- published: 08 Sep 2011
- views: 677
- author: AmazingSoinam
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- Agriculture
- Aksai Chin
- Alkaline
- Amdo
- Amdo County
- Anhui
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- Autonomous area
- Bai people
- Bainang County
- Baingoin County
- Banbar County
- Baqên County
- Battle of Chamdo
- Baxoi County
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Aksai Chin
Coordinates: 35°7′N 79°8′E / 35.117°N 79.133°E / 35.117; 79.133
Aksai Chin (Chinese: 阿克赛钦; pinyin: Ākèsàiqīn, Hindi: अक्साई चिन, Urdu: اکسائی چن) is one of the two main disputed border areas between China and India, the other being Arunachal Pradesh. It is administered by China as part of Hotan County in the Hotan Prefecture of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, but is also claimed by India as a part of the Ladakh district of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. In 1962 China and India fought a brief war over Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, but in 1993 and 1996 the two countries signed agreements to respect the Line of Actual Control.
The etymology of Aksai Chin is uncertain regarding the word "Chin". As a word of Turk origin, aksai literally means "white brook" but whether the word Chin refers to Chinese or pass is disputed. The area is largely a vast high-altitude desert including some salt lakes from 4,800 metres (15,700 ft) to 5,500 metres (18,000 ft) above sea level. It covers an area of 37,244 square kilometres (14,380 sq mi). The Chinese name of the region, 阿克赛钦, is composed of Chinese characters chosen for their phonetic values, irrespective of their meaning.
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Amdo County
Amdo County. (Tibetan ཨ་མདོ་རྫོང་; Wylie: a mdo rdzong) is a county within the Nagchu Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region. The county covers an area of 43,410.85 square kilometres and is dominated by mainly Tibetan grassland. In 2000 it had a population of 32,843 .
Its capital is Amdo Town, north of Lhasa. It has a station on the new railway from Golmud to Lhasa. There is a major rail depot 3 km west of the town. Cona Lake lies to the southwest of the town of Amdo.
Coordinates: 32°15′50″N 91°40′50″E / 32.26389°N 91.68056°E / 32.26389; 91.68056
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Anhui
Coordinates: 31°50′N 117°0′E / 31.833°N 117°E / 31.833; 117
Anhui (Chinese: 安徽; pinyin: Ānhuī; Wade–Giles: An-hui, Mandarin pronunciation: [ánxwéi]) is a province in the People's Republic of China. Located in eastern China across the basins of the Yangtze River and the Huai River, it borders Jiangsu to the east, Zhejiang to the southeast, Jiangxi to the south, Hubei to the southwest, Henan to the northwest, and Shandong for a tiny section in the north. The capital of the province is Hefei.
The name "Anhui" derives from the names of two cities in south Anhui, Anqing and Huizhou (now Huangshan City). The abbreviation for Anhui is "皖" (Wǎn), because there were historically a State of Wan, a Mount Wan, and a Wan river in the province.
The province of Anhui was formed in the seventeenth century. Before then, there was no coherent concept of "Anhui". Northern Anhui was firmly a part of the North China Plain in terms of culture, together with modern-day Henan province. Central Anhui constituted most of the fertile and densely-populated Huai He River watershed. Southern Anhui, along the Yangtze, was closer to Hubei and southern Jiangsu provinces in culture. Finally, the hills of southeastern Anhui formed a unique and distinct cultural sphere of its own.
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Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh /ˌɑrəˌnɑːtʃəl prəˈdɛʃ/ is a state of India. Located in northeast India, Arunachal Pradesh borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south, and shares international borders with Bhutan in the west, Burma in the east and the People's Republic of China in the north.
Arunachal Pradesh means "land of the dawn-lit mountains". It is also known as "land of the rising sun" ("pradesh" means "state", "territory" or "region") in reference to its position as the easternmost state of India. Like other parts of Northeast India, a majority of the people native to the state are of Tibeto-Burman origin.[citation needed] A large and increasing number of migrants have reached Arunachal Pradesh from many other parts of India, although no reliable population count of the migrant population has been conducted, and percentage estimates of total population accordingly vary widely. Part of the famous Ledo Burma Road, which was a lifeline to China during World War II, passes through the eastern part of the state.[citation needed]
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Bainang County
Bainang County (Chinese: 白朗县; Pinyin: Báilǎng Xiàn) is a county of the Shigatse Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region.
Template:XShigatse Prefecture
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Baingoin County
Baingoin County (Tibetan དཔལ་མགོན་རྫོང་ Wylie dpal mgon rdzong; Chinese: 班戈县; Pinyin: Bāngé Xiàn) is a small county within the Nagchu Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region.
Coordinates: 31°20′35″N 90°09′37″E / 31.34306°N 90.16028°E / 31.34306; 90.16028
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Banbar County
Banbar County, (Tibetan: དཔལ་འབར་རྫོང་ Wylie dpal 'bar rdzong; Chinese: 边坝县; Pinyin: Biānbà Xiàn) is a county of the Chamdo Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region,
The seat is the town of Banbar Town.
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Baqên County
Baqên County(Simplified Chinese:巴青县，Traditional Chinese:巴青縣) (Tibetan སོག་རྫོང་ Wylie sog rdzong) is a county within the Nagchu Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region. The seat of the county is Baqên Town.
It is located in northeastern Tibet and borders with Qinghai.
Coordinates: 32°35′41″N 93°55′49″E / 32.59472°N 93.93028°E / 32.59472; 93.93028
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Baxoi County
Baxoi County, occasionally transliterated from Tibetan as Pashoe County, (Tibetan: དཔའ་ཤོད་རྫོང་ Wylie dpa' shod rdzong; Chinese: 八宿县; Pinyin: Bāsù Xiàn) is a county of the Chamdo Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region, Population 35,273 (1999). It contains the Pomda Monastery.
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Beijing
Beijing (
/beɪˈdʒɪŋ/; Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng, [peɪ˨˩ t͡ɕiŋ˥]), formerly romanized as Peking ( /piːˈkɪŋ/ or /peɪˈkɪŋ/), is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The metropolis, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government, with 14 urban and suburban districts and two rural counties. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast.
Beijing is China's second largest city by urban population after Shanghai and is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's largest state-owned companies. Beijing is a major transportation hub in the national highway, expressway, railway and high-speed rail network. Beijing's Capital International Airport is the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic.
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Bhutan
Coordinates: 27°25′01″N 90°26′06″E / 27.417°N 90.435°E / 27.417; 90.435
Bhutan (Dzongkha: འབྲུག་ཡུལ་, tr ʼbrug-yul, "Druk Yul"; Devanagari भूटान, Bhūṭān), officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked state in South Asia, located at the eastern end of the Himalayas and bordered to the south, east and west by the Republic of India and to the north by the People's Republic of China. Bhutan is separated from the nearby country of Nepal to the west by the Indian state of Sikkim, and from Bangladesh to the south by the Indian states of Assam and West Bengal.
Bhutan existed as a patchwork of minor warring fiefdoms until the early 17th century, when the area was unified by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, who fled religious persecution in Tibet and cultivated a separate Bhutanese identity. In the early 20th century, Bhutan came into contact with the British Empire, after which Bhutan continued strong bilateral relations with India upon its independence. In 2006, Business Week rated Bhutan the happiest country in Asia and the eighth-happiest in the world, based on a global survey.
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Biru County
Biru County (Tibetan འབྲི་རུ་རྫོང་, Wylie 'bri ru rdzong) is a small county within the Nagchu Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region. The name means "female yak".
At the 2000 PRC census, the county's population was 45,222, of whom:
Coordinates: 31°46′39″N 93°33′00″E / 31.7775°N 93.55°E / 31.7775; 93.55
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Bomê County
Bomê County (Tibetan: སྤོ་མེས་རྫོང།སྤོ་སྨད་རྫོང་, Wylie sPo mes rDzong, Chinese: 波密县; Pinyin: Bōmì Xiàn) is a county of the Nyingchi Prefecture in the south-east of the Tibet Autonomous Region.
The population was 27,169 in 1999.
Bomai (sPo smad) or Boyü (sPo yul) (Pome or Poyul in Western accounts) was the seat of a quasi-independent kingdom until the early 20th century when troops of the Dalai Lama's Lhasa government integrated it forcefully into the central Tibetan realm.
The kingdom of sPo bo, or sPo yul (“country of sPo”) was an off-shoot of the ancient dynasty of the first Tibetan kings of the Yarlung Valley. Its inhabitants had a reputation as fearsome savages which meant most travellers kept clear of it and so it was one of the least known areas in the Tibetan traditional feudal establishment.
Its isolation was also enhanced by the belief by a great number of Tibetans that in its borders was one of the 'hidden lands' or beyul (Tibetan: sbas-yul) referred to in the prophecies of Guru Rinpoche. sPo ba’s area of control far exceeded the boundaries of Bomê County. The kingdom acted as a protecting power from the Klo pa tribes for the streams of Tibetan pilgrims searching for this Promised Land in the East Himalayas from the mid-seventeenth century. Its power extended south over the Doshong La pass, to include the location of one of these earthly paradises called Padma bkod (written variously Pema köd, Pemakö and Pemako), literally 'Lotus Array', a region in the North-Eastern Province of Upper Siang of Arunachal Pradesh. Accounts of this terrestrial paradise influenced James Hilton's Shangri-La. A period of instability overtook the kingdom after Chinese incursions in 1905 and 1911. By 1931 the Lhasa government had expelled the last Ka gnam sde pa ('king') and established two garrisons.
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Burang County
Burang County (Chinese: 普兰县; Pinyin: Pǔlán Xiàn) is called Purang in Tibetan, and the county capital is also known as Purang in Tibetan and Taklakot in Nepali. It is an administrative division under Ngari Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China on the far south-western border with Nepal and India.
It covers an area of 12,497 square kilometres (4,825 sq mi) and has a population of some 73,000 people. Its capital and county seat is in Jirang which is located only 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Nepalese territory but some 450 kilometres (280 mi) north-west of Kathmandu. It is an important Chinese customs point between Tibet, Nepal and India. Much of the county consists of river valleys of mountains and lakes such as the Holy Mountain Kangrinboqê (Mount Kailash), The Naimonany Peak Gunrla and Lake Maponen Yamco Lake Manasarowar. The Karnali River is also a prominent geographical feature of the landscape. Wildlife commonly seen in the far south-western Tibetan county are wild donkeys, wild yaks, yellow goats, antelope, rock goat, lynxes, foxes, leopards and marmots.
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Chongqing
Chongqing (simplified Chinese: 重庆; traditional Chinese: 重慶; Chinese Postal Map Romanization: Chungking) is a major city in Southwest China and one of the five national central cities in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Administratively, it is one of the PRC's four direct-controlled municipalities (the other three are Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin), and the only such municipality in inland China.
The municipality was created on 14 March 1997, succeeding the sub-provincial city administration that was part of Sichuan province. As of November 2010, the municipality had a population of 28,846,200, although the urbanized area is estimated to have a population of only 6 or 7 million. Chongqing is the largest direct-controlled municipality, and comprises 19 districts, 15 counties, and 4 autonomous counties.
The official abbreviation, 渝 (Yú), was approved by the State Council on 18 April 1997. Chongqing was also a municipality of the Republic of China administration, serving as its wartime capital during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). Its abbreviated name is derived from the old name of a part of the Jialing River that runs through Chongqing and feeds the Yangtze River.
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Comai County
Comai County (Tibetan: མཚོ་སམད་རྫོང་, Wylie: mtsho smad rdzong, Chinese: 措美县; Pinyin: Cuòměi Xiàn) is a county of the Shannan Prefecture located in the south-east of the Tibet Autonomous Region,
Comai County is famous for its Tibetan Mastiffs and known as the home of Tibetan Mastiff.
Tibetan Mastiff is 24-28 inches tall (at shoulder) and weighs 140-180 pounds. The dog is commonly found wearing a red yak's-hair collar.
Coordinates: 28°44′59″N 91°46′54″E / 28.74972°N 91.78167°E / 28.74972; 91.78167
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Coqên County
Coqên County(Tibetan: མཚོ་ཆེན་རྫོང་ wylie: mtsho chen rdzong; Chinese: 措勤县; Pinyin:Cuòqín Xiàn) is a county in the Ngari Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. It is located on the border in the south-west of the country.
Coordinates: 30°45′14″N 85°15′53″E / 30.75389°N 85.26472°E / 30.75389; 85.26472
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Dagzê County
Dagzê (Tibetan: སྟག་རྩེ་རྫོང་; Wylie: Stag-rtse rdzong; simplified Chinese: 达孜县; pinyin: Dázī Xiàn) is a county immediately east of the main centre of Lhasa, Tibet.
Coordinates: 29°55′36″N 91°37′31″E / 29.92667°N 91.62528°E / 29.92667; 91.62528
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Damxung County
Damxung is a county far north of the main centre of Lhasa in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Its administrative seat is Damquka.
Damxung means "selected pasture" in Tibetan language.
Damxung County is located in the middle of the Tibet Autonomous Region and by the side of the Lhamo Namco Holy Lake. It covers an area of 10,036 square kilometres with a population of 38,473 (1999).
Damxung County is at the area of Gangdisê and Nyainqêntanglha Mountains. The Nyainqêntanglha range crosses through the whole county.
The biggest lake in Tibet - Lhamo Nam Co is in Damxung County. The lake covers an area of 1920 square kilometres. It's a famous tourism attraction of Tibet.
The main mine resources are sulfur, kaolin, pozzolana, plaster and turf, etc.
Animal husbandry is booming in the area. The herdsmen raise yaks, sheep, goats and horses.
Qinghai-Tibet Highway (part of G219) goes through the whole county and Damxung railway station links the city from the north to Lhasa.
The mileage opened to traffic has reached 1625 kilometres.
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Dinggyê County
Dinggyê County or Tingche County or Tingkye County (Chinese: 定结县; Pinyin: Dìngjié Xiàn) is a county of the Shigatse Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Jin Co and Duolo Co are located in this county.
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Doilungdêqên County
Doilungdêqên (Tibetan: སྟོད་ལུང་བདེ་ཆེན་རྫོང༌།, Wylie: stod-lung-bde-chen rdzong, ZYPY: Dölungdêqên Zong; simplified Chinese: 堆龙德庆县; pinyin: Duīlóngdéqìng Xiàn) is a county north-west of the main centre of Lhasa, Tibet. Tsurphu Monastery and Nenang Nunnery are located in the county.
Doilungdêgên County is located in central and southern Tibet and is a suburb of Lhasa. It covers an area of 2682 square kilometers, with 9.6 million mu of cultivated land. It has jurisdiction over 11 townships, one town, and 89 village committees.Doilungdêqên Town has a notable missile base and is located just 11 or 12 kilometres from Lhasa. Other towns include Donggar and Ryugo. The county was established in under the Lhasa Municipal People's Government. The Yarlung Tsangpo river (Brahmaputra) flows through the county from west to east. The maximum altitude is 5,500 meters, with the lowest elevation at 3640 meters. The valley to the southeast of the county is flat and open and is a temperate semi-arid monsoon plateau area. Precipitation during the rainy season is concentrated with intense solar radiation but a low temperature. Annual sunshine is about 3,000 hours, with an annual frost-free period of 120 days. Annual precipitation is 440 millimeters on average and natural disasters, droughts, hail, frost, snow, pests, floods and so on are common.
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Dêngqên County
Dêngqên County, (Tibetan: སྟེང་ཆེན་རྫོང་ Wylie steng chen rdzong; Chinese: 丁青县; Pinyin: Dīngqīng Xiàn) is a county of the Chamdo Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region,
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France
France (English
i/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] (
listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Fujian
Coordinates: 25°54′N 118°18′E / 25.9°N 118.3°E / 25.9; 118.3
Fujian (help·info) (Chinese: 福建), formerly romanised as Fukien or Foukien, is a province on the southeast coast of mainland China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, and Guangdong to the south. Taiwan lies to the east, across the Taiwan Strait. The name Fujian came from the combination of Fuzhou and Jianzhou (a former name for Jian'ou) two cities in Fujian, during the Tang Dynasty. With a Han majority, it is one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse provinces in China.
Most of Fujian is administered by the People's Republic of China. However, the archipelagos of Kinmen and Matsu are under the control of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Thus, there are two provinces (in the sense of government organizations): the Fujian Province administered by the People's Republic of China and the Fujian Province of the Republic of China.
Recent archaeological discoveries demonstrate that Fujian had entered the Neolithic Age by the middle of the 6th millennium BC. From the Keqiutou site (7450–5590 BP), an early Neolithic site in Pingtan Island located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) southeast of Fuzhou, numerous tools made of stones, shells, bones, jades, and ceramics (including wheel-made-ceramics) have been unearthed, together with spinning wheels, a definitive evidence of weaving.
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Gamba County
Gamba County (Chinese: 岗巴县; Pinyin: Gǎngbā Xiàn) is a county of the Shigatse Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region. The capital lies at Gamba or Kamba which has a noted military facility.
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Gansu
Coordinates: 38°0′N 102°20′E / 38°N 102.333°E / 38; 102.333
Gansu (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 甘肃; traditional Chinese: 甘肅; pinyin: Gānsù; Wade–Giles: Kan-su, Kansu, Kan-suh) is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China.
It lies between the Tibetan and Huangtu plateaus, and borders Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Ningxia to the north, Xinjiang and Qinghai to the west, Sichuan to the south, and Shaanxi to the east. The Yellow River passes through the southern part of the province.
Gansu has a population of 26 million (2009) and has a large concentration of Hui Chinese, and the historical home, along with Shaanxi of the dialect of the Dungans, who are Hui who migrated to Central Asia. The southwestern corner of Gansu is home to a large Tibetan population. The capital is Lanzhou, located in the southeast part of the province. Gansu is abbreviated as "甘" (Gān) or "陇" (Lǒng), and is also known as Long West or Long Right, in reference to the Long Mountain east of Gansu.
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Gar County
Gar County (Tibetan: སྒར་རྫོང་ wylie: sgar rdzong; Chinese: 噶尔县; Pinyin:Gá'ěr Xiàn) is a county in the Ngari Prefecture of the western Tibet Autonomous Region of China. The main town is Shiquanhe, once known as the city of Gar and often known as Ali in English.
Coordinates: 32°05′49″N 80°21′23″E / 32.09694°N 80.35639°E / 32.09694; 80.35639
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Gonggar County
Gonggar County, (Tibetan Gongkar Tibetan:སྣེ་གདོང་རྫོང་ Wylie: gong dkar rdzong; Chinese: 贡嘎县; pinyin: Gònggá Xiàn) is a county of the Shannan Prefecture (Lhoka Prefecture) in the Tibet Autonomous Region, one of the 12 counties of the prefecture. It has under its jurisdiction 5 towns, 3 townships, 43 administrative villages (neighbourhood committees) and 168 village development committees and contains notable landmarks such as the Gonggar Choide Monastery, the Gonggar Dzong, and the Gonggar Airport and the Gonggar town.
The fable narrated about this county is that the "first Tibetan was born to the fairy girl, Ruosa and her monkey lover".
History of the county came into limelight with the establishment of the Sakyapa school of Tibetan Buddhism. Among the many dzongs and monasteries established in the 14th century the best known are the Gonngar Dzong and the Gonggar Choede Monastery.
In recent history of the county, during the Cultural Revolution of the 1950s, Gonggar County was the scene of armed rebellion between the Kamba rebels (under the banner of “four rivers and six mountain ranges”) and the Peoples Liberation Army of China (PLA); PLA troops were killed and their convoy of army vehicles ambushed here.
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Gonjo County
Gonjo County, (Tibetan: གོ་འཇོ་རྫོང་ Wylie go 'jo rdzong; Chinese: 贡觉县; Pinyin: Gòngjué Xiàn) is a county of the Chamdo Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region,
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Guangdong
Coordinates: 23°24′N 113°30′E / 23.4°N 113.5°E / 23.4; 113.5
Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province. It surpassed Henan and Sichuan to become the most populous province in China in January 2005, registering 79 million permanent residents and 31 million migrants who lived in the province for at least six months of the year. The provincial capital Guangzhou and economic hub Shenzhen are amongst the most populous and important cities in China.
Since 1989 Guangdong has topped the total GDP rankings among all provincial-level divisions, with Jiangsu and Shandong second and third in rank. According to provincial annual preliminary statistics, Guangdong's GDP in 2010 reached CNY 4,550 billion, or USD 689.02 billion, making its economy roughly the same size as that of Turkey or Indonesia. Guangdong has the fourth highest GDP per capita among all provinces of mainland China, after Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Liaoning. The province contributes approximately 12% of the PRC's national economic output, and is home to the production facilities and offices of a wide-ranging set of multinational and Chinese corporations. Guangdong also hosts the largest Import and Export Fair in China called the Canton Fair in Guangdong's capital city Guangzhou.
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Guangxi
Coordinates: 23°36′N 108°18′E / 23.6°N 108.3°E / 23.6; 108.3
Guangxi (GZAR), formerly romanized Kwangsi, is a province of southern China along its border with Vietnam. In 1958, it became the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China, a region with special privileges created specifically for the Zhuang people.
Guangxi's location, in mountainous terrain in the far south of China, has placed it on the frontier of Chinese civilization throughout much of China's history. The current name "Guang" means "expanse" and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in AD 226. It was given provincial level status during the Yuan Dynasty, but even into the 20th century it was considered an open, wild territory.
The abbreviation of the province is "桂" (Pinyin: Gui; Zhuang: Gvei), which comes from the city of Guilin, the former capital, center of much of Guangxi's culture, politics, and history, and currently a major city in the autonomous region.
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Guizhou
Coordinates: 26°50′N 106°50′E / 26.833°N 106.833°E / 26.833; 106.833
Guizhou (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 贵州; traditional Chinese: 貴州; pinyin: Guìzhōu; Wade–Giles: Kuei-chou; Postal map spelling: Kweichow) is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the southwestern part of the country. Its provincial capital city is Guiyang.
During the Chinese Han Dynasty from about the third to the first centuries BCE, Guizhou was home to the powerful and independent Yelang polity, which covered parts of modern day Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces.
During the 8th and 9th centuries in the Tang Dynasty, Chinese soldiers moved into Guizhou (Kweichow) and married native women, their descendants are known as Lao-han-jen (original Chinese), in contrast to new Chinese who colonized Guizhou at later times. They still speak an archaic dialect. Many immigrants to Guizhou were descended from these soldiers in garrisons who married non Chinese women.
It was not until the Ming Dynasty[citation needed]that it came under heavy Chinese settlement and domination during which it was made a province. This prompted mass migration from Sichuan, Hunan and its surrounding provinces into Guizhou. The Miao revolted several times against Ming during the Miao Rebellions (Ming Dynasty).
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Gyaca County
Gyaca County, (Tibetan: རྒྱ་ཚ་རྫོང་, Wylie: rgya tsha rdzong; Gyatsa; Chinese: 加查县; Pinyin: Jiāchá Xiàn) is a county of the Shannan Prefecture located in the south-east of the Tibet Autonomous Region.
Gyatsa County is in the south of Tibet, stretching from the Podrang La pass along the southern side of the Brahmaputra River downstream to Pamda which is just to the southwest of Daklha Gampo, across the Brahmaputra. The county capital is in the town of Gyaca or Drumpa (46 km west of Pamda) which is alongside the Drakpo Dratsang Monastery. It is renowned for its walnuts and apricots.
Lhamo La-tso, the small oval 'Oracle Lake', where senior Tibetan monks go for visions to assist in the discovery of reincarnations of the Dalai Lamas is located in Gyaca County,
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Gyantse
Gyantse (also spelled Gyangtse; Tibetan: རྒྱལ་རྩེ་, Wylie: rgyal rtse, ZYPY: Gyangdzê; Chinese: 江孜镇; pinyin: Jīangzǐzhèn) is a town located in Gyantse County, Shigatse Prefecture. It was historically considered the third largest and most prominent town in the Tibet region (after Lhasa, and Shigatse), but there are now at least ten larger Tibetan cities.
The town is strategically located in the Nyang Chu valley on the ancient trade routes from the Chumbi Valley, Yatung and Sikkim, which met here. From Gyantse, routes led to Shigatse downstream and also over the Karo La (Pass) to Central Tibet. The fortress (constructed in 1390) guarded the southern approaches to the Yarlung Tsangpo Valley and Lhasa. The town was surrounded by a wall 3 km long.
In 1952, Gyantse had a population of perhaps 8,000 people, about the same as in 2008. It is 3,977 meters (13,050 ft) above sea level, and is located 254 km southwest of Lhasa in the fertile plain of the Nyang river valley and on a side branch of the Friendship Highway, which connects Kathmandu, Nepal to Lhasa. Gyantse was the third largest city in Tibet before being overtaken by Qamdo. It is often referred to as the "Hero City" because during the British Younghusband Expedition of 1904, Tibetan forces battled the British for all of two months despite technological disparities in Younghusband's favor.
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Gyantse County
Gyantse County (Tibetan རྒྱལ་རྩེ་རྫོང་།, Chinese: 江孜县; Pinyin: Jiāngzī Xiàn) is a county of the Shigatse Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Its main settlement is Gyantse Town known for its monasteries.
Coordinates: 28°53′45″N 89°37′33″E / 28.89583°N 89.62583°E / 28.89583; 89.62583
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Gyirong County
sKyid-grong (Gyirong, Kyirong, Chinese: 吉隆县; Pinyin: Jílóng Xiàn) is a former district (rDzong) in the south-west of Tibet and is from 1960 onwards a county of the newly established Shigatse Prefecture of the newly established Tibet Autonomous Region. It is famous because of its mild climatically conditions and its abundant vegetation which is unusual for the Tibetan plateau. The capital lies at Zongga. Its name in Tibetan, Dzongka means "mud walls".
Up to 1960 one of the main trade routes between Nepal and Tibet passed through this region. Easily accessible from Nepal, it was used several times as an entrance gate for military actions from the site of Nepal against Tibet.
In 1945 Peter Aufschnaiter counted 26 temples and monasteries which covered the area of sKyid-grong and the neighboring La-sdebs. The most famous temple of sKyid-grong is the Byams-sprin lha-khang, erected by the famous Tibetan king Srong-btsan sgam-po (Songtsän Gampo) as one of the four Yang-´dul temples in the 7th century A.D. During the 11th century the famous Indian scholar Atisha visited sKyi-grong. sKyid-grong was one of the favorite meditation places of the Tibetan Yogin Mi-la ras-pa (Milarepa).
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Gêrzê County
Gêrzê County (Tibetan: སྒེར་རྩེ་རྫོང་ wylie: sger rtse rdzong; Chinese: 改则县; Pinyin:Gǎizé Xiàn) is a county in the Ngari Prefecture of the western-central Tibet Autonomous Region of China.
Coordinates: 33°45′53″N 84°07′22″E / 33.76472°N 84.12278°E / 33.76472; 84.12278
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Hainan
Coordinates: 19°12′N 109°42′E / 19.2°N 109.7°E / 19.2; 109.7
Hainan (Chinese: 海南; Mandarin Pinyin: Hǎinán (help·info); Jyutping: Hoi² Naam4; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hái-lâm; literally "South of the Sea [Qiongzhou Strait]") is the smallest province of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The name "Hainan" also refers to Hainan Island (海南岛, Hǎinán Dǎo), the main island of the province. Hainan is located in the South China Sea, separated from Guangdong's Leizhou Peninsula to the north by the shallow and narrow Qiongzhou Strait.
For centuries Hainan Island was part of Guangdong Province, but in 1988 this resource-rich tropical island became part of the newly created Hainan Province (海南省, Hǎinán Shěng).
The province has an area of 33,920 square kilometres (13,100 sq mi) and is China's southernmost province. Although it comprises some two hundred islands scattered among three archipelagos off the southern coast, 32,900 square kilometres (12,700 sq mi) (97%) of its land mass is Hainan Island, from which the province takes its name. The PRC government claims territories of the province extend to the southern Spratly Islands, Paracel Islands, and other disputed marine territory.
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Hebei
Coordinates: 39°18′N 116°42′E / 39.3°N 116.7°E / 39.3; 116.7
Hebei (help·info) (Chinese: 河北; pinyin: Héběi; Postal map spelling: Hopeh) is a province of the People's Republic of China in the North China region. Its one-character abbreviation is "冀" (jì), named after Ji Province, a Han Dynasty province (zhou) that included what is now southern Hebei. The name Hebei means "north of the river", referring to its location completely above the Yellow River.
In 1928, Hebei was formed after the central government dissolved the province of Chih-li (直隸), which means "Directly Ruled (by the Imperial Court)".
Beijing and Tianjin Municipalities, which border each other, were carved out of Hebei. The province borders Liaoning to the northeast, Inner Mongolia to the north, Shanxi to the west, Henan to the south, and Shandong to the southeast. Bohai Bay of the Yellow Sea is to the east. A small part of Hebei, an exclave disjointed from the rest of the province, is wedged between the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin.
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Heilongjiang
Coordinates: 48°N 129°E / 48°N 129°E / 48; 129
Heilongjiang (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 黑龙江省; traditional Chinese: 黑龍江省; pinyin: Hēilóngjiāng Shěng; Postal map spelling: Heilungkiang) is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. "Heilongjiang" literally means Black Dragon River, which is the Chinese name for the Amur. The one-character abbreviation is 黑 (pinyin: Hēi). The Manchu name of the region is Sahaliyan ula ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ (literally, "Black River"), from which the name of Sakhalin is derived, and the Mongolian name accordingly is Qaramörin.
Heilongjiang borders Jilin in the south and Inner Mongolia to the west; it also borders Russia to the north and east.
The Amur River marks the border between the People's Republic of China and Russia to the north. Heilongjiang contains China's northernmost point (in Mohe County along the Amur) and easternmost point (at the junction of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers).
In ancient times Heilongjiang was far from any literate civilization, and information was sparse. Ancient Chinese records and other sources state that Heilongjiang was inhabited by people such as the Buyeo, the Mohe, and the Khitan. Some names are Manchu or Mongolian. The eastern portion of Heilongjiang was ruled by the kingdom of Balhae between the 7th century and 10th century. The Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234) that subsequently ruled much of north China arose within the borders of modern Heilongjiang.
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Henan
Coordinates: 33°54′N 113°30′E / 33.9°N 113.5°E / 33.9; 113.5
Henan (Chinese: 河南; pinyin: Hénán; Wade–Giles: Ho-nan), is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country. Its one-character abbreviation is "豫" (yù), named after Yuzhou (豫州 Yù Zhōu), a Han Dynasty state (zhou) that included parts of Henan. Although the name of the province (河南) means "south of the river", approximately a quarter of the province lies north of the Yellow River, also known as the "Huang He".
Henan is often referred to as Zhongyuan (中原 zhōngyuán) or Zhongzhou (中州 zhōngzhōu) which literally means "central plains" or "midland", although the name is also applied to the entirety of China proper. Henan is the birthplace of Chinese civilization with over 5,000 years of history, and remained China's cultural, economical, and political center until approximately 1,000 years ago. Numerous heritages have been left behind including the ruins of Shang Dynasty capital city Yinxu and the Shaolin Temple. Four of the Eight Great Ancient Capitals of China, Luoyang, Anyang, Kaifeng, and Zhengzhou are located in Henan.
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Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh /hɨˈmɑːtʃəl prəˈdɛʃ/ (Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश [ɦɪmaːtʃəl prəd̪eːʃ] ( listen)) is a state in Northern India. It is spread over 21,495 sq mi (55,670 km2), and is bordered by the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir on the north, Punjab on the west and south-west, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh on the south, Uttarakhand on the south-east and by the Tibet Autonomous Region on the east.
Himachal Pradesh is known to be abundant in natural beauty After the Anglo Gorkha War, the British colonial government came into power. In 1950 Himachal was declared as a union territory but after the State of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Republic of India. Himachal has many prestigious boarding schools. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the state's name is In the lap of Himalayas. It was named by one of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh, Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma. Its name means "Abode of Snow".[citation needed]
The Economy of the Himachal Pradesh is currently the third fastest growing economy in India. Himachal Pradesh has been ranked fourth in the list of the highest per capita incomes of Indian states. Due to the abundance of perennial rivers, Himachal also sells hydro electricity to other states such as Delhi, Punjab and Rajasthan. The economy of the state is highly dependent on three sources: hydroelectric power, tourism and agriculture.
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Hong Kong
Coordinates: 22°16′42″N 114°09′32″E / 22.27833°N 114.15889°E / 22.27833; 114.15889
Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War, after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty. The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era. The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong, often described as "East meets West", and the educational system, which used to loosely follow the system in England until reforms implemented in 2009.
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Hubei
Hubei (help·info) (Chinese: 湖北; pinyin: Húběi; Wade–Giles: Hu-pei; Postal map spelling: Hupeh) is a province in Central China. The name of the province means "north of the lake", referring to its position north of Lake Dongting. The provincial capital is Wuhan.
Hubei is officially abbreviated to "鄂" (È), an ancient name associated with the eastern part of the province since the Qin dynasty, while a popular name for Hubei is "楚" (Chǔ), after the powerful state of Chu that existed here during the Eastern Zhou dynasty. It borders Henan to the north, Anhui to the east, Jiangxi to the southeast, Hunan to the south, Chongqing to the west, and Shaanxi to the northwest. The high-profile Three Gorges Dam is located at Yichang, in the west of the province.
By the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC - 476 BC), the territory of today's Hubei was part of the powerful state of Chu. Chu was nominally a tributary state of the Zhou Dynasty, and it was itself an extension of the Chinese civilization that had emerged some centuries before in the north; but it was also culturally unique, and was a powerful state that held onto much of the middle and lower Yangtze River, with power extending northwards into the North China Plain.
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Hunan
Coordinates: 27°24′N 111°48′E / 27.4°N 111.8°E / 27.4; 111.8
Hunan (help·info) (Chinese: 湖南; pinyin: Húnán) is a province of South-Central China, located to the south of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting (hence the name Hunan, meaning "south of the lake"). Hunan is sometimes called and officially abbreviated as "湘" (pinyin: Xiāng) for short, after the Xiang River which runs through the province.
Hunan borders Hubei in the north, Jiangxi to the east, Guangdong to the south, Guangxi to the southwest, Guizhou to the west, and Chongqing to the northwest. The capital is Changsha.
Hunan's primeval forests were first occupied by the ancestors of the modern Miao, Tujia, Dong and Yao peoples. It entered the written history of China around 350 BC, when under the kings of the Zhou dynasty, it became part of the State of Chu. At this time, and for hundreds of years thereafter, it was a magnet for migration of Han Chinese from the north, who cleared most of the forests and began farming rice in the valleys and plains. To this day many of the small villages in Hunan are named after the Han families who settled there. Migration from the north was especially prevalent during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties Periods, when nomadic invaders pushed these peoples south.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering approximately 20% of the water on the Earth's surface. It is bounded on the north by the Indian Subcontinent and Arabian Peninsula (or, more generally, by southern and western Asia); on the west by eastern Africa; on the east by Indochina, the Sunda Islands, and Australia; and on the south by the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, by Antarctica). The ocean is named after the geographic location of India.
As one component of the interconnected global ocean, the Indian Ocean is delineated from the Atlantic Ocean by the 20° east meridian running south from Cape Agulhas, and from the Pacific by the meridian of 146°55' east. The northernmost extent of the Indian Ocean is approximately 30° north in the Persian Gulf. This ocean is nearly 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) wide at the southern tips of Africa and Australia; its area is 73,556,000 square kilometres (28,350,000 sq mi), including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
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Indus River
The Indus River (Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: دریائے سندھ Daryā-e Sindh; Hindi: सिन्धु नदी Sindhu; Sindhi: سنڌو Sindhu; Punjabi: سندھ Sindh; Gujarati: સિંધુ નદી Sindhu; Pashto: اباسين Abāsin "Father of Rivers"; Persian: رود سند Rūd-e Sind; Arabic: السند Al-Sind; Tibetan: སེང་གེ།་གཙང་པོ Sênggê Zangbo "Lion River"; Greek: Ινδός Indós; Turki: Nilab) is a major river which flows through Pakistan. It has courses through western Tibet (in China) and Northern India.
Originating in the Tibetan plateau in the vicinity of Lake Mansarovar, the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, Gilgit, Baltistan and flows through Pakistan in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh. The total length of the river is 3,180 km (1,980 mi). It is Pakistan's longest river.
The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km2 (450,000 sq mi). Its estimated annual flow stands at around 207 km3 (50 cu mi), making it the twenty-first largest river in the world in terms of annual flow. Zanskar is its left bank tributary in Ladakh. In the plains, its left bank tributary is Chenab which itself has four major tributaries, namely, Jhelum, Ravi, Beas and Satluj. Its principal right bank tributaries are Shyok, Gilgit, Kabul, Gomal and Kurram. Beginning at the heights of the world in a spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in the Himalayas, the river supports ecosystems of temperate forests, plains and arid countryside.
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Inner Mongolia
Coordinates: 44°N 113°E / 44°N 113°E / 44; 113
Inner Mongolia (Mongolian: s
, Öbür Monggol and c Өвөр Монгол, Övör Mongol; Chinese: 内蒙古; pinyin: Nèi Měnggǔ, but officially romanized to Nei Mongol) is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in the northern region of the country. Inner Mongolia shares an international border with the countries of Mongolia and the Russian Federation. Its capital is Hohhot and the largest city is Baotou.
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was established in 1947 on the area of former Republic of China provinces of Suiyuan, Chahar, Rehe, Liaobei and Xing'an along with the northern parts of Gansu and Ningxia. It is the third-largest subdivision of China spanning about 1,200,000 km² (463,000 sq mi) or 12% of China's total land area. It has a population of about 24 million as of 2004. The majority of the population in the region are Han Chinese, with a substantial Mongol minority. The official languages are Chinese and Mongolian, the latter written in the Mongolian script, as opposed to the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet used in the state of Mongolia.
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Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmiri/ˌdʒɑːmuː/ & /ˈkæʃmɪər/ is the northernmost state of India. It is situated mostly in the Himalayan mountains. Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with the states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south and internationally with the People's Republic of China to the north and east and the Pakistan-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, to the west and northwest respectively.
Formerly a part of the erstwhile Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu, which governed the larger historic region of Kashmir, this territory is disputed among China, India and Pakistan. Pakistan, which claims the territory as disputed, refers to it alternatively as Indian-occupied Kashmir or Indian-held Kashmir, while some international agencies such as the United Nations, call it Indian-administered Kashmir. The regions under the control of Pakistan are referred to as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir or PoK within India.
Jammu and Kashmir consists of three regions: Jammu, the Kashmir valley and Ladakh. Srinagar is the summer capital, and Jammu is the winter capital. While the Kashmir valley is famous for its beautiful mountainous landscape, Jammu's numerous shrines attract tens of thousands of Hindu pilgrims every year. Ladakh, also known as "Little Tibet", is renowned for its remote mountain beauty and Buddhist culture.
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Jiangsu
Coordinates: 32°54′N 119°48′E / 32.9°N 119.8°E / 32.9; 119.8
Jiangsu (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 江苏; traditional Chinese: 江蘇; pinyin: Jiāngsū; Wade–Giles: Chiang-su; Postal map spelling: Kiangsu) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country. The name comes from jiang, short for the city of Jiangning (now Nanjing), and su, for the city of Suzhou. The abbreviation for this province is "苏" (sū), the second character of its name. It is the province with the highest population density in China, though provincial level municipalities like Shanghai, Beijing, and Tianjin have a higher density.
Jiangsu borders Shandong in the north, Anhui to the west, and Zhejiang and Shanghai to the south. Jiangsu has a coastline of over one thousand kilometers along the Yellow Sea, and the Yangtze River passes through its southern parts. Since the inception of economic reforms in 1978, Jiangsu has been a hot spot for economic development, and now has the highest GDP per capita of all Chinese provinces. The wealth divide between the rich southern regions and the north, however, remains a prominent issue in the province.
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Jiangxi
Jiangxi (help·info) (Chinese: 江西; pinyin: Jiāngxī; Wade–Giles: Chiang-hsi; Postal map spelling: Kiangsi, Gan: Kongsi) is a southern province in the People's Republic of China. Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze River in the north into hillier areas in the south, it shares a border with Anhui to the north, Zhejiang to the northeast, Fujian to the east, Guangdong to the south, Hunan to the west, and Hubei to the northwest.
The name "Jiangxi" derives from the circuit administrated under the Tang Dynasty in 733, Jiangnanxidao (江南西道, Circuit of Western Jiangnan; Gan: Kongnomsitau). The short name for Jiangxi is 赣 (pinyin: Gàn; Gan: Gōm), for the Gan River which runs across from the south to the north and flows into the Yangtze River. Jiangxi is also alternately called "Gompotaiti" (贛鄱大地) which literally means the "Great Land of Gan and Po".
Jiangxi is centered on the Gan River valley, which historically provided the main north-south transport route of south China. The corridor along the Gan River is one of the few easily traveled routes through the otherwise mountainous and rugged terrain of the south-eastern mountains. This open corridor was the primary route for trade and communication between the North China Plain and the Yangtze River valley in the north and the territory of modern Guangdong province in the south. As a result Jiangxi has been strategically important throughout much of China's history.
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Jilin
Coordinates: 43°42′N 126°12′E / 43.7°N 126.2°E / 43.7; 126.2
Jilin (Chinese: 吉林; pinyin: Jílín; Wade–Giles: Chi-lin, IPA: [tɕǐlǐn] ( listen); Postal map spelling: Kirin), is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. Jilin borders North Korea and Russia to the east, Heilongjiang to the north, Liaoning to the south, and Inner Mongolia to the west. The name was transliterated to Kirin before standardization to pinyin.
The name "Jilin" probably originates from Girin ula ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ, a Manchu term meaning "along the river"; this was transcribed into Jilin wula (T: 吉林烏拉 / S: 吉林乌拉) in Chinese, then shortened to Jilin. The literal meaning of the Chinese characters for "Jilin" is "auspicious forest".
In ancient times, Jilin was inhabited by various peoples, notably the Xianbei, Koreans, the Mohe and the Wùjí (勿吉). Various Korean kingdoms, including the Buyeo, Goguryeo and Balhae, were established in this area.
The region then fell successively under the domination of the Khitan Liao Dynasty, the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, and the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. During the Qing Dynasty, much of the area was under the control of the General of Jilin, whose area of control extended to the Sea of Japan to encompass much of what is Russia's Primorsky Krai today. Immigration of Han Chinese was strictly controlled.[when?]
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Jokhang
The Jokhang, (Tibetan: ཇོ་ཁང།, Wylie: Jo-khang, ZYPY: Qokang; Chinese: 大昭寺; pinyin: Dàzhāosì), also called the Qokang Monastery, Jokang, Jokhang Temple, Jokhang Monastery or Zuglagkang (Tibetan: གཙུག་ལག་ཁང༌།, Wylie: gtsug-lag-khang, ZYPY: Zuglagkang; also Tsuklakang), is located on Barkhor Square in Lhasa. For most Tibetans it is the most sacred and important temple in Tibet. It is in some regards pan-sectarian, but is presently controlled by the Gelug school. The temple's architectural style is a mixture of Indian vihara design, Chinese Tang Dynasty design, and Nepalese design.
It was founded during the reign of king Songsten Gampo. According to tradition, the temple was built for the two brides of the king, Princess Wencheng of the Chinese Tang Dynasty and Princess Bhrikuti of Nepal. Both wives are said to have brought important Buddhist statues and images from China and Nepal to Tibet as part of their dowries, and they were housed here. Many Nepalese artists worked to construct this temple.
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Jomda County
Jomda County, (Tibetan: འཇོ་མདའ་རྫོང་ Wylie 'jo mda' rdzong; Chinese: 江达县; Pinyin: Jiāngdá Xiàn) is a county of the Chamdo Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region.
Coordinates: 32°43′12″N 97°57′09″E / 32.72°N 97.9525°E / 32.72; 97.9525
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Kachin State
Kachin State (Burmese: ကချင်ပြည်နယ်, pronounced: [kətɕʰɪ̀ɴ pjìnɛ̀]; Kachin: Jingphaw Mungdaw), is the northernmost state of Burma. It is bordered by China to the north and east; Shan State to the south; and Sagaing Division and India to the west. It lies between north latitude 23° 27' and 28° 25' longitude 96° 0' and 98° 44'. The area of Kachin State is 89,041 km2 (34,379 sq mi). The capital of the state is Myitkyina. Other important towns include Bhamo.
Kachin State has Myanmar’s highest mountain, Hkakabo Razi (5,889 metres (19,321 ft)), forming the southern tip of the Himalayas, and a large inland lake, Indawgyi Lake.
The majority of the state's 1.2 million inhabitants are ethnic Kachin, also known as Jinghpaw. The state is home to other ethnic groups including the Rawang, Lisu, Zaiwa, Lawngwaw, Lachyit, Bamar, Shan, and a small number of Tibetans. According to government statistics, the state's population is 57.8% Buddhist and 36.4% Christian.[citation needed] The Kachin language is the state's lingua franca.
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Kangmar County
Kangmar County (Chinese: 康马县; Pinyin: Kāngmǎ Xiàn) is a county of the Shigatse Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Gala Co lake is located in Kangmar County.
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Kham
Kham (Tibetan: ཁམས, Wylie: khams, ZYPY: kam; Chinese: 康; pinyin: Kāng), is a historical region covering a land area largely divided between present-day Tibetan Autonomous Region and Sichuan province, with smaller portions located within Qinghai, Gansu and Yunnan provinces of China. During the Republic of China's rule over mainland China (1911–1949), most of the region was called Xikang Province (西康省). It held the status of "special administrative district" until 1939, when it became an official Chinese province. Its provincial status was nominal and without much cohesion, like most of China's territory during the time of Japanese invasion and civil war.
The natives of the Kham region are called as: Tibetan: ཁམས་པ; Wylie: khams pa; Chinese: 康巴; pinyin: Kāngbā.
Kham has a rugged terrain characterized by mountain ridges and gorges running from northwest to southeast, and collectively known as the Hengduan Mountains. Numerous rivers, including the Mekong, Yangtze, Yalong Jiang, and the Salween flow through Kham.
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Ladakh
Ladakh (Wylie: la-dwags, Ladakhi [lad̪ɑks], Hindi: लद्दाख़, Urdu: لدّاخ [ləd̪ˈd̪aːx]; "land of high passes") is a region of Jammu and Kashmir, the northernmost state in the control of the Republic of India. It is however disputed territory between Pakistan and India. It lies between the Kunlun mountain range in the north and the main Great Himalayas to the south, inhabited by people of Indo-Aryan and Tibetan descent. It is one of the most sparsely populated regions in Jammu and Kashmir.
Historically, the region included the Baltistan (Baltiyul) valleys, the Indus Valley, the remote Zangskar, Lahaul and Spiti to the south, Aksai Chin and Ngari, including the Rudok region and Guge, in the east, and the Nubra valleys to the north.
Contemporary Ladakh borders Tibet to the east, the Lahaul and Spiti to the south, the Vale of Kashmir, Jammu and Baltiyul regions to the west, and the trans–Kunlun territory of Xinjiang to the far north. Ladakh is renowned for its remote mountain beauty and culture. It is sometimes called "Little Tibet" as it has been strongly influenced by Tibetan culture.
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Lhari County
Lhari County (Chinese: 嘉黎县; Pinyin: Jiālí Xiàn; Tibetan ལྷ་རི་རྫོང་, Wylie lha ri rdzong) is a small county within the Nagchu Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region
The 11th Dalai Lama was born in Lhari County, as were both of the rival candidates for the position of the current Panchen Lama.
The county contains the following township-level divisions and principal settlements:
Coordinates: 31°05′22″N 92°54′02″E / 31.08944°N 92.90056°E / 31.08944; 92.90056
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Lhasa
Lhasa ( /ˈlɑːsə/, Tibetan: ལྷ་ས་གྲོང་ཁྱིར།, ZYPY: Lhasa Chongkyir, [l̥ásə] or [l̥ɜ́ːsə]; simplified Chinese: 拉萨; traditional Chinese: 拉薩; pinyin: Lāsà; sometimes spelled Lasa) is the administrative capital and a prefecture-level city of the Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. It is the second most populous city on the Tibetan Plateau, after Xining, and at an altitude of 3,490 metres (11,450 ft), Lhasa is one of the highest cities in the world. The city contains many culturally significant Tibetan Buddhist sites such as the Potala Palace, Jokhang temple and Norbulingka palaces, many of which are located in Chengguan District, the city seat.
Lhasa literally means "place of the gods". Ancient Tibetan documents and inscriptions demonstrate that the place was called Rasa, which either meant "goats' place", or, as a contraction of rawe sa, a "place surrounded by a wall," or 'enclosure', suggesting that the site was originally a hunting preserve within the royal residence on Marpori Hill. Lhasa is first recorded as the name, referring to the area's temple of Jowo, in a treaty drawn up between China and Tibet in 822 C.E.
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Lhatse County
Lhatse County is a county of the Shigatse Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region.
Lhatse County, has a population of some 50,000 and is about 200 kilometers from Mount Everest (or Chomolungma). It is among the most impoverished counties in China.
Coordinates: 29°11′15″N 88°05′34″E / 29.1875°N 88.09278°E / 29.1875; 88.09278
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Lhorong County
Lhorong County, (Tibetan: ལྷོ་རོང་རྫོང་ Wylie lho rong rdzong; Chinese: 洛隆县; Pinyin: Luòlóng Xiàn) is a county of the Chamdo Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region. The county covers an area of 8108 square kilometers and has a population of around 40,000 as of 2003.The word Lhorong means "valley in the south" or "river in the south" in Tibetan.
Lhorong County is located in the northeast of the Tibet Autonomous Region, in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and contains some 100 kilometres of the Nu River (Salween River).The Nu River flows through Tibet into Sichuan into Gongshan Dulong and Nu Autonomous County of Yunnan Province. It later flows through Lushui County and into Burma, eventually into the Indian Ocean. Lhorong County lies to the south-west of the Qamdo Prefecture. Banbar County lies to the northwest, Baxoi County lies across the river to the east, Banbar County to the west, Dêngqên County to the north, and Riwoqê County to the northeast. From east to west the county is 127 kilometers and from north to south the greatest distance of is 105 kilometres. A county has a total area of 8048.4 square kikometres. The total population is around 36,000 people (1999), with estimates in 2003 being around 40,000. Other rivers of Lhorong County include the Jalan Song, Maqu, and the Zhuoma Lang. The county also contains numerous small lakes which the locals compare to 21 fairies.
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Lhozhag County
Lhozhag County, (Tibetan: ལྷོ་བྲག་རྫོང་, Wylie: lho brag rdzong, Chinese: 洛扎县; Pinyin: Luòzhā Xiàn) is a county of the Shannan Prefecture located in the south-east of the Tibet Autonomous Region,
Coordinates: 28°23′46″N 91°07′50″E / 28.39611°N 91.13056°E / 28.39611; 91.13056
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Lhünzhub County
Lhünzhub or Linzhou (Tibetan: ལྷུན་གྲུབ་རྫོང་; Wylie: lhun grub rdzong; simplified Chinese: 林周县; pinyin: Línzhōu Xiàn) is a county towards the north-east of the main centre of Lhasa, Tibet.
It has a population of 50,895 people as of 2000.
Lhünzhub County is located in central Tibet in the Peng Po Valley, around 65 km northeast of Lhasa. It covered an area of 4512 square kilometers in 2003 and the county was established in 1857. The county was reorganized to cover more territory in 1959. The Nyainqentanglha Mountains passes through the county across the central Tibetan plateau, and eventually spread for about 600 km from west to east, beyond even the Lhasa Prefecture.
Lhünzhub has a cool dry climate with an annual temperature ranging on average between 2.9 and 5.8 degrees celsius, and the main river is the Lhasa River flowing through the Peng Po Valley, with an average elevation of 3860 meters. Natural disasters such as floods, landslides, drought, hail, avalanches etc. are common.
As of 2000, Lhünzhub County has jurisdiction over one town (Lhünzhub)and 9 townships.
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Lhünzê County
Lhünzê County, (Tibetan: ལྷུན་རྩེ་རྫོང་, Wylie: lhun rtse rdzong; Chinese: 隆子县; pinyin: Lóngzǐ Xiàn) is a county of the Shannan Prefecture located in the south-east of the Tibet Autonomous Region,
Coordinates: 28°49′56″N 93°16′25″E / 28.83222°N 93.27361°E / 28.83222; 93.27361
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Liaoning
Coordinates: 41°06′N 122°18′E / 41.1°N 122.3°E / 41.1; 122.3
Liaoning (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 辽宁; traditional Chinese: 遼寧; pinyin: Liáoníng; Manchu: ᠯᡳᠶᠣᠣ ᠨᡳᠩ, Liyoo ning) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the northeast of the country. Its one-character abbreviation is "辽" (pinyin: liáo), a name taken from the Liao River that flows through the province. "Níng" means "peace". The modern province was established in 1907 as Fengtian province (奉天 pinyin: Fèngtiān; Postal map spelling: Fengtien; Manchu: ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ, Abkai imiyangga) and the name was changed to Liaoning in 1929. Under the Japanese puppet Manchukuo regime, the province reverted to its 1907 name, but the name Liaoning was restored in 1945.
Liaoning is located in the southern part of the Northeast, and is often called "the Golden Triangle" because of its superior geographical location, with the Yellow Sea (Korea Bay) and the Bohai Sea in the south, North Korea in the southeast, Jilin province to the northeast, Hebei province to the west, and Inner Mongolia to the northwest. The Yalu River marks the border between North Korea and the province. It empties into the Korea Bay between Dandong, Liaoning and Sinŭiju, North Korea.
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Macau
Coordinates: 22°10′N 113°33′E / 22.167°N 113.55°E / 22.167; 113.55
Macau (Chinese: 澳門), also spelled Macao ( /məˈkaʊ/), is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong. Macau lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta across from Hong-Kong which is to the east, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
The territory's economy is heavily dependent on gambling and tourism, but also includes manufacturing.
Macau is a former Portuguese colony, and is both the first and last European colony in China. Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 16th century and subsequently administered the region until the handover on 20 December 1999. The Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration and the Basic Law of Macau stipulate that Macau operates with a high degree of autonomy until at least 2049, fifty years after the transfer. Macau was first lent by the Chinese empire as a trading port in the 16th century, and had to administer the city under Chinese authority and sovereignty. In 1887, Macau became a colony of the Portuguese empire and its sovereignty transferred to the Portuguese.
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Mainling County
Mainling County (Tibetan: ཀོང་པོ་རྒྱ་མདའ་རྫོང་, Wylie: sman gling rdzong; Chinese: 米林县; pinyin: Mǐlín Xiàn) is a county of the Nyingtri Prefecture in eastern Tibet Autonomous Region.
Mainling County is located in the central-west of the Nyingtri Prefecture, at the middle reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo River, and between the Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains and the Himalayan Mountains. It covers an area of 9,471 square kilometres. The average altitude is 3,700 metres above sea level.
The mine resources of the county are gold dust, plaster, limestone, chromium and iron, etc.
The main economy style in Mainling County is farming and forest industry. The main species of the trees are fir, spruce, pine, oak, and cypress, etc. The total cumulation volume of woods is 40 million cubic metres. The special fruit productions are apples, apple pears, walnuts and peaches.
In 1999 the county had a population of 17347 inhabitants .
The county is home to the Lhoba people.
Coordinates: 29°36′00.00″N 94°12′07.20″E / 29.6°N 94.202°E / 29.6; 94.202
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Maizhokunggar County
Maizhokunggar (Tibetan: མལ་གྲོ་གུང་དཀར་རྫོང་; Wylie: Mal-gro-gung-dkar rdzong; simplified Chinese: 墨竹工卡县; pinyin: Mòzhúgōngkǎ Xiàn) is a county east of the main centre of Lhasa, Tibet. The country is especially noted for its pottery, particularly Kunggar Township. The pottery is non-corrodible, heat retaining and in an ethnic style. It has an over 1000-year-old history.
Maizhokunggar means "The Place Where Medro King has lived" in the Tibetan language.The county is located in the valley of the middle reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo River. The average altitude of the county is above 4000 metres and the main natural resources are gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc and marble etc.
There are 34 temples in the county and many hot springs. Main towns and villages include Kunggar and Zaxoi.
The Sichuan-Tibet Road (China National Highway 318) runs through the county. There are over 70 roads in the county. The total length of the roads are 650 kilometres.
Coordinates: 30°09′36″N 92°09′29″E / 30.16°N 92.15806°E / 30.16; 92.15806
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Markam County
Markham County, (Tibetan: སྨར་ཁམས་རྫོང་ Wylie smar khams rdzong; Chinese: 芒康县; Pinyin: Mángkāng Xiàn) is a county of the Chamdo Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region.
Coordinates: 30°34′35″N 98°58′29″E / 30.57639°N 98.97472°E / 30.57639; 98.97472
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Matsu Islands
The Matsu Islands (simplified Chinese: 马祖列岛; traditional Chinese: 馬祖列島; pinyin: Mǎzǔ Lièdǎo; Fuzhou dialect: Mā-cū liĕk-dō̤ or less frequently, simplified Chinese: 马祖群岛; traditional Chinese: 馬祖群島; pinyin: Mǎzǔ Qúndǎo; Fuzhou dialect: 馬祖島 Mā-cū-dō̤) are a minor archipelago of 19 islands and islets in the Taiwan Strait administered as Lienchiang County (連江縣; Lièng-gŏng-gâing) under Fujian Province of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Only a small area of what is historically Lienchiang County is under the control of the ROC. The People's Republic of China (AKA "China") controls the part of the county on mainland China and has a separate administration for that jurisdiction, Lianjiang County, which claims the entire archipelago to be its Mazu Township (馬祖鄉; Mā-cū-hiŏng).
They are named after the goddess Mazu. Kinmen is the other archipelago on the Fujian coast controlled by the ROC.
Fujianese Mainlanders started migrating to the islands during the Yuan Dynasty. Most people on Matsu came from Houguan (侯官) (today Changle County (長樂縣 Diòng-lŏ̤h-gâing), Fujian).
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Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China for 276 years (1368–1644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, described by some as "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Han Chinese. Although the Ming capital Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the Shun Dynasty, soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty), regimes loyal to the Ming throne—collectively called the Southern Ming—survived until 1662.
Ming rule saw the construction of a vast navy and a standing army of one million troops. Although private maritime trade and official tribute missions from China had taken place in previous dynasties, the tributary fleet under the Muslim eunuch admiral Zheng He in the 15th century far surpassed all others in size. There were enormous construction projects, including the restoration of the Grand Canal and the Great Wall and the establishment of the Forbidden City in Beijing during the first quarter of the 15th century. Estimates for the late-Ming population vary from 160 to 200 million.
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Mêdog County
Mêdog County, (Tibetan: པདྨ་བཀོད་ Wylie me tog rdzong; Chinese: 墨脱县; Pinyin: Mòtuō Xiàn) is a county of the Nyingtri Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region of People's Republic of China. Chinese claims include parts of Arunachal Pradesh, south of the McMahon Line, what was casus belli for the 1962 Sino-Indian War.
Medog County or Metok is located in the southeast of the Tibet Autonomous Region and at the lower branch of Yarlung Tsangpo River. Medog County covers an area of 30,553 square kilometres. The average altitude of the county is 1200 metres above sea level.་Metok county is also called Pemakö. The route for hiking to Medog: Paizhen(派镇)-Songlinkou(松林口)-Lage(拉格)-Hanmi(汗密)-Aniqiao(阿尼桥)-Beibengxiang(背崩)-Modog(墨脱)
In December, 2010 the Chinese government announced completion of a highway to Mêdog County, the last county in China which did not have road access.
Farming is the main industry in Medog County. It is abundant with paddy, soybean, cotton and gingeli, etc. Hairy deerhorn, gastrodia tuber, muskiness, and hedgehog hydnum, etc. are special products of the area.
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Nagarzê County
Nagarzê County (Tibetan: སྣ་དཀར་རྩེ་རྫོང་, Wylie: sna dkar rtse rdzong, Chinese: 浪卡子县; Pinyin: Làngkǎzǐ Xiàn) is a county of the Shannan Prefecture located in the south-east of the Tibet Autonomous Region. The Yarlung Tsangpo river dominates the county.
Coordinates: 28°51′03″N 90°55′21″E / 28.85083°N 90.9225°E / 28.85083; 90.9225
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Nagqu County
Nagqu County (Tibetan script: ནག་ཆུ་རྫོང་།; Chinese: 那曲县) is a county within the Nagchu Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region, western People's Republic of China. The name of the county in the Tibetan language means "black river".
Located in the northern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region, Nagqu County ranges in latitude from 30° 31' to 31° 55' N and in longitude from 91° 12' to 93° 02' E. Bordering counties within Nagqu Prefecture are Lhari to the southeast, Biru to the east, Nyainrong to the northeast, Amdo to the northwest, and Baingoin to the west, while Lhasa City, the regional capital, is to the south.
With an elevation of around 4,500 metres (14,800 ft), Nagqu has a harsh, alpine climate (Köppen EH), with long, very cold and dry winters, and short, cool summers. In winter, temperatures frequently drop below −20 °C (−4 °F) at night and in summer typically rise to 16 °C (61 °F) during the day. Monthly daily mean temperatures range from −12.6 °C (9.3 °F) in January to 9.0 °C (48.2 °F) in July, and the annual mean is only −1.17 °C (29.9 °F). From June to September, a majority of the days receives some precipitation, and over 80% of the annual precipitation is delivered.
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Nagqu Prefecture
Nagqu Prefecture (also Naqu or Nagchu); Tibetan: ནག་ཆུ་ས་ཁུལ་; Wylie: Nag-chu Sa-khul; simplified Chinese: 那曲地区; pinyin: Nàqū Dìqū) is the largest prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region. Nagqu has a total area of 450,537 km². The prefecture is divided into 11 different counties and Nagchu County contains the capital of Nagqu.
Nagqu is expected to have the world's highest altitude airport by 2011 at 4,436 meters above sea level. It will be named Nagqu Dagring Airport. Nagqu was chosen to host the largest logistics center in the plateau region, which began operations in August 2009. Nagqu is also on the Qinghai-Tibet railway line. It is expected to become the center of an economic hub in the plateau region. Nagqu has a population of 400,000.[1]
Coordinates: 31°30′N 92°00′E / 31.5°N 92°E / 31.5; 92
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Namling County
Namling County (Chinese: 南木林县; Pinyin: Nánmùlín Xiàn) is a county of the Shigatse Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region.
Coordinates: 29°53′07″N 89°26′10″E / 29.88528°N 89.43611°E / 29.88528; 89.43611
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Nang County
Nang County, (Tibetan: ཀོང་པོ་རྒྱ་མདའ་རྫོང་, Wylie: snang rdzong; Chinese: 朗县; pinyin: Lǎng Xiàn) is a county of the Nyingtri Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region,
Coordinates: 29°17′40″N 93°22′30″E / 29.29444°N 93.375°E / 29.29444; 93.375
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Nepal
Nepal (नेपाल) (i/nɛˈpɔːl/ ne-PAWLNepali: नेपाल [neˈpal] ( listen)), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked sovereign state located in South Asia. It is located in the Himalayas and bordered to the north by the People's Republic of China, and to the south, east, and west by the Republic of India. Specifically, the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and Sikkim border Nepal, while across the Himalayas lies the Tibetan Autonomous Region. With an area of 147,181 square kilometres (56,827 sq mi) and a population of approximately 27 million (and 2 million absentee workers living abroad), Nepal is the world's 93rd largest country by land mass and the 41st most populous country. Kathmandu is the nation's capital and the country's largest metropolis. Kathmandu Valley itself has estimated population of 5 million.
Nepal has a rich geography. The mountainous north has eight of the world's ten tallest mountains, including the highest point on Earth, Mount Everest, called Sagarmatha in Nepali. It contains more than 240 peaks over 20,000 ft (6,096 m) above sea level. The fertile and humid south is heavily urbanized.
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Ngamring County
Ngamring County (Chinese: 昂仁县; Pinyin: Ángrén Xiàn) is a county of the Shigatse Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region. The office place of the county is located in Kagar (卡嘎).
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Ngari Prefecture
Ngari Prefecture (also: Ali Prefecture) (Tibetan: མངའ་རིས་ས་ཁུལ་, Wylie: mnga' ris sa khul; simplified Chinese: 阿里地区; traditional Chinese: 阿里地區; pinyin: Ālǐ Dìqū) is a prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region. Its capital is Gar County. Its regional headquarters is in the town of Purang. The biggest town is Ali. It includes part of the Aksai Chin area, a disputed region claimed by India but over which China exercises administrative control. The Xinjiang-Tibet Highway (新藏公路) passes through this area. There is a famous pre-historic culture site near the town of Rutog.
The heart of the ancient Tibetan Guge kingdom was once here. Later Ngari, along with Ü and Tsang composed Ü-Tsang, one of the traditional provinces of Tibet, the others being Amdo and Kham.
Ngari sits 4,500 meters above sea level in the northwest of Tibet, 1,600 kilometers from the regional capital Lhasa. The Gunsa Airport is expected to start operation on July 1, 2010, to become the fourth civil airport on the "Roof of the World". The other airports in Tibet are Gonggar Airport in Lhasa, Bamda Airport in Qamdo Prefecture and Nyingchi Airport. [1]
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Ningxia
Ningxia (NHAR), formerly transliterated as Ninghsia, is an autonomous region (Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region) of the People's Republic of China. Located in Northwest China, on the Loess Plateau, Ningxia is crossed by the Yellow River. The Great Wall of China runs along its northeastern boundary. The region is the home of the Hui people, one of the 56 officially recognised Nationalities of China. The capital is Yinchuan.
Ningxia is bounded by Shaanxi (to the east) and Gansu (in all directions but the north) provinces and Inner Mongolia (to the north) Autonomous Region and has an area of around 66,400 square kilometres (25,600 sq mi). Formerly a province, Ningxia was incorporated into Gansu in 1954 but was detached and reconstituted as an autonomous region for the Hui people in 1958. This sparsely settled mostly desert region lies in the vast plain of the Yellow River in the north which has been irrigated for centuries. Over the years an extensive system of canals has been built. Extensive land reclamation and irrigation projects have made increased cultivation possible.
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Nomad
Nomadic people (Greek: νομάδες, nomádes, "those who let pasture herds"), commonly known as itinerants in modern-day contexts, are communities of people who move from one place to another, rather than settling permanently in one location. There are an estimated 30-40 million nomads in the world.
Many cultures have traditionally been nomadic, but traditional nomadic behavior is increasingly rare in industrialized countries. Nomadic cultures are discussed in three categories according to economic specialization: hunter-gatherers, pastoral nomads, and "peripatetic nomads".
Nomadic hunting and gathering, following seasonally available wild plants and game, is by far the oldest human subsistence method. Pastoralists raise herds, driving them or moving with them, in patterns that normally avoid depleting pastures beyond their ability to recover. Peripatetic nomads, who offer the skills of a craft or trade to those with whom they travel, are most common in industrialized nations.
Many groups of 'nomadic' hunter-gatherers (also known as foragers) moved from campsite to campsite, following game and wild fruits and vegetables. Hunting and gathering was the ancestral subsistence mode of Homo, and all modern humans were hunter-gatherers until around 10,000 years ago.
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Nyainrong County
Nyainrong County (Tibetan གཉན་རོང་རྫོང་ ; Wylie gnyan rong rdzong; Chinese: 聂荣县; Pinyin: Nièróng Xiàn) is a small county within the Nagchu Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region. Yurla is a favourite of the people of the county.
Coordinates: 32°27′21″N 92°29′23″E / 32.45583°N 92.48972°E / 32.45583; 92.48972
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Nyalam County
Nyalam County (Chinese: 聂拉木县, Nièlāmù Xiàn; Tibetan: gnya' lam rdzong) is a county in Tibet's Shigatse Prefecture. It borders on Nepal.
The land area of the county is 7,903 square km. The population as of 2003 was 10,000. The postal code for the county is 858300.
The county seat is in Nyalam Town.
The other town of the county is Zhangmu (樟木), also known under its Tibetan name Dram, or Nepali Khasa. It is located near the border and is the point of entry from Nepal. At "merely" 2300 meters elevation about the sea level, Zhangmu has mild and humid subtropical climate, which is a rarity for Tibet.
Other populated places in the county are the villages of Yalai (亚来), Suozuo (琐作), Nailong (乃龙), Menbu (门布) and Borong (波绒). (The names of the villages are given based on Chinese spellings; their Tibetan names may be somewhat different).
Coordinates: 28°32′47″N 86°04′29″E / 28.54639°N 86.07472°E / 28.54639; 86.07472
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Nyima County
Nyima County (Tibetan སོག་རྫོང་ Wylie sog rdzong; Chinese: 尼玛县; Pinyin: Nímǎ Xiàn) is the largest county within the Nagchu Prefecture and in the Tibet Autonomous Region.
Coordinates: 34°06′35″N 87°50′31″E / 34.10972°N 87.84194°E / 34.10972; 87.84194
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Nyingchi County
Nyingchi County, (Tibetan: ཉིང་ཁྲི་ས་རྫོང་ Wylie: nying khri rdzong; Chinese: 林芝县; Pinyin: Línzhī Xiàn) is a county of the Nyingtri Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region.
Nyingchi County is located in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo River. Both steep cliffs and flat valleys exist in the area. The average altitude is 3000 metres above sea level. Bayi Town, the administrative capital of Nyingchi Prefecture, is located in Nyingchi County .
There are a lot of scenic spots in or nearby Nyingchi County. The Seche La Mountain Scenic Spot is located to the east of Nyingchi County, the Seche La Mountain is a part of the Nyainqentanglha Mountain Range, the watershed of the Nyang River and the Polung Zangbo River. The Sichuan-Tibetan Highway passes by. Standing at the mountain pass at 4,728 meters above sea level, one can admire the sunrise, sea of cloud, endless forest and the grand Namjagbarwa Peak. The Benri La Mountain near the Dagzê Village on the western slope of the mountain is a sacred site of the Tibetan Bön Sect and one of the four great holy mountains in Tibet. All year, devotees make pilgrimages to this spot from all areas. Every tenth day of the eighth month of the Tibetan calendar, a grand mountain worshiping activity is held, which is called "Nangbolhasoi," meaning "seeking for treasures from immortals."
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Nyingchi Prefecture
Nyingchi Prefecture (also: Linzhi Prefecture) (Tibetan: ཉིང་ཁྲི་ས་ཁུལ་; Wylie: nying-khri sa khul; simplified Chinese: 林芝地区; traditional Chinese: 林芝地區; pinyin: Línzhī Dìqū) is a prefecture in southeastern Tibet Autonomous Region in western China. The administrative seat of Nyingchi Prefecture is Bayi. The Chinese government claims Arunachal Pradesh, which is currently governed by India, as part of the prefecture. (See South Tibet dispute.)
Nyingchi Prefecture is the location of Buchasergyi Lakang Monastery.
The prefecture contains the Namcha Barwa Peak, and the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, located in Medog County, which attracts significant tourism and geoscientific and biological study to the area.
Approximately 90 kilometers west of Gongbo'gyamda County, is the alpine Basum Lake in the upper catchment area of the Ba River, the largest tributary of the Nyang River lying on average about 3,538 meters above sea level. The lake surface is on average about 3,538 meters above sea level. Covering an area of 25.9 square kilometers, the surrounding is populated by a diverse wildlife including leopards, Bears, goats, musk deer and Tibetan snow In 1997, the Basum Lake was listed by the World Tourist Organization as a top tourist attraction. The lake also contains an inlet with a Gelug monastery. East of Nyingchi County, is the Seche La Mountain, a mountain of the Nyainqentanglha Mountain Range, which forms part of the watershed of the Nyang River and the Polung Zangbo River. Benri La Mountain near the small town of Dagze is a known sacred site of the Tibetan Bon Sect. Considered by Tibetans as one of the four great holy mountains in Tibet, on every tenth day of the eighth month of the Tibetan calendar, a day of intense worshipping called "Nangbolhasoi," is performed (meaning "seeking for treasures from immortals.")
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Nyêmo County
Nyêmo (Tibetan: སྙེ་མོ་རྫོང་; Wylie: snye mo rdzong; simplified Chinese: 尼木县; pinyin: Nímù Xiàn) is a county west of the main centre of Lhasa, Tibet. It has a population of 30,000 as of 2003 and the county has jurisdiction over 7 townships and 35 administrative villages.Zhuowaqudeng Monastery is located in the county.
Nyêmo County is located in central Tibet. The Yarlung Tsangpo flows through its northern area. Nyêmo Town, the county seat, is located approximately 94 kilometres west- southwest of Lhasa and the county covers a total area of 3275 square kilometers. Undulating hills and valleys with green pastures form much of the landscape, with an average elevation of 4,000 meters. It is a semi-arid plateau temperate monsoon climate zone, with four distinct seasons. Summer rainfall is concentrated and it has an annual rainfall of 324.2 millimeters and 2947.2 hours of sunshine with 100 days or so without snow. Natural disasters, mainly droughts, flash floods, landslides and hail are common.
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Nêdong County
Nêdong County, (Tibetan: སྣེ་གདོང་རྫོང་ Wylie: sne gdong rdzong; Chinese: 乃东县; Pinyin: Nǎidōng Xiàn) is a county of the Shannan Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region.
Changzhug Temple, an important and very early, Buddhist monastery, dating to the reign of Songtsen Gampo, is located in the Yarlung Valley in Nêdong as is the Yungbulakang Palace.
Coordinates: 29°13′12″N 91°46′48″E / 29.22°N 91.78°E / 29.22; 91.78
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Potala Palace
The Potala Palace (Tibetan: པོ་ཏ་ལ, Wylie: Po ta la, ZYPY: Bodala; simplified Chinese: 布达拉宫; traditional Chinese: 布達拉宮; pinyin: Bùdálā Gōng) is located in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. It is named after Mount Potalaka, the mythical abode of Chenresig or Avalokitesvara. The Potala Palace was the chief residence of the Dalai Lama until the 14th Dalai Lama fled to Dharamsala, India, during the 1959 Tibetan uprising.
Lozang Gyatso, the Great Fifth Dalai Lama, started the construction of the Potala Palace in 1645 after one of his spiritual advisers, Konchog Chophel (d. 1646), pointed out that the site was ideal as a seat of government, situated as it is between Drepung and Sera monasteries and the old city of Lhasa. It may overlay the remains of an earlier fortress, called the White or Red Palace, on the site built by Songtsen Gampo in 637. Today, the Potala Palace is a museum.
The building measures 400 metres east-west and 350 metres north-south, with sloping stone walls averaging 3 m. thick, and 5 m. (more than 16 ft) thick at the base, and with copper poured into the foundations to help proof it against earthquakes. Thirteen stories of buildings – containing over 1,000 rooms, 10,000 shrines and about 200,000 statues – soar 117 metres (384 ft) on top of Marpo Ri, the "Red Hill", rising more than 300 m (about 1,000 ft) in total above the valley floor.
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Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China.
The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in contemporary Northeastern China. The Aisin Gioro leader, Nurhachi, who was originally a vassal of the Ming emperors, began unifying the Jurchen clans in the late sixteenth century. By 1635, Nurhachi's son Hong Taiji could claim they constituted a single and united Manchu people and began forcing the Ming out of Liaoning in southern Manchuria. In 1644, the Ming capital Beijing was sacked by a peasant revolt led by Li Zicheng, a former minor Ming official who became the leader of the peasant revolt, who then proclaimed the Shun dynasty. The last Ming ruler, the Chongzhen Emperor, committed suicide when the city fell. When Li Zicheng moved against Ming general Wu Sangui, the latter made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the Shanhai Pass to the Manchurian army. Under Prince Dorgon, they seized control of Beijing and overthrew Li Zicheng's short-lived Shun Dynasty. Complete pacification of China was accomplished around 1683 under the Kangxi Emperor.
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Qinghai
Coordinates: 36°00′N 96°00′E / 36°N 96°E / 36; 96
Qinghai ( listen (help·info)) (Chinese: 青海; pinyin: Qīnghǎi; Wade–Giles: Ching Hai, pronounced [tɕʰíŋxàɪ̯]); Oirat Mongolian: Көкнуур (transcribed into Cyrillic); Tibetan: མཚོ་སྔོན་; Salar:[citation needed]) is a province of the People's Republic of China, named after Qinghai Lake. It borders Gansu on the northeast, the Xinjiang Autonomous Region on the northwest, Sichuan on the southeast, and Tibet Autonomous Region on the southwest.
A large part of Qinghai's area, until the early 20th century most often referred to by its Mongol name Kokonur in English, lies outside of China proper and has been an ethnic melting pot for centuries, mixing Tibetan, Han Chinese, Mongol, and Turkic influences. The eastern part of the area of Qinghai was under the control of the Han Dynasty about 2000 years ago. It was a battleground during the Tang and subsequent Chinese dynasties when they fought against successive Tibetan tribes.
In the middle of 3rd century CE, nomadic people related to Xianbei migrated to pasture lands around Koko Nur (Qinghai Lake) and established Tuyuhun Kingdom. Since the 7th century, Tuyuhun Kingdom was attacked by both the Tibetan Empire and Tang Dynasty as both of them sought control over trade routes. Military conflicts severely weakened the kingdom and it was incorporated into the Tibetan Empire. After the disintegration of the Tibetan Empire, small local factions emerged. They were under titular authority of China and Tibet but maintained their autonomy. During the period of Mongol Yuan Dynasty's administrative rule of Tibet, majority of Qinghai belonged to one of the three commandaries of the Tibetan region divided at that time, namely Amdo (Tibetan: ཨ༌མདོ; Chinese: 安多; pinyin: Ānduō).
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Qonggyai County
Qonggyai County or Chongye County, (Tibetan: སྣེ་གདོང་རྫོང་ Wylie: ´phyongs rgyas rdzong; Chinese: 琼结县; Pinyin: Qióngjié Xiàn) is a county of the Shannan Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region.
Qonggyai contains the Valley of the Kings, a series of graveyard tumuli, approximately 27 kilometres (17 mi) south of Tsetang, Tibet, near the town of Chongye or Qonggyai on Mure Mountain. The site possesses eight large mounds of earth resembling natural hills that are believed to contain eight to ten buried Tibetan kings.
"According to Tibetan tradition all the kings from Dri-gum onwards are buried at ‘Phyong-rgyas, but as the site now presents itself, there are just ten tumuli identifiable as the tombs of all the kings from Srong-brtsan-sgam-po to Khri-lde-srong-brtsan, including two princes . . . ."
Other sources, however, have indicated that there are actually nine mounds rather than eight or ten. The kings believed to be buried at the site include Songtsän Gampo (the founder of the Tibetan Empire), Nansong Mangsten, Tridu Songtsen, Gyangtsa Laban, Tride Tsugtsen, Trisong Detsen, Muni Tsangpo and Tritsu Detsen.
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Qusum County
Qusum County, (Tibetan: ཆུ་གསུམ་རྫོང་, Wylie: Chu-gsum Rdzong; Chinese: 曲松县; pinyin: Qūsōng Xiàn) is a county of the Shannan Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region.
In 1999 the county had a population of 15,541 inhabitants. The capital is Qusum.
Coordinates: 29°15′48″N 92°27′27″E / 29.26333°N 92.4575°E / 29.26333; 92.4575
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Qüxü County
Qüxü or Qushui or Chushur or Chushul (Tibetan: ཆུ་ཤུར་རྫོང་; Wylie: chu shur rdzong; simplified Chinese: 曲水县 ; pinyin: Qūshuǐ Xiàn) is a county west of the main centre of Lhasa, Tibet. As of 1999 it had a population of 32,150, with an area of 1624 square kilometers. It has jurisdiction over 9 townships, and 114 village committees.
In the Tibetan language it means "water ditch." The lowest elevation is 3,500 meters, with the highest summit elevation of 5894 meters. It is a temperate semi-arid plateau monsoon climate zone with a lot of sunshine; 3,000 hours of annual sunshine hours on average and 150 days a year without snow. Annual precipitation is 441.9 millimeters (17.40 in) and natural disasters such as flash floods, landslides, drought, sandstorms, pests and diseases are common.
Mineral resources include mainly corundum, limestone, granite, peat and so on. Wild animals and plant resources include Himalayan blue sheep, pheasants, deer, leopard, black bear, Chinese caterpillar fungus, Fritillaria, Codonopsis, etc.
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Rinbung County
Rinbung County (Chinese: 仁布县; Pinyin: Rénbù Xiàn) is a county at the northeastern boundary of the Shigatse Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region.
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Riwoqê County
Riwoqê County, or Riwoche (Tibetan: རི་བོ་ཆེ་རྫོང་, Wylie ri bo che rdzong; Chinese: 类乌齐县; Pinyin: Lèiwūqí Xiàn) is a county of the Chamdo Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region.
Located in the former province of Kham, Riwoche Monastery located here became the seat of the Taklung Kagyu, one of the four chief schools of the Kagyu sect.
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Rutog County
Rutog County (Tibetan: རུ་ཐོག་རྫོང་ wylie: ru thog rdzong; Chinese: 日土县; Pinyin:Rìtǔ Xiàn) is a large western territory of the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Its capital, Rutog is located some 900 kilometres (560 mi) northwest of the Tibetan capital, Lhasa.
The county has a rich history of folk tales, myths, legends, proverbs and folk songs and has a large number of caves, rock paintings and other relics. The Xinjiang-Tibet Highway runs through the Rutog County for 340 kilometres. The county, established in March 1961 covers 74,500 square kilometres but has a very low population density with a population of 6300 (2003).
Although when the county was established in 1961 it was part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, in 1978 it became a part of the Tibet Autonomous Region, under the jurisdiction of the Ngari Prefecture.
Rutog County is located in northwestern Tibet, Ngari northwest with a number of territorial borders. It is divided into 12 townships and 30 village committees. The Karakoram Mountains go through the county. The average altitude of 4,500 meters with a maximum altitude of 6800 meters.
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Saga County
Saga County (Chinese: 萨嘎县; Pinyin: Sàgā Xiàn) is a county of the Shigatse Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Dajia Lake and Jiesa Lake lies in the county.
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Salween River
The Salween (Burmese: သံလွင်မြစ်, IPA: [θàɴlwɪ̀ɴ mjɪʔ]; Mon: သာန်လာန်, [san lon]; Tibetan: རྒྱལ་མོ་རྔུལ་ཆུ།, Wylie: rGyl mo rNGul chu; Chinese: 怒江; pinyin: Nù Jiāng; Shan: ၼမ်ႉၶူင်း; Thai: แม่น้ำสาละวิน, IPA: [mɛ̂ː náːm sǎːla.win]; also spelled Salwine; Salawin, Thai; Gyalmo Ngulchu, Tibetan; Thanlwin, Burmese; Nu Jiang, which means "Angry River" in Chinese (The river is actually named after the Nu tribe that lives in the area but Chinese being no phonetic script had to use a character with a similar sound as Nu and that happen to be the character for angry), is a river, about 2,815 kilometres (1,749 mi) long, that flows from the Tibetan Plateau into the Andaman Sea in Southeast Asia. It drains a narrow and mountainous watershed of 324,000 square kilometres (125,000 sq mi) that extends into the countries of China, Burma and Thailand. Steep canyon walls line the swift, powerful and undammed Salween, one of the longest free-flowing rivers in the world. Its extensive drainage basin supports a biodiversity comparable with the Mekong and is home to about 7 million people. In 2003, key parts of the mid-region watershed of the river were included within the Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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Sangri County
Sangri County, (Tibetan: སྣེ་གདོང་རྫོང་ Wylie: sang ri rdzong; Chinese: 桑日县; Pinyin: Sāngrì Xiàn) is a county of the Shannan Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region.
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Shaanxi
Shaanxi (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 陕西; traditional Chinese: 陝西; pinyin: Shǎnxī; Wade–Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal map spelling: Shensi) is a province in the central part of Mainland China, and it includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River in addition to the Qinling Mountains across the southern part of this province. Shaanxi is the historical home, along with Gansu of the dialect of the Dungans, of the Hui people, who emigrated out of China to Central Asia.
By regular Hanyu Pinyin rules, if tone marks are not written, both Shaanxi and the neighbouring province of Shanxi, to the east of Shaanxi, should be spelled "Shanxi"; the difference is in tone: Shānxī (山西) and Shǎnxī (陕西). To make the difference clear without tonal marks, the spelling "Shaanxi" was contrived (following the romanization system of Yuen Ren Chao) for the province of Shǎnxī, while "Shanxi" is used for the province of Shānxī. Shaanxi is the official spelling on Chinese Government's official web portal. This makes "Shaanxi" the only name of Chinese provinces that has not been romanized according to pinyin rules.
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Shandong
Coordinates: 36°24′N 118°24′E / 36.4°N 118.4°E / 36.4; 118.4
Shandong (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 山东; traditional Chinese: 山東; pinyin: Shāndōng; Wade–Giles: Shan1-tung1) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the East China region. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history from the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River and served as a pivotal cultural and religious site for Taoism, Chinese Buddhism, and Confucianism. Shandong's Mount Tai is the most revered mountain of Taoism and one of the world's sites with the longest history of continuous religious worship. The Buddhist temples in the mountains to the south of the provincial capital of Jinan were once among the foremost Buddhist sites in China. The city of Qufu is the birthplace of Confucius, and was later established as the center of Confucianism. Shandong's location at the intersection of ancient as well as modern north-south and east-west trading routes have helped to establish it as an economic center. After a period of political instability and economic hardship that began in the late 19th century, Shandong has emerged as one of the most populous (95,793,065 inhabitants at the 2010 Census) and most affluent provinces in the People's Republic of China (GDP of 3.94 trillion CNY in 2010).
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Shanghai
Shanghai is the largest city by population of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the largest city proper by population in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities of the PRC, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010. It is a global city, with influence in commerce, culture, finance, media, fashion, technology, and transport. It is a major financial center and the busiest container port in the world.
Located in the Yangtze River Delta in eastern China, Shanghai sits at the mouth of the Yangtze River in the middle portion of the Chinese coast. The municipality borders Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces to the west, and is bounded to the east by the East China Sea.
Once a fishing and textiles town, Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to European recognition of its favorable port location and economic potential. The city was one of several opened to foreign trade following the British victory over China in the first opium war and the subsequent 1842 Treaty of Nanking which allowed the establishment of the Shanghai International Settlement. The city then flourished as a center of commerce between east and west, and became the undisputed financial hub of the Asia Pacific in the 1930s. However, with the Communist Party takeover of the mainland in 1949, the city's international influence declined. In the 1990s, the economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense re-development of the city, aiding the return of finance and foreign investment to the city.
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Shanxi
Coordinates: 37°42′N 112°24′E / 37.7°N 112.4°E / 37.7; 112.4
Shanxi (help·info) (Chinese: 山西; pinyin: Shānxī; Wade–Giles: Shan-hsi; Postal map spelling: Shansi) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the North China region. Its one-character abbreviation is "晋" (pinyin: Jìn), after the state of Jin that existed here during the Spring and Autumn Period.
The name Shanxi literally means "mountain's west", which refers to the province's location west of the Taihang Mountains. Shanxi borders Hebei to the east, Henan to the south, Shaanxi to the west, and Inner Mongolia to the north and is made up mainly of a plateau bounded partly by mountain ranges. The capital of the province is Taiyuan.
Shanxi, the territory of state of Jin during the Spring and Autumn Period (722 BC - 403 BC), underwent a three-way split into the states of Han, Zhao and Wei in 403 BC, the traditional date taken as the start of the Warring States Period (403 BC - 221 BC). By 221 BC all of these states had fallen to the state of Qin, which established the Qin Dynasty (221 BC - 206 BC).
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Shigatse
Shigatse (Tibetan: གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེ་, ZYPY: Xigazê; simplified Chinese: 日喀则; traditional Chinese: 日喀則; pinyin: Rìkāzé; other spellings: Shikatse, Zhigatsey) is a county-level city and the second largest city in Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), People's Republic of China, with a population of 92000, about 250 km (160 mi) southwest of Lhasa and 90 km (56 mi) northwest of Gyantse. It is the administrative centre of the modern Shigatse Prefecture, a region of the TAR.
The city is located at an altitude of 3,840 metres (12,600 ft) at the confluence of the Yarlung Tsangpo (aka Brahmaputra) river and the Nyang River (Nyang Chu or Nyanchue) in west Tibet and was the ancient capital of Ü-Tsang province. It is also the name of the surrounding county.
Shigatse was previously known as Samdruptse.
In the 19th century the "Tashi" or Panchen Lama had temporal power over Tashilhunpo Monastery and three small districts, though not over the town of Shigatse itself, which was administered by two Dzongpön (Prefects) appointed from Lhasa. Before military conflict between the PRC's People's Liberation Army and the Central Tibetan Administration, the Tibetan territory was divided into 53 prefecture districts called Dzongs.
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Shigatse Prefecture
Shigatse (Xigazê) is a prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region in China.
The administrative center of the prefecture is the city of Shigatse.
Some of the towns in the prefecture: Tingri (Tingri County), Nyalam (Nyalam County).
The prefecture is roughly located within the historical Tsang Province of the old Tibet.
Coordinates: 29°16′01″N 88°52′52″E / 29.267°N 88.881°E / 29.267; 88.881
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Sichuan
Coordinates: 30°N 103°E / 30°N 103°E / 30; 103
Sichuan (help·info) (Chinese: 四川, known formerly in the West by its postal map spellings of Szechwan or Szechuan) is a province in Southwest China with its capital in Chengdu. The current name of the province, "四川", is an abbreviation of "四川路" (Sì Chuānlù), or "Four circuits of rivers", which is itself abbreviated from "川峡四路" (Chuānxiá Sìlù), or "Four circuits of rivers and gorges", named after the division of the existing circuit into four during the Northern Song Dynasty.
The province and its vicinity were the cradle of unique local civilizations, which can be dated back to at least the fifteenth century BC (coinciding with the later years of the Shang Dynasty). Beginning from the ninth century BC, Shu (today Chengdu) and Ba (today Chongqing City) emerged as cultural and administrative centers where two rival kingdoms were established.
Shu's existence was unknown until an archaeological discovery in 1986 at a small village named Sanxingdui (三星堆) in Guanghan County. It is believed to be an ancient city of the Shu Kingdom, where excavations have yielded invaluable archaeological information.
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Sikkim
Sikkim (/ˈsɪkɨm/; Devanagari: सिक्किम, i.e. the "Goodly Region", or Shikim, Shikimpati or Sikkim;Lepcha: Mayel Lyang; Limbu: Yuksom, "one of the fortified place";Standard Tibetan: འབྲས་ལྗོངས་, Bras Ljongs, Denzong or Demojongs) is a landlocked Indian state located in the Himalayan mountains. The state borders Nepal to the west, China's Tibet Autonomous Region to the north and east, and Bhutan to the southeast, while the state of West Bengal lies to the south.
With around 607,000 inhabitants as of 2011[update], Sikkim is the least populous state in India and the second-smallest state after Goa in total area, covering approximately 7,096 km2 (2,740 sq mi). Sikkim is nonetheless geographically diverse due to its location in the Himalayas; the climate ranges from subtropical to high alpine, and Kangchenjunga, the world's third-highest peak, is located on Sikkim's border with Nepal. Sikkim is a popular tourist destination, owing to its culture, scenery and biodiversity. It also has the only open land border between India and China. Sikkim's capital and largest city is Gangtok.
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Sog County
Sog County (Tibetan སོག་རྫོང་ Wylie sog rdzong; Chinese: 索县; Pinyin: Suǒ Xiàn) is a county within the Nagchu Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region.
Sog Dzong lies in the extreme western part of the former province of Kham. To its west is Chamdo and to its right Nagchu. Sogdzong is located between the Drachen and Driru, on the Sogchu River. It is the source of Gyalmo Ngulchu.
Crops include barley, wheat , radish, potatoes, etc. and yaks, sheep, goat, cows, and horses are reared. Nomads move four times annually according to seasons. The county contains Tsangdain Monastery, built in 1667, resembling the Potala Palace.
Coordinates: 32°02′44″N 94°16′54″E / 32.04556°N 94.28167°E / 32.04556; 94.28167
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Tianjin
Tianjin (help·info) (Chinese: 天津; pinyin: Tiānjīn; Mandarin pronunciation: [tʰjɛ́ntɕín]; Tianjinese: /tʰiɛn˨˩tɕin˨˩/~[tʰjɛ̃̀ɦɪ̀ŋ]; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is a metropolis in northern China and one of the five national central cities of the People's Republic of China. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is, thus, under direct administration of the central government. Tianjin borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality, bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea.
As a dual-core city, Tianjin is divided into the old city and the Binhai New Area. Binhai New Area is a new growth pole in China, and it maintains an annual growth rate of nearly 30% of the GDP. As of the end of 2010, 285 Fortune Global 500 companies have established branch offices in Binhai. It is a base of China's advanced industry, financial reform, and innovation.
In terms of urban population, it is the sixth-largest city of the People's Republic of China, and its urban land area (Binhai New Area is not included) ranks fifth in the nation after Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan and Guangzhou. Tianjin's urban area is located along the Hai River, which connects to the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers via the Grand Canal in Tianjin. Tianjin was once home to foreign concessions in the late Qing Dynasty and early Kuomintang (KMT) era. The municipality incorporates the coastal region of Tanggu, home to the Binhai New Area and the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA).
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Tibetan Plateau
The Tibetan Plateau (Tibetan: བོད་ས་མཐོ།, Wylie: bod sa mtho), also known as the Qinghai-Tibetan (Qingzang) Plateau (Chinese: 青藏高原; pinyin: Qīngzàng Gāoyuán) is a vast, elevated plateau in Central Asia or East Asia covering most of the Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province in western China, as well as part of Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir. It stretches approximately 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) north to south and 2,500 kilometres (1,600 mi) east to west. With an average elevation exceeding 4,500 metres (14,800 ft), the Tibetan Plateau is sometimes called "the Roof of the World" and is the world's highest and largest plateau, with an area of 2.5 million km2 (0.97 million sq. mi., or about four times the size of France).
The Tibetan Plateau is surrounded by massive mountain ranges. The plateau is bordered to the south by the Himalayan range, to the north by the Kunlun Range which separates it from the Tarim Basin, and to the northeast by the Qilian Range which separates the plateau from the Hexi Corridor and Gobi Desert. To the east and southeast the plateau gives way to the forested gorge and ridge geography of the mountainous headwaters of the Salween, Mekong, and Yangtze rivers in western Sichuan (the Hengduan Mountains) and southwest Qinghai. In the west the curve of the rugged Karakoram range of northern Kashmir embraces it.
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Tingri County
Tingri County or Dhringgri County (Tibetan: དིང་རི་རྫོང་, Wylie: ding ri rdzong; Chinese: 定日县; pinyin: Dìngrì Xiàn), is a county of the Shigatse Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region.
The county comprises the upper valley of the Bum-chu or Arun River, with the valleys of its tributaries plus the valleys of the Rongshar Tsangpo and the Lapchi Gang Tsanpo which flow south into Nepal. It is bordered on the south by the main range of the Himalayas including Mt. Everest (Tib. Chomolungma), Makalu and Cho Oyu. The present county administration is located at Shelkar, about 87 km (54 mi) east of Tingri (town).
Coordinates: 28°28′34″N 87°13′01″E / 28.47611°N 87.21694°E / 28.47611; 87.21694
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Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand[needs IPA] (Sanskrit: उत्तराखण्डम्, Uttarākhanḍam ?, Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड, Uttarākhanḍ ?), formerly Uttaranchal, is a state in the northern part of India. It is often referred to as the Land of Gods (Hindi: देव भूमि, Dēv bhūmi ?) due to the many holy Hindu temples and cities found throughout the state, some of which are among Hinduism's most spiritual and auspicious places of pilgrimage and worship. Known for its natural beauty and wealth of the Himalayas, the Bhabhar and the Terai, the state was carved out of the Himalayan and adjoining north-western districts of Uttar Pradesh on 9 November 2000, becoming the 27th state of the Republic of India. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region on the north, the Mahakali Zone of Far-Western Region, Nepal on the east and the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the north west.
The region is traditionally referred to as Uttarakhand in Hindu scriptures and old literature, a term which derives from Sanskrit uttara (उत्तर) meaning north, and khaṇḍ (खण्ड्) meaning country or part of a country. It has an area of 20,682 sq mi (53,566 km²).
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Xainza County
Xainza County, also Shantsa, Shentsa, (Tibetan: ཤན་རྩ་རྫོང་, Wylie: shan rtsa rdzong; Chinese: 申扎县; pinyin: Shēnzhā Xiàn) is a county within the Nagchu Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region. In 1999 the county had a population of 16,190.
The capital lies at Naktsang Town or Xainza. The county covers an area of 25,546 square kilometres (9,863 sq mi). Until recent times the County extended all the way from the borders of Xinjiang in the north to the Brahmaputra River in the south, covering a larger area than the United Kingdom. It has since been split into two, Shentsa (Xainza) County and the new Nyima County to the east.
"In this region there are 67 lakes, including some of Tibet's largest: Serling, Dangra Yutso, Ngangtse-tso, Kering-tso, Taktse-tse and Uru-tso. In the northeast there are a numeber of 6,000 m peaks including Purok Gangri (6,482 m) [21,266 ft] and Norla Gangri (6,136 m), not to mention the Kunlun mountains on the Xinjiang border further north. The entire northern region forms part of the Jangtang Nature Reserve. Ten large salt fields testify to the importance of this region for the traditional trading commodity of the Jangtang Plateau."
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Xaitongmoin County
Xaitongmoin County (Chinese: 谢通门县; Pinyin: Xiètōngmén Xiàn) is a county of the Shigatse Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region.
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Xinhua News Agency
The Xinhua News Agency (simplified Chinese: 新华通讯社; traditional Chinese: 新華通訊社; pinyin: Xīnhuá tōngxùnshè, IPA: [ɕínxwǎ]; /ˈʃiːnhwɑː/; literally "New China News Agency") is the official press agency of the People's Republic of China and the biggest center for collecting information and press conferences in China. It is the largest news agency in China, ahead of the China News Service. Xinhua is subordinate to the State Council and reports to the Communist Party of China's Publicity and Public Information Departments. Xinhua's headquarters complex, the "pencil building", is at No. 57 Xuanwumenxi Street, Beijing. Its website Xinhua.org or Xinhuanet.com is headquartered on the twentieth floor of the Dacheng Plaza (大成大厦 Dàchéng Dàshà) in Xicheng District, Beijing.
Xinhua employs more than 10,000 people, operates 107 foreign bureaus worldwide, and maintains 31 bureaus in China—one for each province, plus a military bureau. As most of the newspapers in China cannot afford to station correspondents abroad, or even in every Chinese province, they rely on Xinhua feeds to fill their pages. People's Daily, for example, uses Xinhua material for approximately 25 percent of its stories. Xinhua is a publisher as well as a news agency—it owns more than 20 newspapers and a dozen magazines, and it prints in eight languages: Chinese, English, Spanish, French, Russian, Portuguese, Arabic and Japanese.
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Xinjiang
Xinjiang (XUAR) (Uyghur: شىنجاڭ, ULY: Shinjang; Mandarin pronunciation: [ɕíntɕjɑ́ŋ]; Chinese: 新疆; pinyin: Xīnjiāng; Wade–Giles: Hsin1-chiang1; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang) is an autonomous region (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region) of the People's Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million km2. Xinjiang borders Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, has abundant oil reserves and is China's largest natural gas-producing region.
It is home to a number of different ethnic groups including the Uyghur, Han, Kazakh, Hui, Kyrgyz, and Mongol. More than a dozen autonomous prefectures and counties for minorities are located in Xinjiang. Older English-language reference works often refer to the area as Chinese Turkestan, Sinkiang, and East Turkestan. Xinjiang is divided into the Dzungarian Basin in the north and the Tarim Basin in the south by a mountain range. Only about 4.3% of Xinjiang's land area is fit for human habitation.
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Yadong County
Chomo (Yadong) County (Tibetan: གྲོ་མོ་རྫོང༌།, Wylie: gro-mo rdzong; simplified Chinese: 亚东; traditional Chinese: 亞東; pinyin: Yàdōng; Wade–Giles: Ya-tung) is a frontier county and trade-market of Tibet, situated in the mouth of the Chumbi valley near the Indian frontier. It lies in the middle part of Himalayas and the south of Tibet Autonomous Region, covering about 4,306 square kilometers with a population of 10,000. In the Tibetan language, Yatung is said to mean "rushing deep valley".
The town of Yadong (Chomo) Coordinates: 27°29′22″N 88°54′21″E / 27.48944°N 88.90583°E / 27.48944; 88.90583 is very close to the borders of both the Indian state of Sikkim and Bhutan and has a hotel, a guest house, some government offices and army barracks.
The famous local specialities are Yadong fish, barley wine and others. Pali Town of Yadong is noted for being the highest town of the world. The main tourist sites of Yadong are Donggar Monastery, Garju Monastery and Kangbu Hotspring. Yadong is connected to the Indian state of Sikkim via the Nathula Pass.
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Yellow River
The Yellow River or Huang He, formerly spelled Hwang Ho, is the second-longest river in China after the Yangtze and the sixth-longest in the world at the estimated length of 5,464 kilometers (3,395 mi). Originating in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai Province in western China, it flows through nine provinces of China and empties into the Bohai Sea. The Yellow River basin has an east-west extent of 1900 km (1,180 mi) and a north-south extent of 1100 km (684 mi). Its total basin area is 742,443 km² (290,520 mi²).
The Yellow River is called "the cradle of Chinese civilization" as its basin – specifically, the Wei valley that cuts across the long Ordos loop – was the birthplace of ancient Chinese civilizations and the most prosperous region in early Chinese history. However, frequent devastating floods and course changes produced by the continual elevation of the river bed, sometimes above the level of its surrounding fields has also earned it the unenviable names "China's Sorrow" and "Scourge of the Sons of Han."
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Yunnan
Coordinates: 24°30′N 101°30′E / 24.5°N 101.5°E / 24.5; 101.5
Yunnan (simplified Chinese: 云南; traditional Chinese: 雲南; pinyin: Yúnnán; IPA: [y̌nnǎn] ( listen)) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the far southwest of the country spanning approximately 394,000 square kilometers (152,000 sq mi) and with a population of 45.7 million (2009). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders Burma, Laos, and Vietnam.
Yunnan is situated in a mountainous area, with high elevations in the northwest and low elevations in the southeast. Most of the population lives in the eastern part of the province. In the west, the relative height from mountain peaks to river valleys can be as much as 3,000 m.[citation needed] Yunnan is rich in natural resources and has the largest diversity of plant life in China. Of the approximately 30,000 species of higher plants in China, Yunnan has perhaps 17,000 or more.[citation needed] Yunnan's reserves of aluminium, lead, zinc and tin are the largest in China, and there are also major reserves of copper and nickel.[citation needed] Yunnan has over 600 rivers and lakes, which provide an annual water supply of 222 billion cubic meters.[citation needed] Projected hydropower reserves stand at 103 GW, with an exploitable capacity of 90 GW.[citation needed]
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Zanda County
Zanda County (Tibetan: རྩ་མདའ་རྫོང་ wylie: rtsa mda' rdzong; Chinese: 札达县; Pinyin: Zhádá Xiàn) is a county in the Ngari Prefecture to the extreme south west of the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.
Coordinates: 31°29′03″N 79°41′11″E / 31.48417°N 79.68639°E / 31.48417; 79.68639
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Zayü County
Zayü County (Tibetan: རྫ་ཡུལ་རྫོང་, Wylie: rdza yul rdzong; Chinese: 察隅县; pinyin: Cháyú Xiàn) is a county of the Nyingtri Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region.
Chinese claims include parts of Arunachal Pradesh, south of the McMahon Line, what was casus belli for the 1962 Sino-Indian War.
Coordinates: 29°20′37″N 97°29′45″E / 29.34361°N 97.49583°E / 29.34361; 97.49583
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Zhanang County
Zhanang County, (Tibetan:གྲ་ནང་རྫོང་ Wylie gra nang rdzong; Chinese: 扎囊县; Pinyin: Zhānáng Xiàn) is a county of the Shannan Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region, As of 2000 it had a population of 35,278.
Coordinates: 29°27′54″N 91°36′40″E / 29.465°N 91.61111°E / 29.465; 91.61111
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Zhejiang
Coordinates: 29°12′N 120°30′E / 29.2°N 120.5°E / 29.2; 120.5
Zhejiang (Chinese: 浙江; pinyin: Zhèjiāng; Wade–Giles: Che-chiang or Chekiang) is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. The word Zhejiang (crooked river) was the old name of the Qiantang River, which passes through Hangzhou, the provincial capital. The name of the province is often abbreviated to its first character, "浙".
Zhejiang borders Jiangsu province and Shanghai municipality to the north, Anhui province to the northwest, Jiangxi province to the west, and Fujian province to the south; to the east is the East China Sea, beyond which lie the Ryukyu Islands of Japan.
The area of modern Zhejiang was outside the major sphere of influence of early Chinese civilization during the Shang Dynasty (sixteenth century to eleventh century BC). Instead, this area was populated by peoples collectively known as the Yue, such as the Dongyue and the Ouyue. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the state of Yue emerged in northern Zhejiang. The Yue state was heavily influenced by the Chinese civilization further north. Under King Goujian of Yue, Yue reached its zenith and was able to wipe out the powerful state of Wu to its immediate north, in 473 BC. Then, in 333 BC, Yue was in turn conquered by the state of Chu, which was to the west. In 221 BC, the state of Qin completed the conquest of the last of the formerly independent states of China, including the state of Chu. This conquest made what is now Zhejiang part of a unified Chinese empire.
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Zhongba County
Zhongba County (Tibetan: འབྲོང་པ་རྫོང༌།, ZYPY: Zhongba Zong; Chinese: 仲巴县; Pinyin: Zhōngbā Xiàn) is a county of the Shigatse Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Located in western Tibet, it is the largest county of the prefecture.
Zhongba County has a population of 18,000 and covers 43,594 square kilometers. It is prone to quakes and suffered another large one, 6.8 on the Richter scale on 30 August, 2008. Although it left a 10 km crack in a north-south direction at the epicenter located at 31° north and 83.6° east, houses were damaged and roads blocked by falling rocks, no one has been reported as injured. It is heavily populated with lakes such as Taruo Lake, Ang Laren Lake and Renqingxiubu Lake.
China National Highway 219
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Zogang County
Zogong County, (Tibetan: མཛོ་སྒང་རྫོང་ Wylie mdzo sgang rdzong; Chinese: 左贡县; Pinyin: Zuǒgòng Xiàn) is a county of the Chamdo Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region,
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Birgit Zotz
Birgit Zotz (born 7 August 1979) is an Austrian writer, cultural anthropologist and an expert on the subject of hospitality management studies.
Born in Waidhofen an der Thaya, Lower Austria Zotz grew up in the Waldviertel and in Vienna. From 1993-1997 she attended the Franz Schubert Konservatorium in Vienna where she studied saxophone. She got her master’s degree in tourism studies from Johannes Kepler University of Linz in 2008 and later obtained a master's degree in ethnology from Vienna University. She is married to Volker Zotz, an eminent Austrian philosopher, and a prolific author in German language.
Birgit Zotz published books, essays and articles about Buddhist culture, mysticism and image-building in tourism. She is a lecturer at the International College of Tourism and Management in Bad Vöslau. Since 2005 she has been President of Komyoji, an internationally recognized center for study and dialogue with Buddhism in Austria. She is a researcher on the philosophy and life of Lama Anagarika Govinda, whose biography she wrote.
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Dongxiang people
The Dongxiang people (autonym: Sarta or Santa (撒尔塔); simplified Chinese: 东乡族; traditional Chinese: 東鄉族; pinyin: Dōngxiāngzú) are one of 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. Most of the Dongxiang live in the Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture and surrounding areas of Gansu Province in northwestern China, while others groupings can also be found in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province, and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. According to the 2000 census, their population numbers 513,805.
The Dongxiang are closely related to the Mongolians. Scholars speculate that their identity as an independent ethnic group arose through contact with Central Asians, due to whom the Dongxiang converted to Sunni Islam in the 13th century.
One possible origin is that they are descendants of Mongolian troops posted in the Hezhou area by Genghis Khan (1162-1227 AD) during his journey westward, while another possibility is that they could be a mixture of many peoples including Mongolian, Han, and Tibetan groups.
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Hui people
The Hui people (Chinese: 回族; pinyin: Huízú, Xiao'erjing: حُوِ ذَو / حواري) are a predominantly Muslim ethnic group in China. Hui people are found throughout the country, though they are concentrated mainly in the provinces of Ningxia, Qinghai, and Gansu. According to a 2000 census, China is home to approximately 9.8 million Hui people, the majority of whom are Chinese-speaking practitioners of Islam, though some practice other religions. Although many Hui people are ethnically similar to Han Chinese, the group has retained some Persian and Central Asian features, their ethnicity and culture having been shaped profoundly by their position along the Silk Road trading route.
In the People's Republic of China, the Hui people are one of 56 officially recognized ethnic groups. Under this definition, the Hui people are defined to include all historically Muslim communities in People's Republic of China that are not included in China's other ethnic groups. Since China's Muslims speaking various Turkic, Mongolic, or Iranian languages are all included into those other groups (e.g., Uyghurs, Dongxiang, or Tajiks) the "officially recognized" Hui ethnic group consists predominantly of Chinese speakers. In fact, the "Hui nationality" is unique among China's officially recognized ethnic minorities in that it does not have any particular non-Chinese language associated with it.
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Mongols
Mongols (Mongolian: Монголчууд (help·info)), Mongolchuud) are a Central-East Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in the countries of Mongolia, China, and Russia. Owing to wars and migrations, Mongols are also found in some Central Asian states such as Kazakhstan. In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia (a smaller number of Mongols can also be found in Xinjiang in northwest China). The Buryat branch of the Mongol ethnic group can be found in the autonomous republic of Buryatia, Russia. Ethnic Mongols are bound together by a common language and culture. They speak languages belonging to the Mongolic languages. The contiguous territories inhabited by ethnic Mongols is also known as Greater Mongolia[disambiguation needed 
]. There are approximately 10 million ethnic Mongols in total.
A definition includes the Mongols proper, who can be approximately divided into the eastern Mongols (the Khalkha Mongols, the Inner Mongolians, the Buryats), and the Oirats. In a wider sense, the Mongol people includes all people who speak a Mongolic language, such as the Kalmyks of eastern Europe.
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Padma Choling
Padma Choling (Tibetan: པདྨ་འཕྲིན་ལས་།; alternatively Pema Thinley, Pelma Chiley, Baima Chilin;Chinese: 白玛赤林; pinyin: Báimă Chìlín; born October 1952) is the eighth and current Chairman of the government of the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) in China. He took this position in 2010 from the vice-chairmanship that he had since 2003, since given to Lobsang Gyaltsen. He also heads the Tibet Autonomous Region People's Congress. As such, Choling is the "most senior ethnic Tibetan in the regional government", and most senior official in the TAR in general, though he remains subordinate to the TAR Communist Party secretary, Zhang Qingli.
Padma Choling was born in 1952 in a farming family in Dengqen County, Qamdo Prefecture. He joined the People's Liberation Army in Qinghai Province at 17, serving in the army for seventeen years. There, he played basketball and mastered the Chinese language. He joined the Communist Party of China in October 1970. He was an official in the Tibetan regional government since December 1969, working in Xigaze and then Lhasa, rising to the vice-chairmanship of the TAR in 2003. After his anodyne handling of an earthquake in Damxung County outside Lhasa, he was elected the chairman of the Tibet Autonomous Region in 2010.
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Qiang people
The Qiang people (Chinese: 羌族; Mandarin Pinyin: qiāng zú; Jyutping: goeng1 zuk6) are an ethnic group of China. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China, with a population of approximately 200,000, living mainly in northwestern part of Sichuan province.
At present, the Qiang have a self-identity, referring to themselves as Qiang zu (羌族) and erma or rma (尔玛). There are about 200,000 Qiang people today in western Sichuan, predominantly in the five counties of Maoxian, Wenchuan, Lixian, Beichuan and Heishui, of the Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture. On 12 May 2008, the Qiang people were heavily affected by the major Sichuan earthquake, whose epicenter was in Wenchuan County.
The Qiang today are mountain dwellers. A fortress village, zhai 寨, composed of 30 to 100 households, in general, is the basic social unit beyond the household. An average of two to five fortress villages in a small valley along a mountain stream, known in local Chinese as gou 溝, make up a village cluster (cun 村). The inhabitants of fortress village or village cluster have close contact in social life. In these small valleys, people cultivate narrow fluvial plains along creeks or mountain terraces, hunt animals or collect mushrooms and herbs (for food or medicine) in the neighboring woods, and herd yaks and horses on the mountain-top pastures. In the past, warfare between villages was common.
wn.com/Qiang_people -
Salar people
Salar people (Salar: Salır, Turkic: Salar, Chinese: 撒拉族, Pinyin: Sālāzú) are a Turkic people. Their language belongs to the Oghuz group, classified within the Turkic language family.
The Salars are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China.
The Salar people numbered 104,503 people in the last census of 2000. They live mostly in the Qinghai-Gansu border region, on both sides of the Yellow River, namely in Xunhua Salar Autonomous County (循化撒拉族自治縣) and Hualong Hui Autonomous County (化隆回族自治縣) of Qinghai and the adjacent Jishishan Bonan, Dongxiang and Salar Autonomous County of Gansu. There are also Salars in Xinjiang (in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture).
The Salars' ancestors were migrating Oghuz Turks who intermarried with Han Chinese, Tibetans, and Hui. They are a patriarchal agricultural society and are predominantly Muslim.
According to Salar tradition, they are the descendants of the Salur tribe, belonging to the Oghuz Turks tribe of the Western Turkic Khaganate. The word Salur meant "those who wave swords, spears and hammers everywhere." During the Tang Dynasty period, the Salur tribe dwelt within China's borders — later moving west towards Central Asia.
wn.com/Salar_people -
Tibetan Muslims
The Tibetan Muslims, also known as the Kachee (Tibetan: ཀ་ཆེ་, Wylie: ka-che; also spelled Kache), form a small minority in Tibet. Despite being Muslim, they are officially recognized as Tibetans by the government of the People's Republic of China, unlike the Hui Muslims, who are separately recognized. The Tibetan word Kachee literally means Kashmiri and Kashmir was known as Kachee Yul (Yul means Country).
Generally speaking, the Tibetan Muslims are unique in the fact that they are largely of Kashmiri and Persian/Arab/Turkic descent through the patrilineal lineage and also often descendants of native Tibetans through the matrilineal lineage, although the reverse is not uncommon. Thus, many of them display a mixture of Aryan and indigenous Tibetan features.
The appearance of the first Muslims in Tibet has been lost in the mists of time, although variants of the names of Tibet can be found in Arabic history books.
During the reign of the Ummayad Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz, a delegation from Tibet and China requested him to send Islamic missionaries to their countries, and Salah bin Abdullah Hanafi was sent to Tibet. Between the eighth and ninth centuries, the Abbasid rulers of Baghdad maintained relations with Tibet. However, there was little proselytisation among the missionaries at first, although many of them decided to settle in Tibet and marry Tibetan women. In 710-720,during the reign of Me Agtsom the Arabs, who now had more of a presence in China, started to appear in Tibet and were allied with them along with the Eastern Turks against the Chinese. During the reign of Sadnalegs (799-815), there was a protracted war with Arab powers to the West. It appears that Tibetans captured a number of Arab troops and pressed them into service on the Eastern frontier in 801. Tibetans were active as far West as Samarkand and Kabul. Arab forces began to gain the upper hand, and the Tibetan governor of Kabul submitted to the Arabs and became a Muslim about 812 or 815
wn.com/Tibetan_Muslims -
Tibetan people
The Tibetan people (Tibetan: བོད་པ།་, Wylie: Bodpa; Chinese: 藏族; pinyin: Zàng Zú) are an ethnic group that is native to Tibet, which is mostly in the People's Republic of China. They number 5.4 million and are the 10th largest ethnic group in the country. Significant Tibetan minorities also live in India, Nepal, and Bhutan. The Khampas of Tibet are originally from Mongolia.
Tibetans speak the Tibetan language, which belongs to the Sino-Tibetan languages and has many mutually unintelligible dialects. The traditional, or mythological, explanation of the Tibetan people's origin is that they are the descendants of the monkey Pha Trelgen Changchup Sempa and rock ogress Ma Drag Sinmo. Most Tibetans practice Tibetan Buddhism, though some observe the indigenous Bön and others are Muslims. Tibetan Buddhism influences Tibetan art, drama, and architecture, while the harsh geography of Tibet has produced an adaptive culture of Tibetan medicine and cuisine.
As of 2008, there are 5.4 million Tibetans in China. The SIL Ethnologue in 2009 documents an additional 189,000 Tibetan language speakers living in India, 5,280 in Nepal, and 4,800 in Bhutan. The Central Tibetan Administration's (CTA) own refugee register counts 145,150 Tibetans outside Tibet: a little over 100,000 in India; in Nepal there are over 16,000; over 1,800 in Bhutan and more than 25,000 in other parts of the world. There are Tibetan communities in the Australia, Canada, Costa Rica, France, Mexico, Norway, Taiwan, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and USA.[citation needed]
wn.com/Tibetan_people -
Yi people
The Yi or Lolo people (Nuosu: ꆈꌠ [nɔ̄sū]; Chinese transcription: 诺苏, pinyin: Nuòsū; Chinese: 彝族; pinyin: Yízú; Vietnamese: Lô Lô; Thai: โล-โล, Lo-Lo) are an ethnic group in China, Vietnam, and Thailand. Numbering 8 million, they are the seventh largest of the 55 ethnic minority groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. They live primarily in rural areas of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi, usually in mountainous regions. As of 1999, there were 3,300 "Lô Lô" people living in Hà Giang, Cao Bằng, and Lào Cai provinces in northeastern Vietnam. Most Yi are farmers; herders of cattle, sheep and goats; and nomadic hunters.[citation needed]
The Yi speak Yi, a mixture of Tibeto-Burman languages closely related to Burmese. The prestige dialect is Nuosu, which is written in the Yi script and Chinese transliteration.
Of the more than 8 million Yi people, over 4.5 million live in Yunnan Province, 2.5 million live in southern Sichuan Province, and 1 million live in the northwest corner of Guizhou Province. Nearly all the Yi live in mountainous areas,[citation needed] often carving out their existence on the sides of steep mountain slopes far from the cities of China.
wn.com/Yi_people -
Zhang Qingli
Zhang Qingli (simplified Chinese: 张庆黎; traditional Chinese: 張慶黎; pinyin: Zhāng Qìnglí; born January 1951 in Dongping, Tai'an, Shandong) was the Secretary of the Communist Party of China Tibet Autonomous Regional Committee. He is also a member of the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Known for his tough policies in ethnic regions, Zhang has dismissed ethnic officials whom he considers unreliable. He was also in the spotlight during the 2008 Tibetan unrest.
In August 2011, he was named Party Secretary of Hebei province, which surrounds Beijing.
wn.com/Zhang_Qingli
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Shoton Festival 西藏雪顿节( part 1) - Tibet Autonomous Region Travelogue
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:56
- Updated: 18 Jul 2012
http://wn.com/Shoton_Festival_西藏雪顿节_part_1_Tibet_Autonomous_Region_Travelogue
Wetlands Northern Tibet Autonomous Region Support Eco-Life Cycle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Updated: 06 Aug 2012
For more news visit ☛ english.ntdtv.com Follow us on Twitter ☛ http Add us on Facebook ☛ facebook.com The wetlands in Northern Tibet Autonomous Region boast the biggest ecosystem in China. It's the home of China's biggest cluster of wetlands with lakes, marshes, and rivers. But concerns are growing that the lake's water level is expanding by several feet a year. Here's more on the story. The wetlands in the Tibet Autonomous Region comprise the largest wetland system in China—supporting the existence of the northern Tibet grasslands. Situated on the plateau 15000 feet above sea level, Serling Tso Lake is a tranquil relaxing environment for people with an abundance of plant and animal life. Its cobalt blue water tastes a little salty, like seawater. Local residents say the lake is growing bigger with water levels expanding by about three feet from last year. [Lei Guilong, Tibet Autonomous Region Forestry Bureau]: "Surveys show that the area of wetland in Tibet has increased since the first survey. Moreover, 90% of the wetland has maintained a good protogenetic state." Serling Tso Lake and another 20 satellite lakes make up a wetland protection zone... providing an ideal habitat and breeding ground for rare waterfowls. There are about 100 varieties of birds living there. Tibet has more than 1500 lakes. That's over six million acres, which is 30% of the lake area in China. This region is the home of China's biggest cluster of wetlands with lakes, marshes, and rivers ...
http://wn.com/Wetlands_Northern_Tibet_Autonomous_Region_Support_Eco-Life_Cycle
For more news visit ☛ english.ntdtv.com Follow us on Twitter ☛ http Add us on Facebook ☛ facebook.com The wetlands in Northern Tibet Autonomous Region boast the biggest ecosystem in China. It's the home of China's biggest cluster of wetlands with lakes, marshes, and rivers. But concerns are growing that the lake's water level is expanding by several feet a year. Here's more on the story. The wetlands in the Tibet Autonomous Region comprise the largest wetland system in China—supporting the existence of the northern Tibet grasslands. Situated on the plateau 15000 feet above sea level, Serling Tso Lake is a tranquil relaxing environment for people with an abundance of plant and animal life. Its cobalt blue water tastes a little salty, like seawater. Local residents say the lake is growing bigger with water levels expanding by about three feet from last year. [Lei Guilong, Tibet Autonomous Region Forestry Bureau]: "Surveys show that the area of wetland in Tibet has increased since the first survey. Moreover, 90% of the wetland has maintained a good protogenetic state." Serling Tso Lake and another 20 satellite lakes make up a wetland protection zone... providing an ideal habitat and breeding ground for rare waterfowls. There are about 100 varieties of birds living there. Tibet has more than 1500 lakes. That's over six million acres, which is 30% of the lake area in China. This region is the home of China's biggest cluster of wetlands with lakes, marshes, and rivers ...
- published: 19 Jul 2011
- views: 327
- author: NTDTV
Shoton Festival 西藏雪顿节( part 2)- Tibet Autonomous Region -Travelogue
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:55
- Updated: 25 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/Shoton_Festival_西藏雪顿节_part_2_Tibet_Autonomous_Region_-Travelogue
甘肃省水灾- Gansu Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Region China landslide.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:00
- Updated: 18 May 2011
In the late hours of Aug 7/2010, heavy rain caused major landslides in the Zhouqu area. 127 people have been confirmed dead, 75 injured, about 2000 missing, and more than 40000 homeless. Premier Wen Jiabao is headed to the area to direct rescue operations. Situation is bad, likely to hear more bad news in the next few days.
http://wn.com/甘肃省水灾_Gansu_Gannan_Tibetan_Autonomous_Region_China_landslide
In the late hours of Aug 7/2010, heavy rain caused major landslides in the Zhouqu area. 127 people have been confirmed dead, 75 injured, about 2000 missing, and more than 40000 homeless. Premier Wen Jiabao is headed to the area to direct rescue operations. Situation is bad, likely to hear more bad news in the next few days.
- published: 08 Aug 2010
- views: 5757
- author: amnsgdgy
Travelogue 2011-03-14 Ethnic Odyssey：Tibet Autonomous Region Tibetan Minority
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:36
- Updated: 05 Jul 2011
http://wn.com/Travelogue_2011-03-14_Ethnic_Odyssey：Tibet_Autonomous_Region_Tibetan_Minority
53rd Tibet Self-Immolation Death
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:29
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
A Tibetan writer is the 53rd person to die in a string of self-immolation protests against Chinese rule. 43 year old Gudrub set himself alight on Thursday in Nagqu prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region. The writer and poet had studied in India, and had previously posted writings online about the wave of self-immolation protests. Gudrub's death comes less than a week after a young Tibetan set himself alight in northwestern Qinhai. For more news and videos visit ☛ english.ntdtv.com Follow us on Twitter ☛ http Add us on Facebook ☛ on.fb.me
http://wn.com/53rd_Tibet_Self-Immolation_Death
A Tibetan writer is the 53rd person to die in a string of self-immolation protests against Chinese rule. 43 year old Gudrub set himself alight on Thursday in Nagqu prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region. The writer and poet had studied in India, and had previously posted writings online about the wave of self-immolation protests. Gudrub's death comes less than a week after a young Tibetan set himself alight in northwestern Qinhai. For more news and videos visit ☛ english.ntdtv.com Follow us on Twitter ☛ http Add us on Facebook ☛ on.fb.me
- published: 05 Oct 2012
- views: 1120
- author: NTDTV
Heavy snow hits Tibet Autonomous Region - 04 Jun 09
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:43
- Updated: 28 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/Heavy_snow_hits_Tibet_Autonomous_Region_04_Jun_09
The museum of Tibet (Lhasa - Tibet - China)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:28
- Updated: 09 Jul 2012
(EN) The Tibet Museum is the official museum of the Tibet Autonomous Region in Lhasa. Inaugurated on October 5, 1999, it is the first large-sized modern museum in the Tibet Autonomous Region. It has a permanent collection related to the cultural history of Tibet. The museum has a collection of around 1000 artefacts, from examples of Tibetan art to architectural design throughout history such as Tibetan doors and beams. (wikipedia) en.wikipedia.org VALPARD valpardfilms.awardspace.com Map for Tibet trip : maps.google.com
http://wn.com/The_museum_of_Tibet_Lhasa_Tibet_China
(EN) The Tibet Museum is the official museum of the Tibet Autonomous Region in Lhasa. Inaugurated on October 5, 1999, it is the first large-sized modern museum in the Tibet Autonomous Region. It has a permanent collection related to the cultural history of Tibet. The museum has a collection of around 1000 artefacts, from examples of Tibetan art to architectural design throughout history such as Tibetan doors and beams. (wikipedia) en.wikipedia.org VALPARD valpardfilms.awardspace.com Map for Tibet trip : maps.google.com
- published: 09 Sep 2011
- views: 978
- author: valpard
Tibetan Yaks གཡག་
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
བོད་ - 西藏- Tibet: This vast high plateau is home to wild and domesticated yaks. They provide a livelihood for farmers and nomadic herders across the 'Tibet Autonomous Region' and the Chinese provinces Qinghai and Sichuan. The Tibetan Plateau, four times the size of France (1000km by 2500km ), is the most extensive plateau in the world. With a mean altitude of around 4500 metres, it is also the highest in the world. The yak is at home on this bleak and windswept plateau and in the Himalayas in the south-west.
http://wn.com/Tibetan_Yaks_གཡག་
བོད་ - 西藏- Tibet: This vast high plateau is home to wild and domesticated yaks. They provide a livelihood for farmers and nomadic herders across the 'Tibet Autonomous Region' and the Chinese provinces Qinghai and Sichuan. The Tibetan Plateau, four times the size of France (1000km by 2500km ), is the most extensive plateau in the world. With a mean altitude of around 4500 metres, it is also the highest in the world. The yak is at home on this bleak and windswept plateau and in the Himalayas in the south-west.
- published: 08 Feb 2012
- views: 367
- author: Brodickbay
03 May 2012 - Tibetonline.tv News
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:34
- Updated: 03 May 2012
Headlines: His Holiness Begins 3 Days Teaching to Chinese from Mainland China ◆ Prisoner Meeting Barred in Tibet Autonomous Region ◆
http://wn.com/03_May_2012_Tibetonlinetv_News
Headlines: His Holiness Begins 3 Days Teaching to Chinese from Mainland China ◆ Prisoner Meeting Barred in Tibet Autonomous Region ◆
- published: 03 May 2012
- views: 727
- author: ctaonlinetv
Tibetan song 《卓玛》
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
From concert celebrating 40th anniversary of Tibet Autonomous Region in 2005.
http://wn.com/Tibetan_song_《卓玛》
From concert celebrating 40th anniversary of Tibet Autonomous Region in 2005.
- published: 26 Sep 2007
- views: 87830
- author: Himalayas007
Street Lives of Tibetan Children After China's "Liberation" Part 1/7
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:02
- Updated: 22 Feb 2013
www.StandUpForTibet.org China often complains that its civilizing mission in Tibet is costing the government and people of China large amounts in terms of subsidies to an under-developed region. According to official Chinese statistics, the level of annual subsidies to the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR) in the late 1980s was around 1 billion yuan or $270 million. However, all the infrastructure that China has built in Tibet has not made the lives of the native Tibetans any better; it has only taken the exploitative apparatuses of the Chinese government deeper. Link tinyurl.com woodsmoke.wordpress.com
http://wn.com/Street_Lives_of_Tibetan_Children_After_China's_Liberation_Part_1_7
www.StandUpForTibet.org China often complains that its civilizing mission in Tibet is costing the government and people of China large amounts in terms of subsidies to an under-developed region. According to official Chinese statistics, the level of annual subsidies to the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR) in the late 1980s was around 1 billion yuan or $270 million. However, all the infrastructure that China has built in Tibet has not made the lives of the native Tibetans any better; it has only taken the exploitative apparatuses of the Chinese government deeper. Link tinyurl.com woodsmoke.wordpress.com
- published: 15 Dec 2011
- views: 1120
- author: TibetArchive
The Lost World of Tibet - 西藏半生緣1/9
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:55
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
China is incurring huge expenditure in transferring and consolidating the Chinese population in Tibet. Massive investment has been made to build a network of modern highways all over Tibet. China can also boast of having laid the highest railway track in the world that connects Lhasa with Beijing. In fact, China often complains that its civilizing mission in Tibet is costing the government and people of China large amounts in terms of subsidies to an under-developed region. According to official Chinese statistics, the level of annual subsidies to the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR) in the late 1980s was around 1 billion yuan or $270 million. However, all the infrastructure that China has built in Tibet has not made the lives of the native Tibetans any better; it has only taken the exploitative apparatuses of the Chinese government deeper.
http://wn.com/The_Lost_World_of_Tibet_西藏半生緣1_9
China is incurring huge expenditure in transferring and consolidating the Chinese population in Tibet. Massive investment has been made to build a network of modern highways all over Tibet. China can also boast of having laid the highest railway track in the world that connects Lhasa with Beijing. In fact, China often complains that its civilizing mission in Tibet is costing the government and people of China large amounts in terms of subsidies to an under-developed region. According to official Chinese statistics, the level of annual subsidies to the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR) in the late 1980s was around 1 billion yuan or $270 million. However, all the infrastructure that China has built in Tibet has not made the lives of the native Tibetans any better; it has only taken the exploitative apparatuses of the Chinese government deeper.
- published: 14 Apr 2011
- views: 1345
- author: Pasang Tsering
Street lives of Children in Tibet - post China's "Liberation" (Part 2/6)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:47
- Updated: 28 Jan 2012
Click here for more Tibet videos : www.youtube.com China often complains that its civilizing mission in Tibet is costing the government and people of China large amounts in terms of subsidies to an under-developed region. According to official Chinese statistics, the level of annual subsidies to the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR) in the late 1980s was around 1 billion yuan or $270 million. However, all the infrastructure that China has built in Tibet has not made the lives of the native Tibetans any better; it has only taken the exploitative apparatuses of the Chinese government deeper. tinyurl.com woodsmoke.wordpress.com
http://wn.com/Street_lives_of_Children_in_Tibet_post_China's_Liberation_Part_2_6
Click here for more Tibet videos : www.youtube.com China often complains that its civilizing mission in Tibet is costing the government and people of China large amounts in terms of subsidies to an under-developed region. According to official Chinese statistics, the level of annual subsidies to the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR) in the late 1980s was around 1 billion yuan or $270 million. However, all the infrastructure that China has built in Tibet has not made the lives of the native Tibetans any better; it has only taken the exploitative apparatuses of the Chinese government deeper. tinyurl.com woodsmoke.wordpress.com
- published: 21 May 2010
- views: 1051
- author: TheRealChina
Yushu, Kham Introduction 玉树县康巴西藏
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
Album: Yushu, Kham - promote tourism and economy. Yulshul Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (Tibetan: ཡུལ་ཤུལ་བོད་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ།), commonly known as Yushu is an autonomous prefecture of southwestern Qinghai province. Largely inhabited by Tibetans, the prefecture has an area of 188794 square kilometres (72894 sq mi) and it's seat is located in the town of Gyêgu in Yushu County, which is the place of the old Tibetan trade mart of Jyekundo. The official source of the Yellow River lies within the prefecture. Historically, the area belongs to the cultural realm of Kham in eastern Tibet. On 14 April 2010, an earthquake struck the prefecture, registering a magnitude of 6.9 (USGS, EMSC). It originated in the Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai, at 07:49 local time.
http://wn.com/Yushu,_Kham_Introduction_玉树县康巴西藏
Album: Yushu, Kham - promote tourism and economy. Yulshul Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (Tibetan: ཡུལ་ཤུལ་བོད་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ།), commonly known as Yushu is an autonomous prefecture of southwestern Qinghai province. Largely inhabited by Tibetans, the prefecture has an area of 188794 square kilometres (72894 sq mi) and it's seat is located in the town of Gyêgu in Yushu County, which is the place of the old Tibetan trade mart of Jyekundo. The official source of the Yellow River lies within the prefecture. Historically, the area belongs to the cultural realm of Kham in eastern Tibet. On 14 April 2010, an earthquake struck the prefecture, registering a magnitude of 6.9 (USGS, EMSC). It originated in the Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai, at 07:49 local time.
- published: 18 Oct 2010
- views: 460
- author: ikhamo
Happening Right NOW in Tibet ! Continued Killings of Tibetans by Chinese Authorities
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:47
- Updated: 03 Mar 2013
Thumbs Up or Like + Share to Support Tibetan people. *Click here for more Tibet videos www.youtube.com As of March 3, 2012: 25 Tibetans have Self-Immolated Calling for Freedom in Tibet & the return of Tibet's spiritual leader The Dalai Lama. Link: www.rfa.org Following the fiery wave of self-immolations, which has witnessed 17 Tibetans set themselves ablaze, Tibetans came out on the streets, expressing solidarity with the self-immolaters and calling for continued activism and a boycott of celebrations during the Tibetan new year 'Losar' later this month. Photos Link : 1) www.savetibet.org 2) www.freetibet.org 3) www.phayul.com Protests in Drango (Draggo) flared up on Jan 23, 2012, the first day of Chinese new year, after local Chinese Public Security Bureau officials began to arbitrarily arrest Tibetans on suspicion of their involvement in the appearance of leaflets and posters around the town warning of more Tibetan self-immolations if the Chinese government did not listen to Tibetan concerns. The unarmed protesters, many of whom were farmers and nomads raised slogans calling for freedom in Tibet and the return of the Dalai Lama. As the protests grew stronger, the Public Security Bureau and People's Armed Police intervened by using guns to rein in the protesters. Earlier information confirmed the death of Norpa Yonten and another unnamed Tibetan. More than 30 Tibetans suffered serious injuries in the indiscriminate firings. It can be seen from the photos that the injured ...
http://wn.com/Happening_Right_NOW_in_Tibet_!_Continued_Killings_of_Tibetans_by_Chinese_Authorities
Thumbs Up or Like + Share to Support Tibetan people. *Click here for more Tibet videos www.youtube.com As of March 3, 2012: 25 Tibetans have Self-Immolated Calling for Freedom in Tibet & the return of Tibet's spiritual leader The Dalai Lama. Link: www.rfa.org Following the fiery wave of self-immolations, which has witnessed 17 Tibetans set themselves ablaze, Tibetans came out on the streets, expressing solidarity with the self-immolaters and calling for continued activism and a boycott of celebrations during the Tibetan new year 'Losar' later this month. Photos Link : 1) www.savetibet.org 2) www.freetibet.org 3) www.phayul.com Protests in Drango (Draggo) flared up on Jan 23, 2012, the first day of Chinese new year, after local Chinese Public Security Bureau officials began to arbitrarily arrest Tibetans on suspicion of their involvement in the appearance of leaflets and posters around the town warning of more Tibetan self-immolations if the Chinese government did not listen to Tibetan concerns. The unarmed protesters, many of whom were farmers and nomads raised slogans calling for freedom in Tibet and the return of the Dalai Lama. As the protests grew stronger, the Public Security Bureau and People's Armed Police intervened by using guns to rein in the protesters. Earlier information confirmed the death of Norpa Yonten and another unnamed Tibetan. More than 30 Tibetans suffered serious injuries in the indiscriminate firings. It can be seen from the photos that the injured ...
- published: 03 Feb 2012
- views: 17621
- author: TibetArchive
KAWAGEBO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
Some mountain scenery recorded March 2011 on the way to Mount Kawagebo in Deqen Tibetan Autonomous Perfecture. From Lijiang to Zhongdian, Deqen, Fe Lai Si and finally reaching Mount Kawagebo and Mingyong Glacier on the chinese border with Tibet. At 6740m (22113ft) Kawagebo is one of the most sacred mountains for Tibetan Buddhism. The highest peak is still unclimbed. Mingyong glacier descends from Kawagebo to the Mekong River. Music: First dream called ocean by Helios
http://wn.com/KAWAGEBO
Some mountain scenery recorded March 2011 on the way to Mount Kawagebo in Deqen Tibetan Autonomous Perfecture. From Lijiang to Zhongdian, Deqen, Fe Lai Si and finally reaching Mount Kawagebo and Mingyong Glacier on the chinese border with Tibet. At 6740m (22113ft) Kawagebo is one of the most sacred mountains for Tibetan Buddhism. The highest peak is still unclimbed. Mingyong glacier descends from Kawagebo to the Mekong River. Music: First dream called ocean by Helios
- published: 08 Feb 2012
- views: 269
- author: chandrasuomi
Shangri La Gyalthang Yunnan China
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 16 Dec 2012
Trip to Gyalthang (Tibetan name), DeQin (Chinese name), Shangri-La (new, made-up name). Tibetan Autonomous Region. Yunnan, China. Paul and Tashi families. Music by Jerry Garcia and David Grisman.. their take on MIles Davis' "So What"
http://wn.com/Shangri_La_Gyalthang_Yunnan_China
Trip to Gyalthang (Tibetan name), DeQin (Chinese name), Shangri-La (new, made-up name). Tibetan Autonomous Region. Yunnan, China. Paul and Tashi families. Music by Jerry Garcia and David Grisman.. their take on MIles Davis' "So What"
- published: 19 Jul 2007
- views: 7246
- author: Alan Paul
![Kailash Mansarovar yatra - an adventurous journey in Religion & Spirituality [Free Tibet] 01 of 02](http://web.archive.org./web/20130305105855im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/VmV6_HP56iw/default.jpg "Kailash Mansarovar yatra - an adventurous journey in Religion & Spirituality [Free Tibet] 01 of 02")
Kailash Mansarovar yatra - an adventurous journey in Religion & Spirituality [Free Tibet] 01 of 02
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 56:09
- Updated: 04 Feb 2013
A video presentation showcasing the journey undertaken by a group of travelers from Maharashtra to Mount Kailash & Lake Manasarovar, commonly known as the Kailash Manasarovar yatra. This adventurous journey of faith & religion is undertaken by scores of Hindus each year. Included in the video are useful information & experiences of the travelers who were part of the journey. The video is a helpful guide for those who wish to embark on the journey themselves. Though the narration is in Marathi, if you do not understand the language, the visual beauty of the journey should itself make the video worth a watch. In order to reach the destination, one has to travel to Tibet, currently under the illegal occupation of China. China, defying belief & credibility, calls it Tibet Autonomous Region. However, in reality, Chinese-occupied Tibet would be a better description of the place. China's tyranny & oppression on the people of Tibet continues, even as it expands its global footprint, threatening the peace & stability of the regions it has made its presence felt. In order to suppress rebellion & legitimate aspiration of freedoms of indigenous Tibetans, the Communist Party of China has been artificially relocating Han Chinese from mainland China and re-settling them in occupied-Tibet, thereby forcing a change of demography in the region. As a result of such large-scale settlement of people, Tibetans are on way to becoming minority in their own land. This is causing the rich ...
http://wn.com/Kailash_Mansarovar_yatra_an_adventurous_journey_in_Religion_Spirituality_Free_Tibet_01_of_02
A video presentation showcasing the journey undertaken by a group of travelers from Maharashtra to Mount Kailash & Lake Manasarovar, commonly known as the Kailash Manasarovar yatra. This adventurous journey of faith & religion is undertaken by scores of Hindus each year. Included in the video are useful information & experiences of the travelers who were part of the journey. The video is a helpful guide for those who wish to embark on the journey themselves. Though the narration is in Marathi, if you do not understand the language, the visual beauty of the journey should itself make the video worth a watch. In order to reach the destination, one has to travel to Tibet, currently under the illegal occupation of China. China, defying belief & credibility, calls it Tibet Autonomous Region. However, in reality, Chinese-occupied Tibet would be a better description of the place. China's tyranny & oppression on the people of Tibet continues, even as it expands its global footprint, threatening the peace & stability of the regions it has made its presence felt. In order to suppress rebellion & legitimate aspiration of freedoms of indigenous Tibetans, the Communist Party of China has been artificially relocating Han Chinese from mainland China and re-settling them in occupied-Tibet, thereby forcing a change of demography in the region. As a result of such large-scale settlement of people, Tibetans are on way to becoming minority in their own land. This is causing the rich ...
- published: 31 Jul 2011
- views: 24796
- author: Luptonga
Making Efficacious Medicine workshop Dec 2011 final
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
This video documentary shows the high light and inside story of the Workshop entitled Producing Efficacious Medicine: Quality, Potency, Lineage, and Critically Endangered Knowledge. IASTAM provided seed funds and administrative support for this event, which was organized by one of its regional Himalayan Desk. We received additional financial and logistical support from Nomad RSI (France), the Trace Foundation (USA), the Shelly and Donald Rubin Foundation (USA), Drokpa (USA), and Dartmouth College (USA). The workshop itself was hosted by the Himalayan Amchi Association (HAA), a Kathmandu-based nongovernmental organization founded in 1998. In toto, this workshop brought together nearly forty practitioners of Sowa Rigpa from Ladakh, India, culturally Tibetan regions of northern Nepal, and Tibetan regions of China (Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province). The idea for this workshop was borne out of discussions we had with each other and with long-standing amchi and menpa associates from these regions while gathered together in Thimphu, Bhutan, for ICTAM VII in September 2009.
http://wn.com/Making_Efficacious_Medicine_workshop_Dec_2011_final
This video documentary shows the high light and inside story of the Workshop entitled Producing Efficacious Medicine: Quality, Potency, Lineage, and Critically Endangered Knowledge. IASTAM provided seed funds and administrative support for this event, which was organized by one of its regional Himalayan Desk. We received additional financial and logistical support from Nomad RSI (France), the Trace Foundation (USA), the Shelly and Donald Rubin Foundation (USA), Drokpa (USA), and Dartmouth College (USA). The workshop itself was hosted by the Himalayan Amchi Association (HAA), a Kathmandu-based nongovernmental organization founded in 1998. In toto, this workshop brought together nearly forty practitioners of Sowa Rigpa from Ladakh, India, culturally Tibetan regions of northern Nepal, and Tibetan regions of China (Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province). The idea for this workshop was borne out of discussions we had with each other and with long-standing amchi and menpa associates from these regions while gathered together in Thimphu, Bhutan, for ICTAM VII in September 2009.
- published: 29 Apr 2012
- views: 478
- author: antiquecraft
12 Tibetans Killed, CNN Crew Detained While Reporting
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Follow us on TWITTER: twitter.com Like us on FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com Following deadly protests in Sichuan province, Tibetan human rights groups have condemned the brutal suppression. Police killed 12 Tibetans, and many were injured. CNN crew tried to enter Sichuan Tibetan Autonomous Region. However, they were detained in capital city Chengdu. The incident has drawn international media attention. Sichuan Tibetan Autonomous Region has recently seen a series of incidents. These have included self-immolation by monks, or shootings by police. The CCP have sent large number of military to control and blockade the Tibetan region. A CNN crew tried to report the incidents on the ground. During interviews, they were followed, and detained for 5 hours by plainclothes police in Chengdu airport. CNN journalist Stan Grant made a report on Monday. "As we make our way to the service counters... We are grabbed by police. We are marched to an airport police station and detained and questioned for 5 hours. Police keep some of our video. They want to know who we spoke to, what we are doing here, where we have been and why we want to cover this story." Stan also mentioned that military and police were everywhere in Tibetan autonomous zone. Monks could not contact families, nor could they go home. The police are on every corner, monks could not go anywhere. Reporters tried to drive into Ganzi in Sichuan, but were stopped by roadblock police. Police told reporters they could not go any ...
http://wn.com/12_Tibetans_Killed,_CNN_Crew_Detained_While_Reporting
Follow us on TWITTER: twitter.com Like us on FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com Following deadly protests in Sichuan province, Tibetan human rights groups have condemned the brutal suppression. Police killed 12 Tibetans, and many were injured. CNN crew tried to enter Sichuan Tibetan Autonomous Region. However, they were detained in capital city Chengdu. The incident has drawn international media attention. Sichuan Tibetan Autonomous Region has recently seen a series of incidents. These have included self-immolation by monks, or shootings by police. The CCP have sent large number of military to control and blockade the Tibetan region. A CNN crew tried to report the incidents on the ground. During interviews, they were followed, and detained for 5 hours by plainclothes police in Chengdu airport. CNN journalist Stan Grant made a report on Monday. "As we make our way to the service counters... We are grabbed by police. We are marched to an airport police station and detained and questioned for 5 hours. Police keep some of our video. They want to know who we spoke to, what we are doing here, where we have been and why we want to cover this story." Stan also mentioned that military and police were everywhere in Tibetan autonomous zone. Monks could not contact families, nor could they go home. The police are on every corner, monks could not go anywhere. Reporters tried to drive into Ganzi in Sichuan, but were stopped by roadblock police. Police told reporters they could not go any ...
- published: 01 Feb 2012
- views: 4261
- author: China ForbiddenNews
China's Tibet riots
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:58
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Tibet Autonomous Region in Lhasa today for a handful of people beating, smashing, looting, burning and sabotage activities of the Xinhua News Agency to answer questions. The official said that the Tibet Autonomous Region, recently, Lhasa, a handful of people beating, smashing, looting, burning and sabotage activities and disturb social order, endanger people's life and property safety. There is sufficient evidence to prove that this is the Dalai clique organized and premeditated and carefully planned, people of all ethnic groups in Tibet have aroused strong indignation and severe condemnation. Tibet is relevant departments to take effective measures to be proper disposal. We are fully capable of safeguarding Tibet's social stability and safeguarding the lives and property of the people of all nationalities in Tibet security. A handful of people to undermine Tibet's stability and harmony attempt unpopular that it is doomed to failure. by CCTV
http://wn.com/China's_Tibet_riots
Tibet Autonomous Region in Lhasa today for a handful of people beating, smashing, looting, burning and sabotage activities of the Xinhua News Agency to answer questions. The official said that the Tibet Autonomous Region, recently, Lhasa, a handful of people beating, smashing, looting, burning and sabotage activities and disturb social order, endanger people's life and property safety. There is sufficient evidence to prove that this is the Dalai clique organized and premeditated and carefully planned, people of all ethnic groups in Tibet have aroused strong indignation and severe condemnation. Tibet is relevant departments to take effective measures to be proper disposal. We are fully capable of safeguarding Tibet's social stability and safeguarding the lives and property of the people of all nationalities in Tibet security. A handful of people to undermine Tibet's stability and harmony attempt unpopular that it is doomed to failure. by CCTV
- published: 16 Mar 2008
- views: 5853
- author: Murray King
Inequality and Affirmative Action in India and Nepal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:53
- Updated: 26 Jun 2012
Professor Shneiderman is a socio-cultural anthropologist working in the Himalayan regions of Nepal, India and China (especially the Tibetan Autonomous Region). Her research addresses the relationships between political discourse, ritual practice, cultural performance and cross-border migration in producing contemporary ethnic identities. Since 2009 she has been involved in a project entitled "Inequality and Affirmative Action in South Asia: Current Experiences and Future Agendas in India and Nepal," which will hold its final conference in Kathmandu in July 2012. We talk with her about that project and her research on inequality and affirmative action.
http://wn.com/Inequality_and_Affirmative_Action_in_India_and_Nepal
Professor Shneiderman is a socio-cultural anthropologist working in the Himalayan regions of Nepal, India and China (especially the Tibetan Autonomous Region). Her research addresses the relationships between political discourse, ritual practice, cultural performance and cross-border migration in producing contemporary ethnic identities. Since 2009 she has been involved in a project entitled "Inequality and Affirmative Action in South Asia: Current Experiences and Future Agendas in India and Nepal," which will hold its final conference in Kathmandu in July 2012. We talk with her about that project and her research on inequality and affirmative action.
- published: 27 Oct 2011
- views: 1700
- author: YaleUniversity
photo: AP / Lai Seng Sin
05 Mar 2013
KUALA LUMPUR. Malaysian security forces attacked a group of armed Filipinos early Tuesday to end the group's three-week occupation of a Borneo village, the prime minister said after the siege turned violent and became Malaysia's biggest security crisis in years ... The Philippine government asked Malaysia on Monday to exercise maximum tolerance to avoid further bloodshed ... 9 ... ....(size: 4.7Kb)
photo: AP / Aaron Favila
04 Mar 2013
VICE President Jejomar Binay on Monday urged the Sultanate of Sulu and the Malaysian authorities to sit down and discuss the ongoing conflict in Sabah peacefully. "What is important is that the lines of communication are open and there is continuing dialog. We should avoid taking hardline positions because it will not resolve anything," he said in Cagayan de Oro City ... "The Embassy needs to verify these reports so we can act accordingly....(size: 3.9Kb)
photo: US Army
04 Mar 2013
Bradley Manning obviously still believes in America, in a country that cares about the rule of law, fairness and human rights for all. His naivete might well cost him his freedom for the rest of his life ... Now he knows ... It is a system whose true nature he had begun to uncover through his work as an intelligence analyst - a position Manning's recruiter recommended he pursue when he enlisted ... Clearly, Manning did his job too well ... If only ... ....(size: 15.3Kb)
photo: AP / Vincent Thian
04 Mar 2013
Posted. March 4, 2013. China military spending is reportedly soaring, causing some concerns about territorial disputes among nearby Asian nations. The booming defense spending budget details were not released during a press conference during the nation’s annual legislative session on Monday ... Planes and vessels from both countries have reportedly “confronted” one another in the disputed region ... [Image Via. Larry Ye/Shutterstock.com] ... Tags ... ....(size: 2.8Kb)
photo: AP / Narciso Contreras
04 Mar 2013
Middle East experts said such a move raised the risk that the Iraqis could become more directly enmeshed in the Syrian conflict, underscoring how it threatens to destabilize a wider swathe of the region ... "In that region, the tribes go right across the Syrian border, and most of the people are related by blood," he said....(size: 7.0Kb)
CNTV
05 Mar 2013
A master craftsman (R) makes a bronze brass at a workshop in Shigatse Prefecture, southwest China's. Tibet Autonomous Region, Feb. 27, 2013. Shigatse Prefecture of Tibet has taken various measures to. support the inheritance and development of traditional ethnic handicraft, constantly upgrading its. cultural and artistic value. [Photo/Xinhua] ... southwest China's Tibet Autonomous Region, Feb. 27, 2013. Shigatse Prefecture of Tibet has ... Tibet.cn....(size: 3.1Kb)
Independent online (SA)
05 Mar 2013
Beijing - ... The three men were charged with “intentional homicide” after the death of Tsering Tashi in Luqu county, Gansu province, after his November 29 self-immolation ... In Lhasa, capital of China's Tibet Autonomous Region, artist Ngawang Tobden, 20, was sent to a labour camp for two years after he was convicted of possessing digital photographs of two self-immolators, Radio Free Asia reported last week ... - Sapa-dpa. ....(size: 2.0Kb)
CNTV
04 Mar 2013
Related stories. Crossover ... Editor.Liu Zhaofu .Source ... CENC. A 5.5-magnitude quake jolted Eryuan county, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of southwest China´s Yunnan Province, at 1.41 p.m ... No local residents, monks, nuns self-immolate in Tibet ... No local residents, monks or nuns in Tibet Autonomous Region have self-immolated so far, despite a string of similar incidents in neighboring Tibetan-inhabited regions, said a Tibetan official ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)
CNTV
04 Mar 2013
The quake hit Eryuan County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture at 1.41 p.m. ... A 5.5-magnitude quake jolted Eryuan county, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of southwest China´s Yunnan Province, at 1.41 p.m ... No local residents, monks or nuns in Tibet Autonomous Region have self-immolated so far, despite a string of similar incidents in neighboring Tibetan-inhabited regions, said a Tibetan official....(size: 3.9Kb)
CNTV
04 Mar 2013
Mr ... Journalists from home and abroad are welcome to attend ... A 5.5-magnitude quake jolted Eryuan county, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of southwest China´s Yunnan Province, at 1.41 p.m ... No local residents, monks, nuns self-immolate in Tibet ... No local residents, monks or nuns in Tibet Autonomous Region have self-immolated so far, despite a string of similar incidents in neighboring Tibetan-inhabited regions, said a Tibetan official....(size: 3.1Kb)
CNTV
04 Mar 2013
Related stories ... Editor.Bai Yang .Source. Xinhua ... Topics ... A 5.5-magnitude quake jolted Eryuan county, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of southwest China´s Yunnan Province, at 1.41 p.m ... No local residents, monks, nuns self-immolate in Tibet ... No local residents, monks or nuns in Tibet Autonomous Region have self-immolated so far, despite a string of similar incidents in neighboring Tibetan-inhabited regions, said a Tibetan official ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
CNTV
04 Mar 2013
TOKYO, March 3 (Xinhua) -- Severe snow storms hit Japan's northeastern Tohoku region and Hokkaido and left six people dead over the weekend due to the extreme weather, local media reported Sunday ... No local residents, monks or nuns in Tibet Autonomous Region have self-immolated so far, despite a string of similar incidents in neighboring Tibetan-inhabited regions, said a Tibetan official....(size: 3.9Kb)
CNTV
04 Mar 2013
Related stories. 4 dead due to floods, landslides in S ... A 5.5-magnitude quake jolted Eryuan county, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of southwest China´s Yunnan Province, at 1.41 p.m ... No local residents, monks, nuns self-immolate in Tibet ... No local residents, monks or nuns in Tibet Autonomous Region have self-immolated so far, despite a string of similar incidents in neighboring Tibetan-inhabited regions, said a Tibetan official ... ....(size: 3.4Kb)
CNTV
04 Mar 2013
WASHINGTON, March 3 (Xinhua) -- U.S ... U.S ... 30 ... Senate ... Xinhua ... A 5.5-magnitude quake jolted Eryuan county, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of southwest China´s Yunnan Province, at 1.41 p.m ... No local residents, monks, nuns self-immolate in Tibet ... No local residents, monks or nuns in Tibet Autonomous Region have self-immolated so far, despite a string of similar incidents in neighboring Tibetan-inhabited regions, said a Tibetan official ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
CNTV
04 Mar 2013
Sadly this is not the case ... Related stories ... Xinhua ... Topics ... A 5.5-magnitude quake jolted Eryuan county, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of southwest China´s Yunnan Province, at 1.41 p.m ... No local residents, monks, nuns self-immolate in Tibet ... No local residents, monks or nuns in Tibet Autonomous Region have self-immolated so far, despite a string of similar incidents in neighboring Tibetan-inhabited regions, said a Tibetan official ... ....(size: 4.4Kb)
CNTV
04 Mar 2013
"I am unable to focus on my artistic creation." ... Xinhua ... A 5.5-magnitude quake jolted Eryuan county, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of southwest China´s Yunnan Province, at 1.41 p.m ... No local residents, monks, nuns self-immolate in Tibet ... No local residents, monks or nuns in Tibet Autonomous Region have self-immolated so far, despite a string of similar incidents in neighboring Tibetan-inhabited regions, said a Tibetan official ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
CNTV
04 Mar 2013
Last week, newly appointed U.S ... Related stories ... Xinhua ... A 5.5-magnitude quake jolted Eryuan county, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of southwest China´s Yunnan Province, at 1.41 p.m ... No local residents, monks, nuns self-immolate in Tibet ... No local residents, monks or nuns in Tibet Autonomous Region have self-immolated so far, despite a string of similar incidents in neighboring Tibetan-inhabited regions, said a Tibetan official ... ....(size: 5.7Kb)
CNTV
04 Mar 2013
FEI YE. Yao Ming thank you for your time ... YAO MING ... FEI YE ... A 5.5-magnitude quake jolted Eryuan county, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of southwest China´s Yunnan Province, at 1.41 p.m ... No local residents, monks, nuns self-immolate in Tibet ... No local residents, monks or nuns in Tibet Autonomous Region have self-immolated so far, despite a string of similar incidents in neighboring Tibetan-inhabited regions, said a Tibetan official ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)
This article is about the administrative region of China. For the ethno-cultural region, see Tibet. For other uses, see Tibet (disambiguation).
| Tibet Autonomous Region Xizang Autonomous Region |
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| Abbreviations: 藏 (pinyin: Zàng) | |||||||||
_(%2Ball_claims_hatched).svg) |
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| Origin of name | From word Tibat of disputed origin. | ||||||||
| Administration type | Autonomous region | ||||||||
| Capital (and largest city) |
Lhasa | ||||||||
| CPC Ctte Secretary | Zhang Qingli | ||||||||
| Chairman | Padma Choling | ||||||||
| Area | 1,228,400 km2 (474,300 sq mi) (2nd) | ||||||||
| - Latitude | 27° 18' to 36° 29' N[1] | ||||||||
| - Longitude | 78° 55' to 99° 07' E[2] | ||||||||
| Population (2010) - Density |
3,002,166[3][4] (31st) 2.2 /km2 (5.7 /sq mi) (33rd) |
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| GDP (2011) - per capita |
CNY 60.5 billion US$ 9.6 billion (32nd) CNY 17,319 US$ 2,558 (28th) |
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| HDI (2008) | 0.630 (medium) (31st) | ||||||||
| Ethnic composition | 92.8% Tibetan | ||||||||
| Languages and dialects | |||||||||
| Prefectural level | 7 divisions | ||||||||
| County level | 73 divisions | ||||||||
| Township level* | 692 divisions | ||||||||
| ISO 3166-2 | CN-54 | ||||||||
| Official website http://www.xizang.gov.cn/ |
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| Source for population and GDP data:
《中国统计年鉴—2005》 China Statistical Yearbook 2005
Source for nationalities data:
ISBN 7503747382 《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》 Tabulation on nationalities of 2000 population census of China
*As at December 31, 2004ISBN 7105054255 |
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| Template ■ Discussion ■ WikiProject China | |||||||||
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This article contains Tibetan script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Tibetan characters. |
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This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. |
| Tibet Autonomous Region | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 西藏自治区 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 西藏自治區 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Tibetan name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tibetan | བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས། | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), Tibet or Xizang for short, also called the Xizang Autonomous Region (Tibetan: བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས།; Chinese: 西藏自治区) is a province-level autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It was created in 1965 on the basis of an administrative region which had been incorporated into the PRC in 1951.
Within the People's Republic of China, Tibet is identified with the Autonomous Region, which includes about half of ethno-cultural Tibet, including the traditional provinces of Ü-Tsang and the western half of Kham. The borders of the present Autonomous Region coincide roughly with the actual zone of control of the then-government of Tibet in 1950. The Tibet Autonomous Region is the second-largest province-level division of China by area, spanning over 1,200,000 square kilometres (460,000 sq mi), after Xinjiang, and due to its generally harsh terrain, is the least densely populated provincial-level division of the PRC.
Contents |
History[link]
See also: History of Tibet, Incorporation of Tibet into the People's Republic of China, Tibetan independence movement, Western support for Tibetan independence, Tibetan sovereignty debate, and Sinicization of Tibet
Modern scholars still debate on whether the Chinese Ming Dynasty (1368 to 1644) had sovereignty over Tibet [5][6][7] prior to the conquest of Tibet in 1642. While Tibet has formally been a part of China since 1644 as part of the Qing Dynasty, from 1912 to 1950 Tibet was dissolved from China proper as a result of the 1911 Revolution and Japanese occupation during WW2. Other parts of ethno-cultural Tibet (eastern Kham and Amdo) have also been under the administration of the Chinese dynastic government since the mid-eighteenth century;[8] today they are distributed among the provinces of Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan. (See also: Xikang province)
In 1950, the People's Liberation Army defeated the Tibetan army in a battle fought near the city of Qamdo. In 1951, the Tibetan representatives signed a seventeen-point agreement with the Chinese Central People's Government affirming China's sovereignty over Tibet. The agreement was ratified in Lhasa a few months later.[9][10] Although the 17-point agreement had provided for an autonomous administration led by the Dalai Lama, a "Preparatory Committee for the Autonomous Region of Tibet" (PCART) was established in 1955 to create a parallel system of administration along Communist lines. The Dalai Lama fled to India in 1959 and renounced the 17-point agreement. PCART was reorganized as the Tibet Autonomous Region in 1965, thus making Tibet an administrative division on the same legal footing as a Chinese province.
Geography[link]
The Tibet Autonomous Region is located on the Tibetan Plateau, the highest region on earth. In northern Tibet elevations reach an average of over 4,572 metres (15,000 ft). Mount Everest is located on Tibet's border with Nepal.
The Chinese provincial-level areas of Xinjiang, Qinghai and Sichuan lie to the north, northeast, and east, respectively, of the Tibet AR. There is also a short border with Yunnan province to the southeast. The PRC has border disputes with the Republic of India over the McMahon Line of Arunachal Pradesh, known to the Chinese as "South Tibet". The disputed territory of Aksai Chin is to the west, and its boundary with that region is not defined. The other countries to the south are Myanmar, Bhutan and Nepal.
Physically, the Tibet AR may be divided into two parts, the "lakes region" in the west and north-west, and the "river region", which spreads out on three sides of the former on the east, south, and west. Both regions receive limited amounts of rainfall as they lie in the rain shadow of the Himalayas, however the region names are useful in contrasting their hydrological structures, and also in contrasting their different cultural uses which is nomadic in the lake region and agricultural in the river region.[11] On the south the Tibet AR is bounded by the Himalayas, and on the north by a broad mountain system. The system at no point narrows to a single range; generally there are three or four across its breadth. As a whole the system forms the watershed between rivers flowing to the Indian Ocean – the Indus, Brahmaputra and Salween and its tributaries – and the streams flowing into the undrained salt lakes to the north.
The lake region extends from the Pangong Tso Lake in Ladakh, Lake Rakshastal, Yamdrok Lake and Lake Manasarovar near the source of the Indus River, to the sources of the Salween, the Mekong and the Yangtze. Other lakes include Dagze Co, Nam Co, and Pagsum Co. The lake region is an arid and wind-swept desert. This region is called the Chang Tang (Byang sang) or 'Northern Plateau' by the people of Tibet. It is some 1100 km (700 mi) broad, and covers an area about equal to that of France. Due to its great distance from the ocean it is extremely arid and possesses no river outlet. The mountain ranges are spread out, rounded, disconnected, separated by flat valleys relatively of little depth.
The Tibet AR is dotted over with large and small lakes, generally salt or alkaline, and intersected by streams. Due to the presence of discontinuous permafrost over the Chang Tang, the soil is boggy and covered with tussocks of grass, thus resembling the Siberian tundra. Salt and fresh-water lakes are intermingled. The lakes are generally without outlet, or have only a small effluent. The deposits consist of soda, potash, borax and common salt. The lake region is noted for a vast number of hot springs, which are widely distributed between the Himalaya and 34° N., but are most numerous to the west of Tengri Nor (north-west of Lhasa). So intense is the cold in this part of Tibet that these springs are sometimes represented by columns of ice, the nearly boiling water having frozen in the act of ejection.
The river region is characterised by fertile mountain valleys and includes the Yarlung Tsangpo River (the upper courses of the Brahmaputra) and its major tributary, the Nyang River, the Salween, the Yangtze, the Mekong, and the Yellow River. The Yarlung Tsangpo Canyon, formed by a horseshoe bend in the river where it flows around Namcha Barwa, is the deepest, and possibly longest canyon in the world.[12] Among the mountains there are many narrow valleys. The valleys of Lhasa, Shigatse, Gyantse and the Brahmaputra are free from permafrost, covered with good soil and groves of trees, well irrigated, and richly cultivated.
The South Tibet Valley is formed by the Yarlung Zangbo River during its middle reaches, where it travels from west to east. The valley is approximately 1200 kilometres long and 300 kilometres wide. The valley descends from 4500 metres above sea level to 2800 metres. The mountains on either side of the valley are usually around 5000 metres high.[13][14] Lakes here include Lake Paiku and Lake Puma Yumco.
Government[link]
See also: List of Chairmen of the Tibet Autonomous Region and List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China
The Tibet Autonomous Region is a province-level entity of the People's Republic of China. It is governed by a People's Government, led by a Chairman. In practice, however, the Chairman is subordinate to the branch secretary of the Communist Party of China. As a matter of convention, the Chairman has almost always been an ethnic Tibetan, while the party secretary has almost always been a non-Tibetan. The current Chairman is Padma Choling and the current party secretary is Zhang Qingli.[15]
Administrative divisions[link]
Tibet Autonomous Region is divided into one prefecture-level city and six prefectures.
| Map | # | Conventional[16] | Administrative Seat | Tibetan script Wylie |
Hanzi Hanyu Pinyin |
Population (2010) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
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| — Prefecture-level city — | |||||||
| 5 | Lhasa | Chengguan District | ལྷ་ས་གྲོང་ཁྱེར་ lha-sa grong-khyer |
拉萨市 Lāsà Shì |
559,423 | ||
| — Prefecture — | |||||||
| 1 | Ngari Prefecture | Gar County | མངའ་རིས་ས་ཁུལ་ mnga'-ris sa-khul |
阿里地区 Ālǐ Dìqū |
95,465 | ||
| 2 | Nagqu Prefecture | Nagqu County | ནག་ཆུ་ས་ཁུལ་ nag-chu sa-khul |
那曲地区 Nàqū Dìqū |
462,382 | ||
| 3 | Qamdo Prefecture | Qamdo County | ཆབ་མདོ་ས་ཁུལ་ chab-mdo sa-khul |
昌都地区 Chāngdū Dìqū |
657,505 | ||
| 4 | Shigatse Prefecture | Shigatse | གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེ་ས་ཁུལ་ gzhis-ka-rtse sa-khul |
日喀则地区 Rìkāzé Dìqū |
703,292 | ||
| 6 | Shannan Prefecture | Nêdong County | ལྷོ་ཁ་ས་ཁུལ་ lho-kha sa-khul |
山南地区 Shānnán Dìqū |
328,990 | ||
| 7 | Nyingchi Prefecture | Nyingchi County | ཉིང་ཁྲི་ས་ཁུལ་ nying-khri sa-khul |
林芝地区 Línzhī Dìqū |
195,109 | ||
These in turn are subdivided into a total of seventy-one counties, one district (Chengguan District, Lhasa) and one county-level city (Xigazê).
Demographics[link]
With an average of only 2 people per square kilometer, The Tibet Autonomous Region has the lowest population density among any of the Chinese province-level administrative regions, mostly due to its harsh and rugged terrain.[17]
In 2009 the Tibetan population was 2.91 million. The ethnic Tibetans, comprising 92.8% of the population,[18] mainly adhere to Tibetan Buddhism and Bön, although there is an ethnic Tibetan Muslim community.[19] Other Muslim ethnic groups such as the Hui and the Salar have inhabited the Region. There is also a tiny Tibetan Christian community in eastern Tibet. Smaller tribal groups such as the Monpa and Lhoba, who follow a combination of Tibetan Buddhism and spirit worship, are found mainly in the southeastern parts of the region.
Historically, the population of Tibet consisted of primarily ethnic Tibetans. According to tradition the original ancestors of the Tibetan people, as represented by the six red bands in the Tibetan flag, are: the Se, Mu, Dong, Tong, Dru and Ra. Other traditional ethnic groups with significant population or with the majority of the ethnic group reside in Tibet include Bai people, Blang, Bonan, Dongxiang, Han, Hui people, Lhoba, Lisu people, Miao, Mongols, Monguor (Tu people), Menba (Monpa), Mosuo, Nakhi, Qiang, Nu people, Pumi, Salar, and Yi people.
According to Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition published between 1910–1911, total population of Tibetan capital of Lhasa, including the lamas in the city and vicinity, was about 30,000, and the permanent population also included Chinese families (about 2,000).[20]
Most Han people in the TAR (6.1% of the total population)[18] are recent migrants, because all of the Han were expelled from Outer Tibet following the British expedition until the establishment of the PRC.[21] Some ethnic Tibetans claim that, with the 2006 completion of the Qingzang Railway connecting the TAR to Qinghai Province, there has been an "acceleration" of Han migration into the region.[22] The Central Tibetan Administration of the Dalai Lama claims that the PRC has actively swamped Tibet with migrants in order to alter Tibet's demographic makeup.[23]
Towns and villages in Tibet[link]
Further information: List of towns and villages in the Tibet Autonomous Region
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Tibet
The Tibetans traditionally depended upon agriculture for survival. Since the 1980s, however, other jobs such as taxi-driving and hotel retail work have become available in the wake of Chinese economic reform. In 2011, Tibet's nominal GDP topped 60.5 billion yuan (US$9.60 billion), nearly more than seven times as big as the 11.78 billion yuan (US$1.47 billion) in 2000. In the past five years, Tibet's annual GDP growth has averaged 12%.[17]
While traditional agricultural work and animal husbandry continue to lead the area's economy, in 2005 the tertiary sector contributed more than half of its GDP growth, the first time it surpassed the area's primary industry.[24][25] Rich reserves of natural resources and raw materials have yet to lead to the creation of a strong secondary sector, due in large part to the province's inhospitable terrain, low population density, an underdeveloped infrastructure and the high cost of extraction.[17]
The collection of caterpillar fungus (Cordyceps sinensis, known in Tibetan as Yartsa Gunbu) in late spring / early summer is in many areas the most important source of cash for rural households. It contributes an average of 40% to rural cash income and 8.5% to the TAR's GDP.[26] The re-opening of the Nathu La pass (on southern Tibet's border with India) should facilitate Sino-Indian border trade and boost Tibet's economy.[27]
In 2008, Chinese news media reported that the per capita disposable incomes of urban and rural residents in Tibet averaged 12,482 yuan (US$1,798) and 3,176 yuan (US$457) respectively.[28]
The China Western Development policy was adopted in 2000 by the central government to boost economic development in western China, including the Tibet Autonomous Region.
Tourism[link]
Tourists were first permitted to visit the Tibet Autonomous Region in the 1980s. While the main attraction is the Potala Palace in Lhasa, there are many other popular tourist destinations including the Jokhang Temple, Namtso Lake, and Tashilhunpo Monastery.[29]
Transport[link]
Airports[link]
The civil airports in Tibet are Lhasa Gonggar Airport,[30] Qamdo Bangda Airport, Nyingchi Airport, and the Gunsa Airport.
Gunsa Airport in Ngari Prefecture began operations on July 1, 2010, to become the fourth civil airport in China's Tibet Autonomous Region.[31]
The "Peace Airport" for Xigazê Prefecture was completed on October 30, 2010.[32]
Nagqu Dagring Airport is expected to become the world's highest altitude airport by 2014 at 4,436 meters above sea level.[33]
See also[link]
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Geography portal |
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Asia portal |
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China portal |
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People's Republic of China portal |
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Tibet portal |
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Himalayas portal |
- Tibet Area, Republic of China
- History of Tibet (1950-present)
- China Tibetology Research Center
- List of universities and colleges in Tibet
Footnotes[link]
- ^ Does not include South Tibet
- ^ Does not include any area disputed with India or Pakistan
- ^ "Tibet's population tops 3 million; 90% are Tibetans". News.xinhuanet.com. 2011-05-04. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-05/04/c_13858686.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
- ^ 张军棉 (2011-06-10). "Top 10 least populous Chinese regions". China.org.cn. http://www.china.org.cn/top10/2011-06/10/content_22757346.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
- ^ Wylie (2003), 470.
- ^ Wang & Nyima (1997), 1–40.
- ^ Laird (2006), 106–7.
- ^ Grunfeld, A. Tom, The Making of Modern Tibet, M.E. Sharpe, p245.
- ^ Gyatso, Tenzin, Dalai Lama XIV, interview, 25 July 1981.
- ^ Goldstein, Melvyn C., A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951, University of California Press, 1989, p. 812-813.
- ^ "Tibet: Agricultural Regions". http://www.tew.org/geography/t2000.agricultural.html. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
- ^ "The World's Biggest Canyon". www.china.org. http://www.china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/185555.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
- ^ Yang Qinye and Zheng Du (2004). Tibetan Geography. China Intercontinental Press. pp. 30–31. ISBN 7-5085-0665-0. http://books.google.com/?id=4q_XoMACOxkC&pg=PA30&dq=%22South+Tibet+Valley%22.
- ^ Zheng Du, Zhang Qingsong, Wu Shaohong: Mountain Geoecology and Sustainable Development of the Tibetan Plateau (Kluwer 2000), ISBN 0-7923-6688-3, p. 312;
- ^ "Leadership shake-up in China's Tibet: state media". Agence France-Presse. France: France 24. 2010-01-15. http://www.france24.com/en/20100115-leadership-shake-chinas-tibet-state-media. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
- ^ Zhōngguó dìmínglù 中国地名录 (Beijing, Zhōngguó dìtú chūbǎnshè 中国地图出版社 1997); ISBN 7-5031-1718-4.
- ^ a b c http://thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/tibet-autonomous-region/
- ^ a b BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456954/html/nn5page1.stm.
- ^ Hannue, Dialogues Tibetan Dialogues Han
- ^ http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/LEO_LOB/LHASA_LIIASSA_LASSA_Gods_ground.html
- ^ Grunfeld, A. Tom (1996). The Making of Modern Tibet. East Gate Books. pp. 114–119.
- ^ Johnson, Tim (2008-03-28). "Tibetans see 'Han invasion' as spurring violence | McClatchy". Mcclatchydc.com. http://www.mcclatchydc.com/homepage/story/31913.html. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
- ^ "Population Transfer Programmes". Central Tibetan Administration. 2003. Archived from the original on 2010-07-29. http://www.webcitation.org/5rbC9I6bP. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
- ^ "Xinhua - Per capita GDP tops $1,000 in Tibet". News.xinhuanet.com. 2006-01-31. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-01/31/content_4121797.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
- ^ "Tibet posts fixed assets investment rise". News.xinhuanet.com. 2006-01-31. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-01/31/content_4121796.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
- ^ Winkler D. 2008 Yartsa gunbu (Cordyceps sinenis) and the fungal commodification of rural Tibet. Economic Botany 62.3. See also Hannue, Dialogues Tibetan Dialogues Han
- ^ Maseeh Rahman in New Delhi (2006-06-19). "China and India to trade across Himalayas | World news". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/china/story/0,,1801322,00.html. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
- ^ "Tibetans report income rises". News.nen.com.cn. http://news.nen.com.cn/guoneiguoji/280/3349280.shtml. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
- ^ * Birgit Zotz, Destination Tibet. Hamburg: Kovac 2010, ISBN 978-3-8300-4948-7 [1]
- ^ (English)"Gongkhar Airport in Tibet enters digital communication age". Xinhua News Agency. 2009-05-12. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-05/12/content_11357826.htm. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ (English)"Tibet's fourth civil airport opens". Xinhua News Agency. 2010-07-01. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-07/01/c_13378773.htm. Retrieved 2010-12-11.
- ^ (English)"Tibet to have fifth civil airport operational before year end 2010". Xinhua News Agency. 2010-07-26. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/26/content_11773529.htm. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ (English)"World's highest-altitude airport planned on Tibet". Xinhua News Agency. 2010-01-12. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/12/content_12796690.htm. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
Further reading[link]
- Hannue, Dialogues Tibetan Dialogues Han, travelogue from Tibet - by a woman who's been travelling around Tibet for over a decade, ISBN 978-988-97999-3-9
- Sorrel Wilby, Journey Across Tibet: A Young Woman's 1900-Mile Trek Across the Rooftop of the World, Contemporary Books (1988), hardcover, 236 pages, ISBN 0-8092-4608-2.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tibet |
- Tibet Autonomous Region official website
- Economic profile for Tibet Autonomous Region at HKTDC
- Tibet Autonomous Region travel guide from Wikitravel
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Disputed territory | Xinjiang | Qinghai | |
 Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand, India |
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Sichuan | ||
 Tibet Autonomous Region East |
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 Far-Western, Mid-Western, Western, Central, and Eastern Regions, NepalSikkim, India |
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This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure. (January 2012) |
An autonomous area or autonomous entity is an area of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or freedom from an external authority. Typically it is either geographically distinct from the rest of the country or populated by a national minority. Countries that include autonomous areas are often federacies. Autonomous areas can be divided into territorial autonomies, subregional territorial autonomies and local autonomies.
Contents
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Contemporary[link]
Many autonomous areas lie within two of the world's largest countries, People's Republic of China and Russia.
China[link]
Main article: Autonomous areas of China
China (PRC) has five types of autonomous areas.
- Autonomous banner
Found only as divisions of Inner Mongolia. In effect, these are autonomous counties (see below).
- Autonomous county
Main article: Autonomous counties of China
The most numerous type of autonomous area in China, found both within and outside the larger autonomous prefectures and regions.
- Autonomous prefecture
Main article: Autonomous prefectures of China
China has 30 prefectures that are autonomous, mostly in the periphery of the country.
- Autonomous region
Main article: Autonomous regions of the People's Republic of China
A first-level administrative subdivision of China. There are five ARs in China. They are Inner Mongolia AR, Tibet AR, Ningxia Hui AR, Xinjiang Uyghur AR, and Guangxi Zhuang AR. Regardless of the names, these regions are in fact less autonomous than the special administrative regions of China.
- Special administrative region
Although not autonomous in name, in practice China's special administrative regions, Hong Kong and Macau, enjoy a very high degree of autonomy.
Russia[link]
Apart from its republics, which by definition have a degree of autonomy, Russia has two types of autonomies:
- Autonomous okrug
Main article: Autonomous okrugs of Russia
Okrug is a transliterated Slavic loanword usually translated as "district". Okrugs, however, vary more widely in size than other areas commonly identified as "districts", from large first-level divisions to third-level divisions within cities. As of 2008, Russia has four autonomous okrugs.
- Autonomous oblast
Main article: Autonomous oblasts of Russia
Oblast is a transliterated Slavic loanword usually understood to mean "province". As of 2011, one autonomous oblast exists: the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.
Other countries[link]
The other types of autonomous areas to be found in the world are:
Autonomous city[link]
Main article: Autonomous city
Five cities are formally designated by their countries as autonomous: the capital of Uzbekistan, Tashkent; the capital of Belgium, Brussels; the Spanish exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla; and the Argentine capital, Buenos Aires.
Autonomous commune[link]
Bangui, the capital of the Central African Republic, is described as an autonomous commune (commune autonome).
Autonomous community[link]
Main article: Autonomous communities of Spain
The territories into which Spain's provinces are grouped are known as autonomous communities (comunidades autónomas). The Spanish model of state established by the 1978 Constitution is a quasi-federation, consisting of 17 autononomous communities having the constitutional right to self-rule. Spain is not a federation in name and is not yet a fully formed federation, but it does exhibit some of the institutional characteristics of contemporary federal political systems.[1]
Autonomous province[link]
Four countries formally designate areas of their territory as autonomous provinces:
- The provinces of Trentino and South Tyrol in Italy.
- Jeju-do, a South Korean offshore island.
- Vojvodina in Serbia (Kosovo is also regarded an autonomous province by Serbia and UN Security Council Resolution 1244, although it declared unilaterally its independence in 2008)
- Indonesia has the following provinces designated as autonomous: Aceh, Yogyakarta, Papua and West Papua
Autonomous region[link]
In addition to the autonomous regions of China mentioned above, various other areas of the world are formally described as autonomous regions:
- The Åland Islands, dependent territory within the Republic of Finland.
- The Autonomous Region of Bougainville in Papua New Guinea.
- The Faroe Islands and Greenland,[2] two autonomous regions within the Kingdom of Denmark.
- Rodrigues, an autonomous dependency within the Republic of Mauritius.
- The autonomous regions of India.
- The four "autonomous regions with special statute" in Italy: Sicily, Sardinia, Aosta Valley, and Friuli-Venezia Giulia.
- The two autonomous regions of Portugal: the Azores and Madeira.
- Nunatsiavut, a self-governing region of Labrador Inuit in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.
- The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, in the Philippines.
- The five municipalities, or caracoles in Chiapas, in the southeast of Mexico.
- Mount Athos in Greece.
- Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte (RAAN) and Región Autónoma del Atlántico Sur (RAAS) in Nicaragua.
- The Nisga'a of British Columbia and Tli Cho of the Northwest Territories in Canada have self-government as a result of treaties.
- In Iraq, Iraqi Kurdistan is the only region that has gained official recognition internationally as an autonomous regional entity.
Autonomous republic[link]
In addition to the Russian republics mentioned above, areas known as "autonomous republics" exist within some of the countries established following the end of the Soviet Union:
- the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic within Azerbaijan.
- the Autonomous Republic of Adjaria within Georgia (Abkhazia is also regarded an autonomous republic by Georgia, although it declared unilaterally its independence in 1994).
- the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province within Tajikistan.
- the Autonomous Republic of Crimea within Ukraine.
- the Karakalpakstan Republic within Uzbekistan.
The Palestinian Authority exercises certain sovereign powers within its borders, but is not a fully independent government. The PA-administrated territories are internationally recognized as occupied by Israel, and not a proper part of that country.
Autonomous sector[link]
The Bissau Region, in which Guinea-Bissau's capital Bissau is found, is described as an "autonomous sector" (sector autónomo).
Autonomous territory[link]
Ostensibly Moldova has two autonomous territories: Gagauzia and Transnistria. However, this nominal status obscures the fact that the central government of Moldova has no effective authority in Transnistria (officially the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republican), which although unrecognized by any other nation, effectively governs itself as a sovereign state. Gagauzia, on the other hand, is an actual autonomous territory, with a degree of control being exercised by the central government.
Other entities with devolution (autonomy)[link]
British constituent countries and Crown Dependencies[link]
In the United Kingdom,
New Zealand dependent territories[link]
New Zealand has several autonomous islands and atolls in the Pacific Ocean, like the Cook Islands and Niue (two states in free association with New Zealand), the Chatham Islands (a special territory within New Zealand) and Tokelau (a non-self-governing territory of New Zealand).
Ethiopian special woredas[link]
In Ethiopia, "special woredas" are a subgroup of woredas (districts) that are organized around the traditional homelands of an ethnic minority, and are outside the usual hierarchy of a kilil, or region. These woredas have many similarities to autonomous areas in other countries.
Historical[link]
- Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship
- Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus in Albania (1914).
- Autonomous republics of the Soviet Union (1922–1990)
- Bantustans of apartheid-era South Africa and Namibia.
- Subcarpathian Ruthenia and Slovakia within Czechoslovakia (1938–1939).
- Baltic Provinces of the Russian Empire.
- Grand Duchy of Finland of the Russian Empire.
- Hungarian Autonomous Province of Communist Romania (1952–1968)
- Southern Ireland (1921–1922) and Northern Ireland (1921–1972) within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
- Free imperial city of the medieval Holy Roman Empire
- Transjordan of British Palestine
Other[link]
Other areas that are autonomous in nature but not in name are areas designated for indigenous peoples, such as those of the Americas:
- Aboriginal (First Nation or Native American) reserves and reservations, in, respectively, Canada and the United States.[discuss]
- the five comarcas indígenas ("indigenous regions") of Panama.
Notes[link]
- ^ Lluch, Jaime (2011-04-13). "Federacies and Conceptual Stretching: A Critique of the Category of “Federacy”". PSA Annual Conference, 19-21 April 2011, London, British and Comparative Territorial Politics Group panel. The Political Studies Association. http://www.psa.ac.uk/journals/pdf/5/2011/739_367.pdf. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
- ^ Also described as a "self-governing territory".[citation needed]
See also[link]
- List of autonomous areas by country
- Country subdivision
- Personal union
- List of autonomous regions leaders
Sources[link]
- M. Weller and S. Wolff (eds), Autonomy, Self-governance and Conflict Resolution: Innovative Approaches to Institutional Design in Divided Societies. Abingdon, Routledge, 2005
- From Conflict to Autonomy in Nicaragua: Lessons Learnt, report by Minority Rights Group International
- P.M. Olausson, Autonomy and Islands, A Global Study of the Factors that determine Island Autonomy. Åbo: Åbo Akademi University Press, 2007.
- Thomas Benedikter (ed.), Solving Ethnic Conflict through Self-Government - A Short Guide to Autonomy in Europe and South Asia, EURAC Bozen 2009, http://www.eurac.edu/en/research/institutes/imr/Documents/Deliverable_No_9_Update_Set_educational_material.pdf
- Thomas Benedikter, The World's Modern Autonomy Systems, EURAC Bozen 2010; http://www.gfbv.at/publikationen/weitere_publikationen.php
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