surviving work on Gothic origins, the Getica has been the object of much critical review. Jordanes wrote in Late Latin rather than the classical Ciceronian Latin. According to his own introduction, he only had three days to review what Cassiodorus had written, meaning that he must also have relied on his own knowledge. Some of his statements are laconic.
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Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин; born Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Джугашвили; 18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 and later held the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953. While the office of the General Secretary was officially elective and not initially regarded as the top position in the Soviet state, Stalin managed to use it to consolidate more and more power in his hands after the death of Vladimir Lenin in 1924 and gradually put down all opposition groups within the Communist Party. This included Leon Trotsky, a socialist theorist and the principal critic of Stalin among the early Soviet leaders, who was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1929. Whereas Trotsky was an exponent of permanent revolution, it was Stalin's concept of socialism in one country that became the primary focus of Soviet politics.
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Kalmyk people
Kalmyk people (or Kalmyks) (Kalmyk: Хальмгуд, Halm'gud) is the name given to the Oirats, western Mongols in Russia, whose descendants migrated from Dzhungaria in 1607. Today they form a majority in the autonomous Republic of Kalmykia on the western shore of the Caspian Sea. Kalmykia is Europe's only Buddhist government. Through emigration, small Kalmyk communities have been established in the United States, France, Germany, Switzerland, and the Czech Republic.
The Kalmyks are a branch of the Oirats whose ancient grazing lands are now located in Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia and the People's Republic of China. After the fall of the Yuan Dynasty in 1368, the Oirats emerged as a formidable foe against the Eastern Mongols, the Ming Chinese and their successor, the Manchu who founded the Qing Dynasty, in a nearly 400 year military struggle for domination and control over both Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia. The struggle ended in 1757 with the defeat of the Oirats in Dzungaria, the last of the Mongol groups to resist vassalage to China (Grousset, 1970: 502-541).
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Karamanlides
The Karamanlides (Greek: Καραμανλήδες; Turkish: Karamanlılar), or simply Karamanlis (Also referred to as Cappadocian Greeks or Greeks of Cappadocia), are a Greek Orthodox, Turkish-speaking people native to the Karaman and Cappadocia regions of Anatolia. Today, a majority of the population live within Greece, though there is a notable diaspora in Western Europe and North America.
Karamanlides is an umbrella term used to describe all Greek Orthodox Christians in Central Anatolia who had adopted Turkish as their primary language. It is derived from the 13th century Beylik of Karaman. They were the first Turkish kingdom to adopt Turkish as its official language and originally the term would only describe the inhabitants of the town of Karaman or from the region of Karaman. Since there is no significant presence of established Christians in the area, the title is now most often used as a label for the local Muslim inhabitants.
Historically, the Karamanlides adopted and spoke a dialect of the Turkish language. Its vocabulary drew overwhelmingly from Turkic words with only minimal Greek loan words. The language should not be confused with Cappadocian Greek, which was spoken in the same region during the same timeframe, but is derived from the Greek language. It should be noted while their spoken language was Turkish, they employed the Greek alphabet to write it.
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Karelians
The Karelians (also Karels, Russian Karelians and East Karelians) are a Baltic-Finnic ethnic group living mostly in the Republic of Karelia and in other north-western parts of the Russian Federation. The historic homeland of Karelians includes also parts of present-day Eastern Finland (North Karelia) and the formerly Finnish territory of Ladoga Karelia. In a process starting during the 17th century and culminating after the Second World War, the ethnic Karelians in Finland have been linguistically and ethnically assimilated with the closely related Finnish people and are included in the wider group of Finnish Karelians, who are considered to form a sub-group of the ethnic Finns.
The separation between the Finnish Karelians and the Russian or East Karelians has been created and maintained by different religions, dialects and historical experiences. The Karelians in Russia have lived for centuries under the Slavic cultural influence, adopted the Russian Orthodox religion and have been to some extent assimilated by Russians.
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Kashubians
Kashubians/Kaszubians (Kashubian: Kaszëbi, Polish: Kaszubi/ Kaszuby, German: Kaschuben), also called Kashubs, Kashubes, Kaszubians, Kassubians or Cassubians, are a West Slavic ethnic group in Pomerelia, north-central Poland. Their settlement area is referred to as Kashubia (Kashubian: Kaszëbë, Polish: Kaszuby, German: Kaschubei, Kaschubien).
They speak Kashubian, classified either as a language or a Polish dialect. In analogy to the linguistic classification, Kashubians are considered either an ethnic or a linguistic group.
Slovincians are grouped with the Kashubians as Pomeranians. Similarly the Slovincian and Kashubian languages are grouped as the Pomeranian language, with Slovincian being either a closely related language or a Kashubian dialect.
Among larger cities, Gdynia (Gdiniô) contains the largest proportion of people declaring Kashubian origin. However, the biggest city of the Kashubia region is Gdańsk (Gduńsk), the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and the traditional capital of Kashubia. Between 80.3% and 93.9% people of the people in Linia, Sierakowice, Szemud, Kartuzy, Chmielno, Żukowo, etc. are of Kashubian descent.
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Khakas people
The Khakas, or Khakass (Khakas: Тадарлар), are a Turkic-speaking people, who live in Russia, in the republic of Khakassia in southern Siberia. They speak the Khakas language.
The origin of the Khakas people is disputed. Some scholars see them as descendants of the Yenisei Kirghiz, while others believe that, at the behest of the medieval Mongol Khans, the Yenisei Kirghiz migrated to Central Asia.
In the 17th century, the Khakas formed Khakassia in the middle of the lands of Yenisei Kirghiz, who at the time were vassals of a Mongolian ruler. The Russians arrived shortly after the Kirghiz left, and an inflow of Russian agragian settlers began. In the 1820s, gold mines started to be developed around Minusinsk, which became a regional industrial center.
During the 19th century, many Khakas accepted the Russian ways of life, and most were converted en masse to Russian Orthodox Christianity under threat of death by Russian soldiers. Shamanism with Buddhist influences, however, is still common, and many Christians practice Shamanism with Christianity. In Imperial Russia, the Khakas used to be known under other names, used mostly in historic contexts: Minusinsk Tatars (Russian: минуси́нские тата́ры), Abakan Tatars (абака́нские тата́ры), and Yenisei Turks.
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Khanty people
Khanty / Hanti (obsolete: Ostyaks) are an indigenous people calling themselves Khanti, Khande, Kantek (Khanty), living in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a region historically known as "Yugra" in Russia, together with the Mansi. In the autonomous okrug, the Khanty and Mansi languages are given co-official status with Russian. In the 2002 Census, 28,678 persons identified themselves as Khanty. Of those, 26,694 were resident in Tyumen Oblast, of which 17,128 were living in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug and 8,760—in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. 873 were residents of neighbouring Tomsk Oblast, and 88 lived in the Komi Republic.
Khanty appear most likely in Russian records under the name Yugra (ca. 11th century), when they had contact with Russian hunters and merchants. The name comes from Komi-Zyrian language jögra (Khanty). It is also possible that they were first recorded by the English King Alfred the Great (ca. 9th century), who located Fenland (wetland) to the east of the White Sea in Western Siberia.
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Komi peoples
The Komi people is an ethnic group whose homeland is in the north-east of European Russia around the basins of the Vychegda, Pechora and Kama rivers. They mostly live in the Komi Republic, Perm Krai, Murmansk Oblast, Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug in the Russian Federation. They belong to the Permian branch of the Finno-Ugric peoples. The Komis are divided into eight sub-groups. Their northernmost sub-group is also known as the Komi-Izhemtsy (from the name of the river Izhma) or Iz'vataz. This group numbers 15,607. This group is distinct for its more traditional, strongly subsistence based economy which includes reindeer husbandry. Komi-Permyaks (125,235 people ) live in Perm Krai (Komi-Yazvas group) and Kirov Oblast (Upper-Kama Komi group) of Russia.[citation needed]
The name "Komi" may come from the Udmurt word "kam" (meaning "large river", particularly the River Kama) or the Udmurt "kum" (meaning "kinfolk"). The scholar Paula Kokkonen favours the derivation "people of the Kama".
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Koryaks
Koryaks (or Koriak) are an indigenous people of Kamchatka Krai in the Russian Far East, who inhabit the coastlands of the Bering Sea to the south of the Anadyr basin and the country to the immediate north of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the southernmost limit of their range being Tigilsk. They are akin to the Chukchis, whom they closely resemble in physique and manner of life. Also, they are distantly related to the Kamchadal (Itelmens) on the Kamchatka Peninsula.
The Koryaks' neighbors are the Evens to the west of Koryak lands, the Alutor to the south on the isthmus of Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kerek to the east, and the Chukchi to the northeast.
The Koryak are typically split into two groups: the coastal people Nemelan (or Nymylan) meaning 'village dwellers' due to their sedentary fishing habits; and the inland Koryaks, reindeer herders called Chaucu (or Chauchuven) meaning 'rich in reindeer' who are more nomadic.
The Koryak language and its relative, Alutor, are linguistically very close to Chukchi. They are members of the Chukotko-Kamchatkan language family.
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Kulak
Kulaks (Russian: кула́к, kulak, "fist", by extension "tight-fisted"; kurkuls in Ukraine, also used in Russian texts in Ukrainian contexts) were a category of relatively affluent farmers in the later Russian Empire, Soviet Russia, and early Soviet Union. The word kulak originally referred to independent farmers in the Russian Empire who emerged from the peasantry and became wealthy following the Stolypin reform, which began in 1906.
According to the political theory of Marxism-Leninism of the early 20th century, the kulaks were class enemies of the poorer peasants.Vladimir Lenin described them as "bloodsuckers, vampires, plunderers of the people and profiteers, who fatten on famine.” Marxism-Leninism had intended a revolution to liberate poor peasants and farm laborers alongside the proletariat (urban and industrial workers). In addition, the planned economy of Soviet Bolshevism required the collectivization of farms and land to allow industrialization or conversion to large-scale agricultural production. In practice, these Marxist-Leninist theories led to disruption of agriculture as government officials violently seized kulak farms and murdered resistors.
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Kurgan hypothesis
The Kurgan hypothesis (also theory or model) is one of the proposals about early Indo-European origins, which postulates that the people of an archaeological "Kurgan culture" (a term grouping the Yamna, or Pit Grave, culture and its predecessors) in the Pontic steppe were the most likely speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language. The term is derived from kurgan (курган), a Turkic loanword in Russian for a tumulus or burial mound.
The Kurgan model is the most widely accepted scenario of Indo-European origins. An alternative model is the Anatolian urheimat. (There also exists an Armenian hypothesis.)
The Kurgan hypothesis was first formulated in the 1950s by Marija Gimbutas, who defined the "Kurgan culture" as composed of four successive periods, with the earliest (Kurgan I) including the Samara and Seroglazovo cultures of the Dnieper/Volga region in the Copper Age (early 4th millennium BC). The bearers of these cultures were nomadic pastoralists, who, according to the model, by the early 3rd millennium BC expanded throughout the Pontic-Caspian steppe and into Eastern Europe.
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Lebanese people
The Lebanese people (Arabic: الشعب اللبناني el shaab el libnene, Lebanese Arabic pronunciation: [eʃˈʃaʕb ellɪbˈneːne]) are a nation and ethnic group of Levantine people originating in what is today the country of Lebanon, including those who had inhabited Mount Lebanon prior to the creation of the modern Lebanese state.
The cultural and linguistic heritage of the Lebanese people is a rich blend of both indigenous elements and the foreign cultures that have come to rule the land and its people over the course of thousands of years.
Lebanon does not collect official census data on ethnic background and therefore is difficult to have an exact demographic analysis of Lebanese society, with the last census conducted by the French Mandate government in 1932. The largest concentration or people of Lebanese ancestry is in Brazil having an estimated population of 6 to 7 million. As with their predecessors, the Lebanese have always travelled the world, many of them settling permanently, most notably in the last two centuries.
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Lemkos
Lemkos (Ukrainian: Лeмки, Polish: Łemkowie, Lemko: Лeмкы, translit. Lemky; sing. Лeмкo, Lemko), one of several quantitatively and territorially small ethnic groups who also call themselves Rusyns (Ukrainian: Русини, Lemko: Руснакы, Rusnaky; sing. Руснак, Rusnak), are one of the ethnic groups inhabiting the Carpathian Mountains. Their language has been variously described as a Lemko language in its own right or a dialect of the Ukrainian language.
The Lemkos' homeland is commonly referred to as Lemkivshchyna (Ukrainian: Лeмкiвщина, Lemko: Lemkovyna (Лeмкoвина), Polish: Łemkowszczyzna). Up until 1945, this included the area from the Poprad River in the west to the valley of Oslawa River in the east, areas situated primarily in present-day Poland, in the Lesser Poland and Subcarpathian Voivodeships (provinces). This part of the Carpathian mountains is mostly deforested, which allowed for an agrarian economy, alongside such traditional occupations as ox grazing and sheep herding.
The Lemko region became part of Poland in medieval Piast times. Lemkos were made part of the Austria province of Galicia in 1772. This area was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until its dissolution in 1918, at which point the Lemko-Rusyn Republic (Ruska Lemkivska) declared its independence. Independence did not last long however, and the republic was incorporated into Poland in 1920.
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Lesya Ukrainka
Larysa Petrivna Kosach-Kvitka (Ukrainian: Лариса Петрівна Косач-Квітка) (February 25 [O.S. February 13] 1871 – August 1 [O.S. July 19] 1913) better known under her literary pseudonym Lesya Ukrainka (Ukrainian: Леся Українка), was one of Ukraine's best-known poets and writers and the foremost woman writer in Ukrainian literature. She also was a political, civil, and female activist.
Ukrainka was born in 1871 in the town of Novohrad-Volynskyi of Ukraine. She was the second child of Ukrainian writer and publisher Olha Drahomanova-Kosach (better known under her literary pseudonym Olena Pchilka). Mykhaylo Petrovych Drahomanovborn on September 6, 1842 in Hadiach, Poltava gubernia, died on July 20, 1895 in Sofia, Bulgaria. He is a well-known Ukrainian scientist, historian, philosopher, folklorist and public figure, was a brother of Drahomanova-Kosach.Lesya also had three younger sisters, Olha, Oksana, and Isydora, and a younger brother Mykola. Ukrainka's father was Petro Antonovych Kosach, head of the district assembly of conciliators. Petro came from the northern part of Chernihiv province. After completion his high school in Chernihiv Gymnasium, Kosach went to study mathematics at the University of Petersburg. Two years later, he moved to Kyiv University and graduated in law. Afterwards, in 1868 he married Olha Drahomaniv, Mykhaylo Drahomaniv’s, his friend’s sister. Despite his non-Ukrainian (Belarusian) background, Kosach was devoted to the advancement of Ukrainian culture and financially supported Ukrainian publishing ventures. Ukrainka was very close to her uncle M. P. Drahomanov (her spiritual mentor and teacher), and her brother Mykhaylo (who would be known under the pseudonym Mykhaylo Obachny) whom she called "Mysholosie."
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Lubor Niederle
Lubor Niederle (September 20, 1865, Klatovy – June 14, 1944, Prague) was a Czech archeologist, anthropologist and ethnographer. He is seen as one of the founders of modern archeology in Czech lands.
During 1883-87 Niederle had studied at the Charles University in Prague. He was initially interested in classical archaeology, then studied anthropology, sociology and ethnology. Later, he studied in Munich under professor Johannes Rank (1889) and in Paris under professor Léonce Manouvriere at the École d’anthropologie. Niederle also travelled in several Slavic countries, studying archaeological findings and historical documents.
In 1898 Niederle was named professor at the Charles University. As archaeologist he had represented the "university school" (univerzitní škola), opposed to the "museum school" (muzejní škola) represented by archaeologist Josef Ladislav Píč.
During 1907-08 Niederle served as a dean of Faculty of Philosophy, during 1908-09 as a vice-dean and during 1927-28 as a rector of the faculty. In 1919 he helped to establish State Archaeological Institute (Státní archeologický ústav), today's Institute of Archaeology (Archeologický ústav) . He also published many articles about Slavic ethnography and archaeology and was editor of several specialised journals. Niederle had helped to set up Slavic Institute (Slovanský ústav) in Prague whose director he was during 1928-31.
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Lyudmila Pavlichenko
Lyudmila Mykhailivna Pavlichenko (Ukrainian: Людмила Михайлівна Павліченко; Russian: Людмила Михайловна Павличенко Lyudmila Mikhailovna Pavlichenko; July 12, 1916 – October 10, 1974) was a Soviet sniper during World War II. Credited with 309 kills, she is regarded as the most successful female sniper in history.
Born in the Ukrainian town of Belaya Tserkov (Bila Tserkva) on July 12, 1916, Pavlichenko moved to Kiev with her family at the age of fourteen. There she joined a shooting club and developed into a sharpshooter, while working as a grinder at the Kiev Arsenal factory. In 1937 as a student of Kiev University she successfully defended her master-thesis on Bohdan Khmelnytsky.
In June 1941, 24-year old Pavlichenko was in her fourth year of studying history at the Kiev University when Nazi Germany began its invasion of the Soviet Union. Pavlichenko was among the first round of volunteers at the recruiting office, where she requested to join the infantry and subsequently she was assigned to the Red Army's 25th Rifle Division; Pavlichenko had the option to become a nurse but refused; "I joined the army when woman were not yet accepted". There she became one of 2,000 female snipers in the Red Army, of whom about 500 ultimately survived the war. As a sniper, she made her first two kills near Belyayevka, using a Tokarev SVT-40 semi-automatic rifle with 3.5 telescopic sight.
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Mansi people
Mansi (obsolete: Voguls) are an endangered indigenous people living in Khanty–Mansia, an autonomous okrug within Tyumen Oblast in Russia. In Khanty–Mansia, the Khanty and Mansi languages have co-official status with Russian.
The Mansi have been in contact with the Russian state at least since the 16th century when most of western Siberia was brought under Russian control by Ermak. Due to their higher exposure to Russian and Soviet control, they are generally more assimilated than their northern neighbours, the Khanty.
In the 1960s, exploitation of the rich oil deposits of Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug began, causing the Soviet Union's largest internal migration wave since the Second World War. This led to a dramatic marginalisation of the Mansi and Khanty who today constitute slightly more than one percent of the district's population.
As for most other Northern indigenous peoples of Russia, the Soviet state ordered the creation of a "national literature" for the Mansi people which consisted mostly of works hailing the enlightenment and progress brought to the Mansi by Lenin's revolution. The most prominent Mansi representative of this genre was the writer Yuvan Shestalov, who after the breakup of the Soviet Union converted to shamanism. Since then he claims that the Mansi are in fact the descendants of the ancient Sumerians, an assertion shared by few.
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Mari people
The Mari (Russian: черемисы (old name), марийцы (modern name)), are a Volga-Finnic people who have traditionally lived along the Volga and Kama rivers in Russia. The majority of Maris today live in the Mari El Republic, with significant populations in the Tatarstan and Bashkortostan republics. In the past, the Mari have also been known as the Cheremis in Russian and the Çirmeş in Tatar.
The Mari people consists of three different groups: the Meadow Mari, who live along the left bank of the Volga, the Mountain Mari, who live along the right bank of the Volga, and Eastern Mari, who live in the Bashkortostan republic. In the 2002 Russian census, 604,298 people identified themselves as "Mari," with 18,515 of those specifying that they were Mountain Mari and 56,119 as Eastern Mari. Almost 60% of Mari lived in rural areas.
The Mari have their own language, also called Mari, which is a member of the Uralic language family. It is written with a modified version of the Cyrillic alphabet. Linguists today distinguish four different dialects, which are not all mutually intelligible: Hill Mari (мары йӹлмӹ), concentrated mainly along the right Volga bank; Meadow Mari (марий йылме), spoken in the lowland regions of the Kokshaga and Volga rivers, which includes the city of Yoshkar-Ola; Eastern Mari, spoken east of the Vyatka River; and North-Western Mari.
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Max Vasmer
Max Vasmer (February 28, 1886 – November 30, 1962) was a Russian-born German linguist who studied problems of etymology of Indo-European, Finno-Ugric and Turkic languages and worked on history of Slavic, Baltic, Iranian, and Finno-Ugric peoples.
Vasmer was born of German parents in St. Petersburg and graduated from the St. Petersburg University in 1907. Since 1910, he delivered lectures there as a professor. During the Russian Civil War, he worked in the Universities of Saratov and Yuryev (Tartu). In 1921 he settled in Leipzig but later moved to Berlin. In 1938–39, he delivered lectures at Columbia University in New York City. It was there that he started to work on his magnum opus, the Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. He delivered the eulogy for Professor Aleksander Brückner in Berlin Wilmersdorf in 1939 and he took over the chair of Slavistic studies at the Berlin University.
In 1944, Vasmer's house in Berlin was bombed, and most of his materials perished. Nevertheless, Vasmer persevered in his work, which was finally published in four volumes by Heidelberg University in 1950–58 as Russisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. Vasmer died in West Berlin on November 30, 1962.
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Mehmed IV
Mehmed IV Modern Turkish Mehmet (Ottoman Turkish: محمد رابع Meḥmed-i rābi‘; also known as Avcı Mehmed, Mehmed the Hunter; January 2, 1642 – January 6, 1693) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1648 to 1687. Taking the throne at age six, his reign was significant as he changed the nature of the Sultan's position forever by giving up most of his executive power to his Grand Vizier.
Born at Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, in 1642, he was the son of Sultan Ibrahim (1640–48) by Valide Sultan Turhan Hatice, a Ruthenian (Ukrainian) concubine, and the grandson of Kösem Sultan of Greek origin. Soon after his birth, his father and mother quarreled, and Ibrahim was so enraged that he tore Mehmed from his mother's arms and flung the infant into a cistern. Fortunately, Mehmed was rescued by the harem servants. His father's actions resulted in Mehmed cutting his head, which left him with a lifelong scar.
Mehmed ascended to the throne in 1648 at the age of only six. His ascension marked the end of a very volatile time for the Ottoman Dynasty; there had been a Mustafa I deposed twice and two Sultans killed, including Mehmed’s father and predecessor, Ibrahim I.
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Milla Jovovich
Milla Jovovich ( /ˈjoʊvəvɪtʃ/ YOH-və-vich; born Milica Jovović,Serbian Cyrillic: Милица Јововић, Russian: Милица Йовович; December 17, 1975) is an American model, actress, musician, and fashion designer. Over her career, she has appeared in a number of science fiction and action-themed films, for which music channel VH1 has referred to her as the "reigning queen of kick-butt".
Milla Jovovich began modeling when Gene Lemuel convinced Herb Ritts to shoot her for the cover of Lei magazine.Richard Avedon featured her in Revlon's "Most Unforgettable Women in the World" advertisements, and she continued her career with other campaigns for L'Oréal cosmetics, Banana Republic, Christian Dior, Donna Karan, and Versace. In 1988, she had her first professional acting role in the television film The Night Train to Kathmandu, and later that year, she appeared in her first feature film, Two Moon Junction. Following more small television appearances such as the "Fair Exchange" (1989) and a 1989 role as a French girl (she was 14 at the time) on a Married... with Children episode and film roles, she gained notoriety with the romance film Return to the Blue Lagoon (1991). She appeared in 1993's Dazed and Confused, before a short hiatus. Jovovich then acted alongside Bruce Willis in the science fiction film The Fifth Element (1997), and later played the title role in The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc (1999). In 2002, she starred in the video game adaptation Resident Evil, which spawned four sequels: Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004), Resident Evil: Extinction (2007), Resident Evil: Afterlife (2010) and Resident Evil: Retribution (2012).
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Mingrelians
The Mingrelians (Mingrelian: მარგალი, margali; Georgian: მეგრელები: megrelebi) are a subethnic group of Georgians[not in citation given][citation needed][citation needed][citation needed] that mostly live in Samegrelo (Mingrelia) region of Georgia. They also live in considerable numbers in Abkhazia and Tbilisi. In the pre-1930 Soviet census, the Mingrelians were afforded their own ethnic group (natsional'nost) category.
The Mingrelians speak the Mingrelian, and are mostly bilingual also in Georgian. Both these languages belong to the Kartvelian (South Caucasian) language family.
The Mingrelians are descendants of several Colchian tribes (Such as: Manraloi, Heniochi, Machelones, Macrones, Mossynoeci, Drilae, Zydretae) and constitute one of the building blocks of the unified Georgian nation that emerged after the kingdoms of the west (Colchis) and east (Iberia) were united under Christianity in the middle of the first millennium AD.[citation needed] Early in the Middle Ages, Mingrelian aristocracy and clergy, later followed by laymen, adopted the national Georgian tongue as a language of literacy and culture.[citation needed] After the fragmentation of the Kingdom of Georgia in the 15th century, Mingrelia was an autonomous principality until being annexed by the Russian Empire in the 19th century.
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Mokshas
The Mokshas (also Mokshans, Moksha people, in Moksha: Мокшет/Mokshat) are an ethnic group belonging to Volgaic branch of Finnic peoples who live mostly on the west side and to the south of the great bend of the Volga river, and along a tributary of the Oka, the Moksha river in Russian Federation.
Their native language is Moksha (Mokshan), one of the three surviving Finno-Volgaic branch members of the Finno-Ugric language family. According to the Russian census conducted in 1994, 49% of autochthonal Finnic population in Mordovia identified themselves as Mokshas (more than 180,000). Most Mokshas belong to Russian Orthodox Church, there are also Lutherans and Paganists.
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Moldovans
Moldovans or Moldavians (in Moldovan/Romanian moldoveni pronounced [moldoˈvenʲ]; also written молдовень in the Moldovan Cyrillic script currently used only in Transnistria) are the current inhabitants of the territory of historical Principality of Moldova. The territory is currently divided among Romania (42%), Ukraine (24%, including Northern Bukovina, Hertsa, Northern Bessarabia and Budjak) and the Republic of Moldova (34%).
This article refers primarily to the Romance-speakers of the Republic of Moldova, the historical Bessarabia and diaspora originating from these regions. There is an ongoing controversy whether Moldovans are a fully fledged ethnic group or a subgroup of the Romanian ethnic group.
A poll conducted in the Republic of Moldova by IMAS-Inc Chisinau in October 2009 presented a detailed picture. The respondents were asked to rate the relationship between the identity of Moldovans and that of Romanians on a scale between 1 (entirely the same) to 5 (completely different). The poll showed that 26% of the entire sample, which included all ethnic groups, claimed the two identities were the same or very similar, whereas 47% claimed they were different or entirely different. The results varied significantly among different categories of subjects. For instance, while 33% of the young respondents (ages 18–29) chose the same or very similar and 44% different or very different, among the senior respondents (aged over 60) the corresponding figures were 18.5% and 53%. The proportion of those who chose the same or very similar identity was higher than the average among the native speakers of Romanian/Moldovan (30%), among the urban dwellers (30%), among those with higher education (36%), and among the residents of the capital city (42%).
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Mordvins
The Mordvins also Mordva, Mordvinians, Mordovians (Erzya self name Erzya: эрзят/Erzyat, Moksha self name Moksha: мокшет/Mokshet, Tatar: мухшилар/Muhshilar, Russian name for Moksha and Erzya Russian: мордва/Mordva, for Qaratai Russian: каратаи/Karatayi) are the members of a people speaking a Mordvinic languages of the Uralic language family and living mainly in Mordοvia republic and other parts of the middle Volga River region of Russia One of larger indigenous peoples of Russia. The Mordvins identify themselves as separate ethnic groups: the Erzya and Moksha, besides the smaller subgroups of the Qaratay, Teryukhan and Tengushev (or Shoksha) Mordvins who have become fully Russified or Turkified during the 19th to 20th centuries.
Less than one third of Mordvins live in the autonomous republic of Mordovia, Russian Federation, in the basin of the Volga River. The rest are scattered over the Russian oblasts of Samara, Penza, Orenburg and Nizhny Novgorod, as well as Tatarstan, Chuvashia, Bashkortostan, Central Asia, Siberia, Far East, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Armenia and the USA.
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Mykola Lysenko
Mykola Vitaliyovych Lysenko (Ukrainian: Мико́ла Віта́лійович Ли́сенко, 22 March [O.S. 10 March] 1842 – 6 November [O.S. 24 October] 1912) was a Ukrainian composer, pianist, conductor and ethnomusicologist.
Lysenko was born in Hrynky, Kremenchuk Povit, Poltava Governorate, the son of Vitaliy Romanovych Lysenko (Ukrainian: Віталій Романович Лисенко). From childhood he became very interested in the folksongs of Ukrainian peasants and by the poetry of Taras Shevchenko. When Shevchenko's body was brought to Ukraine after his death in 1861, Lysenko was a pallbearer. During his time at Kiev University, Lysenko collected and arranged Ukrainian folksongs, which were published in seven volumes. One of his principal sources was the kobzar Ostap Veresai (after whom Lysenko later named his son).
Lysenko was initially a student of Biology at the Kharkiv University, studying music privately. On a scholarship which he won from the Russian Music Society he pursued further professional music studies at the Leipzig Conservatory. It is there that he understood the importance of collecting, developing and creating Ukrainian music rather than duplicating the work of Western classical composers.
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Myroslav Skoryk
Myroslav Skoryk (Ukrainian: Мирослав Михайлович Скорик, born July 12, 1938 in Lviv) is a Ukrainian composer. His music is contemporary in style and contains stylistic traits from two disparate folk traditions: Ukrainian and American.
Myroslav Skoryk was born in western Ukraine's main city of Lviv, which at that time was under Polish control. His parents were both educated in Austria at the University of Vienna and both subsequently became educators. His father was a historian and an ethnographer, while his mother was an accomplished chemist. Although his parents did not have special musical training, his mother played piano and his father played the violin. Their son, young Myroslav, was exposed to music in the household from an early age and took a particular liking to it. Although his parents influenced Myroslav's early interest in music, no less important was the fact that in his family was a very famous diva of the 20th century — Myroslav Skoryk's great aunt was the famous Ukrainian soprano Solomiya Krushelnytska.
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Nenets people
The Nenets (Nenets: ненэцяˮ, Russian: ненцы), also known as Samoyeds, are an indigenous people in northern arctic Russia. According to the latest census in 2002, there are 41,302 Nenets in the Russian Federation, most of them living in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and Nenets Autonomous Okrug. They speak either the Tundra or Forest varieties of Nenets.
Due to a false etymology, the name Samoyed entered the Russian language as a corruption of the self-reference Saamod, Saamid (the Samoyedic suffix "-d" denotes plurality). It is the same as Saami (formerly Lapps or Lapons) in Finland, and Suomi, the Finnish name of Finland. In Russian ethnographic literature of the 19th century, they were also called "Самоядь", "Самодь", (samoyad', samod', samodijtsy, samodijskie narody) which was often transliterated into English as Samodi.
The literal morphs samo and yed in Russian convey the meaning "self-eater", which appears as derogatory. Therefore the name Samoyed quickly went out of usage in the 20th century, and the people bear the name of Nenets, which means "man".
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Nestor Makhno
Nestor Ivanovych Makhno or simply Bat'ko Makhno (Ukrainian: Нестор Іванович Махно, Russian: Не́стор Ива́нович Махно́; October 26 [O.S. October 14] 1888 – July 6, 1934) was a Ukrainian anarcho-communist guerrilla leader turned army commander who led an independent anarchist army in Ukraine during the Russian Civil War.
A commander of the peasant Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, also known as the Anarchist Black Army, Makhno led a guerrilla campaign during the Russian Civil War. Makhno fought all factions that sought to impose any external authority over southeastern Ukraine, battling in succession the Ukrainian Nationalists, the Imperial German and Austro-Hungarian occupation, the Hetmanate Republic, the White Army and the Red Army, amongst other smaller competing Ukrainian atamany. Makhno and his movement repeatedly attempted to reorganize life in the Gulai-Polye region along anarchist-communist lines, however, the disruptions of the civil war precluded any long term social experiments. Although Makhno considered the Bolsheviks a threat to the development of an anarchist Free Territory within Ukraine, he twice entered into military alliances with them to defeat the White Army. In the aftermath of the White Army's final defeat in November 1920, the Bolsheviks initiated a military campaign against Makhno, which concluded with his escape across the Romanian border in August 1921. After a series of imprisonments and escapes, Makhno finally settled in Paris with his wife Galina and daughter Yelena. In exile Makhno authored three volumes of memoirs. Makhno died in exile at the age of 45 from tuberculosis-related causes. He is also credited as the inventor of the tachanka, a horse-drawn platform mounting a heavy machine gun.
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Normans
The Normans (in French: Normands) were the people who gave their name to Normandy, a region in northern France. They were descended from Norse Viking conquerors of the territory and the native population of Frankish and Gallo-Roman stock. Their identity emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century, and gradually evolved over succeeding centuries.
They played a major political, military, and cultural role in medieval Europe and even the Near East. They were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety. They quickly adopted the Romance language of the land they settled, their dialect becoming known as Norman or Norman-French, an important literary language. The Duchy of Normandy, which they formed by treaty with the French crown, was one of the great fiefs of medieval France. The Normans are famed both for their culture, such as their unique Romanesque architecture, and their musical traditions, as well as for their military accomplishments and innovations. Norman adventurers established a kingdom in Sicily and southern Italy by conquest, and a Norman expedition on behalf of their duke, William the Conqueror, led to the Norman Conquest of England. Norman influence spread from these new centres to the Crusader States in the Near East, to Scotland and Wales in Great Britain, and to Ireland.
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Norsemen
Norsemen is used to refer to the group of people as a whole who spoke what is now called the Old Norse language belonging to the North Germanic branch of Indo-European languages, especially Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese, Swedish and Danish in their earlier forms.
The meaning of Norseman was "people from the North" and was applied primarily to Nordic people originating from southern and central[citation needed]Scandinavia. They established states and settlements in areas which today are part of the Faroe Islands, England, Scotland, Wales, Iceland, Finland, Ireland, Russia, Canada, Greenland, France, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Germany.
Norse and Norsemen are applied to the Scandinavian population of the period from the late 8th century to the 11th century. The Old Frankish Nortmann "Northman" was Latinized as Normanni, famously in the prayer A furore normannorum libera nos domine ("From the fury of the Northmen release us, O Lord!"), attributed to monks of the English monasteries plundered by Viking raids in the 8th and 9th centuries,[citation needed] and entered Old French as Normands, whence the name of the Normans and of Normandy, which was settled by Norsemen in the 10th century.
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Oleh Blokhin
Oleh Volodymyrovych "Oleg" Blokhin (Ukrainian: Олег Володимирович Блохін) (born 5 November 1952 in Kiev) is a Ukrainian football coach and current head coach of the Ukrainian national team. Blokhin was formerly a standout striker for Dynamo Kyiv and the Soviet national team. In 1975 he was named European Footballer of the Year, winning the Ballon d'Or, becoming the second Soviet and the first Ukrainian player to achieve such a feat.
Blokhin was born in Kiev, the capital of the Ukrainian SSR, in 1952 to a Russian father and Ukrainian mother.
Blokhin was one of the greatest strikers in the world throughout the 1970s, hitting the target regularly through a period of great success at his hometown club Dynamo Kiev and becoming the greatest goalscorer in the history of the Soviet League. Only the regime in the Soviet Union prevented him from moving abroad to play in Europe's strongest leagues.
Blokhin played during most of his career for Dynamo Kyiv, becoming the USSR national championship's all-time leader and goalscorer with 211 goals, as well as making more appearances than any other player with 432 appearances. He won the championship 8 times. He led Dynamo to the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1975 and 1986, scoring a goal in each final. Blokhin is also the USSR national football team's most capped player with 112 caps, as well as their all time leading goalscorer with 42 goals; he played in the 1982 and 1986 FIFA World Cups where he scored 1 goal in each. He was one of the first Soviet players to play abroad, signing for Austria's Vorwärts Steyr in 1988, he also played in Cyprus with Aris.
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Oromo people
The Oromo (Oromo: Oromoo, "The Powerful"; Ge'ez: ኦሮሞ, ’Oromo) are an ethnic group found in Ethiopia, northern Kenya, and parts of Somalia. With 30 million members, they constitute the single largest ethnicity in Ethiopia and approximately 34.49% of the population according to the 2007 census. Their native language is Oromo (also called Afaan Oromoo and Oromiffa), which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family.
Oromos are the largest Cushitic-speaking group of people living in Northeast and East Africa. Available information suggests that they have existed as a community in the Horn of Africa for several millenia (Prouty et al., 1981). Bates (1979) contends that the Oromo "were a very ancient race, the indigenous stock, perhaps, on which most other peoples in this part of eastern Africa have been grafted".
While further research is needed to precisely comprehend their origins, the Oromo are believed to have originally adhered to a pastoralist/nomadic and/or semi-agriculturalist lifestyle. Many historians agree that some Oromo clans (Bale) have lived in the southern tip of present-day Ethiopia for over a millennium. They suggest that a great Oromo migration brought most Oromos to present-day central and western Ethiopia in the 16th and 17th centuries. Historical maps of the ancient Aksum/Abyssinia empire and Adal/Somali empires indicate that Oromo people are newcomers to most of modern-day central Ethiopia.
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Ossetians
The Ossetians (Ossetic: ирæттæ, irættæ) are an Iranic ethnic group of the Caucasus Mountains, indigenous to the region known as Ossetia. They speak Ossetic, an Iranian language of the Eastern branch of the Indo-European languages family, with most also fluent in Russian as a second language. The Ossetians are mostly Eastern Orthodox Christian, with a Muslim minority.
The Ossetians mostly populate Ossetia, which is politically divided between North Ossetia–Alania in Russia, and South Ossetia, which since the 2008 South Ossetia war has been de-facto independent from Georgia.
The Russian geographic name "Ossetia" and the corresponding ethnic designation "Ossetians" comes from a Georgian root.
The Russians originally called the Ossetians Yas (ясы, connected with Iazyges).
In Late Antiquity, records became much more diffuse and the Iazyges generally ceased to be mentioned as a tribe. In the Middle Ages an East Iranian people appeared in Eastern-Europe, the Jazones. The Jazones, or Jász, an Ossetic people who migrated to Hungary, are first mentioned in Hungarian records in the year 1318, and their name, spelled in Greek means "Jasons" (Ιάσωνες). The Jász in Hungary maintained their language until the 18th century. While they have become linguistically Hungarian, descendants in the Jász area of Hungary still maintain some original culture and have folk consciousness of their origins.
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Pannonian Rusyns
Rusyns in Pannonia, or simply Rusyns or Ruthenians (Rusyn: Руснаци or Русини, Serbian and Croatian: Rusini (Русини in Serbian Cyrillic)), are a Slavic minority in Serbia and Croatia. They are officially considered a separate nationality in Serbia and Croatia, but are also considered to be a part of the northern Rusyns (Ruthenians) who live mostly in Ukraine, but also in Slovakia, Poland, Romania, Czech Republic, and Hungary.
The main difference between Rusyns in Pannonia and northern Rusyns is language: the language of the Rusyns in Pannonia has more Western Slavic features than the language of the northern Rusyns.
Rusyns in Pannonia mostly live in the autonomous province of Vojvodina in Serbia. There are 15,626 declared ethnic Rusyns in Vojvodina (2002 census) and their language is one of the six official languages of Vojvodina province. The village of Ruski Krstur in the Kula municipality is the cultural centre of the Pannonian Rusyns. There is also a considerable concentration of Rysyns in Novi Sad, where in 1820 the construction of St. Peter and Paul Greek Catholic parish church started, and was subsequently completed in 1834/1837. Other villages with a Rusyn majority include Kucura in the Vrbas municipality, and Bikić Do in the Šid municipality. There are also Pannonian Rusyn communities in Slavonia (Croatia), forming a majority in the village of Petrovci, Bogdanovci municipality, in Vukovar-Srijem county.
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Paul Robert Magocsi
Paul Robert Magocsi (born January 26, 1945, Englewood, New Jersey, USA) is an American professor of history, political science, and Chair of Ukrainian Studies at the University of Toronto. He has been with the University since 1980, and became a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1996. He currently acts as Honorary Chairman of the World Congress of Rusyns, and has authored many books on Rusyn history.
Born in Englewood, New Jersey, Magocsi is of partial Rusyn descent. He completed his undergraduate studies at Rutgers University B.A. in 1966, M.A. 1967, Princeton University in M.A. 1969, Ph.D. 1972. He then went to Harvard University, where he was a member of the Society of Fellows between 1973 and 1976.
Magocsi has taught at Harvard University and the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. In 1996 he was appointed permanent fellow of the Royal Society of Canada - Canadian Academies of Arts, Humanities and Sciences.[citation needed]
Among his over 675 publications are 30 books including:
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Pechenegs
The Pechenegs or Patzinaks (Russian: Печенег(и), Turkish: Peçenek(ler), Hungarian: Besenyő(k), Croatian: Pečenezi, Greek: Πατζινάκοι, Πετσενέγοι, Πατζινακίται, Georgian: პაჭანიკი, Bulgarian: печенеги, pechenegi or печенези, pechenezi; Serbian: Печенези, Latin: Pacinacae, Bisseni) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people of the Central Asian steppes speaking the Pecheneg language which belonged to the Turkic language family.
In Mahmud Kashgari's 11th-century work Dīwānu Lughati t-Turk (Arabic: ديوان لغات الترك), the name Beçenek is given two meanings. The first is "a Turkish nation living around the country of the Rum", where Rum was the Turkish word for the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire. Kashgari's second definition of Beçenek is "a branch of Oghuz Turks"; he subsequently described the Oghuz as being formed of 22 branches, of which the 19th branch was named Beçenek. Max Vasmer derives this name from the Turkic word for "brother-in-law, relative" (Turkmen: bacanak and Turkish: bacanak). According to Kashgari, Pechenegs are one of Üçok tribes of the Oghuz.
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Poles
The Polish people, or Poles (Polish: Polacy [pɔˈlat͡sɨ]; singular: Polak), are a nation indigenous to Poland. They speak the Polish language, which belongs to the historical Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages of Central Europe. The Polish word for a Polish person is "Polak" (masculine) and "Polka" (feminine).
The preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland defines the Polish nation as comprising all the citizens of Poland. Poland's inhabitants live in the following historic regions of the country: Wielkopolska, Małopolska, Mazovia, Pomerania, Warmia, Mazury, Podlasie, Kujawy and Silesia. A wide-ranging Polish diaspora exists throughout Europe (Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Belarus, Lithuania and Ukraine), the Americas (the United States, Brazil and Argentina) and Australia. Chicago, in the United States, has the world's largest urban Polish population after Warsaw.
Over a thousand years ago, the Polans of Giecz, Gniezno and Poznań — an influential tribe in Wielkopolska — succeeded in uniting Lechitic tribes under what became the Piast dynasty, thus giving rise to the Polish state.
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Romanians
The Romanians (dated: Rumanians or Roumanians; in Romanian: români pronounced [roˈmɨnʲ] or — historically, but now a seldom-used regionalism — rumâni; dated exonym: Vlachs) are an ethnic group native to Romania, who speak Romanian; they are the majority inhabitants of Romania.
The Romanian people are a nation in the meaning of ethnos (Romanian: etnie), defined by the sense of sharing a common Romanian culture, descent, and having Romanian as mother tongue, as well as by citizenship or by being subjects to the same country. The Romanian citizenship law legislated in March 1991 establishes the rights of second and third generation descendants of Romanian citizens to obtain a Romanian citizenship, if they speak fluent Romanian and are able to demonstrate sufficient knowledge in Romanian history and culture. 89.4 percent of Romania's people declared themselves as Romanians at the 2002 Romanian Census.
In one interpretation of the census results in Moldova, Moldovans are counted as Romanians, which would mean that the latter form part of the majority in that country as well. Romanians are also an ethnic minority in several nearby countries.
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Roxelana
Haseki Hürrem Sultan (Turkish pronunciation: [haseˈci hyrˈrem sulˈtaːn]), Her Imperial Highness, Imperial Empress of the Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkish: خرم سلطان, b. 1506; d. at Topkapı Palace, 15 April 1558) (née Roxelana or Alexandra Lisowska) was the wife of Süleyman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire.
Ottoman Sixteenth-century sources are silent as to her maiden name, but much later traditions, for example Ukrainian folk traditions first recorded in the 19th century, give it as "Anastasia" (diminutive: "Nastia"), and Polish traditions give it as "Aleksandra Lisowska".
She was known mainly as Haseki Hürrem Sultan or Hürrem "balsaq" Haseki Sultan; in European languages as Roxolena, transliterated as "Roksolana" Roxolana, Roxelane, Rossa, Ruzica; in Turkish as Hürrem (from Persian: خرم – Khurram, "the cheerful one"); and in Arabic as Karima (Arabic: كريمة, "the noble one"). "Roxelana" or "Roksolana" might be not a proper name but a nickname, referring to her Ukrainian heritage (cf. the common contemporary name "Ruslana"); "Roxolany" or "Roxelany" was one of the names of East Slavs, inhabitants of the present Ukraine, up to the 15th century. Thus her name would literally mean "The Ruthenian One".
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Russians
The Russian people (Russian: русские, russkiye) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Russia, speaking the Russian language and primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries.
The English term Russians is also used to refer to the citizens of Russia, regardless of their ethnicity; the demonym Russian is translated into Russian as rossiyanin (россиянин, plural rossiyane), while the ethnic Russians are referred to as russkiye (sg. русский, russkiy).
According to the 2010 census, ethnic Russians make up about 81% of the population of Russia.
The modern Russian is formed from two groups, Northern and Southern, which were made up of Kriviches, Ilmen Slavs, Radimichs, Vyatiches and Severians East Slavic tribes. Genetic studies show that modern Russians do not differ significantly from Poles or Slovenians or Ukrainians. Some ethnographers, like Zelenin, affirm that Russians are more similar to Belarusians and Ukrainians than southern Russians to northern Russians. Russians in northern European Russia share moderate genetic similarities with Uralic peoples, who lived in modern north central European Russia and were partly assimilated by the Slavs as the Slavs migrated northeastwards. Among those peoples were Merya and Muromian.
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Rusyns
Carpatho-Rusyns or Ruthenes (Rusyn: Русины, Rusyns, also sometimes referred to as Carpatho-Russians or Rusnaks) are a primarily diasporic ethnic group who speak an Eastern Slavic language, known as Rusyn. Carpatho-Rusyns descend from a minority of Ruthenians who did not adopt the use of the ethnonym "Ukrainian" in the early twentieth century. The use of the term Rusyn was prohibited by some governments, as seen after 1945 in Soviet Transcarpathia, Poland, and Czechoslovakia.
Today, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Serbia and Croatia officially recognize contemporary Rusyns (or Ruthenes) as an ethnic minority. In 2007, Carpatho-Rusyns were recognized as a separate ethnicity in Ukraine by the Zakarpattia Regional Council. Rusyns within Ukraine have Ukrainian citizenship, and most have adopted a Ukrainian ethnic identity. Most contemporary self-identified ethnic Rusyns live outside of Ukraine.
Of the estimated 1.2 million people of Rusyn origin, only 55,000 have officially identified themselves politically or ethnically as such, according to contemporary censuses.[who?] The ethnic classification of Rusyns as a separate East Slavic ethnicity distinct from Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians is, however, controversial. The majority of Ukrainian scholars, as well as some Rusyns when considering their self-identification, consider Rusyns to be an ethnic subgroup of the Ukrainian people. This is disputed by some Lemko scholars.
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Ruthenians
The name Ruthenian (Ukrainian: Русини, Руські, Rusyns, Rus') is a culturally loaded term and has different meanings according to the context in which it is used. Initially, it was the ethnonym used for the East Slavic peoples who lived in Rus'. Later it was used predominantly for Ukrainians. With the emergence of Ukrainian nationalism in the mid nineteenth-century, the term went out of use, first in eastern and central Ukraine, and later in western Ukraine.[citation needed] In western Ukraine (namely Carpathian Ruthenia), and among some émigré populations outside of Ukraine, its use has been retained on a small scale (see Pannonian Rusyns).
Originally, the term Rusyn was an ethnonym applied to the eastern Slavic-speaking ethnic group who inhabited the cultural and ethnic region of Rus' (Русь); often written through its Latin variant Ruthenia.
The names "Ruthenians" or "Ruthenes" were the Latin terms referring to Slavic Orthodox people (those who spoke the Ruthenian language) living in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. They inhabited the area that is now Belarus, Ukraine and Western Russia (area around Bryansk, Smolensk, Velizh and Vyazma). It was also the ethnonym used by the Ukrainian kozaks to describe themselves.
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Sarmatians
The Iron Age Sarmatians (Latin Sarmatæ or Sauromatæ, Sanskrit Sakas Greek Σαρμάται, Σαυρομάται) were an Iranian people in Classical Antiquity, flourishing from about the 5th century BC to the 4th century AD.
Their territory was known as Sarmatia to Greco-Roman ethnographers, corresponding to the western part of greater Scythia (modern Southern Russia, Ukraine, and the eastern Balkans). At their greatest reported extent, around 100 BC, these tribes ranged from the Vistula River to the mouth of the Danube and eastward to the Volga, bordering the shores of the Black and Caspian seas as well as the Caucasus to the south.
The Sarmatians declined in the 4th century with the incursions connected to the Migration period (Huns, Goths). The descendants of the Sarmatians became known as the Alans during the Early Middle Ages, and ultimately gave rise to the modern Ossetic ethnic group.
Sarmatae is in origin probably just one of several tribal names of the Sarmatians which came to be applied to the entire group as an exonym in Greco-Roman ethnography. Strabo in the 1st century names as the main tribes of the Sarmatians the Iazyges, the Roxolani, the Aorsi and the Siraces.
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Scythians
The Scythians (/ˈsɪθi.ən/ or /ˈsɪði.ən/; from Greek Σκύθης, Σκύθοι), or Scyths /ˈsɪθ/, were an ethnolinguistic group of ancient Iranian nomadic tribal cultures who throughout Classical Antiquity dominated the Pontic-Caspian steppe, known at the time as Scythia. By Late Antiquity the closely related Sarmatians came to dominate the Scythians in this area. Much of the surviving information about the Scythians comes from the Greek historian Herodotus (c. 440 BC) in his Histories and Ovid in his poem of exile Epistulae ex Ponto, and archaeologically from the exquisite goldwork found in Scythian burial mounds in Ukraine and Southern Russia.
The name "Scythian" has also been used to refer to various peoples seen as similar to the Scythians, or who lived anywhere in the area known as Scythia,
Sulimirski views the Histories of Herodotus as the most important literary source relating to ancient Scyths. Herodotus provides a depiction that can be related to the results of archaeological research, but apparently knew little of the eastern part of Scythia. He did say that the ancient Persians called all the Scyths Σάκαι (Sacae, Herodotus 7.64). Their principal tribe, the "Royal Scyths", ruled the vast lands occupied by the nation as a whole (Herodotus 4.20), calling themselves Σκώλοτοι (Scōloti, Herodotus 4.6). Oswald Szemerényi devotes a thorough discussion to the etymologies of ancient ethnic words for the Scythians in his work "Four old Iranian ethnic names: Scythian – Skudra – Sogdian – Saka". In it the names of Herodotus and the names of his title, except Saka, as well as many other words for "Scythian," such as Assyrian Aškuz and Greek Skuthēs, descend from *skeud-, an ancient Indo-European root meaning "propel, shoot" (cf. English shoot). *skud- is the zero-grade; that is, a variant in which the -e- is not present. The restored Scythian name is *Skuda (archer), which among the Pontic or Royal Scythians became *Skula, in which the d has been regularly replaced by an l.
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Serbs
The Serbs (Serbian: Срби, Srbi, pronounced [sr̩̂bi]) are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group of the Balkans and southern Central Europe. Serbs live mainly in Serbia and the disputed territory of Kosovo, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and form significant minorities in Croatia, the Republic of Macedonia and Slovenia. Likewise, Serbs are an officially recognized minority in Romania, Hungary, Albania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. There is also a large Serbian diaspora in Western Europe, particularly in Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria, France, Italy and the United Kingdom. More than a million people of Serbian origin live in German-speaking countries, including Luxembourg (1%), Austria (1.8%), Switzerland (1%), and Germany (~1%). Outside Europe, there are significant Serbian communities in the United States (198,000 Serbian plus additional 326,000 "Yugoslav" nationals),Canada (72,690 in 2006) and Australia (95,000 in 2006).
The Serbs are a Slavic people, specifically of the South Slavic subgroup, which has its origins in the 6th and 7th century communities developed in Southeastern Europe (see Great Migration). Slav raids on Eastern Roman territory are mentioned in 518, and by the 580s they had conquered large areas referred to as Sclavinia (transl. Slavdom, from Sklavenoi – Σκλαυηνοι, the early South Slavic tribe which is eponymous to the current ethnic and linguistic Indo-European people). In 649, Constantine III relocates conquered Slavs "from the Vardar" to Gordoservon (Serb habitat). Among communities part in the Serb ethnogenesis are the Romanized Paleo-Balkan tribes of Illyrians, Thracians and Dacians, Celts, Greek colonies and Romans.
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Sergei Prokofiev
Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev (Russian: Сергей Сергеевич Прокофьев; 23 April 1891 – 5 March 1953) was a Russian composer, pianist and conductor who mastered numerous musical genres and is regarded as one of the major composers of the 20th century. His best-known works include the March from The Love for Three Oranges, the suite Lieutenant Kijé, the ballet Romeo and Juliet – from which "Dance of the Knights" is taken – and Peter and the Wolf. Besides many other works, Prokofiev also composed five piano concertos, nine completed piano sonatas and seven symphonies.
A graduate of the St Petersburg Conservatory, Prokofiev initially made his name as an iconoclastic composer-pianist, achieving notoriety with a series of ferociously dissonant and virtuosic works for his instrument and his first two piano concertos. Prokofiev's first major success breaking out of the composer-pianist mould was with his purely orchestral Scythian Suite, compiled from music originally composed for a ballet commissioned by Sergei Diaghilev of the Ballets Russes; Diaghilev commissioned three further ballets from Prokofiev – Chout, Le pas d'acier and The Prodigal Son – which at the time of their original production were all highly successful. Prokofiev's greatest interest, however, was opera, and he composed several works in that genre, including The Gambler and The Fiery Angel. Prokofiev's one relative success in that genre during his lifetime was The Love for Three Oranges, composed for Chicago and subsequently performed over the following decade in Europe and Russia.
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Sergey Bubka
Serhiy Nazarovych Bubka (Ukrainian: Сергі́й Наза́рович Бу́бка; Russian: Серге́й Наза́рович Бу́бка, Sergey Nazarovich Bubka; born 4 December 1963) is a retired Ukrainian pole vaulter. Repeatedly voted the world's best athlete, he represented the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991.
Bubka won 6 consecutive IAAF World Championships, an Olympics gold and broke the world record for men's pole vaulting 35 times (17 outdoor and 18 indoor records). He was the first to clear 6.0 metres and the only (as of February 2012) to clear 6.10 metres (20 ft).
He holds the current outdoor world record of 6.14 metres (20 feet 13⁄4 inches), set on 31 July 1994 in Sestriere, Italy and the current indoor world record of 6.15 meters, set on 21 February 1993 in Donetsk, Ukraine.
Born in Voroshilovgrad (Luhans'k now), Ukraine, Bubka was a good track-and-field athlete in the 100-meter dash and the long jump, but he became a world-class competitor only when he turned to the pole vault. In 1983, virtually unknown in international meets, he won the world championship at Helsinki, Finland, and the following year he set his first world record, clearing 5 m 75 cm (19 ft 2 in). Until the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in late 1991, Bubka competed for Soviet teams. The Soviet sports system rewarded athletes for setting new world records, and he became noted for establishing new records by slim amounts, sometimes as little as a centimeter higher. This allowed him to collect frequent bonus payments and made Bubka an attraction at track-and-field meets.
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Silesians
Silesians (Silesian: Ślůnzoki; Silesian German: Schläsinger; Polish: Ślązacy; Czech: Slezané; German: Schlesier), are the inhabitants of Silesia in Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic. A small diaspora community also exists in Karnes County, Texas in the USA and in Ostojićevo in Serbia.
There has been some debate over whether or not a group of Silesians (historically Upper Silesians) constitute a distinct nation. In modern history, they have been often pressured to declare themselves to be either German or Polish or Czech and embrace the language of the current governing nation. Nevertheless, 809,000 people declared Silesian nationality in the Polish national census in 2011, making them the largest minority group in Poland alongside the German minority (93% of Germans in Poland live in the Polish part of Silesia), while 12,231 people declared Silesian nationality in the Czech national census in 2011 (44,446 in 1991) and 6,361 people declared Silesian and Moravian nationality in the Slovak national census.
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Slovaks
The Slovaks, Slovak people, (Slovak Slováci, singular Slovák, feminine Slovenka, plural Slovenky) are a West Slavic people that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is closely related to the Czech language.
Most Slovaks today live within the borders of the independent Slovakia (circa 5,050,000). There are Slovak minorities in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Serbia and sizeable populations of immigrants and their descendants in the U.S. and in Canada.
The first known Slavic states on the territory of present-day Slovakia were the Empire of Samo and the Principality of Nitra, founded sometime in the 8th century.
Great Moravia (833 - ?907) was a Slavic state in the 9th and early 10th centuries, whose creators were the ancestors of the Czechs and Slovaks. Its formation and rich cultural heritage have attracted somewhat more interest since 19th century. Important developments took place at this time, including the mission of Greek monks Cyril and Methodius, the development of the Glagolitic alphabet (an early form of the Cyrillic script), and the use of Old Church Slavonic as the official and literary language.
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Slovenes
The Slovenes, Slovene people, Slovenians, or Slovenian people (Slovene Slovenci, dual Slovenca, singular Slovenec, feminine Slovenke, dual Slovenki, singular Slovenka), living primarily in Slovenia in South-Central Europe, are the northernmost South Slavic people. The language the Slovenes speak is Slovene, a South Slavic language with significant similarities to the West Slavic languages. Recognised Slovene minorities are present in Italy, Austria, Hungary, and Croatia, and there are significant Slovene expatriate communities in the United States and Canada, the European countries, Argentina, and Australia.
Most Slovenes today live within the borders of the independent Slovenia (2,007,711 est. 2008). There are autochthonous Slovene minorities in northeastern parts of Italy (estimated at 83,000 – 100,000), southern Austria (24,855), Croatia (13,200) and Hungary (3,180). Slovenes are recognized as national minorities in all four countries with which Slovenia shares a land border (Austria, Croatia, Hungary and Italy).
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Sorbs
Sorbs (Upper Sorbian: Serbja; Lower Sorbian: Serby also known as Wends, Lusatian Sorbs or Lusatian Serbs) are a Western Slavic people of Central Europe living predominantly in Lusatia, a region on the territory of Germany and Poland. In Germany they live in the states of Brandenburg and Saxony. They speak the Sorbian languages (Wendish, Lusatian) - closely related to Polish and Czech - officially recognized and protected as a minority language of Germany. They are predominantly Roman Catholics and Lutheran Protestants.
Sorbs are divided into two geographical groups:
The dialects spoken vary in intelligibility in different areas.
Lusatian tribes are noted in the work of the Bavarian Geographer. The document contains a list of the tribes in Central-Eastern Europe east of the Elbe and north of the Danube to the Volga rivers to the Black and Caspian Sea most of them of Slavic origin. Having settled by the Elbe, Spree and Neisse in the 6th century, Sorbian tribes divided into two main groups, which have taken their names from the characteristics of the area where they had settled. Sorbs living on the swampy broads of the Lower Spree have taken their name from the word marsh. The Milceni (ancestors of Upper Sorbs) settled on fertile soil around Upper Spree, the name derives from the word měl’ (loess soil). Both groups were separated from each other by a wide and uninhabited forest range. The rest of the tribes settled themselves between the Elbe and Saale. Among many Slavic tribes Bavarian Geographer noted also few lusatian tribes:
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Stephen Timoshenko
Stephen P. Timoshenko (Ukrainian: Степан Прокопович Тимошенко, Russian: Степан Прокофьевич Тимошенко, December 22, 1878 – May 29, 1972), was a Ukrainian American engineer who is reputed to be the father of modern engineering mechanics. He was a founding member of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. He wrote many of the seminal works in the areas of engineering mechanics, elasticity and strength of materials, many of which are still widely used today.
Timoshenko was born in the village of Shpotivka in the Chernigov Governorate of the Russian Empire (now located in Sumy Oblast of Ukraine). He studied at a "real school"[clarification needed] in Romny, Poltava Governorate (now in Sumy Oblast) from 1889 to 1896. In Romny his schoolmate and friend was future famous semiconductor physicist Abram Ioffe. Timoshenko continued his education towards a university degree at the St Petersburg Institute of engineers Ways of Communication. After graduating in 1901, he stayed on teaching in this same institution from 1901 to 1903 and then worked at the Saint Petersburg Polytechnical Institute under Viktor Kyrpychov 1903–1906. In 1905 he was sent for one year to the University of Göttingen where he worked under Ludwig Prandtl.
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Symon Petliura
Symon Vasylyovych Petliura (Ukrainian: Симон Васильович Петлюра, also known as Simon Petlura,Symon Petlura, or Symon Petlyura, May 10, 1879 – May 25, 1926) was a publicist, writer, journalist, Ukrainian politician, statesman, and national leader who led Ukraine's struggle for independence following the Russian Revolution of 1917.
During the period of Ukrainian independence in 1918–1920, he was Head of the Ukrainian State.
On May 25, 1926 Petliura was assassinated in Paris by the Jewish anarchist Sholom Schwartzbard.
Petliura was born on May 10, 1879, in Poltava, Ukraine, the son of Vasyl Petliura and Olha Marchenko, urban dwellers of Cossack extraction. Cossack, as opposed to peasant heritage, allowed certain privileges regarding land ownership, taxes and access to education in the Russian Empire, of which most of Ukraine was then part. Petliura's initial education was obtained in parochial schools, and he planned to become an Orthodox priest.
In 1898 while attending the Russian Orthodox Seminary in Poltava, Petliura joined the Ukrainian Revolutionary Party (RUP). When his membership was discovered in 1901, he was expelled from the seminary. In 1902, under threat of arrest, he moved to Yekaterinodar in the Kuban where he worked for 2 years initially as a schoolteacher and later in the archives of the Kuban Cossack Host where he helped organize over 200 thousand documents. In December 1903, he was arrested for organizing a RUP branch in Yekaterinodar and for publishing inflammatory anti-tsarist articles in the Ukrainian press outside of Imperial Russia. He was released in March 1904, moving briefly to Kiev and then emigrating to the Western Ukrainian city of Lviv then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
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Taras Shevchenko
Taras Hryhorovych Shevchenko (Ukrainian: Тара́с Григо́рович Шевче́нко, Russian: Тара́с Григо́рьевич Шевче́нко, Taras Grigoryevich Shevchenko), ( March 9 [O.S. February 25] 1814 – March 10 [O.S. February 26] 1861) was a Ukrainian poet, artist and humanist. His literary heritage is regarded to be the foundation of modern Ukrainian literature and, to a large extent, the modern Ukrainian language. Shevchenko also wrote in Russian and left many masterpieces as a painter and an illustrator.
Born into a serf family of Hryhoriy Ivanovych Shevchenko (1782? - 1825) and Kateryna Yakymivna Shevchenko (Boiko) (1782? - August 6, 1823) in the village of Moryntsi, of Kiev Governorate of the Russian Empire (now in Cherkasy Oblast, Ukraine) Shevchenko was orphaned at the age of eleven. He was taught to read by a village precentor, and loved to draw at every opportunity. Shevchenko went as a household servant with his Russian aristocrat lord Pavel Engelhardt to Vilnius (1828–31) and then to Saint Petersburg.
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Template Ukrainians
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Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are a collection of ethnic groups that live in northern, central and western Asia, northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds. The term Turkic represents a broad ethno-linguistic group of people including existing societies such as the Turkish, Azerbaijani, Chuvashes, Kazakhs, Tatars, Kyrgyzs, Turkmens, Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Bashkirs, Qashqai, Gagauzs, Yakuts, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks, Karakalpaks, Karachays, Nogais and as well as past civilizations such as the Göktürks, Kumans, Kipchaks, Avars, Bulgars, Turgeshes, Khazars, Seljuk Turks, Ottoman Turks, Mamluks, Timurids and possibly Huns and the Xiongnu.
The distribution of people of Turkic cultural background ranges from Siberia, across Central Asia, to Eastern Europe. As of 2011[update] the largest groups of Turkic people live throughout Central Asia—Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Azerbaijan, in addition to Turkey and Iran. Additionally, Turkic people are found within Crimea, East Turkistan region of western China, northern Iraq, Pakistan, Israel, Russia, Afghanistan, and the Balkans: Moldova, Bulgaria, Romania, and former Yugoslavia. A small number of Turkic people also live in Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. Small numbers inhabit eastern Poland and the south-eastern part of Finland. There are also considerable populations of Turkic people (originating mostly from Turkey) in Germany, United States, and Australia, largely because of migrations during the 20th century.
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Ukrainian Brazilian
Ukrainians of Brazil (Portuguese: Ucraino-brasileiro, Ucraniano-brasileiro; Ukrainian: Українці Бразилії, Ukrayintsi Brazylii) are Brazilian citizens born in Ukraine, or Brazilians of Ukrainian descent who remain connected, in some degree, to Ukrainian culture. As of 1994, 400,000 people of Ukrainian descent lived in Brazil, 80% (or approximately 350,000) of whom lived in a compact region approximately 1,930 square miles (5,000 km2) in size (an area slightly larger than the US state of Rhode Island), in the hilly south central part of State of Paraná in southern Brazil. They refer to this region as "Brazilian Ukraine." Smaller numbers of Ukrainians have settled in São Paulo, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul. The cities with the largest number of Ukrainians are Prudentópolis (approximately 38,000 Ukrainians, or 75% of the city's population), Curitiba (33,000 Ukrainians), and União da Vitória (approximately 26,400 Ukrainians or 50% of the city's population). In 2009 the Ukrainian population in Brazil was estimated to be 500,000 people.
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Ukrainians
Ukrainians (Ukrainian: Українці, Ukrayintsi, [ukrɑˈjinʲtsʲi]) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, which is the sixth-largest nation in Europe. The Constitution of Ukraine applies the term 'Ukrainians' to all its citizens. According to some dictionary definitions, a descriptive name for the "inhabitants of Ukraine" is Ukrainian or Ukrainian people.Russians and Belarusians are considered the closest relatives of Ukrainians, while Rusyns are either considered another closely related group, or an ethnic subgroup of Ukrainians.
Ethnonym Ukrainians became widely accepted only in the 20th century, so modern Ukrainians identify their ancestry with differently named historical Slavic groups, who are often called Ukrainians too, in retrospect. The oldest recorded ethnonyms used for Ukrainian ancestors are Rusy, Rusyny, and Rusychi (from term Rus'). From the 9th to 12th centuries those names applied to the population of Kievan Rus', as the united state of Rusy is restrospectively called. Similar names were adopted by the proto-Russian and proto-Belarusian inhabitants of the northern principalities of Rus', reflecting the common origin of all those East Slavic peoples.
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Ukrainians in Russia
The Ukrainians in Russia make up the largest single Ukrainian diaspora of the Ukrainian people. Officially there are 1,927,988 Ukrainians living in Russia or over 1,4% of the total population making them the third largest ethnic group after ethnic Russians and Tatars in the Russian Federation.
Up until the 13th century, East Slavs existed as one state under a powerful Kievan Rus. The Eastern Slavs migrated through the modern Ukraine and into what is now central Russia.
Grand Prince of Kiev Vladimir II Monomakh founded the principality of Vladimir-Suzdal, and his son Yuri Dolgoruki founded the city of Moscow in 1147. However by the end of the 12th century the prominence of Rus' began to decline as Kiev's central role became disputed by the surrounding principalities which were increasingly more powerful and independent. Dolgoruki's son Andrei I Bogolyubsky plundered Kiev in 1169, an event that allowed the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal to take a leading role as the predecessor of the modern Russian state.
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Varangians
The Varangians or Varyags (Old Norse: Væringjar; Swedish: Väringar; Greek: Βάραγγοι, Βαριάγοι, Varangoi, Variagoi; Russian and Ukrainian: Варяги, Varyagi / Varyahy; Belarusian: Варагі, Varahi) was the name given by Greeks and East Slavs to Vikings, who between the 9th and the 11th centuries ruled the medieval state of Rus', and formed the Byzantine Varangian Guard.
According to the 12th century Kievan Primary Chronicle, a group of Varangians known as the Rus' settled in Novgorod in 864, under the leadership of Rurik. Before Rurik, the Rus' might have ruled an earlier hypothetical polity. Rurik's relative Oleg conquered Kiev in 882, and established the state of Kievan Rus', which was later ruled by Ruriks descendants. The name of the Rus' is the origin of the name Russia.
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Vera Farmiga
Vera Ann Farmiga ( /fɑrˈmiːɡə/; born August 6, 1973) is an American actress and director. Farmiga made her film debut in the 1998 drama thriller Return to Paradise. This was followed by supporting roles in the 2000 romantic film Autumn in New York and the 2001 television series UC: Undercover. She was also cast in the 2001 thriller 15 Minutes.
Her other film appearances and roles include the 2003 comedy Dummy, the 2004 drama Down to the Bone, the 2006 crime thriller The Departed, the 2007 horror Joshua, and the 2008 drama The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas. Farmiga gained critical acclaim following her work in the 2009 comedy-drama Up in the Air, for which she was nominated for an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award. She also starred as Kate Coleman in Orphan in 2009 and appeared in the 2011 thriller/action movie Source Code, as Capt. Colleen Goodwin.
Farmiga, the second of seven children, was born in Clifton, New Jersey. She is the daughter of Ukrainian immigrants Mykhailo, a computer-systems analyst, and Luba Farmiga, a schoolteacher. Farmiga was raised in an "insular" Ukrainian American community, with Ukrainian as her native language. She attended a Ukrainian Catholic school in Newark and toured with a Ukrainian folk-dancing ensemble, Syzokryli. As a girl, she converted with her family from the Ukrainian Orthodox Church to Pentecostalism. In 1991, Farmiga graduated from Hunterdon Central Regional High School.[citation needed]
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Viktor Yushchenko
Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko (Ukrainian: Ві́ктор Андрі́йович Ю́щенко (help·info); born February 23, 1954) is a former President of Ukraine. He took office on January 23, 2005, following a period of popular unrest known as the Orange Revolution. He failed to secure a runoff spot during the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election.
As an informal leader of the Ukrainian opposition coalition, he was one of the two main candidates in the October–November 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. Yushchenko won the presidency through a repeat runoff election between him and Viktor Yanukovych, the government-supported candidate. The Ukrainian Supreme Court called for the runoff election to be repeated because of widespread election fraud in favor of Viktor Yanukovych in the original vote. Yushchenko won in the revote (52% to 44%). Public protests prompted by the electoral fraud played a major role in that presidential election and led to Ukraine's Orange Revolution.
Following an assassination attempt in late 2004, Yushchenko was confirmed to have ingested hazardous amounts of TCDD, the most potent dioxin and a contaminant in Agent Orange. He suffered disfigurement as a result of the poisoning, but has been slowly recovering in recent years.
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Vitali Klitschko
Vitali Klitschko (Ukrainian: Віта́лій Володи́мирович Кличко́ [transliteration: Vitali Volodymyrovych Klychko], [ʋiˈtɑʎiɪ̯ klɪtʃˈkɔ]; English: /vɨˈtæli ˈklɪtʃkoʊ/; born 19 July 1971) is a Ukrainian professional boxer and the reigning WBC Heavyweight Champion. He is a leader of the political party UDAR of Vitaliy Klychko and a member of the Ukrainian delegation to the Congress of the Council of Europe. He previously held the WBO and WBC titles. Klitschko is the first professional boxing world champion to hold a Ph.D. degree.
Klitschko is known for his powerful punches and durable chin. With a 86.96% knockout percentage rate, he holds the second best knockout-to-fight ratio of any champion in heavyweight boxing history, after Rocky Marciano's 87.76%. He has never been knocked down in any professional boxing bout and has also never lost a decision. His two losses have come via a shoulder injury during a fight and a deep cut above his eye, which were recorded as TKO losses. His power and his possession of a Ph.D have led to his nickname, Dr. Ironfist.
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Volhynia
Volhynia, Volynia, or Volyn (Ukrainian: Волинь, Russian: Волы́нь, Polish: Wołyń, Lithuanian: Voluinė or Volynė, German: Wolhynien or Wolynien, Yiddish: װאָהלין, Vohlin) is a historic region straddling Poland and Russia. It was annexed after the Second World War into the Soviet Union as Ukraine pushed its borders westwards replacing the Polish and Jewish populations, and, since the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, it now forms a part of western Ukraine . It is located between the rivers Prypiat and Southern Bug, to the north of Galicia and Podolia. The region is named for the former city of Volyn or Velyn, said to have been located on the Southern Bug River, whose name may come from the Proto-Slavic root *vol/vel- 'wet.' In addition to Poles, Russians and Ukrainians, the region historically had one of the biggest Jewish populations in the world, almost all of whom were murdered in the Holocaust, or in pre-war pogroms by Ukrainian and Polish nationalists.
Territories of historical Volhynia now form the Volyn, Rivne, and parts of Zhytomyr, Ternopil and Khmelnytskyi Oblasts of Ukraine, as well as parts of Poland (see Chełm). Major cities include Lutsk, Kovel, Kremenets (Ternopil Oblast), Volodymyr-Volynskyi, and Starokostiantyniv (Khmelnytskyi Oblast). Many Jewish shtetls (villages) like Trochenbrod and Lozisht were once an integral part of the region.
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White Croats
White Croats (Byelohravati) is the designation for the group of Slavic (Croatian) tribes who settled near Przemyśl. Their homeland, defined by Edward Gibbon as "the inland regions of Silesia and Lesser Poland", has occasionally been referred to as White Croatia. The term "white" among nomadic peoples of euroasiatic steppes meant "western", the rest of directions being named: red – "south", black – "north" and green – "east".
The White Croats territory could have been quite vast, it is possible that it included land as far as Kiev (now Ukraine).[citation needed] Its exact location is still the subject of discussion, as well as their genesis. Some historians[who?] present opinions, that ancient Croats were of Scytho-Sarmatian origin.
In the 7th century A.D., seven tribes led by 5 brothers (Kluk, Lobel, Muhlo, Kosjenic and Hrvat) and 2 sisters (Buga and Tuga) migrated to Dalmatia (the coastal part of today's Croatia) as part of the migration of the Croats in the 7th century, being invited to settle on this vastly depopulated area by Roman (Byzantine) Emperor Heraclius (610–641) in order to establish a shield against Avars for his state.
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Yakuts
Yakuts (Yakut language: Саха, Saxa) are a Turkic people associated with the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic.
The Yakut or Sakha language belongs to the Northern branch of the Turkic family of languages. There are about 444,000 ethnic Yakuts (Russian census, 2002) mainly in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in the Russian Federation, with some extending to the Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin regions, and the Taymyr and Evenki Autonomous Districts. Their share of the population of Yakutia lowered during Soviet rule due to forced immigration, and other relocation policies, but has slightly increased since.
The Yakuts are divided into two basic groups based on geography and economics. Yakuts in the north are historically semi-nomadic hunters, fishermen, reindeer breeders, while southern Yakuts engage in animal husbandry focusing on horses and cattle.
Yakuts originally lived around Olkhon and the region of Lake Baikal. But beginning in the 13th century they migrated to the basins of the Middle Lena, the Aldan and Vilyuy rivers under the pressure of the rising Mongols, where they mixed with other northern indigenous peoples of Russia such as the Evens and Evenks.
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Yaroslav the Wise
Yaroslav I, Grand Prince of Rus', known as Yaroslav the Wise (Old Norse: Jarizleifr; ; Old East Slavic and Ярослав Мудрый; Ukrainian: Ярослав Мудрий; c. 978 – February 20, 1054) was thrice Grand Prince of Novgorod and Kiev, uniting the two principalities for a time under his rule.
A son of the Varangian (Viking)Grand Prince Vladimir the Great, he was vice-regent of Novgorod at the time of his father’s death in 1015. Subsequently, his eldest surviving brother, Svyatopolk the Accursed, killed three of his other brothers and seized power in Kiev. Yaroslav, with the active support of the Novgorodians and the help of Varangian mercenaries, defeated Svyatopolk and became the Grand Prince of Kiev in 1019. Under Yaroslav the codification of legal customs and princely enactments was begun, and this work served as the basis for a law code called the Russkaya Pravda ("Russian Justice"). During his lengthy reign, Rus' reached the zenith of its cultural flowering and military power.
wn.com/Yaroslav_the_Wise -
Yugoslavs
Yugoslavs (Serbo-Croatian: Jugoslaveni, Jugosloveni; Cyrillic script: Југословени; Slovene: Jugoslovani; Macedonian: Југословени; Bulgarian: югославяните) is a designation that was originally designed to refer to a united South Slav people. It has been used in two connotations, the first in an ethnic or supra-ethnic connotation, and the second as a term for citizens of the former Yugoslavia. Cultural and political advocates of Yugoslav identity have historically ascribed the identity to be applicable to all people of South Slav heritage, including those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia and the presently disputed region of Kosovo, Slovenia, and the Republic of Macedonia.
Ethnic Yugoslavs referred to those who exclusively viewed themselves as Yugoslavs with no other ethnic self-identification. Yugoslavs has also historically been used referred to a Yugoslav supra-ethnic nation that has "tribal" ethnicities, such as Croats, Serbs, and others within it.
In the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the official designation for those who declared themselves Yugoslav was with quotation marks, "Yugoslavs" (introduced in census 1971). Quotation marks were meant to distinguish Yugoslav ethnicity from Yugoslav citizenship – which was written without quotation marks. Shortly before the dissolution of Yugoslavia many of those who had identified themselves as ethnic "Yugoslavs" reverted to or adopted traditional nationalities such as Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Muslims by nationality, Slovenes—and other small Yugoslav groups in Yugoslavia not officially represented by the state, including Bulgarians, Janjevci, Bunjevci, and Šokci. Some also decided to turn to sub-national regional identifications, especially in multi-ethnic historical regions like Istria, Vojvodina, or Bosnia. The Yugoslav designation however continues to be used by some.
wn.com/Yugoslavs -
Šokci
Šokci (Croatian: Šokci, Hungarian: Sokácok) are an ethnographic group of South Slavs who mainly identify as Croats. They are not considered a separate ethnicity in Croatia and elsewhere, while in Serbia they are. They have a distinct culture and tradition, differentiating them from other Croats. They live in various settlements along the Danube and Sava rivers in the historic regions of Slavonia, Baranja, Srem and western Bačka. These regions today span eastern Croatia, northern Serbia (the Vojvodina province), and southeastern Hungary.
Šokci are considered to be a native population of Slavonia and Syrmia in Croatia.
The origin of the first Šokci people is not completely clear. In the Early Middle Ages there was a toponym called Succi or Succus which had in ancient times divided the Illyrians from the Thracians in Pannonia.[citation needed]Matija Petar Katančić thought the Šokci to be descendants of the original Thracian tribes, but the prevalent opinion of modern scholars, based on etymology, is that they were Catholics who moved from the south, across the Sava from Bosnia, by the end of the Ottoman wars in Europe, as the Turks were retreating. The Šokci in Baranja are considered to be descendents of settlers from a mass migration of Croats from an area near Srebrenica, Bosnia into the region after the Ottoman retreat in the 18th century. Regardless of when exactly they settled there, Šokci are considered to be an indigenous Croatian population of Slavonia and Vojvodina, which distinguishes them from the majority of the present-day population of these regions who are descendants of latter settlers. The feeling of being indigenous rather than a settler is an important characteristic of the population.
wn.com/Šokci
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ALBUMS
- Diaspora
- Emigranty
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- Skilky Revolutsiy?
- Olenka
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- Marusya Bohuslavka
- Medsestra
- Neveiychki Khvyli
- Dodomu
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- Souveniry
- Uhorskiy Tanets (Hungarian Dance)
- You Deceived Me
- Anarchy in the UK
- Three Red Roses
- The Pine Tree Was Burning
- The Lasso
- You Can See the Village
- Srebrenica
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- On the Hill
- Pretty Vacant
- The Broad River Dnieper Roars and Moans
- Let's Fill Up Our Drinking Cups, Brothers
- Oh Ukraine
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- Koroleva Ne Pomerla (The Queen Is Dead)
- Chi Znayesh Ti?
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- Chekannya (Venus In Furs)
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- Davni Chasy (Those Were the Days)
- Teper Mi Hovorymo
- Yichav Kozak za Dunai
- Ti Moy Radoschii
- Zavtra
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- Hopak
- Na Skriptsi Hrayu
- Koroleva Ne Polerma (The Queen Is Dead)
- Chekannya (Venus In Furs)
- Kievsky Express
- Tycha Voda
- Batyar (Bigmouth Strikes Again)
- Europa
- Rospryahaite
- Tsyhanochka
- Davni Chasy (2)
- Verkhovyno
- Telstar
- Ty zh Mene Pidmanula
- Polityka
- Oi Divchino
- Chlib
- Slava
- Dity Plachut'
- Batyar (Bigmouth Strikes Again)
- UkrainAmerica
- Hopak
- Vorony
- Ti Moyi Radoshchi
- Anarkhiya (Anarchy in the UK)
- Durak
- Chekannya (Venus in Furs)
- Smert'
- Koroleva Ne Pomerla (The Queen is Dead)
- Cherez Richku Cherez Hai
- Europa
- Nalyvaimo Bratya
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The Ukrainians - Batyar (Bigmouth Strikes Again)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
www.the-ukrainians.com The Smiths cover
http://wn.com/The_Ukrainians_Batyar_Bigmouth_Strikes_Again
Genetics / Ethnicity of Ukrainians (Українці)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Concerning some races and peoples the science has many thousands of measurements at its command, while other races and peoples are known from very few measurements. For this reason the science of anthropology is still a long way removed from an exact knowledge and perfect description of different races and peoples. The great civilized peoples of the earth are all of them more or less heterogeneous peoples, and show no uniform anthropological type. This is true especially of the Western and Central European cultured peoples: French, English, Spanish, Italians, even Germans. Continued commixtures, which can certainly be proved historically, have entirely eradicated the original anthropological characteristics of these civilized nations. According to some investigations, Ukrainians, too, are anthropologically a mixed race, just as the other nations of Europe. But the formation of this mixed race took place in a somewhat distant past and later admixtures have been too insignificant to visibly change the original racial type of Ukrainians. However, if a nation can be declared beautiful, then it's certainly: Ukrainians. Українці - Етнічна приналежність і генетика.
http://wn.com/Genetics_Ethnicity_of_Ukrainians_Українці
Concerning some races and peoples the science has many thousands of measurements at its command, while other races and peoples are known from very few measurements. For this reason the science of anthropology is still a long way removed from an exact knowledge and perfect description of different races and peoples. The great civilized peoples of the earth are all of them more or less heterogeneous peoples, and show no uniform anthropological type. This is true especially of the Western and Central European cultured peoples: French, English, Spanish, Italians, even Germans. Continued commixtures, which can certainly be proved historically, have entirely eradicated the original anthropological characteristics of these civilized nations. According to some investigations, Ukrainians, too, are anthropologically a mixed race, just as the other nations of Europe. But the formation of this mixed race took place in a somewhat distant past and later admixtures have been too insignificant to visibly change the original racial type of Ukrainians. However, if a nation can be declared beautiful, then it's certainly: Ukrainians. Українці - Етнічна приналежність і генетика.
- published: 03 Jul 2012
- views: 1071
- author: TheCossackmate
"Souveniry " by The Ukrainians
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:41
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
" Souveniry " from the album Diaspora by The Ukrainians. More info as always at www.the-ukrainians.com
http://wn.com/Souveniry_by_The_Ukrainians
" Souveniry " from the album Diaspora by The Ukrainians. More info as always at www.the-ukrainians.com
- published: 26 Apr 2010
- views: 6911
- author: ukrainianszirka
The Ukrainians - Cherez Richku Cherez Hai
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:04
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
The Ukrainians - Cherez Richku Cherez Hai. Live at Ashton Ukrainian Club, England. Sat 02 Dec 2006
http://wn.com/The_Ukrainians_Cherez_Richku_Cherez_Hai
The Ukrainians - Cherez Richku Cherez Hai. Live at Ashton Ukrainian Club, England. Sat 02 Dec 2006
- published: 05 Jan 2007
- views: 135812
- author: ukrainianszirka
The Ukrainians - Oi Divchino
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
The Ukrainians were formed in 1990 by Wedding Present guitarist Peter Solowka, with singer/violinist Len Liggins and mandolin player Roman Remeynes, after all three had played on the Wedding Present's Ukrainian John Peel Sessions recordings (Ukrayinski Vystupy v Johna Peela, released 1989). Following the success of that release, the trio began composing and recording in Ukrainian as a separate band.
http://wn.com/The_Ukrainians_Oi_Divchino
The Ukrainians were formed in 1990 by Wedding Present guitarist Peter Solowka, with singer/violinist Len Liggins and mandolin player Roman Remeynes, after all three had played on the Wedding Present's Ukrainian John Peel Sessions recordings (Ukrayinski Vystupy v Johna Peela, released 1989). Following the success of that release, the trio began composing and recording in Ukrainian as a separate band.
- published: 09 Jul 2011
- views: 6575
- author: brachni
The Ukrainians - Diaspora
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Diaspora by The Ukrainians from the new album "Diaspora" Out Now !! Buy at www.the-ukrainians.com Ps Final Version ;)
http://wn.com/The_Ukrainians_Diaspora
Diaspora by The Ukrainians from the new album "Diaspora" Out Now !! Buy at www.the-ukrainians.com Ps Final Version ;)
- published: 01 Apr 2009
- views: 66128
- author: ukrainianszirka
the ukrainians - hopak
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
the ukrainians - hopak off the ukrainians (1991)
http://wn.com/the_ukrainians_hopak
the ukrainians - hopak off the ukrainians (1991)
- published: 09 Jun 2008
- views: 65237
- author: itstheoranges
A Week In Los Angeles! + Ukrainians Hiding In Trees With Shovels + CONTEST Design For NYFW!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:06
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
10 Little Secrets Tag!!! - My Grandpa (Opa) & Grandma (Oma) & How They Met!!! www.youtube.com 5 Things You Can Do RIGHT NOW TO Improve Your Acne! www.youtube.com TAG! 5 Things That Make Your Life Easier... Creepy Telescopes?!?! www.youtube.com Get Over Things In The Past You Regret Doing! www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/A_Week_In_Los_Angeles!_+_Ukrainians_Hiding_In_Trees_With_Shovels_+_CONTEST_Design_For_NYFW!
10 Little Secrets Tag!!! - My Grandpa (Opa) & Grandma (Oma) & How They Met!!! www.youtube.com 5 Things You Can Do RIGHT NOW TO Improve Your Acne! www.youtube.com TAG! 5 Things That Make Your Life Easier... Creepy Telescopes?!?! www.youtube.com Get Over Things In The Past You Regret Doing! www.youtube.com
- published: 14 Dec 2012
- views: 20183
- author: DiamondsAndHeels14
The Ukrainians - Hungarian Dance
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Hungarian Dance by The Ukrainians from the single "Hungarian Dance" Due out January 2009. Buy Now at www.the-ukrainians.com
http://wn.com/The_Ukrainians_Hungarian_Dance
Hungarian Dance by The Ukrainians from the single "Hungarian Dance" Due out January 2009. Buy Now at www.the-ukrainians.com
- published: 21 Dec 2008
- views: 40905
- author: ukrainianszirka
Brotherhood for the Revitalization of Ukrainian Orthodoxy in Canada, Seminar # 2 - Preview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:36
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Інформаційний Семінар No. 2, Братство для оновлення українського православ'я в Канаді, Українська Православна Катедра св. Володимира, Торонто, Канада, 1 грудня 2012 (Information Seminar #2, The Brotherhood for the Revitalization of Ukrainian Orthodoxy in Canada, St. Volodymyr Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral, Toronto, Canada, 1 December 2012). www.bruoc.ca - Ukrainian Orthodox Church of St. Sophia, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada ( http ); The church has been transformed from a Ukrainian Orthodox Church to a Pan Orthodox Church with Russian overtones; the church has been physically gutted; pews were removed; a plaque of the founding members has been removed; Ukrainian icons have been removed; the church choir sings only in Russian - Taras Lishchyna; Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople; Thank You to Metropolitan Yurij, Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada for galvanizing Ukrainian Orthodox Christians in Canada 1:09 9 St. John's Ave. Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R2W 1G8 t 1 877-586-3093 f (204) 582-5241 consistory@uocc.ca www.uocc.ca - Religious freedom in Canada cannot prevent us from associating with another religious group 1 - Under Canadian Law, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada - a Canadian corporation - did not have the powers to consummate the agreement between the Ukrainian Greek Orthodox Church of Canada and the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople 2:31 - Metropolitan Yurij has not answered emails; legal language is the only way change is going to happen 3:00 - Mrs ...
http://wn.com/Brotherhood_for_the_Revitalization_of_Ukrainian_Orthodoxy_in_Canada,_Seminar_2_Preview
Інформаційний Семінар No. 2, Братство для оновлення українського православ'я в Канаді, Українська Православна Катедра св. Володимира, Торонто, Канада, 1 грудня 2012 (Information Seminar #2, The Brotherhood for the Revitalization of Ukrainian Orthodoxy in Canada, St. Volodymyr Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral, Toronto, Canada, 1 December 2012). www.bruoc.ca - Ukrainian Orthodox Church of St. Sophia, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada ( http ); The church has been transformed from a Ukrainian Orthodox Church to a Pan Orthodox Church with Russian overtones; the church has been physically gutted; pews were removed; a plaque of the founding members has been removed; Ukrainian icons have been removed; the church choir sings only in Russian - Taras Lishchyna; Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople; Thank You to Metropolitan Yurij, Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada for galvanizing Ukrainian Orthodox Christians in Canada 1:09 9 St. John's Ave. Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R2W 1G8 t 1 877-586-3093 f (204) 582-5241 consistory@uocc.ca www.uocc.ca - Religious freedom in Canada cannot prevent us from associating with another religious group 1 - Under Canadian Law, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada - a Canadian corporation - did not have the powers to consummate the agreement between the Ukrainian Greek Orthodox Church of Canada and the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople 2:31 - Metropolitan Yurij has not answered emails; legal language is the only way change is going to happen 3:00 - Mrs ...
- published: 13 Jan 2013
- views: 200
- author: UkeTube
Serbs Roubles Ukrainians and The Russian Bear
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:29
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Serbians are the Slavic brothers of Russia, Russia needs Serbia and Ukraine not to join the EU. Soros will never stop with the colour revolutions Many Russians think Romney is a Moron. Although at least with Romney you know what he is thinking. Which will allow Russia to deploy Missiles in Belarussia and Kalingrad. Russia's economic growth is the fastest in Europe. Perhaps the Rouble will become a reserve currency. Russian Nationalists violently against Mass Immigration This is Part 2 of a multi-part interview
http://wn.com/Serbs_Roubles_Ukrainians_and_The_Russian_Bear
Serbians are the Slavic brothers of Russia, Russia needs Serbia and Ukraine not to join the EU. Soros will never stop with the colour revolutions Many Russians think Romney is a Moron. Although at least with Romney you know what he is thinking. Which will allow Russia to deploy Missiles in Belarussia and Kalingrad. Russia's economic growth is the fastest in Europe. Perhaps the Rouble will become a reserve currency. Russian Nationalists violently against Mass Immigration This is Part 2 of a multi-part interview
- published: 06 Nov 2012
- views: 1812
- author: 108morris108
The Ukrainians - Tyzhe Mene Pidmanula
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
The Ukrainians - Tyzhe Mene Pidmanula forgive spelling mistakes. i would have made a full video for it if i had more than ten minutes to spare.
http://wn.com/The_Ukrainians_Tyzhe_Mene_Pidmanula
The Ukrainians - Tyzhe Mene Pidmanula forgive spelling mistakes. i would have made a full video for it if i had more than ten minutes to spare.
- published: 18 Feb 2009
- views: 72519
- author: itstheoranges
Ukrainian tribute to Ante Gotovina
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:53
- Updated: 01 Jan 2013
The Yugoslav war crimes tribunal in The Hague on Friday overturned the convictions of two Croatian generals for committing war crimes during the 1990s break-up of Yugoslavia. Ukrainians support their brothers in Croatia and Great General Ante Gotovina.
http://wn.com/Ukrainian_tribute_to_Ante_Gotovina
The Yugoslav war crimes tribunal in The Hague on Friday overturned the convictions of two Croatian generals for committing war crimes during the 1990s break-up of Yugoslavia. Ukrainians support their brothers in Croatia and Great General Ante Gotovina.
- published: 16 Nov 2012
- views: 3714
- author: TheCossackmate
"What's it really like to be Ukrainian?" by Ron Cahute
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:37
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
Ron Cahute telling the joke "What's it really like to be Ukrainian?", Toronto, Canada, 26 May 2010.
http://wn.com/What's_it_really_like_to_be_Ukrainian?_by_Ron_Cahute
Ron Cahute telling the joke "What's it really like to be Ukrainian?", Toronto, Canada, 26 May 2010.
- published: 11 Jun 2012
- views: 1215
- author: UkeTube
The Ukrainians - Anarhija ( Anarchy In The UK )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
Enjoy Xd.
http://wn.com/The_Ukrainians_Anarhija_Anarchy_In_The_UK_
The Ukrainians
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
"Polityka" live at Spotkania Folkowe Festival, Czeremcha, Poland 29.5.05
http://wn.com/The_Ukrainians
"Polityka" live at Spotkania Folkowe Festival, Czeremcha, Poland 29.5.05
- published: 20 Dec 2006
- views: 63623
- author: ukrainianszirka
![Ukrainian Drink Magician [BGTV]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130116111642im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/U5hIspe6EHQ/default.jpg "Ukrainian Drink Magician [BGTV]")
Ukrainian Drink Magician [BGTV]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Alexander Shtifanov "Best Bartender in the World" You know what would go with this awesome floor show? An Actual Drink. Make my Drink already and do the flippy flippy's with the next guys grog. This is from Ukrane's Got talent I think. Enjoy. If you have a link to the original video post it as a response and ill add it to this playlist Credit where Credit is Due.. BLOGGER: beardedgoattv.blogspot.co.nz FACEBOOK: on.fb.me TWITTER: twitter.com As Always. Like Comment and Subscribe. Thanks BeardedGoatTV
http://wn.com/Ukrainian_Drink_Magician_BGTV_
Alexander Shtifanov "Best Bartender in the World" You know what would go with this awesome floor show? An Actual Drink. Make my Drink already and do the flippy flippy's with the next guys grog. This is from Ukrane's Got talent I think. Enjoy. If you have a link to the original video post it as a response and ill add it to this playlist Credit where Credit is Due.. BLOGGER: beardedgoattv.blogspot.co.nz FACEBOOK: on.fb.me TWITTER: twitter.com As Always. Like Comment and Subscribe. Thanks BeardedGoatTV
- published: 02 Jun 2012
- views: 15764
- author: BeardedgoatTV
Ukrainian Heritage Museum in Edmonton
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
Over one hundred years ago religious persecution forced many Ukrainians out of their homeland. Looking for similar types of farm land to eke out a living many settled in the area around Edmonton, Alberta. Today there is a thriving community of Ukrainians. They have come together to build this fascinating, living museum to explore life at the turn of the century as a new Canadian from the Ukraine. Produced and Hosted by Percy von Lipinski www.thetravelmediagroup.com
http://wn.com/Ukrainian_Heritage_Museum_in_Edmonton
Over one hundred years ago religious persecution forced many Ukrainians out of their homeland. Looking for similar types of farm land to eke out a living many settled in the area around Edmonton, Alberta. Today there is a thriving community of Ukrainians. They have come together to build this fascinating, living museum to explore life at the turn of the century as a new Canadian from the Ukraine. Produced and Hosted by Percy von Lipinski www.thetravelmediagroup.com
- published: 18 Jun 2012
- views: 18113
- author: worldpressmedia
the ukrainians-cherez richku, cherez hai
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:30
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
cherez richku, cherez hai
http://wn.com/the_ukrainians-cherez_richku,_cherez_hai
Ukrainians sing for Liverpool as Kiev celebrates Spain's Euro 2012 victory
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:27
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
Our final video report from Kiev captured how fans from across Europe celebrated Spain's historic Euro 2012 triumph over Italy, including a Ukrainian pair who gave us a rendition of "You'll Never Walk Alone" For all the latest from talkSPORT visit talksport.co.uk
http://wn.com/Ukrainians_sing_for_Liverpool_as_Kiev_celebrates_Spain's_Euro_2012_victory
Our final video report from Kiev captured how fans from across Europe celebrated Spain's historic Euro 2012 triumph over Italy, including a Ukrainian pair who gave us a rendition of "You'll Never Walk Alone" For all the latest from talkSPORT visit talksport.co.uk
- published: 02 Jul 2012
- views: 3770
- author: talkSPORTmagazine
lyudmila pavlichenko / IS SHE RUSSIAN OR UKRAINIAN!!!???
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:04
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
WHAT DO YOU THINK???
http://wn.com/lyudmila_pavlichenko_IS_SHE_RUSSIAN_OR_UKRAINIAN!!!???
The Death of the Ukrainian Canadian Community? Gloria Lana Sametz-Chewchuk
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:58
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Full remarks by Gloria Lana Sametz-Chewchuk at Information Seminar #2, The Brotherhood for the Revitalization of Ukrainian Orthodoxy in Canada, St. Volodymyr Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral, Toronto, Canada, 1 December 2012 (Інформаційний Семінар No. 2, Братство для оновлення українського православ'я в Канаді, Українська Православна Катедра св. Володимира, Торонто, Канада, 1 грудня 2012) www.bruoc.ca - Bishop Yurij; 7th Ukrainian World Congress, in 1998 - Canada and new dreams for Ukrainain pioneers and settlers 0 - Without an understanding of our history, who we are, and where we are from, there is no today or tomorrow; Why are we making such colossal mistakes? The celebration of our past, present and future appears as a memorial service (panakhyda) instead of a celebration of joy 0:58 - Our Ukrainian grandparents felt the Ukrainian church was an integral part of their (Ukrainian Canadian) identity 1:19 - Crisis of faith for Ukrainian churches in Canada 3:43 Raw video courtesy of Vic Lahoda at www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/The_Death_of_the_Ukrainian_Canadian_Community?_Gloria_Lana_Sametz-Chewchuk
Full remarks by Gloria Lana Sametz-Chewchuk at Information Seminar #2, The Brotherhood for the Revitalization of Ukrainian Orthodoxy in Canada, St. Volodymyr Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral, Toronto, Canada, 1 December 2012 (Інформаційний Семінар No. 2, Братство для оновлення українського православ'я в Канаді, Українська Православна Катедра св. Володимира, Торонто, Канада, 1 грудня 2012) www.bruoc.ca - Bishop Yurij; 7th Ukrainian World Congress, in 1998 - Canada and new dreams for Ukrainain pioneers and settlers 0 - Without an understanding of our history, who we are, and where we are from, there is no today or tomorrow; Why are we making such colossal mistakes? The celebration of our past, present and future appears as a memorial service (panakhyda) instead of a celebration of joy 0:58 - Our Ukrainian grandparents felt the Ukrainian church was an integral part of their (Ukrainian Canadian) identity 1:19 - Crisis of faith for Ukrainian churches in Canada 3:43 Raw video courtesy of Vic Lahoda at www.youtube.com
- published: 13 Jan 2013
- views: 141
- author: UkeTube
Andy Carroll's biggest fan in Kiev and Ukrainians predict England result
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:17
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
For all the latest from talkSPORT at Euro 2012 visit talksport.co.uk
http://wn.com/Andy_Carroll's_biggest_fan_in_Kiev_and_Ukrainians_predict_England_result
For all the latest from talkSPORT at Euro 2012 visit talksport.co.uk
- published: 19 Jun 2012
- views: 4071
- author: talkSPORTmagazine
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Interview on Ukrainian Profiles with Lesia Spolsky & Olena Zakharova, 4 June 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:53
- Updated: 31 Dec 2011
Interview on the TV programme "Ukrainian Profiles" with Lesia Spolsky, Chair, Monument Unveiling Ceremony Committee and Olena Zakharova, Embassy of Ukraine in Canada, on the unveiling of the Taras Shevchenko monument in Ottawa, Canada on 26 June 2011 (Відкриття пам'ятника Тарасові Шевченку, 26 червня 2010). Broadcast 4 June 2011, Rogers TV, Channel 22, 9 30 am, Ottawa, Canada. Footage courtesy of Ron Sorobey, Producer, Rogers TV. www.rogerstv.com The Taras Shevchenko Monument Committee and the Embassy of Ukraine in Canada invite you to the unveiling ceremony of the Taras Shevchenko Monument in Ottawa on 26 June 2011 at 2 30 pm on the grounds of St. John the Baptist Ukrainian Catholic National Shrine (952 Green Valley Crescent, K2C 3K7). Map maps.google.ca The unveiling also marks 120 years of Ukrainian settlement in Canada and the 20th anniversary of Ukrainian independence. The colorful unveiling program will include a ceremonial tree-planting and the embedding of soil from Shevchenko's grave in Ukraine into the monument base. The monument commemorates Taras Shevchenko, famed 19th century Ukrainian humanist, poet and artist. His writings were instrumental in rekindling Ukrainian national spirit and mobilizing Ukraine's struggle for freedom under the feudal landlords and Russian Empire. For daring to speak out, he was harshly punished: Exiled and forced into military service for ten years, and strictly forbidden to paint or write by the Tsar himself. The authorities sought ...
http://wn.com/Interview_on_Ukrainian_Profiles_with_Lesia_Spolsky_Olena_Zakharova,_4_June_2011
Interview on the TV programme "Ukrainian Profiles" with Lesia Spolsky, Chair, Monument Unveiling Ceremony Committee and Olena Zakharova, Embassy of Ukraine in Canada, on the unveiling of the Taras Shevchenko monument in Ottawa, Canada on 26 June 2011 (Відкриття пам'ятника Тарасові Шевченку, 26 червня 2010). Broadcast 4 June 2011, Rogers TV, Channel 22, 9 30 am, Ottawa, Canada. Footage courtesy of Ron Sorobey, Producer, Rogers TV. www.rogerstv.com The Taras Shevchenko Monument Committee and the Embassy of Ukraine in Canada invite you to the unveiling ceremony of the Taras Shevchenko Monument in Ottawa on 26 June 2011 at 2 30 pm on the grounds of St. John the Baptist Ukrainian Catholic National Shrine (952 Green Valley Crescent, K2C 3K7). Map maps.google.ca The unveiling also marks 120 years of Ukrainian settlement in Canada and the 20th anniversary of Ukrainian independence. The colorful unveiling program will include a ceremonial tree-planting and the embedding of soil from Shevchenko's grave in Ukraine into the monument base. The monument commemorates Taras Shevchenko, famed 19th century Ukrainian humanist, poet and artist. His writings were instrumental in rekindling Ukrainian national spirit and mobilizing Ukraine's struggle for freedom under the feudal landlords and Russian Empire. For daring to speak out, he was harshly punished: Exiled and forced into military service for ten years, and strictly forbidden to paint or write by the Tsar himself. The authorities sought ...
- published: 06 Jun 2011
- views: 543
- author: UkeTube
Luba Matviyas Interviews Borys Wzesnewskyj for Pro Ukraine TV
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:05
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Luba Matviyas interviews Borys Wzesnewskyj for Pro Ukraine TV, Toronto, Canada, 28 March 2011. - Absence of Ukrainians (Ukrainian Canadian MPs) at the federal level of Canadian politics to defend and represent the interest of Ukrainian Canadians and Canada's relationship with Ukraine. - Polish MPs in the House of Commons; Sikh MPs on Parliament Hill, Canadian Politicians. - Jason Kenney; Stephen Harper Conservative Government; Ukrainian immigration to Canada 2:08
http://wn.com/Luba_Matviyas_Interviews_Borys_Wzesnewskyj_for_Pro_Ukraine_TV
Luba Matviyas interviews Borys Wzesnewskyj for Pro Ukraine TV, Toronto, Canada, 28 March 2011. - Absence of Ukrainians (Ukrainian Canadian MPs) at the federal level of Canadian politics to defend and represent the interest of Ukrainian Canadians and Canada's relationship with Ukraine. - Polish MPs in the House of Commons; Sikh MPs on Parliament Hill, Canadian Politicians. - Jason Kenney; Stephen Harper Conservative Government; Ukrainian immigration to Canada 2:08
- published: 31 Dec 2012
- views: 52
- author: UkeTube
Interview with Brian Cherwick Kubasonics 2010 Dauphin Ukrainian Festival (CNUF)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:06
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Interview + Highlights of Brian Cherwick (Богдан Черевик) of The Kubasonics at Canada's National Ukrainian Festival (CNUF), 31 July 2010, Dauphin, Manitoba, Canada. The Kubaonics are: Brian Cherwick - tsymbaly (hammered dulcimer), lira (hurdy-gurdy), duda (bagpipe), drymba, folk flutes, bandura, kobza (plucked lute), trembita, accordion, keyboards, guitar, lap steel, dobro, Kubasarmonica, vocals Thom Bennett - drums and cymbals Maria Cherwick - violin, vocals Jay Lind - acoustic and electric guitars, baglama, buhai, comments Rod Olstad - violin, mandolin, vocals The Kubasonics kubasonics.ca ___ Video by UkeTube - Ukrainian Video http Strilka - The New Ukrainian Singles Network www.strilka.tv
http://wn.com/Interview_with_Brian_Cherwick_Kubasonics_2010_Dauphin_Ukrainian_Festival_CNUF
Interview + Highlights of Brian Cherwick (Богдан Черевик) of The Kubasonics at Canada's National Ukrainian Festival (CNUF), 31 July 2010, Dauphin, Manitoba, Canada. The Kubaonics are: Brian Cherwick - tsymbaly (hammered dulcimer), lira (hurdy-gurdy), duda (bagpipe), drymba, folk flutes, bandura, kobza (plucked lute), trembita, accordion, keyboards, guitar, lap steel, dobro, Kubasarmonica, vocals Thom Bennett - drums and cymbals Maria Cherwick - violin, vocals Jay Lind - acoustic and electric guitars, baglama, buhai, comments Rod Olstad - violin, mandolin, vocals The Kubasonics kubasonics.ca ___ Video by UkeTube - Ukrainian Video http Strilka - The New Ukrainian Singles Network www.strilka.tv
- published: 20 Aug 2010
- views: 2838
- author: UkeTube
Interview with Sloohai (Слухай) - 2010 Dauphin Ukrainian Festival (CNUF)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:11
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Interview + Highlights of Sloohai (Слухай) - Manitoba's Favorite Party Band! - at Canada's National Ukrainian Festival (CNUF), 31 July 2010, Dauphin, Manitoba, Canada. Sloohai is: Luciano Armenti - accordion, keyboards Gord Chubey - bass guitar, vocals Richard Nadolsky - electric guitar, vocals Matthew Prychun - drums, vocals Will Kaye - fiddle, saxophone, vocals Sloohai (Слухай) www.sloohai.com ___ Video by UkeTube - Ukrainian Video http Strilka - The New Ukrainian Singles Network www.strilka.tv
http://wn.com/Interview_with_Sloohai_Слухай_2010_Dauphin_Ukrainian_Festival_CNUF
Interview + Highlights of Sloohai (Слухай) - Manitoba's Favorite Party Band! - at Canada's National Ukrainian Festival (CNUF), 31 July 2010, Dauphin, Manitoba, Canada. Sloohai is: Luciano Armenti - accordion, keyboards Gord Chubey - bass guitar, vocals Richard Nadolsky - electric guitar, vocals Matthew Prychun - drums, vocals Will Kaye - fiddle, saxophone, vocals Sloohai (Слухай) www.sloohai.com ___ Video by UkeTube - Ukrainian Video http Strilka - The New Ukrainian Singles Network www.strilka.tv
- published: 13 Sep 2010
- views: 1703
- author: UkeTube
Interview with Тут і Там - 2010 Dauphin Ukrainian Festival (CNUF)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:54
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Interview + Highlights of Тут і Там at Canada's National Ukrainian Festival (CNUF), 30-31 July & 1 August 2010, Dauphin, Manitoba, Canada. Тут і Там is: Carissa Klopoushak, Mark Klopoushak, Matt Gruza, Steve Kodak, John Dickinson Тут і Там (pronounced Toot ee Tahm) performs a unique and progressive style of Zabava music. Hailing from Saskatoon, the five-piece band has taken the prairies by storm, playing at Vegreville's Pysanka Festival, Jasper Malanka, Saskatoon's Ukraine Day in the Park, Canada's National Ukrainian Festival in Dauphin Manitoba, and Saskatoon's Vesna Festival. Each member has an extensive background in many varied styles of music, which when fused together creates Тут і Там's signature sound. Carissa Klopoushak's fast-paced fiddle and Matt Gruza's dynamic accordion tip their hats to traditional folk music from Ukraine. Mark Klopoushak and Steve Kodak provide the dance-tastic rhythm that will keep you out of your seats and on the dance floor. Mix all this with John Dickinson's sizzling guitar solos, blend well. Тут і Там has 3 albums available for purchase: Тут і Там (2006), Аж до рання - Until the Morning (2008), and the NEW WHITE ALBUM Тут і Там (2010), which was just released at Canada's National Ukrainian Festival in Dauphin July 30 - August 1st 2010. Тут і Там (Here and There) www.tytitam.com
http://wn.com/Interview_with_Тут_і_Там_2010_Dauphin_Ukrainian_Festival_CNUF
Interview + Highlights of Тут і Там at Canada's National Ukrainian Festival (CNUF), 30-31 July & 1 August 2010, Dauphin, Manitoba, Canada. Тут і Там is: Carissa Klopoushak, Mark Klopoushak, Matt Gruza, Steve Kodak, John Dickinson Тут і Там (pronounced Toot ee Tahm) performs a unique and progressive style of Zabava music. Hailing from Saskatoon, the five-piece band has taken the prairies by storm, playing at Vegreville's Pysanka Festival, Jasper Malanka, Saskatoon's Ukraine Day in the Park, Canada's National Ukrainian Festival in Dauphin Manitoba, and Saskatoon's Vesna Festival. Each member has an extensive background in many varied styles of music, which when fused together creates Тут і Там's signature sound. Carissa Klopoushak's fast-paced fiddle and Matt Gruza's dynamic accordion tip their hats to traditional folk music from Ukraine. Mark Klopoushak and Steve Kodak provide the dance-tastic rhythm that will keep you out of your seats and on the dance floor. Mix all this with John Dickinson's sizzling guitar solos, blend well. Тут і Там has 3 albums available for purchase: Тут і Там (2006), Аж до рання - Until the Morning (2008), and the NEW WHITE ALBUM Тут і Там (2010), which was just released at Canada's National Ukrainian Festival in Dauphin July 30 - August 1st 2010. Тут і Там (Here and There) www.tytitam.com
- published: 16 Aug 2010
- views: 2977
- author: UkeTube
A State of Trance DJ Interview Video - Kiev, Ukraine - 10 March 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:52
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
The announcer in this video has a very GOOD BODY. The very first reason is you should check by yourself the statement that Ukrainians are the craziest and the most dancing nation in the world. Who told this? Every dance artist and deejay, including world's top talents, who have ever had a chance to perform here for Ukrainian party people! So you really should come to Ukraine and feel the unbelievable atmosphere that reigns on local dance floors. Here's important information for men. The most beautiful girls in the whole world live in Kyiv. And it's another statement you should check by yourself ;) The second reason is that you most probably won't need a visa to visit Kiev. Citizens of many countries can enter Ukraine without a visa with a passport only, for period of up to 90 (14 or 30) days: EU nations, USA, Canada, Andorra, Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brunei Darussalam, Georgia, Hong Kong, Iceland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Norway, Paraguay, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Vatican, and the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (except Turkmenistan). And one more thing you should know. Kyiv is a wonderful city to visit and explore. It's an important cultural and religious European city with its rich history and beautiful architecture, especially churches and old buildings in its historical centers.
http://wn.com/A_State_of_Trance_DJ_Interview_Video_Kiev,_Ukraine_10_March_2012
The announcer in this video has a very GOOD BODY. The very first reason is you should check by yourself the statement that Ukrainians are the craziest and the most dancing nation in the world. Who told this? Every dance artist and deejay, including world's top talents, who have ever had a chance to perform here for Ukrainian party people! So you really should come to Ukraine and feel the unbelievable atmosphere that reigns on local dance floors. Here's important information for men. The most beautiful girls in the whole world live in Kyiv. And it's another statement you should check by yourself ;) The second reason is that you most probably won't need a visa to visit Kiev. Citizens of many countries can enter Ukraine without a visa with a passport only, for period of up to 90 (14 or 30) days: EU nations, USA, Canada, Andorra, Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brunei Darussalam, Georgia, Hong Kong, Iceland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Norway, Paraguay, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Vatican, and the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (except Turkmenistan). And one more thing you should know. Kyiv is a wonderful city to visit and explore. It's an important cultural and religious European city with its rich history and beautiful architecture, especially churches and old buildings in its historical centers.
- published: 23 Mar 2012
- views: 830
- author: StrikeEagle008
The Ukrainians "Hungarian Dance" Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Updated: 06 Feb 2012
Peter Solowka talks about the Hungarian Dance (Emigranty version) Buy Now at www.the-ukrainians.com
http://wn.com/The_Ukrainians_Hungarian_Dance_Interview
Peter Solowka talks about the Hungarian Dance (Emigranty version) Buy Now at www.the-ukrainians.com
- published: 15 Jan 2009
- views: 1998
- author: ukrainianszirka
Ukraine famine genocide survivor interviews
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:32
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
There are excerpts of interviews of survivors of Stalin's forced famine in Ukraine in 1933... Also please visit www.OrangeChronicles.com
http://wn.com/Ukraine_famine_genocide_survivor_interviews
There are excerpts of interviews of survivors of Stalin's forced famine in Ukraine in 1933... Also please visit www.OrangeChronicles.com
- published: 27 Mar 2009
- views: 13112
- author: Dkvovk
Ukraine News 2008-04-27 - Podrobyci - Tymoshenko interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:53
- Updated: 04 Jan 2012
Ukraine TV Videos - This is a trimmed sample of the many videos of recorded programs from TV in Ukraine. Full-length quality videos are available for download from www.UkrainaTV.com in a wide selection of categories: News, Sports, Music, Concerts, Shows, Movies, Comedy, Documentaries, Famous Ukrainians, Famous Places, Religion, Travel, Lifestyle and much more.
http://wn.com/Ukraine_News_2008-04-27_Podrobyci_Tymoshenko_interview
Ukraine TV Videos - This is a trimmed sample of the many videos of recorded programs from TV in Ukraine. Full-length quality videos are available for download from www.UkrainaTV.com in a wide selection of categories: News, Sports, Music, Concerts, Shows, Movies, Comedy, Documentaries, Famous Ukrainians, Famous Places, Religion, Travel, Lifestyle and much more.
- published: 14 May 2008
- views: 1995
- author: UTVfan
HRIM (ГРIМ) Interview + Highlights, Toronto Ukrainian Festival, 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:52
- Updated: 25 Mar 2012
Interview and highlights of New York based band HRIM (ГРIМ) performing at the Toronto Ukrainian Festival, 16-18 September 2011, Toronto, Canada. HRIM is: Roman Palylyk: Bass Guitar, Lead Vocals Peter Kolinsky: Lead Vocals Peter Drobenko: Accordion, Keyboard, Vocals Will Wyatt: Guitar John Drobenko: Drums HRIM Online itunes.apple.com www.cdbaby.com www.myspace.com www.twitter.com www.facebook.com _____ Video by UkeTube - Ukrainian Video www.youtube.com Strilka - The New Ukrainian Singles Network www.strilka.tv
http://wn.com/HRIM_ГРIМ_Interview_+_Highlights,_Toronto_Ukrainian_Festival,_2011
Interview and highlights of New York based band HRIM (ГРIМ) performing at the Toronto Ukrainian Festival, 16-18 September 2011, Toronto, Canada. HRIM is: Roman Palylyk: Bass Guitar, Lead Vocals Peter Kolinsky: Lead Vocals Peter Drobenko: Accordion, Keyboard, Vocals Will Wyatt: Guitar John Drobenko: Drums HRIM Online itunes.apple.com www.cdbaby.com www.myspace.com www.twitter.com www.facebook.com _____ Video by UkeTube - Ukrainian Video www.youtube.com Strilka - The New Ukrainian Singles Network www.strilka.tv
- published: 10 Oct 2011
- views: 373
- author: UkeTube
Saakashvili was interviewed by a Ukrainian television
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:12
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
Saakashvili was interviewed by a Ukrainian television 09.11.11 Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili gave interview to a popular morning show broadcast on the Ukrainian TV Company 1+1. President congratulated the Ukrainian people on the day of Ukrainian Language and Alphabet on Ukrainian language. `For many years Ukrainian language was oppressed, but the language, on which many literature masterpieces were written, have survived and it is today the symbol of the free people`s free soul,` Saakashvili said. After the president`s congratulation, the anchor of the program read the text messages sent by the spectators and focused on one of them, which said that Saakashvili spoke Ukrainian better then Ukrainian politicians.
http://wn.com/Saakashvili_was_interviewed_by_a_Ukrainian_television
Saakashvili was interviewed by a Ukrainian television 09.11.11 Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili gave interview to a popular morning show broadcast on the Ukrainian TV Company 1+1. President congratulated the Ukrainian people on the day of Ukrainian Language and Alphabet on Ukrainian language. `For many years Ukrainian language was oppressed, but the language, on which many literature masterpieces were written, have survived and it is today the symbol of the free people`s free soul,` Saakashvili said. After the president`s congratulation, the anchor of the program read the text messages sent by the spectators and focused on one of them, which said that Saakashvili spoke Ukrainian better then Ukrainian politicians.
- published: 10 Nov 2011
- views: 340
- author: Temur Bjania
СКOПА Interview (2009)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:54
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Ukrainian band CKOPA (СКOПА) performing live at Golden Lion, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 30 January 2009. СКОПА is: Stephanie Lovell - Vocals Matthew Purawec - Guitar Julian Petelycky - Bass Michael Kobelak - Keyboards Andrew Chachula - Percussion СКOПА on MySpace, Facebook, YouTube: www.myspace.com www.facebook.com www.youtube.com СКOПА Live in Toronto, January 2009 www.youtube.com _____ Video by UkeTube - Ukrainian Video ww.youtube.com Strilka - The New Ukrainian Singles Network strilka.tv
http://wn.com/СКOПА_Interview_2009
Ukrainian band CKOPA (СКOПА) performing live at Golden Lion, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 30 January 2009. СКОПА is: Stephanie Lovell - Vocals Matthew Purawec - Guitar Julian Petelycky - Bass Michael Kobelak - Keyboards Andrew Chachula - Percussion СКOПА on MySpace, Facebook, YouTube: www.myspace.com www.facebook.com www.youtube.com СКOПА Live in Toronto, January 2009 www.youtube.com _____ Video by UkeTube - Ukrainian Video ww.youtube.com Strilka - The New Ukrainian Singles Network strilka.tv
- published: 03 Feb 2009
- views: 1294
- author: UkeTube
SOFIA BILOZOR Interview 1/2 (March 2009)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:50
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Interview with Ukrainian-Canadian musician Sofia Bilozor, 21 March 2009, Ottawa, Canada. Part 1 Sofia Bilozor Web site www.sofiabilozor.com Sofia Bilozor on MySpace page at www.myspace.com Sofia Bilozor's debut CD "Charini Melodii" is available at www.ukrainianbookstore.com _____ Video by UkeTube - Ukrainian Video http and Strilka - The New Ukrainian Singles Network strilka.tv
http://wn.com/SOFIA_BILOZOR_Interview_1_2_March_2009
Interview with Ukrainian-Canadian musician Sofia Bilozor, 21 March 2009, Ottawa, Canada. Part 1 Sofia Bilozor Web site www.sofiabilozor.com Sofia Bilozor on MySpace page at www.myspace.com Sofia Bilozor's debut CD "Charini Melodii" is available at www.ukrainianbookstore.com _____ Video by UkeTube - Ukrainian Video http and Strilka - The New Ukrainian Singles Network strilka.tv
- published: 26 Mar 2009
- views: 443
- author: UkeTube
2/2 Rushnychok: Interview with Stefan Andrusiak (Стефан Андрусяк, Рушничок)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:55
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Rushnychok: Interview with Steve Andrusiak, drummer for Rushnychok, Toronto, Canada, 29 October 2012 (Інтерв'ю із Стефаном Андрусяк, Торонто, Канада, 29 жовтня 2012). Rushnychok is Andrij Harasymovycz - Guitar, Vocals Gene Osidacz - Accordion, Lead Vocals Georges Sztyk - Bass, Vocals Steve Andrusiak Drums, Vocals - North American music and Ukrainian music - Crucible of Ukrainian culture 0:30 - 25000 Ukrainians in Montreal, Canada; Ukrainian cultural life in Canada; active Ukrainian organizations UNO, SUM, Plast, Prosvita, ODUM, SUSK; first generation Ukrainian Canadians; 3rd wave of Ukrainian Canadians 0:58 - Multiculturalism, Pierre Trudeau, Expo 67, Vietnam protest, Kosigyn demonstration, Quebec separation, Quebec Independence, Charles de Gaulle in Canada, student demonstration, Parti Québécois 1:42 - Ukrainian Sport Club in Montreal 2:35 - Pearl drums, Zildjian cymbals, Rogers Drums, Dave Clark, Charlie Watts, Gretsch drums, The Rolling Stones 3:55 - Ron Cahute, Burya, Dave Monis, Michael Monis 4:50 - Ukrainian bands, Ska, Vopli Vidopliassova, The Police, Bob Marley 6:08
http://wn.com/2_2_Rushnychok_Interview_with_Stefan_Andrusiak_Стефан_Андрусяк,_Рушничок
Rushnychok: Interview with Steve Andrusiak, drummer for Rushnychok, Toronto, Canada, 29 October 2012 (Інтерв'ю із Стефаном Андрусяк, Торонто, Канада, 29 жовтня 2012). Rushnychok is Andrij Harasymovycz - Guitar, Vocals Gene Osidacz - Accordion, Lead Vocals Georges Sztyk - Bass, Vocals Steve Andrusiak Drums, Vocals - North American music and Ukrainian music - Crucible of Ukrainian culture 0:30 - 25000 Ukrainians in Montreal, Canada; Ukrainian cultural life in Canada; active Ukrainian organizations UNO, SUM, Plast, Prosvita, ODUM, SUSK; first generation Ukrainian Canadians; 3rd wave of Ukrainian Canadians 0:58 - Multiculturalism, Pierre Trudeau, Expo 67, Vietnam protest, Kosigyn demonstration, Quebec separation, Quebec Independence, Charles de Gaulle in Canada, student demonstration, Parti Québécois 1:42 - Ukrainian Sport Club in Montreal 2:35 - Pearl drums, Zildjian cymbals, Rogers Drums, Dave Clark, Charlie Watts, Gretsch drums, The Rolling Stones 3:55 - Ron Cahute, Burya, Dave Monis, Michael Monis 4:50 - Ukrainian bands, Ska, Vopli Vidopliassova, The Police, Bob Marley 6:08
- published: 09 Nov 2012
- views: 395
- author: UkeTube
Andy Carroll's biggest fan in Kiev and Ukrainians predict England result
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:17
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
For all the latest from talkSPORT at Euro 2012 visit talksport.co.uk
http://wn.com/Andy_Carroll's_biggest_fan_in_Kiev_and_Ukrainians_predict_England_result
For all the latest from talkSPORT at Euro 2012 visit talksport.co.uk
- published: 19 Jun 2012
- views: 4068
- author: talkSPORTmagazine
The Ukrainians & NRM
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:10
- Updated: 04 Jun 2012
Footage of "The Ukrainians" and "NRM" live at Gwint, Bialystok, Poland 16.10.2004 plus interviews
http://wn.com/The_Ukrainians_NRM
Footage of "The Ukrainians" and "NRM" live at Gwint, Bialystok, Poland 16.10.2004 plus interviews
- published: 20 Dec 2006
- views: 18099
- author: ukrainianszirka
Interview with William Kurelek (Інтерв'ю з Вільямом Курилик) - 90 mins.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 90:06
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Approximately two years before his death, when he was at the height of his popularity and success, the artist William Kurelek (1927-77) sat down for an interview with the Winnipeg author, historian, and educator Michael Ewanchuk (1908-2004). The result of their meeting was a ninety-minute recording that is housed at the University of Manitoba Archives and Special Collections. During the interview, Kurelek discusses his childhood in Alberta and Manitoba, his early ambitions and struggles, his accomplishments as an artist in Toronto, religious views, and artistic outlook. Throughout the recording, you will hear a regular scraping noise. This is the sound of Kurelek painting on one of his masonite supports. Audio file courtesy of kurelek.ca.
http://wn.com/Interview_with_William_Kurelek_Інтерв'ю_з_Вільямом_Курилик_90_mins
Approximately two years before his death, when he was at the height of his popularity and success, the artist William Kurelek (1927-77) sat down for an interview with the Winnipeg author, historian, and educator Michael Ewanchuk (1908-2004). The result of their meeting was a ninety-minute recording that is housed at the University of Manitoba Archives and Special Collections. During the interview, Kurelek discusses his childhood in Alberta and Manitoba, his early ambitions and struggles, his accomplishments as an artist in Toronto, religious views, and artistic outlook. Throughout the recording, you will hear a regular scraping noise. This is the sound of Kurelek painting on one of his masonite supports. Audio file courtesy of kurelek.ca.
- published: 20 Oct 2012
- views: 76
- author: UkeTube
The Wedding Present - interview and "Ti Moyi Radoshchi Ti Moye Hore"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
SNUB TV interview from yonks ago - this was followed by the promo video of "Why Are You Being So Reasonable Now?" which can be found in its entirety here: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/The_Wedding_Present_interview_and_Ti_Moyi_Radoshchi_Ti_Moye_Hore
SNUB TV interview from yonks ago - this was followed by the promo video of "Why Are You Being So Reasonable Now?" which can be found in its entirety here: www.youtube.com
- published: 15 Nov 2009
- views: 1256
- author: KrilaSounds
Police criminality endemic in Ukraine
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:05
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
The Ukrainian authorities must act immediately to deal with endemic police criminality, widespread torture, extortion, and arbitrary detention. The Amnesty International report, No evidence of a crime: Paying the price for police impunity in Ukraine, reveals how police are rarely punished for these crimes because of high levels of corruption, non-existent or flawed investigations, harassment and intimidation of complainants, and a low level of prosecutions for such crimes. "Twenty years after the demise of the Soviet Union, the Ukrainian police are still serving the state instead of the public. Ordinary Ukrainians are paying the price, many of whom have become victims of bribery and forced confessions," said Heather McGill, Amnesty International's expert on Ukraine. "It is high time the Ukrainian authorities set up an independent agency to investigate all allegations against police officers and tackled the culture of impunity and corruption that prevails.
http://wn.com/Police_criminality_endemic_in_Ukraine
The Ukrainian authorities must act immediately to deal with endemic police criminality, widespread torture, extortion, and arbitrary detention. The Amnesty International report, No evidence of a crime: Paying the price for police impunity in Ukraine, reveals how police are rarely punished for these crimes because of high levels of corruption, non-existent or flawed investigations, harassment and intimidation of complainants, and a low level of prosecutions for such crimes. "Twenty years after the demise of the Soviet Union, the Ukrainian police are still serving the state instead of the public. Ordinary Ukrainians are paying the price, many of whom have become victims of bribery and forced confessions," said Heather McGill, Amnesty International's expert on Ukraine. "It is high time the Ukrainian authorities set up an independent agency to investigate all allegations against police officers and tackled the culture of impunity and corruption that prevails.
- published: 12 Oct 2011
- views: 8173
- author: AmnestyInternational
UKRAINIA Interview + Highlights, 1/2 (March 2009)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:15
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
UKRAINIA Interview + Highlights, Live from Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 3 March 2009. UKRAINIA IS Damian Sawka Paul Granger Tom Werbowetski Dave Martindale www.ukrainia.org _____ Video by UkeTube - Ukrainian Video http and by Strilka - The New Ukrainian Singles Network www.strilka.tv
http://wn.com/UKRAINIA_Interview_+_Highlights,_1_2_March_2009
UKRAINIA Interview + Highlights, Live from Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 3 March 2009. UKRAINIA IS Damian Sawka Paul Granger Tom Werbowetski Dave Martindale www.ukrainia.org _____ Video by UkeTube - Ukrainian Video http and by Strilka - The New Ukrainian Singles Network www.strilka.tv
- published: 29 Jul 2009
- views: 156
- author: UkeTube
Daughter of Imprisoned Former Prime Minister of Ukraine, Yulia Tymoshenko, With Democracy4us.org
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:40
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
Democracy4us.org Interview With Eugenia Carr, Daughter of Imprisoned Former Prime Minister of Ukraine, Yulia Tymoshenko.
http://wn.com/Daughter_of_Imprisoned_Former_Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine,_Yulia_Tymoshenko,_With_Democracy4usorg
Democracy4us.org Interview With Eugenia Carr, Daughter of Imprisoned Former Prime Minister of Ukraine, Yulia Tymoshenko.
- published: 31 Aug 2011
- views: 31877
- author: democracy4usorg
Interview with Bill Hawryschuk: Drumming with Solovey, Ron Cahute, Dunai & Zirka
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:03
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
An interview with Bill Hawryschuk (UkeTube Archive Special #1), Toronto, Canada, 14 November 2009. Bill talks about his drumming and music influences, introduction to Ukrainian music, his work with Solovey, Ron Cahute and Burya, Dunai, Zirka, touring North America, Europe, the Toronto Ukrainian music scene in the 1980s, and the new emerging Ukrainian Canadian music groups. - Klooch 0:32 - Solovey 0:51 - Drum beginnings; Influences: Rush, Led Zeppelin, Deep Purple 1:19 - Sound mixing/engineering with Solovey 1:34 - Vesnianka Ukrainian Dance Ensemble 1:46 - Touring France, Germany, Switzerland; On tour with Vesnianka in France 1981. Wally Zajac on violin, Andy Czornyj on bass, Bill Hawryschuk on drums, and Peter Bayrachny on accordion. We're playing a small bar in a random town late at night. Beer, wine, brandy, sausages, and french fries with dijon mustard for everyone. - Joining Ron Cahute & Burya; Jerry Hryhorskyj, Len Steciuk, David Monis 1:58: 4:28 - Ukrainian Caravan Restaurant 2:41; 6:10 - First show with Solovey, Hamilton, 1979 3:11; 4:20 - Pub nights at St. Volodymyr Cathedral (404 Bathurst) 3:39 - Teenage Head, Talking Heads, Rolling Stones, Jimi Hendrix, The Cars 3:50 - Performing with Ron Cahute and Burya in New York, Chicago, Vancouver, Edmonton, Vegreville; Roman Brytan (CKR Radio) 4:45 - Playing with Estonian music groups, German bands, Swiss bands, Italian bands, Macedonian bands 6:30 - Alex Fesiak, Dunai 6:55 - Zirka; band, songs, music style and playing ...
http://wn.com/Interview_with_Bill_Hawryschuk_Drumming_with_Solovey,_Ron_Cahute,_Dunai_Zirka
An interview with Bill Hawryschuk (UkeTube Archive Special #1), Toronto, Canada, 14 November 2009. Bill talks about his drumming and music influences, introduction to Ukrainian music, his work with Solovey, Ron Cahute and Burya, Dunai, Zirka, touring North America, Europe, the Toronto Ukrainian music scene in the 1980s, and the new emerging Ukrainian Canadian music groups. - Klooch 0:32 - Solovey 0:51 - Drum beginnings; Influences: Rush, Led Zeppelin, Deep Purple 1:19 - Sound mixing/engineering with Solovey 1:34 - Vesnianka Ukrainian Dance Ensemble 1:46 - Touring France, Germany, Switzerland; On tour with Vesnianka in France 1981. Wally Zajac on violin, Andy Czornyj on bass, Bill Hawryschuk on drums, and Peter Bayrachny on accordion. We're playing a small bar in a random town late at night. Beer, wine, brandy, sausages, and french fries with dijon mustard for everyone. - Joining Ron Cahute & Burya; Jerry Hryhorskyj, Len Steciuk, David Monis 1:58: 4:28 - Ukrainian Caravan Restaurant 2:41; 6:10 - First show with Solovey, Hamilton, 1979 3:11; 4:20 - Pub nights at St. Volodymyr Cathedral (404 Bathurst) 3:39 - Teenage Head, Talking Heads, Rolling Stones, Jimi Hendrix, The Cars 3:50 - Performing with Ron Cahute and Burya in New York, Chicago, Vancouver, Edmonton, Vegreville; Roman Brytan (CKR Radio) 4:45 - Playing with Estonian music groups, German bands, Swiss bands, Italian bands, Macedonian bands 6:30 - Alex Fesiak, Dunai 6:55 - Zirka; band, songs, music style and playing ...
- published: 05 Oct 2012
- views: 346
- author: UkeTube
2/17 Zolotyj Klen 2012 Highlights + The ВЙО Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:15
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Highlights of the 7th Annual Ukrainian Canadian Music Festival "Zolotyj Klen" including an interview with "The ВЙО" SUM home "Veselka" Toronto (Acton), Canada, 23 June 2012 („Золотий Клен" VII Українсько-Канадський музичний фестиваль, на оселі СУМ „Веселка" Торонто, Канада, 23 червня 2012). Zolotyj Klen 2012 featured the"The VYO" (ВЙО), Klooch, Torontula, Zapovid, Rukh, Nadia Kobelak, Skopa and other guests. - The Vyo 0:44, 1:33, 8:10, 11:38, 12:58 - Klooch 5:46 - Torontula 6:34 - True Logik 7:49 - Zapovid 8:35 - Nadia Kobelak 10:11 - Rukh (Рух) 10:51 - Skopa 12:26 - The VYO with Nadia Kobelak 13:03 - fireworks 14:48 The VYO thevyo.com „Золотий Клен" Українсько-Канадський музичний фестиваль http Brought to you by Buduchnist Ukrainian Credit Union КС Будучність www.buduchnist.com Kostruba & Sons Inc. Kantor Currency Exchange http Video by UkeTube — Українськe відео
http://wn.com/2_17_Zolotyj_Klen_2012_Highlights_+_The_ВЙО_Interview
Highlights of the 7th Annual Ukrainian Canadian Music Festival "Zolotyj Klen" including an interview with "The ВЙО" SUM home "Veselka" Toronto (Acton), Canada, 23 June 2012 („Золотий Клен" VII Українсько-Канадський музичний фестиваль, на оселі СУМ „Веселка" Торонто, Канада, 23 червня 2012). Zolotyj Klen 2012 featured the"The VYO" (ВЙО), Klooch, Torontula, Zapovid, Rukh, Nadia Kobelak, Skopa and other guests. - The Vyo 0:44, 1:33, 8:10, 11:38, 12:58 - Klooch 5:46 - Torontula 6:34 - True Logik 7:49 - Zapovid 8:35 - Nadia Kobelak 10:11 - Rukh (Рух) 10:51 - Skopa 12:26 - The VYO with Nadia Kobelak 13:03 - fireworks 14:48 The VYO thevyo.com „Золотий Клен" Українсько-Канадський музичний фестиваль http Brought to you by Buduchnist Ukrainian Credit Union КС Будучність www.buduchnist.com Kostruba & Sons Inc. Kantor Currency Exchange http Video by UkeTube — Українськe відео
- published: 27 Jun 2012
- views: 1368
- author: UkeTube
9:53
Interview on Ukrainian Profiles with Lesia Spolsky & Olena Zakharova, 4 June 2011
Interview on the TV programme "Ukrainian Profiles" with Lesia Spolsky, Chair, Monument Unv...
published: 06 Jun 2011
author: UkeTube
Interview on Ukrainian Profiles with Lesia Spolsky & Olena Zakharova, 4 June 2011
Interview on the TV programme "Ukrainian Profiles" with Lesia Spolsky, Chair, Monument Unveiling Ceremony Committee and Olena Zakharova, Embassy of Ukraine in Canada, on the unveiling of the Taras Shevchenko monument in Ottawa, Canada on 26 June 2011 (Відкриття пам'ятника Тарасові Шевченку, 26 червня 2010). Broadcast 4 June 2011, Rogers TV, Channel 22, 9 30 am, Ottawa, Canada. Footage courtesy of Ron Sorobey, Producer, Rogers TV. www.rogerstv.com The Taras Shevchenko Monument Committee and the Embassy of Ukraine in Canada invite you to the unveiling ceremony of the Taras Shevchenko Monument in Ottawa on 26 June 2011 at 2 30 pm on the grounds of St. John the Baptist Ukrainian Catholic National Shrine (952 Green Valley Crescent, K2C 3K7). Map maps.google.ca The unveiling also marks 120 years of Ukrainian settlement in Canada and the 20th anniversary of Ukrainian independence. The colorful unveiling program will include a ceremonial tree-planting and the embedding of soil from Shevchenko's grave in Ukraine into the monument base. The monument commemorates Taras Shevchenko, famed 19th century Ukrainian humanist, poet and artist. His writings were instrumental in rekindling Ukrainian national spirit and mobilizing Ukraine's struggle for freedom under the feudal landlords and Russian Empire. For daring to speak out, he was harshly punished: Exiled and forced into military service for ten years, and strictly forbidden to paint or write by the Tsar himself. The authorities sought ...
- published: 06 Jun 2011
- views: 543
- author: UkeTube
13:05
Luba Matviyas Interviews Borys Wzesnewskyj for Pro Ukraine TV
Luba Matviyas interviews Borys Wzesnewskyj for Pro Ukraine TV, Toronto, Canada, 28 March 2...
published: 31 Dec 2012
author: UkeTube
Luba Matviyas Interviews Borys Wzesnewskyj for Pro Ukraine TV
Luba Matviyas interviews Borys Wzesnewskyj for Pro Ukraine TV, Toronto, Canada, 28 March 2011. - Absence of Ukrainians (Ukrainian Canadian MPs) at the federal level of Canadian politics to defend and represent the interest of Ukrainian Canadians and Canada's relationship with Ukraine. - Polish MPs in the House of Commons; Sikh MPs on Parliament Hill, Canadian Politicians. - Jason Kenney; Stephen Harper Conservative Government; Ukrainian immigration to Canada 2:08
- published: 31 Dec 2012
- views: 52
- author: UkeTube
11:06
Interview with Brian Cherwick Kubasonics 2010 Dauphin Ukrainian Festival (CNUF)
Interview + Highlights of Brian Cherwick (Богдан Черевик) of The Kubasonics at Canada's Na...
published: 20 Aug 2010
author: UkeTube
Interview with Brian Cherwick Kubasonics 2010 Dauphin Ukrainian Festival (CNUF)
Interview + Highlights of Brian Cherwick (Богдан Черевик) of The Kubasonics at Canada's National Ukrainian Festival (CNUF), 31 July 2010, Dauphin, Manitoba, Canada. The Kubaonics are: Brian Cherwick - tsymbaly (hammered dulcimer), lira (hurdy-gurdy), duda (bagpipe), drymba, folk flutes, bandura, kobza (plucked lute), trembita, accordion, keyboards, guitar, lap steel, dobro, Kubasarmonica, vocals Thom Bennett - drums and cymbals Maria Cherwick - violin, vocals Jay Lind - acoustic and electric guitars, baglama, buhai, comments Rod Olstad - violin, mandolin, vocals The Kubasonics kubasonics.ca ___ Video by UkeTube - Ukrainian Video http Strilka - The New Ukrainian Singles Network www.strilka.tv
- published: 20 Aug 2010
- views: 2838
- author: UkeTube
14:11
Interview with Sloohai (Слухай) - 2010 Dauphin Ukrainian Festival (CNUF)
Interview + Highlights of Sloohai (Слухай) - Manitoba's Favorite Party Band! - at Canada's...
published: 13 Sep 2010
author: UkeTube
Interview with Sloohai (Слухай) - 2010 Dauphin Ukrainian Festival (CNUF)
Interview + Highlights of Sloohai (Слухай) - Manitoba's Favorite Party Band! - at Canada's National Ukrainian Festival (CNUF), 31 July 2010, Dauphin, Manitoba, Canada. Sloohai is: Luciano Armenti - accordion, keyboards Gord Chubey - bass guitar, vocals Richard Nadolsky - electric guitar, vocals Matthew Prychun - drums, vocals Will Kaye - fiddle, saxophone, vocals Sloohai (Слухай) www.sloohai.com ___ Video by UkeTube - Ukrainian Video http Strilka - The New Ukrainian Singles Network www.strilka.tv
- published: 13 Sep 2010
- views: 1703
- author: UkeTube
10:54
Interview with Тут і Там - 2010 Dauphin Ukrainian Festival (CNUF)
Interview + Highlights of Тут і Там at Canada's National Ukrainian Festival (CNUF), 30-31 ...
published: 16 Aug 2010
author: UkeTube
Interview with Тут і Там - 2010 Dauphin Ukrainian Festival (CNUF)
Interview + Highlights of Тут і Там at Canada's National Ukrainian Festival (CNUF), 30-31 July & 1 August 2010, Dauphin, Manitoba, Canada. Тут і Там is: Carissa Klopoushak, Mark Klopoushak, Matt Gruza, Steve Kodak, John Dickinson Тут і Там (pronounced Toot ee Tahm) performs a unique and progressive style of Zabava music. Hailing from Saskatoon, the five-piece band has taken the prairies by storm, playing at Vegreville's Pysanka Festival, Jasper Malanka, Saskatoon's Ukraine Day in the Park, Canada's National Ukrainian Festival in Dauphin Manitoba, and Saskatoon's Vesna Festival. Each member has an extensive background in many varied styles of music, which when fused together creates Тут і Там's signature sound. Carissa Klopoushak's fast-paced fiddle and Matt Gruza's dynamic accordion tip their hats to traditional folk music from Ukraine. Mark Klopoushak and Steve Kodak provide the dance-tastic rhythm that will keep you out of your seats and on the dance floor. Mix all this with John Dickinson's sizzling guitar solos, blend well. Тут і Там has 3 albums available for purchase: Тут і Там (2006), Аж до рання - Until the Morning (2008), and the NEW WHITE ALBUM Тут і Там (2010), which was just released at Canada's National Ukrainian Festival in Dauphin July 30 - August 1st 2010. Тут і Там (Here and There) www.tytitam.com
- published: 16 Aug 2010
- views: 2977
- author: UkeTube
2:52
A State of Trance DJ Interview Video - Kiev, Ukraine - 10 March 2012
The announcer in this video has a very GOOD BODY. The very first reason is you should chec...
published: 23 Mar 2012
author: StrikeEagle008
A State of Trance DJ Interview Video - Kiev, Ukraine - 10 March 2012
The announcer in this video has a very GOOD BODY. The very first reason is you should check by yourself the statement that Ukrainians are the craziest and the most dancing nation in the world. Who told this? Every dance artist and deejay, including world's top talents, who have ever had a chance to perform here for Ukrainian party people! So you really should come to Ukraine and feel the unbelievable atmosphere that reigns on local dance floors. Here's important information for men. The most beautiful girls in the whole world live in Kyiv. And it's another statement you should check by yourself ;) The second reason is that you most probably won't need a visa to visit Kiev. Citizens of many countries can enter Ukraine without a visa with a passport only, for period of up to 90 (14 or 30) days: EU nations, USA, Canada, Andorra, Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brunei Darussalam, Georgia, Hong Kong, Iceland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Norway, Paraguay, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Vatican, and the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (except Turkmenistan). And one more thing you should know. Kyiv is a wonderful city to visit and explore. It's an important cultural and religious European city with its rich history and beautiful architecture, especially churches and old buildings in its historical centers.
- published: 23 Mar 2012
- views: 830
- author: StrikeEagle008
2:02
The Ukrainians "Hungarian Dance" Interview
Peter Solowka talks about the Hungarian Dance (Emigranty version) Buy Now at www.the-ukrai...
published: 15 Jan 2009
author: ukrainianszirka
The Ukrainians "Hungarian Dance" Interview
Peter Solowka talks about the Hungarian Dance (Emigranty version) Buy Now at www.the-ukrainians.com
- published: 15 Jan 2009
- views: 1998
- author: ukrainianszirka
6:32
Ukraine famine genocide survivor interviews
There are excerpts of interviews of survivors of Stalin's forced famine in Ukraine in 1933...
published: 27 Mar 2009
author: Dkvovk
Ukraine famine genocide survivor interviews
There are excerpts of interviews of survivors of Stalin's forced famine in Ukraine in 1933... Also please visit www.OrangeChronicles.com
- published: 27 Mar 2009
- views: 13112
- author: Dkvovk
6:53
Ukraine News 2008-04-27 - Podrobyci - Tymoshenko interview
Ukraine TV Videos - This is a trimmed sample of the many videos of recorded programs from ...
published: 14 May 2008
author: UTVfan
Ukraine News 2008-04-27 - Podrobyci - Tymoshenko interview
Ukraine TV Videos - This is a trimmed sample of the many videos of recorded programs from TV in Ukraine. Full-length quality videos are available for download from www.UkrainaTV.com in a wide selection of categories: News, Sports, Music, Concerts, Shows, Movies, Comedy, Documentaries, Famous Ukrainians, Famous Places, Religion, Travel, Lifestyle and much more.
- published: 14 May 2008
- views: 1995
- author: UTVfan
14:52
HRIM (ГРIМ) Interview + Highlights, Toronto Ukrainian Festival, 2011
Interview and highlights of New York based band HRIM (ГРIМ) performing at the Toronto Ukra...
published: 10 Oct 2011
author: UkeTube
HRIM (ГРIМ) Interview + Highlights, Toronto Ukrainian Festival, 2011
Interview and highlights of New York based band HRIM (ГРIМ) performing at the Toronto Ukrainian Festival, 16-18 September 2011, Toronto, Canada. HRIM is: Roman Palylyk: Bass Guitar, Lead Vocals Peter Kolinsky: Lead Vocals Peter Drobenko: Accordion, Keyboard, Vocals Will Wyatt: Guitar John Drobenko: Drums HRIM Online itunes.apple.com www.cdbaby.com www.myspace.com www.twitter.com www.facebook.com _____ Video by UkeTube - Ukrainian Video www.youtube.com Strilka - The New Ukrainian Singles Network www.strilka.tv
- published: 10 Oct 2011
- views: 373
- author: UkeTube
1:12
Saakashvili was interviewed by a Ukrainian television
Saakashvili was interviewed by a Ukrainian television 09.11.11 Georgian President Mikheil ...
published: 10 Nov 2011
author: Temur Bjania
Saakashvili was interviewed by a Ukrainian television
Saakashvili was interviewed by a Ukrainian television 09.11.11 Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili gave interview to a popular morning show broadcast on the Ukrainian TV Company 1+1. President congratulated the Ukrainian people on the day of Ukrainian Language and Alphabet on Ukrainian language. `For many years Ukrainian language was oppressed, but the language, on which many literature masterpieces were written, have survived and it is today the symbol of the free people`s free soul,` Saakashvili said. After the president`s congratulation, the anchor of the program read the text messages sent by the spectators and focused on one of them, which said that Saakashvili spoke Ukrainian better then Ukrainian politicians.
- published: 10 Nov 2011
- views: 340
- author: Temur Bjania
9:54
СКOПА Interview (2009)
Ukrainian band CKOPA (СКOПА) performing live at Golden Lion, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 30 ...
published: 03 Feb 2009
author: UkeTube
СКOПА Interview (2009)
Ukrainian band CKOPA (СКOПА) performing live at Golden Lion, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 30 January 2009. СКОПА is: Stephanie Lovell - Vocals Matthew Purawec - Guitar Julian Petelycky - Bass Michael Kobelak - Keyboards Andrew Chachula - Percussion СКOПА on MySpace, Facebook, YouTube: www.myspace.com www.facebook.com www.youtube.com СКOПА Live in Toronto, January 2009 www.youtube.com _____ Video by UkeTube - Ukrainian Video ww.youtube.com Strilka - The New Ukrainian Singles Network strilka.tv
- published: 03 Feb 2009
- views: 1294
- author: UkeTube
8:50
SOFIA BILOZOR Interview 1/2 (March 2009)
Interview with Ukrainian-Canadian musician Sofia Bilozor, 21 March 2009, Ottawa, Canada. P...
published: 26 Mar 2009
author: UkeTube
SOFIA BILOZOR Interview 1/2 (March 2009)
Interview with Ukrainian-Canadian musician Sofia Bilozor, 21 March 2009, Ottawa, Canada. Part 1 Sofia Bilozor Web site www.sofiabilozor.com Sofia Bilozor on MySpace page at www.myspace.com Sofia Bilozor's debut CD "Charini Melodii" is available at www.ukrainianbookstore.com _____ Video by UkeTube - Ukrainian Video http and Strilka - The New Ukrainian Singles Network strilka.tv
- published: 26 Mar 2009
- views: 443
- author: UkeTube
15:55
2/2 Rushnychok: Interview with Stefan Andrusiak (Стефан Андрусяк, Рушничок)
Rushnychok: Interview with Steve Andrusiak, drummer for Rushnychok, Toronto, Canada, 29 Oc...
published: 09 Nov 2012
author: UkeTube
2/2 Rushnychok: Interview with Stefan Andrusiak (Стефан Андрусяк, Рушничок)
Rushnychok: Interview with Steve Andrusiak, drummer for Rushnychok, Toronto, Canada, 29 October 2012 (Інтерв'ю із Стефаном Андрусяк, Торонто, Канада, 29 жовтня 2012). Rushnychok is Andrij Harasymovycz - Guitar, Vocals Gene Osidacz - Accordion, Lead Vocals Georges Sztyk - Bass, Vocals Steve Andrusiak Drums, Vocals - North American music and Ukrainian music - Crucible of Ukrainian culture 0:30 - 25000 Ukrainians in Montreal, Canada; Ukrainian cultural life in Canada; active Ukrainian organizations UNO, SUM, Plast, Prosvita, ODUM, SUSK; first generation Ukrainian Canadians; 3rd wave of Ukrainian Canadians 0:58 - Multiculturalism, Pierre Trudeau, Expo 67, Vietnam protest, Kosigyn demonstration, Quebec separation, Quebec Independence, Charles de Gaulle in Canada, student demonstration, Parti Québécois 1:42 - Ukrainian Sport Club in Montreal 2:35 - Pearl drums, Zildjian cymbals, Rogers Drums, Dave Clark, Charlie Watts, Gretsch drums, The Rolling Stones 3:55 - Ron Cahute, Burya, Dave Monis, Michael Monis 4:50 - Ukrainian bands, Ska, Vopli Vidopliassova, The Police, Bob Marley 6:08
- published: 09 Nov 2012
- views: 395
- author: UkeTube
Vimeo results:
3:51
Semargl - Tak, Kurwa [Uncensored]
Download song "Tak, Kurwa" FOR FREE!!! here http://semargl.twilight-mailorder.com.
New vi...
published: 20 Mar 2011
author: SEMARGL official
Semargl - Tak, Kurwa [Uncensored]
Download song "Tak, Kurwa" FOR FREE!!! here http://semargl.twilight-mailorder.com.
New video Tak, Kurwa (Yes Bitch) by Semargl, 2011. Song taken from digital single "Tak, Kurwa". Kurwa means bitch, whore on Polish and Ukrainian. "Tak, Kurwa" is play of words which also has different meaning but in terms of nun we chose meaning "Yes Bitch".This single is dedicated to polish fans of Semargl.
Idea, directing, editing, production by R&A; Productions.
Camera and light by Infinite Frames Productions.
Cast:
Rutarp - vocal,
Shaddar - guitar,
Hannibal - bass, vocal,
Fordervelse - drums,
Girls: Marianna, Anna Tuskana, Olga, Jess, Irena, Dara.
5:49
Tropisms > Chernobyl > Lost Souls
This place easily captures ones imagination.
In the dead zone we didn’t encounter eight-le...
published: 19 Jan 2010
author: POLYMORF
Tropisms > Chernobyl > Lost Souls
This place easily captures ones imagination.
In the dead zone we didn’t encounter eight-legged frogs, giant grown trees or mutant children. But the breathtaking silence was more we could have ever imagined for. It’s hard nót to make a fantasy out of this place.
Back home in Holland there was some extensive and outraged media coverage about the Ukrainian Government turning Chernobyl and its post-nuclear landscape into a hotspot for tourism. Having been there we know this was of course complete nonsense. In Kiev it was almost a mission impossible to find a travel-agency who could help us get into the restricted zone around Chernobyl.
1:52
Femen Янукович хуже радиаци
Women movement FEMEN hold a protest ”Brothel to the Sarcophagus” during the opening of Int...
published: 22 Apr 2011
author: FEMEN Video
Femen Янукович хуже радиаци
Women movement FEMEN hold a protest ”Brothel to the Sarcophagus” during the opening of International forum on the 25th anniversary of Chernobyl tragedy. During the detention of activists of FEMEN Inna Shevchenko, Sasha Shevchenko, Nadya Mopedova and Diana Senych? The police used brute physical force to the girls. From the district police station activist Inna Shevchenko was hospitalized with a suspected fracture of the clavicle. FEMEN opposed to the modern political Chernobyl in Ukraine, which in its consequences is far more dangerous for Ukrainians than the nuclear disaster 25 years ago.
Youtube results:
2:17
Andy Carroll's biggest fan in Kiev and Ukrainians predict England result
For all the latest from talkSPORT at Euro 2012 visit talksport.co.uk...
published: 19 Jun 2012
author: talkSPORTmagazine
Andy Carroll's biggest fan in Kiev and Ukrainians predict England result
For all the latest from talkSPORT at Euro 2012 visit talksport.co.uk
- published: 19 Jun 2012
- views: 4068
- author: talkSPORTmagazine
5:10
The Ukrainians & NRM
Footage of "The Ukrainians" and "NRM" live at Gwint, Bialystok, Poland 16.10.2004 plus int...
published: 20 Dec 2006
author: ukrainianszirka
The Ukrainians & NRM
Footage of "The Ukrainians" and "NRM" live at Gwint, Bialystok, Poland 16.10.2004 plus interviews
- published: 20 Dec 2006
- views: 18099
- author: ukrainianszirka
90:06
Interview with William Kurelek (Інтерв'ю з Вільямом Курилик) - 90 mins.
Approximately two years before his death, when he was at the height of his popularity and ...
published: 20 Oct 2012
author: UkeTube
Interview with William Kurelek (Інтерв'ю з Вільямом Курилик) - 90 mins.
Approximately two years before his death, when he was at the height of his popularity and success, the artist William Kurelek (1927-77) sat down for an interview with the Winnipeg author, historian, and educator Michael Ewanchuk (1908-2004). The result of their meeting was a ninety-minute recording that is housed at the University of Manitoba Archives and Special Collections. During the interview, Kurelek discusses his childhood in Alberta and Manitoba, his early ambitions and struggles, his accomplishments as an artist in Toronto, religious views, and artistic outlook. Throughout the recording, you will hear a regular scraping noise. This is the sound of Kurelek painting on one of his masonite supports. Audio file courtesy of kurelek.ca.
- published: 20 Oct 2012
- views: 76
- author: UkeTube
3:36
The Wedding Present - interview and "Ti Moyi Radoshchi Ti Moye Hore"
SNUB TV interview from yonks ago - this was followed by the promo video of "Why Are You Be...
published: 15 Nov 2009
author: KrilaSounds
The Wedding Present - interview and "Ti Moyi Radoshchi Ti Moye Hore"
SNUB TV interview from yonks ago - this was followed by the promo video of "Why Are You Being So Reasonable Now?" which can be found in its entirety here: www.youtube.com
- published: 15 Nov 2009
- views: 1256
- author: KrilaSounds
photo: AP / Adj Nicolas-Nelson Richard, ECPAD
14 Jan 2013
Bamako/Paris - French fighter jets pounded Islamist rebel strongholds deep in northern Mali on Sunday as Paris poured more troops into the capital, Bamako, awaiting a West African force to dislodge al-Qaeda-linked insurgents from the country’s north ... Defence Minister Jean-Yves le Drian said France’s intervention on Friday prevented the advancing rebels from seizing Bamako and vowed air strikes would continue ... – ... Doubt....(size: 6.6Kb)
photo: AP / Kevin Frayer
14 Jan 2013
Allahabad. Hundreds of thousands of Hindu pilgrims led by naked, ash-covered holy men streamed into the sacred river Ganges on Monday at the start of the world's biggest religious festival. The Kumbh Mela in the Indian town of Allahabad will see up to 100 million worshippers gather over the next 55 days to take a ritual bath in the holy waters, believed to cleanse sins and bestow blessings ... "I am ecstatic ... Agence France-Presse ....(size: 4.2Kb)
photo: WN / Jamal Penjweny
15 Jan 2013
WASHINGTON. Suicides in the U.S. military surged to a record 349 last year, far exceeding American combat deaths in Afghanistan, and some private experts are predicting the dark trend will grow worse this year. The Pentagon has struggled to deal with the suicides, which Defense Secretary Leon Panetta and others have called an epidemic ... Last year’s total is the highest since the Pentagon began closely tracking suicides in 2001 ... ....(size: 5.0Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
14 Jan 2013
WASHINGTON -- President Barack Obama issued a strong warning to Republicans on Monday that he will not negotiate over the debt ceiling or allow Republicans to use it as a bargaining chip. "To even entertain the idea of the United States of America not paying our bills is irresponsible. It's absurd," Obama said in a press conference ... "They will not collect a ransom in exchange for not crashing the economy," Obama said ... Also on HuffPost ... ....(size: 10.3Kb)
photo: AP / Arshad Butt
15 Jan 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Desperate times call for desperate measures. In the case regarding Pakistani Shias, a minority population in Pakistan, some are refusing to bury their dead until the government deepens its commitment to protect them and the army provides better security. This comes on the heels of another suicide terrorist attack that killed 92 people and wounded more than 100 ... (1) Crilly, Rob ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
noodls
16 Jan 2013
(Source. Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine) ... "We also have tocontinue to workon timeand untilFebruary 15,completein accordance with thelaws the considerationof applicationsforimportinga GMP certificate.Providingthe Ukrainians withhigh-quality medicinesis apriorityof the Government.Accordingly,ourstepsshould betaken to avoidthe Ukrainian marketof counterfeitandsubstandard products", vice PrimeMinister of Ukrainesaid....(size: 2.3Kb)
Belfast Telegraph
16 Jan 2013
Over 4,000 emails from Eugenia Tymoshenko's personal Gmail account were put online on a specially created website, where they have been neatly sorted and categorised according to subject ... Eugenia Tymoshenko said there was "a dirty war with no morals, rules or principles" being fought against her mother and those close to her by the Ukrainian authorities, led by Mr Yanukovych ... ....(size: 3.4Kb)
DNA India
16 Jan 2013
Ore constitutes the major portion of the Ukrainian export to China, while import is prevailed by machines and electric devices. Additionally, in the coming years China - the world's largest corn consumer - plans to buy approximately 3 million tons of Ukrainian corn annually ... The loan is set to increase trade volume, raise productivity, and stimulate equipment modernization in Ukrainian agricultural sector....(size: 2.7Kb)
noodls
16 Jan 2013
Opportunities of the IOM are actively drawn to maintain evacuation measures concerning Ukrainian citizens who stay in crisis regions ... In this context the Ukrainian party expressed gratitude to Manfred Profazifor his active personal role in implementation of the mentioned activities and also stated interest to continue development of a fruitful cooperation with the IOM in the mentioned areas....(size: 2.7Kb)
Belfast Telegraph
16 Jan 2013
Ukrainian side Shakhtar Donetsk will consider selling Brazilian playmaker Willian to Chelsea or Tottenham this month but they will be demanding about £20million ... Shakhtar were one of the most impressive sides in the group stages but have been affected in previous years by the three-month winter break that deprives Ukrainian clubs of competitive domestic action from the end of November until the beginning of March ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
noodls
16 Jan 2013
(Source. Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine). In the course of the meeting the sides considered the state of realization of bilateral projects in particular - modernization of a mine named after MelnykovLysychanskvuhillyacompany and newly launched project of replacement of consumption of natural gas with Ukrainian coal ... distributed by....(size: 1.9Kb)
noodls
16 Jan 2013
(Source. Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine) ... On the occasion ofthe beginning ofUkraine's presidency in the LiechtensteinPalace will be heldgalaconcert with the participationthe famous Ukrainian'sensemble "Kyiv Soloists". distributed by ... The issuer is solely responsible for the accuracy of the information contained therein.. (noodl....(size: 2.1Kb)
Detroit Free Press
16 Jan 2013
LONDON -- There was something noticeably different about Rodney Stuckey on Tuesday afternoon. It was his mouth. To be more precise, it was his front row of teeth ... It looked painful, but Stuckey said he was all right and flashed a grin to prove his point ... With Ukrainian Slava Kravtsov on the team, there is the question of whether the rookie center will be active against the Knicks on Thursday....(size: 1.8Kb)
France24
16 Jan 2013
French President François Hollande is giving his annual address to the press on Wednesday, amid an escalating military offensive against Islamist militants in Mali. Watch the conference live on FRANCE 24 by clicking on the player below. By FRANCE 24 (text). . . . Date created . 16/01/2013 . Read more. MALI. Report. Malian villagers caught in the crossfire ... FRANCE ... ‘Darth Vader’ demands free land from Ukrainian government ... ....(size: 5.5Kb)
noodls
16 Jan 2013
(Source. JSC FC Shakhtar Donetsk). On 16 and 17 January, Shakhtar will work in the UAE in accordance with an almost identical programme. In the morning, Shakhtar will be training, and in the evening, they will be playing a friendly. Today, the Ukrainian champions will face an Egyptian outfit Zamalek in their opening match at Matchworld Cup 2013. The game will start at18.00 EET, and will be broadcast live on Football TV channel ... (noodl....(size: 3.3Kb)
Skiddle
16 Jan 2013
Ginglik, London Fri 18th January 2013. BalKanKan a night of Gypsy madness with the best Balkan Beat DJs and gypsy dancers!. Date. Friday 18th January 2013 ... Expect balls and brass from the Balkans, surf-rock Mediterranean guitar lines, Arabic & Jewish melodies, massive bass-lines and a whole heap of electronics plus European exotic folk with Serbian brass bands, Ukrainian ska, Gypsy and Latino songs and even an odd French classic! ... ....(size: 2.8Kb)
Irish Times
16 Jan 2013
KEVIN MITCHELL in Melbourne. TENNIS ... Knew little . While Murray said he knew little about the 100th-ranked Sousa, other than he’d “seen him about”, Federer will be playing Davydenko for the 20th time, but it is unlikely the Ukrainian will register his third win against him – especially after taking four sets to get past the Israeli qualifier, Dudi Sela ... He’s experienced worse ... It was a joke.” ... ....(size: 3.2Kb)
France24
16 Jan 2013
A helicopter crashed near a train station in central London on Wednesday morning, the fire service reported. There was no immediate report on casualties. TV reports cited a collision with a construction crane. By FRANCE 24 (text). ... The fire service said it was called at 8am to a report of a crash on Wandsworth Road on the south bank of the Thames ... (FRANCE 24 with wires) ... UK ... ‘Darth Vader’ demands free land from Ukrainian government ... ....(size: 6.5Kb)
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 Ukraine 37,541,693[4] |
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Razumkov center study about main church membership in Ukraine (2006); |
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Other Slavs, particularly other East Slavs |
Ukrainians (Ukrainian: Українці, Ukrayintsi, [ukrɑˈjinʲtsʲi]) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, which is the sixth-largest nation in Europe.[31] The Constitution of Ukraine applies the term 'Ukrainians' to all its citizens. According to some dictionary definitions, a descriptive name for the "inhabitants of Ukraine" is Ukrainian or Ukrainian people.[32] Russians and Belarusians are considered the closest relatives of Ukrainians, while Rusyns are either considered another closely related group, or an ethnic subgroup of Ukrainians.
Ethnonym Ukrainians became widely accepted only in the 20th century, so modern Ukrainians identify their ancestry with differently named historical Slavic groups, who are often called Ukrainians too, in retrospect. The oldest recorded ethnonyms used for Ukrainian ancestors are Rusy, Rusyny, and Rusychi (from term Rus'). From the 9th to 12th centuries those names applied to the population of Kievan Rus', as the united state of Rusy is restrospectively called. Similar names were adopted by the proto-Russian and proto-Belarusian inhabitants of the northern principalities of Rus',[33][34] reflecting the common origin of all those East Slavic peoples.
Before the medieval period, Kievan Rus was preceded in the area by the ancient Greeks,[35][36][37] Scythians,[38] Sarmatians,[39][40] Goths,[41][42][43] and Norsemen.[44][45] By 14th century, the Kievan Rus' disentigrated and the territory of modern Ukraine was split between several states. From that time until at least the 17th century, the ancestors of Ukrainians, Belarusians and Rusyns identified as the same people, known as Ruthenians and comprising most of the population of the region called Ruthenia.
By the Early Modern Era and the age of Cossacks, the toponym Ukraine was accepted to denote the lands around Kiev and alongside the lower Dnieper River. The same region was also known as Little Russia (Malorussia), as the heartland of the Kievan Rus' had been designated by the Byzantine Greeks. The corresponding term Malorussians was widely accepted to identify the population of the area when it was a part of the Russian Empire. In the last few centuries, the population of Ukraine was subjected to periods of Polonization and Russification, but preserved common culture and a sense of common identity.[46][47]
In the last decades of the 19th century, many Ukrainians moved to the Asian regions of Russia, while many of their counterpart Slavs under Austro-Hungarian rule emigrated to the New World seeking work and better economic opportunities.[48] Today, a large ethnic Ukrainian minority reside in Russia, Canada, the United States, Brazil, Kazakhstan, Italy and Argentina.[49] According to some sources, around 20 million people outside Ukraine identify as having Ukrainian ethnicity,[3][50][51] however the official data of the respective countries calculated together doesn't show more than 10 million. Ukrainians have one of the largest diasporas in the world.
Contents |
Geographic distribution[link]
Main article: Ukrainian diaspora
Most ethnic Ukrainians live in Ukraine where they make up over three-quarters of the population. The largest population of ethnic Ukrainians outside of Ukraine live in Russia where about 1.9 million[5] Russian citizens consider themselves ethnic Ukrainians, while millions of others (primarily in southern Russia and Siberia) have some Ukrainian ancestry. The inhabitants of the Kuban, for example, have vacillated among three identities, Ukrainian, Russian (supported by the Soviet regime), and "Cossack".[52]
According to some previous assumptions, there are also almost an estimated 2.1 million of people of Ukrainian origin in North America (1.2 million in Canada and 890,000 in the United States). Large numbers of Ukrainians live in Brazil (500,000), Moldova (375,000), Kazakhstan (about 333,000), Poland (estimates from 300,000 to 400,000), Argentina (300,000),[13] Belarus (estimates from 250,000 to 300,000), Portugal (100,000), Romania (estimates from 60.000 to 90.000) and Slovakia (55,000). There are also Ukrainian diasporas in the UK, Australia, Germany, Latvia, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Ireland, Sweden and the former Yugoslavia.
Identity[link]
The watershed in the development of modern Ukrainian national consciousness was the struggle for independence during the creation of Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–21).[53] A concerted effort to reverse the growth of Ukrainian national consciousness was begun by the regime of Joseph Stalin in the late 1920s, and continued with minor interruptions until the most recent times. The man-made Famine-Genocide of 1932–3, the deportations of the so-called kulaks, the physical annihilation of the nationally conscious intelligentsia, and terror in general were used to destroy and subdue the Ukrainian nation.[54] Even after Joseph Stalin's death the concept of a Russified though multiethnic Soviet people was officially promoted, according to which the non-Russian nations were relegated to second-class status. The creation of a sovereign and independent Ukraine in 1991, however, pointed to the failure of the policy of the "merging of nations" and to the enduring strength of the Ukrainian national consciousness. Today, one of the consequences of these acts is Ukrainophobia.[55]
Biculturalism is especially present in southeastern Ukraine with a significant Russian minority. Historical colonization of Ukraine is one of the reasons for creating confusion about national identity to this day.[56] Many citizens of Ukraine took the Ukrainian national identity in the past 20 years. According to the concept of nationality dominant in Eastern Europe the Ukrainians are people whose native language is Ukrainian (an objective criterion) whether or not they are nationally conscious, and all those who identify themselves as Ukrainian (a subjective criterion) whether or not they speak Ukrainian.[57]
Attempts to introduce a territorial-political concept of Ukrainian nationality on the Western European model (presented by political philosopher Viacheslav Lypynsky) were unsuccessful until the 1990s. Territorial loyalty has also been manifested by the historical national minorities living in Ukraine. The accepted view in Ukraine today is that all permanent inhabitants of Ukraine are its citizens (i.e., Ukrainians) regardless of their ethnic origins or the language in which they communicate. The official declaration of Ukrainian sovereignty of 16 July 1990 stated that "citizens of the Republic of all nationalities constitute the people of Ukraine."[58][59]
Origin[link]
Etymology[link]
The modern name Ukraintsi (Ukrainians) is derived from Ukraina (Ukraine), a name first documented in 1187.[60] There are several scientific theories about the etymology of the term, Ukrainian historians such as Hryhoriy Pivtorak, Vitaly Sklyarenko and other scholars, translate the term "u-kraine" as "in-land", "home-land" or "our-country".[61] The name is derived from word "u-kraina" in the sense of "domestic region", "domestic land" or "country" (inside the country).[62][63][64] According to some Russian scholars, it is derived from the Proto-Slavic root *kraj-, meaning ‘edge, border’, and originally had the sense off "periphery", "borderland" or "frontier region" etc.[65][66][67]
The appellation Ukrainians initially came into common usage in Central Ukraine[68][69] and did not take hold in Galicia and Bukovyna until the latter part of the 19th century, in Transcarpathia until the 1930s, and in the Preshov region until the late 1940s. Those Western Ukrainians used the name Rusyny (Ruthenians) prior to the national revival of the 19th century.[70][71]
Main article: Name of Ukraine
Genetic[link]
Ukrainians show the characteristic R1a genes of the patrilineal descent from a single male at a very high frequency of 41.5-54.0%.[72] Such high frequencies of R1a have been found only in Poland, Russia, Slovenia, and on the Indian subcontinent.[73]
DNA tests of Y chromosomes from representative sample of Ukrainians were analyzed for composition and frequencies of haplogroups. In the Ukrainian gene, pool six haplogroups were revealed: E, F (including G and I), J, N3, P, and R1a1. The major haplogroup in the Ukrainian gene pool, Haplogroup R1a is thought to mark the migration patterns of the early Indo-Europeans and is associated with the distribution of the Kurgan archaeological culture. The second major haplogroup is haplogroup F, which is a combination of the lineages differing by the time of appearance. Haplogroup P found represents the genetic contribution of the population originating from the ancient autochthonous population of Europe.
Haplogroup J and Haplogroup E mark the migration patterns of the Middle-Eastern agriculturists during the Neolithic. The presence of the N3 lineage is likely explained by a contribution of the assimilated Finno-Ugric tribes.[74] A recent study (Rebala et al. 2007) studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland. A significant finding of this study is that according to the authors most Slavic populations have similar Y chromosome pools, and this similarity can be traced to an origin in middle Dnieper basin of Ukraine.[75]
Ethnic[link]
Cucuteni-Trypillian culture is a late Neolithic archaeological culture which flourished between ca. 5500 BC and 2750 BC, from the Carpathian Mountains to the Dniester and Dnieper regions. It is assumed that this is the first significant culture that influenced the culture of the Ukrainian people, although anatomically modern humans have been present in the region since 32,000 BCE.[76][77] Later numerous nomadic tribes inhabited the territory of modern Ukraine. The Pontic-Caspian steppe region in the south of Ukraine and Russia is suspected to be the homeland of the Indo-Europeans.[78] Groups would begin breaking off from the main Indo-European pool beginning around 4,000-4,500 BC and continued for centuries, with Indo-Iranian estimated to have separated about 2,000 BC.
In the framework of the Kurgan hypothesis, "the Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations became speakers of Balto-Slavic".[79] Some of the other Indo-European tribes would return to the region. They included Iranic-speaking Scythians and Sarmatians, Greeks from the Black Sea colonies, Thracians from modern-day Bulgaria and Romania, Illyrians from modern day Croatia, Germanic-speaking Goths and Varangians, and the Crimean Armenians in the early second millennium AD. There were also non-Indo-European Finno-Ugrians and Turkic-speaking Bulgars, Khazars, Pechenegs and Cumans.
At the beginning of 9th century a significant number of Varangians was present in central Ukraine. They used the water ways of Eastern Europe for military raids and trade, particularly the Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks. Until 11th century these Varangians also served as key mercenary troops for a number of princes in medieval Kiev, as well as for some of the Byzantine emperors, while others occupied key administrative positions in Kievan Rus’ society.[80] After a few centuries those Varangians have adopted local customs of Ukrainian ancestors and they have become slavicized.[81] Besides the other cultural traces, today among Ukrainian names there can be notice a several of those who have Norman origins as a result of mutual influences from that period.[82][83]
Modern research confirms that Ukrainian origins are predominantly Slavic, while non-Slavic nomads who lived in the steppes of eventually colonized southern Ukraine did not have a significant influence on the formation of modern Ukrainians.[84] Gothic historian Jordanes and 6th-century Byzantine authors named two groups that lived in the south-east of Europe: Sclavins (western Slavs) and Antes. The Antes are normally identified with proto-Ukrainians. Historians believe that the ancestors of Ukrainians were members of large ethnic community of Antes. The name Antes is of probably of Iranic (Scythian) origin and means people living on the borderland. The state of Antes existed from the end of 4th to early 7th century.
Archeological and linguistic evidence indicates that at the dawning of the Christian era the lands between the Oder River or the Vistula River and the middle Dnieper River basins were inhabited by proto-Slavic tribes. The southern Ukrainian steppes were dominated by Iranian peoples and then Turkic nomadic peoples, although some Slavic agrarian colonization occurred. From the 5th to 7th century AD on, proto-Ukrainian tribes are known to have inhabited Ukrainian territory: the Volhynians, Derevlianians, Polianians, and Siverianians and the less significant Ulychians, Tivertsians, and White Croats.[85] These tribes are the ancestors of the Ukrainian nation. Polianians founded the city of Kiev — later capital of a powerful state known as Rus' (aka Kievan Rus'). Polianians played the key role in the formation of the Kievan Rus' state. Polianians have played a key role in formation of future Ukrainian nation.[86]
Historical theories that Ukrainians share certain linguistic traits with the two other East Slavic nations, the Belarusians and Russians, has been interpreted variously. That the three nations shared a religion and a ruling dynasty in the time of Kievan Rus’ has been used to hypothesize the existence of an "ancient Rus'" nationality, that is, one proto-Rus’ people, that disintegrated under the impact of Mongol, Lithuanian, and Polish domination during the 13th and 14th centuries. That originally "Muscovite concept" became dogma in the USSR and has often been repeated in the West; among Ukrainian scholars it was advocated by Myron Korduba. A second theory states that a single, proto-Ukrainian people lived in the area from the Carpathian Mountains to the White Sea, and that the Russians and Belarusians later separated from it. That thesis has been supported by many Ukrainian scholars.[87]
Subethnic groups - Among Ukrainians, there are several distinct subethnic groups, especially in western Ukraine: places like Zakarpattia and Halychyna. Among them the most known are Hutsuls,[88] Volhynians, Boykos and Lemkos (otherwise known as Rusyns - a derivative of Ruthenians),[89] each with peculiar area of settlement, dialect, dress, anthropological type and folk traditions. There are several theories about the origin of each of these groups. Ukrainian subethnic groups also include Polishchuks, Bodnars and Kuban Cossacks. Some of these subethnic groups were strongly influenced by the neighboring nations, but according to all relevant indicators they belong to the mainstream of Ukrainian people.
History[link]
Main article: History of Ukraine
Ukraine had a very turbulent history, a fact explained by its geographical position. In the 9th century the Varangians from Scandinavia conquered the proto-Slavic tribes on the territory of today's Ukraine, Belarus, and western Russia and laid the groundwork for the Kievan Rus’ state. The ancestors of the Ukrainian nation such as Polianians had a important role in the development and culturalization of Kievan Rus’ state. The internecine wars between Rus' princes, which began after the death of Yaroslav the Wise,[90] led to the political fragmentation of the state into a number of principalities. The quarreling between the princes left Kievan Rus’ vulnerable to foreign attacks, and the invasion of the Mongols in 1236. and 1240. finally destroyed the state. Another important state in the history of the Ukrainians is Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (1199–1349).[91][92]
The third important state for Ukrainians is Cossack Hetmanate. The Cossacks of Zaporizhia since the late 15th century controlled the lower bends of the river Dnieper, between Russia, Poland and the Tatars of Crimea, with the fortified capital, Zaporizhian Sich. Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky is one of the most celebrated and at the same time most controversial political figures in Ukraine's early-modern history. A brilliant military leader, his greatest achievement in the process of national revolution was the formation of the Cossack Hetmanate state of the Zaporozhian Host (1648–1782). Period of the Ruin in the late 17th century in the history of Ukraine is characterized by the disintegration of Ukrainian statehood and general decline. During the Ruin Ukraine became divided along the Dnieper River into Left-Bank Ukraine and Right-Bank Ukraine, and the two halves became hostile to each other. Ukrainian leaders during the period were largely opportunists and men of little vision who could not muster broad popular support for their policies.[93]
At the final stages of the First World War, a powerful struggle for an independent Ukrainian state developed in the central Ukrainian territories, which, until 1917, were part of the Russian Empire. The newly established Ukrainian government, the Central Rada, headed by Mykhailo Hrushevsky, issued four universals, the Fourth of which, dated 22 January 1918, declared the independence and sovereignty of the Ukrainian National Republic (UNR) on 25 January 1918. The session of the Central Rada on 29 April 1918 ratified the Constitution of the UNR and elected Hrushevsky president.[46]
Soviet period[link]
From 1932–1933 millions of Ukrainians starved to death in a famine, known as the Holodomor. The Soviet regime remained silent about the Holodomor and provided no aid to the victims or the survivors. But news and information about what was going on reached the West and evoked public responses in Polish-ruled Western Ukraine and in the Ukrainian diaspora. Since the 1990s the independent Ukrainian state, particularly under President Viktor Yushchenko, the Ukrainian mass media and academic institutions, many foreign governments, most Ukrainian scholars, and many foreign scholars have viewed and written about the Holodomor as genocide and issued official declarations and publications to that effect. Modern scholarly estimates of the direct loss of human life due to the famine range between 2.6 million[94][95] (3-3.5 million)[96] and 12 million[97] although much higher numbers are usually published in the media and cited in political debates.[98] As of March 2008, the parliament of Ukraine and the governments of several countries have recognized the Holodomor as an act of genocide.[99]
Historical maps of Ukraine[link]
The Ukrainian state has occupied a number of territories since its initial foundation. Most of these territories have been located within Eastern Europe, however, as depicted in the maps in the gallery below, has also at times extended well into Eurasia and South-Eastern Europe. At times there has also been a distinct lack of a Ukrainian state, as its territories were on a number of occasions, annexed by its more powerful neighbours.
| Historical Maps of Ukraine and its Predecessors | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Ukraine
Due to Ukraine's geographical location, its culture primarily exhibits central and eastern European influences. Over the years it has been invariably influenced by movements such as those brought about during the Byzantine Empire and the Renaissance. Today, the country is somewhat culturally divided with the western regions bearing a stronger central European influence and the eastern regions showing a significant Russian influence. A strong Christian culture was predominant for many centuries, although Ukraine was also the center of conflict between the Catholic, Orthodox and Islamic world. Ukrainian culture has elements of some of the oldest cultures in the world such as Trypillian culture.
Languages[link]
Main article: Ukrainian language
Ukrainian (украї́нська мо́ва, ukrayins'ka mova, [ukraˈjinʲsʲka ˈmɔʋa]) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. It is the only official state language of Ukraine. Written Ukrainian uses a Cyrillic alphabet. The language shares some vocabulary with the languages of the neighboring Slavic nations, most notably with Belarusian, Polish, Russian and Slovak.
The Ukrainian language traces its origins to the Old East Slavic language of the medieval state of Kievan Rus'. In its earlier stages it was called Ruthenian language. Ukrainian, along with other East Slavic languages, is a lineal descendant of the colloquial language used in Kievan Rus' (10th–13th century).[100]
While the Golden Horde placed officials in key Russian areas, practised forced resettlement, and even renamed urban centers to suit their own language, the Mongols did not attempt to annihilate Kievan society and culture. The second onslaught began with the destruction of Kiev by the Golden Horde in 1240. This khanate formed the western part of a great Mongol Empire that had been founded by Genghis Khan in the early 13th century. After the Mongol destruction of Kievan Rus in the 13th century, literary activity in Ukraine declined. A revival began in the late of the 18th century in the eastern Ukraine with overlapping literary and academic phases at a time when nostalgia for the Cossack past and resentment at the loss of autonomy still lingered on.
The language has persisted despite several periods of bans and/or discouragement throughout centuries as it has always nevertheless maintained a sufficient base among the people of Ukraine, its folklore songs, itinerant musicians, and prominent authors.
According to 2001 All-Ukrainian census, 85.2% of all people of Ukrainian ethnicity living in Ukraine named Ukrainian as their mother-tongue, and 14.8% named Russian as their mother-tongue.[101] This census doesn't cover Ukrainians living in other countries.[102]
Religions[link]
Main article: Religion in Ukraine
Ukrainians are predominantly Orthodox Christians. In the eastern and southern areas of Ukraine the Ukrainian Orthodox Church under the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate is the most common. In central and western Ukraine there is support for the Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kiev Patriarchate headed by Patriarch Filaret and also in the western areas of Ukraine and with smaller support throughout the country there is support for the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church headed by Metropolitan Mefodiy. In the Western region known as Galicia the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, one of the Eastern Rite Catholic churches has a strong membership. Since the fall of the Soviet Union there has been a growth of Protestant churches[103] and Rodnovery, a contemporary Slavic pagan religion.[104] There are also ethnic minorities that practice other religions, i.e. Crimean Tatars (Islam), and Jews and Karaim (Judaism).
Music[link]
Main article: Music of Ukraine
Ukrainian folk oral literature, poetry, and songs (such as the dumas) are among the most distinctive ethnocultural features of Ukrainians as a people. Religious music existed in Ukraine before the official adoption of Christianity, in the form of plainsong "obychnyi spiv" or "musica practica". Traditional Ukrainian music is easily recognized by its somewhat melancholy tone. It first became known outside of Ukraine during the 18th century as musicians from Ukraine would perform before the royal courts in Russia and Poland. A large number of famous musicians around the world was educated or born in Ukraine, among them are famous names like Dmitry Bortniansky, Sergei Prokofiev, Myroslav Skoryk, etc.
Dance[link]
Main article: Ukrainian dance
Ukrainian dance refers to the traditional folk dances of the peoples of Ukraine. Today, Ukrainian dance is primarily represented by what ethnographers, folklorists and dance historians refer to as "Ukrainian Folk-Stage Dances", which are stylized representations of traditional dances and their characteristic movements that have been choreographed for concert dance performances. This stylized art form has so permeated the culture of Ukraine, that very few purely traditional forms of Ukrainian dance remain today.
Ukrainian dance is often described as energetic, fast-paced, and entertaining, and along with traditional Easter eggs (pysanky), it is a characteristic example of Ukrainian culture recognized and appreciated throughout the world.
Symbols[link]
Main articles: Flag of Ukraine and Coat of arms of Ukraine
The national symbols of the Ukrainians are the Flag of Ukraine and the Coat of arms of Ukraine.
The national flag of Ukraine is a blue and yellow bicolour rectangle. The colour fields are of same form and equal size. The colours of the flag represent a blue sky above yellow fields of wheat.[105][106][107] The flag was designed for the convention of the Supreme Ruthenian Council, meeting in Lviv in October 1848. Its colours were based on the coat-of-arms of the Galicia-Volhynia Principality.[108]
The Coat of arms of Ukraine features the same colours found on the Ukrainian flag: a blue shield with yellow trident—the symbol of ancient Slavic tribes that once lived in Ukraine, later adopted by Ruthenian and Kievan Rus rulers. Others say that the coat represents also the importance of the Holy Trinity, although coincidentally prior to Christianity the people of today's Ukraine believed in Triglav, with the similar concept of three.
See also[link]
For the British musical group, see The Ukrainians.
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ukrainians |
- List of Ukrainians
- List of Ukrainian rulers
- Lemkos
- Rusyns
- Ruthenians
- Ukrainians in Russia
- Green Ukraine
- Soviet population transfers
References[link]
Footnotes[link]
- ^ Ukrainians at the Joshua Project
- ^ The Ukrainian World Congress states that the Ukrainian diaspora makes 20 million: 20mln Ukrainians living abroad
- ^ a b UWC continually and diligently defends the interests of over 20 million Ukrainians...
- ^ "Results / General results of the census / National composition of population". All-Ukrainian Census, 2001. December 5 2001. http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
- ^ a b Ethnic composition of the population of the Russian Federation / Information materials on the final results of the 2010 Russian census (Russian)
- ^ a b c d e f g Statistics include non-primary ancestry reports. "Ukrainians" being of partial descent figured in numbers.
- ^ "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data". http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000.
- ^ "Census 2006 ACS Ancestry estimates"
- ^ People of Ukrainian descent in Brazil
- ^ "Moldova". https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/md.html.
- ^ "The results of the national population census in 2009". http://www.eng.stat.kz/news/Pages/n1_12_11_10.aspx.
- ^ "The Ukrainians: Engaging the 'Eastern Diaspora'". By Andrew Wilson. (1999). In Charles King, Neil Melvin (Eds.) Nations Abroad. Wesview Press, pp. 103-132. ISBN 0-8133-3738-0
- ^ a b Ucrania.com (in Spanish)
- ^ "Belarus National Census 2009. Ethnic composition". National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus. 2009. http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/census/2009/main.php. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
- ^ "Ethnic Atlas of Uzbekistan". «ООФС — Узбекистан». http://www.library.cjes.ru/online/?a=con&b_id=416&c_id=4481. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ "Startseite". Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. http://www.destatis.de/basis/e/bevoe/bevoetab10.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
- ^ "Article" (in Spanish). Ucrania.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928092248/http://www.ucrania.com/article_read.asp?id=69. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
- ^ (pdf) População Estrangeira em Portugal – 2009, December 31, 2009, http://sefstat.sef.pt/Docs/Distritos_2009.pdf, retrieved 2011-04-16
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ "Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, years". Statistics Estonia. 2011. http://www.stat.ee/34278. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
- ^ "Kyrgyzstan National Census 2009, population by ethnicity". Department of Kyrgyzstan. http://212.42.101.100:8088/nacstat/sites/default/files/3.1.pdf. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ [3]
- ^ http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1605/Other/A1605_SPO15_TB_AN_00_2006_07_F_EN.pdf
- ^ 2002 Georgian census
- ^ [4]
- ^ 2001 Official Bulgarian Census statistics.
- ^ http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\U\K\Ukrainians.htm
- ^ http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00082/02700.htm?text=%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B&stpar3=1.1
- ^ http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404101422.html
- ^ The sixth-largest nation in Europe.
- ^ Definition of UKRAINIAN, Merriam-Webster
- ^ The oldest recorded names used for the Ukrainians are Rusyny, Rusychi, and Rusy (from Rus').
- ^ Identification and National Identity of Ukrainians.
- ^ The first Greek colony in southern Ukraine
- ^ Ancient Black Sea colonies
- ^ "Strong Greek influences are found in artifacts discovered in the region of the Black Sea"
- ^ "Ancient Inventions of Ukraine", Warriors of ancient Scythia
- ^ Encyclopedia of Ukraine: "Sarmatians"
- ^ Jona Lendering: Sarmatians.
- ^ "Goths: ancient Germanic tribes that migrated from southern Scandinavia", Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- ^ "A historical theory about the origin of states in Eastern Europe. Normans as predecessors of Goths", Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- ^ "The true story of the Swedish settlement in the Ukraine", Svenskbyborna
- ^ Varangians (from Norse waering "one who has taken an oath of allegiance" or war "oath, sworn fidelity")
- ^ Then in the 9th century Swedish Vikings sailed along rivers into the heart of Eastern Europe, some of them settled in Ukraine.
- ^ a b Struggle for Independence (1917–20).
- ^ "Ukrainization" (Ukrainizatsiia), Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- ^ [htt p://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic\U\K\Ukrainians_Map.jpg See map: Ukrainians: World Distribution], Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- ^ "History and ethnic relations in Ukraine", Every Culture
- ^ "Ukrainian diaspora abroad makes up over 20 million"
- ^ 20 million Ukrainians live in 46 different countries of the world.
- ^ The inhabitants of the Kuban have three identities.
- ^ Ukrainian National Republic.
- ^ Famine-Genocide of 1932–3 (Голодомор; Holodomor).
- ^ Development of modern Ukrainian national consciousness.
- ^ Russian-Speaking Citizens of Ukraine: “Imaginary Society” as it is.
- ^ Viewed from a historical perspective, Ukrainians are people whose native language is Ukrainian.
- ^ Ukrainian nationality on the Western European model (e.g., by Viacheslav Lypynsky) were unsuccessful until the 1990s.
- ^ Ethnic Self-Identification in Ukraine.
- ^ Name first documented in 1187.
- ^ З ЕНЦИКЛОПЕДІЇ УКРАЇНОЗНАВСТВА; НАЗВА »УКРАЇНА«
- ^ «Україна» — це не «окраїна»
- ^ Что в имени Украина?
- ^ Ukraine or "the Ukraine"?
- ^ Vasmer, Max (1953–58) (in German). Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. 1–3. Heidelberg: Winter. Russian translation: Fasmer, Maks (1964–73). Ėtimologičeskij slovar’ russkogo jazyka. 1–4. transl. Oleg N. Trubačev. Moscow: Progress. http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=%2Fusr%2Flocal%2Fshare%2Fstarling%2Fmorpho&basename=%5Cusr%5Clocal%5Cshare%5Cstarling%5Cmorpho%5Cvasmer%5Cvasmer&text_word=%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&method_word=beginning.
- ^ Ф.А. Гайда. От Рязани и Москвы до Закарпатья. Происхождение и употребление слова «украинцы» // Родина. 2011. № 1. С. 82-85. [5]
- ^ З ЕНЦИКЛОПЕДІЇ УКРАЇНОЗНАВСТВА; НАЗВА »УКРАЇНА«
- ^ All-Ukrainian National Congress (Vseukrainskyi Natsionalnyi Kongres).
- ^ Universals of the Central Rada.
- ^ A historic name for Ukrainians corresponding to the Ukrainian rusyny.
- ^ Populism, Western Ukrainian.
- ^ Semino, A; Passarino G, Oefner PJ, Lin AA, Arbuzova S, Beckman LE, De Benedictis G, Francalacci P, Kouvatsi A, Limborska S, Marcikiae M, Mika A, Mika B, Primorac D, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA (2000). "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic *** sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective" [6](PDF). Science 290 (5494): 1155–59. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185. PMID 15944443.
- ^ F. Luca, F. Di Giacomo, T. Benincasa et al., "Y-Chromosomal Variation in the Czech Republic," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132:132–139 (2007).
- ^ Gene Pool Structure of Eastern Ukrainians as Inferred from the Y-Chromosome Haplogroups. Russian Journal of Genetics, Volume 40, Number 3 / March, 2004.
- ^ Rebala K et al. (2007), Y-STR variation among Slavs: evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middle Dnieper basin, Journal of Human Genetics, 52:406-14
- ^ Prat, Sandrine; Péan, Stéphane C.; Crépin, Laurent; Drucker, Dorothée G.; Puaud, Simon J.; Valladas, Hélène; Lázničková-Galetová, Martina; van der Plicht, Johannes et al. (17 June 2011). "The Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating, Culture and Behavior". plosone. http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0020834. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
- ^ Carpenter, Jennifer (20 June 2011). "Early human fossils unearthed in Ukraine". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13846262. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
- ^ Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05887-0.
- ^ F. Kortlandt, The spread of the Indo-Europeans, p.4
- ^ Varangians assimilated rapidly with the local population.
- ^ According to some sources, the first Varangian rulers of Rus’ were Askold and Dyr.
- ^ The Viking "drakkar" and the Kozak "chaika" by Ihor Lysyj
- ^ Vikings and the Lavra Monastery
- ^ The East Slavic nation constituting the native population of Ukraine.
- ^ Ukrainians. The East Slavic nation constituting the native population of Ukraine; the sixth-largest nation in Europe.
- ^ Polianians (poliany).
- ^ Rus’. The former name of Ukraine.
- ^ A Ukrainian ethnic group which until 1946 lived in the most western part of Ukraine - Hutsuls.
- ^ A Ukrainian ethnic group which until 1946 lived in the most western part of Ukraine - Lemkos.
- ^ Grand prince of Kyiv from 1019; son of Grand Prince Volodymyr the Great and Princess Rohnida of Polatsk.
- ^ The first state to arise among the Eastern Slavs.
- ^ A state founded in 1199 by Roman Mstyslavych, the prince of Volhynia from 1170, who united Galicia and Volhynia under his rule.
- ^ The disintegration of Ukrainian statehood and general decline - Ruina.
- ^ France Meslè et Jacques Vallin avec des contributions de Vladimir Shkolnikov, Serhii Pyrozhkov et Serguei Adamets, Mortalite et cause de dècès en Ukraine au XX siècle p.28, see also France Meslé, Gilles Pison, Jacques Vallin France-Ukraine: Demographic Twins Separated by History, Population and societies, N°413, juin 2005
- ^ Jacques Vallin, France Mesle, Serguei Adamets, Serhii Pyrozhkov, A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses during the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s, Population Studies, Vol. 56, No. 3. (Nov., 2002), pp. 249–264
- ^ Stanislav Kulchytsky, "How many of us perished in Holodomor in 1933", Zerkalo Nedeli, November 23–29, 2002. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian
- ^ Rosefielde, Steven. "Excess Mortality in the Soviet Union: A Reconsideration of the Demographic Consequences of Forced Industrialization, 1929-1949." Soviet Studies 35 (July 1983): 385-409
- ^ Peter Finn, Aftermath of a Soviet Famine, The Washington Post, April 27, 2008, "There are no exact figures on how many died. Modern historians place the number between 2.5 million and 3.5 million. Yushchenko and others have said at least 10 million were killed."
- ^ Sources differ on interpreting various statements from different branches of different governments as to whether they amount to the official recognition of the Famine as Genocide by the country. For example, after the statement issued by the Latvian Sejm on March 13, 2008, the total number of countries is given as 19 (according to Ukrainian BBC: "Латвія визнала Голодомор ґеноцидом"), 16 (according to Korrespondent, Russian edition: "После продолжительных дебатов Сейм Латвии признал Голодомор геноцидом украинцев"), "more than 10" (according to Korrespondent, Ukrainian edition: "Латвія визнала Голодомор 1932–33 рр. геноцидом українців")
- ^ "Ukrainian language". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074133. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
- ^ Про кількість та склад населення України за підсумками Всеукраїнського перепису населення 2001 року
- ^ The language composition of the population of Ukraine according to the nationwide census – Ukraine Census 2001, State Statistics Committee of Ukraine
- ^ For more information, see History of Christianity in Ukraine and Religion in Ukraine
- ^ Adrian Ivakhiv. In Search of Deeper Identities: Neopaganism and Native Faith in Contemporary Ukraine. Nova Religio, 2005.
- ^ Government portal- State symbols of Ukraine
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ CIA World Factbook – Flag of Ukraine
- ^ FOTW:Ukraine – History of the Flag
Sources[link]
| Part of a series on |
| Ukrainians |
|---|
 |
| Diaspora |
| see Template:Ukrainian diaspora |
| Closely-related peoples |
| East Slavs (parent group) Boykos · Hutsuls · Lemkos · Rusyns Poleszuks · Kuban Cossacks Pannonian Rusyns |
| Culture |
| Architecture · Art · Cinema · Cuisine Dance · Language · Literature · Music Sport |
| Religion |
| Eastern Orthodox (Ukrainian) Greek Catholicism Roman Catholicism Judaism |
| Languages and dialects |
| Ukrainian Russian · Polish · Canadian Ukrainian Rusyn · Pannonian Rusyn Balachka · Surzhyk |
| History · Rulers List of Ukrainians |
- Wilson, Andrew (2002). The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation (2nd edition ed.). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09309-8.
- Magocsi, Paul R. (1996). A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-300-09309-8.
Online sources[link]
- "How Rusyns Became Ukrainians", Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), July, 2005. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
- "When Was the Ukrainian Nation Born", Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), April 23 – May 6, 2005. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
- 'We are more "Russian" then them', the History of Myths and Sensations, Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), January 27 – February 2, 2001. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
- External Migration – the Main Cause of Ethnically non-Ukrainian Population in Modern Ukraine. Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), January 26 – February 1, 2002. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
- Halyna Lozko, "Ukrainian ethnology. Ethnographic division of Ukraine" (in Ukrainian). Available online.
External links[link]
- Ukrainian World Congress.
- Ukrainians on Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- Races of Europe 1942–1943 (English)
- Hammond's Racial map of Europe, 1919 (English) "National Alumni" 1920, vol.7
- Peoples of Europe / Die Voelker Europas 1914 (German)
- Ethnographic map of Europe 1914 (English)
- Linguistic Divisions of Europe in 1914 (German)
- Ethnic Territory of the Ukrainian people in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (English)
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Ante Gotovina | |
|---|---|
 Ante Gotovina on 7 December 2005 while being arrested |
|
| Born | (1955-10-12) 12 October 1955 (age 56) Tkon, SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia, (now Croatia) |
| Allegiance |  France Croatia |
| Service/branch | French Army Croatian Army |
| Years of service | 1973–1978 (in French Army) 1991-2000 (in Croatian Army) |
| Rank | Caporal-chef (in French Army) Lieutenant General (in Croatian Army) |
| Unit | 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment Commando Parachute Group |
| Commands held | Croatian Army Command |
| Battles/wars | Djibouti, Battle of Kolwezi, Zaire, Ivory Coast, Croatian War of Independence Operation Maslenica (1993) Operation Summer '95 (1995) Operation Storm (1995) Operation Mistral (1995) |
| Awards | Red kneza Domagoja - 26.05.1995. Red bana Jelačića - 26.05.1995. Red hrvatskog trolista - 20.05.1996. Red hrvatskog križa - 20.05.1996. |
Ante Gotovina (born 12 October 1955) is a former Senior Corporal (Caporal Chef) of the French Foreign Legion and former Lieutenant General (general pukovnik) of the Croatian Army who served in the Croatian War for Independence.[1] He was indicted in 2001 by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, accusing him of a "joint criminal enterprise" in an effort to expel Krajina Serbs from Croatia in 1995 during Operation Storm.[2] After spending four years in hiding, he was captured in the Canary Islands on December 7, 2005.[3] On April 15, 2011, Gotovina was found guilty on eight of the nine counts of the indictment and sentenced to 24 years of imprisonment.[4]
Contents |
French Foreign Legion and after[link]
At the age of sixteen, Gotovina left home to become a sailor. In 1973, before turning eighteen, he joined the French Foreign Legion under the pseudonym of Andrija Grabovac and became a member of the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment (2e REP) after qualifying at the Training School in Pau before joining the elite Commandos de Recherche et d'Action en Profondeur (CRAP) now renamed as Parachute Commando Group (GCP). It was there he met Dominique Erulin, brother of the Colonel Philippe Erulin, who would be his friend and partner in future missions.[5] In the next few years, he participated in Foreign Legion operations in Djibouti, the Battle of Kolwezi in Zaire, and missions in the Ivory Coast, becoming Colonel Erulin's driver. After five years of service, he left the Legion with the rank of caporal-chef; he obtained French citizenship in 1979.[1][6]
He subsequently worked for a variety of French private security companies during the 1980s, among them KO International Company, a filial of VHP Security, known as a cover for the Service d'Action Civique (SAC), and was at this time responsible for the security of far-right politician Jean-Marie Le Pen.[7][8] In 1981, together with Dominique Erulin, he helped editor Jean-Pierre Mouchard (a close friend of Jean-Marie Le Pen) organize a commando to free his press in La Seyne-sur-Mer, occupied by CGT trade-union strikers.[7][8]
According to French police records, he became involved in criminal activities, which led to arrest warrants being issued for robbery and extortion; it has been reported that he served at least one two-year prison sentence, though this has been denied by his attorneys.[9] Dominique Erulin claims the accusations were a political ploy made up by the left-wing factions allied with President François Mitterrand.[5] Towards the end of the decade he moved to South America, where he provided training to a number of right-wing paramilitary organizations, notably in Argentina and Guatemala. He met his future wife, Ximena Dalel, in Colombia and had a daughter; they later divorced.
Arrested during a travel to France (Paris), he was sentenced in 1986 to five years of prison by Paris' Cour d'assise.[10] He was freed the next year, "in circumstances showing that he was benefiting from very particular protections".[7] However, Gotovina's lawyers have submitted a brief to the International War Crimes Tribunal alleging that Gotovina was in fact framed by a criminal police group loyal to Francois Mitterrand, a group which was convicted for official misconduct by French courts in 2005.[11]
Return to Croatia[link]
In 1991, Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia. The Serbian government, led by its President Slobodan Milošević, then launched various paramilitary militias to take control of various parts of Croatia, eventually followed by a conventional military assault from the Yugoslav National Army which had come under the de facto control of the Serbian President.[12] The new Croatian army, formed in haste, managed to stop the advance of Belgrade's troops, and Croatia was internationally recognised on 15 January 1992.[13] The Belgrade army then withdrew but left the third of Croatia in which there lived the significant Serb population in the hands of the local Serbs.[14] The rebels had first formed "Autonomous Serb Districts" (Srpske autonomne oblasti or SAOs) which merged into a self-proclaimed "Republic of the Serb Krajina" (Republika Srpske Krajine or RSK) in 1991, encompassing a series of border areas, mostly where the Croatian Serb population was the majority.
Gotovina returned to Croatia in 1991 and enlisted in the Croatian National Guard (ZNG), the first organized military body of what would become the Croatian Army. He was an efficient commander and had the advantage – shared by relatively few other Croatian soldiers – of combat experience. He fought in western Slavonia: in Novska and Nova Gradiška.[15] He soon caught the attention of his superiors, and when the Croatian Army was established as such in 1992, Gotovina was promoted to Colonel.[15] As a colonel he was, along with Janko Bobetko and Anto Roso one of the main organizers of Operation Maslenica, which restored Croatia's territorial continuity in Dalmatia.[15]
By 1994 he had risen to the rank of major-general and, as a general-pukovnik and commanding officer of the Split military district he organized key military operations: the defense of Livno and Tomislavgrad from the troops of Bosnian Serb general Ratko Mladić, and the ten-month war of attrition which broke the Serb defenses in the Plain of Livno, the Dinara Ridge and the Šator mountain.[2][15] He led the conquest of Glamoč and Bosansko Grahovo (Operation Summer '95), which enabled him to close from the east the encirclement of Knin, the "capital" of the self-proclaimed "Republic of the Serb Krajina" (RSK).[16] This ensured the conditions for the rapid success of Operation Oluja ("Storm") of August 4–6, 1995, in the course of which forces under his command captured Knin, which the Croats called the "Royal City of Croatia" since it had been the capital of the Croatian Kingdom in the Middle Ages.[17]
Gotovina was then immediately put in charge of the combined forces of the Croatian Army (Hrvatska Vojska or HV) and the Croatian Defense Council in Bosnia (Hrvatsko Vijeće Obrane or HVO) in Operation Mistral, which defeated the army of the Bosnian Serbs and led the Croatian army, together with the Army of Bosnia-Herzegovina, within 23 kilometres of Banja Luka and was only stopped under American pressure.[1] His success is why he is seen as a hero by many Croats.
In 1996, he became the chief of the Army Inspectorate. In September 2000, Gotovina was a signatory to the Twelve Generals' Letter, and was subsequently dismissed from active service.[18]
War crimes indictment[link]
In July 2001, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) issued sealed indictments to the Croatian government seeking the arrest of Ante Gotovina and Mladen Markač for war crimes.[2]
Gotovina, together with his co-accused Mladen Markač, a former commander of the special police of Croatia's interior ministry, and Ivan Čermak, assistant defense minister from 1991 to 1993, is charged with leading the three month long “Operation Storm", which resulted in the recapture of Croatia's Serb-held Krajina region in 1995 and changed the course of the war of independence. The three stand accused of aiding and abetting the murders of 324 Krajina Serb civilians and prisoners of war by "shooting, burning and/or stabbing" them and forcibly displacing almost 90,000 Serb civilians. Gotovina was charged with five counts of crimes against humanity (persecutions, deportation inhumane acts, murder) and four counts of violations of the laws or customs of war (plunder, wanton destruction, murder, cruel treatment) but he denied all charges."[19]
Gotovina was convicted of committing war crimes and crimes against humanity, including murder, deportation, persecution and inhuman acts, during and immediately after a lightning campaign called Operation Storm that seized back land along Croatia's eastern border taken over by rebel Serbs early in the Balkan wars. Dozens of Serbs were killed and tens of thousands forced to flee their homes.
Presiding Judge Alphons Orie cited one witness who recalled finding his elderly mother and mentally ill brother shot dead after hearing a Croatian soldier say, "I killed another one."
The first prosecution witness in the case told judges artillery shells rained down on the city of Knin, hitting apartment blocks and a medical clinic.
"As I ran, shells were falling around me," the witness said. Her identity was not released by the court.[20]
For the four years (2001–2005), Gotovina remained at large despite intense pressure from the United States and the European Union for his surrender. In September 2005, ICTY's chief prosecutor Carla Del Ponte claimed she had information that he was hiding in a Franciscan monastery in Croatia or Bosnian Croat territory. She went to the Vatican to ask for help in locating him, but told The Daily Telegraph that Vatican foreign minister Archbishop Giovanni Lajolo had refused to help, telling her that the Vatican was not a state and thus had "no international obligations".[21] Her comments infuriated the Church in Croatia[22] as well as the Vatican, whose spokesman Joaquin Navarro-Valls said the archbishop asked Del Ponte what evidence she had to her claims, but she didn't provide any.[23]
Foreign countries sought to track down Gotovina, and an Interpol warrant was issued for his arrest. The United States announced a $5 million (€4.2 million) reward for his capture. It was reported that the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) had sought to find Gotovina but that it had been thwarted after its intelligence officers were exposed in the Croatian media, allegedly at the behest of Gotovina's allies in one of Croatia' many intelligence services, the POA (Protuobavještajna agencija or "Counter-Intelligence Agency").[24] The resulting scandal led to the sacking and replacement of POA head Franjo Turek.
The United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and some Scandinavian states made the surrender of Gotovina a precondition for Croatia's accession to the European Union.[25] This stance was criticised by the Croatian government, which claimed that it did not know where Gotovina was, that he was probably outside the country and that it was doing all it could to bring him to justice. Accession negotiations with the EU, scheduled to start on March 17, 2005, were postponed pending a resolution of the issue. Croatia's bid for accession was finally accepted in October 2005 as part of a deal with Austria, which gained Croatia's admission in exchange for dropping its opposition to Turkey's candidacy.[26] The ICTY announced at the same time that Croatia was then "cooperating fully" with the tribunal, but did not provide further details.
Public attitude towards Gotovina[link]
Many Croatians continue to regard Gotovina as a war hero and reject the assertion that he is guilty of crimes.[27][28] But others say that Croatia's prospects depend far more on the country's accession to the EU than on the fate of one man, and General Rahim Ademi's voluntary surrender to the ICTY raised the question of why Gotovina did not follow suit. Both left and right-wing parties in Croatia have been accused of using Gotovina as a means of drumming up political support.[29]
During his flight, Gotovina became a prominent icon of Croatian popular culture. Marko Perković and Miroslav Škoro, two popular Croatian musicians known for their right-wing views, recorded songs with lyrics implicitly praising the general and his flight. Both songs became huge hits, especially among younger fans.[30] In 2006, the two most popular football teams in the country, Dinamo Zagreb and Hajduk Split, played a game in which all proceeds went to help finance Croatian generals.[31]
Gotovina's popularity can be explained through several reasons: most obvious, he is regarded by many as a war hero. His flight fits the ancient Croatian stereotype of an outlaw, especially the hajduk - a person who defies distant and tyrannical authorities, this time embodied in The Hague, Brussels and other Western capitals whose governments demanded his arrest. There is an outlaw-celebrating culture of hajduks in Dinaric regions like the Dalmatian hinterland and neighbouring Croat-inhabited western Herzegovina and, in general, in all of the Balkans.[32] Other Croats, regardless of their regional background, political persuasion or even attitude to wartime atrocities, praised Gotovina's flight as an act of defiance towards the Croatian political establishment.[33][34]
In March 2005, a survey conducted on behalf of the U.S. Embassy in Croatia reported that 39% surveyed "completely disagree" that it is in Croatia's interest to extradite Gotovina while 15% "mostly disagree."[34] Unofficial polls by television programs showed strong support, with over 90% of callers saying that they would prefer Gotovina to remain at large even if it meant not joining the European Union.[34]
After Gotovina's arrest in Spain, several rallies and protests took place in Croatian cities. On December 11, 2005 (the first Sunday after his arrest), a rally organised by war veterans attracted between 40,000 and 70,000 Croatians in the city of Split to protest the arrest.[35][36] Several retired generals attended the rally and expressed their support for Gotovina. On the same day, rallies were held in several other cities in Croatia, but with smaller attendance (in Zagreb some 500 people gathered).[37]
Polls taken by the PULS Agency after Gotovina's arrest showed that 61% of the Croatian public saw Gotovina's arrest as bad news, while 14% saw it as good news, and the rest didn't know or have an opinion.[38] On whether or not the accusations against the general had merit, 62% found the accusations baseless while only 17% thought they had merit, and the rest did not know.[38] According to another opinion poll published by the left leaning newspaper Jutarnji list on December 11, 60% of those surveyed believed that Gotovina was not guilty of the criminal acts with which he had been charged, 17% believed that he was mostly not responsible, and only one respondent believed that he was completely responsible. 53.4% said that the arrest was bad for Croatia, while only 23.3% said that it was good for the country. 44.6% believed that Gotovina's capture would make it easier for Croatia to join the European Union, though 36.2% believed it would not[citation needed].
In 2001 the Croatian writer Nenad Ivanković wrote a biography of Ante Gotovina titled Warrior-Adventurer and General (A Biography). The Croatian filmmaker Dejan Šorak wrote and directed Dva igrača s klupe, a black comedy released in 2005 whose plot is inspired by the events surrounding the ICTY indictment against Ante Gotovina.[39]
Capture and extradition[link]
On December 7, 2005, Gotovina was captured by Spanish police and special forces in the resort of Playa de las Américas on Tenerife in the Canary Islands. He was said to have been traveling on two fake Croatian passports using the names, Kristijan Horvat and Stjepan Seničić.[40] His passport contained border stamps of several countries, including Argentina, Chile, Russia, China, Czech Republic and Tahiti.[41] A sum of money amounting to €12,000 was discovered in his room.[42] He was immediately flown to Madrid, where he was imprisoned in advance of a court hearing to extradite him to the ICTY prison at The Hague. Spanish police were later reported to have been tracking him for several days, apparently following a lead supplied by the Croatian intelligence service, who have been tapping his wife Dunja's phone.[40] The involvement of Croatian authorities has been backed up by the Carla's List documentary, a part of which is available on YouTube.[43]
On 10 December 2005, Gotovina was flown to The Hague, where he appeared before the ICTY on December 12. He pleaded not guilty to the seven charges brought against him, which were all preceded with "acting individually and/or through [his] participation in the joint criminal enterprise, planned, instigated, ordered, committed, and/or aided and abetted the planning, preparation, and/or execution of":[44]
- Persecutions on political, racial and religious grounds, deportation and other inhumane acts (forced displacement) - three counts of crimes against humanity
- Other inhumane acts - one count of a crime against humanity
- Murder - one count of a violation of the laws or customs of war
- Plunder of public or private property and wanton destruction of cities, towns or villages - two counts of violations of the laws or customs of war.
According to his lawyer, Gotovina has declared that he is "not the man described in each and every count."[45]
Following the death of Slobodan Milošević (who was imprisoned in ICTY prison cell just next to that of Gotovina), Ante Gotovina signed a condolence note to his family (together with Mladen Naletilić Tuta, Paško Ljubičić, Ivica Rajić and other Croat and Serb detainees, making the list 34 signatures long) which was published in Belgrade's Politika and Večernje novosti newspapers. Gotovina's attorney stated he signed because of his Catholic faith which stresses forgiveness.[46]
Trial[link]
At the end of 2006 Gotovina's case was joined with cases against Ivan Čermak and Mladen Markač as it relates to the same events (Operation Storm).[47] The trial was expected to begin in May 2007 but was postponed indefinitely due to conflicts between lawyers on the defence bench.[48] Gotovina's lawyers are Luka Misetic, an American attorney of Croatian descent,[49] Greg Kehoe, the American lawyer who advised the prosecution in the Iraqi Special Tribunal case against Saddam Hussein,[50] and Payam Akhavan, former Legal Advisor to the Prosecutor’s Office of the ICTY.[2][51]
The trial began on March 11, 2008,[52] and concluded in September 2010 with the delivery of closing arguments.[53] Misetic said he expected a verdict in two to 10 months' time, as has been the case with the tribunal's decisions to date.[54] On April 15, 2011, Gotovina was found guilty on 8 of the 9 counts of the indictment and sentenced to 24 years of imprisonment.[4]
Defense's argument[link]
In the Gotovina Defence Final Trial Brief,[55] Gotovina's laywers categorically refuse all the indictments made against their client. In particular the document rejects the accusation of mass expulsion of Serbian population
The Prosecution has manifestly failed to prove that GOTOVINA participated in a lCE to expel Serbs from liberated Croatian territories or that he is otherwise liable for crimes against humanity or war crimes.
as well as the accusation of unlawful shelling of civilian areas.
There is no evidence whatsoever in support of the Prosecution's core ICE theory of mass-expulsion of Serb civilians by unlawful shelling and terrorization. The HV used artillery solely against military objectives in a highly professional operation consistent with well-established military doctrine. The Prosecution has failed to prove in even a single instance that the "only reasonable explanation of the evidence" is that the HV employed unlawful shelling to cause Serb civilians to flee.
The document is composed of 315 pages sustaining its arguments.
Reactions[link]
In Croatia's capital Zagreb, thousands gathered to watch the sentence being given out live on large screens and loudly protested the decision.[56] Croatian prime minister Jadranka Kosor stated that the idea of a "joint criminal enterprise" was "unacceptable" as many Croatians feel it was part of their war for independence.[56] War veterans staged a march in the Croatian capital in protest.[57] About 10,000 showed up to the march, chanting slogans against the Kosor-led government and the EU as protesters removed and ripped apart the European Union flag from a flagpole at the main square, replacing it with the Croatian flag.[58]
A poll done immediately after the verdict showed that 95.4% of Croatians felt that the judgment against Gotovina was unjust, and 88% still saw him as a hero. Support for Croatia's accession to the European Union plummeted to 23.8%.[59]
In June 2011, Ante Gotovina was ranked the second most creditable individual for the creation of the sovereign and democratic Croatia in a large poll conducted by Večernji list.[60]
References[link]
- ^ a b c Ivanković, Nenad. Ratnik: Pustolov i General: Jedna Biografija. Honos, 2001.
- ^ a b c d "The Cases: Gotovina et al. (IT-06-90)". ICTY. http://www.icty.org/case/gotovina/4. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ Top Croatian war crimes fugitive apprehended in Spain CNN, December 8, 2005
- ^ a b "Judgement Summary for Gotovina et al.". ICTY. 2011-04-15. http://www.icty.org/x/cases/gotovina/tjug/en/110415_summary.pdf. Retrieved 2011-04-19.
- ^ a b Dominique Erulin interview. Slobodna Dalmacija, 25.02.2005
- ^ TPI: "le général croate fugitif Ante Gotovina est un citoyen français" Le Monde diplomatique. 1 March 2005.(French)
- ^ a b c Le général croate Gotovina arrêté en Espagne, RFI, 8 December 2005 (French)
- ^ a b Le chauffeur de l’homme de la Question, L'Humanité, 10 December 2005 (French)
- ^ War Crimes Case Revives Passions in a Divided Croatia, The New York Times, December 12, 2005 (English)
- ^ Axis Information and Analysis - Ante Gotovina: Gangster, General, National Hero... War Criminal?
- ^ "Gotovina motion to strike" (PDF). http://www.antegotovina.com/doc/motion-EN.pdf. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ Special Forces "Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts United Nations Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), Annex III. A Special forces; Under the Direction of: M. Cherif Bassiouni; S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol. IV)". School of Humanities, Languages and Social Sciences (UWE). May 27, 1994. http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/anx/III-A.htm#IV.B.21 Special Forces. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- ^ 3 The New York Times: Ex-Yugoslav Republics Are Accepted Into U.N. (May 23, 1992).
- ^ Serbs Refuse to Negotiate in Croatia The New York Times, August 5, 1991
- ^ a b c d "Ante Gotovina". Vojska. 2006-12-11. http://www.vojska.net/hrv/zivotopis/g/gotovina/ante/. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ Igor Katušić. "Vojne operacije - operacija LJETO 95". Domovinskirat.xtreemhost.com. http://domovinskirat.xtreemhost.com/operacije/ljeto95.html. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ Tanner, Marcus (1997) Croatia: A Nation Forged in War.
- ^ Jučer i danas - Pismo 12 generala Portal Hrvatskoga kulturnog vijeća, Jun 2007
- ^ "The Hague Justice Portal". The Hague Justice Portal. http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/eCache/DEF/12/548.TGFuZz1FTg.html. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ "UN court convicts Balkan wartime hero to Croatians". News.yahoo.com. 2010-08-30. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110415/ap_on_re_eu/eu_war_crimes_croatia. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ Vatican accused of shielding 'war criminal', The Telegraph, 20 September 2005 (English)
- ^ "Croatia: Church Officials insult war crimes prosecutor". Newsgroups.derkeiler.com. http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Soc/soc.culture.yugoslavia/2005-09/msg00031.html. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ "UN prosecutor sparks fury with claim Vatican is hiding alleged war criminal". Ezilon.com. http://www.ezilon.com/information/article_10014.shtml. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ MI6 spies exposed by Balkan rivals, The Telegraph, 27 September 2004 (English)
- ^ EU warns Croatia to help in arrest The New York Times, March 10, 2005
- ^ Country profile: Croatia, BBC (English)
- ^ Croatian Suspect in War Crimes Is Arrested in Canary Isles The New York Times, December 9, 2005
- ^ "Rally in Croatia in support of Ante Gotovina". Euronews.net. http://www.euronews.net/2005/12/11/rally-in-croatia-in-support-of-ante-gotovina/. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ Jungvirth, Goran. "Gotovina Exploited in Croatia’s Election Campaign". Iwpr.net. http://iwpr.net/report-news/gotovina-exploited-croatia%E2%80%99s-election-campaign. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ Baker, Catherine. Sounds of the Borderland: Popular Music, War and Nationalism in Croatia. 2010
- ^ "Croatian soccer fans against the Hague". It.peacereporter.net. http://it.peacereporter.net/articolo/5388/Croatian+soccer+fans+against+the+Hague. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ Eric Hobsbawm, Bandits (1969, revised ed. 2000, New Press ISBN 978-1-56584-619-7)
- ^ A Fugitive Croatia General Is a Hometown Favorite, The New York Times June 5, 2003
- ^ a b c In Croatia, stalemate on fugitive, The New York Times April 5, 2005
- ^ Bideleux, Robert & Jeffries, Ian. The Balkans: a post-communist history (2007).
- ^ 40,000 protest general's arrest. The New York Times, December 12, 2005.
- ^ Massive rally for Croatia suspect, BBC, 11 December 2005 (English)
- ^ a b "61% građana vijest o uhićenju Gotovine smatra lošom vijesti". http://www.puls.hr/artman/uploads/press_gotovina_v1.doc. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ IMDb: Dejan Sorak
- ^ a b Croatians rally behind 'national hero' after general is snatched The Independent, 12 December 2005.
- ^ War crimes suspect was using a false passport The Guardian, 10 December 2005
- ^ War Crimes Case Revives Passions in a Divided Croatia The New York Times December 12, 2005
- ^ "ANTE GOTOVINA -Kako ga je Ivo Sanader izrucio-Carla's list". YouTube. 2006-12-07. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fj0b2Qk7w5s. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ "Milosevic et al. - Second Amended Indictment". Un.org. 2007-03-05. http://www.un.org/icty/indictment/english/mil-2ai011029e.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ Max, Arthur. "War crimes accused says he's 'not the man' - Scotsman. com News". News.scotsman.com. http://news.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=2396172005. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ "OSCE Spot Report". http://www.osce.org/zagreb/18630. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ "Icty - Tpiy::". Un.org. 2007-03-05. http://www.un.org/icty/gotovina90/appeal/decision-e/061025.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ "Gotovina". Iwpr.net. 2003-04-09. http://iwpr.net/?p=tri&s=f&o=334888&apc_state=henptri. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ "Trial of Croatian Generals Begins". Javno.com. 2008-03-11. http://www.javno.com/en/croatia/clanak.php?id=131027. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ "Greg W. Kehoe profile". Gtlaw.com. http://www.gtlaw.com/People/GregWKehoe. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ "Payam Akhavan Biography". People.mcgill.ca. 2006-10-24. http://people.mcgill.ca/payam.akhavan/. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ "Croatian general's war crimes trial begins at The Hague". Javno.com. 2008-03-11. http://www.javno.com/en/croatia/clanak.php?id=131027. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ "Gotovina's team presents closing arguments at Hague". Setimes.com. http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/newsbriefs/2010/09/01/nb-10. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ "Gotovina-Cermak-Markac trial ends, verdict to be delivered 'in foreseeable future'". Antegotovina.com. http://www.antegotovina.com/default.aspx?LID=1&clanak=5195. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ "Gotovina Defence Final Trial Brief". International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 27 July 2010. http://www.icty.org/x/cases/gotovina/custom5/en/100727.pdf. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
- ^ a b "Croatian national hero jailed for war crimes against Serbs". Independent. 16 April 2011. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/croatian-national-hero-jailed-for-war-crimes-against-serbs-2268637.html. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
- ^ "UN war crimes verdict angers Croatians". Al Jazeera. 15 April 2011. http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2011/04/2011415182651469215.html. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
- ^ Ogorčeni prosvjednici u Zagrebu skinuli i potrgali zastavu EU 16.04.2011
- ^ EKSKLUZIVNO Samo 23% Hrvata za ulazak u EU! Čak 95% smatra presudu nepravednom
- ^ Tuđman najzaslužniji za državu kakvu imamo, osvojio 62 % glasova
Further reading[link]
- (Croatian) Very short biography
- (French) "Croatie: des héros encombrants", RIVAROL N° 2640
- (French) French translation of Jutarnji list's investigation
- What Did the CIA Know?, Roy Gutman, NEWSWEEK INTERNATIONAL, 27 August 2001
- "Amb. Prosper and the Wanted Men" Vitomir Miles Raguz, Wall Street Journal - Europe, 24 January 2003
- "Over 60 per cent [of] Croatian citizens consider Gotovina innocent", Jutarnji list (Croatia), 11 December 2005
- "War Crimes Case Revives Passions in a Torn Croatia", New York Times, 12 December 2005
- "War crimes accused says he's 'not the man'", The Scotsman, 13 December 2005
- How fair can War Crimes Tribunal be with this Prosecutor?, Jos Verhulst, The Brussels Journal, 16 December 2005
- Operation Storm Destroyed “Greater Serbia”, Brian Gallagher, Balkan Insight 20 January 2006
- "America, The Hague and Ante Gotovina: The Railroading of a Former U.S. Ally" Robin Harris, The American Spectator, March 2006
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ante Gotovina |
- (English) - Indictment of Ante Gotovina at ICTY
- (English) Croatian Worldwide Association - Website for supporters of Gotovina and other Croats indicted by ICTY
- (Croatian) More Views about Ante Gotovina - website with different views
- (English) (Turkish) (French) Ante Gotovina: Gangster, General, National Hero... War Criminal?
- (English) (French) Ante Gotovina: Hague Justice Portal
- (English) Searching for a Storm - documentary film website about the Ante Gotovina case at the ICTY
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Gotovina, Ante |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 12 October 1955 |
| Place of birth | Tkon, Zadar County, SR Croatia, SFR YugoslaviaToday Croatia |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Ante_Gotovina
Related pages:
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http://ru.wn.com/Готовина, Анте
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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This article may contain wording that merely promotes the subject without imparting verifiable information. Please remove or replace such wording, unless you can cite independent sources that support the characterization. (November 2009) |
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Ron Cahute (Ukrainian: Рoман Кoгут) (born 1955) is a Ukrainian-Canadian recording artist and songwriter. He is an accordion player and founding member of the Ukrainian-Canadian music band BURYA (Ukrainian: Буря). He is an arranger, sound engineer, music producer, and musical director for Ukrainian dance ensembles in Toronto.
Ron Cahute was born in Toronto, Canada.
Ron Cahute and BURYA are premier draws[citation needed] and very popular[citation needed] in the Ukrainian zabava music and Ukrainian festival scene in North America, Europe, and Australia. He is widely regarded[by whom?] as a seminal influence in Ukrainian music and Ukrainian folk music outside Ukraine and on Ukrainian-Canadian and Ukrainian-American musicians and music groups. He still performs and plays with BURYA today.
Along with Grammy winner Walter Ostanek, Cahute is recognized[by whom?] to be one of the top accordion players in North America.
Contents |
Music career[link]
Ron Cahute began his music career in 1962 as a drummer in the band of his late father Maurice Cahute. In 1969, he founded a Ukrainian-Canadian music band, which was later called BURYA.
In his 47-year career, Ron Cahute and BURYA have performed over two thousand shows for over a million people around the world. They have toured Canada, USA, Europe, South America, and Australia. In a recent interview with UkeTube - Ukrainian Video, Ron expressed a desire for a BURYA tour of Ukraine.[1]
He is one the most productive and industrious Ukrainian musicians outside Ukraine[citation needed] releasing over 30 albums either with BURYA or as a solo artist. As a guest performer with other music artists he has performed on 178 albums. Cahute has performed with Nana Mouskouri, Sofia Rotaru, Lisa Dalbello, Melissa Manchester, and Catherine McKinnon.
BURYA musicians[link]
In its 30+ year history the line-up of BURYA musicians has included:
- Ron Cahute: Accordion, Lead Vocals
- Jaroslaw Hryhorsky: Violin, Viola, Trombone, Vocals, Percussion
- Len Steciuk: Guitar, Fiddle, Vocals
- Steve Krachko: Drums
- Bill Hawryschuk: Drums
- David Monis: Drums
- Mark Zubek: Drums
- Michael Monis: Guitar
- Michael Romanick: Tenor Saxophone, Clarinet, Percussion
- Tom Romanick: Saxophone
- Ron Lutz: Alto & Tenor Saxophone, Percussion
- Frank Uhran: Tenor Saxophone, Clarinet, Percussion
- John Lockwood: Flute
- Mark Zubek: Drums
Albums[link]
Ron Cahute albums[link]
- Хpиcтoc Paждaєтьcя (1988)
- Ultimate Polka (1989)
- Accordion Music - The Ron Cahute Collection
- Українські Народні Танці (Traditional Ukrainian Folk Dance) (1993)
- Canada's Ukrainian Festival (1997)
- Ron Cahute Generic Volume 1 (1987)
- Ron Cahute Generic Volume 2 (1989)
BURYA albums[link]
- Burya I (1979)
- Burya II (1982)
- Burya IIi (1984)
- Burya Live in Toronto (1985)
- Burya V
- Burya Non-Stop Dancing
- Burya Set in Stone
- Burya Live in Edmonton
- Burya Australia Tour (2004)
- Best of Burya
- Burya Now and Then (Double Album)
Recording guest appearances[link]
- Played accordion on "Tango", Lisa Dalbello's "She" album
- Arranged, played keyboards, and co-produced "Paзoм - Visions" (1988)
- Played accordion on "Sailor Song" by Sarah Lentz
- Played accordion on "Heartbroken" by Keisha Prince
- Played accordion on "Amsterdam" by Steve Wildesmith
- Arranged, played all instruments, and co-produced "Bread for my brother" by Oksana
- Arranged, played all instruments, and produced "Nostalgie Di Tutti I Tempi" by Vince Paparo
- Arranged, played accordion, percussion, recorded and co-produced "Blossoming" by Voloshky (1996)
- Arranged, played accordion, recorded and co-produced "Fantazia" by Voloshky (1999)
Ukrainian comedy albums[link]
Ron Cahute has recorded Ukrainian comedy albums with Ihor Baczynskyj including:
- ...And the Garden Goes Here! (1997)
Children educational albums[link]
Ron Cahute has recorded a series of children's educational albums with Ihor Baczynskyj and Jane Lapko including:
- Barabolya (1997)
- Borscht (1999)
- Booryak and Carrots Too (1999)
- Tsyboolya (1999)
- Borscht (1999)
- Poutine, Fries with an Attitude (2000)
- Barabolya High (2000)
References[link]
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rN2NFhWVUkg Ron Cahute Interview, 6 November 2009
External links[link]
- 2009 Ron Cahute (Рoман Кoгут) Interview (Part 1): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFoFr39_b2U
- 2009 Ron Cahute (Рoман Кoгут) Interview (Part 2): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rN2NFhWVUkg
- 2009 Рoман Кoгут i Буря: Українська Забава: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOAAj188MrY
- 1993 Ron Cahute and BURYA in Edmonton: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mjs5tTgUOmw
- 1984 Ron Cahute and BURYA in New York: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6_AqmIo5QI
- New York Times, DANCE REVIEW; Ukrainian Folk Movements Inspire Canadian Troupe By JACK ANDERSON, Published: Friday, July 7, 1995: http://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/07/arts/dance-review-ukrainian-folk-movements-inspire-canadian-troupe.html
- Ostashewski, Marcia. "Identity Politics and Western Canadian Ukrainian Musics: Globalizing the Local or Localizing the Global?". Topia, 6 (Fall 2001), p. 63-82.. http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/topia/article/viewFile/114/106. Retrieved March 05, 2010.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Cahute, Ron |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1955 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Ron_Cahute
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Cahute
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Lyudmila Mykhailivna Pavlichenko Людмила Михайлівна Павліченко |
|
|---|---|
 Lyudmila Pavlichenko |
|
| Born | (1916-07-12)July 12, 1916 Belaya Tserkov, Russian Empire (now Bila Tserkva, Ukraine) |
| Died | October 10, 1974(1974-10-10) (aged 58) Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Moscow, Russian Federation) |
| Allegiance |  Soviet Union |
| Service/branch |  Red Army |
| Years of service | 1941–1953 |
| Rank | Major |
| Unit | 25th Rifle Division |
| Battles/wars | |
| Awards | Order of Lenin Hero of the Soviet Union |
| Other work | Soviet Committee of the Veterans of War |
Lyudmila Mykhailivna Pavlichenko (Ukrainian: Людмила Михайлівна Павліченко; Russian: Людмила Михайловна Павличенко Lyudmila Mikhailovna Pavlichenko; July 12, 1916 – October 10, 1974) was a Soviet sniper during World War II. Credited with 309 kills, she is regarded as the most successful female sniper in history.[1][2]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Born in the Ukrainian town of Belaya Tserkov (Bila Tserkva) on July 12, 1916, Pavlichenko moved to Kiev with her family at the age of fourteen. There she joined a shooting club and developed into a sharpshooter, while working as a grinder at the Kiev Arsenal factory.[3] In 1937 as a student of Kiev University she successfully defended her master-thesis on Bohdan Khmelnytsky.[4]
World War II[link]
In June 1941, 24-year old Pavlichenko was in her fourth year of studying history at the Kiev University when Nazi Germany began its invasion of the Soviet Union.[3] Pavlichenko was among the first round of volunteers at the recruiting office, where she requested to join the infantry and subsequently she was assigned to the Red Army's 25th Rifle Division;[3] Pavlichenko had the option to become a nurse but refused; "I joined the army when woman were not yet accepted".[3] There she became one of 2,000 female snipers in the Red Army, of whom about 500 ultimately survived the war. As a sniper, she made her first two kills near Belyayevka, using a Tokarev SVT-40 semi-automatic rifle with 3.5 telescopic sight. [3]
Pvt. Pavlichenko fought for about two and a half months near Odessa, where she recorded 187 kills.[4] When the Germans gained control of Odessa, her unit was pulled to be sent to Sevastopol on the Crimean Peninsula,[4] where she fought for more than 8 months.[3][5] In May 1942, Lieutenant Pavlichenko was cited by the Southern Army Council for killing 257 German soldiers. Her total confirmed kills during World War II was 309,[2][3] including 36 enemy snipers.
In June 1942, Pavlichenko was wounded by mortar fire. Because of her growing status, she was pulled from combat less than a month after recovering from her wound.
Second Soviet Union-issued postage stamp dedicated to Pavlichenko
Pavlichenko was sent to Canada and the United States for a publicity visit and became the first Soviet citizen to be received by a U.S. President when Franklin Roosevelt welcomed her at the White House. Later, Pavlichenko was invited by Eleanor Roosevelt to tour America relating her experiences. While meeting with reporters in Washington, D.C. she was dumbfounded about the kind of questions put to her. "One reporter even criticized the length of the skirt of my uniform, saying that in America women wear shorter skirts and besides my uniform made me look fat".[1][6] Pavlichenko appeared before the International Student Assembly being held in Washington, D.C., and later attended CIO meetings and made appearances and speeches in New York City. The United States gave her a Colt automatic pistol, and in Canada, she was presented with a sighted Winchester rifle, the latter of which is now on display at the Central Armed Forces Museum in Moscow. While visiting in Canada along with Vladimir Pchelintsev (fellow sniper) and Nikolai Krasavchenko (Moscow fuel commissioner), they were greeted by thousands at Toronto's Union Station.
Visit to England[link]
On Friday November 21, 1942, Lieutenant Pavlichenko visited Coventry, UK, and accepted donations of £4,516 from Coventry workers to pay for three X-ray units for the Red Army. She also visited Coventry Cathedral ruins then the Alfred Herbert works and Standard Car Factory from where most funds had been raised. She had earlier in the day inspected a Birmingham factory.[7]
Having attained the rank of major, Pavlichenko never returned to combat but became an instructor and trained Soviet snipers until the war's end.[3] In 1943, she was awarded the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union,[8] and was commemorated on a Soviet postage stamp.
After the war[link]
After the war, she finished her education at Kiev University and began a career as an historian. From 1945 to 1953, she was a research assistant of the Chief HQ of the Soviet Navy. She later was active in the Soviet Committee of the Veterans of War.[3] Pavlichenko died on October 10, 1974 at age 58, and was buried in the Novodevichye Cemetery in Moscow.[3]
A second Soviet commemorative stamp featuring Lyudmila Pavlichenko's portrait was issued in 1976.
Soviet and international recognition[link]
Pavlichenko’s war record was recognized in the Soviet Union by two commemorative stamps with her portrait (see images above)[9] and, in the United States, by a song composed during World War II by folk singer Woody Guthrie as a tribute to her war record and to memorialize her visits to the United States and Canada.[10] It was released as part of the Asch Recordings.[11][12]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b Lady Sniper, TIME Magazine (Monday, September 28, 1942)
- ^ a b Pat Farey; Mark Spicer (5 May 2009). Sniping: An Illustrated History. MBI Publishing Company. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-7603-3717-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=l1a-kB-1MMAC. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Heroines of the Soviet Union 1941-45 by Henry Skaida, Osprey Publishing, 2003, ISBN 1841765988/ISBN 978-1841765983, page 31
- ^ a b c Women and War: A Historical Encyclopedia from Antiquity to the Present by Arthur Bernard Cook, ABC-CLIO, 2006, ISBN 1851097708/ISBN 978-1851097708, page 457
- ^ 1Павличенко Людмила Михайловна, Country's Heroes (warheroes.ru) (Russian)
- ^ The World War Two Reader by Gordon Martel, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0415224039/ISBN 978-0415224031, page 268
- ^ The Coventry Evening Telegraph, Saturday November 21st 1942
- ^ Henry Sakaida; Christa Hook (2003), Heroines of the Soviet Union 1941-45, 90, Osprey Publishing, p. 21, ISBN 978-1-84176-598-3, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q8XlOJplQRgC&pg=PA21&dq=%22gold+star%22+lyudmila+pavlichenko&hl=en&ei=A6PaTpXkPIKZOvuJ-f8F&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22gold%20star%22%20lyudmila%20pavlichenko&f=false, retrieved 2011-12-03
- ^ Sakaida, Henry "Mankiller: Major Lyudmila Pavlichenko."http://www.soviet-awards.com/digest/pavlichenko/pavlichenko1.htm http://www.soviet-awards.com/digest/pavlichenko/pavlichenko2.htm
- ^ "Miss Pavlichenko" dated to 1942 at http://www.woodyguthrie.de/pavil.html
- ^ Hard Travelin': The Asch Recordings, Vol. 3,
- ^ http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000SEWBAK
External links[link]
|
||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Pavlichenko, Lyudmila |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | June 12, 1916 |
| Place of birth | Bila Tserkva, Russian Empire |
| Date of death | October 10, 1974 |
| Place of death | Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union |
http://wn.com/Lyudmila_Pavlichenko
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Павличенко, Людмила Михайловна
http://fr.wn.com/Lioudmila Pavlitchenko
http://nl.wn.com/Ljoedmila Pavlitsjenko
http://pt.wn.com/Lyudmila Pavlichenko
http://de.wn.com/Ljudmila Michailowna Pawlitschenko
http://it.wn.com/Ljudmyla Mychajlivna Pavličenko
http://pl.wn.com/Ludmiła Pawliczenko
http://cs.wn.com/Ljudmila Pavličenková
http://es.wn.com/Lyudmila Pavlichenko
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyudmila_Pavlichenko
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
     80px |
| Total population |
|---|
| 1,209,085 3.9% of the Canadian Population[1] |
| Regions with significant populations |
| Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Ontario, British Columbia, Quebec |
| Languages |
|
Canadian English, Ukrainian (particularly Canadian Ukrainian), Quebec French |
| Religion |
|
Ukrainian Catholic, Ukrainian Orthodox, other,[2] none |
| Related ethnic groups |
|
Ukrainians, British Ukrainians, French Ukrainians (in France), Ukrainian Americans, Ukrainian Australians, Slavic Peoples especially East Slavs |
A Ukrainian Canadian (Ukrainian: Український канадець, Українці Канади; translit. Ukrayins'kyi kanadets, Ukrayintsi Kanady) is a person of Ukrainian descent or origin who was born in or emigrated to Canada. In 2006, there were an estimated 1,209,085 persons of full or partial Ukrainian origin residing in Canada (mainly Canadian-born citizens) making them Canada's ninth largest ethnic group;[3] and giving Canada the world's third-largest Ukrainian population behind Ukraine itself and Russia. Self-identified Ukrainians are the plurality in several rural areas of Western Canada.[4]
Contents |
History[link]
Over the last thirty years,[when?] a debate has been ongoing whether a tiny number of Ukrainians settled in Canada before 1891. Most controversial is the claim that Ukrainians may have been infantrymen alongside Poles in the Swiss French "De Meurons" and "De Watteville" regiments who fought for the British on the Niagara Peninsula during the War of 1812 – and that Ukrainians were among those soldiers who decided to stay in Upper Canada (southern Ontario).[5] Other Ukrainians supposedly arrived as part of other immigrant groups: claims that individual Ukrainian families may have settled in southern Manitoba in the 1870s alongside blocks of Mennonites and other Germans from the Russian Empire; or that single male Ukrainians were participants in the Russian Empire's exploration parties and fur trade along the western coast of North America (including British Columbia).[5] Because there is so little definitive documentary evidence of individual Ukrainians among these three groups, they are not generally regarded as among the first Ukrainians in Canada.
Settlement – First wave (1891–1914)[link]
Further information: Dominion Lands Act
The first wave of Ukrainian immigration to Canada began with Iwan (Ivan) Pylypow and Wasyl (Vasyl') Eleniak, who arrived in 1891, and brought several families to settle in 1892. Pylypow helped found the Edna-Star Settlement east of Edmonton, the first and largest Ukrainian block settlement. However, it is Dr. Josef Oleskow who is considered responsible for the large Ukrainian Canadian population through his promotion of Canada[6] as a destination for immigrants from Western Ukraine (the Austrian crownlands of Galicia and Bukovyna) in the late 1890s. Ukrainians from Eastern Ukraine, which was ruled by the Russian monarchy, also came to Canada[7] – but in smaller numbers than those from Halychyna and Bukovyna. Approximately 170,000 Ukrainians from the Austro-Hungarian Empire arrived in Canada from 1891 to 1914.[8]
This Ukrainian immigration to Canada was largely agrarian, and at first Ukrainian Canadians concentrated in distinct block settlements in the parkland belt of the prairie provinces: Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. While the Canadian Prairies are often compared to the steppes of Ukraine, the settlers came from Halychyna and Bukovyna – which are not steppe lands, but are wooded areas in the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains. This is why Ukrainians coming to Canada settled in the wooded aspen parklands – in an arch from Winnipeg and Stuartburn, Manitoba to Edmonton and Leduc, Alberta – rather than the open prairies further south. As well the feudal nature of land ownership in the Austrian Empire meant that in the "Old Country" people had to pay the pan (landlord) for all their firewood and lumber for building. Upon arriving in Canada, the settlers often demanded wooded land from officials so that they would be able to supply their own needs, even if this meant taking land that was less productive for crops. They also attached deep importance to settling near to family, people from nearby villages or other culturally similar groups, furthering the growth of the block settlements.
Fraternal and benevolent organizations established by these settlers include the Ukrainian Labour Farmer Temple Association (ULFTA, affiliated with the Communist Party of Canada),[9] the Ukrainian Catholic Brotherhood[3] (UCB, affiliated with the Ukrainian Catholic Church in Canada),[9] and the Ukrainian Self-Reliance League[4] (USRL, affiliated with the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada).[9] The ULFTA transformed itself into the Association of United Ukrainian Canadians in 1946,[10] the UCB and USRL are part of the Ukrainian Canadian Congress today.[11]
By 1914, there were also growing communities of Ukrainian immigrants in eastern Canadian cities, such as Toronto, Montreal, Hamilton, and Windsor. Many of them arrived from the provinces of Podillia, Volhynia, Kyiv and Bessarabia in Russian-ruled Ukraine.[7] In the early years of settlement, Ukrainian immigrants faced considerable amounts of discrimination at the hands of native-born Canadians, an example of which was the internment.[5] [6] [7]
Internment (1914–1920)[link]
Main article: Ukrainian Canadian internment
From 1914 to 1920, the political climate of the First World War allowed the Canadian Government to classify immigrants with Austro-Hungarian citizenship as "aliens of enemy nationality". This classification, authorized by the 1914 War Measures Act, permitted the government to legally compel thousands of Ukrainians in Canada to register with authorities. About 5,000 Ukrainian men, and some women and children, were interned at government camps and work sites. The internment continued for two more years after the war had ended, although most Ukrainians were "paroled" into jobs for private companies by 1917.
There are nearly two dozen plaques and memorials in Canada commemorating the internment, including one at the location of a former internment camp in Banff National Park. Most were placed by the Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association and its supporters. On August 24, 2005, Prime Minister Paul Martin recognized the Ukrainian Canadian internment as a "dark chapter"[citation needed] in Canadian history, and pledged $2.5 million to fund memorials and educational exhibits.
On May 9, 2008, the Canadian government established a $10 million fund[citation needed] with the Ukrainian Canadian Foundation of Taras Shevchenko for the commemoration of the experiences of thousands of Ukrainians and other Europeans who were interned between 1914 and 1920 and the suspension of civil liberties of tens of thousands of fellow Canadians. Grants are now available [8] to commemorate and educate other Canadians about what happened.
Settlers, workers and professionals – Second wave (1923–1929)[link]
In 1923, the Canadian government modified the Immigration Act to allow former citizens of the Austrian Empire to once again enter Canada – and Ukrainian immigration started anew.[12] Ukrainians from Volhynia (under Polish rule) and Bessarabia (under Romanian rule) joined a new wave of emigrants from Galicia and Bukovyna. Around 70,000 Ukrainians from Poland and Romania arrived in Canada from 1924 to 1939.[8]
Relatively little farmland remained unclaimed – mostly in the Peace River region of northwestern Alberta – and less than half of this group settled as farmers in the Prairie provinces.[13] The majority became workers in the growing industrial centers of the Montreal region and the Eastern Townships of Quebec, southern Ontario, the mines, smelters and forests of northern Ontario, and the small heavy industries of urban western Canada.[13] A few Ukrainian professionals and intellectuals were accepted into Canada at this time; they later became leaders in the Ukrainian Canadian community.[8]
The "second wave" was heavily influenced by the struggle for Ukrainian independence during the Russian Civil War, and established two competing fraternal / benevolent organizations in Canada: the United Hetman Organization (UHO) in 1934[14] – which supported the idea of a Ukrainian "Cossack kingdom" led by Pavlo Skoropadskyi;[15] and the rival Ukrainian National Federation (UNF) in 1932[16] – which supported the idea of an independent Ukrainian republic and the armed Ukrainian nationalist insurgency in Polish-occupied Western Ukraine.[17] The UHO ceased to exist by 1960, and the UNF would merge with other organizations into the Ukrainian Canadian Committee (later Ukrainian Canadian Congress)[9] during World War II.
Workers and professionals – Third wave (1945–1952)[link]
See also: OST-Arbeiter and Displaced persons camp
Since World War II, most Ukrainians coming to Canada have tended to move to cities in southern Ontario and Quebec – there are now large Ukrainian communities in Toronto and Montreal. In fact, more Ukrainians live in the East today than on the prairies. However, because they make up a much greater percentage of the population in the West, especially in rural areas of the parkland belt, the Ukrainian cultural presence is more keenly felt in western Canada.
Culture[link]
See also: Culture of Ukraine
Having been separated from Ukraine, Ukrainian Canadians have developed their own distinctive Ukrainian culture in Canada. To showcase their unique hybrid culture, Ukrainian Canadians have created institutions that showcase Ukrainian Canadian culture such as Edmonton's Yatran and Shumka troupes – among the world's elite Ukrainian dancers; or the Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village – where Ukrainian pioneer buildings are displayed along with extensive cultural exhibits.
Ukrainian Canadians have also contributed to Canadian culture as a whole. Actress and comedienne Luba Goy, singer Gloria Kaye,[18] and painter William Kurelek, for example, are well known outside the Ukrainian community.
Historically Ukrainian Canadians were among Canada's poorest and least educated minorities; but as the process of cultural integration has accelerated, this is no longer the case and Ukrainian Canadians are currently near the national economic average.
Perhaps one of the most lasting contributions Ukrainian Canadians have made to the wider culture of Canada is the concept of multiculturalism which was promoted as early as 1964 by Senator Paul Yuzyk. During and after the debates surrounding the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism Ukrainian leaders, such as linguist Jaroslav Rudnyckyj, came out in force against the notion of English - French biculturalism which they believed denied the contributions other peoples had made to Canada. Partly in response to this, Prime Minister Trudeau shifted Canada to a policy of official multiculturalism.
Language[link]
See also: Ukrainophone
Further information: Canadian Ukrainian
In addition to the official English and French languages, many prairie public schools offer Ukrainian language education for children, including immersion programs. Generally second language students are taught the local Canadian Ukrainian dialect, rather than Standard Ukrainian.
There are a few Ukrainian Catholic elementary schools in the Greater Toronto Area including St. Josaphat Catholic Elementary school (Toronto), Josef Cardinal Slipyj Elementary school (Etobicoke) and St. Sofia Catholic Elementary school (Mississauga); as well as Holy Spirit Eastern Rite Elementary School in Hamilton.
Politics[link]
Many Ukrainians fled Russia, Poland, Romania, and later, the Soviet Union, to find freedom and a better life in Canada. For them Canada became "an anti-Russia", where they could realize their political and economic ideas. Most Ukrainian Canadians were anti-Soviet, yet a minor group of Ukrainians has for a long time supported Canadian socialism and contributed to the formation of the Communist Party of Canada, and formed a significant bloc within that group. They were also active in other Marxist organizations like the Ukrainian Labour Farmer Temple Association (ULFTA). Ukrainians also played a central role in the formation of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and the New Democratic Party.
The nationalist movement was also an important part of the community. After Ukraine became independent Canada was one of the first nations to recognize Ukraine. Later Ukrainian Canadians were vital in fundraising to build the Embassy of Ukraine in Ottawa. As well, Canada has recognized the Holodomor (Ukrainian Famine) as an act of genocide. Canada also sent many observers to Ukraine during the disputed 2004 presidential election (see: Orange Revolution). The Government of Canada as well as its provincial governments – especially the Ukrainian strongholds in Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan – do much to support Ukraine's economic and political development.
The Ukrainian Canadians had and have much more influence in Canadian society and policy than any other East European group; therefore they have had several prominent figures in top positions: Ray Hnatyshyn was the 24th Governor General of Canada (1990–1995) and the first Governor General of Ukrainian descent. Ukrainians were also elected leaders of Canada's prairie provinces in alternating order: Gary Filmon was Premier of Manitoba (1988–1999), nearly simultaneously with Hnatyshyn; and Roy Romanow was Premier of Saskatchewan (1991–2001), also partly at the same time as Filmon and Hnatyshyn.[19]
Ed Stelmach became Premier of Alberta in 2006 as the third provincial prime minister of Ukrainian descent. He succeeded Ralph Klein (1992–2006), who had cabinets with many Ukrainian ministers. Stelmach himself is the grandson of Ukrainian immigrants and speaks fluent Ukrainian.[19] He left office in October 2011.
Religion[link]
See also: History of Christianity in Ukraine
Further information: Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada, Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Winnipeg, and Ukrainian Evangelical Baptist Convention of Canada
Most Ukrainians who came to Canada from Galicia were Ukrainian Catholic and those from Bukovyna were Ukrainian Orthodox. However, people of both churches faced a shortage of priests in Canada. The Ukrainian Catholic clergy came into conflict with the Roman Catholic hierarchy because they were not celibate and wanted a separate governing structure. At the time, the Russian Orthodox Church was the only Orthodox Christian church that operated in North America – because they had arrived first via Alaska, and traditionally Orthodox churches are territorially exclusive. However, Ukrainians in Canada were suspicious of being controlled from Russia, first by the Tsarist government and later by the Soviets. Partially in response to this, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada was created as a wholly Ukrainian Canadian-controlled alternative. As well the Ukrainian Catholic clergy were eventually given a separate structure from the Roman Church.
Arts[link]
See also: Ukrainian dance
Canada is home to some of the most famous Ukrainian dance troupes in the world, rivaling even those from Ukraine. There are professional ensembles like Edmonton's Shumka and Cheremosh Ukrainian Dance Company, and hundreds of amateur groups.
Ukrainians in general are noted for their elaborately decorated Easter Eggs or pysanky, and that is also true in Canada. The world's largest pysanka is in Vegreville, Alberta.
Ukrainian Canadian churches are also famous for their onion domes, which have elaborately painted murals on their interior, and for their iconostasis, or icon walls.
Music[link]
Ukrainian Canadian musicians and groups include: Randy Bachman, the Canadian Bandurist Capella, Ron Cahute, Rick Danko, Chantal Kreviazuk, and Canadian Idol season 2 runner-up Theresa Sokyrka.
Food[link]
See also: Ukrainian cuisine
Cultural food is an important part of Ukrainian culture. Special foods are used at Easter as well as Christmas that are not made at any other time of the year. In fact on Christmas Eve (January 6[20] in the Gregorian calendar), a special twelve-dish meatless meal is served. The best-known foods are: borshch (a vegetable soup, usually with beets), holobtsi (cabbage rolls), pyrohy or varenyky (dumplings often called "perogies"), and kovbasa (garlic sausage).
Several items of Ukrainian food and culture have been enshrined with roadside attractions throughout the Prairie provinces. These are celebrated in the polka Giants of the Prairies by the Kubasonics. For example, the world's largest perogy is in Glendon, Alberta,[10] and the world's biggest kovbasa is in Mundare, Alberta.[11]
Institutions[link]
There are a number of Ukrainian Canadian institutions, such as:
- the Association of United Ukrainian Canadians, the main pro-Communist cultural association
- the Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies at the University of Manitoba
- St. Andrew's College – the seminary of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada (affiliated with the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg) and a non-profit university student residence, Ukrainian culture summer school, and youth hostel
- the Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association, an independent group dedicated to the articulation and defence of the Ukrainian Canadian community's interests
- the Ukrainian Canadian Congress, a national organization representing the Ukrainian Canadian community
- the Ukrainian Museum of Canada, headquartered in Saskatoon with branches in Toronto and the major cities of western Canada
- the Ukrainian Cultural and Educational Centre (also known as "Oseredok") in Winnipeg
- the Ukrainian Canadian Archives & Museum Of Alberta in Edmonton
- the Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village, a living-history museum east of Edmonton
- the Ukrainian Cultural Centre of Toronto (UCCT)
- the Prairie Centre for the Study of Ukrainian Heritage at the University of Saskatchewan
- the St. Petro Mohyla Institute, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan – a non-profit university student residence, Ukrainian culture summer school, and youth hostel
- the Ukrainian Canadian Foundation of Taras Shevchenko
- the Canadian Ukrainian Immigrant Aid Society, a community agency assisting newcomers to Canada.
Distribution[link]
File:Canadianethnicities2.png
Map of the dominant self-identified ethnic origins of ancestors per census division. Actual physical origins of ancestors may be different. Ukrainian-plurality areas are highlighted in light blue. Note that Ukrainians are a significant minority elsewhere; and that, numerically, most Ukrainian Canadians live in cities.
- Information in this section taken from 2006 Census Community Profiles.
The provinces with the largest Ukrainian populations (single and multiple origins, 2006) are: Ontario, 336,355; Alberta, 332,180; British Columbia 197,265; Manitoba, 167,175; Saskatchewan 129,265; and Quebec, 31,955. In terms of proportion of the total population, the most Ukrainian provinces and territories are Manitoba (15%), Saskatchewan (13%), Alberta (10%), Yukon (5%), British Columbia (5%), and Ontario (3%).
The metropolitan regions with the largest Ukrainian populations (single and multiple origins, 2006) are: Edmonton 144,620; Toronto, 122,510; Winnipeg, 110,335; Vancouver, 81,725; Calgary, 76,240; Saskatoon, 38,825; Hamilton 27,080; Montreal, 26,150; Regina, 25,725; Ottawa-Gatineau, 21,520; St. Catharines-Niagara, 20,990; Thunder Bay, 17,620; Victoria, 15,020; Kelowna, 13,425; Oshawa, 12,555; London, 10,765; and Kitchener 10,425.
The Census Divisions with the largest percentage of Ukrainians are: Manitoba #12 (25%), Alberta # 10 (20%), Alberta # 12 (19%), Manitoba # 11 (15%), Manitoba # 7 (13%), Manitoba # 10 (12%), Manitoba #9 (12%), Manitoba #2 (10%).
It is impossible to know which are proportionately the most Ukrainian municipalities in Canada since Statistics Canada does not release such information for communities with less than 5,000 people, and Ukrainians are the most concentrated in the smallest communities in the rural West. That being said, the following are communities (total greater than 5,000) with a high percentage of Ukrainians: Vegreville, Alberta (41%), St. Paul, Alberta (town) (31%), St. Paul County, Alberta, 26%.
Gallery[link]
-
Ukrainian Museum of Canada, Saskatoon
-
St Petro Mohyla Institute, Saskatoon
-
Sheptytsky Institute
-
Ukrainians in Saskatoon
See also[link]
- List of Ukrainian Canadians
- List of Canadian place names of Ukrainian origin
- Canada-Ukraine relations
Footnotes[link]
- ^ see List of Canadians by ethnicity.
- ^ Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1863.
- ^ Statistics Canada: "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories - 20% sample data" of which 300,590 were solely of Ukrainian origin and 908,495 were of partial Ukrainian origin
- ^ 2006 Census Community Profiles, see for example Division No. 12, Manitoba.
- ^ a b Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862.
- ^ Dr. Oleskow, who had a PhD in agriculture, wrote two pamphlets – called "About Free Lands" (Pro Vilni Zemli, spring 1895), and "On Emigration" (O emigratsiy, December 1895) – which were widely read in the Prosvita halls in Austria.
- ^ a b Kukushkin, p. 30-54; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 3.
- ^ a b c Isajiw and Makuch, p. 333; Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862.
- ^ a b c Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 18; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-47, 345.
- ^ Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1863; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 18; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-47, 345.
- ^ Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1863; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 19; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-48.
- ^ Swyripa, "Canada", p. 344.
- ^ a b Isajiw and Makuch, p. 333.
- ^ Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-47, 345.
- ^ Swyripa, "Canada", p. 351; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 18.
- ^ Swyripa, "Ukrainians", p. 1862; Isajiw and Makuch, p. 346-48, 345; Luciuk and Kordan 1989, map 18.
- ^ Swyripa, "Canada", p. 352.
- ^ Czuboka, p. 211-212.
- ^ a b Hans-Joachim Hoppe: (German) "Ukrainian vastnesses – Canada was and is for many East Europeans a country of prophecy", in: Neue Zürcher Zeitung, no. 211, September 12/13, 2009, p. B3.
- ^ Because Ukrainian Canadians are the largest Eastern Christian group in Canada, January 6–7 is commonly referred by Canadians of all origins as "Ukrainian Christmas".[1][2]
References[link]
- Swyripa, Frances A. (1985). "Ukrainians". In Mel Hurtig. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Edmonton, Alberta: Hurtig Publishers. p. 1863. ISBN 0-88830-272-X. "In 1981 only 30.0% and 18.6% of Ukrainian Canadians belonged to the Ukrainian Catholic and Ukrainian Orthodox churches, respectively; 16.8% were Roman Catholic and 13.3% United Church adherents"
- Swyripa, Frances A. (1985). "Ukrainians". In Mel Hurtig. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Edmonton, Alberta: Hurtig Publishers. p. 1862. ISBN 0-88830-272-X. "Isolated individuals of Ukrainian background may have come to Canada during the War of 1812 as mercenaries in the de Meuron and de Watteville regiments. It is possible that others participated in Russian exploration and colonization on the West Coast, came with Mennonite and other German immigrants in the 1870s, or entered Canada from the US" [United States - ed.]
- Luciuk, Lubomyr; Kordan, Bohdan (1989). Creating a Landscape: A Geography of Ukrainians in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. Map 3. ISBN 0-8020-5823-X. "Only about one-fifth of the Ukrainians in Canada would come from Ukrainian lands controlled by the tsarist empire until 1917 and by the Soviets thereafter."
- Isajiw, Wsevolod; Makuch, Andrij (1994). "Ukrainians in Canada". In Ann Lencyk Pawliczko. Ukraine and Ukrainians Throughout the World. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 333. ISBN 0-8020-0595-0 (cloth). "Because most of the 'free' lands available for agricultural settlement had already been granted to earlier immigrants, the incoming population tended not to establish themselves as farmers. A substantial number settled in the Prairie provinces and worked as farm hands, while some took advantage of land grants being offered in the northern Peace River region of Alberta. Eventually, some of these immigrants did start up their own farming operations in and around the main areas of Ukrainian settlement. The majority of Ukrainians in this second wave, however, worked as labourers in the mining and forestry regions of northern Ontario and in the cities of central Canada and the Prairies. A small portion of the incoming immigration consisted of individuals with a higher level of education than that possessed by the earlier immigrants, affording them the opportunity to exact a different entry-level status. Among this group were skilled individuals who could assume critical positions in the Ukrainian press and the community's cultural-educational institutions"
- Swyripa, Frances A. (1985). "Ukrainians". In Mel Hurtig. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Edmonton, Alberta: Hurtig Publishers. p. 1862. ISBN 0-88830-272-X. "Between the 2 world wars some 70,000 Ukrainians immigrated to Canada for political and economic reasons. They included war veterans, intellectuals and professionals, as well as peasants"
- Swyripa, Frances (1984). "Canada". In Volodymyr Kubiyovych. Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Vol. 1, A-F. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 351–52. ISBN 0-8020-3362-8. "Interwar immigrants introduced a number of new organizations. The paramilitary sporting Sitch [sic] (renamed the Canadian Sitch Organization in 1928) was founded in 1924 with official support from the Ukrainian Catholic church. It declined with the appearance of the Ukrainian Catholic Brotherhood and in 1934 was reorganized without church backing as the United Hetman Organization, a conservative monarchist movement that favoured P. Skoropadsky as hetman of Ukraine. After the death of his son, D. Skoropadsky, in 1957 the movement, never too popular, rapidly declined. In 1928 the republican-inclined veterans of the Ukrainian independence struggle formed the Ukrainian War Veterans' Association (UWVA). In 1932 it provided the base for the Ukrainian National Federation, which espoused the militant nationalism of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists"
- Czuboka, Michael (1983). Ukrainian Canadian, Eh?: The Ukrainians of Canada and Elsewhere As Perceived By Themselves And Others. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Communigraphics / Printers' Aid Group. pp. 211–12. ISBN 0-920073-00-X. "Gloria Kaye was born in northern Alberta as Gloria Slavka Kolmatycki on March 10, 1956, the youngest of five children of Mike and Annie Kolmatycki. [...] Kolmatycki changed her Ukrainian name to 'Kaye' for 'ease in handling.' As Gloria Kaye, she sang on Canadian television on the Tommy Hunter Show, It's Happening, Show of the Week, Juliette, Music Hop, Robbie Lane, and the Merv Griffin show in the United States."
Sources[link]
- Kordan, Bohdan and Luciuk, Lubomyr, eds. (1986). A Delicate and Difficult Question: Documents in the History of Ukrainians in Canada, 1899-1962, Kingston: Limestone Press. ISBN 0-919642-08-X.
- Kordan, Bohdan (2000). Ukrainian Canadians and the Canada Census, 1981-1996, Saskatoon: Heritage Press. ISBN 0-88880-422-9.
- Kordan, Bohdan (2001). Canada and the Ukrainian Question, 1939-1945, Montreal-Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-2230-1.
- Kukushkin, Vadim (2007). From Peasants to Labourers: Ukrainian and Belarusan Immigration from the Russian Empire to Canada, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. excerpt and text search
- Kulyk-Keefer, Janice (2005). Dark Ghost in the Corner: Imagining Ukrainian-Canadian Identity, Saskatoon: Heritage Press. ISBN 0-88880-497-0.
- Luciuk, Lubomyr and Kordan, Bohdan (1989). Creating a Landscape: A Geography of Ukrainians in Canada, Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-5823-X.
- Luciuk, Lubomyr and Hryniuk, Stella, eds. (1991). Canada's Ukrainians: Negotiating an Identity, Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-5978-3.
- Luciuk, Lubomyr (2000). Searching For Place: Ukrainian Displaced Persons, Canada and the Migration of Memory, Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8088-X.
- Lupul, Manoly, ed. (1984). Visible Symbols: Cultural Expression Among Canada's Ukrainians, Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. ISBN 0-920862-27-6.
- Lupul, Manoly, (1982) A Heritage in Transition: Essays on the History of Ukrainians in Canada
- Martynowych, Orest (1991). Ukrainians in Canada: The formative period, 1891–1924. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. ISBN 0-920862-76-4.
- Melnycky, Peter. "'Canadians and Ukrainians Inseparably': Recent Writing on the History of Ukrainian Settlement in Canada," Manitoba History, Number 24, Autumn 1992 online edition, historiography
- Prymak, Thomas M. (1988). Maple Leaf and Trident: The Ukrainian Canadians During the Second World War. Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario.
- Satzewich, Vic (2002). The Ukrainian Diaspora. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-29658-7.
- Swyripa, Frances (1993). Wedded to the Cause: Ukrainian-Canadian Women and Ethnic Identity, 1891-1991
- Swyripa, Frances (1999). Ukrainians. Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples. Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario.
- Swyripa, Frances and John Herd Thompson, eds. (1983) Loyalties in Conflict: Ukrainians in Canada During the Great War 213pp; 8 essays by scholars
External links[link]
- Ukrainian Canadian Congress
- UCC - The history of the Ukrainian Canadian community
- Ukrainian diaspora in Canada and USA
- Canadian First World War Internment Recognition Fund
- Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association
- Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies
- Ukrainian Canadian Foundation of Taras Shevchenko
- Ukrainian Canadian Professional & Business Federation
- Ukrainian Toronto Community Portal
- Canadian Ukrainian Immigrant Aid Society
- Ukrainian Museum of Canada in Saskatoon
- Ukrainian Canadian Archives & Museum of Alberta, Edmonton
- Ukrainian Cultural and Educational Centre "Oseredok", Winnipeg
- The John Luczkiw Collection, University of Toronto
- Multicultural Canada website, includes Ukrainian Canadian tabloids, magazines, newspapers, newsletters and calendar-almanacs.
- The Ukrainian Collection of the University of Calgary
- History of Ours: the Ukrainians A history of Ukrainians in Brantford, Ontario.
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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