Butterfly

Thursday, 14 February 2013

Complete Life Cycle of the Monarch Butterfly

Iron Butterfly - In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida (Studio Version) *FULL*

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Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km² (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.

wn.com/Canada
Dar es Salaam
Dar es Salaam (Arabic: دار السلام‎ Dār as-Salām, "harbour of peace"), formerly Mzizima, is the largest city in Tanzania. It is also the country's richest city and a regionally important economic centre. Dar es Salaam is actually an administrative province within Tanzania, and consists of three local government areas or administrative districts: Kinondoni to the north, Ilala in the centre of the region, and Temeke to the south. The Dar es Salaam Region had a population of 2,497,940 as of the official 2002 census. Though Dar es Salaam lost its official status as capital city to Dodoma in 1974 (a move which was not complete until 1996), it remains the centre of the permanent central government bureaucracy and continues to serve as the capital for the surrounding Dar es Salaam Region.
On December 20, 2011, the heaviest rains in 57 years resulted in unprecedented flooding that devastated many areas of the city. As of December 23, the flooding had caused 13 casualties and left nearly 5,000 people homeless.

wn.com/Dar_es_Salaam
Devon
Coordinates: 50°42′N 3°48′W / 50.7°N 3.8°W / 50.7; -3.8
Devon ( /ˈdɛvən/) is a large county in southwestern England. The county is sometimes referred to as Devonshire, although it has never been officially "shired" and that use often indicates a traditional or historical context. Nowadays, "Devonshire" is mostly a demonym.
The county shares borders with Cornwall to the west and Dorset and Somerset to the east. Its southern coast abuts the English Channel and its northern coast the Bristol Channel and Celtic Sea. The name "Devon" derives from the ancient Dumnonia, which was home to the independent kingdom of Brythonic Celtic speaking people who inhabited this area of the southwestern peninsula of Britain continuously from through the Roman era until partial absorption into the English-speaking Kingdom of Wessex some time in the eighth or ninth century, with some emigration to the sister Kingdom of Domnonee in Brittany taking place.
Devon is the fourth largest of the English counties by area and has a population of 1,141,600 making it the 11th most populous. The county town is the cathedral city of Exeter. In addition to Devon County Council, the county contains two unitary authorities (independent from Devon County Council's control): the port city of Plymouth and Torbay, a conurbation of seaside resorts. Plymouth is also the largest city in Devon. Much of the county is rural (including national park) land, with a low population density by British standards. It contains Dartmoor 954 km² (368 sq mi), the largest open space in southern England. It is the only English county to have two separate coastlines – a north and southern coastline.

wn.com/Devon
India
India (ⁱ/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.

wn.com/India
Japan
Japan ⁱ/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.

wn.com/Japan
Kyoto
Kyoto (京都市, Kyōto-shi^?, "Capital City") (Japanese pronunciation: [kʲoːto] ( listen)) is a city in the central part of the island of Honshū, Japan. It has a population close to 1.5 million. Formerly the imperial capital of Japan, it is now the capital of Kyoto Prefecture, as well as a major part of the Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe metropolitan area.
Although archaeological evidence places the first human settlement on the islands of Japan to approximately 10,000 BC, relatively little is known about human activity in the area before the 6th century AD, around which time the Shimogamo Shrine is believed to have been established. During the 8th century, when powerful Buddhist clergy became involved in the affairs of the Imperial government, the Emperor chose to relocate the capital to a region far from the Buddhist influence. Emperor Kammu selected the village of Uda, at the time in the Kadono district of Yamashiro Province, for this honor.
The new city, Heian-kyō (平安京, "tranquility and peace capital"), a scaled replica of the then Tang capital Chang'an, became the seat of Japan's imperial court in 794, beginning the Heian period of Japanese history. Although military rulers established their governments either in Kyoto (Muromachi shogunate) or in other cities such as Kamakura (Kamakura shogunate) and Edo (Tokugawa shogunate), Kyoto remained Japan's capital until the transfer of the imperial court to Tokyo in 1869 at the time of the Imperial Restoration. (Some believe that it is still a legal capital: see Capital of Japan.)

wn.com/Kyoto
Manipur
Manipur /mænɨˈpʊər/ (Pronunciation manipur (help·info)), literally meaning "a jeweled land", is a state in northeastern India, with the city of Imphal as its capital. Manipur is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west; it also borders Burma to the east. It covers an area of 22,347 square kilometres (8,628 sq mi).
The Meiteis (Meeteis), who live primarily in the state's valley region, form the primary ethnic group (60% of the total population) but occupy only 10% of the total land area. Their language, Meiteilon (Meeteilon), (also known as Manipuri), is also the lingua franca in the state, and was recognized as one of the national languages of India in 1992. The Muslims (Meitei-Pangal) also live in the valley; the Kukis, Nagas, Paites and other smaller groups form about 40% of the population but occupy the remaining 90% of the total land area of Manipur State. Manipur is considered a sensitive border state.^{[citation needed]}
Manipur state has taken Bengali script of writing but now-a-days started in their original scripts "Meetei/Meitei Mayek(Script)" at schools as well as in Newspapers.

wn.com/Manipur
Mexico
Mexico (ⁱ/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko] ( listen)), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.

wn.com/Mexico
Tanzania
Coordinates: 6°18′25″S 34°51′14″E / 6.307°S 34.854°E / -6.307; 34.854 Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( /ˌtænzəˈniːə/ Swahili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern border lies on the Indian Ocean.
Tanzania is a state composed of 26 regions (mikoa), including those of the semi-autonomous region of Zanzibar. The head of state is President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, elected in 2005. Since 1996, the official capital of Tanzania has been Dodoma, where Parliament and some government offices are located. Between independence and 1996, the main coastal city of Dar es Salaam served as the country's political capital. Today, Dar es Salaam remains the principal commercial city of Tanzania and the de facto seat of most government institutions. It is the major seaport for the country and its landlocked neighbours.

wn.com/Tanzania
Teotihuacan
Coordinates: 19°41′33″N 98°50′37.68″W / 19.6925°N 98.8438°W / 19.6925; -98.8438
Teotihuacan – also written Teotihuacán, with a Spanish orthographic accent on the last syllable – is an enormous archaeological site in the Basin of Mexico, just 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Mexico City, containing some of the largest pyramidal structures built in the pre-Columbian Americas. Apart from the pyramidal structures, Teotihuacan is also known for its large residential complexes, the Avenue of the Dead, and numerous colorful, well-preserved murals. Additionally, Teotihuacan produced a thin orange pottery style that spread through Mesoamerica.
The city is thought to have been established around 100 BC and continued to be built until about 250 AD. The city may have lasted until sometime between the 7th and 8th centuries AD. At its zenith, perhaps in the first half of the 1st millennium AD, Teotihuacan was the largest city in the pre-Columbian Americas, with a population of perhaps 125,000 or more, placing it among the largest cities of the world in this period. Teotihuacan began as a new religious center in the Mexican Highland around the first century AD. This city came to be the largest and most populated center in the New World. Teotihuacan was even home to multi-floor apartment compounds built to accommodate this large population. The civilization and cultural complex associated with the site is also referred to as Teotihuacan or Teotihuacano.

wn.com/Teotihuacan

Carl Spitzweg
Carl Spitzweg (February 5, 1808 – September 23, 1885) was a German romanticist painter and poet. He is considered to be one of the most important artists of the Biedermeier era.
He was born in Unterpfaffenhofen as the second of three sons of Franziska and Simon Spitzweg. His father, a wealthy merchant, had Carl trained as a pharmacist. He attained his qualification from the University of Munich, but while recovering from an illness he also took up painting. Spitzweg was self-taught as an artist, and began by copying the works of Flemish masters. He contributed his first work to satiric magazines. Upon receiving an inheritance in 1833, he was able to dedicate himself to painting.
Later, Spitzweg visited European art centers, studying the works of various artists and refining his technique and style; he visited Prague, Venice, Paris, London, and Belgium. His later paintings and drawings are often humorous genre works. Many of his paintings depict sharply characterized eccentrics, for example The Bookworm (1850) and The Hypochondriac (c. 1865, in the Neue Pinakothek, Munich).

wn.com/Carl_Spitzweg
Lafcadio Hearn
Patrick Lafcadio Hearn (27 June 1850 – 26 September 1904), known also by the Japanese name Koizumi Yakumo (小泉八雲^?), was an international writer, known best for his books about Japan, especially his collections of Japanese legends and ghost stories, such as Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things. In the United States, Hearn is also known for his writings about the city of New Orleans based on his 10-year stay in that city.
Hearn was born in Lefkada (the origin of his middle name), one of the Greek Ionian Islands. He was the son of Sergeant Major Charles Bush Hearn (of County Offaly, Ireland) and Rosa Antoniou Kassimati, a Greek woman of noble Kytheran lineage through her father, Anthony Kassimati. His father was stationed in Lefkada during the British occupation of the islands. Lafcadio was baptized Patricio Lefcadio Hearn in the Greek Orthodox Church. It is not known whether Hearn's parents were ever legally married, and the Irish Protestant relatives on his father's side considered him to have been born out of wedlock. This may, however, have been because they did not recognize the legitimacy of a Greek Orthodox marriage ceremony for a Protestant.

wn.com/Lafcadio_Hearn
Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica (Spanish: Mesoamérica) is a region and cultural area in the Americas, extending approximately from central Mexico to Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica, within which a number of pre-Columbian societies flourished before the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries.
As a cultural area, Mesoamerica is defined by a mosaic of cultural traits developed and shared by its indigenous cultures. Beginning as early as 7000 BC the domestication of maize, beans, squash and chili, as well as the turkey and dog, caused a transition from paleo-Indian hunter-gatherer tribal grouping to the organization of sedentary agricultural villages. In the subsequent formative period, agriculture and cultural traits such as a complex mythological and religious tradition, a vigesimal numeric system, and a complex calendric system, a tradition of ball playing, and a distinct architectural style, were diffused through the area. Also in this period villages began to become socially stratified and develop into chiefdoms with the development of large ceremonial centers, interconnected by a network of trade routes for the exchange of luxury goods such as obsidian, jade, cacao, cinnabar, Spondylus shells, hematite, and ceramics. While Mesoamerican civilization did know of the wheel and basic metallurgy, neither of these technologies became culturally important.

wn.com/Mesoamerica
Naga people
The term Naga people (Burmese: နာဂ, Hindi: नागा) refers to a conglomeration of several tribes inhabiting the North Eastern part of India and north-western Burma. The tribes have similar cultures and traditions, and form the majority ethnic group in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and Nagaland. Some of the prominent Naga tribes are Angami, Ao, Chakhesang, Chang, Khiamniungan, Konyak, Lotha, Pochury, Phom, Poumai, Rengma, Sangtam, Sema (Sumi), Mao (Memai), Yimchunger, Zeliang.
There are 16 officially recognized tribes in the Nagaland state of India. The other Naga tribes can be found in the contiguous adjoining states of Manipur, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and across the border in Burma. Some of these tribes are: Zeme, Liangmai, Mao (Memai), Nocte, Phom, Pochuri, Poumai Naga, Rongmei, Tangsa, Tutsa, and Wancho
The Naga tribes practised headhunting and preserved the heads of enemies as trophies before the 19th century.

wn.com/Naga_people
Taira no Masakado
Taira no Masakado (平将門^?, died in the second lunar month of 940) was a samurai in the Heian period of Japan, who led a rebellion against the central government of Kyoto.
Masakado was born into a prominent noble lineage, the Kammu Heishi Taira of Japan. He served the imperial court in the capital as a youth, and then settled down to the life of a country gentleman in the provinces of eastern Japan, to the northeast of modern day Tokyo.
His career is detailed in Shōmonki (“The Masakado Chronicle”), a literary account of his life believed to have been completed as early as the 940s (although the earliest surviving copy dates from 1099) by an anonymous author.
The Taira Masakado Insurrection of 939-940 (known in Japanese as Jōhei - Tengyo no ran, after the calendar eras in which it occurred) ranks among the most dramatic episodes in the early history of the samurai. Coinciding with earthquakes, rainbows and lunar eclipses in the capital; uprisings in the north; and pirate disturbances in the west; it threw the court and the capital into a panic, and climaxed, according to most versions of the story, with the protagonist’s claiming for himself the title, “New Emperor.” Many historians have perceived the incident as an early harbinger of the late twelfth-, thirteenth- and fourteenth-century events that, step by step, ushered in the medieval era of warrior rule.

wn.com/Taira_no_Masakado
Teotihuacan
Coordinates: 19°41′33″N 98°50′37.68″W / 19.6925°N 98.8438°W / 19.6925; -98.8438
Teotihuacan – also written Teotihuacán, with a Spanish orthographic accent on the last syllable – is an enormous archaeological site in the Basin of Mexico, just 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Mexico City, containing some of the largest pyramidal structures built in the pre-Columbian Americas. Apart from the pyramidal structures, Teotihuacan is also known for its large residential complexes, the Avenue of the Dead, and numerous colorful, well-preserved murals. Additionally, Teotihuacan produced a thin orange pottery style that spread through Mesoamerica.
The city is thought to have been established around 100 BC and continued to be built until about 250 AD. The city may have lasted until sometime between the 7th and 8th centuries AD. At its zenith, perhaps in the first half of the 1st millennium AD, Teotihuacan was the largest city in the pre-Columbian Americas, with a population of perhaps 125,000 or more, placing it among the largest cities of the world in this period. Teotihuacan began as a new religious center in the Mexican Highland around the first century AD. This city came to be the largest and most populated center in the New World. Teotihuacan was even home to multi-floor apartment compounds built to accommodate this large population. The civilization and cultural complex associated with the site is also referred to as Teotihuacan or Teotihuacano.

wn.com/Teotihuacan
Zapotec peoples
The Zapotecs (Zoogocho Zapotec :Didxažoŋ) are an indigenous people of Mexico. The population is concentrated in the southern state of Oaxaca, but Zapotec communities exist in neighboring states, as well. The present-day population is estimated at approximately 800,000 to 1,000,000 persons, many of whom are monolingual in one of the native Zapotec languages and dialects. In pre-Columbian times, the Zapotec civilization was one of the highly developed cultures of Mesoamerica, which, among other things, included a system of writing. Many people of Zapotec ancestry have emigrated to the United States over several decades, and they maintain their own social organizations in the Los Angeles and Central Valley areas of California.
There are four basic groups of Zapotecs: the istmeños, who live in the southern Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the serranos, who live in the northern mountains of the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca, the southern Zapotecs, who live in the southern mountains of the Sierra Sur, and the Central Valley Zapotecs, who live in and around the Valley of Oaxaca.

wn.com/Zapotec_peoples
Zhuangzi
Zhuangzi (simplified Chinese: 庄子; traditional Chinese: 莊子; pinyin: Zhuāng Zǐ; Wade–Giles: Chuang Tzŭ) was an influential Chinese philosopher who lived around the 4th century BCE during the Warring States Period, a period corresponding to the philosophical summit of Chinese thought — the Hundred Schools of Thought, and is credited with writing—in part or in whole—a work known by his name, the Zhuangzi. His name Zhuangzi (English "Master Zhuang", with Zi being an honorific) is sometimes spelled Zhuang Tze, Zhuang Zhou, Chuang Tsu, Chuang Tzu, Chouang-Dsi, Chuang Tse, or Chuangtze.
The only account of the life of Zhuangzi is a brief sketch in chapter 63 of Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, where he is described as a minor official from the town of Meng (in modern Anhui) in the state of Song, living in the time of King Hui of Liang and King Xuan of Qi (late 4th century BCE). Sima Qian writes:
The validity of his existence has been questioned by some, including himself (See below) and Russell Kirkland, who writes:

wn.com/Zhuangzi

Crazy Town - Butterfly

Rock...

published: 07 Jun 2006

author: Cipryss

Crazy Town - Butterfly

published: 25 Oct 2009

author: CrazyTownVEVO

SMiLE.dk Butterfly

Music video of the song Butterfly by SMiLE.dk. For more info on SMiLE.dk visit: www.smiled...

published: 16 Oct 2005

author: JadedsAngel

Complete Life Cycle of the Monarch Butterfly

The entire lifecycle of the Monarch butterfly from a tiny caterpillar hatching from an egg...

published: 24 May 2008

author: dscottprod

Mariah Carey - Butterfly

Music video by Mariah Carey performing Butterfly. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 67330 (C) ...

published: 24 Nov 2009

author: MariahCareyVEVO

DDR Butterfly [FULL] with lyrics

DDR Butterfly with lyrics. Enjoy! in the meantime, check out my friend's channel and subsc...

published: 10 Jan 2008

author: hanicherry

How to Make an Origami Butterfly

In this tutorial, I explain how to make an origami butterfly (designed by Akira Yoshizawa)...

published: 12 Jun 2009

author: RobH0629

The Butterfly Colors Song

It's a colors song and video. It's designed to help children learn the names of the colors...

published: 14 Apr 2010

author: KidsTV123

Iron Butterfly - In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida (Studio Version) *FULL*

The full version of Iron Butterfly's In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida. Lyrics: In a gadda da vida, baby ...

published: 09 Dec 2010

author: SecondHelping74

Danyel Gerard - Butterfly 1971

Germen version...

published: 03 Jun 2007

author: digitalpostman

Crazy Town-Butterfly hd

nonsense comments will be deleted.. note: installed to listen to this video this fine .. t...

published: 23 Jun 2010

author: 358408

G-DRAGON - BUTTERFLY M/V [HD]

1ST ALBUM [HEARTBREAKER] ▶ NOW available on iTunes: smarturl.it ▶ BIGBANG Products on eBay...

published: 23 Oct 2009

author: YGEntertainment

DDR-butterfly

i hope u enjoy ^_^! please rate and comment! its my first AMV so be nice. my devart accoun...

published: 17 Jan 2007

author: sango290

Relaxing Piano by mark salona

To purchase MP3, click here: www.cdbaby.com This piano solo is called One Angel's Hands. I...

published: 31 Mar 2008

author: nutsocket

Michael Phelps butterfly training (part1)

Michael Phelps butterfly training. Sorry about short parts and bad quality. Comment. I don...

published: 29 Sep 2011

author: northkoreanwar01

Michael Phelps butterfly training (part2)

Michael Phelps butterfly training. Sorry about short parts and bad quality. I don't own th...

published: 29 Sep 2011

author: northkoreanwar01

Michael Phelps butterfly training (part3)

Michael Phelps butterfly training. Sorry about short parts and bad quality. I don't own th...

published: 29 Sep 2011

author: northkoreanwar01

Michael Phelps butterfly training (part 4)

Michael Phelps butterfly training. Sorry about short parts and bad quality. I don't own th...

published: 29 Sep 2011

author: northkoreanwar01

Michael Phelps butterfly training (part 5)

Michael Phelps butterfly training. Sorry about short parts and bad quality. I don't own th...

published: 29 Sep 2011

author: northkoreanwar01

Michael Phelps butterfly training (part 6)

Michael Phelps butterfly training. Sorry about short parts and bad quality. I don't own th...

published: 30 Sep 2011

author: northkoreanwar01

Michael Phelps butterfly training (part 7)

Michael Phelps butterfly training. Sorry about short parts and bad quality. I don't own th...

published: 30 Sep 2011

author: northkoreanwar01

Michael Phelps butterfly training (part 8)

Michael Phelps butterfly training. Sorry about short parts and bad quality. I don't own th...

published: 30 Sep 2011

author: northkoreanwar01

Michael Phelps butterfly training (part 9)

Michael Phelps butterfly training. Sorry about short parts and bad quality. I don't own th...

published: 30 Sep 2011

author: northkoreanwar01

Michael Phelps butterfly training (part10)

Michael Phelps butterfly training. Sorry about short parts and bad quality. I don't own th...

published: 30 Sep 2011

author: northkoreanwar01

Michael Phelps butterfly training (part 11)

Michael Phelps butterfly training. Sorry about short parts and bad quality. I don't own th...

published: 30 Sep 2011

author: northkoreanwar01

Michael Phelps butterfly training (part 12)

Michael Phelps butterfly training. Sorry about short parts and bad quality. I don't own th...

published: 30 Sep 2011

author: northkoreanwar01

Michael Phelps butterfly training (part 13)

Michael Phelps butterfly training. Sorry about short parts and bad quality. I don't own th...

published: 30 Sep 2011

author: northkoreanwar01

Michael Phelps butterfly training (part 14)

Michael Phelps butterfly training. Sorry about short parts and bad quality. I don't own th...

published: 01 Oct 2011

author: northkoreanwar01

Iron Butterfly-Most Anything You Want

One of the great psychedelic rock bands of the late 60's....

published: 01 Jun 2011

author: charliedontsurf70

Iron Butterfly - In The Time Of Our Lives - Ball 1969

Iron Butterfly - In The Time Of Our Lives - Ball 1969...

published: 01 Jun 2011

author: charliedontsurf70

Iron Butterfly - Filled With Fear - Ball 1969

Iron Butterfly - Filled With Fear - Ball 1969...

published: 01 Jun 2011

author: charliedontsurf70

iron butterfly my mirage

it dont need a description...

published: 01 Jun 2011

author: charliedontsurf70

Iron Butterfly - Lonely Boy off Ball

Iron Butterfly - Ball - Lonely Boy. One of my favorite songs off the album....

published: 01 Jun 2011

author: charliedontsurf70

Iron Butterfly - Real Fright - Ball 1969

Iron Butterfly - Real Fright - Ball 1969...

published: 01 Jun 2011

author: charliedontsurf70

In The Crowds by Iron Butterfly LYRICS

Off the B-Side to Iron Butterfly's Soul Experience. Enjoy. LYRICS: I look for the sun in d...

published: 01 Jun 2011

author: charliedontsurf70

Iron Butterfly - Belda Beast - Ball 1969

Iron Butterfly - Belda Beast - Ball 1969...

published: 01 Jun 2011

author: charliedontsurf70

Possession Iron Butterfly

Possession - Iron Butterfly -1968...

published: 01 Jun 2011

author: charliedontsurf70

Unconscious Power Iron Butterfly

Unconscious Power - Iron Butterfly - Heavy - Psychedelic - 1968...

published: 01 Jun 2011

author: charliedontsurf70

Iron Butterfly Theme Iron Butterfly

Iron Butterfly Theme - Iron Butterfly - Heavy - Psychedelic - 1968...

published: 01 Jun 2011

author: charliedontsurf70

New Day

Iron Butterfly, New Day from Metamorphosis. This is hope for a new day in a song....

published: 01 Jun 2011

author: charliedontsurf70

(02) - Flowers And Beads

(02) - Flowers And Beads...

published: 01 Jun 2011

author: charliedontsurf70

(05) - Are You Happy

(05) - Are You Happy...

published: 01 Jun 2011

author: charliedontsurf70

Jenyne Butterfly - "Lift Me Up"

...

published: 11 Sep 2011

author: phoenix1986ish

00 Pole jeyne Dance09aa

jenyne Butterfly Miss USPD-2009 www.jane-music.com/ Jane Between_Heaven_and_Hell 03-Voice ...

published: 11 Sep 2011

author: phoenix1986ish

My Girl Jenyne Kills the 1st round!- Pole-A-Palooza @ JET

Do Work Bella!...

published: 11 Sep 2011

author: phoenix1986ish

Jenyne Round 2

Reigning Champ...

published: 11 Sep 2011

author: phoenix1986ish

Jenyne Butterfly - Pole Ballet cir '06 with Sexy Lighting

Jenyne's pole skills are showcased here. Produced in 2006, she took 2nd in the world pole ...

published: 11 Sep 2011

author: phoenix1986ish

Jenyne Butterfly - Zurich 2010

Jenyne Butterfly performing at the Miss Pole Dance World Championship Finals...

published: 11 Sep 2011

author: phoenix1986ish

World Pole Dance Sport Fitness Championships - Zurich 2010.wmv

Pole Sport Fitness World Championships 2010 held in Zurich, Switzerland 2nd October 2010 a...

published: 11 Sep 2011

author: phoenix1986ish

BOBBI TV EPISODE 7, OCTOBER 2009

New entertainment show Bobbi TV. 'Bobbi TV', written, produced, and starring, all the Bobb...

published: 11 Sep 2011

author: phoenix1986ish

Jenyne Butterfly au Pole Art 2010

Show de la magnifique Jenyne Butterfly au Pole Art 2010...

published: 11 Sep 2011

author: phoenix1986ish

Jenyne Butterfly Workshop Dec 2009 at Tantra Fitness

The talented and beautiful Jenyne Butterfly doing a demo for the students & instructors at...

published: 11 Sep 2011

author: phoenix1986ish

Butterfly

2009 USPDF Champion Jenyne Butterfly...

published: 11 Sep 2011

author: phoenix1986ish

Jenyne Butterfly, May 29th, 2009 in Redondo Beach (Brixton)

Jenyne Butterfly, USPDF winner at the World Pole Dance and Fitness competition at Brixton ...

published: 11 Sep 2011

author: phoenix1986ish

Jenyne Butterfly At The 2009 International Pole Camp ~ Party Bus

Jenyne Butterfly at The 2009 International Pole Camp in Calgary, Canada. The event was ho...

published: 11 Sep 2011

author: phoenix1986ish

harvelles performance

LEARN TO POLE DANCE at our new online school http://www.poleandaerial.com DO YOU LIKE JENY...

published: 11 Sep 2011

author: phoenix1986ish

Butterfly Swimming Technique

Butterfly Swimming Technique. Side and front view. More swimming videos available at http:...

published: 03 Mar 2012

author: celeslau1

Butterfly technique.mov

Zoggs Butterfly Technique video aims to help with the rhythm and positioning of the body d...

published: 04 Mar 2012

author: celeslau1

Total Immersion Butterfly Demo by Shinji Takeuchi

TIジャパン代表竹内慎司のラクなバタフライです。...

published: 07 Mar 2012

author: celeslau1

TI Coach Nishimura's Butterfly Demo

TI Japan Senior Coach Masami Nishimura's Butterfly...

published: 07 Mar 2012

author: celeslau1

Everybodyswim : Butterfly stroke

Free swimming method and tips for everybody http://everybodyswim.blogspot.com/2009/06/butt...

published: 07 Mar 2012

author: celeslau1

Perfect Butterfly - Swimming Advice from Simply Swim

http://www.simplyswim.com - Swimming advice to help develop perfect butterfly technique. T...

published: 07 Mar 2012

author: celeslau1

Butterfly Drills - Swimming Advice from Simply Swim

http://www.simplyswim.com - This video takes a look at some training drills that are desig...

published: 07 Mar 2012

author: celeslau1

④手の練習

...

published: 07 Mar 2012

author: celeslau1

Swimming - Butterfly - Single Arm, Extended Arm

Here's a different take on a drill we did about 3 years ago. This shows there are many way...

published: 09 Mar 2012

author: celeslau1

A Shaw way to fly Alexander technique..Butterfly lesson 1

A Shaw way to fly Alexander technique..Butterfly...

published: 17 Mar 2012

author: celeslau1

A Shaw way to fly Alexander technique..Butterfly lesson 2

A Shaw way to fly Alexander technique..Butterfly...

published: 17 Mar 2012

author: celeslau1

A Shaw way to fly Alexander technique..Butterfly lesson 3

...

published: 17 Mar 2012

author: celeslau1

A Shaw way to fly Alexander technique..Butterfly conclusion

...

published: 17 Mar 2012

author: celeslau1

Swimming - Butterfly - Second Kick

To swim really fast butterfly, you have to take advantage of every opportunity for propuls...

published: 20 Mar 2012

author: celeslau1

Michael Phelps - Butterfly 01

Michael Phelps - Butterfly 01...

published: 21 Jan 2012

author: Audrysong72

Michael Phelps - Butterfly 02

Michael Phelps - Butterfly 02...

published: 21 Jan 2012

author: Audrysong72

Michael Phelps - Butterfly 03

Michael Phelps - Butterfly 03...

published: 21 Jan 2012

author: Audrysong72

Michael Phelps - Backstroke 01

Michael Phelps - Backstroke 01...

published: 21 Jan 2012

author: Audrysong72

Michael Phelps - Freestyle Stroke 01

Michael Phelps - Freestyle Stroke 01...

published: 21 Jan 2012

author: Audrysong72

Michael Phelps - Freestyle Stroke 02

Michael Phelps - Freestyle Stroke 02...

published: 21 Jan 2012

author: Audrysong72

Michael Phelps butterfly training (part1)

Michael Phelps butterfly training. Sorry about short parts and bad quality. Comment. I don...

published: 21 Jan 2012

author: Audrysong72

Michael Phelps butterfly training (part2)

Michael Phelps butterfly training. Sorry about short parts and bad quality. I don't own th...

published: 21 Jan 2012

author: Audrysong72

Michael Phelps butterfly training (part3)

Michael Phelps butterfly training. Sorry about short parts and bad quality. I don't own th...

published: 21 Jan 2012

author: Audrysong72

Michael Phelps butterfly training (part 4)

Michael Phelps butterfly training. Sorry about short parts and bad quality. I don't own th...

published: 21 Jan 2012

author: Audrysong72

Michael Phelps butterfly training (part 5)

Michael Phelps butterfly training. Sorry about short parts and bad quality. I don't own th...

published: 21 Jan 2012

author: Audrysong72

Michael Phelps butterfly training (part 6)

Michael Phelps butterfly training. Sorry about short parts and bad quality. I don't own th...

published: 21 Jan 2012

author: Audrysong72

Michael Phelps butterfly training (part 7)

Michael Phelps butterfly training. Sorry about short parts and bad quality. I don't own th...

published: 21 Jan 2012

author: Audrysong72

Michael Phelps butterfly training (part 8)

Michael Phelps butterfly training. Sorry about short parts and bad quality. I don't own th...

published: 21 Jan 2012

author: Audrysong72

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photo: AP / Antonio Calanni

Double-amputee sprinter Oscar Pistorius, of South Africa, poses prior to the start of the press conference, jsa1

Oscar Pistorius charged with murder after 'shooting girlfriend'

The Daily Telegraph

14 Feb 2013

South African Paralympic athlete Oscar Pistorius has been charged with murder after he allegedly shot and killed his girlfriend in the early hours of the morning, reportedly thinking she was an intruder. Reeva Steenkamp with Oscar Pistorius at an awards ceremony in November Photo. Rex Features/Getty Images. By Aislinn Laing, Johannesburg. 8.00AM GMT 14 Feb 2013. Oscar Pistorius 'shoots girlfriend dead'. latest ... Related Articles ... ....(size: 8.8Kb)

photo: AP / Chris Carlson

Law Enforcement personnel gear up along Hwy 38 during the hunt for accused killer and fired Los Angeles police officer, Christopher Dorner in Yacaipa, Caif.,Tuesday, Feb. 12, 2013.

Body found after Dorner manhunt

Irish Times

13 Feb 2013

Investigators have found charred human remains in a burned out cabin in the mountains above Los Angeles following a fiery standoff with a gunman suspected to be a fugitive former Los Angeles police officer, authorities said. The San Bernardino County Sheriff's department said that identification of the remains would be attempted using forensic analysis ... The tension heightened as the day wore on, and local schools were locked down ... ....(size: 7.1Kb)

photo: AP / Gregorio Borgia

Vatican Secretary of State Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone walks past Pope Benedict XVI at the end of the Ash Wednesday mass in St. Peter's Basilica at the Vatican, Wednesday, Feb. 13, 2013.

Pope celebrates last public Mass as pontiff

Pittsburgh Post-Gazette

13 Feb 2013

VATICAN CITY -- Starting his public farewell to his flock, a weary Pope Benedict XVI celebrated his final public Mass as pontiff, presiding over Ash Wednesday services hours after a bittersweet audience that produced the extraordinary scene of the pope explaining his decision to step down directly to the faithful. The mood inside St ... Peter's Square after he was elected pope ... 28 ... "He was a wonderful theologian and pastor.". The Rev ... ....(size: 6.5Kb)

photo: White House / Pete Souza

File - President Barack Obama holds a National Security Staff (NSS) meeting with Vice President Joe Biden in the Situation Room of the White House, Dec. 7, 2012.

Gun control push at heart of Obama speech

News24

13 Feb 2013

Washington - President Barack Obama brought the wounds inflicted by the recent spate of shooting deaths to Congress on Tuesday, ending his State of the Union address with an emotional plea for tougher gun control. Speaking for victims' relatives and gun crime survivors among the guests attending the joint session of Congress, he demanded their voices be heard amid the raucous debate triggered by a spate of bloody mass shootings ... - AFP....(size: 15.2Kb)

photo: UN / Evan Schneider

A wide view of the Security Council as it met to discuss a resolution on “threats to international peace and security posed by terrorism”.

UN condemns North Korea nuclear test

BBC News

13 Feb 2013

The UN Security Council has promised action against North Korea over its third nuclear test, calling it a clear threat to international security. At an emergency meeting, the UN said it would begin work on measures to halt the North's nuclear ambitions. The US called the test highly provocative, while China, Pyongyang's sole key ally, said it was strongly dissatisfied ... Continue reading the main story Analysis ... 'Serious threat'....(size: 4.2Kb)

timeline:
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Various Mardi Gras masks

The Examiner

15 Feb 2013

A photo of an elaborate butterfly mask made for Mardi GrasPictures of various masks that could be made and worn for Mardi Gras.Pictures of various masks that could be made and worn for Mardi Gras.Pictures of various masks that could be made and worn for Mardi Gras.Fun masks for children to make and wearPaper mache Mardi Gras mask.More >You might also like....(size: 2.9Kb)

Compost business booming despite budget challenges (The United States Army)

noodls

15 Feb 2013

Rod Gilbert, a contractor for DPW Fish and Wildlife, seeded a 25-by-15-foot area of the prairie on JBLM last fall, hoping to grow several rare plant species that host the Taylor's checkerspot butterfly larvae as part of a habitat restoration project ... Fish and Wildlife proposed to list the Taylor's checkerspot butterfly as an endangered species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973....(size: 7.8Kb)

Canadians Cheverton, Lacroix medal to open U.S. Grand Prix

TSN Canada

15 Feb 2013

In the women's 100-m butterfly, Lacroix was involved in a three-way battle for the gold and took third spot in 59.71 ... On the men's side, Zack Chetrat of Oakville, Ont., was fifth in the 100-m butterfly, Eric Hedlin of Victoria seventh in the 400-m IM while Ryan ......(size: 1.3Kb)

Ariane Lavigne wins snowboard bronze

Toronto Sun

15 Feb 2013

Samantha Cheverton of Pointe Claire, Que., won silver in the women's 200-metre freestyle while Audrey Lacroix of Pont Rouge, Que., earned a bronze in the women's 100m butterfly ... On the men's side, Zack Chetrat of Oakville, Ont., was fifth in the 100m butterfly, Victoria's Eric Hedlin was seventh in the 400-metre individual medley while Victoria's ......(size: 3.6Kb)

CNW Daybook for Friday, February 15, 2013

Canada Newswire

15 Feb 2013

TORONTO, Feb. 14, 2013 /CNW/ - ALL TIMES ARE LOCAL. FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 15. QUEBEC DATE. February 14 - April 28 EVENT. BOTANICAL GARDEN'S MAIN EXHIBITION GREENHOUSE - BUTTERFLIES GO FREE CITY. MONTRÉAL LOCATION. Botanical Garden's Main Exhibition Greenhouse URL. http.//www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/January2013/30/c9837.html. TIME ... URL ... TIME ... SPACE FOR LIFE - BUTTERFLIES GO FREE - MEET THE INSECTARIUM TEAM AND QUEBEC DESIGNER LIZ VANDAL CITY ... ....(size: 5.0Kb)

Vera Wang takes new approach to design

Houston Chronicle

15 Feb 2013

By Greg Morago . February 12, 2013 . Updated. February 14, 2013 5.50pm. Comments (0) E-mail Print. Tweet. Page 1 of 1 ... Sexy lace tunics, metallic butterfly brocade dresses, petal skirts and kimono-sleeve swing tops proved that Wang's deep thinking could translate into brilliant must-haves ... But then came the color ... Online ... Comments (0) E-mail Print ... Sexy lace tunics, metallic butterfly brocade dresses, petal skirts and kimono-sleeve swing... Jan....(size: 7.7Kb)

The A-list at Calvin Klein Collection

Vogue

15 Feb 2013

First, editors caught wind that model and actress Carolyn Murphy was going to be walking exclusively in today’s Calvin Klein Collection show ... It was the dress for me.” ... When a designer does that.”. Meanwhile, being dressed in the first of two looks that she’d wear down the runway—a wool flannel cross-back tank with a matching pleated skirt—Carolyn Murphy was battling a case of the butterflies ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)

Franklin, Vollmer win at Orlando Grand Prix

Herald Tribune

15 Feb 2013

ORLANDO, Fla. - Olympic champions Missy Franklin and Dana Vollmer won their races on opening night of the Arena Grand Prix of Orlando on Thursday. Franklin easily won the 200-meter freestyle in 1 minute, 58.01 seconds. Vollmer won her signature event, the 100 butterfly, in 58.91 seconds. Jeanette Otteson of Denmark was second in 59.36, while Audrey Lacroix took third in 59.71 ... Olympic gold medalist Ryan Lochte was second at 54.40 ... More... ....(size: 3.9Kb)

A Feast of Art Nouveau

Wall Street Journal

15 Feb 2013

Collectors of Art Nouveau are in for a treat Saturday when around 130 items of rare furniture, glass and jewelry from Japan's Louis C. Tiffany Garden Museum come up for sale at Sotheby's in Paris ... After his country's devastating tsunami in 2011, Mr ... As Mr ... The other stunning piece is an enamel, diamond, sapphire, gold and silver brooch from around 1895, shaped like a butterfly in full flight, expressing both beauty and freedom (estimate....(size: 3.7Kb)

Love At First Sight

The Examiner

15 Feb 2013

Falling In Love…. Falling in love can be hard, especially when we fall deeply in love. We can’t seem to get our love off our minds and just the mere mention of them gives us butterflies. Sometimes, we are so much in love that it hurts. Falling in love with a house happens all too often and, sometimes, it even results in getting our hearts broken ... How can you fall in love with something whose history you don’t even know? ... Advice ... Tweet ... ....(size: 5.0Kb)

Carrie Underwood in technicolor dress at Grammy Awards (Photos)

The Examiner

15 Feb 2013

Country songbird Carrie Underwood was a technicolor dream when she performed at the 55th Grammy Awards at Staples Center in Los Angeles on Sunday, Feb. 10, 2013. The Grammy Awards were televised live on CBS Television Network ... The large silver dress was used as a projection screen with ever changing imagery, including images of roses, butterflies and fireworks ... Two projectors hung from the ceiling and projected images onto the dress ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)

Perfect 10: teen star Ko delivers first-round knockout

Canberra Times

15 Feb 2013

School's in ... New Zealander Lydia Ko lines up a putt during her astonishing first round. Photo. Getty Images. Move over, Michelle Wie, there's a new teenage golf wunderkind in town ... The world's top-ranked amateur was nine under through 13 holes, before a bogey on her second-last hole halted her momentum ... Ko admitted she had butterflies in her stomach when she learned she'd be playing in the same group as Tseng and one of her idols Wie ... ....(size: 4.4Kb)

Spring Break Art Camps (City of Wichita, KS)

noodls

15 Feb 2013

(Source. City of Wichita, KS). Date. February 14, 2013. Contact. Angela Cato, Arts & Cultural Services. ACato@wichita.gov. (316) 303-8639. CityArts giving youth creative ways to spend time off school ... Children staying all day must bring their own sack lunches ... Registration for each morning or afternoon session is $25 per child ... He is co-creator of the popular "Music Machine" and "Bullfrogs and Butterflies" albums of the 1980s ... What is Plarn?....(size: 4.8Kb)

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For other uses, see Butterfly (disambiguation).

Butterflies Temporal range: Eocene-Recent, 45–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N

Charaxes brutus natalensis in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
(unranked):	Rhopalocera
Subgroups
Superfamily Hedyloidea: Hedylidae Superfamily Hesperioidea: Hesperiidae Superfamily Papilionoidea: Papilionidae Pieridae Nymphalidae Lycaenidae Riodinidae

A butterfly is a mainly day-flying insect of the order Lepidoptera, which includes the butterflies and moths. Like other holometabolous insects, the butterfly's life cycle consists of four parts: egg, larva, pupa and adult. Most species are diurnal. Butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. Butterflies comprise the true butterflies (superfamily Papilionoidea), the skippers (superfamily Hesperioidea) and the moth-butterflies (superfamily Hedyloidea). All the many other families within the Lepidoptera are referred to as moths. The earliest known butterfly fossils date to the mid Eocene epoch, between 40–50 million years ago.^[1]

Butterflies exhibit polymorphism, mimicry and aposematism. Some, like the Monarch, will migrate over long distances. Some butterflies have evolved symbiotic and parasitic relationships with social insects such as ants. Some species are pests because in their larval stages they can damage domestic crops or trees; however, some species are agents of pollination of some plants, and caterpillars of a few butterflies (e.g., Harvesters) eat harmful insects. Culturally, butterflies are a popular motif in the visual and literary arts.

Etymology [link]

The name is derived from Middle English buterflie, butturflye, boterflye, from Old English butorflēoge, buttorflēoge, buterflēoge, perhaps a compound of butor (beater), mutation of bēatan (to beat), and flēoge (fly).^[2]

Alternate etymology connects the first element to butere (butter) as the name may have originally been applied solely to butterflies of a yellowish or butter-colour. This may have merged later with the belief that butterflies ate milk and butter (compare Middle High German molkendiep -literally “milk-thief”; Modern German Molkendieb and Low German Botterlicker - literally “butter-licker”), or that they excreted a butter-like substance (compare Middle Dutch boterschijte - literally “butter-shitter”, also Middle Dutch botervliege, Dutch botervlieg, German butterfliege).

Life cycle [link]

Mating Common Buckeye Butterflies

Macro of a Butterfly face

It is a popular belief that butterflies have very short life spans.^{[by whom?]} However, butterflies in their adult stage can live from a week to nearly a year depending on the species. Many species have long larval life stages while others can remain dormant in their pupal or egg stages and thereby survive winters.^[3]

Butterflies may have one or more broods per year. The number of generations per year varies from temperate to tropical regions with tropical regions showing a trend towards multivoltinism.

Eggs [link]

Egg of Ariadne merione

Butterfly eggs are protected by a hard-ridged outer layer of shell, called the chorion. This is lined with a thin coating of wax which prevents the egg from drying out before the larva has had time to fully develop. Each egg contains a number of tiny funnel-shaped openings at one end, called micropyles; the purpose of these holes is to allow sperm to enter and fertilize the egg. Butterfly and moth eggs vary greatly in size between species, but they are all either spherical or ovate.

Butterfly eggs are fixed to a leaf with a special glue which hardens rapidly. As it hardens it contracts, deforming the shape of the egg. This glue is easily seen surrounding the base of every egg forming a meniscus. The nature of the glue is unknown and is a suitable subject for research. The same glue is produced by a pupa to secure the setae of the cremaster. This glue is so hard that the silk pad, to which the setae are glued, cannot be separated.

Eggs are almost invariably laid on plants. Each species of butterfly has its own hostplant range and while some species of butterfly are restricted to just one species of plant, others use a range of plant species, often including members of a common family.

The egg stage lasts a few weeks in most butterflies but eggs laid close to winter, especially in temperate regions, go through a diapause (resting) stage, and the hatching may take place only in spring. Other butterflies may lay their eggs in the spring and have them hatch in the summer. These butterflies are usually northern species, such as the Mourning Cloak (Camberwell Beauty) and the Large and Small Tortoiseshell butterflies.

Caterpillars [link]

Caterpillars of Junonia coenia.

Butterfly larvae, or caterpillars, consume plant leaves and spend practically all of their time in search of food. Although most caterpillars are herbivorous, a few species such as Spalgis epius and Liphyra brassolis are entomophagous (insect eating).

Some larvae, especially those of the Lycaenidae, form mutual associations with ants. They communicate with the ants using vibrations that are transmitted through the substrate as well as using chemical signals.^[4]^[5] The ants provide some degree of protection to these larvae and they in turn gather honeydew secretions.

Caterpillars mature through a series of stages called instars. Near the end of each instar, the larva undergoes a process called apolysis, in which the cuticle, a tough outer layer made of a mixture of chitin and specialized proteins, is released from the softer epidermis beneath, and the epidermis begins to form a new cuticle beneath. At the end of each instar, the larva moults the old cuticle, and the new cuticle expands, before rapidly hardening and developing pigment. Development of butterfly wing patterns begins by the last larval instar.

Butterfly caterpillars have three pairs of true legs from the thoracic segments and up to 6 pairs of prolegs arising from the abdominal segments. These prolegs have rings of tiny hooks called crochets that help them grip the substrate.

Some caterpillars have the ability to inflate parts of their head to appear snake-like. Many have false eye-spots to enhance this effect. Some caterpillars have special structures called osmeteria which are everted to produce smelly chemicals. These are used in defense.

Host plants often have toxic substances in them and caterpillars are able to sequester these substances and retain them into the adult stage. This makes them unpalatable to birds and other predators. Such unpalatibility is advertised using bright red, orange, black or white warning colours, a practice known as aposematism. The toxic chemicals in plants are often evolved specifically to prevent them from being eaten by insects. Insects in turn develop countermeasures or make use of these toxins for their own survival. This "arms race" has led to the coevolution of insects and their host plants.^[6]

Wing development [link]

Last instar wing disk, Junonia coenia

Detail of a butterfly wing

Wings or wing pads are not visible on the outside of the larva, but when larvae are dissected, tiny developing wing disks can be found on the second and third thoracic segments, in place of the spiracles that are apparent on abdominal segments. Wing disks develop in association with a trachea that runs along the base of the wing, and are surrounded by a thin peripodial membrane, which is linked to the outer epidermis of the larva by a tiny duct.

Wing disks are very small until the last larval instar, when they increase dramatically in size, are invaded by branching tracheae from the wing base that precede the formation of the wing veins, and begin to develop patterns associated with several landmarks of the wing.

Near pupation, the wings are forced outside the epidermis under pressure from the hemolymph, and although they are initially quite flexible and fragile, by the time the pupa breaks free of the larval cuticle they have adhered tightly to the outer cuticle of the pupa (in obtect pupae). Within hours, the wings form a cuticle so hard and well-joined to the body that pupae can be picked up and handled without damage to the wings.

Pupa [link]

Chrysalis of Gulf Fritillary

When the larva is fully grown, hormones such as prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) are produced. At this point the larva stops feeding and begins "wandering" in the quest of a suitable pupation site, often the underside of a leaf.

The larva transforms into a pupa (or chrysalis) by anchoring itself to a substrate and moulting for the last time. The chrysalis is usually incapable of movement, although some species can rapidly move the abdominal segments or produce sounds to scare potential predators.

The pupal transformation into a butterfly through metamorphosis has held great appeal to mankind. To transform from the miniature wings visible on the outside of the pupa into large structures usable for flight, the pupal wings undergo rapid mitosis and absorb a great deal of nutrients. If one wing is surgically removed early on, the other three will grow to a larger size. In the pupa, the wing forms a structure that becomes compressed from top to bottom and pleated from proximal to distal ends as it grows, so that it can rapidly be unfolded to its full adult size. Several boundaries seen in the adult color pattern are marked by changes in the expression of particular transcription factors in the early pupa.

Adult or imago [link]

The adult, sexually mature, stage of the insect is known as the imago. As Lepidoptera, butterflies have four wings that are covered with tiny scales (see photo). The fore and hindwings are not hooked together, permitting a more graceful flight. An adult butterfly has six legs, but in the nymphalids, the first pair is reduced. After it emerges from its pupal stage, a butterfly cannot fly until the wings are unfolded. A newly emerged butterfly needs to spend some time inflating its wings with blood and letting them dry, during which time it is extremely vulnerable to predators. Some butterflies' wings may take up to three hours to dry while others take about one hour. Most butterflies and moths will excrete excess dye after hatching. This fluid may be white, red, orange, or in rare cases, blue.

External morphology [link]

Main article: Glossary of Lepidopteran terms

Parts of an adult butterfly
Butterflies have two antennae, two compound eyes, and a proboscis

Adult butterflies have four wings: a forewing and hindwing on both the left and the right side of the body. The body is divided into three segments: the head, thorax, and the abdomen. They have two antennae, two compound eyes, and a proboscis.

Scales [link]

Butterflies are characterized by their scale-covered wings. The coloration of butterfly wings is created by minute scales. These scales are pigmented with melanins that give them blacks and browns, but blues, greens, reds and iridescence are usually created not by pigments but the microstructure of the scales. This structural coloration is the result of coherent scattering of light by the photonic crystal nature of the scales.^[7]^[8]^[9] The scales cling somewhat loosely to the wing and come off easily without harming the butterfly.

Photographic and light microscopic images

Zoomed-out view of an Inachis io. Closeup of the scales of the same specimen. High magnification of the coloured scales (probably a different species).

Electron microscopic images

A patch of wing Scales close up A single scale Microstructure of a scale

Magnification Approx. ×50 Approx. ×200 ×1000 ×5000

Polymorphism [link]

Main article: Polymorphism (biology)

Many adult butterflies exhibit polymorphism, showing differences in appearance. These variations include geographic variants and seasonal forms. In addition many species have females in multiple forms, often with mimetic forms. Sexual dimorphism in coloration and appearance is widespread in butterflies. In addition many species show sexual dimorphism in the patterns of ultraviolet reflectivity, while otherwise appearing identical to the unaided human eye. Most of the butterflies have a sex-determination system that is represented as ZW with females being the heterogametic sex (ZW) and males homogametic (ZZ).^[10]

Genetic abnormalities such as gynandromorphy also occur from time to time. In addition many butterflies are infected by Wolbachia and infection by the bacteria can lead to the conversion of males into females^[11] or the selective killing of males in the egg stage.^[12]

Mimicry [link]

The Heliconius butterflies from the tropics of the Western Hemisphere are the classical model for Müllerian mimicry.^[13]

Batesian and Mullerian mimicry in butterflies is common. Batesian mimics imitate other species to enjoy the protection of an attribute they do not share, aposematism in this case. The Common Mormon of India has female morphs which imitate the unpalatable red-bodied swallowtails, the Common Rose and the Crimson Rose. Mullerian mimicry occurs when aposematic species evolve to resemble each other, presumably to reduce predator sampling rates, the Heliconius butterflies from the Americas being a good example.

Wing markings called eyespots are present in some species; these may have an automimicry role for some species. In others, the function may be intraspecies communication, such as mate attraction. In several cases, however, the function of butterfly eyespots is not clear, and may be an evolutionary anomaly related to the relative elasticity of the genes that encode the spots.^[14]^[15]

Seasonal polyphenism [link]

Many of the tropical butterflies have distinctive seasonal forms. This phenomenon is termed seasonal polyphenism and the seasonal forms of the butterflies are called the dry-season and wet-season forms. How the season affects the genetic expression of patterns is still a subject of research.^[16] Experimental modification by ecdysone hormone treatment has demonstrated that it is possible to control the continuum of expression of variation between the wet and dry-season forms.^[17] The dry-season forms are usually more cryptic and it has been suggested that the protection offered may be an adaptation. Some also show greater dark colours in the wet-season form which may have thermoregulatory advantages by increasing ability to absorb solar radiation.^[18]

Bicyclus anynana is a species of butterfly that exhibits a clear example of seasonal polyphenism. These butterflies, endemic to Africa, have two distinct phenotypic forms that alternate according to the season. The wet-season forms have large, very apparent ventral eyespots whereas the dry-season forms have very reduced, oftentimes nonexistent, ventral eyespots. Larvae that develop in hot, wet conditions develop into wet-season adults whereas those growing in the transition from the wet to the dry season, when the temperature is declining, develop into dry-season adults.^[19] This polyphenism has an adaptive role in B. anynana. In the dry-season it is disadvantageous to have conspicuous eyespots because B. anynana blend in with the brown vegetation better without eyespots. By not developing eyespots in the dry-season they can more easily camouflage themselves in the brown brush. This minimizes the risk of visually mediated predation. In the wet-season, these brown butterflies cannot as easily rely on cryptic coloration for protection because the background vegetation is green. Thus, eyespots, which may function to decrease predation, are beneficial for B. anynana to express.^[20]

Habits [link]

Antennal shape in the Lepidoptera from C. T. Bingham (1905)

The Australian painted lady feeding on a flowering shrub

Butterflies feed primarily on nectar from flowers. Some also derive nourishment from pollen,^[21] tree sap, rotting fruit, dung, decaying flesh, and dissolved minerals in wet sand or dirt. Butterflies are important as pollinators for some species of plants although in general they do not carry as much pollen load as bees. They are however capable of moving pollen over greater distances.^[22] Flower constancy has been observed for at least one species of butterfly.^[23]

As adults, butterflies consume only liquids which are ingested by means of their proboscis. They sip water from damp patches for hydration and feed on nectar from flowers, from which they obtain sugars for energy as well as sodium and other minerals vital for reproduction. Several species of butterflies need more sodium than that provided by nectar and are attracted by sodium in salt; they sometimes land on people, attracted by the salt in human sweat. Some butterflies also visit dung, rotting fruit or carcasses to obtain minerals and nutrients. In many species, this mud-puddling behaviour is restricted to the males, and studies have suggested that the nutrients collected may be provided as a nuptial gift along with the spermatophore, during mating.^[24]

Butterflies use their antennae to sense the air for wind and scents. The antennae come in various shapes and colours; the hesperids have a pointed angle or hook to the antennae, while most other families show knobbed antennae. The antennae are richly covered with sensory organs known as sensillae. A butterfly's sense of taste, 200 times stronger than humans,^[25] is coordinated by chemoreceptors on the tarsi, or feet, which work only on contact, and are used to determine whether an egg-laying insect's offspring will be able to feed on a leaf before eggs are laid on it.^[26] Many butterflies use chemical signals, pheromones, and specialized scent scales (androconia) and other structures (coremata or "hair pencils" in the Danaidae) are developed in some species.

Vision is well developed in butterflies and most species are sensitive to the ultraviolet spectrum. Many species show sexual dimorphism in the patterns of UV reflective patches.^[27] Color vision may be widespread but has been demonstrated in only a few species.^[28]^[29]

Some butterflies have organs of hearing and some species are also known to make stridulatory and clicking sounds.^[30]

Monarch butterflies

Many butterflies, such as the Monarch butterfly, are migratory and capable of long distance flights. They migrate during the day and use the sun to orient themselves. They also perceive polarized light and use it for orientation when the sun is hidden.^[31]

Many species of butterfly maintain territories and actively chase other species or individuals that may stray into them. Some species will bask or perch on chosen perches. The flight styles of butterflies are often characteristic and some species have courtship flight displays. Basking is an activity which is more common in the cooler hours of the morning. Many species will orient themselves to gather heat from the sun. Some species have evolved dark wingbases to help in gathering more heat and this is especially evident in alpine forms.^[32]

Flight [link]

Heteronympha merope taking off

See also Insect flight

Like many other members of the insect world, the lift generated by butterflies is more than what can be accounted for by steady-state, non-transitory aerodynamics. Studies using Vanessa atalanta in a windtunnel show that they use a wide variety of aerodynamic mechanisms to generate force. These include wake capture, vortices at the wing edge, rotational mechanisms and Weis-Fogh 'clap-and-fling' mechanisms. The butterflies were also able to change from one mode to another rapidly.^[33]

Migration [link]

The Monarch butterfly migrates large distances

Main article: Lepidoptera migration

See also Insect migration

Many butterflies migrate over long distances. Particularly famous migrations are those of the Monarch butterfly from Mexico to northern USA and southern Canada, a distance of about 4000 to 4800 km (2500–3000 miles). Other well known migratory species include the Painted Lady and several of the Danaine butterflies. Spectacular and large scale migrations associated with the Monsoons are seen in peninsular India.^[34] Migrations have been studied in more recent times using wing tags and also using stable hydrogen isotopes.^[35]^[36]

Butterflies have been shown to navigate using time compensated sun compasses. They can see polarized light and therefore orient even in cloudy conditions. The polarized light in the region close to the ultraviolet spectrum is suggested to be particularly important.^[37]

It is suggested that most migratory butterflies are those that belong to semi-arid areas where breeding seasons are short.^[38] The life-histories of their host plants also influence the strategies of the butterflies.^[39]

Defense [link]

Wings of a butterfly (Leopard Lacewing Cethosia cyane) become increasingly damaged as they age, and do not repair

See also Defense in insects

Butterflies are threatened in their early stages by parasitoids and in all stages by predators, diseases and environmental factors. They protect themselves by a variety of means.

Chemical defenses are widespread and are mostly based on chemicals of plant origin. In many cases the plants themselves evolved these toxic substances as protection against herbivores. Butterflies have evolved mechanisms to sequester these plant toxins and use them instead in their own defense.^[40] These defense mechanisms are effective only if they are also well advertised and this has led to the evolution of bright colours in unpalatable butterflies. This signal may be mimicked by other butterflies. These mimetic forms are usually restricted to the females.

Eyespots on wings of Speckled Wood, Pararge aegeria, appear to distract predators from attacking the head. The left hind wing has been badly damaged by birds, but the insect is alive and able to fly.

Cryptic coloration is found in many butterflies. Some like the oakleaf butterfly are remarkable imitations of leaves.^[41] As caterpillars, many defend themselves by freezing and appearing like sticks or branches. Some papilionid caterpillars resemble bird dropping in their early instars. Some caterpillars have hairs and bristly structures that provide protection while others are gregarious and form dense aggregations. Some species also form associations with ants and gain their protection (See Myrmecophile).

Behavioural defenses include perching and wing positions to avoid being conspicuous. Some female Nymphalid butterflies are known to guard their eggs from parasitoid wasps.^[42]

Eyespots and tails are found in many lycaenid butterflies. It is thought that their function is to divert the attention of predators from the more vital head region. An alternative theory is that these cause ambush predators such as spiders to approach from the wrong end and allow for early visual detection.^[43]

A butterfly's hind wings are thought to allow them to take swift, tight turns to evade predators.^[44]

Notable species [link]

Rusty-tipped Page (Siproeta epaphus), Butterfly World (Florida)

There are between 15,000 and 20,000 species of butterflies worldwide. Some well-known species from around the world include:

Swallowtails and Birdwings, Family Papilionidae
- Common Yellow Swallowtail, Papilio machaon
- Spicebush Swallowtail, Papilio troilus
- Lime Butterfly, Papilio demoleus
- Ornithoptera genus (Birdwings; the largest butterflies)
Whites and Yellows, Family Pieridae
- Small White, Pieris rapae
- Green-veined White, Pieris napi
- Common Jezebel, Delias eucharis
Blues and Coppers or Gossamer-Winged Butterflies, Family Lycaenidae
- Xerces Blue, Glaucopsyche xerces (extinct)
- Karner Blue, Lycaeides melissa samuelis (endangered)
- Red Pierrot, Talicada nyseus
Metalmark butterflies, Family Riodinidae
- Duke of Burgundy, Hamearis lucina
- Plum Judy, Abisara echerius
Brush-footed butterflies, Family Nymphalidae
- Painted Lady, or Cosmopolitan, Vanessa cardui
- Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus
- Morpho genus
- Speckled Wood, Pararge aegeria
Skippers, Family Hesperiidae
- Mallow Skipper, Carcharodus alceae
- Zabulon Skipper, Poanes zabulon

In culture [link]

Art [link]

Artistic depictions of butterflies have been used in many cultures including Egyptian hieroglyphs 3500 years ago.^[45]

In the ancient Mesoamerican city of Teotihuacan, the brilliantly colored image of the butterfly was carved into many temples, buildings, jewelry, and emblazoned on incense burners in particular. The butterfly was sometimes depicted with the maw of a jaguar and some species were considered to be the reincarnations of the souls of dead warriors. The close association of butterflies to fire and warfare persisted through to the Aztec civilization and evidence of similar jaguar-butterfly images has been found among the Zapotec, and Mayan civilizations.^[46]

A serving tray decorated with butterfly wings

Today, butterflies are widely used in various objects of art and jewelry: mounted in frame, embedded in resin, displayed in bottles, laminated in paper, and used in some mixed media artworks and furnishings.^[47] Butterflies have also inspired the "butterfly fairy" as an art and fictional character, including in the Barbie Mariposa film.

Symbolism [link]

According to Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things, by Lafcadio Hearn, a butterfly was seen in Japan as the personification of a person's soul; whether they be living, dying, or already dead. One Japanese superstition says that if a butterfly enters your guestroom and perches behind the[bamboo screen, the person whom you most love is coming to see you. However, large numbers of butterflies are viewed as bad omens. When Taira no Masakado was secretly preparing for his famous revolt, there appeared in Kyoto so vast a swarm of butterflies that the people were frightened — thinking the apparition to be a portent of coming evil.^[48]

The Russian word for "butterfly", бабочка (bábochka), also means "bow tie". It is a diminutive of "baba" or "babka" (= "woman, grandmother, cake"), whence also "babushka" = "grandmother".

The ancient Greek word for "butterfly" is ψυχή (psȳchē), which primarily means "soul" or "mind".^[49]

According to Mircea Eliade's Encyclopedia of Religion, some of the Nagas of Manipur trace their ancestry from a butterfly.^[50]

Butterfly and Chinese wisteriaflowers, by Xü Xi (c.886–c.975), painted around 970 during the early Song Dynasty.

In Chinese culture, two butterflies flying together symbolize love. Also, Butterfly Lovers is a famous Chinese folktale. The Taoist philosopher, Zhuangzi, once had a dream about being a butterfly that flew without care about humanity; however; when he awoke and realized that it was just a dream, he thought to himself, "Was I before a man who dreamt about being a butterfly, or am I now a butterfly who dreams about being a man?"

In some old cultures, butterflies also symbolize rebirth after being inside a cocoon for a period of time.

Jose Rizal delivered a speech in 1884 at a banquet and mentioned "the Oriental chrysalis ... is about to leave its cocoon", comparing the emergence of a "new Philippines" with that of butterfly metamorphosis.^[51] He has also often used the butterfly imagery in his poems and other writings to express the Spanish Colonial Filipinos' longing for liberty.^[52] Much later, in a letter to Ferdinand Blumentritt, Rizal compared his life in exile to a weary butterfly with sun-burnt wings.^[53]

Der Schmetterlingsjäger (The butterfly hunter) by Carl Spitzweg (1840), a depiction from the era of butterfly collection.

Some people say that when a butterfly lands on you it means good luck.^{[citation needed]} However, in Devonshire, people would traditionally rush around to kill the first butterfly of the year that they see, or else face a year of bad luck.^[54] Also, in the Philippines, a lingering black butterfly or moth in the house is taken to mean that someone in the family has died or will soon die.^[55]

The idiom "butterflies in the stomach" is used to describe a state of nervousness.

In the NBC television show Kings, butterflies are the national symbol of the fictional nation of Gilboa and a sign of God's favor.

Technological inspiration [link]

Researches on the wing structure of Palawan Birdwing butterflies led to new wide wingspan kite and aircraft designs.^[56]

Studies on the reflection and scattering of light by the scales on wings of swallowtail butterflies led to the innovation of more efficient light-emitting diodes.^[57]

The structural coloration of butterflies is inspiring nanotechnology research to produce paints that do not use toxic pigments and in the development of new display technologies.

The discoloration and health of butterflies in butterfly farms, is now being studied for use as indicators of air quality in several cities.

Notes [link]

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^ Donald A. Ringe, A Linguistic History of English: From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (Oxford: Oxford, 2003), 232.
^ Powell, J. A. (1987). "Records of prolonged diapause in Lepidoptera". J. Res. Lepid 25: 83–109.
^ Devries, P.J. (1988). "The larval ant-organs of Thisbe irenea (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) and their effects upon attending ants". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 94 (4): 379. DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1988.tb01201.x.
^ Devries, Pj (Jun 1990). "Enhancement of Symbioses Between Butterfly Caterpillars and Ants by Vibrational Communication". Science 248 (4959): 1104–1106. DOI:10.1126/science.248.4959.1104. PMID 17733373.
^ Ehrlich, P. R.; Raven, P. H. (1964). "Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution". Evolution 18 (4): 586–608. DOI:10.2307/2406212. JSTOR 2406212.
^ Mason, C. W. (1927). The Journal of Physical Chemistry 31 (3): 321. DOI:10.1021/j150273a001.
^ Vukusic, P., J. R. Sambles, and H. Ghiradella (2000) Optical Classification of Microstructure in Butterfly Wing-scales. Photonics Science News, 6, 61-66, EX.ac.uk
^ Prum, Ro; Quinn, T; Torres, Rh (Feb 2006). "Anatomically diverse butterfly scales all produce structural colours by coherent scattering" (Free full text). The Journal of experimental biology 209 (Pt 4): 748–65. DOI:10.1242/jeb.02051. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 16449568. http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16449568.
^ Traut, W; Marec, F (Aug 1997). "Sex chromosome differentiation in some species of Lepidoptera (Insecta)". Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology 5 (5): 283–91. DOI:10.1023/B:CHRO.0000038758.08263.c3. ISSN 0967-3849. PMID 9292232.
^ Rousset, F; Bouchon, D; Pintureau, B; Juchault, P; Solignac, M (Nov 1992). "Wolbachia endosymbionts responsible for various alterations of sexuality in arthropods". Proceedings. Biological sciences / the Royal Society 250 (1328): 91–8. DOI:10.1098/rspb.1992.0135. ISSN 0962-8452. PMID 1361987.
^ Jiggins, Francis M; Hurst, GD; Schulenburg, JH; Majerus, ME (2001). "Two male-killing Wolbachia strains coexist within a population of the butterfly Acraea encedon". Heredity 86 (Pt 2): 161. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00804.x. PMID 11380661.
^ Meyer, A (Oct 2006). "Repeating patterns of mimicry" (Free full text). PLoS Biology 4 (10): e341. DOI:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040341. ISSN 1544-9173. PMC 1617347. PMID 17048984. http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040341.
^ Brunetti CR et al. (10 2001). "The generation and diversification of butterfly eyespot color patterns". J. of Cell Biology 11 (20): 1578–85. DOI:10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00502-4. PMID 11676917.
^ Brakefield, PM et al. (1996). "Development, plasticity and evolution of butterfly eyespot patterns". Nature 384 (6606): 236–242. DOI:10.1038/384236a0. PMID 12809139.
^ Brakefield, Pm; Kesbeke, F; Koch, Pb (Dec 1998). "The regulation of phenotypic plasticity of eyespots in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana". The American naturalist 152 (6): 853–60. DOI:10.1086/286213. ISSN 0003-0147. PMID 18811432.
^ Nijhout, Hf (Jan 2003). "Development and evolution of adaptive polyphenisms". Evolution & development 5 (1): 9–18. DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142X.2003.03003.x. ISSN 1520-541X. PMID 12492404.
^ Brakefield, PAUL M.; Larsen, Torben B. (1984). "The evolutionary significance of dry and wet season forms in some tropical butterflies". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 22: 1. DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1984.tb00795.x.
^ Lyytinen, A.; Brakefield, P. M.; Lindström, L.; Mappes, J. (2004). "Does predation maintain eyespot plasticity in Bicyclus anynana". The Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 271 (1536): 279–283. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2003.2571.
^ Brakefield, P. M.; Gates, J.; Keys, D.; Kesbeke, F.; Wijngaarden, P. J.; Monteiro, A.; French, V.; Carroll, S. B. (1996). "Development, plasticity and evolution of butterfly eyespot patterns". Nature 384 (6606): 236–242. DOI:10.1038/384236a0. PMID 12809139.
^ Gilbert LE (1972). "Pollen feeding and reproductive biology of Heliconius butterflies". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 69 (6): 1402–1407. DOI:10.1073/pnas.69.6.1403. http://www.pnas.org/content/69/6/1403.abstract.
^ Herrera, C.M. (1987). "Components of pollinator "quality": comparative analysis of a diverse insect assemblage". Oikos (Oikos, Vol. 50, No. 1) 50 (1): 79–90. DOI:10.2307/3565403. JSTOR 3565403. http://ebd06.ebd.csic.es/pdfs/Herrera.1987.Oikos.pdf.
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^ Molleman, Freerk; Grunsven, Roy H. A.; Liefting, Maartje; Zwaan, BAS J.; Brakefield, Paul M. (2005). "Is male puddling behaviour of tropical butterflies targeted at sodium for nuptial gifts or activity?". Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 86 (3): 345–361. DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00539.x.
^ Colours take wing Frontline Magazine , pg 75, Oct 27–Nov 9, 1990
^ "Article on San Diego Zoo website". Sandiegozoo.org. http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-butterfly.html. Retrieved 2009-03-30.
^ Obara Y, Hidaki T. (1968). "Recognition of the female by the male, on the basis of ultra-violet reflection, in the white cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae crucivora". Boisduval. Proc. Japan Acad. 44: 829–832.
^ Hirota, Tadao; Yoshiomi, Yoshiomi (2004). "Color discrimination on orientation of female Eurema hecabe (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)". Applied Entomology and Zoology 39 (2): 229–233. DOI:10.1303/aez.2004.229. http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/aez/39/2/229/_pdf.
^ Kinoshita, Michiyo; Shimada, Naoko; Arikawa, Kentaro (1999). "Color vision of the foraging swallowtail butterfly Papilio xuthus". The Journal of Experimental Biology 202 (2): 95–102. PMID 9851899. http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/202/2/95.pdf.
^ Swihart, S. L (1967). "Hearing in butterflies". Journal of Insect Physiology 13 (3): 469–472. DOI:10.1016/0022-1910(67)90085-6.
^ Reppert, Steven M.; Zhu, Haisun; White, Richard H. (2004). "Polarized light helps monarch butterflies navigate". Current biology 14 (2): 155–158. DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2003.12.034. PMID 14738739.
^ Ellers J., Boggs Carol L. (2002). "The evolution of wing color in Colias butterflies: Heritability, Sex Linkage, and population divergence". Evolution 56 (4): 836–840. PMID 12038541. http://www.stanford.edu/group/CCB/Pubs/Boggs_pdfs/2002_Ellers_Boggs_Coliaswingcolor.pdf.
^ Srygley R. B., Thomas A. L. R. (2002). "Aerodynamics of insect flight: flow visualisations with free flying butterflies reveal a variety of unconventional lift-generating mechanisms" (PDF). Nature 420 (6916): 660–664. DOI:10.1038/nature01223. PMID 12478291. http://users.ox.ac.uk/~zool0206/s&t02.pdf.
^ Williams, C. B. (1927). "A study of butterfly migration in south India and Ceylon, based largely on records by Messrs. G Evershed, E.E.Green, J.C.F. Fryer and W. Ormiston". Trans. Ent. Soc. London 75: 1–33.
^ Urquhart F. A., Urquhart N. R. (1977). "Overwintering areas and migratory routes of the Monarch butterfly (Danaus p. plexippus, Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in North America, with special reference to the western population". Can. Ent. 109 (12): 1583–1589. DOI:10.4039/Ent1091583-12.
^ Wassenaar L.I., Hobson K.A. (1998). "Natal origins of migratory monarch butterflies at wintering colonies in Mexico: new isotopic evidence". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95 (26): 15436–9. DOI:10.1073/pnas.95.26.15436. PMC 28060. PMID 9860986. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/95/26/15436.
^ Sauman Ivo, Briscoe Adriana D., Zhu Haisun, Shi Dingding, Froy Oren, Stalleicken Julia, Yuan Quan, Casselman Amy et al. (2005). "Connecting the Navigational Clock to Sun Compass Input in Monarch Butterfly Brain". Neuron 46 (3): 457–467. DOI:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.03.014. PMID 15882645. http://www.neuron.org/content/article/abstract?uid=PIIS0896627305002369.
^ Southwood, T. R. E. (1962). "Migration of terrestrial arthropods in relation to habitat". Biol. Rev. 37 (2): 171–214. DOI:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1962.tb01609.x.
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^ Hind Wings Help Butterflies Make Swift Turns to Evade Predators Newswise, Retrieved on January 8, 2008.
^ Larsen, Torben (1994) Butterflies of Egypt. Saudi Aramco world. 45(5):24-27 Online
^ The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya. Miller, Mary 1993 Thames & Hudson. London ISBN 978-0-500-27928-1
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References [link]

Boggs, C., Watt, W., Ehrlich, P. 2003. Butterflies: Evolution and Ecology Taking Flight. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA.
Darby, Gene, 1958. What Is A Butterfly. Chicago, Benefic Press. pp. 5–48.
Heppner, J. B. 1998. Classification of Lepidoptera. Holarctic Lepidoptera, Suppl. 1.
Monteiro A., Pierce N. E. (2001). "Phylogeny of Bicyclus (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae) inferred from COI, COII, and EF-1 alpha gene sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 18 (2): 264–281. DOI:10.1006/mpev.2000.0872. PMID 11161761.
Nemos, F. ca. 1895. Europas bekannteste Schmetterlinge. Beschreibung der wichtigsten Arten und Anleitung zur Kenntnis und zum Sammeln der Schmetterlinge und Raupen Oestergaard Verlag, Berlin, (pdf 77MB)
Peña, C.; Waklberg, N.; Weingartner, E.; Kodandaramaiah, U.; Nylin, S.; Freitas, A. V. L.; Brower, A. V. Z. (2006). "Higher level phylogeny of Satyrinae butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on DNA sequence data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 29–49. DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.007. PMID 16563805.
Pyle, R. M. 1992. Handbook for Butterfly Watchers. Houghton Mifflin. First published, 1984. ISBN 0-395-61629-8
Stevens, M. (2005). "The role of eyespots as anti-predator mechanisms, principally demonstrated in the Lepidoptera". Biological Reviews 80 (4): 573–588. DOI:10.1017/S1464793105006810. PMID 16221330.

External links [link]

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Butterflies (category)

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Look up Butterfly in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

The Royal Horticultural Society butterfly exhibition
Papilionoidea on the Tree of Life Web project
Butterflies on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
Literaturatenbank Free downloads
Butterflies at Lepidoptera.pro: thousands of species and photos
International Field Guides database—a (more) comprehensive list of field guides

Regional lists [link]

Collodi Butterfly House Tuscany
Butterflies and Moths of North America
Butterflies of America
Butterflies of Canada
North American Butterfly Association (NABA)
Butterflies and Moths in the Netherlands
Butterflies of Spain and Portugal
Insect and butterfly diversity of Pakistan
Butterflies of the Philippines
Butterflies of Southern India
Butterflies of Sri Lanka
Butterflies of Singapore
Israel Insect World
Singapore Butterfly Checklist
Butterfly Conservation Society of Taiwan
Butterflies of Morocco
Butterflies of Indo-China Chiefly Thailand, Laos and Vietnam.
Butterflies of Southeastern Sulawesi
Naturalis Butterflies of Sulawesi (Illustrated pdf)
Butterflies of Thailand
Butterflies of Mexico
Butterflies of Ghana
Butterflies of Turkey

Images and movies [link]

vep:Lipkaine

http://wn.com/Butterfly

http://it.wn.com/Farfalla

http://id.wn.com/Kupu-kupu

http://es.wn.com/Rhopalocera

http://nl.wn.com/Vlinders

http://pt.wn.com/Borboleta

http://fr.wn.com/Rhopalocères

http://de.wn.com/Schmetterlinge

http://hi.wn.com/तितली

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

This article is about the singer. For her self-titled album, see Mariah Carey (album).

Mariah Carey
Carey at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival
Background information
Born	(1970-03-27) March 27, 1970 (age 42) Huntington, New York, United States
Genres	R&B, pop, hip hop, soul, dance
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, record producer, actress
Years active	1988–present
Labels	Columbia (1990—2000) Virgin (2001) Island (2002—present)
Website	mariahcarey.com

Mariah Carey^[1] (born March 27, 1970) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and actress. She made her recording debut in 1990 under the guidance of Columbia Records executive Tommy Mottola, and released her self-titled debut studio album, Mariah Carey. The album went multi-platinum and spawned four consecutive number one singles, on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. Following her marriage to Mottola in 1993, a series of hit records, including Emotions (1991), Music Box (1993) and Merry Christmas (1994), established her position as Columbia's highest-selling act. Daydream (1995), made music history when the second single, "One Sweet Day" a duet with Boyz II Men, spent a record sixteen weeks on top of the Billboard Hot 100, and remains the longest running number one song in US chart history. During the recording of the album Carey began to deviate from her pop background, and slowly traversed into R&B and Hip-hop. After her separation from Mottola, this musical change was evident with the release of Butterfly (1997).

Carey left Columbia in 2000, and signed a record-breaking $100 million recording contract with Virgin Records. In 2001, Carey ventured into film with Glitter (2001). Before the film's release she suffered a physical and emotional breakdown and was hospitalized for severe exhaustion. Following the film's poor reception, she was bought out of her recording contract for $50 million, which led to a decline in her career. She signed a multi-million dollar contract deal with Island Records in 2002, and after an unsuccessful period, returned to the top of music charts with The Emancipation of Mimi (2005). Its second single "We Belong Together", which became her most successful single of the 2000's, and was later named "Song of the Decade" by Billboard. Carey once again ventured into film, and starred in Precious (2009). Her role in the film was well-received, and she was awarded the "Breakthrough Performance Award" at the Palm Springs International Film Festival, and a NAACP Image Award nomination.

In a career spanning over two decades, Carey has sold more than 200 million records worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. In 1998, she was honored as the world's best-selling recording artist of the 1990s at the World Music Awards. Carey was also named the best-selling female artist of the millennium in 2000. According to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), she is the third best-selling female artist in the United States, with 63 million certified albums. With the release of "Touch My Body" (2008), Carey gained her eighteenth number one single in the United States, more than any other solo artist. Aside from her commercial accomplishments, Carey has won five Grammy Awards, and is famed for her five-octave vocal range, power, melismatic style and signature use of the whistle register.

Biography [link]

1970–87: Early life and struggles [link]

Mariah Carey was born in Huntington, New York, on March 27, 1970.^[2] The singer's father, Alfred Roy, was of African American and Venezuelan descent, while her mother, Patricia (née Hickey), is an Irish American.^[3] Patricia's father had died while she was young; however, she inherited his passion for music.^[3] She developed a career as an occasional opera singer and vocal coach, and met Alfred in 1960.^[2] As he began earning a living as an aeronautical engineer, the couple wed later that year, and moved into a small suburb in New York.^[3] After the pair's elopement, Patricia's family disowned her, due to marrying a man of color. Carey later explained that growing up, she felt a notion of neglect from her maternal family, a mark that affected her greatly: "So later I was like, 'Well, where does this leave me? Am I a bad person?' You know. It's still not that common to be a multi-racial person, but I'm happy with the combination of things that I am."^[3] During the interval of years in between Carey's older sister Allison and the singer's birth, the Carey family experienced personal struggles within the community due to their ethnicity.^[3] Carey's name was derived from the song "They Call the Wind Mariah", originally from the 1951 Broadway musical Paint Your Wagon.^[4]^[5] When Carey was three years old, her parents divorced due to the increasingly strenuous nature of their marriage.^[6]

"It's been difficult for me, moving around so much, having to grow up by myself... my parents divorced. And I always felt kind of different from everybody else in my neighborhoods. I was a different person ethnically. And sometimes, that can be a problem. If you look a certain way, everybody goes 'White girl', and I'd go, 'No, that's not what I am'."

—Carey, on the difficulty of her childhood^[7]

After their separation, Allison moved in with her father, while the other two children remained with Patricia.^[6] As the years passed, Carey would grow apart from her father, and would later stop seeing him altogether.^[6]^[8] By the age of four, Carey recalled that she had begun to sneak the radio under her covers at night, and just sing from her heart, and try and find peace within the music.^[8] During elementary school, she would excel in subjects that she enjoyed, such as literature, art and music, while not finding interest in others.^[9] After several years of financial struggling, Patricia earned enough money to move her family into a stable and more affluent sector in New York.^[9] Carey had begun writing poems and adding melodies to them, thus starting as a singer-songwriter while attending Harborfields High School in Greenlawn, New York.^[10]^[10] Even from a young age, Carey excelled in her music, and demonstrated usage of the whistle register, though only beginning to master and control it through her training with her mother.^[10] Though opening her daughter to the world of classical opera, Patricia never pressured Carey to pursue a career in that type of genre, as she never seemed interested in that world of music.^[10] Carey recalled that she kept her singer-songwriter works a secret and noted that Patricia had "never been a pushy mom. She never said, 'Give it more of an operatic feel'. I respect opera like crazy, but it didn't influence me."^[10]^[11]

Towards the end of her high school Carey developed a relationship with Gavin Christopher, with whom she shared musical aspirations. The song-writing duo, however, needed an assistant who could play the keyboard; "We called someone and he couldn't come, so by accident we stumbled upon Ben [Margulies]. Ben came to the studio, and he really couldn't play the keyboards very well - her was really more of a drummer - but after that day, we kept in touch, and we sort of clicked as writers."^[11] The two began writing and composing songs in his father's store basement, during Carey's senior year. After composing their first song together, "Here We Go Round Again", which Carey described as having a Motown-vibe, they continued writing material for a full length demo.^[12] After Carey's graduation her mother wed once more, which ultimately prompted her to move out from Patricia's apartment, and into a one bedroom studio in Manhattan, which she shared with four other female students.^[13]^[14] During this period, Carey worked several jobs as a waitress, usually getting fired after two week intervals.^[15] While requiring work to pay for her rent, Carey's mind and effort still remained with her musical ambitions, as she continued working late into the night with Margulies, in hopes of completing a demo take that could be passed on to record executives.^[15] After completing her four song demo tape, Carey tried to pass it to music labels, but was met with failure each time.^[16] It was then she was introduced to rising pop singer of Puerto Rican descent, Brenda K. Starr.^[16]^[17]

1988–92: Recording debut and career beginnings [link]

Carey exiting the Shepherd's Bush Theatre after promoting her single "Vision of Love" on The Wogan Show, in 1990.

As Carey's friendship with Starr grew, so did her interest in helping Carey succeed in the industry.^[18] On a Friday night in November 1987, Carey accompanied Starr to a record executives gala, where she handed her demo tape to Tommy Mottola, head of Columbia Records, who listened to it on his way back home.^[18]^[19] After the first two songs, he became so enamored at the sound and quality of Carey's voice that he turned around returned to the event, only to find that she had left.^[19] In what has been widely described by critics as a modern day Cinderella-like tale,^[20]^[21] after searching Carey for two weeks, and eventually contacting her through Starr's management, he immediately signed her and began mapping out her debut into mainstream music.^[18] While she maintained that she wanted to continue working with Margulies, Mottola enlisted top producers of the time, including Ric Wake, Narada Michael Walden and Rhett Lawrence.^[18] Mottola and the staff at Columbia had planned to market Carey as the main female pop artist on their roster, competing with the likes of Whitney Houston and Madonna, who were signed to Arista and Sire Records respectively.^[22] After the completion of the album, titled Mariah Carey, Columbia spent an upward of $1 million to promote it.^[23] Though opening with weak sales, the album eventually reached the top of the Billboard 200, after Carey's exposure at the 33rd annual Grammy Awards.^[24] Mariah Carey stayed atop the charts for eleven consecutive weeks,^[25] and she won the Best New Artist, and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance trophies for her single "Vision of Love".^[26] The album yielded an additional three number one singles on the Billboard Hot 100, following the four week number-one run of "Vision of Love". Carey became the first artist since The Jackson 5 to have their first four singles reach number one.^[27] Mariah Carey finished as the best-selling album in the United States of 1991,^[28] while totaling sales of over 15 million copies.^[29]

Only months after the Mariah Carey began its descent on the charts, Carey already began working on her second studio effort, eventually titled Emotions (1991).^[30]^[31] The album, as Carey described it, paid homage to Motown soul music, as she felt the need to pay tribute to the type of music and genre that truly influenced her as a struggling child.^[31] For the project, Carey worked with Walter Afanasieff, who only had a small role on her debut, as well as Clivillés and Cole, from the dance group C+C Music Factory.^[32] However, Carey's relationship with Margulies deteriorated^[31] over a contract Carey had signed prior to her signing with Columbia, agreeing to split not only the songwriting royalties from the songs, but half of her earnings as well.^[31] However, when the time came to write music for Emotions, Sony officials made it clear he would only be paid the fair amount given to co-writers on an album.^[31] Subsequently, Margulies filed a lawsuit against Sony which ultimately led to their parting of ways.^[31] On September 17, 1991, Emotions was released around the world, and was accepted by critics as a more mature album than its predecessor.^[33] While praised for Carey's improved songwriting, production and new sound, the album was criticized for its material, which many felt was noticeably weaker than her debut.^[34] Though the album managed sales of over eight million copies globally, Emotions failed to reach the commercial and critical heights of its predecessor.^[35]

As they had done after the release of her debut, critics once again questioned whether Carey would embark on a world tour, in promotion for her material.^[36] Although Carey explained that due to her stage fright, and the general strenuous nature of her songs, a tour sounded very daunting, speculation grew that Carey was a "studio worm", and that she wasn't capable of producing the perfect pitch and 5-octave vocal range for which she was known.^[20]^[37] In hopes of putting any claims of her being a manufactured artist to rest, Carey and Walter Afanasieff decided to book an appearance on MTV Unplugged, a television program aired by MTV.^[38] The show's purpose was to present name artists, and feature them "unplugged" or stripped of studio equipment.^[38]^[39] While Carey felt strongly of her more soulful and powerful songs, it was decided that her most popular content to that point would be included.^[39] Days prior to the show's taping, Carey and Afanasieff thought of adding a cover version of an older song, in order to provide something different and unexpected.^[39] They chose "I'll Be There", a song made popular by The Jackson 5 in 1970, rehearsing it few times before the night of the show. On March 16, 1992, Carey recorded a seven-piece set-list at Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens, New York.^[40] The revue was met with critical acclaim, leading to it being aired over three times as often as an average episode would.^[41] The revue's success tempted Sony officials to use it as some form of an album.^[42] Sony decided to release it as an EP, selling for a reduced price due to its shorter length.^[43] The EP proved to be a success, shunning critics and speculations that Carey was just a studio artist,^[43] and was given a triple-Platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA),^[44] and managed Gold and Platinum certifications in several European markets.^[42]

[edit] 1993–96: First marriage, Music Box and Daydream

"The writing partnership that her and I had and I can't speak for her other songwriting partners, but if you could see us in the room I would hit a chord and play a little melody on the piano and she would say, 'Oh, that's nice,' and she would sing that melody and then she adds a little bit to it. I would then play it back and then she would say, 'Yea, that's good' so it instantly becomes this partnership where eventually she'll have a melody and then the melody would prompt her to start thinking about this feeling she wants to put into words. This would eventually become the theme of the song."

—Afanasieff, on his song-writing partnership with Carey.^[45]

During early 1993, Carey began working on her third studio album, Music Box.^[46] After Emotions failed to achieve the commercial heights of her debut album, Carey and Columbia came to the agreement that the next album would contain a more pop influenced sound, in order to appeal to a wider audience.^[46] During Carey's writing sessions, she began working mostly with Afanasieff, with whom she co-wrote and produced most of Music Box.^[45] During the album's recording, Carey and Mottola became romantically involved.^[47] They wed in a lavish ceremony on June 5, 1993, with several high profile guests including Barbra Streisand, Billy Joel, Gloria Estefan and Ozzy Osbourne.^[48] One month later, on August 31, Music Box was released around the world, debuting at number-one on the Billboard 200.^[49] The album was met with mixed reception from music critics; while many praised the album's pop influence and strong content, others felt that Carey made less usage of her acclaimed vocal range.^[50] Ron Wynn from Allmusic described Carey's different form of singing on the album: "It was wise for Carey to display other elements of her approach, but sometimes excessive spirit is preferable to an absence of passion."^[51] The album's second single, "Hero", would eventually come to be one of Carey's most popular and inspirational songs of her career.^[52] The song became Carey's eighth chart topper in the United States,^[52] and began expanding Carey's popularity throughout Europe. With the release of the album's third single, Carey achieved several career milestones. Her cover of Badfinger's "Without You" became her first number one single in several European countries, including Austria, Germany,^[53] the Netherlands, Ireland,^[54] Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.^[55] Due to the song's success, Music Box spent prolonged periods at number one on the album charts of several countries,^[56] and eventually became one of the best-selling albums of all time, with worldwide sales of over 32 million copies.^[45] After declining to tour for her past two albums, Carey agreed to embark on a short stateside string of concerts, titled the Music Box Tour.^[57] Spanning only six dates across North America,^[57] the short but successful tour was a large step for Carey, who dreaded the hassle of touring.^[58]

Following Music Box, Carey took a relatively large period of time away from the public eye, and began working on an unknown project throughout 1994.^[59] The project was kept very secretive until Billboard announced on their October issue, that Carey would release a holiday album later that year.^[59] In late 1994, Carey recorded a duet with Luther Vandross; a cover of Lionel Richie and Diana Ross's "Endless Love".^[60] By that point, Columbia felt Carey had already established herself as a pop singer, and vocalist, but wanted to try and feature her as more of an entertainer.^[61] Through the release of Merry Christmas, Columbia hoped that audiences would buy Carey's material solely for her name and reputation, and squash fears of her being a typical pop singer.^[61] The album was released on November 1, 1994, on the same day that the album's first single, "All I Want for Christmas Is You", was released.^[61] The album eventually became the best-selling Christmas album of all time, with global sales reaching over 15 million copies.^[62]^[63]^[64] Additionally, "All I Want for Christmas Is You" was critically lauded, and is considered "one of the few worthy modern additions to the holiday canon."^[62] Rolling Stone described it as a "holiday standard", and ranked it fourth on its Greatest Rock and Roll Christmas Songs list.^[65] Commercially, it became the best-selling holiday ringtone of all time,^[66] and the best-selling single by a non-Asian artist in Japan,^[67] selling over 2.1 million units (both ringtone and digital download).^[68]^[69] By the end of the holiday season of 1994, Carey and Afanasieff had already begun writing material for her next studio album, which would be released in the fall of the following year.^[70]

Carey performing "One Sweet Day" live alongside Boyz II Men, during a special taping at Madison Square Garden.

Released on October 3, 1995, Daydream combined the pop sensibilities of Music Box with downbeat R&B and hip hop influences.^[71] The album's second single, "One Sweet Day" was inspired by the death of Cole, as well as her sister Allison, who had contracted AIDS.^[72] The song remained atop the Hot 100 for a record-breaking sixteen weeks, and became the longest running number one song in history.^[73] Daydream became her biggest-selling album in the United States,^[74] and became her second album to be certified Diamond by the RIAA, following Music Box.^[44] The album again was the best-seller by an international artist in Japan, shifting over 2.2 million copies,^[75] and eventually reaching global sales of over 25 million units.^[29] Critically, the album was heralded as Carey's best to date; The New York Times named it as one of 1995's best albums, and wrote, "best cuts bring R&B candy-making to a new peak of textural refinement [...] Carey's songwriting has taken a leap forward and become more relaxed, sexier and less reliant on thudding clichés."^[76] Carey once again opted to embark on a short world tour titled Daydream World Tour. It had seven dates, three in Japan and four throughout Europe.^[77] When tickets went on sale, Carey set records when all 150,000 tickets for her three shows at Japan's largest stadium, Tokyo Dome sold out in under three hours, breaking the previous record help by The Rolling Stones.^[77] Due to the album's success, Carey won two awards at the American Music Awards for her solo efforts: Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist and Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist.^[78] Daydream and its singles were respectively nominated in six categories at the 38th Grammy Awards.^[79] Carey, along with Boyz II Men, opened the event with a performance of "One Sweet Day".^[80] However, Carey did not receive any award, prompting her to comment "What can you do? I will never be disappointed again. After I sat through the whole show and didn't win once, I can handle anything."^[80] In 1995, due to Daydream's enormous Japanese sales, Billboard declared Carey the "Overseas Artist of the Year" in Japan.^[81]

[edit] 1997–2000: New image and independence, Butterfly and Rainbow

"It was '97 and I was leaving my marriage [to Tommy Mottola], which encompassed my life. I was writing the song 'Butterfly' wishing that that's what he would say to me. There's a part that goes, 'I have learned that beauty/has to flourish in the light/wild horses run unbridled/or their spirit dies/you have given me the courage/to be all that I can/and I truly feel ...[sings] and I truly feel your heart will lead you back to me when you're ready to land.' At that point I really believed that I was going to go back to the marriage – I didn't think I was going to leave forever. But then the things that happened to me during that time caused me to not go back. Had it been, 'Go be yourself, you've been with me since you were a kid, let's separate for a while,' I probably would've."

—Carey, on her separation with Mottola which she went into detail on "Butterfly"^[82] "

After the release of Daydream and the success that followed, Carey began focusing on her personal life, which was a constant struggle at the time.^[83] Carey's relationship with Mottola began to deteriorate, due to their growing creative differences in terms of her albums, as well as his controlling nature.^[83] With each following album, and her continual established fame and popularity, Carey began to take more initiative and control with her music, and started infusing more genres into her work.^[84] During mid-1997, Carey was well underway, writing and recording material for her next album, Butterfly (1997).^[85] She sought to work with other producers and writers other than Afansieff, such as Sean Combs, Kamaal Fareed, Missy Elliott and Jean Claude Oliver and Samuel Barnes from Trackmasters.^[85] During the album's recording, Carey and Mottola separated, with Carey citing is as her way of achieving freedom, and a new lease on life.^[86] Aside from the album's different approach, critics took notice of Carey's altered style of singing, which she describe as breathy vocals.^[87] Her new-found style of singing was met with mixed reception; some critics felt is was a sign of maturity, that she didn't feel the need to always show off her upper range,^[88] while others felt it was a sign of her weakening and waning voice.^[89]^[90] The album's lead single, "Honey", and its accompanying music video, introduced a more overtly sexual image than Carey had ever demonstrated, and furthered reports of her freedom from Mottola.^[91] Carey stated that Butterfly marked the point when she attained full creative control over her music.^[92] However, she added, "I don't think that it's that much of a departure from what I've done in the past [...] It's not like I went psycho and thought I would be a rapper. Personally, this album is about doing whatever the hell I wanted to do."^[91] Growing creative differences with producer Afanasieff continued, and eventually ended their working relationship, after collaborating on most of Carey's material.^[93] Reviews for Butterfly were generally positive: Rolling Stone wrote, "It's not as if Carey has totally dispensed with her old saccharine, Houston-style balladry [...] but the predominant mood of 'Butterfly' is one of coolly erotic reverie. [... Except "Outside" the album sounds] very 1997. [...] Carey has spread her wings and she's ready to fly",^[94] Allmusic editor, Stephen Thomas Erlewine described Carey's vocals as "sultrier and more controlled than ever", and heralded Butterfly as her "best record and illustrates that Carey continues to improve and refine her music, which makes her a rarity among her '90s peers."^[95] The album was a commercial success, although not to the degree of her previous three albums.^[93]

Carey at Edwards Air Force Base during the making of the "I Still Believe"

Toward the turn of the millennium, Carey began developing other projects, many of which she wasn't able to during her marriage.^[96] On April 14, 1998, Carey partook in the VH1 Divas benefit concert, where she sang alongside Aretha Franklin, Celine Dion, Shania Twain, Gloria Estefan and Carole King.^[97] Carey had begun developing a film project All That Glitters, later re-titled to simply Glitter,^[98] and intended her songwriting to other projects, such as Men in Black (1997) and How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000).^[96] After Glitter fell into developmental hell, Carey postponed the project, and began writing material for a new album.^[96] The executives at Sony Music, the parent company of Carey's label Columbia, wanted her to prepare a greatest hits collection in time for the commercially favorable holiday season.^[99] However, they disagreed as to what content and singles should constitute the album.^[100] Sony wanted to release an album that featured her number one singles in the United States, and her international chart toppers on the European versions, void of any new material, while Carey felt that a compilation album should reflect on her most personal songs, not just her most commercial.^[100] She felt that not including any new material would result in cheating her fans, therefore including four new songs that she had recorded.^[100] While compromised, Carey often expressed distaste towards the album's song selection, expressing her disappointment in the omission of her "favorite songs".^[101] The album titled, #1's (1998), featured a duet with Whitney Houston, "When You Believe", and was included on the soundtrack for The Prince of Egypt (1998).^[100] During the development of All That Glitters, Carey had been introduced to DreamWorks producer Jeffrey Katzenberg, who asked her if she would record the song "When You Believe" for the soundtrack to the animated film The Prince of Egypt.^[102] In an interview with Ebony, Houston described working with Carey, as well as their growing friendship: "Mariah and I got along very great. We had never talked and never sang together before. We just had a chance for camaraderie, singer-to-singer, artist-to-artist, that kind of thing. We just laughed and talked and laughed and talked and sang in between that ... It's good to know that two ladies of soul and music can still be friends."^[103] #1's became a phenomenon in Japan, selling over one million copies in its opening week, and placing as the only international artist to accomplish this feat.^[104] When describing Carey's popularity in Japan throughout the 1990s, author Chris Nickson compared it to Beatlemania in the 1960s.^[77] The album sold over 3.25 million copies in Japan after only the first three months, and holds the record as the best-selling album by a non-Asian artist,^[104] while amassing global sales of over 17 million copies.^[105]

During the spring of 1999, Carey began working on the final album of her record contract with Sony, her ex-husband's label.^[106] During this time, Carey's strained relationship with Sony affected her work with writing partner Afanasieff, who had worked extensively with Carey throughout the first half of her career.^[106] She felt Mottola was trying to separate her from Afanasieff, in hopes of keeping their relationship permanently strained.^[107] Due to the pressure and the awkward relationship Carey had now developed with Sony, she completed the album in a period of three months in the summer of 1999, quicker than any of her other albums.^[48] The album, titled Rainbow (1999), found Carey once again working with a new array of music producers and songwriters, such as Jay-Z and DJ Clue.^[108] Carey also wrote two ballads with David Foster and Diane Warren, whom she seemingly used to replace Afanasieff.^[108] Rainbow was released on November 2, 1999, to the highest first week sales of her career at the time, however debuting at number two on the Billboard 200.^[109] Throughout early-2000, Carey's troubled relationship with Columbia grew, as they halted promotion after the album's first two singles.^[109] They felt Rainbow didn't have any strong single to be released, whereas Carey wanted a ballad regarding personal and inner strength released.^[109] The difference in opinion led to a very public feud, as Carey began posting messages on her webpage in early and mid-2000, telling fans inside information on the dispute, as well as instructing them to request "Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)" on radio stations.^[110] One of the messages Carey left on her page read: "Basically, a lot of you know the political situation in my professional career is not positive. It's been really, really hard. I don't even know if this message is going to get to you because I don't know if they want you to hear this. I'm getting a lot of negative feedback from certain corporate people. But I am not willing to give up."^[111] Fearing to lose their label's highest seller, Sony chose to release the song.^[111] Carey, initially content with the agreement, soon found out that the song had only been given a very limited and low-promotion release, which made charting extremely difficult and unlikely.^[111] Critical reception of Rainbow was generally enthusiastic, with the Sunday Herald saying that the album "sees her impressively tottering between soul ballads and collaborations with R&B heavyweights like Snoop Doggy Dogg and Usher [...] It's a polished collection of pop-soul."^[112] Vibe magazine expressed similar sentiments, writing, "She pulls out all stops [...] Rainbow will garner even more adoration".^[113] Though a commercial success, Rainbow became Carey's lowest selling album to that point in her career.^[92]

[edit] 2001–04: Glitter, Charmbracelet; personal and professional struggles

Carey, pictured with former Island Records head L.A. Reid in 2005, signed a recording contract with Island following her separation with Virgin.

After she received Billboard's Artist of the Decade Award and the World Music Award for Best-Selling Female Artist of the Millennium,^[114] Carey parted from Columbia and signed a record-breaking $100 million five-album recording contract with Virgin Records (EMI Records), Carey was given full conceptual and creative control over the project.^[115] She opted to record an album partly mixed with 1980s influenced disco and other similar genres, in order to go hand-in-hand with the film's setting.^[116] She often stated that Columbia had regarded her as a commodity, with her separation from Mottola exacerbating her relations with label executives. Just a few months later, in July 2001, it was widely reported that Carey had suffered a physical and emotional breakdown. She had left messages on her website that complained of being overworked,^[117] and her relationship with the Latin icon Luis Miguel ended.^[118] In an interview the following year, she said, "I was with people who didn't really know me and I had no personal assistant. I'd do interviews all day long and get two hours of sleep a night, if that."^[119] Due to the pressure from the media, her heavy work schedule and the split from Miguel, Carey began posting a series of disturbing messages on her official website, and displayed erratic behavior on several live promotional outings.^[120] On July 19, 2001, Carey made a surprise appearance on the MTV program Total Request Live (TRL).^[121] As the show's host Carson Daly began taping following a commercial break, Carey came out pushing an ice cream cart while wearing a large men's shirt, and began a striptease, in which she shed her shirt to reveal a tight yellow and green ensemble.^[121] While she later revealed that Daly was aware of her presence in the building prior to her appearance, Carey's appearance on TRL garnered strong media attention.^[120] Only days later, Carey began posting irregular voice notes and messages on her official website: "I'm trying to understand things in life right now and so I really don't feel that I should be doing music right now. What I'd like to do is just a take a little break or at least get one night of sleep without someone popping up about a video. All I really want is [to] just be me and that's what I should have done in the first place ... I don't say this much but guess what, I don't take care of myself."^[121] Following the quick removal of the messages, Berger commented that Carey had been "obviously exhausted and not thinking clearly" when she posted the letters.^[122]

On July 26, she was suddenly hospitalized, citing "extreme exhaustion" and a "physical and emotional breakdown".^[123] Carey was inducted at an un-disclosed hospital in Connecticut, and remained hospitalized and under doctor's care for two weeks, followed by an extended absence from the public.^[123] Following the heavy media coverage surrounding Carey's publicized breakdown and hospitalization, Virgin Records and 20th Century Fox delayed the release of both Glitter, as well as its soundtrack of the same name.^[124] Consequently, critics suggested that in delaying Glitter, hype for the project would have largely subsided, and would possibly hurt both ticket and album sales.^[125] When discussing the project's weak commercial reaction, Carey blamed both her frame of mind during the time of its release, its postponement, as well as the soundtrack having been released on September 11.^[126] Critics panned Glitter, as well as its accompanying soundtrack; both were unsuccessful commercially.^[127] The accompanying soundtrack album, Glitter, became Carey's lowest-selling album to that point. The St. Louis Post-Dispatch dismissed it as "an absolute mess that'll go down as an annoying blemish on a career that, while not always critically heralded, was at least nearly consistently successful."^[128] Following the negative cloud that was ensuing Carey's personal life at the time, as well as the project's poor reception, her unprecedented $100 million five-album record deal with Virgin Records (EMI Records) was bought out for $50 million.^[115]^[129] Soon after, Carey flew to Capri, Italy for a period of five months, in which she began writing material for her new album, stemming from all the personal experiences she had endured throughout the past year.^[120] Carey later said that her time at Virgin was "a complete and total stress-fest [...] I made a total snap decision which was based on money and I never make decisions based on money. I learned a big lesson from that."^[130] Later that year, she signed a contract with Island Records, valued at more than $24 million,^[131] and launched the record label MonarC. To add further to Carey's emotional burdens, her father, with whom she had little contact since childhood, died of cancer that year.^[132]

Carey performing "Hero" during her Charmbracelet World Tour.

In 2002, Carey was cast in the independent film, WiseGirls, alongside Mira Sorvino and Melora Walters, who co-starred as waitresses at a mobster-operated restaurant. It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival, and received generally negative critical response, though Carey's portrayal of the character was praised; Roger Friedman of Fox News referred to her as "a Thelma Ritter for the new millennium", and wrote, "Her line delivery is sharp and she manages to get the right laughs".^[133] Later that year, Carey performed the American national anthem to rave reviews at the Super Bowl XXXVI at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana.^[134] Towards the end of 2002, Carey released her next studio album Charmbracelet, which she said marked "a new lease on life" for her.^[119] Though released in the wake of Glitter and Carey's return to the music scene, sales of Charmbracelet were moderate and the quality of Carey's vocals came under criticism. Joan Anderson from The Boston Globe declared the album "the worst of her career, and revealed a voice [that is] no longer capable of either gravity-defying gymnastics or soft coos",^[135] while Allmusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine expressed similar sentiments and wrote, "What is a greater problem is that Mariah's voice is shot, sounding in tatters throughout the record. She can no longer coo or softly croon nor can she perform her trademark gravity-defying vocal runs."^[136] In an attempt to "relaunch" her career following the poor reception to Glitter, as well as her breakdown, Carey announced a world tour in April 2003.^[137] Lasting over eight months, the Charmbracelet World Tour: An Intimate Evening with Mariah Carey, became her most extensive tour to date, spanning sixty-nine shows around the world.^[138] Throughout the United States, the shows were done in smaller theaters, and something more Broadway-influenced, "It's much more intimate so you'll feel like you had an experience. You experience a night with me."^[137] However, while smaller productions were booked throughout the tour's stateside leg, Carey performed at stadiums in Asia and Europe, performing for a crowd of over 35,000 in Manila, 50,000 in Malaysia, and to over 70,000 people in China.^[139] In the United Kingdom, it became Carey's first tour to feature shows outside of London, booking arena stops in Glasgow, Birmingham and Manchester.^[140] Charmbracelet World Tour: An Intimate Evening with Mariah Carey garnered generally positive reviews from music critics and concert goers, with many complimenting the quality of Carey's live vocals, as well as the production as a whole.^[141]

[edit] 2005–07: Return to prominence with The Emancipation of Mimi

Throughout 2004, Carey focused on composing material for her tenth studio album, The Emancipation of Mimi (2005). The album found Carey working predominantly with Jermaine Dupri, as well as Bryan-Michael Cox, Manuel Seal, The Neptunes, Kanye West and Carey's longtime collaborator, Jermaine Dupri.^[142] The album debuted atop the charts in several countries, and was warmly accepted by critics. Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian defined it as "cool, focused and urban [... some of] the first Mariah Carey tunes in years which I wouldn't have to be paid to listen to again",^[143] while USA Today's Elysa Gardner wrote, "The ballads and midtempo numbers that truly reflect the renewed confidence of a songbird who has taken her shots and kept on flying."^[144] The album's second single, "We Belong Together", became a "career re-defining"^[145] song for Carey, at a point when many critics had considered her career over.^[146] music critics heralded the song as her "return to form",^[147] as well as the "return of The Voice",^[147] while many felt it would revive "faith" in Carey's potential as a balladeer.^[142] "We Belong Together" broke several records in the United States and became Carey's sixteenth chart topper on the Billboard Hot 100.^[148] After staying at number one for fourteen non-consecutive weeks, the song became the second longest running number one song in US chart history, behind Carey's 1996 collaboration with Boyz II Men, "One Sweet Day".^[148] Billboard listed it as the "song of the decade" and the ninth most popular song of all time.^[149] Besides its chart success, the song broke several airplay records, and according to Nielsen BDS, gathered both the largest one-day and one-week audiences in history.^[150]

Carey performing "Vision of Love" during The Adventures of Mimi Tour

During the week of September 25, 2005, Carey set another record, becoming the first female to occupy the first two spots atop the Hot 100, as "We Belong Together" remained at number one, and her next single, "Shake It Off" moved into the number two spot.^[148] (Ashanti had topped the chart in 2002 while being a "featured" signer on the #2 single.) On the Billboard Hot 100 Year-end Chart of 2005, the song was declared the number one song, a career first for Carey.^[151] Billboard listed "We Belong Together" ninth on The Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Songs and was declared the most popular song of the 2000s decade by Billboard.^[152] The album earned ten Grammy Award nominations in 2006–07: eight in 2006 for the original release (the most received by Carey in a single year),^[153] and two in 2007 for the Ultra Platinum Edition. In 2006 Carey won Best Contemporary R&B Album for The Emancipation of Mimi, as well as Best Female R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song for "We Belong Together".^[153] The Emancipation of Mimi was the best-selling album in the United States in 2005, with nearly five million units sold. It was the first album by a solo female artist to become the year's best-selling album since Alanis Morissette's Jagged Little Pill in 1996.^[154] At the end of 2005, the IFPI reported that The Emancipation of Mimi had sold more than 7.7 million copies globally, and was the second best-selling album of the year after Coldplay's X&Y. It was the best-selling album worldwide by a solo and female artist.^[155]^[156]^[157] To date, The Emancipation of Mimi has sold over 12 million copies worldwide.^[158] At the 48th Grammy Awards, Carey performed a medley of "We Belong Together" and "Fly Like a Bird".^[159] The performance earned the night's only standing ovation, prompting Teri Hatcher, who was presenting the next award, to exclaim, "It's like we've all just been saved!"^[159]

In support of the album, Carey embarked on her first headlining tour in three years, named The Adventures of Mimi: The Voice, The Hits, The Tour after a "Carey-centric fan's" music diary.^[160] The tour spanned forty stops, with thirty-two in the United States and Canada, two in Africa, and six in Japan.^[161] Tickets for the tour went on sale on June 2, 2006, with prices ranging from $95 to $150 USD, and featured Carey's long-time friend Randy Jackson as the tour's musical director.^[162]^[163] Carey's performances consisted of old songs from her catalog as well as her newest singles.^[164] The tour received warm critical reaction from music critics and concert goers, many of which celebrated the quality of Carey's live vocals, as well as the show as a whole.^[165]^[166] However, critics felt the show's excesses, such as Carey's often costume changes and pre-filmed clips, were unnecessary distractions.^[165] The tour proved successful, with Carey playing to over 60,000 fans in the two stop in Tunis alone.^[167] Midway through the tour, Carey booked a two-night concert engagement in Hong Kong, which was scheduled to take place following her Japanese shows.^[168] The shows were cancelled, however, after tickets went on sale. According to Carey's then-manager Benny Medina, the cancellation was due to the concert promoter's refusal to pay Carey her agreed-upon compensation.^[168] The promoter instead blamed poor ticket sales (allegedly, only 4,000 tickets had sold) and "Carey's outrageous demands".^[169] Carey ultimately sued the promoter, claiming $1 million in damages due to the concert's abrupt cancellation.^[170]

[edit] 2007–09: E=MC², second marriage, Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel and acting breakthrough

Carey and her dancers performing "Touch My Body" on Good Morning America on April 25, 2008

By spring 2007, Carey had begun to work on her eleventh studio album, E=MC², in a private villa in Anguilla.^[171] When asked regarding the album title's meaning, Carey said "Einstein's theory? Physics? Me? Hello! ...Of course I'm poking fun."^[172] She characterized it as "Emancipation of Mimi to the second power", and said that she was "freer" on this album than any other.^[172] Although E=MC² was well received by most critics,^[173] some of them criticized it for being very similar to the formula used on The Emancipation of Mimi.^[174] Two weeks before the album's release, "Touch My Body", the record's lead single reached the top position on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Carey's eighteenth number one and making her the solo artist with the most number one singles in United States history, pushing her past Elvis Presley into second place according to the magazine's revised methodology.^[175] Carey is now second only to The Beatles, who have twenty number-one singles. Additionally, it gave Carey her 79th week atop the Hot 100, tying her with Presley as the artist with the most weeks at number one in the Billboard chart history."^[176] Carey has also had notable success on international charts, though not to the same degree as in the United States. Thus far, she has had two #1 singles in Britain, two in Australia, and six in Canada. Her highest-charting single in Japan peaked at number two.

E=MC² debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 with 463,000 copies sold, the biggest opening week sales of her career.^[177] With six number one albums, Carey is now tied with Britney Spears and Janet Jackson in the United States for the third most number one albums for a female artist, behind Madonna with seven and Barbra Streisand's nine chart toppers.^[35] In 2008, Billboard magazine ranked her at number six on the "Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists", making Carey the second most successful female artist in the history of the Billboard Hot 100 chart.^[178] Carey and actor/comedian Nick Cannon met while they shot her music video for her second single, "Bye Bye", on an island off the coast of Antigua.^[179] On April 30, 2008, Carey married Cannon at her private estate on Windermere Island in The Bahamas.^[180]^[181] Carey had a cameo appearance in Adam Sandler's 2008 film You Don't Mess with the Zohan, playing herself.^[182] On January 20, 2009, Carey performed "Hero" at the Neighborhood Inaugural Ball after Barack Obama was sworn as America's first African-American president.^[183] On July 7, 2009, Carey – alongside Trey Lorenz – performed her version of The Jackson 5 song "I'll Be There" at the memorial service for Michael Jackson.^[184] At the sight of Jackson's casket, Carey's voice, overwhelmed with emotion, cracked in the opening line of the song.^[185] She later apologized on The Today Show, explaining how she did her best effort despite the circumstances.^[185]

Carey performing "Hero" live during The Neighborhood Inaugural Ball for President Obama in Washington, D.C.

In 2009, she appeared as a social worker in Precious, the movie adaptation of the 1996 novel Push by Sapphire. The film garnered mostly positive reviews from critics, as has Carey's performance.^[186] Variety described her acting as "pitch-perfect".^[187] Precious won awards at both the Sundance Film Festival and the Toronto Film Festival, receiving top honors there.^[188]^[189] In January 2010, Carey won the Breakthrough Actress Performance Award for her role in Precious at the Palm Springs International Film Festival.^[190] September 25, 2009, Carey's twelfth studio album, Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel, was released. Reception for the album was generally positive, but mixed in certain aspects; Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic called it "her most interesting album in a decade",^[191] while Jon Caramanica from The New York Times criticized Carey's vocal performances, decrying her overuse of her softer vocal registers at the expense of her more powerful lower and upper registers.^[192] Commercially, the album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200, and became the lowest-selling studio album of her career.^[193] The album's lead single, "Obsessed", became her 40th entry on the Billboard Hot 100 and her highest debut on the chart since "My All" in 1998.^[194] The song debuted at number eleven and peaked at number seven on the chart, and became Carey's 27th US top-ten hit, tying her with Elton John and Janet Jackson as the fifth most top-ten hits.^[194] Within hours after the song's release, various outlets speculated that its target was rapper Eminem, in response to his song "Bagpipes from Baghdad", in which he taunted Carey's husband, Nick Cannon.^[195] According to MTV, Carey alludes to drug problems in "Obsessed", which Eminem opened up about on his sixth studio album, Relapse.^[196] The album's follow-up single, a cover of Foreigner's "I Want to Know What Love Is", failed to achieve any significant chart success in the United States, or much throughout Europe, but managed to break airplay records in Brazil. The song spent 27 weeks atop the Brasil Hot 100 Airplay, making it the longest running song in the chart's history.^[197] On December 31, 2009, Carey embarked her seventh concert tour, Angels Advocate Tour, which visited the United States and Canada.^[198] Though stateside, the tour spanned few international dates, such as in Brazil and Singapore, where Carey played to over 100,000 spectators.^[199] On January 30, 2010, it was announced that Carey would release a remix album of Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel; titled Angels Advocate (an R&B remix album featuring a collection of newly remixed duets with some of Carey's favorite artists).^[200] The album was slated for a March 30, 2010 release, but was eventually cancelled.^[201]

[edit] 2010–present: Merry Christmas II You, motherhood and fourteenth studio album

Carey performing live in "All I Want for Christmas Is You" live at the Walt Disney World Resort on December 3, 2010

Following the cancellation of the Angels Advocate, it was announced that Carey would return to the studio to start work on her thirteenth studio album.^[202] It was later revealed that it would be her second Christmas album, the follow-up to Merry Christmas (1994), which became the best-selling Holiday album of all time.^[63] Long time collaborators for the project include Jermaine Dupri, Johntá Austin, Bryan-Michael Cox and Randy Jackson, as well as new collaborators such as Marc Shaiman.^[203] Dupri stated that a single would be released alongside the album before the year's end.^[203] During a press conference in Seoul, South Korea, in August 2010, Island Def Jam executive Matt Voss announced that the album would be out on November 2, 2010.^[204] and would include six new songs and a remix of her classic hit "All I Want for Christmas Is You".^[205] The album, titled Merry Christmas II You, was released alongside an accompanying DVD, and was sent to retailers on November 2, 2010.^[206] Merry Christmas II You debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 with sales of 56,000 copies, surpassing the opening week sales of Carey's previous holiday album of 45,000 copies 16 years prior.^[207] It also became Carey's 16th top ten album in the United States.^[207] The album debuted at number one on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, making it only the second Christmas album to top this chart.^[208]

In May 2010, Carey dropped out of her planned appearance in For Colored Girls, the film adaptation of the play For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf, citing medical reasons.^[209] After much media speculation, Carey confirmed on October 28, 2010, that she and Cannon were expecting their first child.^[210] Carey also revealed that she had been pregnant shortly after her wedding with Cannon, but she miscarried.^[211] On April 30, 2011, the couple's third wedding anniversary, Carey gave birth to fraternal twins via C-section.^[212] The twins were named Monroe, after Marilyn Monroe, and Moroccan Scott, after Cannon proposed to Carey in her Moroccan-style room; Scott is Cannon's middle name and his grandmother's maiden name.^[213] On February 11, 2011, Carey announced on HSN, that she recorded a duet with Tony Bennett for his upcoming "Duets" album, titled "When Do The Bells Ring For Me".^[214] Following the birth of their children, Cannon revealed during an interview with Billboard that Carey had already begun working on a new record.^[215] Cannon said "She's been working away, and we have a studio in the crib, and [the pregnancy] has totally inspired her on so many different levels. You're definitely gonna see some new phenomenal music from Mariah" and assured Carey would plan on releasing it by the end of the year.^[216] In October 2011, Carey announced that she re-recorded her song "All I Want for Christmas Is You" with Justin Bieber as a duet for his Christmas album, Under the Mistletoe.^[217]^[218] On November 5, 2011, Carey and Bieber filmed a music video for the duet at the Macy's in New York City.^[219] On October 21, 2011, a pre-taped interview with Barbara Walters aired on ABC's 20/20, during the interview Carey and Cannon allowed the cameras to photograph/film twins Moroccan and Monroe for the first time ever.^[220] In November 2011, Carey was included in the remix to the mixtape single "Warning" by Uncle Murda, the remix also features 50 Cent and Young Jeezy.^[221] That same month, Carey announced that she and John Legend collaborated on a duet, "When Christmas Comes", which was originally part of Carey's 2010 holiday album Merry Christmas II You.^[222] On March 1, 2012, Carey took the stage at New York City's Gotham Hall for a show, where only 50 tickets were made available to the public, as part of the Plot Your Escape concert series.^[223] The 40-minute set included many of Carey's hits such as "Always Be My Baby", "Hero", "Obsessed", "We Belong Together", and a cover of Michael Jackson's "I'll Be There".^[224]

Artistry [link]

Musical style [link]

Carey at Edwards Air Force Base during the making of "I Still Believe" video in 1998

Love is the subject of the majority of Carey's lyrics, although she has written about themes such as racism, social alienation, death, world hunger, and spirituality. She has said that much of her work is partly autobiographical, but Time magazine wrote: "If only Mariah Carey's music had the drama of her life. Her songs are often sugary and artificial—NutraSweet soul. But her life has passion and conflict," applying it to the first stages of her career. He commented that as her album's progressed, so too her songwriting and music blossomed into more mature and meaningful material.^[225] Jim Faber of the New York Daily News, made similar comments, "For Carey, vocalizing is all about the performance, not the emotions that inspired it. Singing, to her, represents a physical challenge, not an emotional unburdening."^[226] While reviewing Music Box, Stephen Holden from Rolling Stone commented that Carey sang with "sustained passion", while Entertainment Weekly's Arion Berger wrote that during some vocal moments, Carey becomes "too overwhelmed to put her passion into words."^[227] In 2001, The Village Voice wrote in regards to what they considered Carey's "centerless ballads", writing, "Carey's Strawberry Shortcake soul still provides the template with which teen-pop cuties draw curlicues around those centerless [Diane] Warren ballads [...] it's largely because of [Blige] that the new R&B demands a greater range of emotional expression, smarter poetry, more from-the-gut testifying, and less unnecessary notes than the squeaky-clean and just plain squeaky Mariah era. Nowadays it's the Christina Aguileras and Jessica Simpsons who awkwardly oversing, while the women with roof-raising lung power keep it in check when tune or lyric demands."^[228]

Carey's output makes use of electronic instruments such as drum machines,^[142] keyboards and synthesizers.^[229] Many of her songs contain piano-driven melodies,^[230] as she was given piano lessons when she was six years old.^[6] Carey said that she cannot read sheet music and prefers to collaborate with a pianist when composing her material, but feels that it is easier to experiment with faster and less conventional melodies and chord progressions using this technique.^[6] While Carey learned to play the piano at a young age, and incorporates several ranges of production and instrumentation into her music, she has maintained that her voice has always been her most important asset: "My voice is my instrument; it always has been."^[93] Carey began commissioning remixes of her material early in her career and helped to spearhead the practice of recording entirely new vocals for remixes.^[231] Disc jockey David Morales has collaborated with Carey on several occasions, starting with "Dreamlover" (1993), which popularized the tradition of remixing R&B songs into house records, and which Slant magazine named one of the greatest dance songs of all time.^[232] From "Fantasy" (1995) onward, Carey enlisted both hip-hop and house producers to re-structure her album compositions.^[80] Entertainment Weekly included two remixes of "Fantasy" on a list of Carey's greatest recordings compiled in 2005: a National Dance Music Award-winning remix produced by Morales, and a Sean Combs production featuring rapper Ol' Dirty Bastard.^[233] The latter has been credited with popularizing the R&B/hip-hop collaboration trend that has continued into the 2000s, through artists such as Ashanti and Beyoncé.^[231] Combs said that Carey "knows the importance of mixes, so you feel like you're with an artist who appreciates your work—an artist who wants to come up with something with you".^[234]

Voice and timbre [link]

"I have nodules on my vocal cords. My mother says I've had them since I was a kid. That's why I have the high register and the belting register and I can still be husky. A lot of people couldn't sing through the nodules the way I do; I've learned to sing through my vocal cords. The only thing that really affects my voice is sleep. Sometimes if I'm exhausted, I can't hit the really high notes. My doctors showed me my vocal cords and why I can hit those high notes. It's a certain part of the cord that not many people use—the very top. My natural voice is low. I have a raspy voice. I'm really more of an alto. But my airy voice can be high if I'm rested. [...] When I was little, I'd talk in this really high whisper, and my mom would be like, 'You're being ridiculous'. I thought if I can talk like that I can sing like that. So I started [she goes higher and higher and higher] just messing around with it. I'd practice and practice, and she'd be like, "You're gonna hurt yourself." I'd tell her, It doesn't hurt. If I were to try and belt two octaves lower than that, that would be a strain."

—Carey, on the background and her usage of the whistle register^[101]^[235]

Mariah Carey possesses a five-octave vocal range,^[236]^[237]^[238] and has the ability to reach notes beyond the 7th octave.^[239]^[240] She was ranked first in a 2003 MTV and Blender magazine countdown of the 22 Greatest Voices in Music, as voted by fans and readers in an online poll. Carey said of the poll, "What it really means is voice of the MTV generation. Of course, it's an enormous compliment, but I don't feel that way about myself."^[241] She also placed second in Cove magazine's list of "The 100 Outstanding Pop Vocalists".^[242]

Regarding her voice type, Carey said that she is an alto. However, within contemporary forms of music, singers are classified by the style of music they sing. There is currently no authoritative voice classification system within non-classical music.^[243] Attempts have been made to adopt classical voice type terms to other forms of singing, but they are controversial,^[243] because the development of classic voice categorizations were made with the understanding that the singer would amplify his or her voice with their natural resonators, without a microphone.^[244]

Jon Pareles of The New York Times describes Carey's lower register as a "rich, husky alto" that extends to "dog-whistle high notes"^[245]. Carey also possesses a "whisper register". In an interview with the singer, Ron Givens of Entertainment Weekly described it this way, "In one brief swoop, she seems to squeal and roar at the same time: whisper register."^[246] Additionally, towards the late 1990s, Carey began incorporating breathy vocals into her material, usually beginning the song and then building up to a "full throated" climax.^[247] Tim Levell from the BBC News described her vocals as "sultry close-to-the-mic breathiness",^[247] while USA Today's Elysa Gardner wrote "it's impossible to deny the impact her vocal style, a florid blend of breathy riffing and resonant belting, has had on today's young pop and R&B stars."^[248]

Her sense of pitch is admired^[245] and Jon Pareles adds "she can linger over sensual turns, growl with playful confidence, syncopate like a scat singer... with startlingly exact pitch."^[245]

Influences [link]

Carey has said that from childhood she has been influenced by R&B and soul musicians such as Billie Holiday and Sarah Vaughan.^[249] Her music contains strong influences of gospel music, and she credits The Clark Sisters, Shirley Caesar and Edwin Hawkins as the most influential in her early years.^[249] When Carey incorporated hip-hop into her sound, speculation arose that she was making an attempt to take advantage of the genre's popularity, but she told Newsweek, "People just don't understand. I grew up with this music".^[250] She has expressed appreciation for rappers such as The Sugarhill Gang, Eric B. & Rakim, the Wu-Tang Clan, The Notorious B.I.G. and Mobb Deep, with whom she collaborated on the single "The Roof (Back in Time)" (1998).^[101] Carey was heavily influenced by Minnie Riperton, and began experimenting with the whistle register due to her original practice of the range.^[101]

During Carey's career, her vocal and musical style, along with her level of success, has been compared to Whitney Houston, who she has also cited as an influence,^[251] and Celine Dion. Carey and her peers, according to Garry Mulholland, are "the princesses of wails [...] virtuoso vocalists who blend chart-oriented pop with mature MOR torch song".^[252] Author and writer Lucy O'Brien attributed the comeback of Barbra Streisand's "old-fashioned showgirl" to Carey and Dion, and described them and Houston as "groomed, airbrushed and overblown to perfection".^[252] Carey's musical transition and use of more revealing clothing during the late 1990s were, in part, initiated to distance herself from this image, and she subsequently said that most of her early work was "schmaltzy MOR".^[252] Some have noted that unlike Houston and Dion, Carey co-writes her own songs, and the Guinness Rockopedia (1998) classified her as the "songbird supreme".^[253]

Legacy [link]

Carey performing "Hero" live during The Neighborhood Inaugural Ball for President Obama.

Carey's vocal style and singing ability have significantly impacted popular and contemporary music. As music critic G. Brown from The Denver Post wrote, "For better or worse, Mariah Carey's five-octave range and melismatic style have influenced a generation of pop singers."^[254] According to Rolling Stone, "Her mastery of melisma, the fluttering strings of notes that decorate songs like "Vision of Love", inspired the entire American Idol vocal school, for better or worse, and virtually every other female R&B singer since the Nineties."^[255] Jody Rosen of Slate Magazine wrote of Carey's influence in modern music, calling her the most influential vocal stylist of the last two decades, the person who made rococo melismatic singing.^[256] Rosen further exemplified Carey's influence by drawing parallel with American Idol, which to her, "often played out as a clash of melisma-mad Mariah wannabes. And, today, nearly 20 years after Carey's debut, major labels continue to bet the farm on young stars such as the winner of Britain's X Factor show, Leona Lewis, with her Generation Next gloss on Mariah's big voice and big hair."^[256] Sean Daly of St. Petersburg Times wrote, "Depending on how you feel about public humiliation, the best/worst parts of American Idol are the audition shows, which normally break down into three distinct parts:(1) The Talented Kids.(2) The Weird Kids.(3) The Mariahs." Daly further commented, "The Mariahs are the hardest ones to watch, mainly because most of them think they're reeeaaally good. The poor, disillusioned hopefuls plant themselves in front of judges Simon Cowell, Paula Abdul and Randy Jackson – then proceed to stretch, break and mutilate every note of a song, often Mariah's Hero, a tune that has ruined more throats than smoker's cough."^[257] New York Magazine's editor Roger Deckker said that in regarding Carey as an influential artist in music, he commented that "Whitney Houston may have introduced melisma (the vocally acrobatic style of lending a word an extra syllable or twenty) to the charts, but it was Mariah—with her jaw-dropping range—who made it into America's default sound."^[258] Deckker also added that "Every time you turn on American Idol, you are watching her children".^[258] Despite her vocal prowess, Carey's vocal technique particularly with the use of melisma and belting, has been subject to public scrutiny mainly because of young singers such as from talent shows have been overly imitating her singing technique in which critics commented "Mariah Carey is, without a doubt, the worst thing to happen to amateur singing since the karaoke machine".^[257] As Professor Katherine L. Meizel noted in her book, The Mediation of Identity Politics in American Idol, "Carey's influence not just stops in the emulation of melisma or her singing amongst the wannabe's, it's also her persona, her diva, her stardom which inspires them.... a pre-fame conic look."^[259]

The problem, however, is that for all her talent, the 36-year-old is first and foremost a STAR, the very epitome of pop opulence in today's celebrity-dependent culture. And thus, millions of young women and men wake up every morning and figure that, simply by imitating Carey's vocal derring-do, they too can wind up on the cover of People or on MTV Cribs or on the arm of record mogul Tommy Mottola.

—Sean Daly from St. Petersburg Times commenting on Carey's popularity and influence on aspiring singers and on worldwide talent shows.^[260]

Carey's influence is notable in numerous hip hop, pop and R&B artists, including Beyoncé,^[62] Christina Aguilera,^[261] Jessica Simpson,^[248] Rihanna,^[262] Kelly Clarkson,^[263] Nelly Furtado,^[264] Leona Lewis,^[265] Brandy Norwood,^[255] Pink,^[266] Mary J. Blige,^[267] and Missy Elliott, among others.^[62] Knowles credits Carey's singing and her song "Vision of Love" as influencing her to begin practicing vocal "runs" as a child, as well as helping her pursue a career as a musician.^[62] Rihanna has stated that Carey is one of her major influences and idol.^[262] Christina Aguilera has cited in her early stages of her career that Carey is a big influence in her singing career and being one of her idols.^[261] According to Pier Dominguez, author of Christina Aguilera: a star is made : the unauthorized biography, Aguilera has stated how she loved listening to Whitney Houston, but it was Carey who had the biggest influence on her vocal styling. Carey's carefully choreographed image of a grown woman struck a chord on Aguilera. Her influence on Aguilera also grew from the fact that both were of mixed heritage.^[268] Philip Brasor, editor of The Japan Times, expressed how Carey's vocal and melismatic style even influenced Asian singers. He wrote regarding Japanese superstar Utada Hikaru, "Utada sang what she heard, from the diaphragm and with her own take on the kind of melisma that became de rigueur in American pop after the ascendance of Mariah Carey."^[269] In an article called "Out With Mariah's Melisma, In With Kesha's Kick", writer David Browne of The New York Times discusses how the ubiquitous melisma pop style has suddenly fallen down from pop culture in favor of young stars who uses the now ubiquitous autotune in which the first mentioned was heavily popularized into mainstream pop culture with the likes of Mariah Carey and Whitney Houston.^[270] Browne had commented "But beginning two decades ago, melisma overtook pop in a way it hadn't before. Mariah Carey's debut hit from 1990, "Vision of Love," followed two years later by Whitney Houston's version of "I Will Always Love You," set the bar insanely high for notes stretched louder, longer and knottier than most pop fans had ever heard."^[270] Browne further added "A subsequent generation of singers, including Ms. Aguilera, Jennifer Hudson and Beyoncé, built their careers around melisma. (Men like Brian McKnight and Tyrese also indulged in it, but women tended to dominate the form.)"^[270]

"Vision of Love"

noicon

Carey's usage of Melisma throughout the song was credited with inspiring several vocalists and performers throughout the turn or the century, and is considered to have brought the usage of the vocal technique to modern day singers and talent competitions around the world to date.

"All I Want for Christmas Is You"

noicon

Since its release in 1994, the song has re-entered the charts around the world, and is the best-selling holiday ringtone and song in the United States. Additionally, it was listed as the number one Christmas standard in the United Kingdom, while being branded the "last addition to the holiday collection of classics." The song has been covered by several artists, attesting to its continued popularity.^[271]^[272]

Problems listening to these files? See media help.

Carey is also credited for introducing R&B and hip hop into mainstream pop culture, and for popularizing rap as a featuring act through her post-1995 songs.^[62] Sasha Frere-Jones, editor of The New Yorker commented, "It became standard for R&B/hip-hop stars like Missy Elliott and Beyoncé, to combine melodies with rapped verses. And young white pop stars—including Britney Spears, Jessica Simpson, Christina Aguilera, and 'N Sync—have spent much of the past ten years making pop music that is unmistakably R&B."^[62] Moreover Jones concludes that "[Carey's] idea of pairing a female songbird with the leading male MCs of hip-hop changed R&B and, eventually, all of pop. Although now anyone is free to use this idea, the success of "The Emancipation of Mimi" suggests that it still belongs to Carey."^[62] Judnick Mayard, writer of The Fader, wrote that in regarding of R&B and hip hop collaboration, "The champion of this movement is Mariah Carey."^[273] Mayard also expressed that "To this day ODB and Mariah may still be the best and most random hip hop collaboration of all time", citing that due to the record "Fantasy", "R&B and Hip Hop were the best of step siblings."^[273] Kelfa Sanneh of The New York Times wrote, "In the mid-1990s Ms. Carey pioneered a subgenre that some people call the thug-love duet. Nowadays clean-cut pop stars are expected to collaborate with roughneck rappers, but when Ms. Carey teamed up with Ol' Dirty Bastard, of the Wu-Tang Clan, for the 1995 hit "Fantasy (Remix)", it was a surprise, and a smash."^[274] Aside from her pop culture and musical influence, Carey is credited for releasing a classic Christmas song called "All I Want For Christmas Is You".^[272] In a retrospective look at Carey's career, Sasha Frere-Jones of The New Yorker said, the "charming" song was one of Carey's biggest accomplishments, calling it "one of the few worthy modern additions to the holiday canon".^[62] Rolling Stone ranked "All I Want for Christmas Is You" fourth on its Greatest Rock and Roll Christmas Songs list, calling it a "holiday standard."^[275] Following the release of her Greatest Hits album, Devon Powers of Popmatters has said in his review that "She has influenced countless female vocalists after her. At 32, she is already a living legend—even if she never sings another note."^[276] Carey's business ventures include the launch of her perfumes, her clothing line, and books.^[277] She has portrayed the true nature of being a superstar, according to sociologist Naomi Hirahara, and is a classic example of the word "diva". Carey is never seen without her large entourage, whether it be award shows, performances or as guests on late night specials. Hirahara says, "her demands are sporadic, her looks are glamorous, she is hardly of her age, but she is still ruling. Nowadays people emulate the idea of being a diva, but Carey was the original one in true sense of the term."^[277]

Honors and awards [link]

Mariah Carey during red carpet interviews at the 82nd Academy Awards

Throughout Carey's career, she has collected many honors and awards, including the World Music Awards' Best Selling Female Artist of the Millennium, the Grammy's Best New Artist in 1991, Billboard's Special Achievement Award for the Artist of the Decade during the 1990s.^[278] In a career spanning over 20 years, Carey has sold over 200 million albums, singles, and videos worldwide, making her one of the biggest-selling artists in music history. Carey is ranked as the best-selling female artist of the Nielsen SoundScan era, with over 52 million copies sold.^[279]^[280]^[281]^[282] Possessing a five-octave vocal range, Carey was ranked first in MTV and Blender magazine's 2003 countdown of the 22 Greatest Voices in Music, and was placed second in Cove magazine's list of "The 100 Outstanding Pop Vocalists".^[242]^[283] Aside from her voice, she has become known for her songwriting. Yahoo Music editor Jason Ankeny wrote, "She earned frequent comparison to rivals Whitney Houston and Celine Dion, but did them both one better by composing all of her own material."^[284] According to Billboard magazine, she was the most successful artist of the 1990s in the United States.^[285] At the 2000 World Music Awards, Carey was given a Legend Award for being the "best-selling female pop artist of the millennium", as well as the "Best-selling artist of the 90s" in the United States, after releasing a series of albums of multi-platinum status in Asia and Europe, such as Music Box and Number 1's.^[283]^[286] She is also a recipient of the Chopard Diamond Award in 2003, recognizing sales of over 100 million albums worldwide.^[287] Additionally, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) lists Carey as the third-best-selling female artist, with shipments of over 63 million units in the US.^[288]^[289] In Japan, Carey has the top four highest-selling albums of all time by a non-Asian artist.^[290]^[291]

Carey has spent a record 79 weeks at the number-one position on Billboard Hot 100, becoming the artist with the most weeks at number-one in US chart history.^[292] On that same chart, she has accumulated 18 number-one singles, which ties her with Elvis Presley for the second most number-one singles in the chart's history (after only The Beatles).^[293] In 1994, Carey released her holiday album Merry Christmas has sold over 15 million copies worldwide, and is the best-selling Christmas album of all time.^[63]^[64]^[294]^[295] It also produced the successful single "All I Want for Christmas Is You", which became the only holiday song and ringtone to reach multi-platinum status in the US.^[296] In Japan, Number 1's has sold over 3,250,000 copies and is the best-selling album of all time in Japan by a non-Asian artist.^[297] Her hit single "One Sweet Day", which featured Boyz II Men, spent sixteen consecutive weeks at the top of Billboard's Hot 100 chart in 1996, setting the record for the most weeks atop the Hot 100 chart in history.^[282] After Carey's success in Asia with Merry Christmas, Billboard estimated Carey as the all-time best-selling international artist in Japan.^[298] In 2008, Billboard listed "We Belong Together" ninth on The Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Songs^[299] and second on Top Billboard Hot 100 R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.^[300] The song was also declared the most popular song of the 2000s decade by Billboard.^[152] In 2009, Carey's cover of Foreigner's song "I Want to Know What Love Is" became the longest-running number-one song in Brazilian singles chart history, spending 27 consecutive weeks at number-one.^[301] Additionally, Carey has had three songs debut at number-one on the Billboard Hot 100: "Fantasy", "One Sweet Day" and "Honey", making her the artist with the most number-one debuts in the chart's 52-year history.^[302] Also, she is the first female artist to debut at number 1 in the U.S. with "Fantasy".^[283] In 2010, Carey's 13th album and second Christmas album, Merry Christmas II You, debuted at No.1 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, making it only the second Christmas album to top that chart. On November 19, 2010, Billboard magazine named Carey in their "Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years" chart at number four.^[303]

Philanthropy and other activities [link]

Carey is a philanthropist who has donated time and money to organizations such as the Fresh Air Fund.^[304] She became associated with the Fund in the early 1990s, and is the co-founder of a camp located in Fishkill, New York, that enables inner-city youth to embrace the arts and introduces them to career opportunities.^[304] The camp was called Camp Mariah "for her generous support and dedication to Fresh Air children", and she received a Congressional Horizon Award for her youth-related charity work.^[305] She is well-known nationally for her work with the Make-A-Wish Foundation in granting the wishes of children with life-threatening illnesses, and in November 2006 she was awarded the Foundation's Wish Idol for her "extraordinary generosity and her many wish granting achievements".^[306]^[307] Carey has volunteered for the New York City Police Athletic League and contributed to the obstetrics department of New York Presbyterian Hospital Cornell Medical Center.^[308] A percentage of the sales of MTV Unplugged was donated to various other charities.^[308] In 2008, Carey was named Hunger Ambassador of the World Hunger Relief Movement.^[309] In February 2010, the song, "100%", which was originally written and recorded for the film, Precious,^[310] was used as one of the theme songs for the 2010 Winter Olympics, with all money proceeds going to Team USA.^[311]

One of Carey's most high-profile benefit concert appearances was on VH1's 1998 Divas Live special, during which she performed alongside other female singers in support of the Save the Music Foundation.^[97] The concert was a ratings success, and Carey participated in the Divas 2000 special.^[97] In 2007, the Save the Music Foundation honored Carey at their tenth gala event for her support towards the foundation since its inception.^[312]^[313] She appeared at the America: A Tribute to Heroes nationally televised fundraiser in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, and in December 2001, she performed before peacekeeping troops in Kosovo.^[314] Carey hosted the CBS television special At Home for the Holidays, which documented real-life stories of adopted children and foster families, from the Wayback Machine on October 22, 2001.^[315] In 2005, Carey performed for Live 8 in London^[316] and at the Hurricane Katrina relief telethon "Shelter from the Storm".^[317] In August 2008, Carey and other singers recorded the charity single, "Just Stand Up" produced by Babyface and L. A. Reid, to support "Stand Up to Cancer".^[318]

Declining offers to appear in commercials in the United States during her early career, Carey was not involved in brand marketing initiatives until 2006, when she participated in endorsements for Intel Centrino personal computers and launched a jewelry and accessories line for teenagers, Glamorized, in American Claire's and Icing stores.^[319] During this period, as part of a partnership with Pepsi and Motorola, Carey recorded and promoted a series of exclusive ringtones, including "Time of Your Life".^[320] She signed a licensing deal with the cosmetics company Elizabeth Arden, and in 2007, she released her own fragrance, "M".^[321] In 2007, Forbes named her as the fifth richest woman in entertainment, with an estimated net worth of US $270 million.^[322]^[323] In November 2011, it was reported that Carey's net worth was valued at more than $500 million.^[324] On November 29, 2010, she debuted a collection on HSN, the collection range included jewelry, shoes and fragrances.^[325] In November 2011, Carey was announced as the new global ambassador for Jenny Craig, following her weight loss with the program after giving birth to fraternal twins in April. Carey claims she lost 70-pound (32 kg) on the program.^[326]

Filmography [link]

Year	Title	Role	Notes
1999	The Bachelor	Ilana
2001	Glitter	Billie Frank	2001 Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress
2002	WiseGirls	Raychel
2003	Death of a Dynasty	Herself	Cameo appearance
2005	State Property 2	Dame's Wifey
2008	You Don't Mess with the Zohan	Herself	Cameo appearance
2009	Tennessee	Krystal
2009	Precious	Mrs. Weiss	Palm Springs International Film Festival Breakthrough Performance Award Capri Hollywood International Film Festival Award for Supporting Actress of the Year Black Reel Award for Best Ensemble Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Ensemble Cast Nominated – Black Reel Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated – NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated – Critics' Choice Awards for Best Acting Ensemble

Year	Title	Role	Notes
2002	Ally McBeal	Candy Cushnip	"Playing with Matches" (Season 5, episode 8)
2003	The Proud Family	Herself	Voice role

Discography [link]

Main articles: Mariah Carey albums discography, Mariah Carey singles discography, Mariah Carey videography, and List of Mariah Carey songs

Mariah Carey (1990)
Emotions (1991)
Music Box (1993)
Merry Christmas (1994)
Daydream (1995)
Butterfly (1997)
Rainbow (1999)
Glitter (2001)
Charmbracelet (2002)
The Emancipation of Mimi (2005)
E=MC² (2008)
Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel (2009)
Merry Christmas II You (2010)

Notes [link]

^ "News". Mariah Carey. http://mariahcarey.com/news/32701. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
^ ^a ^b Nickson 1998, pp. 8
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Nickson 1998, pp. 7
^ "Mariah Carey Biography". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://movies.nytimes.com/person/10883/Mariah-Carey. Retrieved 2011-08-14.
^ "Celebrity Central: Top 25 Celebrities: Mariah Carey". People (Time Warner). http://www.people.com/people/mariah_carey. Retrieved 2011-08-14.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Nickson 1998, pp. 9
^ Nickson 1998, pp. 14
^ ^a ^b Nickson 1998, pp. 10–11
^ ^a ^b Nickson 1998, pp. 13
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Nickson 1998, pp. 16
^ ^a ^b Nickson 1998, pp. 17
^ Nickson 1998, pp. 18
^ Nickson 1998, pp. 19
^ Nickson 1998, pp. 20
^ ^a ^b Nickson 1998, pp. 21
^ ^a ^b Nickson 1998, pp. 22
^ Nickson 1998, pp. 61
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Nickson 1998, pp. 25
^ ^a ^b Nickson 1998, pp. 26
^ ^a ^b Goodman, Fred (1991-04-14). "Pop Music; The Marketing Muscle Behind Mariah Carey". http://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/14/arts/pop-music-the-marketing-muscle-behind-mariah-carey.html. Retrieved 2011-08-14.
^ Italie, Hillel (1990-08-18). "Vocal Range lets Carey Soar to the Top". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (John Robinson Block). http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ivFRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1m4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6885,6109094&dq=mariah+carey+cinderella&hl=en. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
^ Nickson 1998, pp. 28–29
^ Nickson 1998, pp. 33
^ Nickson 1998, pp. 45
^ Landis, David (1991-05-13). "'Bathgate' Wait". USA Today (Gannett Company). http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/56149786.html?dids=56149786:56149786&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+13%2C+1991&author=David+Landis&pub=USA+TODAY+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=`BATHGATE'+WAIT&pqatl=google. Retrieved 2011-08-14.
^ Bartha, Agatha (1991-02-12). "Major Grammy Winners". Toronto Star (Torstar). http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/461628961.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Feb+21%2C+1991&author=AP&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=Major+Grammy+winners&pqatl=google. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
^ "Year Ends Well for Countries Hottest Stars". Chicago Tribune (Tribune Company). 1991-12-27. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24482822.html?dids=24482822:24482822&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+27%2C+1991&author=Jan+DeKnock.&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Year+ends+well+for+country%27s+hottest+stars&pqatl=google. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
^ Harrington, Richard (1992-01-01). "1991's Chart-Toppers: Garth, Mariah & CC". The Washington Post (The Washington Post Company). http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/73919427.html?dids=73919427:73919427&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+01%2C+1992&author=Richard+Harrington&pub=The+Washington+Post+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=1991%27s+Chart-Toppers%3A+Garth%2C+Mariah+%26+CC&pqatl=google. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
^ ^a ^b Cane, Clay (2010-06-12). "Mariah Celebrates Twenty Years". Black Entertainment Television. Viacom. http://www.bet.com/news/celebrities/2010/06/11/mariahtwenty.html. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
^ Nickson 1998, pp. 50–51
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Nickson 1998, pp. 52
^ Nickson 1998, pp. 53
^ Nickson 1998, pp. 58
^ Nickson 1998, pp. 59
^ ^a ^b "Mariah Carey: Emotions" (in Japanese). Sony Music Entertainment Japan. Sony. http://www.sonymusic.co.jp/Music/International/Arch/SR/MariahCarey/SICP-8076/index.html. Retrieved 2011-03-19.
^ Shapiro 2001, pp. 68
^ Shapiro 2001, pp. 69
^ ^a ^b Nickson 1998, pp. 71
^ ^a ^b ^c Shapiro 2001, pp. 70
^ Nickson 1998, p. 72
^ Nickson 1998, pp. 77–78
^ ^a ^b Nickson 1998, p. 79
^ ^a ^b Nickson 1998, p. 80
^ ^a ^b "RIAA Gold & Platinum > Mariah Carey". Recording Industry Association of America. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=2&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=mariah%20carey&format=ALBUM&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2009&sort=Artist&perPage=25. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
^ ^a ^b ^c Williams, Chris (2011-07-03). "Mariah Carey's Music Box LP (1993) Revisited With Co-Writer Walter Afanasieff". Soul Culture. Soul Culture Media. http://www.soulculture.co.uk/features/interviews/mariah-careys-music-box-lp-1993-revisited-with-co-writer-walter-afanasieff-return-to-the-classics/. Retrieved 2011-07-14.
^ ^a ^b Shapiro 2001, pp. 72–73
^ Shapiro 2001, pp. 74
^ ^a ^b Shapiro 2001, pp. 75
^ Shapiro 2001, pp. 77
^ Shapiro 2001, pp. 78
^ Wynn, Ron. "Music Box > Overview". Allmusic. All Media Guide. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r186574. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
^ ^a ^b Nickson 1998, p. 102
^ "Chartverfolgung/Carey, Mariah/Single" (in German). musicline.de PhonoNet. http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Carey%2CMariah/single?sort=entry. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
^ "Search The Charts". The Irish Charts. Irish Recorded Music Association. http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
^ "Mariah Carey – Without You" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Hung Medien. http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Mariah+Carey&titel=Without+You&cat=s. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
^ Nickson 1998, p. 112
^ ^a ^b Shapiro 2001, pp. 81
^ Shapiro 2001, pp. 82
^ ^a ^b Shapiro 2001, pp. 86–87
^ Nickson 1998, p. 132
^ ^a ^b ^c Nickson 1998, p. 133
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Frere-Jones, Sasha (2006-04-06). "Mariah Carey's Record-Breaking Career". The New Yorker (Condé Nast Publications). http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/04/03/060403crmu_music. Retrieved 2011-11-10.
^ ^a ^b ^c Thompson, Tom (2008-04-19). "Let the Yuel Duel Begin". The Daily Telegraph (Telegraph Media Group). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandjazzmusic/3648757/Let-the-yule-duel-begin.html. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
^ ^a ^b Hancox, Dan (2010-11-26). "Sounds of the Season". The National (Mubadala Development Company). http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/music/sounds-of-the-season?pageCount=0. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
^ Greene, Andy. "The Greatest Rock and Roll Christmas Songs". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/photos/the-greatest-rock-and-roll-christmas-songs-20101216/mariah-carey-all-i-want-for-christmas-is-you-0150435. Retrieved 2010-12-20.
^ "Mariah Carey's 'All I Want For Christmas Is You' Is World's First Double Platinum Holiday Ringtone". Legacy Recordings. PR Newswire. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/mariah-careys-all-i-want-for-christmas-is-you-is-worlds-first-double-platinum-holiday-ringtone-79488972.html. Retrieved 2010-11-10.
^ McClure, Steve (1995-08-05). The World's Number-Two Music Market Is No Afterthought. Prometheus Global Media. http://books.google.com/books?id=xwsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA57&dq=mariah+carey+japanese&hl=en&ei=IvVbTOTmBcH48AbW69zlAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=mariah%20carey%20japanese&f=false. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
^ "RIAJ - Statistics - Other Data - List of Million-Certified Compact Discs by Year - 1994" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/million_list/1994.html. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
^ "RIAJ - Statistics - Certification of Music Download - December 2008" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/chart/w090120_3.html. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
^ Nickson 1998, pp. 136–137
^ Shapiro 2001, pp. 91
^ Shapiro 2001, pp. 89
^ Nickson 1998, p. 145
^ Trust, Gary (2010-06-02). "'20/20': Mariah Marks Milestone". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://www.billboard.com/column-chartbeat/20-20-vision-mariah-marks-milestone-1004094895.story#/column-chartbeat/20-20-vision-mariah-marks-milestone-1004094895.story. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
^ McClure, Steve (1996-01-27). "Carey's Ubiquitous Japanese Success". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://books.google.com/books?id=7g4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68&dq=mariah+carey+japanese&hl=en&ei=GvtbTIz9MsH-8Aazw4XYAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=5&ved=0CDUQ6wEwBA#. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
^ Sanneh, Kalefa (2005-08-10). "The Summer Buzz: Cicadas and Mariah Carey". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/04/arts/music/04note.html. Retrieved 2011-08-14.
^ ^a ^b ^c Nickson 1998, p. 153
^ Speare, Aiden (1996-01-30). "Garth Brooks Refuses Trophy at American Music Awards". The Post and Courier (Evening Post Publishing Company). http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_JFSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7DYNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1353,4731300&dq=mariah+carey+american+music+awards&hl=en. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
^ Shapiro 2001, pp. 95
^ ^a ^b ^c Shapiro 2001, pp. 96
^ McClure, Steve (1996-12-28). "The Year in Japan". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://books.google.com/books?id=sQkEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA1&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
^ Sischy, Ingrid (2007-09-20). "Mariah Carey: The Naked Truth From The World's Biggest Diva". Interview. pp. 156–165.
^ ^a ^b Nickson 1998, p. 156
^ Nickson 1998, p. 164
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^ ^a ^b Shapiro 2001, pp. 101
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^ ^a ^b ^c Shapiro 2001, pp. 102
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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Shapiro 2001, pp. 116
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^ ^a ^b Shapiro 2001, pp. 123
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^ ^a ^b Mayard, Judnick (2009-01-04). "Suite903: R&B, Rejected and Betrayed". The Fader. http://www.thefader.com/2011/01/14/suite903-rb-rejected-and-betrayed/. Retrieved 2011-11-10.
^ Sanneh, Kalefa (August 4, 2005). "The Summer Buzz: Cicadas and Mariah Carey". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/04/arts/music/04note.html. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
^ Greene, Andy. "The Greatest Rock and Roll Christmas Songs". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/photos/the-greatest-rock-and-roll-christmas-songs-20101216/mariah-carey-all-i-want-for-christmas-is-you-0150435. Retrieved 2010-12-20.
^ Powers, Devon (2002-05-08). "Mariah Carey: Greatest Hits". PopMatters. http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/careymariah-greatest. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
^ ^a ^b Hirahara, 2002, p. 84
^ "Mariah Carey Career Achievement Awards". Mariahcarey.com. http://mariahcarey.com/news/awards.php. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
^ "Mariah Carey Announces She Is Pregnant". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. 2010-10-28. http://ca.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idCATRE69R2ZD20101028. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
^ Teeman, Tim (2010-12-21). "'Child' Diva Mariah Carey Dances To Her Own Tune". The Australian (News Limited). http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/arts/child-diva-mariah-carey-dances-to-her-own-tune/story-e6frg8n6-1225974077690. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
^ Levine, Nick (2009-11-12). "Mariah Carey". Digital Spy. Hachette Filipacchi Médias. http://www.digitalspy.com/celebrities/mariah-carey/. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
^ ^a ^b Up for Discussion Jump to Forums. "Billboard Magazine – 20–20 Vision Mariah Marks Milestone". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://www.billboard.com/column-chartbeat/20-20-vision-mariah-marks-milestone-1004094895.story. Retrieved 2011-11-10.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Mariah Carey Biography & Awards". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://www.billboard.com/artist/mariah-carey/bio/48340. Retrieved 2011-11-10.
^ Ankeny, Jason. "Yahoo Music – Biography – Mariah Carey". Yahoo Music. Yahoo. http://new.music.yahoo.com/mariah-carey/biography/. Retrieved 2011-11-10.
^ Shapiro 2001, p. 145.
^ "Monte Carlo Resort – Awards". World Music Awards. 2000-10-15. http://web.archive.org/web/20001015144058/www.montecarloresort.com/awards/00/w00res00.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
^ "NME Artists – Mariah Carey". NME. IPC Media. http://www.nme.com/artists/mariah-carey. Retrieved 2010-08-19.
^ "Gold and Platinum – Top Selling Artists". Recording Industry Association of America. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt. Retrieved 2010-08-18.
^ "Mariah Marks Milestone". MariahCarey.com. http://www.mariahcarey.com/news/news.php?uid=2882. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
^ Nickson 1998.
^ "Carey's Ubiquitous Japanese Success". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 1996-01-26. http://books.google.com/books?id=7g4EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA1&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-11-10.
^ Up for Discussion Jump to Forums. "The Emancipation of Mimi – Mariah Carey". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://www.billboard.com/album/mariah-carey/emancipation-of-mimi/668708. Retrieved 2011-11-10.
^ Hiscock, John (2009-12-10). "Mariah Carey Interview for Precious". The Daily Telegraph (Telegraph Media Group). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/6771071/Mariah-Carey-interview-for-Precious.html. Retrieved 2011-11-10.
^ Frere-Jones, Sasha (2006-04-03). "On Top: Mariah Carey's Record-Breaking Career". The New Yorker (Condé Nast Publications). http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/04/03/060403crmu_music. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
^ "Old Chestnuts Roasting: Ghosts of Christmas Music Past". The Independent (Alexander Lebedev). 2007-12-11. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/old-chestnuts-roasting-ghosts-of-christmas-music-past-764334.html. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
^ By PR Newswire (December 17, 2009). "Mariah Carey's 'All I Want For Christmas Is You' Is World's First Double Platinum Holiday Ringtone". TheStreet. http://www.thestreet.com/story/10648016/mariah-careys-all-i-want-for-christmas-is-you-is-worlds-first-double-platinum-holiday-ringtone.html. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ '#1's'. Prometheus Global Media. 1999-01-23. http://books.google.co.kr/books?id=yg0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA49&dq=bodyguard+top+foreign+album&lr=&as_brr=0&as_pt=MAGAZINES&cd=5#v=onepage&q=bodyguard%20top%20foreign%20album&f=false. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
^ Lichtman, Irv (1994-11-26). Mariah Hits Big n Japan. Prometheus Global Media. http://books.google.com/books?id=aggEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA136&dq=mariah+carey+merry+christmas+debut&hl=en&ei=C8p5TPW5GMOblgeMn5zsCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=mariah%20carey%20merry%20christmas%20debut&f=false. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
^ "The Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Songs (10-01)". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. August 15, 2010. http://www.billboard.com/specials/hot100/charts/top100-titles-10.shtml. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
^ "Sweet Soul Music: Top Billboard Hot 100 R&B/Hip-Hop Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. August 15, 2010. http://www.billboard.com/specials/hot100/charts/top-rbhiphop.shtml. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
^ "Mariah Makes Brazilian Chart History". Mariahcarey.com. http://www.mariahcarey.com/news/news.php?uid=2852. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
^ "Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 Debuts". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://www.billboard.com/slideshow/457789?decorator=slideshow&confirm=true. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
^ "The Top 50 R&B / Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2010-11-10. http://www.billboard.com/#/column/the-juice/the-top-50-r-b-hip-hop-artists-of-the-past-1004127916.story?. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
^ ^a ^b Hopkins, Eugene (1994-12-04). "Carey a Fresh Face for Fresh Air Fund". Sun Journal (Sun Media Group). http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=c98gAAAAIBAJ&sjid=I2sFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2220,934579&dq=camp+mariah&hl=en. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
^ Vineyard, Jennifer (1999-04-13). "Mariah Carey to Receive Congressional Award for Charity Efforts". MTV News. Viacom. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1426935/19990413/carey_mariah.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
^ "Mariah Carey - Carey Packs Times Square With Early Morning Show". Contactmusic.com. 2005-04-12. http://www.contactmusic.com/news-article/carey-packs-times-square-with-early-morning-show. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
^ Dinh, James (2010-12-12). "Mariah Carey Performs With Mother On Holiday TV Special". MTV News. Viacom. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1654204/mariah-carey-performs-with-mother-on-holiday-tv-special.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
^ ^a ^b Snow, Shauna (2000-01-15). "Morning Reports". Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company). http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/47992976.html?dids=47992976:47992976&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+15%2C+2000&author=SHAUNA+SNOW&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Morning+Report%3B+ARTS+AND+ENTERTAINMENT+REPORTS+FROM+THE+TIMES%2C+NEWS+SERVICES+AND+THE+NATION'S+PRESS.&pqatl=google. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
^ Ryan, Joyal (2006-08-29). "Carey Saves the World, One Chalupa At a Time". E!. NBCUniversal. http://www.eonline.com/news/mariah_saves_world_one_chalupa_time/30720. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
^ Kennedy, Gerrick (2010-02-26). "Mariah Carey Will Release Duet, Remix Album". Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company). http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2010/02/mariah-carey-to-release-duet-remix-album.html. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
^ "AT&T to Produce Exclusive Soundtrack for Athletes Competing in 2010 Olympic Winter Game". AT&T. 2010-02-26. http://www.att.com/gen/press-room?pid=4800&cdvn=news&newsarticleid=30499. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
^ "Mariah Carey's Sixteenth #1 Single – Shares Parthenon with The Beatles and Elvis Presley!". Business Wire. Berkshire Hathaway. 2005-04-14. http://newyork.dbusinessnews.com/shownews.php?newsid=27530&type_news=latest. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
^ Pennington, Gail (2008-04-12). "Critic's Picks". St. Louis Post-Dispatch (Lee Enterprises). http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&p_theme=sl&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10B0D48CAD9B00C8&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
^ Schumacher-Rasmussen, Eric (2001-09-22). "Mariah Carey, Springsteen, Other Stars Sing For America On Telethon". MTV News. Viacom. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1449077/carey-others-sing-on-telethon.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-04-13.
^ Bianculli, David (2001-12-20). "Flawed Gala On Adoption". Daily News. Mortimer Zuckerman. http://articles.nydailynews.com/2001-12-20/entertainment/18370230_1_adoption-sings-performers. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
^ "Live 8 attracts 9.6m UK viewers". BBC News Online. 2005-07-04. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4648051.stm. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
^ Rodman, Sarah (2005-09-10). "Stars Shine Spotlight on Needy During Katrina Relief Telethon". Boston Herald (Herald Media). http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/bostonherald/access/894426211.html?dids=894426211:894426211&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+10%2C+2005&author=Sarah+Rodman&pub=Boston+Herald&desc=TELEVISION%3B+Stars+shine+spotlight+on+needy+during+Katrina+relief+telethon&pqatl=google. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
^ Serena (2008-05-03). "Mariah, Beyoncé Top Fifth Annual Fashion Rocks". People. Time Warner. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1077026,00.html. Retrieved 2011-08-07.
^ Paoletta, Michael. "The Branding of Mimi". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://www.azcentral.com/ent/music/articles/0711mimi.html. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
^ Serpe, Gina (2006-08-29). "Mariah Rings Up Pepsi". E!. NBCUniversal. http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b52141_mariah_rings_up_pepsi.html. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
^ Vineyard, Jennifer (2006-04-06). "Mariah Wants All Fans To See Her — And Even Smell Like Her". MTV News. Viacom. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1528037/mariah-wants-fans-see-her-smell-like-her.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-06-13.
^ Thompson, Tom (2008-04-19). "The Diva has Landed". The Daily Telegraph (Telegraph Media Group). http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/music/the-diva-has-landed/story-e6frexl9-1111115979296. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
^ "The Richest 20 Women In Entertainment". Forbes. Forbes Publishing. 2007-01-07. http://www.forbes.com/2007/01/17/richest-women-entertainment-tech-media-cz_lg_richwomen07_0118womenstars_slide_7.html?thisSpeed=30000. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
^ Anderson, Kyle (2011-11-02). "Mariah Carey and Nick Cannon Let Barbara Walters Ogle Their Babies on '20/20'". Entertainment Weekly. Time Warner. http://popwatch.ew.com/2011/10/22/mariah-carey-nick-cannon-babies-2020/. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
^ "Mariah Carey; Mariah Carey Jewelry, Shoes and Fragrances". HSN. HSN Inc.. 2011-03-03. http://www.hsn.com/mariah-carey/mariah-carey_c-mc_a-7718_xc.aspx?rid=1831&prev=hp. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
^ Danner, Sarah (2008-03-30). "Snug as a Bug In a Rug! Mariah's 'Dembabies' Moroccan and Monroe Look Comfy and Cosy in Their Carriers". Daily Mail (Daily Mail and General Trust). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2059911/Mariah-Carey-twins-Moroccan-Monroe-look-comfy-cosy-carriers.html?ito=feeds-newsxml. Retrieved 2011-08-06.

References [link]

Appleman, Chris (1986). The Science of Vocal Pedagogy: Theory and Application. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN -0253351103.
James, Harold (1998). Guinness Rockopedia. Los Angeles: Guinness Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-85112-072-5.
Nickson, Chris (1995). Mariah Carey: her story. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0-312-13121-0.
Nickson, Chris (1998). Mariah Carey revisited. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0-312-19512-0.
Peckham, Anne (2005). Vocal Workouts for the Contemporary Singer. Boston: Berklee Press. ISBN 0-87639-047-5.
Shapiro, Marc (2001). Mariah Carey: the unauthorized biography. Toronto: ECW Press. ISBN 978-1-55022-444-3.
Viros, Alexandre (2009). Casser les Voix. Paris: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0-312-19512-0.
Hardy, Phil. The Faber Companion to 20th Century Popular Music: Fully Revised Third Edition (2001). pg. 156–157. UK: Faber and Faber Limited. ISBN 0-571-19608-X.
Mulholland, Garry. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music (2003). pg. 57. UK: Flame Tree Publishing. ISBN 1-904041-70-1.
Fred Bronson's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits, 5th Edition (ISBN 0-8230-7677-6)
Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Sixties (ISBN 0-89820-074-1)
Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Nineties (ISBN 0-89820-137-3)
Additional information concerning Carey's chart history can be retrieved and verified in Billboard's online archive services and print editions of the magazine.

External links [link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Mariah Carey

Media related to Mariah Carey at Wikimedia Commons

Official website
Mariah Carey at Allmusic
Mariah Carey at the Internet Movie Database
Mariah Carey at LAUNCHcast
Mariah Carey collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Mariah Carey collected news and commentary at The Guardian
Mariah Carey on Charlie Rose
Works by or about Mariah Carey in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

Authority control: LCCN: n91112415 | WorldCat

Links to related articles

Awards and achievements
Preceded by —	Billboard Artist of the Decade 1999	Succeeded by Eminem

v t e Mariah Carey

Albums Singles Videography Tours Awards and nominations

Studio albums	Mariah Carey Emotions Music Box Merry Christmas Daydream Butterfly Rainbow Glitter Charmbracelet The Emancipation of Mimi E=MC² Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel Merry Christmas II You

Live albums	MTV Unplugged

Compilation albums	#1's Valentines Greatest Hits The Remixes The Ballads Playlist: The Very Best of Mariah Carey LoveSongs The Essential Mariah Carey

Video albums	The First Vision MTV Unplugged +3 Here Is Mariah Carey Fantasy: Mariah Carey at Madison Square Garden Around the World #1's The Adventures of Mimi

Concert tours	Music Box Tour Daydream World Tour Butterfly World Tour Rainbow World Tour Charmbracelet World Tour The Adventures of Mimi Tour Angels Advocate Tour

Filmography	The Bachelor Glitter WiseGirls Ally McBeal State Property 2 You Don't Mess with the Zohan Tennessee Precious

Related articles	Crave Records MonarC Entertainment Mariah Carey Wish Icon Award M by Mariah Carey Luscious Pink Forever Tommy Mottola Nick Cannon Lionel Cole

Book Category Portal Template WikiProject

v t e Mariah Carey singles

Mariah Carey	"Vision of Love" "Love Takes Time" "Someday" "I Don't Wanna Cry" "There's Got to Be a Way"

Emotions	"Emotions" "Can't Let Go" "Make It Happen"

MTV Unplugged	"I'll Be There" "If It's Over"

Music Box	"Dreamlover" "Hero" "Without You" "Never Forget You" "Anytime You Need a Friend"

Merry Christmas	"All I Want for Christmas Is You" "Joy to the World" "O Holy Night"

Daydream	"Fantasy" "One Sweet Day" "Open Arms/El Amor Que Soñé" "Always Be My Baby" "Forever" "Underneath the Stars"

Butterfly	"Honey" "Butterfly" "The Roof" "Breakdown" "My All"

#1's	"Sweetheart" "When You Believe" "I Still Believe" "Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)"

Rainbow	"Heartbreaker" "Thank God I Found You" "Crybaby" "Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)" "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)"

Glitter	"Loverboy" "Never Too Far" "Don't Stop (Funkin' 4 Jamaica)" "Reflections (Care Enough)" "Last Night a DJ Saved My Life"

Charmbracelet	"Through the Rain" "Boy (I Need You)" "I Know What You Want" "Bringin' On the Heartbreak"

The Emancipation of Mimi	"It's Like That" "We Belong Together" "Shake It Off" "Get Your Number" "Don't Forget About Us" "Fly Like a Bird" "Say Somethin'"

E=MC²	"Touch My Body" "Bye Bye" "I'll Be Lovin' U Long Time" "I Stay in Love"

Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel	"Obsessed" "I Want to Know What Love Is" "H.A.T.E.U." "Up Out My Face" "Angels Cry"

Merry Christmas II You	"Oh Santa!" "All I Want For Christmas Is You (Extra Festive)" "O Come All Ye Faithful" "Auld Lang Syne (The New Year's Anthem)" "When Christmas Comes"

Other releases	"Endless Love" "Every Time I Close My Eyes" "Never Too Far/Hero Medley" "What More Can I Give" "U Like This (Megamix) "U Make Me Wanna" "So Lonely" "Lil' L.O.V.E." "Just Stand Up!" "Right to Dream" "My Love" "Hero" (2008 version) "Everybody Hurts" "100%" "All I Want For Christmas Is You (Superfestive!)"

Other songs	"Migrate" "Side Effects" "I'm That Chick"

Book Category Portal Template WikiProject

v t e Grammy Award for Best New Artist

1950s	Bobby Darin (1959)

1960s	No award given (1960) Bob Newhart (1961) Peter Nero (1962) Robert Goulet (1963) The Swingle Singers (1964) The Beatles (1965) Tom Jones (1966) No award given (1967) Bobbie Gentry (1968) José Feliciano (1969)

1970s	Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young (1970) The Carpenters (1971) Carly Simon (1972) America (1973) Bette Midler (1974) Marvin Hamlisch (1975) Natalie Cole (1976) Starland Vocal Band (1977) Debby Boone (1978) A Taste of Honey (1979)

1980s	Rickie Lee Jones (1980) Christopher Cross (1981) Sheena Easton (1982) Men at Work (1983) Culture Club (1984) Cyndi Lauper (1985) Sade (1986) Bruce Hornsby and the Range (1987) Jody Watley (1988) Tracy Chapman (1989)

1990s	Milli Vanilli (1990) Mariah Carey (1991) Marc Cohn (1992) Arrested Development (1993) Toni Braxton (1994) Sheryl Crow (1995) Hootie & the Blowfish (1996) LeAnn Rimes (1997) Paula Cole (1998) Lauryn Hill (1999)

2000s	Christina Aguilera (2000) Shelby Lynne (2001) Alicia Keys (2002) Norah Jones (2003) Evanescence (2004) Maroon 5 (2005) John Legend (2006) Carrie Underwood (2007) Amy Winehouse (2008) Adele (2009)

2010s	Zac Brown Band (2010) Esperanza Spalding (2011) Bon Iver (2012)

Grammy Award Record of the Year Song of the Year Album of the Year Best New Artist National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences

v t e Billboard Year-End number one singles (2000–2019)

2000: "Breathe" – Faith Hill 2001: "Hanging by a Moment" – Lifehouse 2002: "How You Remind Me" – Nickelback 2003: "In da Club" – 50 Cent 2004: "Yeah!" – Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris 2005: "We Belong Together" – Mariah Carey 2006: "Bad Day" – Daniel Powter 2007: "Irreplaceable" – Beyoncé 2008: "Low" – Flo Rida featuring T-Pain 2009: "Boom Boom Pow" – The Black Eyed Peas 2010: "Tik Tok" – Kesha 2011: "Rolling in the Deep" – Adele

Complete list (1946–1959) (1960–1979) (1980–1999) (2000–2019)

v t e Billboard Year-End number one albums (1990–2009)

1990: Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814 – Janet Jackson 1991: Mariah Carey – Mariah Carey 1992: Ropin' the Wind – Garth Brooks 1993: The Bodyguard – Soundtrack 1994: The Sign – Ace of Base 1995: Cracked Rear View – Hootie & the Blowfish 1996: Jagged Little Pill – Alanis Morissette 1997: Spice – Spice Girls 1998: Titanic: Music from the Motion Picture – James Horner 1999: Millennium – Backstreet Boys 2000: No Strings Attached – 'N Sync 2001: 1 – The Beatles 2002: The Eminem Show – Eminem 2003: Get Rich or Die Tryin' – 50 Cent 2004: Confessions – Usher 2005: The Massacre – 50 Cent 2006: Some Hearts – Carrie Underwood 2007: Daughtry – Daughtry 2008: As I Am – Alicia Keys 2009: Fearless – Taylor Swift

Complete list (1956–1969) (1970–1989) (1990–2009) (2010–2029)

Persondata
Name	Carey, Mariah
Alternative names
Short description	American singer
Date of birth	March 27, 1969 or 1970
Place of birth	Huntington, New York, United States
Date of death
Place of death

http://wn.com/Mariah_Carey

http://it.wn.com/Mariah Carey

http://cs.wn.com/Mariah Carey

http://id.wn.com/Mariah Carey

http://es.wn.com/Mariah Carey

http://ru.wn.com/Кэри, Мэрайя

http://nl.wn.com/Mariah Carey

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http://pt.wn.com/Mariah Carey

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Herbie Hancock
Hancock in concert at the Nice Jazz Festival 2010
Background information
Birth name	Herbert Jeffrey Hancock
Also known as	Herbie Hancock
Born	(1940-04-12) April 12, 1940 (age 72) Chicago, Illinois, United States
Genres	Jazz, bebop, post bop, jazz fusion, hard bop, jazz-funk, funk, R&B, electro funk, classical
Occupations	Musician, composer, bandleader
Instruments	Piano, synthesizer, organ, clavinet, keytar, vocoder
Years active	1961–present
Labels	Columbia, Blue Note, Verve, Warner Bros.
Associated acts	Miles Davis Quintet, Jaco Pastorius, Joni Mitchell, Stevie Wonder
Website	www.herbiehancock.com

Herbert Jeffrey "Herbie" Hancock (born April 12, 1940) is an American pianist, keyboardist, bandleader and composer.^[1] As part of Miles Davis's Second Great Quintet, Hancock helped to redefine the role of a jazz rhythm section and was one of the primary architects of the "post-bop" sound. He was one of the first jazz musicians to embrace music synthesizers and funk music (characterized by syncopated drum beats). Hancock's music is often melodic and accessible; he has had many songs "cross over" and achieved success among pop audiences. His music embraces elements of funk and soul while adopting freer stylistic elements from jazz. In his jazz improvisation, he possesses a unique creative blend of jazz, blues, and modern classical music, with harmonic stylings much like the styles of Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel.

Hancock's best-known solo works include "Cantaloupe Island", "Watermelon Man" (later performed by dozens of musicians, including bandleader Mongo Santamaría), "Maiden Voyage", "Chameleon", and the singles "I Thought It Was You" and "Rockit". His 2007 tribute album River: The Joni Letters won the 2008 Grammy Award for Album of the Year, only the second jazz album ever to win the award after Getz/Gilberto in 1965.

Hancock is a member of Sōka Gakkai International.^[2]^[3]

On July 22, 2011 at a ceremony in Paris, Hancock was named UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador for the promotion of Intercultural Dialogue.

1 Early life and career
2 Miles Davis quintet and Blue Note
3 Fat Albert and Mwandishi
4 Headhunters and Death Wish
5 Back to the basics: VSOP and Future Shock
6 1990s and later
7 Discography
8 Filmography
- 8.1 As a Leader
9 Awards
10 References
11 External links

Early life and career [link]

Hancock was born in Chicago, Illinois. Like many jazz pianists, Hancock started with a classical music education. He studied from age seven, and his talent was recognized early. Considered a child prodigy,^[4] he played the first movement of Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 5 at a young people's concert with the Chicago Symphony at age eleven.^[5]

Through his teens, Hancock never had a jazz teacher, but developed his ear and sense of harmony. He was also influenced by records of the vocal group the Hi-Lo's. He reported that:

the time I actually heard the Hi-Lo's, I started picking that stuff out; my ear was happening. I could hear stuff and that's when I really learned some much farther-out voicings -like the harmonies I used on 'Speak Like a Child' -just being able to do that. I really got that from Clare Fischer's arrangements for the Hi-Lo's. Clare Fischer was a major influence on my harmonic concept... He and Bill Evans, and Ravel and Gil Evans, finally. You know, that's where it came from.^[6]

In 1960, he heard Chris Anderson play just once, and begged him to accept him as a student.^[7] Hancock often mentions Anderson as his harmonic guru. Hancock left Grinnell College, moved to Chicago and began working with Donald Byrd and Coleman Hawkins, during which period he also took courses at Roosevelt University. (He later graduated from Grinnell with degrees in electrical engineering and music. Grinnell also awarded him an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree in 1972).^[5]^[8] Donald Byrd was attending the Manhattan School of Music in New York at the time and suggested that Hancock study composition with Vittorio Giannini, which he did for a short time in 1960. The pianist quickly earned a reputation, and played subsequent sessions with Oliver Nelson and Phil Woods. He recorded his first solo album Takin' Off for Blue Note Records in 1962. "Watermelon Man" (from Takin' Off) was to provide Mongo Santamaría with a hit single, but more importantly for Hancock, Takin' Off caught the attention of Miles Davis, who was at that time assembling a new band. Hancock was introduced to Davis by the young drummer Tony Williams, a member of the new band.

Miles Davis quintet and Blue Note [link]

Hancock received considerable attention when, in May 1963,^[5] he joined Miles Davis's Second Great Quintet. Davis personally sought out Hancock, whom he saw as one of the most promising talents in jazz. The rhythm section Davis organized was young but effective, comprising bassist Ron Carter, 17-year-old drummer Tony Williams, and Hancock on piano. After George Coleman and Sam Rivers each took a turn at the saxophone spot, the quintet would gel with Wayne Shorter on tenor saxophone. This quintet is often regarded as one of the finest jazz ensembles, and the rhythm section has been especially praised for its innovation and flexibility.

The second great quintet was where Hancock found his own voice as a pianist. Not only did he find new ways to use common chords, but he also popularized chords that had not previously been used in jazz. Hancock also developed a unique taste for "orchestral" accompaniment – using quartal harmony and Debussy-like harmonies, with stark contrasts then unheard of in jazz. With Williams and Carter he wove a labyrinth of rhythmic intricacy on, around and over existing melodic and chordal schemes. In the later half of the sixties their approach became so sophisticated and unorthodox that conventional chord changes would hardly be discernible; hence their improvisational concept would become known as "Time, No Changes".

While in Davis's band, Hancock also found time to record dozens of sessions for the Blue Note label, both under his own name and as a sideman with other musicians such as Wayne Shorter, Tony Williams, Grant Green, Bobby Hutcherson, Sam Rivers, Donald Byrd, Kenny Dorham, Hank Mobley, Lee Morgan and Freddie Hubbard.

His albums Empyrean Isles (1964) and Maiden Voyage (1965) were to be two of the most famous and influential jazz LPs of the sixties, winning praise for both their innovation and accessibility (the latter demonstrated by the subsequent enormous popularity of the Maiden Voyage title track as a jazz standard, and by the jazz rap group US3 having a hit single with "Cantaloop" (derived from "Cantaloupe Island" on Empyrean Isles) some twenty five years later). Empyrean Isles featured the Davis rhythm section of Hancock, Carter and Williams with the addition of Freddie Hubbard on cornet, while Maiden Voyage also added former Davis saxophonist George Coleman (with Hubbard remaining on trumpet). Both albums are regarded as among the principal foundations of the post-bop style. Hancock also recorded several less-well-known but still critically acclaimed albums with larger ensembles – My Point of View (1963), Speak Like a Child (1968) and The Prisoner (1969) featured flugelhorn, alto flute and bass trombone. 1963's Inventions and Dimensions was an album of almost entirely improvised music, teaming Hancock with bassist Paul Chambers and two Latin percussionists, Willie Bobo and Osvaldo "Chihuahua" Martinez.

During this period, Hancock also composed the score to Michelangelo Antonioni's film Blowup, the first of many soundtracks he recorded in his career.

Davis had begun incorporating elements of rock and popular music into his recordings by the end of Hancock's tenure with the band. Despite some initial reluctance, Hancock began doubling on electric keyboards including the Fender Rhodes electric piano at Davis's insistence. Hancock adapted quickly to the new instruments, which proved to be instrumental in his future artistic endeavors.

Under the pretext that he had returned late from a honeymoon in Brazil, Hancock was dismissed from Davis's band. In the summer of 1968 Hancock formed his own sextet. However, although Davis soon disbanded his quintet to search for a new sound, Hancock, despite his departure from the working band, continued to appear on Miles Davis records for the next few years. Noteworthy appearances include In a Silent Way, A Tribute to Jack Johnson and On the Corner.

[edit] Fat Albert and Mwandishi

Hancock playing a Roland AX-7 keytar, at The Roundhouse, Camden, London, 2006

Hancock left Blue Note in 1969, signing up with Warner Bros. Records. In 1969, Hancock composed the soundtrack for the Bill Cosby animated children's television show Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids. Titled Fat Albert Rotunda, the album was mainly an R&B-influenced album with strong jazz overtones. One of the jazzier songs on the record, "Tell Me A Bedtime Story", was later re-worked as a more electronic sounding song for the Quincy Jones album, Sounds...and Stuff Like That.

Hancock became fascinated with accumulating musical gadgets and toys. Together with the profound influence of Davis's Bitches Brew, this fascination would culminate in a series of albums in which electronic instruments are coupled with acoustic instruments.

Hancock's first ventures into electronic music started with a sextet comprising Hancock, bassist Buster Williams and drummer Billy Hart, and a trio of horn players: Eddie Henderson (trumpet), Julian Priester (trombone), and multireedist Bennie Maupin. Dr. Patrick Gleeson was eventually added to the mix to play and program the synthesizers. In fact, Hancock was one of the first jazz pianists to completely embrace electronic keyboards.^{[citation needed]}

The sextet, later a septet with the addition of Gleeson, made three experimental albums under Hancock's name: Mwandishi (1971), Crossings (1972) (both on Warner Bros. Records), and Sextant (1973) (released on Columbia Records); two more, Realization and Inside Out, were recorded under Henderson's name with essentially the same personnel. The music often had very free improvisations and showed influence from the electronic music of some contemporary classical composers.

Synthesizer player Patrick Gleeson, one of the first musicians to play synthesizer on any jazz recording, introduced the instrument on Crossings, released in 1972, one of a handful of influential electronic jazz/fusion recordings to feature synthesizer that same year. On Crossings (as well as on I Sing the Body Electric), the synthesizer is used more as an improvisatory global orchestration device than as a strictly melodic instrument. This reflected Gleeson's (and Powell's) interest in contemporary European electronic music techniques and in the West Coast synthesis techniques of Morton Subotnick and other contemporaries, several of whom were resident at one time or another, as was Gleeson, at The Mills College Tape Music Center. An early review of Crossings in Downbeat magazine complained about the synthesizer, but a few years later the magazine noted in a cover story on Gleeson that he was "a pioneer" in the field of electronics in jazz. Gleeson used a modular Moog III for the recording of the album, but used an ARP 2600 synthesizer, and occasionally an ARP Soloist for the group's live performances. On Sextant Gleeson used the more compact ARP synthesizers instead of the larger Moog III for both studio and live performances. In the albums following The Crossings, Hancock started to play synth himself and unlike Gleeson, he plays it as a melodical and rhythm instrument just like electric pianos.

Hancock's three records released in 1971–1973, became later known as the "Mwandishi" albums, so-called after a Swahili name Hancock sometimes used during this era (Mwandishi is Swahili for writer). The first two, including Fat Albert Rotunda were made available on the 2-CD set Mwandishi: the Complete Warner Bros. Recordings, released in 1994, but are now sold as individual CD editions. Of the three electronic albums, Sextant is probably the most experimental since the Arp synthesizers are used extensively, and some advanced improvisation ("post-modal free impressionism") is found on the tracks "Hornets" and "Hidden Shadows" (which is in the meter 19/4). "Hornets" was later revised on the 2001 album Future2Future as "Virtual Hornets".

Among the instruments Hancock and Gleeson used were Fender Rhodes piano, ARP Odyssey, ARP 2600, ARP Pro Soloist Synthesizer, a Mellotron and the Moog synthesizer III.

All three Warner Bros. albums Fat Albert Rotunda, Mwandishi, and Crossings, were remastered in 2001 and released in Europe but were not released in the U.S.A. as of June 2005. In the Winter of 2006–7 a remastered edition of Crossings was announced and scheduled for release in the Spring.

[edit] Headhunters and Death Wish

[edit] Back to the basics: VSOP and Future Shock

During late 1970s and early 1980s, Hancock toured with his "V.S.O.P." quintet, which featured all the members of the 1960s Miles Davis quintet except Davis, who was replaced by trumpet giant Freddie Hubbard. There was constant speculation that one day Davis would reunite with his classic band, but he never did so. VSOP recorded several live albums in the late 1970s, including VSOP (1976), and VSOP: The Quintet (1977).

In 1978, Hancock recorded a duet with Chick Corea, who had replaced him in the Miles Davis band a decade earlier. He also released a solo acoustic piano album titled The Piano (1978), which, like so many Hancock albums at the time, was initially released only in Japan. (It was finally released in the US in 2004.) Several other Japan-only releases have yet to surface in the US, such as Dedication (1974), VSOP: Tempest in the Colosseum (1977), and Direct Step (1978). Live Under the Sky was a VSOP album remastered for the US in 2004, and included an entire second concert from the July 1979 tour.

From 1978–1982, Hancock recorded many albums consisting of jazz-inflected disco and pop music, beginning with Sunlight (featuring guest musicians including Tony Williams and Jaco Pastorius on the last track) (1978). Singing through a vocoder, he earned a British hit,^[10] "I Thought It Was You", although critics were unimpressed.^[11] This led to more vocoder on the 1979 follow-up, Feets, Don't Fail Me Now, which gave him another UK hit in "You Bet Your Love".^[10] Albums such as Monster (1980), Magic Windows (1981), and Lite Me Up (1982) were some of Hancock's most criticized and unwelcomed albums, the market at the time being somewhat saturated with similar pop-jazz hybrids from the likes of former bandmate Freddie Hubbard. Hancock himself had quite a limited role in some of those albums, leaving singing, composing and even producing to others. Mr. Hands (1980) is perhaps the one album during this period that was critically acclaimed. To the delight of many fans, there were no vocals on the album, and one track featured Jaco Pastorius on bass. The album contained a wide variety of different styles, including a disco instrumental song, a Latin-jazz number and an electronic piece in which Hancock plays alone with the help of computers.

Hancock also found time to record more traditional jazz while creating more commercially oriented music. He toured with Tony Williams and Ron Carter in 1981, recording Herbie Hancock Trio, a five-track live album released only in Japan. A month later, he recorded Quartet with Wynton Marsalis, released in the US the following year. Hancock, Williams and Carter toured internationally with Wynton and his brother Branford Marsalis in what was affectionately known as "VSOP II". This quintet can be heard on Marsalis' debut album on Columbia (1981). In 1982 he contributed to the Simple Minds album New Gold Dream (81,82,83,84), playing a synthesizer solo on the track "Hunter and The Hunted".

In 1983, Hancock had a mainstream hit with the Grammy-award winning instrumental single "Rockit" from the album Future Shock. It was perhaps the first mainstream single to feature scratching, and also featured an innovative animated music video which was directed by Godley and Creme and showed several robot-like artworks by Jim Whiting. The video was a hit on MTV and reached No.8 in the UK.^[12] The video won five different categories at the inaugural MTV Video Music Awards. This single ushered in a collaboration with noted bassist and producer Bill Laswell. Hancock experimented with electronic music on a string of three LPs produced by Laswell: Future Shock (1983), Sound-System (1984) and Perfect Machine (1988). Despite the success of "Rockit", Hancock's trio of Laswell-produced albums (particularly the latter two) are among the most critically derided of his entire career, perhaps even more so than his erstwhile pop-jazz experiments. Hancock's level of actual contribution to these albums was also questioned, with some critics contending that the Laswell albums should have been labelled "Bill Laswell featuring Herbie Hancock".

During this period, he appeared onstage at the Grammy awards with Stevie Wonder, Howard Jones, and Thomas Dolby, in a famous synthesizer jam (The video on Youtube can be found here.). Lesser known works from the 1980s are the live album Jazz Africa and the studio album Village Life (1984), which were recorded with Gambian kora player Foday Musa Suso.^[13] Also, in 1985 Hancock performed as a guest on the album So Red The Rose by the Duran Duran offshoot group Arcadia. He also provided introductory and closing comments for the PBS rebroadcast in the United States of the BBC educational series from the mid-1980s, Rockschool (not to be confused with the most recent Gene Simmons' Rock School series).

In 1986, Hancock performed and acted in the film 'Round Midnight. He also wrote the score/soundtrack, for which he won an Academy Award for Original Music Score. Often he would write music for TV commercials. "Maiden Voyage", in fact, started out as a cologne advertisement. At the end of the Perfect Machine tour, Hancock decided to leave Columbia Records after a 15-plus-year relationship.

As of June 2005, almost half of his Columbia recordings have been remastered. The first three US releases, Sextant, Head Hunters and Thrust as well as the last four releases Future Shock, Sound-System, the soundtrack to Round Midnight and Perfect Machine. Everything released in America from Man-Child to Quartet has yet to be remastered. Some albums, made and initially released in the US, were remastered between 1999 and 2001 in other countries such as Magic Windows and Monster. Hancock also re-released some of his Japan-only releases in the West, such as The Piano.

1990s and later [link]

Hancock live in concert

After leaving Columbia, Hancock took a break. Then, with friends Ron Carter, Tony Williams, Wayne Shorter, and Davis admirer Wallace Roney, they recorded A Tribute to Miles, which was released in 1994. The album contained two live recordings and studio recording classics, with Roney playing Davis's part as trumpet player. The album won a Grammy for best group album. He also toured with Jack DeJohnette, Dave Holland and Pat Metheny in 1990 on their Parallel Realities tour, which included a memorable performance at the Montreux Jazz Festival in July 1990.

Hancock's next album, Dis Is Da Drum, released in 1994, saw him return to Acid Jazz. Also in 1994, he appeared on the Red Hot Organization's compilation album Stolen Moments: Red Hot + Cool. The album, meant to raise awareness and funds in support of the AIDS epidemic in relation to the African-American community, was heralded as "Album of the Year" by Time Magazine.

1995's The New Standard found Hancock and an all-star band including John Scofield, Jack DeJohnette and Michael Brecker interpreting pop songs by Nirvana, Stevie Wonder, The Beatles, Prince, Peter Gabriel and others. A 1997 duet album with Wayne Shorter entitled 1 + 1 was successful, the song "Aung San Suu Kyi" winning the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition. Hancock also achieved great success in 1998 with his album Gershwin's World, which featured inventive readings of George and Ira Gershwin standards by Hancock and a plethora of guest stars, including Stevie Wonder, Joni Mitchell and Shorter. Hancock toured the world in the support of Gershwin's World with a sextet that featured Cyro Baptista, Terri Lynne Carrington, Ira Coleman, Eli Degibri and Eddie Henderson.

In 2001, Hancock recorded Future2Future, which reunited Hancock with Bill Laswell and featured doses of electronica as well as turntablist Rob Swift of The X-Ecutioners. Hancock later toured with the band, and released a live concert DVD with a different lineup which also included the "Rockit" music video. Also in 2001, Hancock partnered with Michael Brecker and Roy Hargrove to record a live concert album saluting Davis and John Coltrane entitled Directions in Music: Live at Massey Hall, recorded live in Toronto. The threesome toured to support the album, and toured on and off through 2005.

The year 2005 saw the release of a duet album called Possibilities. It features duets with Carlos Santana, Paul Simon, Annie Lennox, John Mayer, Christina Aguilera, Sting and others. In 2006, Possibilities was nominated for Grammy awards in two categories: "A Song For You", featuring Christina Aguilera was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance, and "Gelo No Montanha", featuring Trey Anastasio on guitar, was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Performance. Neither nomination resulted in an award.

Also in 2005, Hancock toured Europe with a new quartet that included Beninese guitarist Lionel Loueke, and explored textures ranging from ambient to straight jazz to African music. Plus, during the summer of 2005, Hancock re-staffed the famous Headhunters and went on tour with them, including a performance at The Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival.

File:Herbie Hancock 2005.JPG

Hancock playing at the XM Sonic Stage at The Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival

However, this lineup did not consist of any of the original Headhunters musicians. The group included Marcus Miller, Terri Lyne Carrington, Lionel Loueke and John Mayer. Hancock also served as the first artist in residence for Bonnaroo that summer.

Also in 2006, Sony BMG Music Entertainment (which bought out Hancock's old label, Columbia Records) released the two-disc retrospective The Essential Herbie Hancock. This two-disc set is the first compilation of Herbie's work at Warner Bros. Records, Blue Note Records, Columbia and at Verve/Polygram. This became Hancock's second major compilation of work since the 2002 Columbia-onlyThe Herbie Hancock Box, which was released at first in a plastic 4x4 cube then re-released in 2004 in a long box set. Hancock also in 2006, recorded a new song with Josh Groban and Eric Mouquet (co-founder of Deep Forest) entitled "Machine". It is featured on Josh Groban's CD Awake. Hancock also recorded and improvised with guitarist Lionel Loueke on Loueke's debut album Virgin Forest on the ObliqSound label in 2006, resulting in two improvisational tracks "Le Réveil des Agneaux (The Awakening of the Lambs)" and "La Poursuite du lion (The Lion's Pursuit)".

Hancock, a longtime associate and friend of Joni Mitchell released a 2007 album, River: The Joni Letters, that paid tribute to her work. Norah Jones and Tina Turner recorded vocals,^[14] as did Corinne Bailey Rae, and Leonard Cohen contributed a spoken piece set to Hancock's piano. Mitchell herself also made an appearance. The album was released on September 25, simultaneously with the release of Mitchell's album Shine.^[15] "River" was nominated for and won the 2008 Album of the Year Grammy Award, only the second jazz album ever to receive either honor. The album also won a Grammy for Best Contemporary Jazz Album, and the song "Both Sides Now" was nominated for Best Instrumental Jazz Solo.

Recently Hancock performed at the Shriner's Children's Hospital Charity Fundraiser with Sheila E, Jim Brickman, Kirk Whalum and Wendy Alane Wright.

His latest work includes assisting the production of the Kanye West track "RoboCop", found on 808s & Heartbreak.

On June 14, 2008, Hancock performed at Rhythm on the Vine at the South Coast Winery in Temecula, California, for Shriners Hospital for Children. Other performers at the event, that raised $515,000 for Shriners Hospital, were contemporary music artist Jim Brickman, and Sheila E. & the E. Family Band.^[16]

On January 18, 2009, Hancock performed at the We Are One concert, marking the start of inaugural celebrations for American President Barack Obama.^[17] Hancock also performed the Rhapsody in Blue at the 2009 Classical BRIT Awards with classical pianist Lang Lang. Hancock was named as the Los Angeles Philharmonic's creative chair for jazz for 2010–12.^[18] In June 2010, Hancock released his newest album, The Imagine Project.

On June 5, 2010, Hancock received an Alumni Award from his alma mater, Grinnell College.^[19]

Discography [link]

Main article: Herbie Hancock discography

Title	Year	Label
Takin' Off	1962	Blue Note
My Point of View	1963	Blue Note
Inventions and Dimensions	1963	Blue Note
Empyrean Isles	1964	Blue Note
Maiden Voyage	1965	Blue Note
Blow-Up (Soundtrack)	1966	MGM
Speak Like a Child	1968	Blue Note
The Prisoner	1969	Blue Note
Fat Albert Rotunda	1969	Warner Bros.
Mwandishi	1970	Warner Bros.
He Who Lives In Many Places (with bassist Terry Plumeri)	1971	Airborne.
Crossings	1972	Warner Bros.
Sextant	1973	Columbia
Head Hunters	1973	Columbia
Thrust	1974	Columbia
Death Wish (Soundtrack)	1974	Columbia
Dedication	1974	Columbia
Man-Child	1975	Columbia
Flood (Live album)	1975	Columbia
Secrets	1976	Columbia
VSOP (Live album)	1976	Columbia
Herbie Hancock Trio	1977	Columbia
VSOP: The Quintet (Live album)	1977	Columbia
VSOP: Tempest in the Colosseum (Live album)	1977	Columbia
Sunlight	1977	Columbia
Directstep	1978	Columbia
An Evening with Herbie Hancock & Chick Corea: In Concert (Live album with Chick Corea)	1978	Columbia
The Piano	1979	Columbia
Feets, Don't Fail Me Now	1979	Columbia
VSOP: Live Under the Sky (Live album)	1979	Columbia
CoreaHancock (Live album with Chick Corea)	1979	Polydor
Monster	1980	Columbia
Mr. Hands	1980	Columbia
Herbie Hancock Trio	1981	Columbia
Magic Windows	1981	Columbia
Lite Me Up	1982	Columbia
Quartet (Live album)	1982	Columbia
Future Shock	1983	Columbia
Sound-System	1984	Columbia
Village Life (with Foday Musa Suso)	1985	Columbia
Round Midnight (Soundtrack)	1986	Columbia
Jazz Africa (Live album with Foday Musa Suso)	1987	Polygram
Perfect Machine	1988	Columbia
A Tribute to Miles	1994	Qwest/Warner Bros.
Dis Is Da Drum	1994	Verve/Mercury
The New Standard	1995	Verve
1 + 1 (with Wayne Shorter)	1997	Verve
Gershwin's World	1998	Verve
Future2Future	2001	Transparent
Directions in Music: Live at Massey Hall (Live album)	2002	Verve
Possibilities	2005	Concord/Hear Music
De Luxe (Unofficial)	2005	Leader Music (Argentina)
River: The Joni Letters	2007	Verve
Then and Now: the Definitive Herbie Hancock	2008	Verve
The Imagine Project	2010	Hancock

Filmography [link]

As a Leader [link]

2000: Dejohnette, Hancock, Holland and Metheny – Live in Concert
2002: Herbie Hancock Trio: Hurricane! with Ron Carter and Billy Cobham^[20]
2002: The Jazz Channel Presents Herbie Hancock (BET on Jazz) with Cyro Baptista, Terri Lynne Carrington, Ira Coleman, Eli Degibri and Eddie Henderson (recorded in 2000)
2004: Herbie Hancock – Future2Future Live
2006: Herbie Hancock – Possibilities with John Mayer, Christina Aguilera, Joss Stone, and more

Awards [link]

Academy Awards [link]

1986, Original Soundtrack, for Round Midnight

Grammy Awards [link]

1984, Best R&B Instrumental Performance, for Rockit
1985, Best R&B Instrumental Performance, for Sound-System
1988, Best Instrumental Composition, for Call Sheet Blues
1995, Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Individual Or Group, for A Tribute to Miles
1997, Best Instrumental Composition, for Manhattan (Island Of Lights And Love)
1999, Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal(s), for St. Louis Blues
1999, Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Individual Or Group, for Gershwin's World
2003, Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Individual or Group, for Directions in Music: Live at Massey Hall
2003, Best Jazz Instrumental Solo, for My Ship
2005, Best Jazz Instrumental Solo, for Speak Like a Child
2008, Album of the Year, for River: The Joni Letters
2008, Best Contemporary Jazz Album, for River: The Joni Letters
2011, Best Improvised Jazz Solo, for A Change Is Gonna Come
2011, Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals, for Imagine

Playboy Music Poll [link]

Best Jazz Group, 1985
Best Jazz Keyboards, 1985
Best Jazz Album – Rockit, 1985
Best Jazz Keyboards, 1986
Best R&B Instrumentalist, 1987
Best Jazz Instrumentalist, 1988

Keyboard Magazine's Readers Poll [link]

Best Jazz & Pop Keyboardist, 1983
Best Jazz Pianist, 1987
Best Jazz Keyboardist, 1987
Best Jazz Pianist, 1988

Other notable awards [link]

MTV Awards (5 awards in total) – Best Concept Video – Rockit, 1983–84
Gold Note Jazz Awards – NY Chapter of the National Black MBA Association, 1985
French Award Officer of the Order of Arts & Letters - Paris, 1985
BMI Film Music Award Round Midnight, 1986
U.S. Radio Award "Best Original Music Scoring – Thom McAnn Shoes", 1986
Los Angeles Film Critics Association "Best Score – Round Midnight", 1986
BMI Film Music Award Colors, 1989
Miles Davis Award, granted by the Montreal International Jazz Festival, 1997
Soul Train Music Award "Best Jazz Album – The New Standard", 1997
Festival International Jazz de Montreal Prix Miles Davis, 1997
VH1's 100 Greatest Videos Rockit is "10th Greatest Video", 2001
NEA Jazz Masters Award, 2004
Downbeat Magazine Readers Poll Hall of Fame, 2005

^[21]

References [link]

^ "Herbie Hancock (American musician)". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/254052/Herbie-Hancock. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
^ Reiss, Valerie. "Beliefnet Presents: Herbie Hancock on Buddhism, Buddhist, Jazz, Music". Beliefnet.com. http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Buddhism/2007/10/Herbie-Fully-Buddhist.aspx. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
^ Burk, Greg (February 24, 2008). "He's still full of surprises". The Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2008/feb/24/entertainment/ca-hancock24.
^ Hentz, Stefan (August 3, 2010). "Herbie Hancock interview". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/worldfolkandjazz/7924263/Herbie-Hancock-interview.html. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c Dobbins, Bill and Kernfeld, Barry. "Herbie Hancock", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed February 19 2007), grovemusic.com (subscription access).
^ Coryell, Julie and Friedman, Laura (2000). Jazz-rock fusion, the people, the music. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 204. ISBN 0-7935-9941-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=XwWdk3x9u28C.
^ "CHRIS ANDERSON". Review of Love Locked Out. Mapleshade Music. http://www.mapleshaderecords.com/cds/56922.php. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
^ The tune Dr Honoris Causa written by Joe Zawinul and performed by Cannonball Adderley's quintet is an ironic celebration of the honorary degree.
^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2010). "Headhunters Herbie Hancock". Allmusic review of Headhunters. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r140166/review. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 242. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
^ "Herbie Hancock". Warr.org. http://www.warr.org/hancock.html. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
^ Brown, T. Kutner, J. & Warwick, N. The Complete Book of the British Charts. Omnibus Press (ISBN 0711990751), 2002, p.447
^ http://www.pandora.com/music/artist/3feb50074a703d1a
^ Andre Mayer (June 18, 2007). "Key figure: An interview with jazz legend Herbie Hancock". CBC News. http://www.cbc.ca/arts/music/hancock.html. Retrieved September 11, 2007.
^ JoniMitchell.com
^ Shriners Hospitals for Children, "About Rhythm on the Vine", Rhythm on the Vine, 2008.
^ "Obama: People Who Love This Country Can Change It". Foxnews. January 18, 2009. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/01/18/obama-family-arrives-concert-lincoln-memorial/. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
^ Haga, E. Herbie Hancock Named L.A. Philharmonic's Next Creative Chair for Jazz, Jazz Times, August 5, 2009.
^ Alumni Award: Herbert J. Hancock '60, http://loggia.grinnell.edu/Page.aspx?pid=1098 Hancock received an Alumni Award from Grinnell College at the annual Alumni Assembly June 5, 2010.
^ "VIEW DVD Listing". View.com. http://www.view.com/herbie_hancock_trio_hurricane_dvd.aspx. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
^ Hancock named Harvard Foundation Artist of the Year – The Harvard University Gazette^{[dead link]}

External links [link]

Official website of Herbie Hancock
Official Herbie Hancock MySpace page
Herbie Hancock at Verve Records
River:The Joni Letters at Verve Records
Possibilities Herbie Hancock
Discography Herbie Hancock Discography
Interview with Herbie Hancock on music and technology from AppleMatters
Interview with Herbie Hancock on the "Possibilities" album release from LiveDaily
Herbie Hancock: Outside The Comfort Zone Herbie Hancock interview from JamBase
"Herbie Hancock: Essential Recordings" by Ted Gioia (www.jazz.com)
Herbie Hancock's Grinnell College Alumni Award citation from Grinnell College Alumni Assembly on June 5, 2010.

v t e Herbie Hancock

Discography

Studio albums	Takin' Off My Point of View Inventions and Dimensions Empyrean Isles Maiden Voyage Speak Like a Child The Prisoner Fat Albert Rotunda Mwandishi Crossings Sextant Head Hunters Dedication Thrust Man-Child Secrets Third Plane Herbie Hancock Trio Sunlight Directstep The Piano Feets, Don't Fail Me Now Monster Mr. Hands Magic Windows Herbie Hancock Trio Lite Me Up Quartet Future Shock Sound System Village Life Perfect Machine A Tribute to Miles Dis Is da Drum The New Standard 1 + 1 Gershwin's World Future2Future Possibilities River: The Joni Letters The Imagine Project

Live albums	Hear, O Israel - A Prayer Ceremony in Jazz Flood V.S.O.P. V.S.O.P.: The Quintet V.S.O.P.: Tempest in the Colosseum An Evening with Herbie Hancock & Chick Corea: In Concert CoreaHancock V.S.O.P.: Live Under the Sky Jazz Africa Directions in Music: Live at Massey Hall Live: Detroit/Chicago

with Bob Brookmeyer	Bob Brookmeyer and Friends

with Donald Byrd	Chant Royal Flush Free Form Out of this World A New Perspective

with Miles Davis	Seven Steps to Heaven My Funny Valentine Four & More E.S.P. Miles Smiles Sorcerer Nefertiti Miles in the Sky Filles de Kilimanjaro In a Silent Way A Tribute to Jack Johnson On the Corner Big Fun Get Up with It Water Babies

with Jack DeJohnette, Pat Metheny and Dave Holland	Parallel Realities

with Joe Farrell	Moon Germs Penny Arcade Upon This Rock Night Dancing

with Freddie Hubbard	Hub-Tones Straight Life Red Clay

Compilations	Treasure Chest The Best of Herbie Hancock The Then and Now: The Definitive Herbie Hancock

Soundtracks	Blow-Up Death Wish 'Round Midnight

v t e Academy Award for Best Original Score (1981–2000)

Vangelis (1981) John Williams/Henry Mancini and Leslie Bricusse (1982) Bill Conti/Michel Legrand, Alan Bergman and Marilyn Bergman (1983) Maurice Jarre/Prince (1984) John Barry (1985) Herbie Hancock (1986) Ryuichi Sakamoto, David Byrne and Cong Su (1987) Dave Grusin (1988) Alan Menken (1989) John Barry (1990) Alan Menken (1991) Alan Menken (1992) John Williams (1993) Hans Zimmer (1994) Luis Enríquez Bacalov/Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz (1995) Gabriel Yared/Rachel Portman (1996) James Horner/Anne Dudley (1997) Nicola Piovani/Stephen Warbeck (1998) John Corigliano (1999) Tan Dun (2000)

Complete list (1934–1940) (1941–1960) (1961–1980) (1981–2000) (2001–2020)

Grammy Award for Album of the Year (2000s)

Supernatural performed by Santana (Rodney Holmes, Tony Lindsay, Karl Perazzo, Raul Rekow, Benny Rietveld, Carlos Santana, Chester Thompson); engineered/mixed by Alvaro Villagra, Andy Grassi, Anton Pukshansky, Benny Faccone, Chris Theis, Commissioner Gordon, David Frazer, David Thoener, Glenn Kolotkin, Jeff Poe, Jim Gaines, Jim Scott, John Gamble, John Karpowich, John Seymour, Matty Spindel, Mike Couzzi, Steve Farrone, Steve Fontano, T-Ray, Tom Lord-Alge, Tony Prendatt & Warren Riker; produced by Alex Gonzales, Art Hodge, Charles Goodan, Clive Davis, Dante Ross, Dust Brothers, Fher Olvera, Jerry 'Wonder' Duplessis, K. C. Porter, Lauryn Hill, Matt Serletic, Stephen M. Harris & Wyclef Jean (2000)	Two Against Nature performed by Steely Dan (Walter Becker, Donald Fagen); engineered/mixed by Dave Russell, Elliot Scheiner, Phil Burnett & Roger Nichols; produced by Donald Fagen & Walter Becker (2001)
O Brother, Where Art Thou? Soundtrack performed by Alison Krauss & Union Station (Barry Bales, Ron Block, Jerry Douglas, Alison Krauss, Dan Tyminski), Chris Sharp, Chris Thomas King, Emmylou Harris, Gillian Welch, Harley Allen, John Hartford, Mike Compton, Norman Blake, Pat Enright, Peasall Sisters (Hannah Peasall, Leah Peasall, Sarah Peasall), Ralph Stanley, Sam Bush, Stuart Duncan, The Cox Family (Evelyn Cox, Sidney Cox, Suzanne Cox, Willard Cox), The Fairfield Four (Nathan Best, Isaac Freeman, Robert Hamlett, James Hill, Joseph Rice, Wilson Waters, Jr.), The Whites (Buck White, Cheryl White, Sharon White) & Tim Blake Nelson; engineered/mixed by Mike Piersante & Peter Kurland; master engineered by Gavin Lurssen; produced by T-Bone Burnett (2002)	Come Away with Me performed by Norah Jones; engineered/mixed by Jay Newland & S. Husky Höskulds; master engineered by Ted Jensen; produced by Arif Mardin, Craig Street, Jay Newland & Norah Jones (2003)
Speakerboxxx/The Love Below performed by OutKast (André 3000, Big Boi); engineered/mixed by Brian Paturalski, Chris Carmouche, Darrell Thorp, Dexter Simmons, John Frye, Kevin Davis, Matt Still, Moka Nagatani, Neal H. Pogue, Padraic Kernin, Pete Novak, Reggie Dozier, Robert Hannon, Terrence Cash & Vincent Alexander; master engineered by Bernie Grundman & Brian Gardner; produced by André 3000, Big Boi & Carl Mo (2004)	Genius Loves Company performed by Ray Charles and Various Artists; engineered/mixed by Al Schmitt, Ed Thacker, Joel W. Moss, John Harris, Mark Fleming, Pete Karam, Robert Fernandez, Seth Presant & Terry Howard; master engineered by Doug Sax & Robert Hadley; produced by Don Mizell, Herbert Waltl, John R. Burk, Phil Ramone & Terry Howard (2005)
How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb performed by U2 (Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, Larry Mullen, Jr.); engineered/mixed by Carl Glanville, Flood, Greg Collins, Jacknife Lee, Nellee Hooper, Simon Gogerly & Steve Lillywhite; master engineered by Arnie Acosta; produced by Brian Eno, Chris Thomas, Daniel Lanois, Flood, Jacknife Lee & Steve Lillywhite (2006)	Taking the Long Way performed by Dixie Chicks (Martie Maguire, Natalie Maines, Emily Robison); engineered/mixed by Chris Testa, Jim Scott & Richard Dodd; master engineered by Richard Dodd; produced by Rick Rubin (2007)
River: The Joni Letters performed by Herbie Hancock; featuring Norah Jones, Joni Mitchell, Corinne Bailey Rae , Tina Turner ; produced by Herbie Hancock & Larry Klein; engineered/mixed by Helik Hadar; master engeineered by Bernie Grundman (2008)	Raising Sand performed by Robert Plant & Alison Krauss; produced by T-Bone Burnett; engineered/mixed by Mike Piersante; master engeineered by Gavin Lurssen (2009)

Persondata
Name	Hancock, Herbie
Alternative names	Hancock, Herbert Jeffrey
Short description	Pianist, composer, and bandleader
Date of birth	April 12, 1940
Place of birth	Chicago, Illinois, United States
Date of death
Place of death

http://wn.com/Herbie_Hancock

http://it.wn.com/Herbie Hancock

http://cs.wn.com/Herbie Hancock

http://id.wn.com/Herbie Hancock

http://es.wn.com/Herbie Hancock

http://ru.wn.com/Хэнкок, Херби

http://nl.wn.com/Herbie Hancock

http://pl.wn.com/Herbie Hancock

http://fr.wn.com/Herbie Hancock

http://de.wn.com/Herbie Hancock

http://pt.wn.com/Herbie Hancock

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancock

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (September 2008)

Bob Carlisle
Born	(1956-09-29) September 29, 1956 (age 55)
Origin	Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Genres	CCM
Occupations	Singer-songwriter
Instruments	Vocals
Years active	1985–present
Labels	Sparrow Diadem Music
Associated acts	Allies

Bob Carlisle (born September 29, 1956; Los Angeles, California) is a Grammy Award and Dove Award-winning American musician who performs Christian music. He performed with several bands, most notably Allies and Billy Thermal, before launching a solo career. He has two children, Brooke and Evan.

Carlisle is best known for his hit song "Butterfly Kisses", which appeared on his third solo album. That album, originally titled Shades of Grace, was later re-released as Butterfly Kisses (Shades of Grace) because of the success of the single. He co-wrote this song with former Allies partner Randy Thomas and for this they together won the 1997 Grammy Award for Best Country Song. "Butterfly Kisses" also won a Dove Award for Song of the Year. This song was also a country chart single that same year for Jeff Carson and the Raybon Brothers.^[1]

1 Discography
2 Awards and nominations
3 References
4 External links

Discography [link]

Studio albums [link]

Title	Album details	Peak chart positions								Certifications (sales threshold)
Title	Album details	US Christ ^[2]	US ^[3]	US Heat ^[2]	CAN ^[4]	CAN Country ^[5]	AUS ^[6]	NL ^[7]	NZ ^[8]	Certifications (sales threshold)
Bob Carlisle	Release date: June 15, 1993 Label: Sparrow Records Formats: CD, cassette	16	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
The Hope of a Man	Release date: November 15, 1994 Label: Sparrow Records Formats: CD, cassette	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Butterfly Kisses (Shades of Grace)	Release date: May 13, 1997 Label: Diadem/Jive Records Formats: CD, cassette	1	1	1	6	1	10	90	30	AUS: Gold^[9] CAN: Platinum^[10] US: 2× Platinum^[11]
Stories from the Heart	Release date: September 29, 1998 Label: Diadem/Benson Records Formats: CD, cassette	7	191	—	—	—	—	—	—
That Wonderful Someone	Release date: September 14, 1999 Label: Mercury Records Formats: CD, cassette	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Nothing but the Truth	Release date: August 22, 2000 Label: Diadem Records Formats: CD, cassette	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
"—" denotes releases that did not chart

Compilation albums [link]

Title	Album details	Peak positions
Title	Album details	US Christ ^[2]
The Best of Bob Carlisle	Release date: May 21, 2002 Label: Diadem Records Formats: CD	38

Singles [link]

Year	Single	Peak chart positions									Album
Year	Single	US Country ^[12]	US AC ^[13]	US Adult ^[14]	US Pop ^[15]	CAN Country ^[16]	CAN ^[17]	CAN AC ^[18]	NL ^[19]	UK ^[20]	Album
1997	"Butterfly Kisses"	45	1	13	16	25	52	1	16	56	Butterfly Kisses (Shades of Grace)

Guest singles [link]

Year	Single	Artist	Album
1999	"That Wonderful Someone"	Patsy Cline	Duets Volume 1

Awards and nominations [link]

Year	Association	Category	Result
1998	40th Grammy Awards	Best Country Song - "Butterfly Kisses"^[21]	Won
1998	Dove Awards of 1998	Southern Gospel Recorded Song of the Year - "Butterfly Kisses"	Won

References [link]

^ "Nashville Scene". Billboard. 1997-09-20. http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/miscellaneous-retail-retail-stores-not/4662328-1.html. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
^ ^a ^b ^c "allmusic ((( Bob Carlisle > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums )))". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p37760/charts-awards. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Bob Carlisle Album & Song Chart History - Billboard 200". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/bob-carlisle/chart-history/30499. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Bob Carlisle Album & Song Chart History - Canadian Albums". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/bob-carlisle/chart-history/30499?f=309&g=Albums. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Results - RPM - Library and Archives Canada - Country Albums/CDs". RPM. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=kitknbluo26vn5o33vnmeauob4&q1=Bob+Carlisle&q2=Country+Albums%2FCDs&interval=20. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "australian-charts.com - Australian charts portal". australian-charts.com. http://australian-charts.com/search.asp?cat=a&search=bob+carlisle. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "dutchcharts.nl - Dutch charts portal". dutchcharts.nl. http://www.dutchcharts.nl/search.asp?cat=a&cat2=s&search=Bob+Carlisle. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "charts.org.nz - New Zealand charts portal". charts.org.nz. http://charts.org.nz/search.asp?cat=a&search=bob+carlisle. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 1997 Albums". ARIA Charts. http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-albums-1997.htm. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Gold & Platinum Search - Music Canada". Music Canada. http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=&ica=False&sa=Bob%20Carlisle&sl=&smt=0&sat=-1&ssb=Cert.%20Date&ssdir=descending. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
^ "RIAA - Gold & Platinum - October 2, 2010: Bob Carlisle certified albums". Recording Industry Association of America. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Bob%20Carlisle&format=ALBUM&go=Search&perPage=50. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Bob Carlisle Album & Song Chart History - Country Songs". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/bob-carlisle/chart-history/30499?f=357&g=Singles. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Bob Carlisle Album & Song Chart History - Adult Contemporary". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/bob-carlisle/chart-history/30499?f=341&g=Singles. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Bob Carlisle Album & Song Chart History - Adult Pop Songs". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/bob-carlisle/chart-history/30499?f=343&g=Singles. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Bob Carlisle Album & Song Chart History - Pop Songs". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/bob-carlisle/chart-history/30499?f=381&g=Singles. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Results - RPM - Library and Archives Canada - Country Singles". RPM. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=doqkjeh8r6k8dcjum4ctpg0mo1&q1=Bob+Carlisle&q2=Country+Singles&interval=20. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Results - RPM - Library and Archives Canada - Top Singles". RPM. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?q1=Bob+Carlisle&q2=Top+Singles&interval=20&sk=21&&PHPSESSID=d3c1pbgmcu405u6c00d48acmo3. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Results - RPM - Library and Archives Canada - Adult Contemporary". RPM. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=kitknbluo26vn5o33vnmeauob4&q1=Bob+Carlisle&q2=Adult+Contemporary&interval=20. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "dutchcharts.nl - Dutch charts portal". dutchcharts.nl. http://www.dutchcharts.nl/search.asp?search=Bob+Carlisle&cat=s. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "Chart Log UK: Chris C. - CZR". Official Charts Company. http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_C.HTM. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
^ "allmusic ((( Bob Carlisle > Charts & Awards > Grammy Awards )))". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p37760/charts-awards/grammy-awards. Retrieved October 2, 2010.

External links [link]

Persondata
Name	Carlisle, Bob
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1956-09-29
Place of birth
Date of death
Place of death

http://wn.com/Bob_Carlisle

http://fr.wn.com/Bob Carlisle

http://nl.wn.com/Bob Carlisle

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Carlisle

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

This Awards and achievements succession box's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please help improve the article by updating it. There may be additional information on the talk page. (April 2012)

Miley Cyrus
Cyrus at the 2012 People's Choice Awards
Background information
Birth name	Destiny Hope Cyrus
Born	(1992-11-23) November 23, 1992 (age 19) Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.^[1]
Genres	Pop,^[2] country pop, dance, electropop, teen pop
Occupations	Actress, musician
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, piano
Years active	2001–present
Labels	Walt Disney, Hollywood
Associated acts	Hannah Montana, Billy Ray Cyrus, Demi Lovato
Website	MileyCyrus.com Signature of Miley Cyrus.

Miley Ray Cyrus (born Destiny Hope Cyrus; November 23, 1992) is an American actress and pop singer-songwriter. She achieved wide fame for her role as Miley Stewart/Hannah Montana on the Disney Channel sitcom Hannah Montana.

Cyrus recorded music for the soundtracks, Hannah Montana (2006) and Hannah Montana 2/Meet Miley Cyrus (2007), released by Walt Disney Records. With the success of the Hannah Montana franchise she established herself as a teen idol. In 2007, Cyrus signed to Hollywood Records to pursue a solo career. She embarked upon the Best of Both Worlds Tour the same year, in which she performed as both herself and in character as Hannah Montana. The tour was eventually turned into a high-grossing concert film titled Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert (2008). In July 2008, Cyrus released her first solo album, Breakout (2008), which was commercially successful.

She began her foray into film by providing the voice of "Penny" in the animated film Bolt (2008). Cyrus earned a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song for her performance of Bolt's theme song, "I Thought I Lost You". She also reprised her role as Miley Stewart/Hannah Montana in Hannah Montana: The Movie (2009). The Hannah Montana: The Movie' soundtrack introduced her to new audiences within country and adult contemporary markets.

She began to cultivate an adult image in 2009 with the release of The Time of Our Lives (2009), an extended play which presented a more mainstream pop sound, and by filming The Last Song (2010), a coming-of-age drama film. The former included Cyrus's best-selling single, "Party in the U.S.A." (2009). A studio album titled Can't Be Tamed was released in 2010 and presents a new dance-pop sound. The music video and lyrics of the album's lead single, "Can't Be Tamed", portrays a more sexualized image for the entertainer. Cyrus ranked number thirteen on Forbes' 2010 Celebrity 100.^[3] For the 2011 Guinness World Records, she was named the “Most Charted Teenager” following her 29th US Billboard Hot 100 chart entry on November 7, 2009 with “Party in the USA”.^[4]

Early life [link]

Cyrus at the 2010 Academy Awards.

Cyrus was born on November 23, 1992, in Nashville, Tennessee, to Letitia Jean "Tish"^[5] (née Finley) and country singer Billy Ray Cyrus.^[6]^[7] Her parents named her Destiny Hope because they believed that she would accomplish great things with her life. They gave her the nickname "Smiley", which was later shortened to "Miley", because she smiled so often as a baby.^[8] Cyrus suffers from a mild heart condition causing tachycardia which, though not dangerous, is often bothersome.^[9]

Against the wishes of her father's record company,^[10] Cyrus's parents secretly married a year after Cyrus's birth on December 28, 1993.^[7]^[11] Tish had two children from a previous relationship: Trace and Brandi. Billy Ray adopted Trace and Brandi when they were young.^[12] She has a half-brother, Christopher Cody, Billy Ray's son from a brief relationship, born the same year as Miley; he grew up with his mother in South Carolina.^[10] Tish and Billy Ray had two more children, Braison and Noah. Cyrus's godmother is entertainer Dolly Parton.^[13] Cyrus was very close to her paternal grandfather, Democratic politician Ronald Ray Cyrus.^[14] Cyrus has paid her grandfather several tributes since his death in 2006, including eventually changing her middle name to "Ray".^[15] According to Cyrus's father, "A lot of people say Miley changed her name to Miley Ray because of Billy Ray, but that's not true. She did that in honor of my dad, because the two of them just loved each other to pieces."^[9]

Cyrus grew up on a 500-acre (2.0 km²) farm in Franklin, Tennessee, a suburb of Nashville,^[16] and attended Heritage Elementary School.^[17] She was raised Christian and was baptized in a Southern Baptist church prior to moving to Hollywood in 2005. She attended church regularly while growing up and wore a purity ring.^[18] Several of Cyrus's siblings also eventually entered the entertainment business: Trace became a vocalist and guitarist for the electronic pop band Metro Station,^[19] Noah became an actress, and Brandi became a guitarist.^[20]

Career [link]

2001–05: Career beginnings [link]

In 2001, when Cyrus was eight, she and her family moved to Toronto, Canada while her father filmed the television series Doc.^[21] Cyrus said watching her father film the show inspired her to pursue acting. After Billy Ray took her to see a 2001 Mirvish production of Mamma Mia! at the Royal Alexandra Theatre, Cyrus grabbed his arm and told him, "This is what I want to do, daddy. I want to be an actress."^[22] She began taking singing and acting classes at the Armstrong Acting Studio in Toronto.^[23] In her first role, Cyrus played a girl named Kylie on Doc.^[8] In 2003, Cyrus was credited under her birth name for her role as "Young Ruthie" in Tim Burton's Big Fish.^[24]

At age 11, Cyrus learned about the casting for what became Hannah Montana, a Disney Channel children's television series about a school girl with a secret double life as a teen pop star. Cyrus sent in a tape auditioning for the show's best friend role, but received a call asking her to audition for the lead, "Chloe Stewart".^[1] After sending in a new tape and flying to Hollywood for further auditions,^[25] Cyrus was told that she was too young and too small for the part.^[25]^[26] However, her persistence and ability to sing in addition to act led the show's producers to invite her back for further auditions. Cyrus eventually received the lead, renamed "Miley Stewart" after herself, at the age of twelve.^[25] During this time, she also auditioned with Taylor Lautner for the feature film The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D and it came down to her and another actress, but Cyrus started doing Hannah Montana instead.^[27]

As Cyrus's career took off, Tish Cyrus made several critical decisions regarding her daughter's representation. She signed Cyrus with Mitchell Gossett, director of the youth division at Cunningham Escott Slevin Doherty. Gossett, who specializes in creating child stars, had arranged for Cyrus's auditions for Hannah Montana and is credited with "discovering" her.^[28]^[29] For Cyrus's music career, Tish followed the advice of Dolly Parton, Cyrus's godmother and a singer herself, and signed Cyrus with Jason Morey of Morey Management Group. "Dolly said the Moreys are people you can trust around your daughter," Tish Cyrus recalls, "and she said they have good morals, which is not always the case in this business."^[30] According to trade magazine The Hollywood Reporter, Parton's advice was "the best advice [Tish] could [have gotten] on who should rep her daughter."^[30] Tish also recruited Billy Ray's business manager to manage her daughter's finances. Tish herself continues to co-manage or produce many of Cyrus's career decisions.^[30] For her education, Cyrus enrolled at Options for Youth Charter Schools^[31] and studied with a private tutor on the set of her television show.^[32]

[edit] 2006–07: Hannah Montana and Hannah Montana 2: Meet Miley Cyrus

Cyrus performing on the Best of Both Worlds Tour

Main articles: Hannah Montana and Hannah Montana 2: Meet Miley Cyrus

Hannah Montana became an instant hit and propelled Cyrus to teen idol status, according to The Daily Telegraph.^[24] The series premiered on March 26, 2006, to the largest audience ever for a Disney Channel show^[33] and soon became one of the highest-rated series on basic cable, elevating Cyrus's wealth and fame along with it.^[34] Time magazine reports that Cyrus's "phenom[enal]" success is due partially to her talent and partially to "Disney learning to use its vast, multimedia holdings" and market Cyrus and Hannah Montana appropriately.^[35] Cyrus eventually became the first artist to have deals in television, film, consumer products, and music within The Walt Disney Company.^[28]

The first single was "The Best of Both Worlds", the theme song to Hannah Montana, which was released on March 28, 2006.^[36] "The Best of Both Worlds" is credited to "Hannah Montana", the pop star Cyrus portrays on the series by the same name. As with other songs credited to Montana, Cyrus typically dressed as the character when performing the song live.^[37] Cyrus's first release under her own name was a cover of James Baskett's "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah", released on April 4, 2006, on the fourth edition of DisneyMania.^[38] Dressed as Hannah Montana, Cyrus opened for The Cheetah Girls on twenty dates of their The Party's Just Begun Tour, beginning on September 15, 2006.^[39] On October 24 of same year, Walt Disney Records released the first Hannah Montana soundtrack. Of the nine tracks on the soundtrack performed by Cyrus, eight were credited to "Hannah Montana" and one, a duet with her father titled "I Learned from You", was credited to Cyrus as herself. The album peaked at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart.^[40]

Cyrus and her father, Billy Ray, performing "Ready, Set, Don't Go" at the Kids' Inaugural: "We Are the Future." – January 19, 2009; Washington D.C.

The second season of Hannah Montana premiered on April 23, 2007, and ran until October 12, 2008.^[41] Cyrus signed a four-album deal with Disney-owned Hollywood Records and, on June 26, 2007, released a double-disc album. The first disc was the soundtrack to the second season of Hannah Montana, while the second, titled Meet Miley Cyrus, was Cyrus's debut album credited to her own name. The double-disc album peaked at number one on the Billboard 200^[42] and was later certified three times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).^[43] Meet Miley Cyrus generated "See You Again", Cyrus's first single to be released under her own name and her first top ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100.^[44] In fall 2007, Cyrus launched her first tour, the Best of Both Worlds Tour, to promote Meet Miley Cyrus and the Hannah Montana soundtracks. With the Jonas Brothers, Aly & AJ, and Everlife as her opening acts, Cyrus toured from October 17, 2007, to January 31, 2008, with stops in the U.S. and Canada.^[45] Tickets sold out in minutes and were scalped for up to $2,500 and an average of $214, well above their $26–$65 face value.^[46] A Ticketmaster official commented, "Hell hath no fury like the parent of a child throwing a tantrum. People who have been in this business for a long time are watching what's happening, and they say there hasn't been a demand of this level or intensity since The Beatles or Elvis."^[47]

[edit] 2008–09: Breakout, transitions and film career launch

Cyrus at 2008 MTV Video Music Awards

Main articles: Hannah Montana: The Movie, Hannah Montana 3, The Time of Our Lives, Breakout (Miley Cyrus album), and Breakout (Miley Cyrus album)

After the end of the Best of Both Worlds Tour in January 2008, Walt Disney Pictures released Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert, a 3D concert film of the tour, on February 1, 2008, for what was expected to be a one-week run. The film earned over $31 million^[48] at the box-office and an average of $42,000 per theater, twice the expected total, convincing Disney executives to extend the release for an indefinite run. "We don't want to turn away kids from the theaters who couldn't get into the concerts," said Chuck Viane, Disney's chief of distribution.^[49] The film's soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records/Hollywood Records on March 11, 2008, and peaked at number three on the Billboard 200.^[50]

On July 22, 2008, Cyrus released her second studio album under her own name, titled Breakout. Cyrus said Breakout was inspired by "what's been going on in my life in the past year."^[51] Cyrus co-wrote eight out of twelve songs on the album.^[51] "Songwriting is what I really want to do with my life forever, [...] I just hope this record showcases that, more than anything, I'm a writer."^[52] The album debuted at #1 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart^[53] and its lead single, "7 Things", peaked at number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100.^[54]^[55] She hosted the 2008 CMT Music Awards with her father in April^[56] and the 2008 Teen Choice Awards by herself in August.^[57] Cyrus provided the voice of Penny in the 2008 computer-animated film Bolt, which was released on November 21, 2008, to critical acclaim.^[58] Cyrus also co-wrote and recorded the song "I Thought I Lost You" as a duet with John Travolta for the film, for which she received a Golden Globe nomination.^[59] In September 2009, she participated in the charity single "Just Stand Up!" in support of the anti-cancer campaign Stand Up to Cancer^[60] and in the City of Hope Benefit Concert in support of cancer research and training programs.^[61] She also became involved in Disney's Friends for Change, an environmentalist group, for which she recorded the charity single "Send It On" along with several other Disney Channel stars.^[62]

Cyrus performing on the Wonder World Tour

Cyrus had already begun transitioning to a more grown-up image in late 2008, when her representatives negotiated a deal for novelist Nicholas Sparks to write the screenplay and novel basis for a film that would serve as a star vehicle for Cyrus by introducing her to audiences older than the young fans she had gained through Hannah Montana.^[63] Sparks and co-writer Jeff Van Wie developed The Last Song.^[63] It was important to Cyrus that she not be type cast as a singer: "I didn't want to be a singer in another film. I don't want to do that anymore. You have no idea how many musicals show up on my door. I want to do something a little more serious."^[64] In March 2009, Cyrus published Miles to Go, a memoir co-written by Hilary Liftin chronicling her life through age sixteen.^[65] Cyrus starred as Miley Stewart/Hannah Montana in Hannah Montana: The Movie, released April 10, 2009. Both the film and its soundtrack, which contained twelve songs performed by Cyrus,^[66] achieved commercial success.^[67]^[68] The soundtrack's lead single, "The Climb", became a Top 40 hit in twelve countries^[69] and introduced Cyrus to listeners outside her typical teen pop audience.^[70] Cyrus had considered ending Hannah Montana after its third season, which finished production on June 5, 2009,^[71] but Disney retained and exercised its option for a fourth season.^[72]

Production on The Last Song lasted from June 15, 2009, to August 18, 2009.^[73] In between, Cyrus launched the third Hannah Montana soundtrack, recorded the extended play The Time of Our Lives (EP), and released the EP's lead single, "Party in the U.S.A."^[74] Cyrus said The Time of Our Lives "is a transitioning album. [...] really to introduce people to what I want my next record to sound like and with time I will be able to do that a little more."^[75] "Party in the U.S.A." debuted at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 for her best-ever ranking on the chart.^[76] The Time of Our Lives was released in conjunction with a clothing line co-designed by Cyrus and Max Azria for Walmart.^[77]

From September 14, 2009, to December 29, 2010, Cyrus toured on her Wonder World Tour to promote Breakout and The Time of Our Lives.^{[citation needed]} On December 7, 2009, Cyrus performed for Queen Elizabeth II and numerous other members of the British Royal Family at the Royal Variety Performance in Blackpool, North West England.^[78]

[edit] 2010–2011: Can't Be Tamed, focus on film career, and Gypsy Heart Tour

Main articles: Can't Be Tamed and Hannah Montana Forever

Cyrus at 2010 MuchMusic Video Awards soundcheck.

Production on the fourth and final season of Hannah Montana began on January 18, 2010.^[79] In the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Cyrus appeared on the charity singles "We Are the World: 25 for Haiti" and "Everybody Hurts".^[80]^[81] Her third studio album, Can't Be Tamed, was released on June 21, 2010. The album's first single is the title track, "Can't Be Tamed". The single was released for sale on May 18, 2010, and entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number eight.^[82] Cyrus's costumes and dances while promoting Can't Be Tamed were also considerably more provocative than previous performances, arousing media criticism.^[83] After releasing the album, Cyrus intends to take a break from the music industry in order to focus on her film career.^[84] She commented, "I've not taken, like, acting lessons or anything, but it doesn't mean I don't need to because I'm sure I do [...] I'm probably going to go book an acting coach."^[85] Cyrus has also decided to opt out of college for the same reason, saying "I'm a firm believer that you can go back at any age you want, because my Grandma went back to college at 62 [...] For right now, I really want to focus on my career. I've worked hard to get to where I am now, and I want to enjoy it while it lasts."^[86]^[87]^[88]

Cyrus starred in The Last Song, which was released on March 31, 2010, and received generally poor reviews, as did Cyrus's performance.^[89] Nonetheless, the film was commercially successful, grossing more than $88 million at the worldwide box office.^[90] According to box-office analyst Exhibitor Relations, the film marked "a successful transition to adult roles for Miley Cyrus."^[91] The fourth and final season of Hannah Montana began airing on Disney Channel on July 11, 2010, and was ended on January 16, 2011.^[92] Cyrus filmed two more films, LOL: Laughing Out Loud and So Undercover in 2010. In LOL, a remake of a 2008 French teen film of the same name, Cyrus plays "a daughter who is involved with all the wrong kids, doing drugs, failing school, but [...whose] mother has her on this perfect pedestal" and says "[She] just fell in love with the story."^[93] Cyrus' character loses her virginity, smokes cannabis, gets wasted and kisses two girlfriends on the lips.^[94] She will also star in So Undercover, an action comedy film. Cyrus will play the part of "a tough, street-smart private eye hired by the FBI to go undercover in a college sorority."^[95] She learned street fighting for the role.^[95]

Despite her earlier announcement that she'd be focusing more on acting in the future, in February 2011, Cyrus confirmed she had no films lineup and was going to go on tour.^[96] On April 29, 2011, Cyrus embarked on her international Gypsy Heart Tour in South America and ended the tour on July 2, 2011, in Australia. Cyrus hosted Saturday Night Live on March 5, 2011, where she performed in several sketches. She also sang a brief song about her several controversies, such as the bong incident, the photo of her friend and she eating a Twizzler, and the "pole dance" on a hotel pole at the Teen Choice Awards, stating "I'm sorry that I'm not perfect."^[97]^[98] In March 2011, father Billy Ray Cyrus confirmed on talk show, The View, that Cyrus had been in talks with producer Dr. Luke on a new album.^[99] In July 2011, it was announced that she would record her fourth studio album and she has no plans to sign onto any other film projects.^[100] However, it was reported on August 2, 2011, by Contact Music that Cyrus has signed on to star in a comedy in which she plays a woman who broke a promise to God.^[101]

Cyrus released on YouTube a remix of her song "Liberty Walk" in November 2011, dedicated to the Occupy movement, which she referred to as, "the thousands of people who are standing up for what they believe in."^[102]

[edit] 2012–present: LOL, So Undercover, and focus on music career

LOL came out on May 4th

In January 2012, it was announced that Cyrus would be on Punk'd. Cyrus would be on the show alongside friend and co-star in her new film So Undercover, Kelly Osbourne. Cyrus and Osbourne on an episode of the show would punk reality star and TV personality Khloé Kardashian Odom. They punk Khloe by having a young food delivery man pretends to get his family jewels caught in his zipper while using Miley's bathroom.^[103]^[104]

On January 24, the album Chimes of Freedom: Songs of Bob Dylan Honoring 50 Years of Amnesty International was released in honor of Bob Dylan, Cyrus covered Dylan's song "You're Gonna Make Me Lonesome When You Go" from his 15th studio album Blood on the Tracks, in which she also made a music video.^[105] Cyrus's version of the song earned positive reviews from music critics.^[106]^[107]^[108]

In February, Cyrus dropped out of the animated comedy Hotel Transylvania, in which she was meant to play the role of Mavis, the daughter of Dracula who is voiced by Adam Sandler, the movie also stars Andy Samberg, Kevin James, Fran Drescher, and David Spade.^[109] It was later announced that she will be replaced by fellow Disney star and friend Selena Gomez.^[110] She later announced that she dropped out of the film because she wanted to work on her music this year.^[111]^[112]

Earnings [link]

In 2008, Cyrus earned $25 million, up from her earnings of $18 million in 2007, and was ranked number 35 on Forbes magazine's "Celebrity 100" list.^[113] Parade magazine reported she was the richest teenage celebrity and that her franchise would be worth approximately $1 billion by the end of the year.^[114] In 2009, Forbes ranked her #29 on the Celebrity 100 and reported she had earned a total of $25 million.^[115] Then Cyrus got ranked number thirteen on Forbes' 2010 Celebrity 100 ranking $48 million.^[3] From the $48 million she made between June 2009 to June 2010 made her the no. 4 highest earners under 30 and the youngest on the list.^[116] between June 2010 and June 2011, Cyrus earned $54 million.^[117]

From working on Hannah Montana, Cyrus got paid $15,000 per episode she did on the hit show, making her the 6th highest paid child star on television behind fellow Disney stars Dylan and Cole Sprouse and Keke Palmer with $20,000 for their shows. Also, she is behind friend and Disney star Selena Gomez that makes $25,000 per episode of her show, Nick star Miranda Cosgrove with $180,000 per episode of her show, and one time co-star Angus T. Jones that got paid $250,000 for each episode of his show.^[118] Though she had not got paid as much as other Disney stars,when she was 17 she was named #19 on the "Top 20 World's Richest Female Singers Of All Time" list with over $100 million in 5 years active throughout her career, which made her the youngest female artist on the list.^[119] In 2011, she was named #1 on the "Top 10 Richest Teens in Hollywood" with $120 million.^[120]

Personal life and image [link]

Cyrus on the Red Carpet at VH1 Divas 2009

A Christian, she was baptized in a Southern Baptist church in 2005.^[121]

In February 2008, Cyrus and her friend Mandy Jiroux opened a YouTube account and began posting videos of what they called The Miley and Mandy Show. The show, described as a "YouTube hit," is said to be filmed for fun by Cyrus and Jiroux and to be entirely their work, with Cyrus and Jiroux editing the footage together.^[122]

With Cyrus's increased success came increased media attention. In a May 2008 interview with The Los Angeles Times, Francois Navarre, the proprietor of the X17 photo agency, said Cyrus's market value had picked up considerably after the Vanity Fair photo controversy: "She's started to sell more. [...] It used to be $300, and now it's $2,000 for a picture."^[123] Estimates for a picture of the then-15 year old's first kiss ranged from $30,000 to $150,000.^[123] Navarre noted that Cyrus rarely behaved against her wholesome image or went out without a parent and stated, "She has people waiting for the moment she starts to be less traditional. [...] It's natural. Any teenager. But it's going to come very fast. [...] As soon as her mom lets her go out by herself. It's going to start to be interesting."^[123] Time magazine included her on the 2008 Time 100, the magazine's list of the 100 most influential people in the world. Her write-up was written by former child star Donny Osmond, who warned, "As an idol to tweens the world over, singer-actress Miley Cyrus, 15, is riding a huge tidal wave at the pinnacle of her career; this is as it should be. I hope she enjoys it. [...] Within three to five years, Miley will have to face adulthood. [...] As she does, she'll want to change her image, and that change will be met with adversity."^[124]

Cyrus celebrated her 16th birthday at Disneyland with a charity fundraiser for Youth Service America, a youth volunteer service organization.^[125]^[126]^[127]

In June 2009, Cyrus ended her nine-month relationship with model Justin Gaston shortly before flying to Georgia to film The Last Song.^[128] While filming later that month, Cyrus began dating her co-star in The Last Song, Australian actor Liam Hemsworth.^[129] She later called him her "first serious boyfriend".^[130] In August 2010, it was confirmed that her relationship with Hemsworth had ended.^[131]^[132] Cyrus and Hemsworth were seen together a month later, and were reportedly back together.^[133] It was announced in early November that the couple had split again.^[134] They have since rekindled their relationship.^[135]

At the end of 2009, Billboard magazine ranked Cyrus the fourth best-selling female artist^[136] and the fifth best-selling singer overall.^[137] Also in 2009, at the age of sixteen, she became the youngest artist to have four number one albums on the charts.^[138]

Controversies [link]

Cyrus performing at the Kids Inaugural: We Are the Future concert in 2009.

In December 2007, a brief controversy emerged when photos Cyrus had posted on her private MySpace account, depicting her and a female friend sharing a piece of licorice and "almost kissing", were spread across the internet, prompting rumors of lesbianism. Cyrus comments, "For me, I was like, That's two girls—it's not a big deal. But they got spread around. Like someone copied and pasted and said, Omigod, look at this, and blah blah blah."^[139]

In April 2008, several provocative images of Cyrus in her underwear and swimsuit were leaked onto the web by a teenager who hacked Cyrus's Gmail account.^[140]^[141]^[142]^[143] Cyrus described the images as "silly, inappropriate shots" and stated, "I am going to make mistakes and I am not perfect. I never intended for any of this to happen and I am truly sorry if I have disappointed anyone."^[144]^[145] On April 25, 2008, the televised entertainment program Entertainment Tonight reported that Cyrus, then 15, had posed topless for a photoshoot taken by photographer Annie Leibovitz for Vanity Fair.^[146] On April 29, 2008, The New York Times clarified that though the pictures left an impression that she was bare-breasted, Cyrus was wrapped in a bedsheet and was actually not topless.^[147] Some parents expressed outrage at the nature of the photograph, which a Disney spokesperson described as "a situation [that] was created to deliberately manipulate a 15-year-old in order to sell magazines." Gary Marsh, president of entertainment for Disney Channel Worldwide, was quoted by Portfolio magazine to have said, "For Miley Cyrus to be a 'good girl' is now a business decision for her. Parents have invested in her a godliness. If she violates that trust, she won't get it back."^[147] In response to the Internet circulation of the photo and ensuing media attention, Cyrus released a statement of apology on April 27, 2008: "I took part in a photo shoot that was supposed to be 'artistic' and now, seeing the photographs and reading the story, I feel so embarrassed. I never intended for any of this to happen and I apologize to my fans who I care so deeply about."^[147] Leibovitz also released a statement: "I'm sorry that my portrait of Miley has been misinterpreted. The photograph is a simple, classic portrait, shot with very little makeup, and I think it is very beautiful."^[147]^[148]

In May 2008, Gossett, Cyrus's longtime acting agent, left Cunningham Escott Slevin Doherty for United Talent Agency, partially with the hope of "giving Cyrus the major-agency backing that would support a widening career", according to The Hollywood Reporter.^[30]^[149] About a year later in June 2009, Cyrus left both Gossett and UTA, which had recently negotiated her deals for The Last Song and the fourth season of Hannah Montana, and joined the Creative Artists Agency, which had already represented her for music.^[150] Nikki Finke, who broke the news, reported, "Is this fair to UTA? Of course not. But I hear the decision was made by Miley's mother Trish [sic] Cyrus".^[151]

Cyrus performing during the Wonder World Tour, in 2009.

Cyrus's performance of "Party in the U.S.A." at the 2009 Teen Choice Awards incited a media uproar, with some viewers criticizing Cyrus's provocative outfit and inclusion of a brief pole dance as inappropriate for her age, then sixteen, and for her young fans.^[152]^[153] Conversely, Newsday reported that her sexualization "has been coming for some time."^[154] Ian Drew, senior editor of US Weekly, said, "She already has this risque image, so it really wasn't much of a stretch. That's how Britney [Spears] took off. She was the good girl gone bad, and it looks to be working for Miley as well."^[154] Cyrus was also criticized that year for dating Gaston, five years her senior,^[155] and for a photo displaying Cyrus and friends making "slant-eyed" expressions, which the Organization of Chinese Americans claimed was offensive to the Asian community.^[156] Cyrus apologized for the photo on her website, defending her actions and saying, "In NO way was I making fun of any ethnicity! I was simply making a goofy face."^[157]

Later in 2010, TMZ released a video of Cyrus, then 16, giving Adam Shankman, producer of The Last Song, a lap dance at the film's wrap party.^[158]^[159]^[160] Cyrus's father defended her actions, saying Miley was just "having fun" and that "it's what people her age do".^[161] Later that year in December, TMZ released a video of Cyrus, which took place five days after her 18th birthday at her Los Angeles home, in which she is seen smoking from a bong. She claimed she was smoking the psychoactive plant salvia divinorum, although this has not been confirmed by anybody but Cyrus herself.^[162]^[163]^[164] Salvia is legal in the state of California, and Cyrus was of legal age at the time the video was shot.^[165] Cyrus's father expressed his sadness regarding the matter on Twitter, saying, "Sorry guys. I had no idea. Just saw this stuff for the first time myself. I'm so sad. There is much beyond my control right now".^[166]^[167]

In a video obtained by The Daily, taking place at Cyrus' 19th birthday party at the Roosevelt Hotel in Los Angeles, Cyrus went to the microphone and addressed the crowd. Immediately after her Bob Marley-themed birthday cake had been brought out, Cyrus said, "You know you're a stoner when your friends make you a Bob Marley cake. You know you smoke way too much f****n' weed."^[168] One week later, Cyrus' representative stated that Cyrus was just being a "smart-ass" and that the Bob Marley cake had just been an "inside joke" with Cyrus and her friends, as Cyrus' friend, Kelly Osbourne had been calling her "Bob Miley" since Cyrus' 2010 salvia incident.^[169]

Filmography [link]

Film
Year	Title	Role	Notes
2003	Big Fish	Young Ruthie	Film debut
2007	High School Musical 2	Girl at pool	Cameo
2008	Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert	Herself and Hannah Montana	3D Concert film
2008	Bolt	Penny	Voice-over Role Nominated—Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Song Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song Nominated—Kids Choice Awards for Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie
2009	Hannah Montana: The Movie	Miley Stewart / Hannah Montana	Based on TV series Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards for Best Movie Actress MTV Movie Award for Best Song from a Movie People's Choice Awards for favorite breakout movie actress Teen Choice Awards for Choice movie actress: Music/Dance Teen Choice Awards for Choice movie Hissy Fit Nominated—Teen Choice Awards for Choice movie: Liplock Nominated—American Music Awards for favorite Soundtrack Nominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance Nominated—Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress
2010	Last Song, TheThe Last Song	Veronica "Ronnie" Miller	Film adaption of book Teen Choice Awards for Choice movie Hissy Fit Teen Choice Awards for Choice Music: Love Song Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards for Fave Movie Star Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awardsfor Fave Kiss Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite Movie Actress J-14 Teen Icon Awards for Iconic Movie Actress Nominated—Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress
2010	Sex and the City 2	Herself	Cameo
2011	Justin Bieber: Never Say Never	Herself	Cameo
2012	LOL	Lola	Remake of French film
2012	So Undercover	Molly	Without release date

Television
Year	Title	Role	Notes
2001–2003	Doc	Kylie	Recurring role (3 episodes)
2006–2011	Hannah Montana	Miley Stewart / Hannah Montana	Lead role
2006–2008	Disney Channel	Herself / Hannah Montana	Contestant, special performer
2006	The Suite Life of Zack & Cody	Miley Stewart / Hannah Montana	"That's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana" (Season 2, Episode 20)
2006–2008	Disney 365	Herself	In 9 episodes, 2006–2008.
2007	Replacements, TheThe Replacements	Celebrity Star (voice)	"Frog Prince" (Season 2, Episode 5)
2007–2008	Emperor's New School, TheThe Emperor's New School	Yata (voice)	Recurring role
2008	E! True Hollywood Story	Herself	TV special documentary
2009	Suite Life on Deck, TheThe Suite Life on Deck	Miley Stewart / Hannah Montana	"Double-Crossed" (Season 1, Episode 21)
2011	Saturday Night Live	Herself	Host, March 5 episode.
2011	i.am FIRST: Science is Rock and Roll	Herself	Back-to-school special.
2012	The Conversation	Herself	Interview series. April 14 episode.
2012	Punk'd	Herself	Guest on MTV prank series.

Discography [link]

Main articles: Miley Cyrus discography and Hannah Montana discography

External links [link]

Find more about Miley Cyrus on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Images and media from Commons
	Quotations from Wikiquote

Official website
Miley Cyrus on Facebook
Miley Cyrus's channel on YouTube
Miley Cyrus on Myspace
Miley Cyrus at the Internet Movie Database
Miley Cyrus at MTV
Works by or about Miley Cyrus in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

Awards and achievements
Preceded by Jamie Lynn Spears for Zoey 101	Kids' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress 2007, 2008 for Hannah Montana	Succeeded by Selena Gomez for Wizards of Waverly Place
Preceded by America Ferrera for Ugly Betty	Teen Choice Awards TV Actress Comedy 2007, 2008 for Hannah Montana	Incumbent
Preceded by Fergie	Teen Choice Awards Music Female Star 2008
Preceded by Christa B. Allen for Cake	Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series – Leading Young Actress 2008 for Hannah Montana
Preceded by Beyoncé Knowles	Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Female Singer 2008, 2009
Preceded by Ashley Tisdale for The Suite Life of Zack & Cody	UK Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Female TV Star 2008

v t e Miley Cyrus

Discography Awards and nominations Songs

Studio albums	Hannah Montana 2: Meet Miley Cyrus Breakout Can't Be Tamed

Extended plays	The Time of Our Lives iTunes Live from London (with Billy Ray Cyrus)

Live albums	Best of Both Worlds Concert

Soundtracks	Hannah Montana 2 The Movie 3 Forever

Singles	"See You Again" "Start All Over" "7 Things" "Fly on the Wall" "The Climb" "Party in the U.S.A." "When I Look at You" "Can't Be Tamed" "Who Owns My Heart" "You're Gonna Make Me Lonesome When You Go"

Featured singles	"Ready, Set, Don't Go" "Just Stand Up!" "Send It On" "Everybody Hurts" "We Are the World 25 for Haiti" "Nothing to Lose"

Promotional single	"I Miss You" "Hoedown Throwdown"

Other songs	"Breakout" "I Thought I Lost You" "Butterfly Fly Away" "Liberty Walk" "Every Rose Has Its Thorn"

Tours	Best of Both Worlds Tour Wonder World Tour Gypsy Heart Tour

Related articles	Hollywood Records Hannah Montana Miley Stewart Billy Ray Cyrus Ron Cyrus Trace Cyrus Noah Cyrus

Book Category

v t e Hollywood Records

Solo artists	Adam Hicks Anna Margaret Bridgit Mendler China Anne McClain Demi Lovato Jesse McCartney Jessica Sutta Marié Digby Miley Cyrus

Groups	Atreyu Breaking Benjamin Capra Grace Potter and the Nocturnals Plain White T's Queen Selena Gomez & the Scene

Former artists	List of former Hollywood Records artists

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miley_Cyrus

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Playlist

Film Summary

Photographic and light microscopic images
	Zoomed-out view of an Inachis io.	Closeup of the scales of the same specimen.	High magnification of the coloured scales (probably a different species).
Electron microscopic images
	A patch of wing	Scales close up	A single scale	Microstructure of a scale
Magnification	Approx. ×50	Approx. ×200	×1000	×5000

	Book: Mariah Carey
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

	Book: Miley Cyrus
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

Persondata
Name	Cyrus, Miley
Alternative names	Cyrus, Destiny Hope
Short description	American actress, singer
Date of birth	November 23, 1992
Place of birth	Nashville, Tennessee, United States
Date of death
Place of death

Butterfly Filmography

Butterfly Filmography

Butterfly Filmography

Make changes yourself !

Make changes yourself !

Make changes yourself !

Make changes yourself !

Make changes yourself !

Make changes yourself !

Contents

Related pages:

Contents

[edit] 1993–96: First marriage, Music Box and Daydream

[edit] 1997–2000: New image and independence, Butterfly and Rainbow

[edit] 2001–04: Glitter, Charmbracelet; personal and professional struggles

[edit] 2005–07: Return to prominence with The Emancipation of Mimi

[edit] 2007–09: E=MC², second marriage, Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel and acting breakthrough

[edit] 2010–present: Merry Christmas II You, motherhood and fourteenth studio album

Related pages:

Contents

[edit] Fat Albert and Mwandishi

[edit] Headhunters and Death Wish

[edit] Back to the basics: VSOP and Future Shock

Related pages:

Contents

Related pages:

Contents

[edit] 2006–07: Hannah Montana and Hannah Montana 2: Meet Miley Cyrus

[edit] 2008–09: Breakout, transitions and film career launch

[edit] 2010–2011: Can't Be Tamed, focus on film career, and Gypsy Heart Tour

[edit] 2012–present: LOL, So Undercover, and focus on music career