- published: 06 Feb 2013
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- author: RosetteFilms
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![The University of Surrey: 2013 [The University of Surrey]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130307083147im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Sk6ilsP1Noc/default.jpg "This short film is a fly through of the University of Surrey campuses, environment and facilities and allows you to see the beautiful surroundings we feel ar...")
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A3 road
The A3, known as the Portsmouth Road for much of its length, is a major road connecting London and Portsmouth passing close to Kingston upon Thames, Guildford, Haslemere and Petersfield. For much of its 67-mile (108 km) length, it is classified as a trunk road and therefore managed by the Highways Agency. Much of the road has been upgraded to a dual carriageway standard. Close to its southerly end traffic for Portsmouth is signed via the A3(M), A27 and M275. However the designation A3 is still used to identify the old road.
The historic Portsmouth Road once had great strategic significance as the major link between the capital city and one of its major sea ports. Many of the towns and villages that it passed through gained income and prestige as a result — such as Kingston upon Thames, Esher, Guildford, Godalming, Haslemere and Petersfield. The modern A3 follows the general route of the Portsmouth Road, but bypasses many of the towns and villages along the way, leaving the various stretches of the old Portsmouth Road for local traffic — for instance, the A307 which passes through Kingston-upon-Thames and Esher, is also known as the Portsmouth Road. For some of its length, the road follows a similar line to the Portsmouth Direct Line railway, although one of the major exceptions is that the A3 does not go through or closely bypass Havant.
wn.com/A3_road -
A31 road
The A31 is a major trunk road in southern England that runs from Guildford in Surrey to Bere Regis in Dorset.
The road begins in the centre of Guildford, meeting the A3 road before running south west along the Hog's Back. It continues past Farnham, Alton and New Alresford before joining the route of the M3 motorway at its junction just east of Winchester. The original route from Alresford to Winchester is now the B3404 and from Winchester is now a minor A-road A3090 road through Romsey and on to the New Forest. The M27 motorway flows seamlessly into the road near Lyndhurst, from where it continues as a trunk road through the New Forest and past Ringwood, Ferndown and Wimborne Minster before terminating at its roundabout junction with the A35 road at Bere Regis. The A35 is not a trunk road east of Bere Regis, but is a continuation of the A31 trunk road to the west.
The A31 is part of the ancient route from London to Winchester.
The A31 between Wimborne Minster and Bere Regis is primarily a single-carriageway road, used by heavy goods vehicles and as such is particularly slow, especially during busy times of the day.
wn.com/A31_road -
Addlestone
Coordinates: 51°22′10″N 0°29′24″W / 51.3695°N 0.4901°W / 51.3695; -0.4901
Addlestone is a town in the borough of Runnymede in the county of Surrey, England noted for its ancient 'Crouch Oak'. It is by Junction 11 of the M25 motorway, is served by Addlestone railway station on the Chertsey Branch Line and has a direct bus service to Heathrow Airport (bus 51). The M25 motorway passes to the west the town proper. Its main road is Station Road which has many shops, two supermarkets, a doctors' NHS surgery, the Aviator business park and the Eileen Tozer Day Centre and joins in to surrounding A-roads. Runnymede's council civic centre is also located on Station Road. Immediate surrounding towns and villages are Weybridge, Ottershaw, Chertsey and New Haw.
The name Addlestone probably means "Attel's Denu"; the valley belonging to a Saxon named Attel. In 1241 the place was listed as Attelsdene and by 1610 John Speede's map shows Adleston halfway between "St. Annhill" and "St. Georg Hill", just south of the Thames. Addlestone is mentioned in H.G Wells' book The War of the Worlds, in which the second of ten Martian invasion ships (called 'cylinders') landed at the Addlestone Golf Links.
wn.com/Addlestone -
Aldershot
Coordinates: 51°14′49″N 0°45′35″W / 51.2470°N 0.7598°W / 51.2470; -0.7598
Aldershot is a town in the English county of Hampshire, located on heathland about 60 km (37 mi) southwest of London. The town is administered by Rushmoor Borough Council. The town has a population of 33,840, while the Aldershot Urban Area, a loose conurbation (which also includes other towns, such as Camberley, Farnborough, and Farnham) has a population of 243,344, making it the thirtieth-largest urban area in the UK
Aldershot is known for its connection with the British Army. This led to rapid growth from a small village to a Victorian town. Today, Aldershot is known as the "Home of the British Army". Aldershot is twinned with Sulechów in Poland, Meudon in France and Oberursel in Germany.
The name may have derived from the name of "Alder" trees found in the area (Alder-holt meaning copse of Alder trees), indicating that it was a wet, boggy place. Aldershot, Alreshete, dates back to an Anglo-Saxon settlement. Aldershot was included as part of the old Hundred of Crondall referred to in the Domesday Book of 1086. The map of Hampshire in the 1722 edition of William Camden's Britannia or Geographical Description of Britain and Ireland shows a symbol for habitation in Aldershot in the Crundhal (Crondall) hundred.[citation needed]
wn.com/Aldershot -
Alvingham
Coordinates: 53°24′01″N 0°02′57″E / 53.400392°N 0.049266°E / 53.400392; 0.049266
Alvingham is a village that lies on a small back road leading east out of Louth, Lincolnshire, England.
In the west of the parish, it borders Keddington. The parish boundary meets Brackenborough with Little Grimsby, east of Brackenborough Wood. Passing northwards, it meets Yarburgh, and crosses the Alvingham-Yarburgh road near Newholme. It follows Black Dike in a north-east direction, north of America Farm. Where it crosses the north-south Louth Canal, it briefly meets Grainthorpe.
On Alvingham Fen it meets Conisholme and the Seven Towns North Eau, a one of the constituents of the River Lud as it approaches the coast. Directly to the east is a large wind farm on Conisholme Fen. The boundary follows the Seven Towns North Eau southwards, to the west of Nunnitts Farm (outside the parish). It meets North Cockerington at the point the Seven Towns North Eau, Seven Towns South Eau, and Old Eau meet to form the River Lud. The river (and parish boundary) runs parallel, to the south, to the Louth Canal.
wn.com/Alvingham -
Arlingham
Coordinates: 51°47′46″N 2°25′26″W / 51.796°N 2.424°W / 51.796; -2.424
Arlingham is a village and civil parish in the Stroud District of Gloucestershire, England. The 200 Census recorded a parish population of 410. The parish occupies a peninsula on a sharp bend in the River Severn. The next parish to the east is Fretherne with Saul.
In Passage Road is a fish restaurant called the Passage Inn. Arlingham FC, based near the parish church, is in Stroud League Division Four. The church has some of the oldest stained glass windows in Gloucestershire.
A Ham class minesweeper was named after the village - HMS Arlingham.
The centre of the village is built around The Cross and includes the Red Lion, a large public house partly dating from the 16th century. The village shop closed in 2007.
Arlingham is on the course of a Roman road which crossed the Severn (by a ford or ferry) to Newnham. The ford was in use until the 19th century but a change in the course of the river in 1802 made the ford difficult. The ferry continued in use until after the Second World War. In 1810 the Severn Tunnel Company secured an Act of Parliament to build a tunnel under the river here, and there were various schemes for a bridge, most recently in 1950.
wn.com/Arlingham -
Ashtead
Coordinates: 51°18′36″N 0°17′55″W / 51.3101°N 0.2986°W / 51.3101; -0.2986
Ashtead is a village situated within the Metropolitan Green Belt of Surrey, England, and is just outside of the suburbia of London. It is separated from Leatherhead by the M25, and from Epsom by Ashtead Common.
There has been settlement in Ashtead since at least Roman times, with a Roman villa excavated in what is now Ashtead common. Ashtead lay within the Copthorne hundred, an administrative division devised by the Saxons.
Ashtead appears in the Domesday Book as Stede. It was held by the Canons of Bayeux from the Bishop of Bayeux. Its Domesday Assets were: 3 hides and 1 virgate; 16 ploughs, 4 acres (16,000 m2) of meadow, woodland worth 7 hogs. It rendered (in total): £12. Its main source of water at the time seems to have been the Rye.
St Giles Church in Ashtead Park dates from the 12th century, and Ashtead is mentioned twice in Samuel Pepys' diaries. Part of his entry for 25 July 1663 reads:
Towards the evening we bade them adieu and took horse, being resolved that, instead of the race which fails us, we would go to Epsom When we come there we could hear of no lodging, the town so full, but which was better, I went towards Ashsted, and there we got a lodging in a little hole we could not stand upright in While supper was getting I walked up and down behind my cosen Pepys's house that was, which I find comes little short of what I took it to be when I was a little boy.
wn.com/Ashtead -
Bagshot
Coordinates: 51°21′39″N 0°41′54″W / 51.3607°N 0.6982°W / 51.3607; -0.6982
Bagshot is a small town in southeastern England. It is situated in the northwest corner of Surrey within the county's Surrey Heath council district, close to the border with Berkshire, and is also in the diocese of Guildford. In the past Bagshot served as an important staging post between London, Southampton and the West Country. Evidence of this can been seen in some of the original coaching inns that are still there today.
The town is situated 43 km / 27 miles southwest of London, adjacent to junction 3 of the M3 motorway and on the A30 road, midway between Camberley and Sunningdale. Much of the surrounding land is owned by the Ministry of Defence and is part of Windsor Great Park, the area is in the Green Belt that surrounds London. It is served by Bagshot railway station.
Recent excavations have shown that settlements of Bagshot date back as far as pre-Roman, before these excavations it was thought that the earliest settlements in Bagshot were late Saxon. Late Bronze Age settlements have been identified in the area[citation needed], and iron smelting appears to have been a major 'industry' in the locality. Bagshot has had a Royal hunting lodge certainly through Stuart and Tudor times, now called Bagshot Park and is now the residence of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex.
wn.com/Bagshot -
Bankside
Coordinates: 51°30′30″N 0°06′00″W / 51.5082°N 0.1001°W / 51.5082; -0.1001
Bankside is a district of London, England, and part of the London Borough of Southwark. Bankside is located on the southern bank of the River Thames, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of Charing Cross, running from a little west of Blackfriars Bridge to just a short distance before London Bridge at St Mary Overie Dock to the east . It is part of a business improvement district known as Better Bankside.
The name is recorded in 1554 as the Banke syde and means 'street along the bank of the Thames'. It is formed from Middle English 'banke' and 'side'.
Bankside is the riverside of the former liberties of the Clink and Paris Garden. In the Elizabethan period, because of its location outside the jurisdiction of the City of London, the area of the Clink and Paris Garden were outside of the City of London's authority and so became occupied by the bear baiting pits and playhouses, including the Rose, the Hope Theatre, the Swan and the Globe Theatre of which a replica was constructed in the late 1990s. It has experienced regeneration in recent decades, becoming a significant tourist destination, and forms a business improvement district. The skyline of Bankside is dominated by the former Bankside Power Station, which now houses the Tate Modern.
wn.com/Bankside -
Banstead
Coordinates: 51°19′19″N 0°12′14″W / 51.322°N 0.204°W / 51.322; -0.204
Banstead is a town in the borough of Reigate and Banstead in the county of Surrey, England, on the border with Greater London. It lies 13 miles (21 km) south of London, 3 miles (5 km) south of Sutton, 5 miles (8 km) west of Croydon and 8.5 miles (14 km) south-east of the county town of Kingston-Upon-Thames. Banstead is on the North Downs and is protected by the Metropolitan Green Belt; Banstead Downs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). Although Banstead is a town, it is frequently referred to and known as "Banstead Village". Nearby towns include Epsom and Worcester Park to the west, Reigate to the south and Leatherhead to the west.
At the 2001 Census the population of Banstead Village ward was 8,510, although the area covered by the former Banstead Urban District had 46,280 people.
Banstead appears as a destination in the 1895 novel The Time Machine by H. G. Wells and also gains a brief mention in another of his novels, The War of the Worlds.
wn.com/Banstead -
Battle of Hastings
Coordinates: 50°54′43″N 0°29′15″E / 50.91194°N 0.4875°E / 50.91194; 0.4875
The Battle of Hastings occurred on 14 October 1066 during the Norman conquest of England, between the Norman-French army of Duke William II of Normandy and the English army under King Harold II. It took place at Senlac Hill, approximately 10 km (61⁄4 miles) northwest of Hastings, close to the present-day town of Battle, East Sussex, and was a decisive Norman victory.
Harold II was killed in the battle—legend has it that he was shot through the eye with an arrow. He was the last English king to die in battle on English soil until Richard III was killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field. The battle marked the last successful foreign invasion of the British Isles. Although there was further English resistance, this battle is seen as the point at which William gained control of England, becoming its first Norman ruler as King William I.
The battle also established the superiority of the combined arms attack over an army predominately composed of infantry, demonstrating the effectiveness of archers, cavalry and infantry working cooperatively together. The dominance of cavalry forces over infantry would continue until the emergence of the longbow, and battles such as Crecy, Poitiers and Agincourt in the Hundred Years War.
wn.com/Battle_of_Hastings -
Battle of Lewes
The Battle of Lewes was one of two main battles of the conflict known as the Second Barons' War. It took place at Lewes in Sussex, on 14 May 1264. It marked the high point of the career of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, and made him the "uncrowned King of England".
The battle occurred because of the vacillation of King Henry III, who was refusing to honour the terms of the Provisions of Oxford, an agreement he had signed with his barons, led by Montfort, in 1258. The King was encamped at St. Pancras Priory with a force of infantry, but his son, Prince Edward (later King Edward I) commanded the cavalry, at Lewes Castle 500 yards to the north. A night march enabled Montfort's forces to surprise Prince Edward and take the high ground of the Sussex Downs, overlooking the town of Lewes, in preparation for battle. They wore white crosses as their distinguishing emblem.
The royalist army, perhaps as much as twice the size of Montfort's, was led by Edward on the right and the King's brother Richard of Cornwall on the left, while the King himself commanded the central battalion. Having led his men out from the castle to meet the enemy, Edward gained early success, but unwisely pursued a retreating force to the north, thus sacrificing the chance of overall victory. Meanwhile, Montfort defeated the remainder of the royal army led by the King and Cornwall. On being defeated, Cornwall decided to take refuge in the Priory. He was unable to reach the Priory so he hid in a windmill, where, upon his discovery, he was taunted with cries of "Come down, come down, thou wicked miller!" All three royals were eventually captured, and by imprisoning the King, Montfort became the de facto ruler of England.
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Bedfordshire
Bedfordshire (
/ˈbɛdfərdʃər/ or /ˈbɛdfərdʃɪər/; abbreviated Beds.) is a ceremonial county of historic origin in England that forms part of the East of England region.
It borders Cambridgeshire to the north-east, Northamptonshire to the north, Buckinghamshire to the west and Hertfordshire to the south-east.
The highest elevation point is 243 metres (797 ft) on Dunstable Downs in the Chilterns.
As part of a 2002 marketing campaign, the plant conservation charity Plantlife chose the Bee Orchid as the county flower.
The traditional nickname for people from Bedfordshire is "Bedfordshire Bulldogs" or "Clangers", this last deriving from a local dish comprising a suet crust dumpling filled with meat or jam or both.
It is the 14th most densely populated county of England and the fifth most densly populated non-metropolitan county with over half the population of the county living in the two largest built up areas of Bedford (102,000) and Luton (236,000).
The first recorded use of the name was in 1011 as "Bedanfordscir," meaning the shire or county of Bedford, which itself means "Beda's ford" (river crossing).
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Bere Regis
Coordinates: 50°45′11″N 2°13′10″W / 50.7531°N 2.2195°W / 50.7531; -2.2195
Bere Regis is a village in the Purbeck district of Dorset, England, situated 6 miles (9.7 km) north-west of Wareham.
The village has one shop, a post office and two pubs, The Royal Oak and The Drax Arms. The parish church is St. John the Baptist Church. The village features in the Domesday Book.
The village is built on the side of the Bere River and sits on the line dividing chalk from the river valley sand, clay and gravel rocks. It is situated at the western terminus of the A31 (Guildford - Bere Regis) and A35 (Southampton - Honiton) which both bypass the Village. The local travel hubs are Wareham railway station, 6 miles (9.7 km) from the village, and Bournemouth Airport, 17 miles (27 km) away.
To the south east of the town a large conifer plantation, Wareham Forest, stretches several miles to Wareham. To the west is Dorchester, North is Blandford and east is Bournemouth. Further to the South is a chalk ridge, the Purbeck Hills, and 10 miles (16 km) to the south is the World Heritage Jurassic Coast on the English Channel.
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Berkshire
Berkshire ( /ˈbɑrkʃər/ or /ˈbɑrkʃɪər/, abbreviated Berks) is both a ceremonial county and a historic county of England. The administrative county of Berkshire including the Berkshire County Council were abolished in 1998. The county is often referred to as the Royal County of Berkshire because of the presence of the royal residence of Windsor Castle in the county; this usage, which dates to the 19th century at least, was recognised by the Queen in 1957, and letters patent issued confirming this in 1974.
The ceremonial county has the same boundaries as the former administrative county, but historically the county was not co-terminous with this. The county borders the counties of Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Surrey, Wiltshire and Hampshire. Historically the county included several towns to the northwest of the county (including Abingdon, Didcot and Wantage) that were moved into Oxfordshire in 1974 boundary changes. At the same time the town of Slough was moved into Berkshire from Buckinghamshire.
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Bermondsey Abbey
Bermondsey Abbey was an English Benedictine monastery. Most widely known as an 11th-century foundation, it had a precursor mentioned in the early 8th century, and was centred on what is now Bermondsey Square, the site of Bermondsey Market, Bermondsey in the London Borough of Southwark, southeast London, England.
A monastery is known to have existed at Bermondsey before 715 AD, when it was a Surrey colony of the important Mercian monastery of Medeshamstede, later known as Peterborough. Though surviving only in a copy written at Peterborough in the 12th century, a letter of Pope Constantine (708-715) grants privileges to a monastery at Vermundesei. It is likely that this monastery continued, probably as a secular minster, at least until the 9th-century Viking invasions.
Nothing more is heard of any church at Bermondsey until 1082, when, according to the "Annales Monasterii de Bermundeseia", a monastery was founded there by one Alwinus Child, with royal licence. It is highly likely, given the trend to continuity of sacred sites, that this church was founded on the site of the earlier monastery. It is also possible that this foundation was a direct successor to the church last mentioned in the early 8th century.
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Bernicia
Bernicia (Old English: Bernice, Beornice; Latin: Bernicia) was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by Anglian settlers of the 6th century in what is now southeastern Scotland and North East England.
The Anglian territory of Bernicia was approximately equivalent to the modern English counties of Northumberland and Durham, and the former Scottish counties of Berwickshire and East Lothian, stretching from the Forth to the Tees. In the early 7th century, it merged with its southern neighbour, Deira, to form the kingdom of Northumbria and its borders subsequently expanded considerably.
Bernicia is mentioned in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum (§ 61) under the Welsh name of Berneich or Birneich and in Old Welsh poetry and elsewhere under the name of Bryneich or Brynaich. This may reflect the name of a preceding Brythonic kingdom or province, which was subsequently adopted by the Anglian settlers and rendered as Bernice or Beornice in the Old English tongue. If such forms represent a Welsh version of Bernicia, it is unclear why Welsh would need to borrow a 'foreign' name for the area, so the former hypothesis is usually accepted, although no etymological analysis has produced a consensus. The etymology which is most widely cited is that tentatively proposed by Kenneth H. Jackson, which gives the meaning "Land of the Mountain Passes" or "Land of the Gaps". The earlier derivation from the tribal name of the Brigantes has been dismissed as linguistically unsound. In 1997 John T. Koch suggested the conflation of a probable primary form *Bernech with the native form *Brïγent for the old civitas Brigantum as a result of Anglian expansion in that territory during the 7th century.
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Betchworth Castle
Betchworth Castle is a ruin of a fortified medieval house, near Brockham, built on a sandstone spur overlooking the western (left) bank of the River Mole, Surrey, UK. The ruin is in Betchworth Park Golf Course, off Castle Gardens, about 4 miles (6 km) west of Reigate.
Betchworth (or Beechworth etc.) Castle was the seat of the manor West Betchworth and was held by Richard de Tonbridge at the time of the Domesday Survey. It started as an earthwork fortress built by Robert Fitz Gilbert in the 11th century. It was turned into a stone castle in 1379 by Sir John FitzAlan. The castle or fortified house was rebuilt by Sir Thomas Browne in the 15th century.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, people had little practical use for castles any more, and this one was outshone by a newer, bigger house in the larger grounds. Some of it was demolished to reuse the building material elsewhere. Without a permanent tenant, the rest of it gradually fell into ruin, and was treated as a folly.
Public access to the site was granted through a land deal in 2005 with Betchworth Park Golf Club, however the local council has not yet finalized their part of the deal. The entire ruin is currently surrounded by sturdy railings for safety reasons as much of the masonry could collapse at any time. There are also unstable subterranean cellars some of which have already collapsed. Although the council has posted signs banning access, visitors can get relatively close to the ruins.
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Bletchingley Castle
Bletchingley Castle is in the village of a Bletchingley in Surrey (grid reference TQ323506).
Late in the 12th century a rectangular tower was built on an earlier enclosure of earthworks by Richard Fitz Gilbert, founder of the de Clare family. In 1170 on the way to Canterbury the four knights responsible for assassinating Thomas Becket stopped at Bletchingley Castle.
In the 1260s the castle was besieged and taken by royal forces. It was destroyed but some earthworks still remain.
Whilst the site is now quite overgrown there are still remains of walls, door ways and arches visible.
Coordinates: 51°14′21″N 0°06′22″W / 51.23925°N 0.10617°W / 51.23925; -0.10617
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Bourne Wood
Coordinates: 51°11′35″N 0°46′19″W / 51.193°N 0.772°W / 51.193; -0.772 Bourne Wood (also known as Bourne Woods) is an area of predominantly coniferous woodland just south of Farnham, Surrey, England. It is named after The Bourne, a ward of Farnham. A promontory above a large heathland clearing provides views over the surrounding woodland. Much of the wood was formerly heathland, but was developed privately during the 20th century as commercial conifer plantations. This part of the wood has been purchased by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and is being restored mainly to heathland, with retention of some woodland of wildlife significance, as Farnham Heath nature reserve. Their aim is to benefit scarce heathland species such as nightjar, woodlark and Dartford warbler, tree pipit and sand lizard.
Since 2000, part of Bourne Wood has been frequently used as a location for filming movies, television series and music videos, most notably the opening battle scenes of the film Gladiator. In chronological order, the following productions have included scenes filmed in the Bourne Wood:
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Bristol
Bristol
i/ˈbrɪstəl/ is a city, unitary authority area and ceremonial county in South West England, with an estimated population of 433,100 for the unitary authority in 2009, and a surrounding Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) with an estimated 1,070,000 residents in 2007. It is England's sixth and the United Kingdom's eighth most populous city, one of the group of English Core Cities and the most populous city in South West England.
Historically within Gloucestershire, the city received a Royal Charter in 1155 and was granted County status in 1373. From the 13th century, for half a millennium, it ranked amongst the top three English cities after London, alongside York and Norwich, on the basis of tax receipts, until the rapid rise of Liverpool, Birmingham and Manchester during the Industrial Revolution in the latter part of the 18th century. It borders the counties of Somerset and Gloucestershire, and is also located near the historic cities of Bath to the south east and Gloucester to the north. The city is built around the River Avon, and it also has a short coastline on the Severn Estuary, which flows into the Bristol Channel.
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Brooklands
Brooklands was a 2.75-mile (4.43 km) motor racing circuit and aerodrome built near Weybridge in Surrey, England. It opened in 1907, and was the world's first purpose-built motorsport venue, as well as one of Britain's first airfields, which also became Britain's largest aircraft manufacturing centre by 1918. The circuit hosted its last race in 1939, and today part of it forms the Brooklands Museum, a major aviation and motoring museum, as well as a venue for vintage car, motorcycle and other transport-related events.
The Brooklands circuit was the brainchild of Hugh Locke-King, and was opened on 17 June 1907 as the first purpose-built banked motor race circuit in the world. Following the Motor Car Act 1903, Britain was subject to a blanket 20 mph (32 km/h) speed limit on public roads: at a time when nearly 50% of the planet's new cars were produced in France, there was a concern that Britain's infant auto-industry would be hampered by the inability to undertake sustained high speed testing.
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Brookwood Cemetery
Coordinates: 51°17′52″N 0°37′54″W / 51.29783°N 0.63162°W / 51.29783; -0.63162
Brookwood Cemetery, also known as the London Necropolis, is a burial ground in Brookwood, Surrey, England. It is the largest cemetery in the United Kingdom and one of the largest in western Europe.
Brookwood Cemetery was established by the London Necropolis Company in 1849 to house London's deceased, since the capital was finding it difficult to accommodate its increasing population, both of living and dead. The cemetery is said to have been landscaped by architect William Tite, but this is disputed. By 1854, Brookwood was the largest cemetery in the world (it is no longer). Incorporation by Royal Act of Parliament in 1852, Brookwood Cemetery was consecrated by the Bishop of Winchester on 7 November 1854 and opened to the public on 13 November 1854. Over 235,000 people have been buried there.
Brookwood originally was accessible by rail from a special station – the London Necropolis railway station – next to Waterloo station in London. Trains ran right into the cemetery on a branch from the South Western Main Line – the junction was situated just to the west of Brookwood station. The original London Necropolis station (near Waterloo) was relocated in 1902, but its successor was demolished after suffering bomb damage during World War II. There were two stations in the cemetery itself: North for non-conformists and South for Anglicans. Their platforms still exist. It is still possible to enter the cemetery directly from Brookwood station.
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Buckinghamshire
Buckinghamshire ( /ˈbʌkɪŋəmʃər/ or /ˈbʌkɪŋəmʃɪər/; archaically the County of Buckingham; abbreviated Bucks) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan home county in South East England. The county town is Aylesbury, the largest town in the ceremonial county is Milton Keynes and largest town in the non-metropolitan county is High Wycombe.
The area under the control of Buckinghamshire County Council, or shire county, is divided into four districts—Aylesbury Vale, Chiltern, South Bucks and Wycombe. The Borough of Milton Keynes is a unitary authority and forms part of the county for various functions such as Lord Lieutenant but does not come under county council control. The ceremonial county, the area including Milton Keynes borough, borders Greater London (to the south east), Berkshire (to the south), Oxfordshire (to the west), Northamptonshire (to the north), Bedfordshire (to the north east) and Hertfordshire (to the east).
Sections of the county closer to London are part of the Metropolitan Green Belt, which limits development. It is the location of the nationally important Pinewood Studios and Dorney Lake, which will be holding the rowing events at the 2012 Summer Olympics. It is also well known for the new town of Milton Keynes and the Chiltern Hills area of outstanding natural beauty.
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Busbridge
Coordinates: 51°10′25″N 0°35′59″W / 51.173714°N 0.59967220°W / 51.173714; -0.59967220
Busbridge is a village and civil parish in the borough of Waverley in Surrey. It has a population of 758. It forms part of the Waverley ward of Bramley, Busbridge and Hascombe.
Busbridge Church is a growing evangelical church that runs four Sunday Services in Busbridge and numerous activities during the week. On a Sunday over 200 young people and children attend their youth and children's work.
Busbridge Lakes is a grade 2 heritage garden known for its follies, grottos and trees.
Busbridge Tennis Association is a community initative and were fundamental in the process of renovating the tennis courts and recreation ground at the top of Holloway Hill and overlooking Godalming. In 2012 they secured £37,900 of Olympic Legacy Funding from Sport’s England’s Inspired Facilities Fund for flood lights on all four courts allowing for expansion with junior tennis training.
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Byfleet
Coordinates: 51°22′48″N 0°21′09″W / 51.38°N 0.3526°W / 51.38; -0.3526
Byfleet is an inland island village forming a suburb of Woking in Surrey, England. It is in the east of the borough between the River Wey and the River Mole, and is within the M25 motorway.
Byfleet is centrally located close to the A3 and M25, and is located at the foot of the St George's Hill estate, just to the south of Weybridge, to the west of Cobham and to the east of West Byfleet. The village is served by the Byfleet and New Haw railway station.
The village lies within the Godley hundred, a Saxon administrative division. Byfleet appears in Domesday Book as Byeflete. It was held by Uluuin (Wulfwin) from Chertsey Abbey. Its domesday assets were: 2½ hides; 1 church, 1 mill worth 5s, 1½ fisheries worth 325 eels, 6 acres (24,000 m2) of meadow, woodland worth 10 hogs. It rendered £4.
The historic St Mary's Church dates back to at least the 14th century.
In 1895, 20 year old Hampshire-born Walter George Tarrant started a new carpentry business, W G Tarrant Ltd, in Byfleet and later expanded into housebuilding. The company built extensively in Pyrford and West Byfleet in the early 1900s.
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Calleva Atrebatum
Calleva Atrebatum (or Silchester Roman Town) was an Iron Age oppidum and subsequently a town in the Roman province of Britannia and the civitas capital of the Atrebates tribe. Its ruins are beneath and to the west of the Parish Church of St Mary the Virgin, which is just within the town wall and about 1 mile (1.6 km) to the east of the modern village of Silchester in Hampshire, England.
Most Roman towns in Britain continued to exist after the end of the Roman era, and consequently their remains underlay their more recent successors, which are often still major population centres. Calleva is unusual in that, for reasons unknown, it was abandoned shortly after the end of the Roman era. There is a suggestion that the Saxons deliberately avoided Calleva after it was abandoned, preferring to maintain their existing centres at Winchester and Dorchester. There was a gap of perhaps a century before the twin Saxon towns of Basing and Reading were founded on rivers either side of Calleva. As a consequence, Calleva has been subject to relatively benign neglect for most of the last two millennia.
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Camberley
Coordinates: 51°20′06″N 0°44′31″W / 51.335°N 0.742°W / 51.335; -0.742
Camberley ( /ˈkæmbərliː/) is a town in Surrey, England, situated 31 miles (50 km) southwest of central London, between the M3 and M4 motorways. The town lies close to the borders of both Hampshire and Berkshire; the boundaries intersect on the western edge of the town where all three counties converge. It is the main town in the borough of Surrey Heath. Camberley's suburbs include Crawley Hill, Heatherside, Yorktown and the Old Dean.
The town has a population of 30,155, whilst the Aldershot Urban Area (which also includes other towns, such as Aldershot, Farnborough, and Farnham) has a population of 243,344, making it the thirtieth-largest urban area in the UK.
Before the 19th century, the area now occupied by Camberley was referred to as Bagshot Heath, which was known as a haunt of Highwaymen such as William Davies - known as the Golden Farmer - and Claude Duval. The land remained largely undeveloped due to a sandy topsoil making it unsuitable for farming. In A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain, written between 1724 and 1726, Daniel Defoe described the area as barren and sterile; "a mark of the just resentment shew’d by Heaven upon the Englishmen’s pride... horrid and frightful to look on, not only good for little, but good for nothing".
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Camberwell
Coordinates: 51°28′25″N 0°05′28″W / 51.4736°N 0.0912°W / 51.4736; -0.0912
Camberwell is a district of south London, England, and forms part of the London Borough of Southwark. It is a built-up inner city district located 2.7 miles (4.3 km) southeast of Charing Cross. To the west it has a boundary with the London Borough of Lambeth.
Camberwell appears in Domesday Book as Cambrewelle. The name may derive from the old English Cumberwell or Comberwell, meaning 'Well of the Britons', referring to remaining Celtic inhabitants of an area dominated by Anglo-Saxons. An alternative theory suggests the name may mean 'Cripple Well', and that the settlement developed as a hamlet where people from the City of London were expelled when they had life threatening diseases like leprosy, for treatment by the church and the clean, healing waters from the wells. Springs and wells are known to have existed on the southern slope of Denmark Hill, especially around Grove Park.
It was already a substantial settlement with a church when mentioned in the Domesday Book, and was the parish church for a large area including Dulwich and Peckham. It was held by Haimo the Sheriff (of Kent). Its domesday assets were: 6 hides and 1 virgate; 1 church, 8 ploughs, 63 acres (250,000 m2) of meadow, woodland worth 60 hogs. It rendered £14. Up to the mid-nineteenth century, Camberwell was visited by Londoners for its rural tranquillity and the reputed healing properties of its mineral springs. Like much of inner South London, Camberwell was transformed by the arrival of the railways in the 1860s.
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Cambridgeshire
Cambridgeshire ( /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒʃər/ or /ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒʃɪər/; also known, archaically, as the County of Cambridge; abbreviated Cambs.) is a county in England, bordering Lincolnshire to the north, Norfolk to the northeast, Suffolk to the east, Essex and Hertfordshire to the south, and Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire to the west. The principal settlement is the city of Cambridge. Modern Cambridgeshire was formed from the historic counties of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire, together with the Isle of Ely and the Soke of Peterborough; it contains most of the region known as Silicon Fen.
Cambridgeshire is twinned with Kreis Viersen in Germany.
Cambridgeshire is noted as the site of some of the earliest known Neolithic permanent settlements in the United Kingdom, along with sites at Fengate and Balbridie.
Cambridgeshire was recorded in the Domesday Book as "Grantbridgeshire" (or rather Grentebrigescire) (cf the river Granta). Covering a large part of East Anglia, Cambridgeshire today is the result of several local government unifications. In 1888 when county councils were introduced, separate councils were set up, following the traditional division of Cambridgeshire, for
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Camulodunum
Coordinates: 51°53′31″N 0°53′53″E / 51.892°N 0.898°E / 51.892; 0.898
Camulodunum is the Roman name for the ancient settlement which is today's Colchester, a town in Essex, England. Camulodunum is claimed to be the oldest town in Britain as recorded by the Romans, existing as a Celtic settlement before the Roman conquest, when it became the first Roman town, and eventually a settlement of discharged Roman soldiers, known as Colonia Claudia Victricensis. There is archaeological evidence of settlement 3,000 years ago. Its Celtic name was "Camulodunon", meaning "the Fortress of Camulos" (Camulos being a British god equated with the Roman Mars). This name was modified to the Roman spelling of "Camulodunum".
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Canterbury
Coordinates: 51°16′30″N 1°05′13″E / 51.275°N 1.087°E / 51.275; 1.087
Canterbury (i/ˈkæntərbᵊri/ or /ˈkæntərbɛri/) is a historic English cathedral city, which lies at the heart of the City of Canterbury, a district of Kent in South East England. It lies on the River Stour.
Originally a Brythonic settlement, it was renamed Durovernum Cantiacorum by the Roman conquerors in the 1st century AD. After it became the chief Jutish settlement, it gained its English name Canterbury, itself derived from the Old English Cantwareburh ("Kent people's stronghold"). After the Kingdom of Kent's conversion to Christianity in 597, St Augustine founded an episcopal see in the city and became the first Archbishop of Canterbury, a position that now heads the Church of England and the worldwide Anglican Communion (though the modern-day Province of Canterbury covers the entire south of England). Thomas Becket's murder at Canterbury Cathedral in 1170 led to the cathedral becoming a place of pilgrimage for Christians worldwide. This pilgrimage provided the theme for Geoffrey Chaucer's 14th-century literary classic The Canterbury Tales. The literary heritage continued with the birth of the playwright Christopher Marlowe in the city in the 16th century.
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Carshalton
Coordinates: 51°21′55″N 0°10′03″W / 51.3652°N 0.1676°W / 51.3652; -0.1676
Carshalton (pronounced /kɑːˈʃɔːltən/, kah-SHAWLT-ən, used to be also /keɪsˈhɔːtən/, kays-HAWT-ən) is a suburban area of the London Borough of Sutton, England. It is located 10 miles (16.1 km) south-southwest of Charing Cross, situated in the valley of the River Wandle, one of the sources of which is Carshalton Ponds in the centre of the village. The combined population of the five wards comprising Carshalton was 45,525 at the 2001 census. It is in the UK Parliamentary constituency of Carshalton and Wallington.
To the south of the area now known as Carshalton, remains of artefacts dating from the Neolithic to the Iron Age have been found, suggesting that this was an early place of habitation. Prior to the Norman Conquest it is recorded that there were five manors in this location owned by five freemen.
The village lay within the Anglo-Saxon administrative division of Wallington hundred.
Carshalton appears in Domesday Book as Aultone. It was held by Goisfrid (Geoffrey) de Mandeville. Its domesday assets were: 3½ hides; 1 church, 10 ploughs, 1 mill worth £1 15s 0d, 22 acres (89,000 m2) of meadow, woodland worth 2 hogs. It rendered £15 10s 0d.
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Caterham
Coordinates: 51°16′49″N 0°04′54″W / 51.2803°N 0.0816°W / 51.2803; -0.0816
Caterham is a town in the Tandridge District of Surrey, England. The town is geographically divided into two sections: Caterham on the Hill and Caterham Valley - the main town centre. The town lies close to the A22, 21 miles from Guildford and a few miles south of Croydon, in a valley cut into the dip slope of the North Downs. Caterham on the Hill is above the western side of the valley. The resident population of Caterham is 20,957 people. Caterham is predominantly a commuter town due to its proximity to London.
The town lies within the Anglo-Saxon administrative division of Tandridge hundred.
The original settlement was on the ridge above the modern town and is now called Caterham on the Hill. The modern town in the valley is a product of the Victorian age and the coming of the Caterham railway line in 1856. The Victorian expansion of the town required the building of a much larger parish church (St Mary the Virgin) in 1866 but the old Norman church of St Lawrence was retained and remains directly across the road from St Mary's. As it grew Caterham Valley gained its own church, St. John the Evangelist, which was consecrated in 1882. It is even larger than St. Mary's[citation needed].
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Chaldon
Coordinates: 51°17′10″N 0°07′30″W / 51.286°N 0.1249°W / 51.286; -0.1249
Chaldon is a village in Surrey, England on the North Downs to the west of Caterham. It falls within the boundaries of Tandridge district.
The village lay within the Anglo-Saxon administrative division of Wallington hundred.
Chaldon is often nicknamed "Little Switzerland" because of the heavy snowfall that affects the village each Winter.
The church of SS. Peter and Paul (11th century) contains a large wall painting of around 1170 depicting images of salvation and damnation, whose full title is "The Ladder of the Salvation of the Human Soul and the Road to Heaven". It is considered one of the most important in England.
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Charlwood
Coordinates: 51°09′24″N 0°13′34″W / 51.156571°N 0.226146°W / 51.156571; -0.226146
Charlwood is a village and civil parish in the Mole Valley district of Surrey, England. It is immediately northwest of London Gatwick Airport in West Sussex, close west of Horley and north of Crawley. The historic county boundary between Surrey and Sussex ran to the south of Gatwick Airport. Boundaries were reformed in 1974 so that the county boundary between Surrey and West Sussex, delineated by the Sussex Border Path, now runs along the northern perimeter of the airport, and the southern extent of Charlwood. The village has more crown post timber framed houses than any other village in Britain
The village anciently lay within the Reigate hundred. In 2001, Charlwood had a population of 2,027.
Charlwood is located in Mole Valley and together with Hookwood, it has its own parish council. It was moved from Surrey to West Sussex in a local government reorganisation and is notable for having an eponymous act of parliament - the Charlwood and Horley Act 1974 - to move it back into Surrey.
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Charterhouse School
Coordinates: 51°11′48″N 0°37′21″W / 51.196552°N 0.622504°W / 51.196552; -0.622504
Charterhouse School, originally The Hospital of King James and Thomas Sutton in Charterhouse, or more simply Charterhouse or House, is an English collegiate independent boarding school (also referred to as a public school) situated at Godalming in Surrey.
Founded by Thomas Sutton in London in 1611 on the site of the old Carthusian monastery in Charterhouse Square, Smithfield, it is one of the original nine English public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868 which derived from the Clarendon Commission of 1864. Today pupils at Charterhouse are still referred to as Carthusians, and ex-pupils as Old Carthusians or OCs.
In May 1611 the London Charterhouse came into the hands of Thomas Sutton (1532–1611) of Snaith, Lincolnshire. He acquired a fortune by the discovery of coal on two estates which he had leased near Newcastle-on-Tyne, and afterwards, removing to London, he carried on a commercial career. In 1611, the year of his death, he endowed a hospital on the site of the Charterhouse, calling it the hospital of King James, and in his will he bequeathed moneys to maintain a chapel, hospital (almshouse) and school. He died on 12 December and subsequently the will was hotly contested but upheld in court, and the foundation was finally constituted to afford a home for eighty male pensioners (gentlemen by descent and in poverty, soldiers that have borne arms by sea or land, merchants decayed by piracy or shipwreck, or servants in household to the King or Queens Majesty), and to educate forty boys.
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Chertsey
Coordinates: 51°23′25″N 0°30′27″W / 51.3902°N 0.5074°W / 51.3902; -0.5074
Chertsey is a town in Surrey, England, on the River Thames and its tributary rivers such as the River Bourne. It can be accessed by road from junction 11 of the M25 London orbital motorway. It shares borders with Staines, Laleham, Shepperton, Addlestone, Woking, Thorpe and Egham. It lies within the Godley hundred, 29km southwest of central London, close to the M3 and the M25.
The town is part of the London commuter belt, and is served by Chertsey railway station. It is located on the Chertsey branch of the Waterloo to Reading Line which is currently operated by South West Trains as part of the UK state-owned National Rail network. The town is home to the head office of Compass Group and the UK head office of Samsung Electronics. The Thorpe Park entrance is also in the town, including frequent buses from Staines and car parking. Elevation is generally low at 14m in the High Street and 11m on the river Thames where the Boat House and Kingfisher restaurants are located, making this the lowest place in Chertsey. The highest point is St. Anne's Hill in the forest, which peaks at around 77m, making it the second highest point in Runnymede. Across the river Thames from Chertsey Bridge on the Middlesex side of the river is the Thames Path National Trail, and Chertsey Lock.
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Cheshire
Cheshire ( /ˈtʃɛʃər/ or /ˈtʃɛʃɪər/; also known as the County Palatine of Chester, and archaically, as the County of Chester; abbreviated Ches.) is a ceremonial county in North West England. Cheshire's county town is the city of Chester, although the largest town since county boundary changes in 1974 is Warrington (moved from Lancashire for administrative purposes in 1974). Other major towns include Widnes (also moved from Lancashire in 1974), Congleton, Crewe, Ellesmere Port, Runcorn, Macclesfield, Winsford, Northwich, and Wilmslow. Historically the county contained the Wirral, Stockport, Altrincham and other towns. The county is bordered by Merseyside and Greater Manchester to the north, Derbyshire to the east, Staffordshire and Shropshire to the south, and Flintshire and Wrexham in Wales to the west. The county is a part of the Welsh Marches.
Cheshire's area is 2,343 square kilometres (905 sq mi) and its population is around 700,000. Apart from the large towns along the River Mersey and the historic city of Chester, it is mostly rural, with a number of small towns and villages that support an agricultural industry. It is historically famous as a former principality and for the production of Cheshire cheese, salt, bulk chemicals, and woven silk.
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City of London
The City of London is an area in central London, England. In the medieval period it constituted most of London, but the conurbation has grown far beyond it. As the City’s boundaries have remained almost unchanged since the Middle Ages, it is now only a tiny part of the metropolis, though it remains a notable part of central London, holds city status in its own right, and is a separate ceremonial county.
It is often referred to as the City (often written on maps as "City") or the Square Mile, as it is just over one square mile (1.12 sq mi/2.90 km2) in area. These terms are also often used as metonyms for the United Kingdom's financial services industry, which continues a notable history of being based in the City.
The term London now refers to a much larger conurbation roughly corresponding to Greater London, a local government area which includes 32 London boroughs including the City of Westminster as well as the City of London. The local authority for the City, the City of London Corporation, is unique in the United Kingdom, and has some unusual responsibilities for a local authority in Britain, such as being the police authority for the City. It also has responsibilities and ownerships beyond the City's boundaries. The Corporation is headed by the Lord Mayor of the City of London, an office separate from (and much older than) the Mayor of London.
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Clandon Park
Clandon Park is an 18th century Palladian mansion in West Clandon just outside Guildford, Surrey, in the United Kingdom. It has been a National Trust property since 1956.
The house was built, or perhaps thoroughly rebuilt, around 1730–33 (the latter date is on rainwater leads), designed by the Venetian architect Giacomo Leoni, replacing an Elizabethan property. The estate had been bought in 1641, together with Temple Court Farm at Merrow, by Sir Richard Onslow, MP for Surrey in the Long Parliament, from Sir Richard Weston, canal builder & pioneering agriculturalist, of nearby Sutton Place. The new building was commissioned by his great-grandson Thomas, 2nd Baron Onslow. Many members of the Onslow family followed political careers—three of them, including Arthur Onslow, were Speakers of the House of Commons.
Clandon Park's interiors, which were finished into the 1740s, feature a two-storey Marble Hall, containing marble chimney pieces by English sculptor Michael Rysbrack. Since being presented to the National Trust, the house has been extensively restored and redecorated under the direction of John Fowler. The building now houses the fine collection of 18th century furniture and porcelain formed by Hannah, Mrs David Gubbay, and the Ivo Forde Meissen collection of Italian comedy figures and Mortlake tapestries and other textiles and carpets. The building also houses the Queen's Royal Surrey Regiment Museum.
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Cornwall
Cornwall ( /ˈkɔrnwɔːl/ or /ˈkɔrnwəl/;Cornish: Kernow [ˈkɛrnɔʊ]; Latin: Cornubia or Cornuvia) is a unitary authority and ceremonial county of England, within the United Kingdom. It is bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Cornwall has a population of 537,400 and covers an area of 3,563 km2 (1,376 sq mi). The administrative centre and only city is Truro.
The area now known as Cornwall was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. It continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age peoples, and later (in the Iron Age) by Brythons with distinctive cultural relations to neighbouring Wales and Brittany. There is little evidence that Roman rule was effective west of Exeter and few Roman remains have been found. Cornwall was a division of the Dumnonii tribe—whose tribal centre was in the modern county of Devon—known as the Cornovii, separated from Wales after the Battle of Deorham, often coming into conflict with the expanding English kingdom of Wessex before King Athelstan in AD 936 set the boundary between English and Cornish at the Tamar. From the early Middle Ages, British language and culture was apparently shared by Brythons trading across both sides of the Channel, evidenced by the corresponding high medieval Breton kingdoms of Domnonee and Cornouaille and the Celtic Christianity common to both territories.
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County Durham
County Durham /ˈdʌrəm/ is a ceremonial county and (smaller) unitary district in north east England. The county town is Durham. The largest settlement in the ceremonial county (in its own unitary Borough) is the town of Darlington. The county has a mixture of mining and farming heritage, as well as a heavy railway industry, particularity in the southwest of the county in Darlington, Shildon and Stockton. Its economy was historically based on coal and iron mining. It is an area of regeneration and promoted as a tourist destination.
The ceremonial county borders Tyne and Wear, North Yorkshire and Northumberland forms part of the North East England region.
Many counties are named after their principal town, and the expected form here would be Durhamshire. The county is commonly known as County Durham but was officially named Durham until at least 1997. The structural change legislation in 2009, however, referred to the county of County Durham. The former postal county was known as "County Durham" to distinguish it from the post town of Durham. Durham is the only English county name to be prefixed with "County" in common usage - a practice more common in Ireland.
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Crawley
Crawley ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a town and local government district with Borough status in West Sussex, England. It is 28 miles (45 km) south of Charing Cross, 18 miles (29 km) north of Brighton and Hove, and 32 miles (51 km) northeast of the county town of Chichester, covers an area of 17.36 square miles (44.96 km2) and had a population of 99,744 at the time of the 2001 Census.
The area has been inhabited since the Stone Age, and was a centre of ironworking in Roman times. Crawley developed slowly as a market town from the 13th century, serving the surrounding villages in the Weald; its location on the main road from London to Brighton brought a passing trade, encouraging the development of coaching inns. It was connected to the railway network in the 1840s.
Gatwick Airport, now one of Britain's busiest international airports, opened on the edge of the town in the 1940s, encouraging commercial and industrial growth. After the Second World War, the British Government planned to move large numbers of people and jobs out of London and into new towns around South East England. The New Towns Act 1946 designated Crawley as the site of one of these. A master plan was developed for the establishment of new residential, commercial, industrial and civic areas, and rapid development greatly increased the size and population of the town in a few decades.
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Croydon
Coordinates: 51°22′22″N 0°06′36″W / 51.3727°N 0.1099°W / 51.3727; -0.1099
Croydon is a large town in South London, England, located within the London Borough of Croydon to which it gives its name. It is situated 9.5 miles (15.3 km) south of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 11 metropolitan centres in Greater London.
Croydon is located on the natural transport corridor between London and England's south coast, just to the north of two gaps in the North Downs, one followed by the route of the A23 Brighton Road from Purley to Merstham and the other followed by the A22 from Purley to the M25 Godstone interchange.
Historically a part of Surrey, at the time of the Norman conquest of England Croydon had a church, a mill and around 365 inhabitants (as recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086). Croydon expanded during the Middle Ages as a market town and a centre for charcoal production, leather tanning and brewing. The Surrey Iron Railway from Croydon to Wandsworth opened in 1803 and was the world's first public horse-drawn railway, which later developed into an important means of transport – facilitating Croydon's growth as a commuter town for the City of London and beyond. By the early 20th century, Croydon was an important industrial area, known for car manufacture, metal working and its airport. In the mid 20th century these sectors were replaced by retailing and service economy, brought about by massive redevelopment which saw the rise of office blocks and the Whitgift shopping centre. Croydon was amalgamated into Greater London in 1965. Road traffic is now diverted away from a largely pedestrianised town centre, but its main railway station, East Croydon, is still a major hub within the national railway transport system. The town is expected to have its urban planning changed as part of Croydon Vision 2020.
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Cumbria
Cumbria ( /ˈkʌmbriə/, locally [ˈkʊmbɾiə]) is a non-metropolitan county in North West England. The county and Cumbria County Council, its local authority, came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. Cumbria's largest settlement and county town is Carlisle and the only other major urban area is the town of Barrow-in-Furness on the south-western tip of the county. It consists of six districts, and in 2008 had a population of just under half a million. Cumbria is one of the most sparsely populated counties in the United Kingdom, with 73.4 people per km2 (190/sq mi). In comparison, the Borough of Barrow-in-Furness, in the south, has a population density over twelve times this at 921/km2 (2,385.3/sq mi).
Cumbria, the third largest ceremonial county in England by area, is bounded to the north by the Scottish council areas of Dumfries and Galloway and Scottish Borders, to the west by the Irish Sea, to the south by Lancashire, to the southeast by North Yorkshire, and to the east by County Durham and Northumberland.
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Dapdune Wharf
Dapdune Wharf is a former wharf on the Wey and Godalming Navigations in Guildford, England, UK, close to the Surrey County Cricket Club ground. It is now maintained by the National Trust.
Although no longer used as a goods transshipment point, the wharf is the starting point for boat trips, including boat hire and horse-drawn boat trips. The Visitor Centre has interactive displays, a smithy, a stable, and an original Wey Barge, the Reliance.
Coordinates: 51°14′35″N 0°34′45″W / 51.2431°N 0.5792°W / 51.2431; -0.5792
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Deira
Deira (Old English: Derenrice (Scandinavian: Deren Riket; Germanic Deren Reich) or Dere) was a kingdom in Northern England during the 6th century AD. It extended from the Humber to the Tees, and from the sea to the western edge of the Vale of York. It later merged with the kingdom of Bernicia to the north to form the kingdom of Northumbria.
The name of the kingdom is of Brythonic origin, perhaps from Deifr, meaning "waters", or from Daru, meaning "oak", in which case it would mean "the people of the Derwent", a derivation also found in the Latin name for Malton, Derventio.
According to Simeon of Durham it extended from the Humber to the Tyne, but the land was waste north of the Tees. After the Brythonic kingdom centered around Eboracum, which may have been called Ebrauc, was taken by Edwin, the city of Eboracum became its capital and was called Eoforwic (boar-place) by the Angles. Before this it is likely that the capital would have been at or near Pocklington.
The first Deiran Anglian king of whom we have any record is Ælla, who flourished in the later 6th century after conquering the realm from the Britons in 581. After his death, Deira was subject to king Æthelfrith of Bernicia, who united the two kingdoms into Northumbria. Æthelfrith ruled until the accession of Ælla's son Edwin, in 616 or 617, who also ruled both kingdoms until 633.
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Derbyshire
Coordinates: 53°8′N 1°36′W / 53.133°N 1.6°W / 53.133; -1.6
Derbyshire (i/ˈdɑrbɨʃə/ DAR-bi-shər or /ˈdɑrbɪʃɪər/ DAR-bi-sheer; abbreviated Derbys. or Derbs.) is a county in the East Midlands of England. A substantial portion of the Peak District National Park lies within Derbyshire. The southern extremity of the Pennine range of hills extends into the north of the county. The county contains within its boundary of approximately 225 miles part of the National Forest. It borders on Greater Manchester to the northwest, West Yorkshire to the north, South Yorkshire to the northeast, Nottinghamshire to the east, Leicestershire to the southeast, Staffordshire to the west and southwest and Cheshire also to the west. In 2003 the Ordnance Survey placed Church Flatts farm, near Coton in the Elms, as the furthest point from the sea in Great Britain.
The city of Derby is now a unitary authority area, but remains part of the ceremonial county of Derbyshire. The non-metropolitan county contains 30 towns with between 10,000 and 100,000 inhabitants. There is a large amount of sparsely populated agricultural upland: 75% of the population live in 25% of the area.[citation needed]
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Devon
Coordinates: 50°42′N 3°48′W / 50.7°N 3.8°W / 50.7; -3.8
Devon ( /ˈdɛvən/) is a large county in southwestern England. The county is sometimes referred to as Devonshire, although it has never been officially "shired" and that use often indicates a traditional or historical context. Nowadays, "Devonshire" is mostly a demonym.
The county shares borders with Cornwall to the west and Dorset and Somerset to the east. Its southern coast abuts the English Channel and its northern coast the Bristol Channel and Celtic Sea. The name "Devon" derives from the ancient Dumnonia, which was home to the independent kingdom of Brythonic Celtic speaking people who inhabited this area of the southwestern peninsula of Britain continuously from through the Roman era until partial absorption into the English-speaking Kingdom of Wessex some time in the eighth or ninth century, with some emigration to the sister Kingdom of Domnonee in Brittany taking place.
Devon is the fourth largest of the English counties by area and has a population of 1,141,600 making it the 11th most populous. The county town is the cathedral city of Exeter. In addition to Devon County Council, the county contains two unitary authorities (independent from Devon County Council's control): the port city of Plymouth and Torbay, a conurbation of seaside resorts. Plymouth is also the largest city in Devon. Much of the county is rural (including national park) land, with a low population density by British standards. It contains Dartmoor 954 km2 (368 sq mi), the largest open space in southern England. It is the only English county to have two separate coastlines – a north and southern coastline.
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Diocese of Guildford
The Diocese of Guildford is a Church of England diocese based in Guildford, covering most of Surrey and part of Hampshire. The cathedral is Guildford Cathedral and the bishop is the Bishop of Guildford. It is part of the Province of Canterbury.
The diocese was formed on 1 May 1927 from part of the Diocese of Winchester.
Coordinates: 51°14′28″N 0°35′24″W / 51.2411°N 0.5900°W / 51.2411; -0.5900
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Diocese of London
The Anglican Diocese of London forms part of the Province of Canterbury in England.
Historically the diocese covered a large area north of the Thames and bordered the dioceses of Norwich and Lincoln to the north and west. The present diocese covers 177 square miles (460 km2) and 17 London boroughs, covering most of Greater London north of the River Thames and west of the River Lea. This area covers nearly all of the historic county of Middlesex. It includes the City of London in which lies its cathedral, St Paul's, and also encompasses Spelthorne which was formerly in Middlesex but is now part of Surrey.
Essex formed part of the diocese until 1846 when it became part of the Diocese of Rochester, later moving to the Diocese of St Albans and thence to the Diocese of Chelmsford.
The diocese is divided into five episcopal areas, each of which is the particular responsibility of one of the diocese's suffragan bishops. It is further divided into archdeaconries and deaneries, as shown below.
There is a fifth suffragan bishop, the Bishop of Fulham, who, until November 2010, played a diocesan-wide role similar to that of a provincial episcopal visitor. Said role is now the additional responsibility of the Bishop of Edmonton. The next Bishop of Fulham will be the suffragan for the Two Cities (London and Westminster).
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Diocese of Rochester
The Diocese of Rochester is a Church of England diocese in South-East England and forms part of the Province of Canterbury. It is an ancient diocese, having been established in 604; only the neighbouring Diocese of Canterbury is older in the Church of England.
The Rochester diocese includes 268 churches with parishes in:
The diocese is divided into three archdeaconries:
The current diocesan boundaries roughly match its pre-19th century extent. On 1 January 1846 the Hertfordshire territories from the diocese of Lincoln and of London and Essex (from the London diocese) were added to Rochester. In 1877 Essex and Hertfordshire became the new Diocese of St Albans. Meanwhile, on 1 August 1877, Rochester diocese gained part of the Diocese of Winchester, in northern Surrey, which became an independent Diocese of Southwark in 1905.
The Bishop of Rochester is currently the Right Reverend James Langstaff. The suffragan bishop, the Bishop of Tonbridge, is currently the Right Reverend Brian Castle.
Coordinates: 51°23′20″N 0°30′12″E / 51.38889°N 0.50333°E / 51.38889; 0.50333
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Dorking
Coordinates: 51°14′02″N 0°19′54″W / 51.2340°N 0.3318°W / 51.2340; -0.3318
Dorking ( /ˈdɔrkɪŋ/) is a historic market town at the foot of the North Downs approximately 21 miles (34 km) south of London, in Surrey, England.
Dorking began life as a small staging on Stane Street, the Roman Road that linked London to Chichester on the English Channel.
Dorking appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as the Manor of Dorchinges. It was held by William the Conqueror. Its domesday assets were: one church, 3 mills worth 15s 4d, 16 ploughs, 3 acres (1.2 ha) of meadow, woodland and herbage worth 88 hogs. It rendered £18.
Subsequent Lords of the Manor were to include the Dukes of Norfolk, who lived in Dorking until they moved to Arundel. One of them is buried in Dorking churchyard. In the Medieval period, Dorking was a prosperous agricultural and market town, benefitting from its position on the junction of a number of important roads and tracks.
In 1750, the construction of a Turnpike Road made Dorking a staging post on the route to Brighton and the coast. The Bull's Head in South Street had a famous coachman, William Broad, whose portrait hangs in Dorking Museum in West Street. The inn that now dominates the centre of Dorking, the White Horse, was developed in the 18th century; previous buildings on this site having belonged to the Knights Templar and later the Knights of St John.
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Dorset
Dorset (
/ˈdɔrsɨt/) (or archaically, Dorsetshire), is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast. The county town is Dorchester which is situated in the south. The Hampshire towns of Bournemouth and Christchurch joined the county with the reorganisation of local government in 1974. The ceremonial county comprises the area covered by the non-metropolitan county, which is governed by Dorset County Council, together with the unitary authorities of Poole and Bournemouth. Dorset covers an area of 2,653 square kilometres (1,024 sq mi); it borders Devon to the west, Somerset to the north-west, Wiltshire to the north-east, and Hampshire to the east. Around half of Dorset's population lives in the South East Dorset conurbation. The rest of the county is largely rural with a low population density.
The county has a long history of human settlement and some notable archaeology, including the hill forts of Maiden Castle and Hod Hill. A large defensive ditch, Bokerley Dyke, delayed the Saxon conquest of Dorset for up to 150 years. In 1348 the black death came ashore at Melcombe Regis and spread throughout England, killing a third of the population. Dorset has seen much civil unrest: the first trade union was formed by farm labourers from Tolpuddle in 1834, the Glorious Revolution was instigated in an ice-house at Charborough Park, and the Duke of Monmouth and his rebels landed at Lyme Regis. During the English Civil War (1642–1651) angry yokels fought with Cromwell's forces near Shaftesbury. The naval base at Portland has had a pivotal role in the nation's defence for many years, and with Weymouth and Poole was one of the main embarkation points on D-Day.
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Duddeston
Duddeston is an inner-city area of the Nechells ward of Birmingham, England. It was part of the Birmingham Duddeston constituency until that ceased to exist in 1950.
The name Duddeston comes from Dud's Town, with Dud being the Saxon proprietor, Lord of Dudley who probably had a seat in Duddeston. It was speculated that Duddeston came from Dudda's tun but nothing is known of Dudda.
Duddeston is first mentioned in a charter granted to Wulfget the Thane by Eadgar, King of the Angles in 963. There is no mention of Duddeston for another 200 years until it said that the Holte family were the residents of Duddeston Manor, a large house located next to the River Rea. This had been purchased by the family in 1365 by the family who also owned the manor of Nechells and were related to a prominent family in Erdington. Their wealth of land expanded two years later when the manor of Aston was bestowed upon them.
100 years later, Thomas Holte became the Chief Justice of Wales and a close friend of King Henry VIII. In 1546, Thomas died and Duddeston Hall was a sign of his wealth. His grandson, also called Thomas Holte, supplied a small army in defending Ireland and for this he was knighted. He commissioned the construction of Aston Hall soon after.
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Dudley
Coordinates: 52°30′43″N 2°05′45″W / 52.5119°N 2.0957°W / 52.5119; -2.0957
Dudley (i/ˈdʌdli/ DUD-lee) is a large town in the West Midlands county of England, and the administrative centre of the wider Metropolitan Borough of Dudley. At the 2001 census (according to the Office of National Statistics), the Dudley Urban Sub Area had a population of 194,919, making it the one of the largest settlements in England, the second largest town in the United Kingdom behind Reading, and the largest settlement in the UK without its own university.
Dudley is part of the West Midlands conurbation, and is located south of the city of Wolverhampton. It is the largest town in the Black Country region of England, and for many years the town (but not the castle, which was classed as part of Staffordshire) formed part of an exclave of the county of Worcestershire. Despite the more recent changes in county borders, the town still remains part of the Anglican Diocese of Worcester.
Dudley unsuccessfully bid to receive city status in 2012, losing out to Chelmsford, Perth and St. Asaph.
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Dunsfold
Coordinates: 51°06′58″N 0°33′50″W / 51.1161°N 0.5638°W / 51.1161; -0.5638
Dunsfold is a village in the Waverley district of the county of Surrey, England, 8.7 miles (14 kilometres) south of Guildford. The census area Chiddingfold and Dunsfold has a population of 3,812.
The village's name was recorded as Duntesfaude in 1259, Duntesfaud in 1272 and Duntesfalde in 1291, apparently meaning Dunt's fold. Alternatively it may be derived from the Old English dun (hill, cf. down) and fold (enclosure) - folding or enclosing being a way of moving sheep around the land to graze off the remains of previously harvested crops. It is a practice still followed on some of the farmland around the village. There are some prize-winning Aberdeen Angus cattle farmed here but the last dairy herd has now closed.
St Mary & All Saints' Church is a Norman building, containing the oldest pews in England. The nearby Holy Well was formerly a site of pilgrimage and its waters were thought to cure diseases of the eye. It is further thought that the well may be a pre-Christian site and the church itself may be constructed on a man-made hill of pre-Christian origin. The current rector is Paul Jenkins who has been installed since 23/01/2007.
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Earlswood
Coordinates: 51°13′39″N 0°10′17″W / 51.2276°N 0.1713°W / 51.2276; -0.1713
Earlswood is a town in Surrey to the south of Redhill. The census area Earlswood and Whitebushes has a population of 8,234. The town lies on the A23 between Redhill and Horley. Other neighbouring settlements include Salfords, Nutfield and Reigate.
Earlswood was home to the Royal Earlswood psychiatric hospital until its closure in 1997 and to the Royal Philanthropic Society's reform school from 1849 until 1988.
The town is served by Earlswood (Surrey) railway station with trains running from London Bridge/London Victoria to Horsham hourly. The station previously had a third platform which gave access to the Royal Earlswood Hospital.
Nearby is Earlswood Common, with two artificial landscaped lakes called Earlswood Lakes, which are used for recreational purposes. The upper lake used to have a kiosk and boats for rent. The lower lake had a diving platform, a paddling pool and was used for summer swimming. Members of the Christian Science Church used the lake for all year swimming and broke the ice in winter. The lower lake has a concrete bottom and was used in World War I to test the ability of primitive tanks to cross flooded landscapes. Today the common is used as a golf course.
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East Clandon
Coordinates: 51°15′11″N 0°29′01″W / 51.253°N 0.4836°W / 51.253; -0.4836
East Clandon is a village and parish in Surrey, England on the A246 between the towns of Guildford to the west and Leatherhead to the east. Neighbouring villages include West Clandon and West Horsley.
It has a population of 250 in 110 homes clustered around the church of St Thomas of Canterbury, The Queen's Head pub and the village hall. Located 4 miles (6.4 km) east of Guildford in the county of Surrey, the tiny 9-square-mile (23 km2) parish landscape includes a traditional country estate, arable and livestock farmlands, woodlands, a golf course and Hatchlands Park, a National Trust property.
The word Clandon (Clanedune) goes back to Anglo-Saxon times meaning "clean down" or "open downland" from the North Downs hills that rise above the village. People settled here due to the availability of water that emerged where the chalk meets the lower lying clay.
Chertsey Abbey, a Benedictine foundation, was patron of East Clandon from the Norman Conquest of 1066 to the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539. East Clandon appears in Domesday Book as Clanedun. It was held by Chertsey Abbey. Its assets were then: 4 hides; 7 ploughs, woodland worth 6 hogs. It rendered £6. In old documents the village is also often referred to in old documents as Clandon Abbatis (meaning Abbot's Clandon).
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East Horsley
Coordinates: 51°15′41″N 0°26′01″W / 51.2613°N 0.4337°W / 51.2613; -0.4337
East Horsley is an affluent village in Surrey, England, on the A246 between Leatherhead and Guildford. Neighbouring villages are West Horsley, Ockham, Effingham and Gomshall. Horsley railway station lies on the New Guildford Line between Guildford and London Waterloo. The census area Clandon and Horsley has a population of 8,409. It was also deemed Britain's richest village by The Daily Telegraph in 2011. And it is in one of the most sought after areas in the UK. Many important businessmen and sports players have lived in East Horsley including Chairman of the Royal Bank of Scotland, Philip Hampton, who still currently resides here.
East Horsley appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Horslei. It was held by Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury. Its domesday assets were: 3 hides and 1½ virgates; 8½ ploughs, woodland worth 50 hogs. It rendered £5.
There is a well-equipped amateur theatre called the Nomad Theatre which is behind the smaller of East Horsley's two rows of shops, Bishopsmead Parade. The theatre, the construction of which was largely financed by lottery grants from Arts Council England, opened in October 1998 with a production of Dylan Thomas's Under Milk Wood. A larger row of shops is situated near the railway station.
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East Sussex
East Sussex ( /ˈsʌsɨks/) is a county in South East England. It is bordered by the counties of Kent, Surrey and West Sussex, and to the south by the English Channel.
East Sussex is part of the historic county of Sussex, which has its roots in the ancient kingdom of the South Saxons, who established themselves there in the 5th century AD, after the departure of the Romans. Archaeological remains are plentiful, especially in the upland areas. The area's position on the coast has also meant that there were many invaders, including the Romans and later the Normans. Earlier industries have included fishing, iron-making, and the wool trade, all of which have declined, or been lost completely.
Sussex is traditionally divided into six sub-divisions known as rapes. From the 12th century the three eastern rapes and the three western rapes each had separate quarter sessions, with the county town of the three eastern rapes being Lewes. This situation was formalised by Parliament in 1865, and the two parts were made into administrative counties, each with distinct elected county councils in 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888. In East Sussex there were also three self-administered county boroughs: Brighton, Eastbourne and Hastings.
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Egham
Coordinates: 51°25′44″N 0°32′52″W / 51.4289°N 0.5479°W / 51.4289; -0.5479
Egham is a small town in the Runnymede borough of Surrey, in the south-east of England. It is part of the London commuter belt and Greater London Urban Area, and is about 20 miles (32.2 km) south-west of central London on the River Thames and near junction 13 of the M25 motorway.
Egham town has a population of 5,724 and contiguous Egham Hythe has a population of 6,345.
Egham predates 666AD when Chertsey Abbey was founded with lands which included that of Ecga's Ham, from which the name Egham derives.
Egham appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Egeham. It was held by Chertsey Abbey. Its domesday assets were: 15 hides; 12 ploughs, 120 acres (0.49 km2) of meadow, woodland, herbage and pannage worth 75 hogs. It rendered £30 10s 0d.
The village of Egham was previously an ancient parish covering land totalling 7,435 acres (30 km2) in the counties of Berkshire and Surrey; incorporating Egham, Egham Hill, Coopers Hill, Englefield Green, Virginia Water, Shrubs Hill, Runnymede, Egham Hythe, and a considerable portion of Windsor Great Park.
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Elmbridge
Elmbridge is a local government district and borough in Surrey, England. Its council is based in Esher. The district has only one civil parish, which is Claygate. The borough shares a boundary with Greater London—the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames to the north and the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames to the east—and borders the Surrey boroughs of Runnymede, Spelthorne, Woking, Guildford and Mole Valley. Elmbridge is located almost entirely within the bounds of the M25 motorway.
Elmbridge is named after the Elmbridge hundred, which appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Amelebrige. The district was formed on 1 April 1974 following the Local Government Act 1972.
The borough is governed by Elmbridge Borough Council. Prior to 1974, the borough was split between the Esher Urban District, whose council had existed since 1933, and the Walton and Weybridge Urban District. The councils arms were created upon the formation of the present day district, being formed out of symbols taken from the local towns and villages. A new Civic Centre was opened in 1991.
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England
Englandi/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.
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Epsom
Coordinates: 51°20′10″N 0°16′03″W / 51.3361°N 0.2674°W / 51.3361; -0.2674
Epsom is a town in the borough of Epsom and Ewell in Surrey, England. Some parts of Epsom are in the Borough of Reigate and Banstead. The town is located 16 miles (26 km) south-south-west of Charing Cross, within the Greater London Urban Area. The town lies on the chalk downland in the valley of Epsom Downs.
Epsom lies within the Copthorne hundred, an administrative division devised by the Saxons. The name of Epsom derives from Ebba's ham. Ebba was a Saxon landowner. There were a string of settlements, many ending in -ham, along the northern slopes of the Downs, including Effingham, Bookham, and Cheam. The only relic from this period is a 7th century brooch found in Epsom and now in the British Museum.
The early history of the area is bound up with the Abbey of Chertsey, whose ownership of Ebbisham was confirmed by King Athelstan in 933.
Epsom appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Evesham. It was held by Chertsey Abbey. Its domesday assets were: 11 hides; 2 churches, 2 mills worth 10 shillings, 18 ploughs, 24 acres (97,000 m2) of meadow, woodland worth 20 hogs. It rendered £17. The town at the time of Domesday Book had 38 peasant households grouped near St. Martin's Church. Later, other small settlements grew up at the town pond (now the Market in the High Street), and at Epsom Court, Horton, Woodcote, and Langley Vale.
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Epsom and Ewell
Epsom and Ewell is a local government district with borough status in Surrey, England, covering the town of Epsom and the village of Ewell. The borough was formed as an urban district in 1894, and was known as Epsom until 1934. It was made a municipal borough in 1937. The district was considered for inclusion in Greater London in 1965 but was left unaltered by the London Government Act 1963 and the Local Government Act 1972 in 1974. However, despite being outside modern Greater London the borough was in the Metropolitan Police District until it was transferred to Surrey Police in 2000. In the May 2011 elections, the borough was held by the Epsom and Ewell Residents Association with 26 seats, Liberal Democrats with 6 seats and both the Labour and Conservatives with 3 seats.
Epsom and Ewell lie on the spring line on the north face of the North Downs where pervious chalk meets impervious London clay and a series of springs form. In Ewell the springs which form the Hogsmill River are evident, those in Epsom less so. The springs attracted prehistoric people and remains have been found, mostly in Ewell and particularly near the Hogsmill. In Roman times the road now known as Stane Street, from London to Chichester, passed through Epsom and Ewell. Roman remains have been found in Ewell suggesting a sizeable settlement. Epsom and Ewell have Saxon names: Ewell takes its name from the spring in the centre of the village and Epsom, or Ebbisham, is the enclosure of Ebbi. A Saxon cemetery in The Grove in Ewell was excavated in the 1930s.
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Ermine Street
Ermine Street is the name of a major Roman road in England that ran from London (Londinium) to Lincoln (Lindum Colonia) and York (Eboracum). The Old English name was 'Earninga Straete' (1012), named after a tribe called the Earningas, who inhabited a district later known as Armingford Hundred, around Arrington, Cambridgeshire and Royston, Hertfordshire. 'Armingford', 'Arrington' and 'Ermine Street' are names that share the same Old English origin. The original Roman name for the route is unknown. It is also known as the Old North Road from London to where it joins the A1 Great North Road near Godmanchester.
Ermine Street begins at Bishopsgate, where one of the seven gates in the wall surrounding Roman London was located. From here it runs north up Norton Folgate, Shoreditch High Street and Kingsland Road through Stoke Newington (forming Stoke Newington High Street), Tottenham and Enfield to Royston. This section of Ermine Street from London to Royston, Hertfordshire is now largely part of the A10. At this point it crosses the Icknield Way. From Royston, it was formerly the A14 to the A1 but now it is the A1198 to Godmanchester (Durovigutum). Ignoring bypasses and modern diversions, the road through Huntingdon to the Alconbury junction on the A1 gives the line. The section from Alconbury to Water Newton, ignoring modern bypasses such as that at Stilton, follows the A1. Ermine street used to pass through Durobrivae, the slight remains of which can be seen to the east, alongside the A1 at Peterborough. The modern road returns to Ermine Street north-west of Stamford, near Great Casterton, through which Ermine Street ran.
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Esher
Coordinates: 51°22′09″N 0°21′54″W / 51.3691°N 0.365°W / 51.3691; -0.365
Esheri/ˈiːʃər/ is a town in the Surrey borough of Elmbridge in South East England near the River Mole. It is a very prosperous part of the Greater London Urban Area, largely suburban in character, and is situated 14.1 miles (22.7 km) south west of Charing Cross.
Esher lies on the A307, Portsmouth Road. Esher railway station (served by the Waterloo via Weybridge service) connects the town to London Waterloo. Sandown Park Racecourse lies in the town near the station.
Esher lay within the Saxon administrative district of Elmbridge hundred.
Esher appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Aissela and Aissele. It was held partly by the Abbey of the Cross in Normandy; partly by William de Waterville; partly by Reginald; partly by Hugh do Port; partly by Odard Balistarius (probably a crossbowman). Its domesday assets were: 14 hides 6 ploughs, 2 acres (8,100 m2) of meadow. It rendered £6 2s 0d.
In the 16th century, King Henry VIII commandeered the area as a royal hunting ground, and the town was wealthy. It grew as a stagecoach stop on the London–Portsmouth road that was later designated as the A3 road, although it was bypassed in the mid-1970s, when it became the A307. Clive of India built the Claremont mansion, and this later became a royal residence used by Queen Victoria. Queen Victoria lent the house to the exiled French King Louis-Philippe and his consort Queen Marie-Amelie after the revolution of 1848. Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg lived there until he became King of the Belgians.
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Essex
Essex ( /ˈɛsɨks/) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East of England, and one of the home counties. It is located to the northeast of Greater London. It borders with Cambridgeshire and Suffolk to the north, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent to the South and London to the south west. Essex County Council is the principal local authority for much of the county, sharing functions with twelve district councils. The county town is Chelmsford. The southern Essex boroughs of Thurrock and Southend-on-Sea are governed separately as unitary authorities. It was established in antiquity and formed the eastern portion of the Kingdom of Essex. Sections of the county closer to London are part of the Metropolitan Green Belt, which prohibits development. It is the location of the regionally significant Lakeside Shopping Centre and London Stansted Airport; and the new towns of Basildon and Harlow.
The name Essex originates in the Anglo-Saxon period of the Early Middle Ages and has its root in the Old English Ēastseaxe (i.e. the "East Saxons"), the eastern kingdom of the Saxons. Originally (in 527 AD) it occupied territory to the north of the River Thames, incorporating all of what later became Middlesex and most of what later became Hertfordshire, though its territory was later restricted to lands east of the River Lea.Colchester in the north east of the county is Britain's oldest recorded town, dating back to before the Roman conquest, when it was known as Camulodunum and was sufficiently well-developed to have its own mint. Subsequently the Kingdom of Essex was subsumed into the Kingdom of England and Essex eventually became a county.
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Eton College
Coordinates: 51°29′31″N 0°36′29″W / 51.49187°N 0.60792°W / 51.49187; -0.60792
Eton College, usually referred to as Eton, is a British independent boarding school for boys aged 13 to 18. It was founded in 1440 by King Henry VI as "The King's College of Our Lady of Eton besides Wyndsor".
It is located in Eton, near Windsor in England, and is one of the nine English independent schools, common referred to as "public schools", regulated by the Public Schools Act 1868. Following the public school tradition, Eton is a full boarding school, which means all pupils board at the school, and is one of four remaining single-sex public schools (the others being Winchester College, Harrow School and Radley College) to continue this practice.
Eton has a long list of distinguished former pupils. David Cameron is the nineteenth British Prime Minister to have attended Eton.
Eton has traditionally been referred to as "the chief nurse of England's statesmen", and has been described as the most famous public school in the world. Early in the 20th century, a historian of Eton wrote, "No other school can claim to have sent forth such a cohort of distinguished figures to make their mark on the world."
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Ewell
Coordinates: 51°21′01″N 0°14′55″W / 51.3502°N 0.2486°W / 51.3502; -0.2486
Ewell ( /ˈjuːl/) is a village in the borough of Epsom and Ewell in Surrey, close to the southern boundary of Greater London. It is located 14 miles (22.5 km) south-south-west of Charing Cross and forms part of the suburbia that surrounds Greater London. Despite its growing population it is still referred to as a village by locals and largely maintains a rural character. Ewell is at the head of the Hogsmill river, a tributary of the River Thames, and the spring has likely been considered sacred dating back into pre-history.
Neighbouring towns and villages include Cheam, Chessington, Epsom, Tolworth, Stoneleigh and Worcester Park.
The name Ewell derives from Old English æwell, which means river source or spring. The old Roman road Stane Street deviates from a straight line slightly at Ewell in order to pass by the spring. Ewell is one of a number of settlements founded along the geological line between the chalk of the North Downs to the south, and the clay of the London Basin to the north. The A24 London Road runs from Merton to Ewell along the course of the Roman road, and Stane Street leaves Ewell connecting it towards Leatherhead and Dorking to the south-west. Bronze Age remains have also been found in Ewell and the Romans are likely to have encountered an existing religious site when they first arrived.
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Export House
Export House, Woking, United Kingdom, known locally as the BAT Building due to its former tenant British American Tobacco, is the tallest building in Woking and one of the tallest buildings in Surrey. Export House had already been completed for 2 years, since 1974, when British American Tobacco moved in in 1976. It is 73 metres (240 ft) tall and has 18 stories.
It was part of the first major town centre development in Woking Post-1945 (Post War). It was built at the same time as the Wolsey Place Shopping Centre, which is part of the same complex. It has been the tallest building in Woking ever since it was completed. The planned Victoria Way development, if built, will be 2 metres taller than Export House. Construction of Export House finished in 1974 although it was not ready for tenants until 1976.
In 1976 British American Tobacco (BAT) moved in as the first tenant, making it their headquarters. Although BAT moved in in 1976, Export House had already been completed two years previously in 1974. In 1997 it was announced that BAT were relocating to a new building in London. Export House is known locally as the BAT Building due to British American Tobacco. In 2001 Telewest, who had previously occupied the top 6 floors, took over the rest of the building following refurbishment works. However, Telewest left in 2006 after a merger with NTL. It is now occupied by the Mouchel Group PLC who moved from West Hall in nearby West Byfleet. In 2008 Mustang Engineering moved into Export House.
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Fairoaks Airport
Fairoaks Airport (IATA: FRK, ICAO: EGTF) is a private airfield located on the A319 between the villages of Chobham and Ottershaw in Surrey. It is also located 2 NM (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) north of the town of Woking and is within easy reach of the M25 motorway.
The airport is operated by Fairoaks Airport Ltd, owned by Albermarle Fairoaks Airport Ltd.
Fairoaks Aerodrome has a CAA Ordinary Licence (number P560) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction as authorised by the licensee (Fairoaks Airport Ltd).
The facility is used as a maintenance airfield but also hosts many light aircraft, some of which are operated by its two resident training schools - Synergy Aviation and London Transport Flying Club. Its business centre is substantially dedicated to aviation-related enterprises, including the headquarters of national organisations such as the European Regions Airline Association and the British Helicopter Advisory Board.
Fairoaks is equipped with navigational aids: coverage is provided by local beacons at Ockham, Midhurst and London Heathrow. There is a small on-site fire and rescue service, comprising two 4WD rescue vehicles.
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Farley Green
Coordinates: 51°11′56″N 0°29′08″W / 51.1989°N 0.4855°W / 51.1989; -0.4855
Farley Green is a small hamlet in the Surrey Hills to the south east of Guildford.
On the outskirts of Farley Green, lies Farley Heath where one of Surrey's few Roman remains, a temple, can be found. The open heathland was the site of the largest Romano-British settlement in Surrey.
The site was excavated by Martin Tupper, an antiquarian and poet, who lived in nearby Albury. Some of his finds are now housed in the British Museum. The temple was in use some time before the end of the 1st century AD and was believed to be destroyed by fire around 450 AD. The outline of the temple can still be seen and is marked out by stones set in concrete.
The village houses spread mostly along Shophouse Lane which then becomes steep and narrow towards Winterfold Forest. The forest is where some of the Great Train Robbery proceeds were discovered buried. The whole area had been the haunt of smugglers in the distant past.
The village church is called St Michael's. It is in a 19th century barn which was built by the Albury Estate. It was later sold and the widow gave the barn to Albury parish.
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Farnham
Coordinates: 51°12′50″N 0°47′56″W / 51.214°N 0.799°W / 51.214; -0.799
Farnham is a town in Surrey, England, within the Borough of Waverley. The town is situated some 42 miles (67 km) southwest of London in the extreme west of Surrey, adjacent to the border with Hampshire. By road Guildford is 11 miles (17 km) to the east and Winchester 28 miles (45 km) to the southwest. Farnham is the largest town in Waverley, with a total resident population of 38,000 people. It is of historic interest, with many old buildings, including a number of Georgian houses. Farnham Castle overlooks the town. A short distance southeast of the town centre are the ruins of Waverley Abbey, Moor Park House and Mother Ludlam's Cave. Farnham is twinned with Andernach in Germany.
Farnham's history and present status are mainly the result of its geography; a combination of river, streams, fresh water springs and varied soils, together with a temperate climate, attracted early man to the area and, even today, the geology of the area greatly influences the town, both in terms of communications, scenic and botanic variety and the main local industries of agriculture and minerals extraction. Farnham Geological Society is an active organisation in the town, and the Museum of Farnham has a collection of geological samples and fossils.
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Farnham Castle
Farnham Castle is a castle in Farnham, Surrey, England (grid reference SU839474).
First built in 1138 by Henri de Blois, grandson of William the Conqueror, Bishop of Winchester, the castle was to become the home of the Bishops of Winchester for over 800 years. The original building was demolished by Henry II in 1155 after the Anarchy and then rebuilt in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. The castle was slighted again after the Civil War in 1648. Since then more buildings have been constructed in the castle's grounds, the most impressive being those built by Bishop George Morley in the 17th century.
The architecture reflects changing styles through the ages, making it one of the most important historical buildings in the south of England. It is an impressive stone motte and bailey fortress, which has been in continuous occupation since the 12th century. The large motte was formed around the massive foundations of a Norman tower and then totally enclosed by a shell-keep, with buttress turrets and a shallow gatehouse. Attached to the motte is a triangular inner bailey, with a fine range of domestic buildings and a fifteenth century brick entrance tower. The formidable outer bailey curtain wall has square flanking towers, a 13th century gatehouse and a large ditch.
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Frensham
Coordinates: 51°09′46″N 0°47′56″W / 51.1627°N 0.799°W / 51.1627; -0.799
Frensham is a village in Surrey, England, beside the A287, 13 miles (20.9 km) south west of Guildford. Neighbouring villages include Millbridge, Shortfield Common, Dockenfield, Spreakley, Batt's Corner and Rushmoor. Frensham lies on the River Wey. Farnham is the nearest main town and it is 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to the north. The majority of the land around Frensham is located within the Metropolitan Green Belt. The non-agricultural land surrounding the village is mainly open heathland and birch woodland.
Planning permission is being discussed for a potential mineral zone for the extraction of sand and gravel near Frensham Manor.
Frensham Common is owned by the National Trust and is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). It covers about 1,000 acres and comprises a large area of heathland, together with some coniferous and mixed woodland. There are two large ponds, known as Frensham Great and Little Ponds, which were built in the Middle Ages to provide fish for the Bishop of Winchester's estate.
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Frimley
Coordinates: 51°18′51″N 0°44′19″W / 51.3143°N 0.7387°W / 51.3143; -0.7387
Frimley is a small English town situated 2 miles (3 km) south of Camberley, in the extreme west of Surrey, adjacent to the border with Hampshire. It is about 31 miles (50 km) west south-west of Central London. It is part of the Borough of Surrey Heath. The town is connected to the M3 motorway by the Blackwater Valley Road and the Frimley bypass.
The name Frimley is derived from the Saxon name Fremma's Lea, which means "Fremma's clearing". The land was owned by Chertsey Abbey from 673 to 1537 and was a farming village. More recently it was a coach stop on the main London to Portsmouth road for about four hundred years.
Frimley was not listed in Domesday Book of 1086, but is shown on the map as Fremely, its spelling in 933AD.
Frimley lunatic asylum was opened in 1799; it catered for both male and female patients, and received four patients from Great Fosters. Magistrates visited in 1807 and ordered the proprietors to stop chaining the patients.
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Gatwick Airport
Gatwick Airport (IATA: LGW, ICAO: EGKK) is located 3.1 mi (5.0 km) north of the centre of Crawley,West Sussex, and 29.5 mi (47.5 km) south of Central London. Also known as London Gatwick, it is London's second largest international airport and second busiest by total passenger traffic in the United Kingdom after Heathrow. Furthermore, Gatwick is Europe's leading airport for point-to-point flights and has the world's busiest single-use runway averaging 52 aircraft movements an hour. Its two terminals – North and South – cover an area of 810,000 sq ft (75,000 m2) and 1,300,000 sq ft (120,000 m2) respectively.
In 2011, over 33.6 million passengers passed through Gatwick.
Charter airlines generally prefer Gatwick over Heathrow as a base for London and the South East of England. From 1978 to 2008, many flights to and from the United States used Gatwick because of restrictions on the use of Heathrow implemented in the Bermuda II agreement between the UK and the US.. Under the agreement Heathrow allowed the right for only two US carrier and two UK carrier to serve flights to the United States. Currently, US Airways is the only US carrier that still serves Gatwick from the US. The airport is a base for scheduled operators Aer Lingus, British Airways (BA), EasyJet, Flybe, Monarch Airlines and Virgin Atlantic, as well as charter airlines including Thomas Cook Airlines and Thomson Airways. Gatwick is unique amongst London's airports in having a significant airline presence representing each of the three main airline business models: full service, low/no frills and charter. As of January 2011, these respectively accounted for 37, 51 and 12% of total passenger traffic.
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Gloucestershire
Gloucestershire (i/ˈɡlɒstərʃər/ GLOSS-tər-shər; abbreviated Glos.) is a county in South West England. The county comprises part of the Cotswold Hills, part of the flat fertile valley of the River Severn, and the entire Forest of Dean.
The county town is the city of Gloucester, and other principal towns include Cheltenham, Cirencester, Stroud, and Tewkesbury.
When considered as a ceremonial county, Gloucestershire borders the preserved county of Gwent in Wales (now Monmouthshire), and in England the ceremonial counties of Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Warwickshire, Oxfordshire, Wiltshire and Somerset. Ceremonially, it includes the area covered by the South Gloucestershire unitary authority.
According to a 2002 campaign by the charity Plantlife, the county flower of Gloucestershire is the Wild Daffodil.
Gloucestershire is a historic county mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in the 10th century, though the areas of Winchcombe and the Forest of Dean were not added until the late 11th century. Gloucestershire originally included the then "small town" of Bristol. The "local" rural community moved to the port city, (as Bristol was to become) and Bristol's population growth accelerated during the industrial revolution. Bristol became part of the administrative County of Avon in 1974.
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Godalming
Coordinates: 51°11′06″N 0°36′36″W / 51.185°N 0.61°W / 51.185; -0.61
Godalming ( /ˈɡɒdəlmɪŋ/) is a town and civil parish in the Waverley district of the county of Surrey, England, 7 kilometres (4 mi) south of Guildford. It is built on the banks of the River Wey and is a prosperous part of the London commuter belt. Godalming shares a three-way twinning arrangement with the towns of Joigny in France and Mayen in Germany. Friendship links are in place with the state of Georgia in the United States and the city of Moscow in Russia. James Oglethorpe of Godalming was the founder of the colony of Georgia.
The town has existed since Saxon times (see also Godalming (hundred)), and probably earlier. It is mentioned in the will of King Alfred the Great, and the name itself has Saxon origins, 'Godhelms Ingus' roughly translated as “the family of Godhelm”, and probably referring to one of the first lords of the manor.
Godalming grew in size because its location is roughly half-way between Portsmouth and London, which encouraged traders to set up stalls and inns for travellers to buy from and rest in.
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Great Bookham
Coordinates: 51°16′41″N 0°22′23″W / 51.278°N 0.373°W / 51.278; -0.373
Great Bookham is a village in Surrey, England, located between Leatherhead and Guildford. The Bookhams - Great and Little Bookham - are part of the Saxon settlement of Bocham, "the village by the beeches". They are surrounded by common land. Great Bookham is the larger village but Little Bookham houses the railway station.
The villages are situated on the A246 which is the main route for traffic travelling between the Surrey towns of Leatherhead and Guildford. Whilst once two distinct villages, the Bookhams have long been interconnected with residential roads that give most newcomers the impression that it is in fact one large village.
The village is well known as the location of Polesden Lacey, a county house located on the southern edge of the village, surrounded by over 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) of grounds, now owned by the National Trust and open to the public.
According to a charter c.675, the original of which is lost but which exists in a later form, there were granted to the Abbey twenty dwellings at Bocham cum Effingham. This was confirmed by four Saxon kings; King Offa of Mercia and of the nations roundabout in 787; King Athelstan who was King and ruler of the whole island of Britain in 933 confirmed the privileges to the monastery; King Edgar, Emperor of all Britain in 967 confirmed "twelve mansiones" in Bocham, and King Edward the Confessor, King of the English in 1062 confirmed twenty mansae at Bocham cum Effingham, Driteham and Pechingeorde.
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Greater London
Greater London is the top-level administrative division of England covering London. It was created in 1965 and spans the City of London and the 32 London boroughs. This territory has the same boundaries as the London Government Office Region and the London European Parliament constituency. The region has by far the highest GVA per capita in the United Kingdom. It covers 1,572 km2 (607 sq mi) and had a 2009 mid-year estimated population of 7,753,600. The term Greater London was in use before 1965 to refer to a variously defined area, larger than the County of London and often similar to the Metropolitan Police District.
In addition to its administrative and statistical functions, Greater London (excluding the City of London) is one of the 48 ceremonial counties of England, and is under the Greater London Lieutenancy.
Instead of forming a single political unit, London is divided into the small, interior City of London and the much wider Greater London. This arrangement has come about because as the area of London grew and absorbed neighbouring settlements, a series of administrative reforms did not fully amalgamate the City of London with the metropolitan area, and its unique political structure was retained. Outside the limited boundaries of the old city, a variety of arrangements governed the wider area since 1855, culminating with the creation of the Greater London administrative area in 1965.
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Greater Manchester
Greater Manchester is a metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2.6 million. It encompasses one of the largest metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom and comprises ten metropolitan boroughs: Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Rochdale, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford, Wigan, and the cities of Manchester and Salford. Greater Manchester was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972.
Greater Manchester spans 493 square miles (1,277 km2). It is landlocked and borders Cheshire (to the south-west and south), Derbyshire (to the south-east), West Yorkshire (to the north-east), Lancashire (to the north) and Merseyside (to the west). There is a mix of high-density urban areas, suburbs, semi-rural and rural locations in Greater Manchester, but overwhelmingly the land use is urban. It has a focused central business district, formed by Manchester city centre and the adjoining parts of Salford and Trafford, but Greater Manchester is also a polycentric county with ten metropolitan districts, each of which has at least one major town centre and outlying suburbs. The Greater Manchester Urban Area is the third most populous conurbation in the UK, and spans across most of the county's territory.
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Greensand Ridge
The Greensand Ridge is an extensive, prominent, often heavily wooded, sandstone escarpment and range of hills in south-east England. It runs in a horseshoe shape around the Weald of Surrey, Sussex and Kent. It reaches its highest elevation, 294 metres (965 ft), at Leith Hill in Surrey—the second highest point in south-east England, while another hill, Blackdown, is the highest point in Sussex at 280 metres (919 ft). The eastern end of the ridge forms the northern boundary of Romney Marsh.
The Greensand Ridge, formed of Lower Greensand sandstone, is a remnant of the Weald dome, part of the great Weald-Artois Anticline that runs from south-east England into northern France.
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Guildford
Coordinates: 51°14′12″N 0°34′13″W / 51.236538°N 0.570309°W / 51.236538; -0.570309
Guildfordi/ˈɡɪlfərd/ is the county town of Surrey, England, as well as the seat for the borough of Guildford. It is situated 27 miles (43 km) southwest of London on the A3 trunk road mid-way between the capital and Portsmouth.
The town has Saxon roots, and likely owes its location to the existence of a gap in the North Downs where the River Wey is forded by the Harrow Way. The town grew enough in importance that by 978 it was home to the Royal Mint. With the building of the Wey Navigation and Basingstoke Canal Guildford was in the centre of a network of waterways that aided its prosperity.
The Guildford pub bombing by the Provisional IRA in 1974 killed five people including four off-duty soldiers from the local barracks. The subsequently arrested suspects became known as the Guildford Four.
It is believed that Guildford was founded by Saxon settlers shortly after Roman authority had been removed from Britain (which was c.410AD). The site was likely chosen because the Harrow Way (an ancient trackway that continues along Hog's Back) crosses the River Wey at this point, via a ford. This probably gives rise to the second half of Guildford's name. The root of the first part is gold rather than society or meeting place.[citation needed] The Saxon name would have been Gyldeford, meaning golden ford. It has been suggested[by whom?] that the gold may refer to golden flowers by the ford, or the golden sand, but this is not certain. There is an old coaching Inn on the Epsom Road previously called the 'Sanford Arms', which almost certainly derives from 'Sand Ford', so this adds weight to the suggestion that 'Guildford' is a corruption of 'Gold Ford', referring to the very distinctive golden sand showing on the banks of the River Wey where it cuts through the sandy outcrop just south of the town.[citation needed]
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Guildford Castle
Guildford Castle is in Guildford, Surrey, England. It is thought to have been built shortly after the 1066 invasion of England by William the Conqueror.
After the Battle of Hastings in 1066 William led his army to Canterbury and then sacked towns along the Pilgrims' Way, including Guildford. Later William, or one of his barons, built Guildford Castle. There is no record of it in the Domesday Book so construction probably started after 1086.
First to be built at the Castle would have been the motte (a mound) around which was a ditch and a bailey protected by a wooden palisade. The Bailey's boundary would have run along Castle Street, South Hill, what is now Racks Close and parallel with Quarry Street (although slightly to the east). If it followed a typical Norman design the baily would have been divided with a palisade, into two parts the outer and inner bail. The inner baily would have encompassed the motte on which a wooden keep would have been built as a look-out post for the soldiers stationed there.
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Guildford Cathedral
The Cathedral Church of the Holy Spirit, Guildford is the Anglican cathedral at Guildford, Surrey, England.
Guildford was made a diocese in its own right in 1927, and work on its new cathedral, designed by Sir Edward Maufe, began nine years later, with the foundation stone being laid by Dr Cosmo Gordon Lang, Archbishop of Canterbury in 1936. Its building was interrupted by the Second World War between 1939 and 1945, and the cathedral was not consecrated until 17 May 1961. In the intervening period Holy Trinity Church served as pro-cathedral.
It stands in a commanding spot on Stag Hill - so named because the Kings of England used to hunt here - and its solid red brick outline is visible for miles around; it immediately overlooks the University of Surrey. Its bricks are made from clay taken from the hill on which it stands.
The tower is 160 feet (49 m) high, and contains twelve bells, ten of which were cast by Mears and Stainbank in 1965. The bells were augmented to 12 with two Whitechapel trebles in 1975. The largest bell weighs 30cwt (just over 1.5 tonnes) and is tuned to the key of D. At the top of the tower stands a 15-foot (4.6 m) gilded angel, which turns in the wind. Inside, the cathedral appears to be filled with light, with pale Somerset limestone pillars and white Italian marble floors.
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Ham House
Ham House is situated beside the River Thames in Ham, south of Richmond in London, United Kingdom. It is claimed by the National Trust to be "unique in Europe as the most complete survival of 17th century fashion and power."
It was the primary residence of Elizabeth Maitland, Duchess of Lauderdale.
John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll, was born here in 1680.
The tea terrace is reputed to have the oldest Christ's thorn bush in the country. Walnut and chestnut trees in the outer courtyard act as roosts and nesting sites for a large flock of green parakeets. The formal listed avenues are formed by more than 250 trees.
The house has changed little in 300 years, and the same applies to its formal gardens, which feature the oldest Orangery in Britain, an icehouse and a dairy. The National Trust has a tea room for visitors.
The house is said to be haunted by the Duchess of Lauderdale and her dog, which a number of visitors claim to have seen running down the corridors (no dogs are allowed in the building). The house was subject to a year long investigation by the Ghost Club which recorded a number of phenomena that remain 'unexplained'.
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Hampshire
Hampshire (i/ˈhæmpʃɪər/ or /ˈhæmpʃər/; abbreviated Hants) is a county on the southern coast of England in the United Kingdom. The county town of Hampshire is Winchester, the former capital city of England. Hampshire is the most populous ceremonial county in the United Kingdom and if excluding newly formed metropolitan counties such as the West Midlands, Hampshire would be the most populous county in the whole of the United Kingdom. Hampshire is notable for housing the birthplaces of the Royal Navy, British Army, and Royal Air Force. The ceremonial county borders Dorset to the west, Wiltshire to the north-west, Berkshire to the north, Surrey to the north-east, and West Sussex to the east. The southern boundary is the coastline of the English Channel and The Solent.
Hampshire is the largest county in South East England and the third largest shire county in the United Kingdom despite losing more land than any other English county during the Local Government Act 1972 boundary changes. At its greatest size in 1889, Hampshire was the fifth largest county in England. It now has an overall area of 3,700 square kilometres (1,400 sq mi), and measures approximately 86 kilometres (53 mi) east–west and 76 kilometres (47 mi) north–south.
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Harrow College
Coordinates: 51°36′46″N 0°20′21″W / 51.6129°N 0.3392°W / 51.6129; -0.3392
Harrow College is the largest college in the London Borough of Harrow. It opened in 1999 following a merger of two former local colleges, Greenhill College (located in the centre of Harrow Town) and Weald College (10 minutes away from neighbouring town Wealdstone).
Ofsted has reported the college as Outstanding for Social and Educational Inclusion. More than 3,000 full time and 7,000 part time learners come to Harrow College for sixth form and adult courses. Harrow College is also an associate college of Westminster University and Middlesex University.
Teaching takes place at the Harrow-on-the-Hill campus on Lowlands Road and at the Harrow Weald campus in Brookshill, Harrow Weald. The college also teaches in community locations around the London Borough of Harrow.
In its most recent inspection, Ofsted rated the college as 'satisfactory' for overall effectiveness. Ofsted has reported Harrow College as Outstanding for Social and Educational Inclusion. It has been awarded a Centre of Excellence for the Hearing Impaired, which is the only centre of its kind in North West London. The college is also a member of the Westminster Centre of Excellence in Teacher Training (CETT).[citation needed]
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Hascombe Hill
Hascombe Hill is the site of an Iron Age hillfort close to the village of Hascombe in Surrey, England. The site was excavated in 1931 by S. E. Winbolt, who dated the occupation of the site to the 1st century BC. The hillfort encloses a thickly wooded area of approximately 2.4 hectares (6 acres). The sides of the fort, which are naturally very steep, were scarped at the top to make them almost unassailable. Encircling the crest of the hill is a defensive ditch 1.5 metres (5 ft) deep. The defences are reinforced on the northeast side (where the hillfort joins the rest of the hill) with a strong line of ramparts and ditches broken by a single entrance passage some 24 metres (80 ft) long.
In the early 19th century it became an important naval telegraph station, using a mechanical form of semaphore to communicate with Netley Heath in Surrey on one side and Blackdown in Sussex on the other. A chain of such stations linked London with Portsmouth.
The height of Hascombe Hill is 644 feet.
Coordinates: 51°08′15″N 0°33′55″W / 51.1375°N 0.5652°W / 51.1375; -0.5652
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Haslemere
Coordinates: 51°05′24″N 0°42′42″W / 51.0899°N 0.7117°W / 51.0899; -0.7117
Haslemere ( /ˈheɪzəlmɪər/) is a town in Surrey, England, close to the border with both Hampshire and West Sussex. The major road between London and Portsmouth, the A3, lies to the west, and a branch of the River Wey to the south. Haslemere is approximately 12 miles (19 km) south-west of Guildford.
Haslemere is surrounded by hills, with Blackdown at 920 feet (280 m) to the south and Gibbet Hill at 894 feet (272 m) to the north. The latter was the site of executions in past centuries. Many of those hanged there were highwaymen, because the roads around Haslemere, particularly alongside the nearby Devil's Punch Bowl, were notoriously dangerous. Today, much of the heathland and woodland is owned and protected by the National Trust, and has become a popular attraction for walkers.
The town also marks the western end of the Greensand Way footpath which extends for 110 miles (180 km) to Hamstreet in Kent, and is one end of the Serpent Trail.
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Hatchlands Park
Hatchlands Park is a red-brick country house with surrounding gardens in East Clandon, Surrey, England covering 170 hectares (430 acres). It is located near Guildford along the A246 between West Clandon and West Horsley.
The park initially belonged to the Chertsey Abbey with the park being mentioned in the Domesday Book. In 1544, after the dissolution of the monasteries, it was granted by Henry VIII to Sir Anthony Browne and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Fitzgerald (commonly known as 'The Fair Geraldine').
The first visual record of the park is shown on a John Seller map of 1693.
The park was purchased in 1750 by Admiral Boscawen who landscaped the grounds; for the house he employed the architect Stiff Leadbetter. Admiral Boscawen's widow, Fanny sold the estate in 1770 to the Sumner family of the East India Company; both father and son made further alterations to the property. The father, William Brightwell Sumner commissioned Benjamin Armitage to make alterations, and his son, George Holme Sumner asked Humphry Repton (1752–1818) to redesign the park and garden. Towards the end of the century, Joseph Bonomi, ARA, was commissioned to alter several rooms and to impose a frontispiece on the west front.
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Herefordshire
Herefordshire ( /ˈhɛrɨfərdʃər/; abbreviated Herefs.) is a historic and ceremonial county in the West Midlands region of England. For Eurostat purposes it is a NUTS 3 region (code UKG11) and is one of three counties that comprise the "Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire" NUTS 2 region. It also forms a unitary district known as the County of Herefordshire. It borders the English ceremonial counties of Shropshire to the north, Worcestershire to the east, Gloucestershire to the south-east, and the Welsh preserved counties of Gwent to the south-west and Powys to the west. Hereford is a cathedral city and is the county town; with a population of approximately 55,800 inhabitants it is also the largest settlement.
The county is one of the most rural and sparsely populated in England, with a population density of 82/km² (212/sq mi). The land use is predominantly agricultural and the county is well known for its fruit and cider production, and the Hereford cattle breed.
From 1974 to 1998, Herefordshire was part of the former non-metropolitan county of Hereford and Worcester.
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Hertfordshire
Hertfordshire (i/ˈhɑrtfərdʃɪər/ or /ˈhɑrfərdʃər/; abbreviated Herts) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of England. The county town is Hertford.
Hertfordshire is one of the home counties and lies inland, bordered by Greater London (to the south), Buckinghamshire (to the west), Bedfordshire (including the unitary authorities of Luton and Central Bedfordshire to the north), Cambridgeshire (to the north east) and Essex (to the east).
Hertfordshire was originally the area assigned to a fortress constructed at Hertford under the rule of Edward the Elder in 913. The name Hertford is derived from the Anglo-Saxon heort ford, meaning deer crossing (of a watercourse). The name Hertfordshire first appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 1011. Deer feature prominently in many county emblems.
There is evidence of human beings living in Hertfordshire since the Middle Stone Age. It was first farmed during the Neolithic period and permanent habitation appeared at the beginning of the Bronze Age. This was followed by tribes settling in the area during the Iron Age.
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Hindhead
Coordinates: 51°07′02″N 0°44′05″W / 51.1172°N 0.7348°W / 51.1172; -0.7348
Hindhead is a village in Surrey, England, 10.5 miles south-west of Guildford and is the highest village in Surrey, with buildings at between 185 and 246 metres above sea level. Part of the area including the church forms the community of Beacon Hill, Hindhead. Its population was 3874 in 2001..
The place-name 'Hindhead' is first attested in 1571, and means 'hill frequented by hinds', that is to say deer.
The only neighbouring village is Grayshott; however less than three miles away to the north is Churt, Surrey and to the south is Haslemere, which has the nearest railway station.
Hindhead adjoins the south side of the Devil's Punch Bowl, a site of special scientific interest.
This area was notorious in times past for highwaymen; a Stephen Phillips who was a robber tried and convicted at the Old Bailey admitted to the Newgate chaplain to having stolen 150 guineas in gold on the road towards London in 1736. With an increase in traffic and opening of the London to Portsmouth railway line removing much of the freight being transported by road, such incidents were tamed during the 19th century. Gibbet Hill, a short walk away on top of the Devil's Punch Bowl, is where murderers and robbers were hung in chains to warn others.
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Hindhead Tunnel
The Hindhead Tunnel is a road tunnel that is part of the new Hindhead bypass for the A3 road in Surrey. The tunnel is part of a 6.5 km (4.0 miles) dual-carriageway that replaced the last remaining stretch of single-carriageway on the 68-mile (109 km) London to Portsmouth road. The bypass was constructed to improve road safety, reduce congestion and improve air quality. At 1,830 metres (1.14 miles; 6,000 feet) in length, the tunnel is the longest non-estuarial road tunnel in the United Kingdom, and takes the road beneath the Devil's Punch Bowl, a Site of Special Scientific Interest.
A naval dockyard has existed in Portsmouth since at least Tudor times, giving significant importance to the road linking that city with London. The original 73-mile (117 km) route skirted the north-western limits of The Weald climbing the Devil's Punchbowl close to Hindhead. In 1826 the road, which in the 1920s was designated as the A3 was rebuilt to ensure that the gradient was no more than 5%.
By the start of the new millennium most of the A3 had been doubled; only the section that passed through Hindhead and the Devil's Punchbowl was still single carriageway. This section, which passed through an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), operated at or above capacity for much of the day and had an accident rate 40% higher than the national average for that class of roads.
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Holmbury Hill
Holmbury Hill is the site of an Iron Age hillfort close to the village of Holmbury St. Mary in Surrey, England. Excavation of the site in 1929 by S.E. Winbolt indicated that it dated to the 1st Century AD and may have been constructed by Belgic tribes of Celts who were settling this part of Britain in the period prior to the Roman invasion of Britain. The hillfort was defended by double ramparts to the west and north with escarpments on the eastern and southern slopes. The outer ditches were originally about three metres deep and six metres wide. The inner ditches were considerably larger, some four metres deep and nine metres wide.
At 857 feet, Holmbury Hill is the fourth highest point in the county of Surrey.
Coordinates: 51°10′32″N 0°25′17″W / 51.1756°N 0.4213°W / 51.1756; -0.4213
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Horley
Coordinates: 51°10′25″N 0°10′20″W / 51.1736°N 0.1721°W / 51.1736; -0.1721
Horley is a town in Surrey, England, situated south of the twin towns of Reigate and Redhill, and north of Gatwick Airport and Crawley.
With fast links by train to London from Horley railway station, it has grown popular with commuters in recent years. The Horley Master Plan, which was approved by Reigate & Banstead Borough Council in February 2005, will see almost 2,600 new homes, built by Wates and Martin Grant Homes. This has caused much controversy as the area as with most of non-metropolitan Surrey, i.e. since its reduction in 1974, is green-belt and any development had to be in pursuant to such a local plan, sustainable, and various requirements protecting character of existing localities.
In the past the Weald was a densely forested and marshy area. During Saxon times, the Manor of Horley came under the control of the Benedictine Abbey of St Peter at Chertsey. The Manor passed to Henry VIII on the dissolution of the monasteries in 1539 and changed hands several times during the next sixty years.
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Isle of Wight
The Isle of Wight is a county and the largest island of England, located in the English Channel, on average about 2–5 miles (3–7 km) off the south coast of the county of Hampshire, separated from the mainland by a strait called the Solent. The Island has many resorts which have been holiday destinations since Victorian times.
The Island has a rich history, including a brief status as an independent kingdom in the 15th century. Until 1995, like Jersey and Guernsey, the Island had its own Governor—most notably Lord Mountbatten from 1969 to 1974, after which he became Lord Lieutenant until his assassination in 1979.
It was home to the poets Swinburne and Alfred Lord Tennyson, and to Queen Victoria, who built her much-loved summer residence and final home Osborne House at East Cowes. The Island's maritime and industrial history encompasses boat building, sail making, the manufacture of flying boats, the world's first hovercraft and the testing and development of Britain's space rockets. It is home to the Isle of Wight International Jazz Festival, Bestival and the recently revived Isle of Wight Festival, which, in 1970, was the largest rock music event ever held. The Island has some exceptional wildlife and is one of the richest locations of dinosaur fossils in Europe.
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Kennington
Coordinates: 51°28′53″N 0°07′11″W / 51.4813°N 0.1197°W / 51.4813; -0.1197
Kennington is a district situated in South London, England. It is within Inner London and is mainly within the London Borough of Lambeth, although part of the area is within the London Borough of Southwark.
It is the location of the Imperial War Museum, a national museum, and The Oval, an international cricket ground.
Kennington is situated 1.4 miles (2.3 km) south-east of Charing Cross. It is primarily a residential area, and it is a Royal manor of historical significance. Within the London post town, the district postcode for Kennington is SE11. The district is within the 020 London dialling code. Most subscriber numbers begin 77xx.
Three London Borough of Lambeth wards include Kennington: Oval, Prince's and Vassall. One London Borough of Southwark ward includes Kennington: Cathedrals (ward). The Member of Parliament for Kennington (within the Vauxhall borough constituency) is Kate Hoey (Labour Party). The population of Kennington, recorded by the 2011 Census (taking into account Oval and Prince's wards), was 21,287.
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Kent
Kent /ˈkɛnt/ is a county in South East England, and one of the home counties. It borders East Sussex, Surrey and Greater London and has a defined boundary with Essex in the middle of the Thames Estuary. The ceremonial county boundaries of Kent include the shire county of Kent and the unitary borough of Medway. Kent has a nominal border with France halfway through the Channel Tunnel. Maidstone is its county town and historically Rochester and Canterbury have been accorded city status, though only the latter still holds it.
Kent's location between London and the continental Europe has led to its being in the front line of several conflicts, including the Battle of Britain during World War II. East Kent was known as Hell Fire Corner during the conflict. England has relied on the county's ports to provide warships through much of the past 800 years; the Cinque Ports in the 12th–14th centuries and Chatham Dockyard in the 16th–20th centuries were of particular importance to the country's security. France can be seen clearly in fine weather from Folkestone, and the iconic White Cliffs of Dover.
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Kew
Coordinates: 51°29′01″N 0°16′41″W / 51.4837°N 0.2780°W / 51.4837; -0.2780
Kew is a village in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in South West London.
Kew is best known for being the location of the Royal Botanic Gardens, now a World Heritage Site, which includes Kew Palace. Kew is also the home of Domesday Book which is on public display at The National Archives (previously known as the Public Record Office).
Since 1965 Kew has incorporated the former area of North Sheen which includes St Philip and All Saints, the first barn church to be consecrated in England. It is now in a combined Church of England parish with St Luke's Church, Kew.
"Kew Village" refers to the parades of shops adjoining Kew Gardens station. It contains the Kew Bookshop, a whole foods store, several independent retailers, restaurants and cafes. A village community market is held on the first Sunday of every month. There are also major high street retailers at the nearby Kew retail park (originally known as Richmond Retail Park).
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Kew Palace
Kew Palace is a British Royal Palace in Kew Gardens on the banks of the Thames up river from London. There have been at least four Palaces at Kew, and three have been known as Kew Palace; the first building may not have been known as Kew as no records survive other than the words of another courtier. One survives and is open to visitors. It is cared for by an independent charity, Historic Royal Palaces, which receives no funding from the Government or the Crown.
Not much is known of this building except that Queen Elizabeth I gave this building to Robert Dudley, her childhood friend and court favourite. A letter from another of Elizabeth's courtiers suggests this to have been Dudley's main home near London, it's possible it might have also been called Leicester House.
The old palace was built in 1631 by Samuel Fortrey.
The building formerly belonged to the Smith family, and by marriage became the property of Samuel Molyneux, Esq., secretary to George II.
Frederick, Prince of Wales took a long lease of the house, which he made his frequent residence; and here, too, occasionally resided his favourite poet, James Thomson, author of "The Seasons." In 1738, another poet, Alexander Pope, gave Prince Frederick a dog, with the following verse inscribed on its collar:
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Kingston upon Thames
Coordinates: 51°24′37″N 0°17′58″W / 51.4103°N 0.2995°W / 51.4103; -0.2995
Kingston upon Thames is the principal settlement of the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames in southwest London. It was the ancient market town where Saxon kings were crowned and is now a suburb situated 10 miles (16.1 km) south west of Charing Cross. It is one of the major metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan.
In 838, it was styled Kyningestun famosa illa locus. In Old English, tun, ton or don meant farmstead – so the name Kingston may have meant farmstead of the kings. Seven Saxon kings are traditionally said to have been crowned at Kingston, while seated on a large stone – The Coronation Stone – that stands outside the Guildhall. There is a local tradition that these Saxon coronations gave Kingston its name, but the records of the 838 council disprove this. Kingston upon Thames appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Chingestone and Chingetun(e).
For much of the 20th century, Kingston was a major military aircraft manufacturing centre specialising in fighter aircraft – first with Sopwith Aviation, H G Hawker Engineering, later Hawker Aircraft, Hawker Siddeley and eventually British Aerospace. The legendary Sopwith Camel, Hawker Fury, Hurricane, Hunter and Harrier were all designed and built in the town and examples of all of these aircraft can be seen today at the nearby Brooklands Museum in Weybridge. Well known aviation personalities Sydney Camm, Harry Hawker and Tommy Sopwith were responsible for much of Kingston's achievements in aviation. British Aerospace finally closed its Lower Ham Road factory in 1992 part of the site was subsequently redeveloped for housing, the river side part of the site remains as a community centre and sports complex. The growth and development of Kingston Polytechnic and its transformation into Kingston University has made Kingston a university town.
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Lancashire
Lancashire ( /ˈlæŋkəʃər/ or, less commonly, /ˈlæŋkəʃɪər/) is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England. It takes its name from the city of Lancaster, and is sometimes known as the County of Lancaster. Although Lancaster is still considered to be the county town, Lancashire County Council is based in Preston. Lancashire is sometimes referred to by the abbreviation Lancs, as originally used by the Royal Mail. The population of the county is 1,449,700. People from the county are known as Lancastrians.
The history of Lancashire is thought to have begun with its founding in the 12th century. In the Domesday Book (1086), some of its lands had been treated as part of Yorkshire. The land that lay Inter Ripam et Mersam, "between the Ribble and Mersey", formed part of the returns for Cheshire. Once its initial boundaries were established, it bordered Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire and Cheshire.
Lancashire emerged during the Industrial Revolution as a major commercial and industrial region. The county encompassed several hundred mill towns and collieries. By the 1830s, approximately 85% of all cotton manufactured worldwide was processed in Lancashire.Preston, Accrington, Blackburn, Bolton, Rochdale, Oldham, Chorley, Darwen, Nelson, Colne and Burnley were major cotton mill towns during this time. Blackpool was a major centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashire's mill towns, particularly during wakes week.
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Leatherhead
Coordinates: 51°17′42″N 0°19′44″W / 51.2951°N 0.3289°W / 51.2951; -0.3289
Leatherhead is a town in Surrey, England, on the River Mole, part of Mole Valley district. It is thought to be of Saxon origin. Neighbouring settlements include: Chessington, Epsom and Oxshott.
Located in the centre of the county of Surrey and at a junction of ancient north–south and east–west communications, the town has been a focus for transport throughout its history. Initially there was the construction of the bridge over the River Mole in the early medieval period. Later the Swan Hotel provided 300 years of service to horse-drawn coaches. In the late 20th century the M25 motorway was built nearby.
The origins of the town of Leatherhead appear to be Anglo-Saxon. Ashtead lay within the Copthorne hundred, an administrative division devised by the Saxons. The Leatherhead Museum has traced the history of the town from its beginnings in about AD 880 when it was known as Leodridan (dative case of a compound of "leode" and "rida"), meaning "place where people [can] ride [across the river]" in Anglo-Saxon). Later in the Domesday Book it was called Leret. Later forms recorded are "Lereda", "Ledreda", "Leddrede" (all second half of 12th century). The early settlement appears to have grown up on the east side of the River Mole, although Hawk's Hill, on the west side of the river, is said to be the site of an old Saxon burial ground. Some say that the Anglo-Saxon form was distorted from a Celtic form whose Welsh equivalent is Llwyd-rhyd = "grey ford".
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Leicestershire
Leicestershire (i/ˈlɛstəʃɪər/ or /ˈlɛstərʃər/ or /ˈlɛstəʃə/; abbreviation Leics.) is a landlocked county in the English Midlands. It takes its name from the heavily populated City of Leicester, traditionally its administrative centre, although the City of Leicester unitary authority is today administered separately from the rest of Leicestershire. The county borders Derbyshire to the north-west, Nottinghamshire to the north, Rutland to the east, Warwickshire to the south-west, Staffordshire to the west, Lincolnshire to the north-east, and Northamptonshire to the south-east. The border with Warwickshire is Watling Street (the A5).
County Hall, situated in Glenfield, about 3 miles (5 km) north-west of Leicester city centre, is the seat of Leicestershire County Council and the headquarters of the county authority. The City of Leicester is administered from offices in Leicester itself and the City Council meets at Leicester Town Hall.
The River Soar rises to the east of Hinckley, in the far south of the county, and flows northward through Leicester before emptying into the River Trent at the point where Derbyshire, Leicestershire, and Nottinghamshire meet. A large part of the north-west of the county, around Coalville, forms part of the new National Forest area extending into Derbyshire and Staffordshire. The highest point of the county is Bardon Hill at 278 metres (912 ft), which is also a Marilyn.
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Lightwater
Coordinates: 51°21′02″N 0°40′02″W / 51.3506°N 0.6672°W / 51.3506; -0.6672
Lightwater is a village in the Surrey Heath district of Surrey, England, about 27 miles (43 km) south-west of London. Immediately surrounding towns and villages include Bagshot, Deepcut, Windlesham, Camberley, and West End, Woking. It is bounded to the north-west by the M3 motorway and to the north-east by the Lightwater bypass. To the south-east it is bounded by the Red Road,[clarification needed] while to the south-west there are vehicle-testing tracks owned by the Ministry of Defence.
Prior to development, the natural vegetation was part of the Surrey heathland as seen in Bagshot and Chobham Common. The region has been inhabited since pre-historic times with tumuli in the heathland to the south of the village.
In modern times, Lightwater grew as a place with holiday homes in a chalet style for people living in London. Since 1960 it has grown rapidly, with housing estates proliferating in the area just north of Red Road and the military ranges around Greyspot.
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Lincolnshire
Coordinates: 53°4′N 0°11′W / 53.067°N 0.183°W / 53.067; -0.183
Lincolnshire ( /ˈlɪŋkənʃə/ or /ˈlɪŋkənʃɪə/; abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the east of England. It borders Norfolk to the south east, Cambridgeshire to the south, Rutland to the south west, Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire to the west, South Yorkshire to the northwest, and the East Riding of Yorkshire to the north. It also borders Northamptonshire in the south for just 20 yards (18 m), England's shortest county boundary. The county town is Lincoln, where the county council has its headquarters.
The ceremonial county of Lincolnshire is composed of the non-metropolitan county of Lincolnshire and the area covered by the unitary authorities of North Lincolnshire and North-East Lincolnshire. Therefore, part of the ceremonial county is in the Yorkshire and the Humber region, and part is in the East Midlands region. The county is the second largest of the English counties and one that is predominantly agricultural in land use. The county can be broken down into a number of geographical sub-regions including: the Lincolnshire Fens (south Lincolnshire), the Carrs (similar to the Fens but in north Lincolnshire), the Lincolnshire Wolds, and the industrial Humber Estuary and North Sea coast around Grimsby and Scunthorpe.
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Littlehampton
Coordinates: 50°48′34″N 0°32′27″W / 50.80938°N 0.54089°W / 50.80938; -0.54089
Littlehampton is a seaside resort town and civil parish in the Arun District of West Sussex, England, on the east bank at the mouth of the River Arun. It lies 51.5 miles (83 km) south southwest of London, 17.5 miles (28 km) west of Brighton and 11 miles (18 km) east of the county town of Chichester.
The parish covers an area of 11.35 km2 (4 sq mi) and has a population of 25,593 (2001 census).The Sub-Urban Area of the town has a population of approx 55,000. The conurbation includes other settlements: Wick in the north west; Lyminster to the north; and Rustington to the east. Wick and Toddington became part of the town in 1901. Nearby towns include Bognor Regis west southwest and Worthing to the east. The town is also the westernmost settlement of the 12th largest urban area in the UK, the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation, a region encompassing some 461,181 people (2001 census).
A human settlement at Littlehampton can be traced back to prehistoric and Roman times, while it appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as the small hamlet of 'Hantone'. The settlement is believed to have been a fishing community around this time, appearing on a French map in around 1100 as 'Hanton'. The settlement is then believed to have been given to the Abbey of St Martin de Seez in Normandy, who owned Littlehampton until around 1400. The area then passed back to the ownership of successive Earls of Arundel and Dukes of Norfolk, whose successors still reside in Arundel today. Littlehampton began to develop as a port as a result of constant silting of the River Arun, perhaps leading to the prefix of 'Little' being added to 'Hampton', in order to distinguish it from the larger Southampton further along the coast. The expansion of port activities led to a new river mouth being cut in 1735, alongside the building of a wooden harbour.
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Loseley Park
Loseley Park is a historic manor house situated outside Guildford in Surrey, England near Compton. The estate was acquired by the direct ancestors of the current owners, the More-Molyneux, at the beginning of the 16th century.
Loseley Park is the residence of the More-Molyneux family, and is open to the public. In the neighbouring fields, a herd of Jersey cattle grazes. Their milk is used to make local products of yogurt and ice cream. The 17th century tithe barn is available for weddings.
Loseley appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Losele. It was held by Turald (Thorold) from Roger de Montgomery. Its domesday assets were: 2 hides. It had 4 ploughs, 5 acres (20,000 m2) of meadow. It rendered £3. The papers of Sir Thomas Cawarden, Master of the Revels were formerly preserved in the house.
The present house was built between 1562 and 1568 with stone brought from the ruins of Waverley Abbey. The new house replaced a smaller one which Elizabeth I declared was not 'adequate' for her to visit and requested something larger be built. The great hall is the principal room containing panelling from Henry VIII's Nonsuch Palace, a minstrel's gallery, carvings by Grinling Gibbons, panels from Henry VIII's banqueting tents and a collection of royal and family portraits.
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M1 motorway
The M1 is a north–south motorway in England connecting London to Leeds, where it joins the A1(M) near Aberford. It was the first inter-urban motorway to be completed in the United Kingdom; the first road to be built to motorway standard in the country was the Preston Bypass, which later became part of the M6.
The motorway is 193 miles (311 km) long and was constructed in four phases. Most of the motorway was opened between 1959 and 1968 but the southern end was extended in 1977 and the northern end was extended in 1999. It forms part of the unsigned European route E13.
The first motorways (autostrades) were built in Italy on the order of Benito Mussolini in the 1920s, with other countries subsequently following, notably Germany with the first 'autobahn' in 1931 and then developed by the Nazis under Adolf Hitler. There had been plans since before the Second World War for a motorway network in the United Kingdom. Lord Montagu formed a company to build a 'motorway like road' from London to Birmingham in 1923, however it was a further 26 years before the Special Roads Act 1949 was passed which allowed for the construction of roads limited to a limited vehicle classifications and the 1950s when the country's first motorways were given the government go-ahead. The first section of motorway was the Preston Bypass in Lancashire, which opened in 1958 (now part of the M6 motorway). The M1 was Britain's first full-length motorway and opened in 1959.
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M11 motorway
The M11 motorway in England is a major road running approximately north from the North Circular Road (A406) in South Woodford in north-east London to the A14, north-west of Cambridge.
The M11 starts in north-east London at the North Circular (A406), heading northwards east of Loughton to the M25 and then passing to the east of Harlow and Bishop's Stortford and to the west of Stansted Airport, ending at a junction with the A14 to the west of Cambridge.
The motorway has three lanes both ways from shortly after junction 4 up until junction 8, except for a brief two lane section at J6 beneath the M25. From junction 8 the road is two lanes both ways to junction 14 where it ends.
The motorway is illuminated at the southern terminus near junction 4, at junction 6 (M25 interchange), junction 8 (Stansted Airport/Bishop's Stortford), and the northern terminus at junction 14(A14). All four of these sections use modern high pressure sodium (SON) lighting. The older yellow low pressure sodium (SOX) lighting originally used at junctions 4 and 6 was replaced in 2005.
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M20 motorway
The M20 is a motorway in Kent, England. It runs from the M25 motorway to Folkestone, providing a link to the Channel Tunnel and the ports at Dover. It is 50.6 miles (81.4 km) long. Although not signposted in England, this road is part of the European route E15.
The road starts at its junction with the M25 motorway and A20 road just east of Swanley, then continues south east across the River Darent, north of Farningham through the North Downs, past West Kingsdown and Wrotham to meet the M26. It then strikes east, running north of Addington. When it reaches junction 4 it passes south of New Hythe and runs parallel to the Medway Valley railway line before crossing it close to junction 5. This next section is the Maidstone bypass. High Speed 1 then runs parallel to the motorway as it continues to the north of Bearsted, crosses the Swanley to Ashford (via Maidstone East) Line then out into the countryside alongside Leeds Castle. Proceeding south of Lenham and Charing it is crossed by the Ashford and CTRL railway lines before becoming the Ashford bypass. Travelling past Brabourne Lees it is once again joined by the CTRL and the East Stour.
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M23 motorway
The M23 motorway is a motorway in the United Kingdom. The motorway runs from south of Hooley in Surrey, where it splits from the A23, to Pease Pottage, south of Crawley in West Sussex where it rejoins the A23. The northern end of the motorway starts at junction 7 on what is effectively a 2-mile (3.2 km) spur north from junction 7 of the M25 motorway (junction 8 on the M23). From Hooley it runs for 17 miles (27 km) past Redhill, Gatwick Airport and Crawley. A spur runs from junction 9 to Gatwick Airport.
The M23 was planned to relieve congestion on the A23 through Streatham, Thornton Heath, Purley and Coulsdon in south London and was originally intended to terminate in Streatham Vale at a junction with the controversial London Ringways Plan's Ringway 2 (the intended replacement of the South Circular Road (A205)).
In an earlier version of the Ringways Plan it would have continued into central London where it would have met the Balham Loop spur from Ringway 1 (the London Motorway Box) at Tooting. This was dropped in 1967 when the northern terminus was changed to Ringway 2.
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M25 motorway
The M25 motorway, London Ring Motorway, or London Orbital motorway is a 117-mile (188 km) motorway that almost encircles Greater London, England, in the United Kingdom. The motorway was first mooted early in the 20th century. A few sections, based on the now abandoned London Ringways plan, were constructed in the early 1970s and it was completed in 1986. The M25 is one of the world's longest orbital roads and one of the busiest and most congested parts of the British motorway network. 196,000 vehicles were recorded in a single day near London Heathrow Airport. Plans to widen additional sections to eight lanes (four each way) were scaled back in 2009 in response to rising costs.
Originally built mainly as a dual three-lane motorway, much of the motorway has subsequently been widened to dual four-lanes in places and to a dual five-lane section between junctions 12 and 14 and a dual six-lane between junctions 14 and 15. Further widening is in progress with plans for managed motorways on other sections.
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M26 motorway
The M26 is a motorway in Kent, England. It provides a short link between the M25/A21 at Sevenoaks and the M20 near Wrotham.
The motorway starts at junction 3 of the M20 and heads west, encountering almost immediately the single junction along its length where it has an interchange with the A20. This junction is numbered 2a to reflect its proximity to the M20's nearby junction 2 (also connecting with the A20) a short distance to the north-west.
8 miles (13 km) to the west the M26 merges with the M25 at junction 5. There is no exit from the M26 at junction 5 and all traffic must join the clockwise (westbound) M25. The next M25 junction, number 6, is 10 miles (16 km) west at Godstone, thus traffic joining the M26 at Junction 2a cannot leave the motorway for 18 miles (29 km) – the longest distance between motorway exits in Britain.
Travelling in the anti-clockwise direction from the M25, the main carriageway continues directly on to the M26 at junction 5. To remain on the M25, traffic must turn on to the slip road which connects to the M25 spur coming north from Sevenoaks (Which is the same with the A21). The awkwardness of junction 5 is a result of the history of the two motorways' planning and construction.
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Mercia
Mercia ( /ˈmɜrsiə/, /ˈmɜrʃə/) was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. It was centred on the valley of the River Trent and its tributaries in the region now known as the English Midlands. The name is a Latinisation of the Old English Mierce or Myrce, meaning "border people".
Mercia's neighbours included Northumbria, Powys and the kingdoms of southern Wales, Wessex, Sussex, Essex and East Anglia.
The name Mercia is still in use today by a wide range of organisations, including military units, public, commercial and voluntary bodies; and occurs as a female given name.
Mercia's exact evolution from the Anglo-Saxon invasions is more obscure than that of Northumbria, Kent, or even Wessex. Also, Mercia developed an effective political structure and adopted Christianity later than the other kingdoms. Archaeological surveys show that Angles settled the lands north of the River Thames by the 6th century. The name Mercia is Old English for "boundary folk" (see Welsh Marches), and the traditional interpretation is that the kingdom originated along the frontier between the native Welsh and the Anglo-Saxon invaders. However, P. Hunter Blair argued an alternative interpretation: that they emerged along the frontier of Northumbria and the inhabitants of the Trent river valley.
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Merseyside
Merseyside ( /ˈmɜrzisaɪd/) is a metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 1,365,900. It encompasses the metropolitan area centred on both banks of the lower reaches of the Mersey Estuary, and comprises five metropolitan boroughs: Knowsley, St Helens, Sefton, Wirral, and the city of Liverpool. Merseyside, which was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972, takes its name from the River Mersey.
Merseyside spans 249 square miles (645 km2) of land which border Lancashire (to the north-east), Greater Manchester (to the east), and Cheshire (to the south and south-west); the Irish Sea is to the west. North Wales is across the Dee Estuary. There is a mix of high density urban areas, suburbs, semi-rural and rural locations in Merseyside, but overwhelmingly the land use is urban. It has a focused central business district, formed by Liverpool City Centre, but Merseyside is also a polycentric county with five metropolitan districts, each of which has at least one major town centre and outlying suburbs. The Liverpool Urban Area is the seventh most populous conurbation in the UK, and dominates the geographic centre of the county, while the smaller Birkenhead Urban Area dominates the Wirral Peninsula in the south.
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Merton Priory
Merton Priory was founded in 1114 by Gilbert Norman, Sheriff of Surrey under Henry I. It was located in Merton, Surrey, England (now the Colliers Wood area in the London Borough of Merton) at the point where the Roman Stane Street crossed the River Wandle.
By 1117 the foundation was colonised by Canons Regular from the Augustinian priory at Huntingdon and re-sited in Merton, close to the River Wandle. The priory became distinguished as an important centre of learning attracting such pupils as Nicholas Breakspeare in 1125 (who became Adrian IV, the first English Pope, in 1154), and Thomas Becket in 1130.
Walter de Merton (Lord Chancellor, Bishop of Rochester, and founder of Merton College, Oxford) took his name from the Priory, having been educated there in the 1230s.
In 1236 Henry III held a Parliament at the Priory at which the Statute of Merton was agreed allowing amongst other matters Lords of the Manor to enclose common land provided that sufficient pasture remained for their tenants. As this was the first recorded statute of the first recorded parliament its real significance is as the starting point for parliamentary democracy as now practised world wide, and gives Merton Priory a claim to world heritage status. (Magna Carta although earlier doesn't qualify as it was not the result of a meeting of parliament, as such, and was only formally adopted into statute law in 1297).
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Middlesex
Middlesex ( /ˈmɪdəlsɛks/; abbreviated Middx) is one of the 39 historic counties of England and the second smallest by area. The low-lying county contained the wealthy and politically independent City of London on its southern boundary and was dominated by it from a very early time. The county was significantly affected by the expansion of the metropolitan area of London in both the 18th and 19th centuries, such that from 1855 the south-east was administered as part of the metropolis. When county councils were initially introduced in England in 1889 about 20% of the area of Middlesex, along with a third of its population, was transferred to the County of London, and the remainder formed a smaller county, in the north-west, under the control of Middlesex County Council.
In the interwar years urban London had further expanded, with increasing suburbanisation, improvement and expansion of public transport, and the setting up of new industries outside the inner London area. After the Second World War, the population of the County of London and inner Middlesex was in steady decline, with new population growth only experienced in the outer suburbs. After a Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London, almost all of the original area was incorporated into an enlarged Greater London in 1965, with small parts transferred to neighbouring Hertfordshire and Surrey. Despite the disappearance of the county council, Middlesex is still used as an area name and was retained as a postal county; which is now an optional component of postal addresses.
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Mole Valley
Mole Valley is a local government district in Surrey, England. Its council is based in Dorking.
The two towns in the district are Dorking and Leatherhead. The largest villages are Ashtead, Fetcham and Great Bookham, in the northern third of the district. The rest of the district includes some of the Surrey Hills AONB, the middle of the district is dominated by the North Downs, including Polesden Lacey, Box Hill, Denbies Wine Estate (the largest vineyard in the country ) and parts of the Pilgrims' Way, the southern third includes Leith Hill and the Greensand Ridge. There are stations on the London–Worthing and Reading–Gatwick Airport railways, and in the northern third, a commuter stopping service from London–Guildford additionally the A23 road and the M25 motorway.
Mole Valley District Council is elected by thirds: one-third of councillors are elected at each election, each serving four year terms, three years out of four having elections.
The council was however elected across all areas in 2000 after major boundary changes to the wards.
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Molesey
Coordinates: 51°23′42″N 0°21′12″W / 51.3949°N 0.3533°W / 51.3949; -0.3533
Molesey is a town in the borough of Elmbridge in Surrey, England. Situated within the South West district of Greater London, approximately 13 miles (21 km) from Charing Cross, it is a typical suburban area. There are two distinct areas in the town: West and East Molesey. Neighbouring towns are Walton-on-Thames, Sunbury-on-Thames, Hampton and Kingston-upon-Thames; villages include Thames Ditton and the north bank side of the loosely-termed Hampton Court, the eateries, boutiques and train station of which spread across the river into Hampton Court within Molesey. Molesey has a bus service operated by Transport for London, and the London dialling code (020).
Molesey has a population of approximately 18,565.
The earliest documentary evidence relating to a settlement in Molesey appears on a 7th century charter; shortly after Erkenwald founded Chertsey Abbey in 666 A.D. He secured from Frithwald, sub-king of Surrey, a charter endowing the abbey with much of the surrounding land, including Muleseg. Etymologists suggest the town's name is derived from the personal name Mul (pronounced Mule) compounded with the Old English word eg, meaning an island or river meadow - thus Mul's Island. Therefore Molesey is not, as commonly believed, named after the River Mole that runs through it. The prefixes East and West did not appear until about the year 1200, before when there was only one parish centred around what we now call East Molesey. Molesey lay within the Saxon administrative district of Elmbridge hundred.
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Newlands Corner
Coordinates: 51°13′58″N 0°30′28″W / 51.23278°N 0.50778°W / 51.23278; -0.50778
Newlands Corner is a summit of the North Downs approximately 4.5 km (3 mi) east of Guildford in Surrey. Together with the nearby Silent Pool it forms part of the privately owned Albury Estate SSSI managed by the Surrey Wildlife Trust. There are large areas of chalk grassland and woodlands. It has some of the best views of the Surrey Hills, and lies on the North Downs Way.
It is at a height of 568 feet (173 m).
During her disappearance, Agatha Christie's car was found in the car park at the Silent Pool. This is situated at the bottom of the south side of the hill. As a result, it is the setting of the climax of the final scene of the Doctor Who episode The Unicorn and the Wasp.
Drove Road in Newland's Corner is also a fairly good site for amateur astronomy (stargazing), and is one of the closest 'dark sky' sites to the centre of London. With a downhill ridge facing south, the viewer is displayed to many famous constellations such as Orion and Gemini in winter. Once or twice a year the Guildford Astronomical Society and other local societies hold public events at Newland's Corner with about 25 telescopes and 150 members of the public in attendance (see their website for details).
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Nonsuch Palace
Nonsuch Palace was a Tudor royal palace, built by Henry VIII in Surrey, England; it stood from 1538 to 1682–3. Its ruins are in Nonsuch Park.
Nonsuch Palace in Surrey was perhaps the grandest of Henry VIII's building projects. It was built on the site of Cuddington, near Ewell, the church and village having been destroyed and compensation paid to create a suitable site. Work started on 22 April 1538, the first day of Henry's thirtieth regnal year, and six months after the birth of his son, later Edward VI. Within two months the name 'Nonsuch' appears in the building accounts, so called because it was claimed there was no such palace elsewhere equal to its magnificence. Construction had been substantially carried out by 1541, but it would take several more years to complete. As the Royal Household took possession of vast tracts of surrounding acreage, several major roads were re-routed or by-passed to circumvent what became Nonsuch Great Park.
The palace was designed to be a celebration of the power and the grandeur of the Tudor dynasty, built to rival Francis I's Château de Chambord. Unlike most of Henry's palaces, Nonsuch was not an adaptation of an old building; he chose to build a new palace in this location because it was near to one of his main hunting grounds. The palace cost at least £24,000 (£104 million in 2009) because of its rich ornamentation and is considered a key work in the introduction of elements of Renaissance design to England.
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Norfolk
Norfolk ( /ˈnɔrfək/) is a low-lying county in the East of England. It has borders with Lincolnshire to the west, Cambridgeshire to the west and southwest and Suffolk to the south. Its northern and eastern boundaries are the North Sea coast and to the north-west the county is bordered by The Wash. The city of Norwich is the county town at Norfolk which is fifth largest ceremonial county in England, with an area of 5,371 km² (2,074 sq mi).
Of the 34 non-metropolitan English counties, Norfolk is the seventh most populous, with a population of 850,800 (mid 2008). However, as a largely rural county it has a low population density, 155 people per square kilometre (or 401 per square mile). Norfolk has about one-thirtieth the population density of central London, the tenth lowest density county in the country, with 38% of the county’s population living in the four major built up areas of Norwich (195,000), Great Yarmouth (67,000), King's Lynn (41,000) and Thetford (22,000).The Broads, a well known network of rivers and lakes, is located towards the county's east coast, bordering Suffolk. The area has the status of a National Park and is protected by the Broads Authority. Historical sites, such as those in the centre of Norwich, also contribute to tourism.
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North Downs
The North Downs are a ridge of chalk hills in south east England that stretch from Farnham in Surrey to the White Cliffs of Dover in Kent. The North Downs lie within two Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs), the Surrey Hills and the Kent Downs. The North Downs Way National Trail runs along the North Downs from Farnham to Dover.
'Downs' is from Old English dun meaning, amongst other things, 'hill'. The word acquired the sense of 'elevated rolling grassland' around the fourteenth century. These hills are prefixed 'north' to distinguish them from the morphologically similar range of hills - the South Downs - which run roughly parallel to them but some 50 km (31 mi) to the south.
The narrow spine of the Hog's Back between Farnham and Guildford forms the western extremity of the North Downs whilst the cliffs between Folkestone and Deal terminate the ridge in the east. There are two distinct aspects, the steep south facing escarpment and the gentle north facing dip slope. The southern boundary is defined by the foot of the escarpment which gives way to the flat, broad clay lands between the Downs and Greensand Ridge known as the Vale of Holmesdale. The northern boundary is less apparent but occurs where the chalk submerges below the more recent Paleocene deposits.
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North Downs Way
The North Downs Way is a long-distance path in southern England, opened in 1978. It runs from Farnham to Dover, past Godalming, Guildford, Dorking, Merstham, Otford and Rochester, along the Surrey Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and Kent Downs AONB.
East of Boughton Lees, the path splits in two, the northern section running via Canterbury and the southern via Wye; at this stage the path crosses the Stour Valley Walk and passes the Wye Crown. The two sections of the path reunite at Dover. The northern route is 211 km long, and the southern route 201 km, the total length of the North Downs Way being 246 km.
The pathway is mixed-category in that it varies throughout length from footpath status to bridleway, byway and road. Some 19% of the Way follows roads, though 75% of those are minor lanes.
The path (east of Boughton Lees, the southern section) runs along the ridge of the North Downs hills, and roughly follows the Pilgrims' Way path used by many pilgrims in the Middle Ages.
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North Yorkshire
North Yorkshire is a county in England. It is a non-metropolitan or shire county located in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England, and a ceremonial county primarily in that region but partly in North East England. Created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 it covers an area of 8,654 square kilometres (3,341 sq mi), making it the largest ceremonial county in England. The majority of the Yorkshire Dales and all of the North York Moors lie within North Yorkshire's boundaries, and around 40% of the county is covered by National Parks. The county town is Northallerton.
The area under the control of the county council, or shire county, is divided into a number of local government districts; they are Craven, Hambleton, Harrogate, Richmondshire, Ryedale, Scarborough and Selby.
The Department for Communities and Local Government did consider reorganising North Yorkshire County Council's administrative structure by abolishing the seven district councils and the county council to create a North Yorkshire unitary authority. The changes were planned to be implemented no later than 1 April 2009. This was rejected on 25 July 2007 so the County Council and District Council structure will remain.
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Northamptonshire
Coordinates: 52°17′N 0°50′W / 52.283°N 0.833°W / 52.283; -0.833
Northamptonshire ( /nɔrˈθæmptənʃər/ or /nɔrθˈhæmptənʃɪər/; archaically, the County of Northampton; abbreviated Northants. or N/hants) is a landlocked ceremonial county in the East Midlands region of England. Its population is 629,676 as at the 2001 census. It has boundaries with eight other ceremonial counties: Warwickshire to the west, Leicestershire and Rutland to the north, Cambridgeshire to the east, Bedfordshire to the south-east, Buckinghamshire to the south, Oxfordshire to the south-west and Lincolnshire to the north-east – England's shortest county boundary at 19 metres (21 yd). The county seat is Northampton. Other large population centres include Kettering, Corby, Wellingborough, Rushden and Daventry.
Northamptonshire's county flower is the cowslip[citation needed].
Much of Northamptonshire’s countryside appears to have remained somewhat intractable with regards to early human occupation, resulting in an apparently sparse population and relatively few finds from the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods. In about 500 BC the Iron Age was introduced into the area by a continental people in the form of the Hallstatt culture, and over the next century a series of hill-forts were constructed at Arbury Camp, Rainsborough camp, Borough Hill, Castle Dykes, Guilsborough, Irthlingborough, and most notably of all, Hunsbury Hill. There are two more possible hill-forts at Arbury Hill (Badby) and Thenford.
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Northumberland
Northumberland ( /nɔrˈθʌmbərlənd/; abbreviated Northumb. or Northd, the latter being preferred by the Royal Mail) is the northernmost ceremonial county and a unitary district in North East England. It borders Cumbria to the west, County Durham to the south and Tyne and Wear to the south east and the Scottish Borders council area to the north. Its North Sea coastline is a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty with a 64 mile (103 km) long distance path. Since 1981, the county council has been located in Morpeth, situated in the east of the county.
The historical boundaries of the county of Northumberland included Newcastle upon Tyne, the traditional county town, as well as Tynemouth and other settlements in North Tyneside, all areas transferred to Tyne and Wear in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. The historical county boundaries are sometimes taken to exclude Islandshire, Bedlingtonshire and Norhamshire (collectively North Durham), exclaves of County Durham which were incorporated into Northumberland in 1844. For Eurostat purposes Northumberland is a NUTS 3 region (code UKC21) and is one of three local authority areas that comprise the "Northumberland and Tyne and Wear" NUTS 2 region.
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Northumbria
Northumbria (Old English: Norþanhymbra / Norþhymbre) was a mediæval kingdom of the Angles, in what is now Northern England and South-East Scotland, becoming subsequently an earldom in a united Anglo-Saxon kingdom of England. The name reflects the approximate southern limit to the kingdom's territory, the Humber Estuary.
Northumbria was formed by Æthelfrith in central Great Britain in Anglo-Saxon times. At the beginning of the 7th century the two kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira were unified. (In the 12th century writings of Henry of Huntingdon the kingdom was defined as one of the Heptarchy of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.) At its greatest the kingdom extended at least from just south of the Humber, to the River Mersey and to the Forth (roughly, Sheffield to Runcorn to Edinburgh) – and there is some evidence that it may have been much greater (see map).
The later (and smaller) earldom came about when the southern part of Northumbria (ex-Deira) was lost to the Danelaw. The northern part (ex-Bernicia) at first retained its status as a kingdom but when it become subordinate to the Danish kingdom it had its powers curtailed to that of an earldom, and retained that status when England was reunited by the Wessex-led reconquest of the Danelaw. The earldom was bounded by the River Tees in the south and the River Tweed in the north (broadly similar to the modern North East England).
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Nottinghamshire
Nottinghamshire ( /ˈnɒtɪŋəmʃər/ or /ˈnɒtɪŋəmʃɪər/; abbreviated Notts) is a county in the East Midlands of England, bordering South Yorkshire to the north-west, Lincolnshire to the east, Leicestershire to the south, and Derbyshire to the west. The traditional county town is Nottingham, though the county council is based in West Bridgford in the borough of Rushcliffe, at a site facing Nottingham over the River Trent.
The districts of Nottinghamshire are Ashfield, Bassetlaw, Broxtowe, Gedling, Mansfield, Newark and Sherwood, and Rushcliffe. The City of Nottingham was administratively part of Nottinghamshire between 1974 and 1998 but is now a unitary authority, remaining part of Nottinghamshire for ceremonial purposes.
As of 2006 the county is estimated to have a population of just over one million. Over half of the population of the county live in the Greater Nottingham conurbation (which continues into Derbyshire). The conurbation has a population of about 650,000, though less than half live within the city boundaries.
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Oakhurst Cottage
Oakhurst Cottage is a tiny 16th-century cottage in Hambledon, Surrey, in the United Kingdom. It is now owned by the National Trust, which has restored the timber-framed building as an excellent example of a Surrey labourer's cottage. Its garden is filled with plants that were popular during the Victorian era.
Such is its size that Oakhurst Cottage can only be viewed by appointment, and by groups of no more than six people at a time.
Coordinates: 51°07′58″N 0°37′26″W / 51.1329°N 0.6239°W / 51.1329; -0.6239
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Oxfordshire
Oxfordshire ( /ˈɒksfərdʃər/ or /ˈɒksfərdʃɪər/; archaically the County of Oxford; abbreviated Oxon from the Latinised form of "Oxford", Oxonia) is a county in the South East region of England, bordering on Warwickshire and Northamptonshire (to the north/northeast), Buckinghamshire (to the east), Berkshire (to the south), Wiltshire (to the southwest) and Gloucestershire (to the west).
The county has major education and tourist industries. The area is noted for the concentration of performance motorsport companies and facilities. Oxford University Press is the largest firm among a concentration of print and publishing firms; the University of Oxford is also linked to the concentration of local biotechnology companies.
The main centre of population is the city of Oxford. Other significant settlements are Banbury, Bicester, Kidlington, and Chipping Norton to the north of Oxford; Witney to the west; Thame and Chinnor to the east; and Abingdon, Wantage, Didcot, Wallingford and Henley-on-Thames to the south. Future population growth in the county is hoped[clarification needed] to be concentrated around Oxford, Banbury, Bicester, Didcot and Witney, near the South Midlands growth area.
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Oxted
Coordinates: 51°15′27″N 0°00′24″W / 51.25738°N 0.00653°W / 51.25738; -0.00653
Oxted is a commuter town and civil parish in Surrey, England at the foot of the North Downs, north of East Grinstead and south-east of Croydon.
The town lies within the Anglo-Saxon administrative division of Tandridge hundred.
Oxted appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Acstede, meaning 'Place where oaks grew'. It was held by Eustace II of Boulogne. Its Domesday assets were: 5 hides; 1 church, 2 mills worth 12s 6d, 20 ploughs, 4 acres (16,000 m2) of meadow, pannage worth 100 hogs. It rendered £14 and 2d from a house in Southwark.
The original village of Oxted (now Old Oxted) is a small village centred around a short high street with four pubs (The Old Bell, The George Inn, The Crown Inn and The Wheatsheaf) just off the A25. Oxted's oldest church (St Mary's) was built some distance north-east from the original settlement of Oxted, but it is almost surrounded by the new town. The church dates from at least Norman times and stands on a conspicuous mound, perhaps artificial. It is possible that a Saxon church of wattle and daub existed on the site before the later stone construction. With the arrival of the railway in 1884 (after many years' delay caused by lack of funds) Oxted boomed around its station, north-east of Old Oxted), and new buildings created "New Oxted". These new buildings were built in the Tudor style. All Saints Catholic Church was built in 1913-1928. Because of World War I, the building period was drawn-out. It was designed by prominent British "Arts & Crafts" architect James Leonard Williams (died 1926, his other work include Royal School of Needlework, St George’s in Sudbury, London (1926–27), The Pound House in Totteridge (1907))
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Penge Urban District
Penge was a civil parish and a local government district located to the southeast of London, England. It included the settlements of Penge, Anerley and part of Crystal Palace. It was part of the London postal district, Metropolitan Police District and, from 1933, the London Passenger Transport Area.
Penge was a detached hamlet of the ancient parish of Battersea in the Brixton hundred of Surrey. Battersea became part of the area administered by the Metropolitan Board of Works in 1855 and the main part of the parish was grouped into the Wandsworth District whilst Penge became part of the Lewisham District. In 1866 it became a civil parish in its own right, forming part of the County of London from 1889.
In 1900 the local government arrangements in the County of London were reformed by the London Government Act 1899. Provision was made for Penge to be combined with either the Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell or the Metropolitan Borough of Lewisham in the County of London, or to form an urban district in the counties of Surrey or Kent. The County Borough of Croydon would have made it an exclave of the administrative county of Surrey, and in the event it was transferred to Kent as an urban district.
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Portsmouth
Portsmouth (i/ˈpɔːtsməθ/) is the second largest city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire on the south coast of England. Portsmouth is notable for being the United Kingdom's only island city; it is located mainly on Portsea Island. It is situated 64 miles (103 km) south west from London and 19 miles (31 km) south east from Southampton.
As a significant naval port for centuries, Portsmouth is home to the world's oldest dry dock still in use and also home to some famous ships, including HMS Warrior, the Tudor carrack Mary Rose and Lord Nelson's flagship, HMS Victory. Although smaller than in its heyday, the naval base remains a major dockyard and base for the Royal Navy and Royal Marine Commandos whose Headquarters resides there. There is also a thriving commercial ferryport serving destinations on the continent for freight and passenger traffic. The City of Portsmouth and Portsmouth Football Club are both nicknamed Pompey.
The Spinnaker Tower is a striking recent addition to the city's skyline. It can be found in the redeveloped former HMS Vernon, formerly a shore establishment or 'stone frigate' of the Royal Navy, now an area of retail outlets, restaurants, clubs and bars now known as Gunwharf Quays.
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Putney
Coordinates: 51°27′54″N 0°13′16″W / 51.4649°N 0.2211°W / 51.4649; -0.2211
Putney is a district in south-west London, England, located in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It is situated 5.1 miles (8.2 km) south-west of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
Putney was an ancient parish in the Brixton hundred of the county of Surrey. In 1855 the parish was included in the area of responsibility of the Metropolitan Board of Works and was grouped into the Wandsworth District. In 1889 the area was removed from Surrey and became part of the County of London. The Wandsworth District became the Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth in 1900. Since 1965 Putney has formed part of the London Borough of Wandsworth in Greater London.
Putney appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Putelei. It was noted that it was not a manor, but obtained 20 shillings from the ferry or market toll at Putney belonging to Mortlake.
The ferry was mentioned in the household accounts of Edward I (1272–1307): Robert the Ferryman of Putney and other sailors received 3/6d for carrying a great part of the royal family across the Thames and also for taking the king and his family to Westminster.
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Pyrford
Coordinates: 51°18′53″N 0°30′23″W / 51.314623°N 0.506371°W / 51.314623; -0.506371
Pyrford ( /ˈpɜrfərd/) is an English village that for centuries had historical links with the monastery of Westminster, in whose possession it remained between the Norman Conquest and the Dissolution of the Monasteries nearly five hundred years later. It is thirty miles by road from central London and situated in the modern county of Surrey. It lies two miles east of the town of Woking and two miles west of the M25 London orbital motorway, near Jct 10. Adjacent villages are West Byfleet, Wisley and Ripley.
Pyrford is bisected by the River Wey Navigation. Roads passing through the village include the B367 (Upshott Lane/Church Hill) and B382 (Old Woking Road). Open areas in the south and east of the village are designated Metropolitan Green Belt.
Pyrford is mentioned in The War of the Worlds, by H. G. Wells, in which it is near the landing site of the third of ten Martian invasion cylinders.
The current village name 'Pyrford' is derived from the Saxon name 'Pyrianford', which is believed to mean 'Pear Tree Ford'.
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Reigate
Coordinates: 51°13′48″N 0°11′17″W / 51.230°N 0.188°W / 51.230; -0.188
Reigate ( /ˈraɪɡeɪt/) is a historic market town in Surrey, England, at the foot of the North Downs, and in the London commuter belt. It is one of the main constituents of the Borough of Reigate and Banstead. This part of Surrey including the adjacent town of Redhill is sometimes grouped together as part of the Gatwick Diamond, M23 corridor or Crawley Urban Area however is spaced out with Metropolitan Green Belt.
Colley Hill, one mile (1.6 km) north of Reigate, is the sixth highest point in Surrey at 756 feet (230 m). Reigate Hill, 2.5 miles (4.0 km) to the east of Colley Hill, is the seventh highest point in Surrey at 723 feet (220 m).
There are neolithic flint mines on the ridge of the North Downs above Reigate. The Bronze Age barrows on Reigate Heath indicate there was ancient settlement in the area. A Bronze Age spearhead was recovered on Park Hill in Reigate Priory Park. In 2004, a c. 92 AD Roman tile kiln (pictured left) was recovered from the grounds of Rosehill in Doods Way, Reigate. Tiles on the Rosehill site were first discovered in the 1880s. The tiles would have been used for important buildings in the area. The Rosehill find is also the oldest recorded use of Reigate Stone (Upper Greensand) for "ashlar masonry work".
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Reigate and Banstead
Coordinates: 51°14′56″N 0°09′36″W / 51.249°N 0.160°W / 51.249; -0.160
Reigate and Banstead is a local government district with borough status in east Surrey England. It covers the towns of Reigate, Banstead, Redhill and Horley.
The district was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. It was a merger of the former borough of Reigate with Banstead Urban District and part of Dorking and Horley Rural District. There are two civil parishes within the borough: Horley and Salfords and Sidlow.
After the 3 May 2007 elections, there are 41 Conservatives seats, six Reigate and Banstead Residents Association, two Liberal Democrats, one Labour and one seat held by an Independent.
In recent years Reigate and Banstead Borough Council has been notable in seeing a number of younger councillors elected.
The borough is twinned with:
At one time the airline Dan-Air had its head office in the Newman House in Horley, Reigate and Banstead. At one time Air Europe had its head office in Reigate, Reigate and Banstead.
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Reigate Castle
Reigate castle is a ruined castle in the market town of Reigate in the county of Surrey, England.
King William I granted the land around Reigate to one of his supporters, William de Warenne, who was created Earl of Surrey in 1088. It is believed that his son, William de Warenne, 2nd Earl of Surrey, ordered that Reigate Castle be built, although the de Warennes had their southern base in Lewes, Sussex, as well as castles in Yorkshire and Normandy. Around 1150 the de Warennes ordered that a town be constructed below the castle. This town forms the basis of modern-day Reigate. The origin of the name Reigate is uncertain, but appears to derive from Roe-deer Gate, as the town was situated near to the entrance to the de Warenne's deer park.
In 1216 the castle was one of many captured by the French in southern England, including Chichester Castle. In 1347 the castle became the property of Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel. From 1397 it was owned by a number of Lords of the Manor of Reigate, including the influential Howard family. It was occupied until the 16th century, but fell into disrepair afterwards. It was demolished in 1648 after occupation as a garrison during the Civil War by followers of a Royalist uprising.
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River Tillingbourne
The River Tillingbourne (also known as the Tilling Bourne) runs along the south side of the North Downs and joins the River Wey at Guildford. Its source is near Tilling Springs to the north of Leith Hill at grid reference TQ143437 and it runs through Friday Street, Abinger Hammer, Gomshall, Shere, Albury, Chilworth and Shalford. The source is a semi-natural uninhabited area. The catchment is situated on sandstone which has a low rate of weathering. The Tillingbourne is 18 km (11 mi) in length.
The Tillingbourne initially flows northward for 4 km (2.5 mi) down the northern slopes of Leith Hill over a series of weirs and cascades, before turning west to run for 14 km (8.7 mi) through Abinger Hammer and Chilworth towards the River Wey at Shalford. The river is classified as a subsequent stream, since its course is determined by the direction of the stratum of softer rock for the majority of its length.
The river has four principal tributaries: the Friday Street stream joins at Wootton House; the Holmbury St Mary stream joins at Abinger Hammer; the Sherbourne Brook drains the Silent Pool and Sherbourne Pond and the Law Brook joins near Postford.
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River Wey
Coordinates: 51°10′48″N 0°45′00″W / 51.180°N 0.750°W / 51.180; -0.750
The River Wey in Surrey, Hampshire and West Sussex is a tributary of the River Thames with two separate branches which join at Tilford. The name may be derived from the Old English word Éa meaning "river". The source of the north branch is at Alton, Hampshire and of the south branch at both Blackdown south of Haslemere, and also close to Gibbet Hill, near Hindhead (the south branch splits into two smaller rivers). The Wey has a total catchment area of 904 square kilometres (350 sq mi), draining parts of Surrey, Hampshire and West Sussex. It is partly navigable from Godalming, forming the natural part of the Wey and Godalming Navigations. It joins the River Thames near Weybridge, which is named after the river, just downstream of Shepperton Lock. The river is also a popular subject to study, as its features allow for easy access to data.
The Wey North branch rises in Alton in Hampshire and runs eastwards through Upper Froyle and Bentley, turning southwards at Farnham to Tilford. The catchment of this branch was originally the upper catchment of the Blackwater, which then ran northwards through what is now Farnham. The Wey captured the Blackwater near Tilford; the capture extended downstream to Farnham, thus reversing the flow to southwards between Farnham and Tilford. The Blackwater remains as a much shorter river to the north of Farnham, with a wind gap (empty valley) between it and the Wey.
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Runnymede
Runnymede is a water-meadow alongside the River Thames in the English county of Surrey, and just over 20 miles (32 km) west of central London. It is notable for its association with the sealing of Magna Carta, and as a consequence is the site of a collection of memorials. Runnymede Borough is named after the area.
The name Runnymede is used commonly now to refer to land in National Trust ownership in the Thames flood plain south-west of the river between Old Windsor and Egham. The area comprises Long Mede and Runnymede which together with Coopers Hill Slopes is managed by the National Trust, and Yard Mede.
The landscape of Runnymede is characterised as ‘Thames Basin Lowland’, urban fringe, which is a gently undulating vale of small-scale fields interspersed by woods, shaws ponds, meadows, and heath. The National Trust area is a Site of Nature Conservation Interest (SNCI) which contains a Site of Special Scientific Interest. Both sites are overseen by Runnymede Borough Council.
The National Trust holding encompasses 188 acres (0.76 km2) donated in 1929 by Cara Rogers Broughton and her two sons. (The American-born widow of Urban Hanlon Broughton, she became the first Lady Fairhaven.) The gift was given in memory of Urban Broughton. At the time, The New Bedford Standard-Times commented "It must be a source of gratification to all Americans, and especially to us here and in Fairhaven, that the presentation of this historic spot as public ground has been brought about by an American woman, an appropriate enough circumstance considering that the great charter underlies the UsA's conception of government and human rights."
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Rutland
Coordinates: 52°39′20.00″N 0°39′30.00″W / 52.65556°N 0.65833°W / 52.65556; -0.65833
Rutland ( /ˈrʌtlənd/) is a landlocked county in central England, bounded on the west and north by Leicestershire, northeast by Lincolnshire and southeast by Peterborough (a unitary authority ceremonially in Cambridgeshire) and Northamptonshire.
Its greatest length north to south is only 18 miles (29.0 km), greatest breadth east to west, 17 miles (27.4 km). It is the smallest (in terms of population) normal unitary authority in mainland England (only the City of London is smaller in terms of area), and is 348th of the 354 districts in terms of population. It is the smallest historic English county, leading to the adoption of the Latin motto Multum In Parvo or "much in little" by the county council in 1950. Among modern ceremonial counties the Isle of Wight, City of London and City of Bristol are all smaller. The former County of London, in existence 1889 to 1965, also had a smaller area.
The only towns in Rutland are Oakham, the county town, and Uppingham. At the centre of the county is the large artificial reservoir, Rutland Water, with a similar surface area to Windermere. It is an important nature reserve serving as an overwintering site for wildfowl and a breeding site for ospreys. The town of Stamford is just over the border in a protruding part of Lincolnshire.
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Shalford Mill
Shalford Mill is an 18th century watermill located on the River Tillingbourne in Shalford, near Guildford, Surrey, England. Since 1932 it has been owned by the National Trust.
The Domesday Book records a mill being present on the site in 1086 - one of the five mills recorded as part of the great manor of Bramley. In the 15th century, the mill was owned by 'John atte Lee'. In the 16th by Sir Edmund Walsingham and in 1599 it was sold to George Austen.
The present timber-framed building, built around 1750, originally housed two separate mills. The eastern half of the mill ceased operation in the 19th century and has been convered to residential use. The western half remained in operation until 1914 and is now open to the public.
In the early 1930s the mill was acquired from the local landowner by a group known as 'Ferguson's Gang' and they then donated it to the National Trust. In return, the trust created a hideaway in the mill for the gang's meetings – designed by architect John Macgregor, AKA 'The Artichoke'.
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Sheen Priory
Sheen Priory (ancient spelling: Shene, Shean, etc.) in Sheen, now Richmond, London was a former Carthusian monastery founded in 1414 within the royal manor of Sheen, on the south bank of the Thames, upstream and approximately 9 miles southwest of the Palace of Westminster. It was built on a site approximately half a mile to the north of Sheen Palace, which itself also occupied a riverside site, that today lies between Richmond Green and the River Thames. All above-ground traces of the priory have disappeared, yet it is known that the foundations of the priory church lie to the immediate southwest of Kew Observatory, under the fairway of the 14th hole of the Royal Mid-Surrey Golf Course, in Richmond Old Deer Park. It is sometimes incorrectly referred to as Richmond Priory, due to the subsequent renaming of Sheen Manor in 1501, which confusion merits early examination.
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Shepperton
Coordinates: 51°24′N 0°28′W / 51.40°N 0.46°W / 51.40; -0.46
Shepperton is an English town in the borough of Spelthorne, Surrey which was formerly in the historic county of Middlesex. It is located about 15 miles (24 km) south west of Central London. To the south it is bounded by the river Thames at Desborough Island and is bisected by the M3 motorway. It is equidistant between the north Surrey towns of Chertsey to the west and Sunbury-on-Thames to the east.
The name is derived from 'Shepherd's Town', which translates into Saxon language as the 'Scepertone' and the name of one of the older streets, Sheep Walk, still reflects that origin.
Shepperton in the Domesday Book of 1086 was called Scepertone. It was held by Westminster Abbey. Its domesday assets were: 8 hides. It had 7 ploughs, pasture for 7 ploughs, 1 weir worth 6s 8d. It rendered £6.
The Church Square area, next to the river is the original village. When a railway station was constructed a mile to the North, linking Shepperton to London's Waterloo station, the village expanded in that direction. George Eliot's Scenes of Clerical Life tells the Sad Fortunes of The Rev.Amos Barton, its curate, and gives a vivid picture of church and village in the early 19th century. Shepperton was a parish in the Staines Rural District in Middlesex from 1894 to 1930, when it became part of the Sunbury-on-Thames Urban District. It was transferred to Surrey in 1965 rather than becoming part of Greater London, though the town is still designated under Middlesex within the Royal Mail's postal system. The town includes the hamlet of Lower Halliford.
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Shropshire
Shropshire ( /ˈʃrɒpʃər/ or /ˈʃrɒpʃɪər/; alternatively Salop; abbreviated, in print only, Shrops) is a county in the West Midlands region of England. It borders Wales to the west, Cheshire to the north, Staffordshire to the east, Worcestershire to the south-east and Herefordshire to the south. A unitary authority (Shropshire Council) was created on 1 April 2009, taking over from the previous county council and 5 district councils, and covers most of the county. The borough of Telford and Wrekin, included in Shropshire for ceremonial purposes, has been a separate unitary authority since 1998.
The county's population and economy is centred on five towns: the county town of Shrewsbury, which is culturally and historically important and is located in the centre of the county;Telford, a new town in the east which was constructed around a number of older towns, most notably Wellington, Dawley and Madeley, which is today the most populous; and Oswestry in the north-west, Bridgnorth just to the south of Telford, and Ludlow in the south. The county has many further smaller towns, including Whitchurch in the north, Newport just to the north-east of Telford, and Market Drayton in the north-east of the county.
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Somerset
The ceremonial and non-metropolitan county of Somerset (i/ˈsʌmərsɛt/ or /ˈsʌmərsɨt/) in South West England borders Bristol and Gloucestershire to the north, Wiltshire to the east, Dorset to the south-east, and Devon to the south-west. It is partly bounded to the north and west by the Bristol Channel and the estuary of the River Severn. Its traditional northern border is the River Avon, but the administrative boundary has crept southwards with the creation and expansion of the City of Bristol, and latterly the county of Avon and its successor unitary authorities to the north. Somerset's county town, Taunton, is in the south.
Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills such as the Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels. There is evidence of human occupation from Palaeolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods. The county played a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion.
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South Croydon
Coordinates: 51°21′12″N 0°05′46″W / 51.3532°N 0.0962°W / 51.3532; -0.0962
South Croydon is a locality in Greater London, the area surrounding the valley south of central Croydon about 1 km in radius, centred on the Red Deer public house on the Brighton Road. It is part of the South Croydon (CR2) post town and in the London Borough of Croydon. It is essentially a dormitory suburb for Croydon and London.
The placename Croydon is recorded as early as 809 and is listed in the 1086 Domesday Book. South Croydon as a distinct area is found much later, in the 19th century, when the area was developed as a residential suburb.
The locality could be considered[who?] to be bounded to the north and east by the South Croydon (CR2) postal border and to the west and south by the historic Croydon parish border which runs from Conduit Lane to Croham Hurst (crossing Croham Road at the point that Croham Road becomes Croham Valley Road) then across to the railway line, crossing Selsdon Road where it becomes Upper Selsdon Road and Carlton Road where it becomes Mayfield Road. Thereafter the old parish border roughly follows the railway south.
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South Yorkshire
South Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England. It has a population of 1.29 million. It consists of four metropolitan boroughs: Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham, and City of Sheffield. South Yorkshire was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972.
Lying on the east side of the Pennines, South Yorkshire is landlocked, and borders Derbyshire (to the south-west), West Yorkshire (to the northwest), North Yorkshire (to the north), the East Riding of Yorkshire (to the northeast), Lincolnshire (to the east) and Nottinghamshire (to the southeast). The Sheffield Urban Area is the ninth most populous conurbation in the UK, and dominates the western half of South Yorkshire with over half of the county's population living within it.
South Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986, and so its districts (the metropolitan boroughs) are now effectively unitary authority areas; however, the metropolitan county, which is some 1,552 square kilometres (599 sq mi), continues to exist in law and as a geographic frame of reference. As a ceremonial county, South Yorkshire has a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff.
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Southampton
Southamptoni/saʊθˈhæmptən/ is the largest city in the county of Hampshire on the south coast of England, and is situated 120 kilometres (75 mi) south-west of London and 30 kilometres (19 mi) north-west of Portsmouth. Southampton is a major port and the closest city to the New Forest. It lies at the northernmost point of Southampton Water at the confluence of the River Test and River Itchen, with the River Hamble joining to the south of the urban area. The local authority is Southampton City Council, which is a unitary authority.
The city represents the core of the Greater Southampton region, and the city itself has an estimated population of 239,700 Southampton combines with Portsmouth to form a single metropolitan area; with a population of over a million this makes the region one of the United Kingdom's most populous metropolitan areas. The city's name is sometimes abbreviated in writing to "So'ton" or "Soton", and a resident of Southampton is called a Sotonian.
Significant employers in Southampton include the University of Southampton, Southampton Airport, the Ford Transit factory, Ordnance Survey, BBC South, the NHS, ABP and Carnival. Southampton is noted for its association with the RMS Titanic, the Spitfire and more recently a number of the largest cruise ships in the world.
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Southwark
Coordinates: 51°29′56″N 0°05′24″W / 51.4988°N 0.0901°W / 51.4988; -0.0901
Southwark (pronounced /ˈsʌðərk/ SUDH-ərk) is a district of south London, England, and the administrative headquarters of the London Borough of Southwark. Situated 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of Charing Cross, it forms one of the oldest parts of London and fronts the River Thames to the north. It historically formed an ancient borough in the county of Surrey, made up of a number of parishes, which increasingly came under the influence and jurisdiction of the City of London. As an inner district of London, Southwark experienced rapid depopulation during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is now at an advanced stage of regeneration and is the location of the City Hall offices of the Greater London Authority.
The name Suthriganaweorc or Suthringa geweorche is recorded for the area in the 10th century Anglo-Saxon document known as the Burghal Hidage and means "fort of the men of Surrey" or "the defensive work of the men of Surrey". Southwark is recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book as Sudweca. The name means "southern defensive work" and is formed from the Old English sūth and weorc. The southern location is in reference to the City of London to the north, Southwark being at the southern end of London Bridge. The name has been used for various areas of civil administration, including the ancient Borough of Southwark, the Metropolitan Borough of Southwark and the current London Borough of Southwark. The ancient borough of Southwark was also known simply as The Borough —or Borough— and this name, in distinction from 'The City', has persisted as an alternative name for the area. Southwark was also simultaneously referred to as the Ward of Bridge Without when administered by the City (from 1550 to 1900 and as an Aldermanry until 1978.
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Southwark Cathedral
Southwark Cathedral or The Cathedral and Collegiate Church of St Saviour and St Mary Overie, Southwark, London, lies on the south bank of the River Thames close to London Bridge.
It is the mother church of the Anglican Diocese of Southwark. It has been a place of Christian worship for over 1,000 years, but a cathedral only since the creation of the diocese of Southwark in 1905. The church was in the diocese of Winchester until 1877, when the parish of St Saviour's, along with other South London parishes was transferred to the diocese of Rochester The present building is mainly Gothic, from 1220 to 1420, although the nave is a nineteenth-century reconstruction in a thirteenth-century style.
Borough Market is immediately to its south and the Hall of the Worshipful Company of Glaziers and Painters of Glass is on the riverside part of Montague Close on its north.
The earliest reference to the site was in the Domesday Book survey of 1086, wherein the "minster" of Southwark seems to be under the control of Bishop Odo of Bayeux (William the Conqueror's half-brother). It is unlikely that this minster pre-dates the conversion of Wessex in the mid-seventh century, or the foundation of the "burh" ca AD 886. There is no proof of any claims, as presently made by the Cathedral authorities, that a convent was founded on the site in 606 nor of the claim that a monastery was founded by St Swithun in the ninth century. The Old English minster was a collegiate church servicing a south Thames area. In 1106, Henry I's reign, the latter became an Augustinian Priory: this was founded with the patronage of the Bishops of Winchester which relationship was re-inforced by the establishment of their London palace immediately neighbouring the Priory to the west in 1149; a remaining wall and rose window of the refectory of the Palace survives on nearby Clink Street. Norman stonework can still be seen, and Thomas Becket preached here before departing to Canterbury, days before his murder in 1170.
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Spelthorne
Spelthorne is a local government district and borough in Surrey, England. It includes the towns of Ashford, Laleham, Shepperton, Staines-upon-Thames, Stanwell and Sunbury. Boroughs adjacent to Spelthorne include Runnymede and Elmbridge in Surrey, the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead, the London Borough of Hillingdon to the north, as well as the London Borough of Hounslow and the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames to the east. The borough is home to a number of large reservoirs, including Queen Mary, Staines and King George VI, all important bird reserves as is Staines Moor, designated an area of outstanding scientific interest.
Spelthorne appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Spelet(h)orne, in Middlesex. Spelthorne was a hundred, an administrative area, where local leaders met about once a month. The Spelthorne hundred also covered East Bedfont, Feltham and Hanworth, all now in the London Borough of Hounslow in Greater London.
The borough was formed in 1974 from Staines Urban District and Sunbury-on-Thames Urban District. The urban districts had originally been part of Middlesex; however in 1965 when much of the rest of Middlesex was absorbed into Greater London these two were instead transferred to Surrey. Its boundary changed in 1995 when Poyle was transferred to Slough in Berkshire. The borough remained inside the Metropolitan Police District, and was not transferred to Surrey Police until the boundary was realigned to Greater London in 2000.
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Staffordshire
Staffordshire (/ˈstæfərdʃɪər/ or /ˈstæfərdʃaɪər/; abbreviated Staffs) is a landlocked county in the West Midlands region of England. Part of the National Forest lies within its borders. It adjoins the ceremonial counties of Cheshire (to the north west), Derbyshire (to the east), Leicestershire (to the east), Warwickshire (to the south east), West Midlands (to the south), Worcestershire (to the south), and Shropshire (to the west).
The largest city in Staffordshire is Stoke-on-Trent, which is administered separately from the rest of the county as an independent unitary authority. Lichfield also has city status, although this is a considerably smaller cathedral city. Major towns include Stafford (the county town), Burton upon Trent, Cannock, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Leek and Tamworth.
Wolverhampton, Walsall, West Bromwich and Smethwick were also in Staffordshire until local government reorganisation in 1974, but are now within the West Midlands County in the West Midlands Conurbation.
With the exception of Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire is divided into the districts of Cannock Chase, East Staffordshire, Lichfield, Newcastle-under-Lyme, South Staffordshire, Stafford, Staffordshire Moorlands, and Tamworth.
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Starborough Castle
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Streatham
Coordinates: 51°25′40″N 0°07′25″W / 51.4279°N 0.1235°W / 51.4279; -0.1235
Streatham ( /ˈstrɛtəm/) is a district in South London, England, located in the London Borough of Lambeth. It is situated 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
Streatham means "the hamlet on the street". The street in question, the London to Brighton Way, was the Roman Road from the capital Londinium to the coast near Portslade. It is likely that the destination was a Roman port now lost to coastal erosion, which has been tentatively identified with the 'Novus Portus' mentioned in Ptolemy's Geographia. The road is confusingly referred to as Stane Street in some sources, although it diverges from the main London-Chichester road at Kennington.
After the departure of the Romans, the main road through Streatham remained an important trackway. From the seventeenth century it was adopted as the main coach road to Croydon and East Grinstead, and then on to Newhaven and Lewes. In 1780 it then became the route of the turnpike road from London to Brighton, and subsequently became the basis for the modern A23. This road (and its traffic) have shaped Streatham's development.
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Suffolk
Suffolk ( /ˈsʌfək/) is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in East Anglia, England. It has borders with Norfolk to the north, Cambridgeshire to the west and Essex to the south. The North Sea lies to the east. The county town is Ipswich; other important towns include Lowestoft, Bury St Edmunds and Felixstowe, one of the largest container ports in Europe. It is one of the few counties in the United Kingdom that does not contain a city.
The county is low-lying with very few hills, and is largely arable land with the wetlands of The Broads in the North. The Suffolk Coast and Heaths are an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
By the 5th century the Angles, after whom East Anglia and England itself are named, had established control of the region and later became the "north folk" and the "south folk", hence, "Norfolk" and "Suffolk". Suffolk, and several adjacent areas, became the kingdom of East Anglia, which was settled by the Angles in the 5th century AD, later merging with Mercia and then Wessex.
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Surbiton
Coordinates: 51°23′32″N 0°18′11″W / 51.3923°N 0.3030°W / 51.3923; -0.3030
Surbiton, a suburban area of London in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, is situated next to the River Thames, with a mixture of Art-Deco courts, more recent residential blocks and grand, spacious 19th century townhouses blending into a sea of semi-detached 20th century housing estates. Surbiton is a popular rail commuter town, located approximately 10 miles to the south west of central London (12 miles by rail from London Waterloo).
The town started to prosper when a plan to build the main railway line down to the south coast closer to nearby Kingston was rejected by Kingston Council, fearing the detrimental effect it would have on the busy coaching trade. This resulted in the line being routed further south, through a cutting in the hill south of Surbiton. Surbiton railway station opened in 1838, and was originally named Kingston-upon-Railway. It was only renamed Surbiton to distinguish it from the new Kingston railway station on the Shepperton branch line, which opened on 1 January 1869. The present station has a fine art deco façade.
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Surrey
Surrey /ˈsʌri/ is a county in the South East of England, and one of the home counties. The county borders Greater London, Kent, East Sussex, West Sussex, Hampshire, and Berkshire. The historic county town is Guildford.Surrey County Council sits at Kingston upon Thames, although this has been part of Greater London since 1965. The London boroughs of Lambeth, Wandsworth and Southwark were considered part of Surrey until 1889; and Croydon, Kingston, Merton, Sutton, Barnes and Richmond - all now reclassified as part of Greater London - were part of Surrey until 1965.
Surrey is divided into 11 boroughs and districts: Elmbridge, Epsom and Ewell, Guildford, Mole Valley, Reigate and Banstead, Runnymede, Spelthorne, Surrey Heath, Tandridge, Waverley, Woking. After the elections of 1 May 2008, the Conservatives are in control of 10 out of 11 councils in Surrey, with Epsom and Ewell in Residents Association control. The Conservatives hold all 11 Parliamentary constituencies within the county borders.
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Surrey Heath
Surrey Heath is a local government district with Borough status in Surrey, England. Its Council is based in Camberley. Much of the area is within the Metropolitan Green Belt.
Surrey Heath was voted the 6th best place to live in Channel 4's Location, Location, Location 'best and worst' survey.
The district was formed on April 1, 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, as a merger of Frimley and Camberley Urban District, and Bagshot Rural District. The Borough acquired its name because it includes extensive areas of heath and woodland including Chobham Common and Lightwater Country Park.
The Borough is governed by Surrey Heath Borough Council. Parish councils in Surrey Heath are in Bisley with the chairman being Cllr Barry Woodhead; Chobham with the chairman being Cllr Ian AC Taylor; West End with the chairman being Cllr David Elliott and Windlesham (which includes Lightwater and Bagshot) where the chairman is Cllr Keith Hand.
The 3 May 2007 borough elections produced 30 Conservative seats, 7 Liberal Democrat seats, 2 Labour seats and 1 other.
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Surrey Hills AONB
The Surrey Hills is a 422 km2 (163 sq mi) Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), located in Surrey, England. The AONB was designated in 1958 and covers one quarter of the county of Surrey. The Surrey Hills AONB adjoins the Kent Downs AONB to the east and the Wealden portion of the former Sussex Downs AONB (now South Downs National Park) in the south west.
The highest summit of the Surrey Hills AONB is Leith Hill near Coldharbour, at 294 metres (965 ft) above sea level, or 314 metres (1,030 ft) above when Leith Hill Tower is considered. It is part of the Greensand Ridge, which traverses the AONB from west to east, and is the highest point in south-east England.
The Surrey Hills area has three long-distance walks running through it. These are the North Downs Way, the Greensand Way and the Pilgrims' Way. Blackheath Common is also part of this area.
The northern ridge of these hills is predominantly formed by chalk and the southern ridges are predominantly greensand. They provide a haven for many rare plants and insects. Parts of the area are owned and managed by the National Trust, including Ranmore Common, Leith Hill and Box Hill.
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The Oval
The Oval, referred to as the Kia Oval due to a commercial sponsorship deal, is an international cricket ground in Kennington, in the London Borough of Lambeth. In the past it was also sometimes called the Kennington Oval. In past years it was officially named as the 'Fosters Oval', 'AMP Oval', 'Brit Insurance Oval', due to previous commercial sponsorship deals.
The Oval is the home ground of Surrey County Cricket Club, and also traditionally hosts the final Test match of each English summer season in late August or early September. The Oval was the first ground in the United Kingdom and second in the world (after the Melbourne Cricket Ground) to host Test cricket.
The nearest Tube station is Oval, but Vauxhall is only half a mile away.
In 1844, Kennington Oval was a market garden. The Oval was then (and still is) owned by the Duchy of Cornwall. Surrey County Cricket Club was set up in 1845. The Duchy was willing to grant a lease of the land for the purpose of a cricket ground, and, on 10 March 1845, the club signed a lease with the Otter Trustees, who held the land from the Duchy of Cornwall, 'to convert it into a subscription cricket ground', for 31 years at a rent of £120 per annum plus taxes (£20 more). The original contract for turfing the Oval cost £300; 10,000 grass turfs came from Tooting Common.
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Thursley
Coordinates: 51°08′56″N 0°42′26″W / 51.149°N 0.7073°W / 51.149; -0.7073
Thursley is a small village in Surrey. It lies just west of the A3 running between Milford and Hindhead. Neighbouring villages include Rushmoor, Bowlhead Green and Brook. Thursley is in south-west Surrey, in south-east England. It is near Punch Bowl Farm and the Devil's Punch Bowl.
The village's name came from Old English Þunres lēah meaning "grove or meadow" of the god Thunor or Thor (in his northern guise); it was probably a site where he was worshipped. There is a rocky outcrop near the village referred to in Victorian guides to the area as Thor's Stone. This stone, according to the Surrey Archaeological Collection (volume 88), is first mentioned in Saxon times as being "near Peper Harow", an adjacent parish with known pagan connections. The precise stone or rocks this refers to is now uncertain with some sources indicating it could be the rocky outcrop and others suggesting it may be an ancient Celtic boundary stone found on the margin of Pudmore pond on Ockley Common.
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Thursley Common
Thursley Common is a heathland Site of Special Scientific Interest in Surrey, England.
It is one of the last remaining heathlands in Surrey. It is most famed for its diverse wildlife. Whilst crossbill, woodlark and stonechat are regularly seen, birds such as Dartford Warbler, whinchat, wheatear, tree pipit and redstart are frequently encountered.
Rarer birds include osprey, Red Kite, Black Redstart, and Great Grey Shrike have been seen.
In 2006, 60% of the common was destroyed by fire.
Coordinates: 51°09′42″N 0°42′30″W / 51.1616°N 0.7082°W / 51.1616; -0.7082
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Tilford
Coordinates: 51°11′00″N 0°44′54″W / 51.1833°N 0.7484°W / 51.1833; -0.7484
Tilford is a small village about two miles south of Farnham in Surrey, England. It lies within the Surrey Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
The name "Tilford" is probably derived from "Tila's ford" or "Tilla's ford". Two medieval bridges span the branches of the River Wey and are listed as ancient monuments. Several substantial farm houses date from the 16th century. Tilford House was built in 1727 and its chapel in 1776.
In the mid eighteenth century the village was owned by Elizabeth Abney, daughter of Lady Mary Abney; and her detailed local survey map has survived to this day in the British Library.
The village centres on a triangular green used for cricket in the summer.
Beside the green, the Tilford Oak is said to be at least 800 years old. Eric Parker wrote:
Parker measured the girth again in 1934 and found it to be 1 foot more. The tree's branches have been lopped in recent years and the trunk is patched with iron sheets.
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Tooting
Coordinates: 51°25′41″N 0°09′54″W / 51.4280°N 0.1650°W / 51.4280; -0.1650
Tooting is a district in south London, England, located in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It is situated 5 miles (8 km) south south-west of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
Tooting has been settled since pre-Saxon times. The name is of Anglo-Saxon origin but the meaning is disputed. It could mean the people of Tota where Tota may have been a local Anglo-Saxon chieftain. Alternatively it could be derived from an old meaning of the verb to tout, to look out. There may have been a watchtower here on the road to London and hence the people of the look-out post.
The Romans built a road, which was later named Stane Street by the English, from London (Londinium) to Chichester (Noviomagus Regnorum), and which passed through Tooting. Tooting High Street is built on this road. In Saxon times, Tooting and Streatham (then Toting-cum-Stretham) was given to the Abbey of Chertsey. Later, Suene (Sweyn), believed to be a Viking, may have been given all or part of the land. In 933, King Athelstan of England is thought to have confirmed lands including Totinge (Tooting) to Chertsey Abbey.
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Tyne and Wear
Tyne and Wear /ˌtaɪn ənd ˈwɪər/ is a metropolitan county in north east England around the mouths of the Rivers Tyne and Wear. It came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. It consists of the five metropolitan boroughs of South Tyneside, North Tyneside, City of Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead and the City of Sunderland.
Prior to reforms in 1974, the territory comprising the county of Tyne and Wear straddled the border between the counties of Northumberland and County Durham. North Tyneside and Newcastle upon Tyne had previously existed within of Northumberland, whereas South Tyneside, Gateshead and Sunderland were all previously within the borders of County Durham, with the River Tyne forming the border of the two counties.
Tyne and Wear is bounded on the east by the North Sea, and as a ceremonial county, shares borders with Northumberland to the north and County Durham to the south.
Tyne and Wear County Council was abolished in 1986, and so its districts (the metropolitan boroughs) are now unitary authorities. However, the metropolitan county continues to exist in law and as a geographic frame of reference.
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University of Surrey
The University of Surrey is a university located within the county town of Guildford, Surrey in the South East of England. It received its charter on 9 September 1966, and was previously situated near Battersea Park in south-west London. The institution was known as Battersea College of Technology before gaining university status. Its roots however go back to the Battersea Polytechnic Institute, founded in 1891 to provide further and higher education for London's poorer inhabitants.
The university is a member of the 1994 Group. The university conducts extensive research on small satellites and has a high number of staff who are members of learned societies. The Research Assessment Exercise 2001 awarded nine departments at the university 5 or 5* ratings. The university has recently expanded into China by launching the Surrey International Institute with Dongbei University of Finance and Economics.
The university's main campus is located on Stag Hill close to the centre of Guildford and adjacent to Guildford Cathedral. A second campus, at Manor Park, is located a short distance away and has been developed to expand upon existing accommodation, academic buildings and sporting facilities.
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Vauxhall
Coordinates: 51°29′25″N 0°07′09″W / 51.4903°N 0.1193°W / 51.4903; -0.1193
Vauxhall ( /ˈvɒks.ɔːl/) is an inner city area of Central London in the London Borough of Lambeth. It was once in the historic county of Surrey.
It has also given its name to the Vauxhall Parliamentary Constituency, which also includes parts of Brixton and Clapham, and to the Vauxhall Motors car manufacturer, which originated in the area, as well as to the Russian word for a large railroad station (see below).
In 1998, Vauxhall became part of the borough's North Lambeth town centre, for local government administrative purposes.
It is generally accepted that the etymology of Vauxhall is from the name of Falkes de Breauté, the head of King John's mercenaries, who owned a large house in the area which was referred to as Faulke's Hall, later Foxhall, and eventually Vauxhall. The area only became generally known by this name when the Vauxhall Pleasure Gardens opened as a public attraction. Initially most visitors would have approached by river, but crowds of Londoners of all classes came to know the area after the construction of Westminster Bridge in the 1740s.
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Walbury Hill
Walbury Hill is the highest point in the traditional county of Berkshire in the UK at 297 metres (974 ft) above sea level. It is also the highest point in the South East of England, West Berkshire being a constituent part of the South East of England. It is just 3 metres (10 ft) higher than Leith Hill in Surrey which is the second highest point in the South East.
It is situated on the border between the civil parishes of Inkpen and Combe in southwestern Berkshire (the latter formerly in Hampshire). It is close to the Hampshire border and 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) southeast of Hungerford, the closest town. On its summit is the Iron Age hill fort of Walbury Camp. Combe Gibbet stands on the adjoining Gallows Down.
The true summit is marked by a triangulation pillar approximately 100 metres (330 ft) from the main Test Way. Walbury Hill is sometimes used by the BBC as a temporary relay station during major sporting events. There is no metalled road across the hill, but the byway is open to all traffic and maintained with a hard gravel surface, probably because of its use by outside broadcast vehicles. The ridged summit is also popular with paragliding enthusiasts.
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Warwickshire
Warwickshire (i/ˈwɒrɨkʃər/ or /ˈwɒrɨkʃɪər/) is a landlocked non-metropolitan county in the West Midlands region of England. The county town is Warwick, although the largest town is Nuneaton. The county is famous for being the birthplace of William Shakespeare and George Elliot. Commonly used abbreviations for the county are Warks or Warwicks.
The five districts of North Warwickshire, Nuneaton & Bedworth, Rugby, Warwick and Stratford-on-Avon together form the Warwickshire County Council area, and are within the 1974 boundaries. The shape of the administrative area of Warwickshire differs considerably from that of the historic county, which also includes the now autonomous unitary authorities of Coventry and Solihull, as well as a small area around central and northeast Birmingham.
For Eurostat purposes it is a NUTS 3 region (code UKG13) and is one of three counties that comprise the "Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Warwickshire" NUTS 2 region.
Warwickshire is bounded to the north-west by the West Midlands metropolitan county and Staffordshire, by Leicestershire to the north-east, Northamptonshire to the east, Worcestershire to the west, Oxfordshire to the south and Gloucestershire to the south-west. The northern tip of the county is only 3 miles (5 km) from the Derbyshire border. An average-sized English county covering an area of almost 2,000 km2, it runs some 60 miles (97 km) north to south.
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Waverley Abbey
Waverley Abbey was the first Cistercian abbey in England, founded in 1128 by William Giffard, Bishop of Winchester. It is situated about one mile south of Farnham, Surrey, in a bend of the River Wey.
During the first century of its existence, it founded six monasteries, and despite the members thus sent away, it had 70 monks and 120 lay brothers in 1187. It kept about thirty ploughs.
The site was subject to regular flooding, however, and in 1203 the foundations for a new church and monastery were laid on higher ground. The new church was dedicated in 1231.
King John visited Waverley in 1209, and Henry III in 1225. The abbey also produced the famous annals of Waverley, an important source for the period.
By the end of the thirteenth century the abbey was becoming less important. By the time it was suppressed by Henry VIII in 1536 as part of the dissolution of the monasteries there were only thirteen monks in the community and the abbey had an annual net income of £174.
Stones from the abbey when it lay in ruins were taken to build nearby houses, including the house at Loseley Park.
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Weald
The Weald ( /ˈwiːld/), also called the Weald of Kent, is the name given to an area in South East England situated between the parallel chalk escarpments of the North and the South Downs. It should be regarded as three separate parts: the sandstone "High Weald" in the centre; the clay "Low Weald" periphery; and the Greensand Ridge which stretches around the north and west of the Weald and includes the Weald's highest points. The Weald was once a vast forest covering this area. The name, Old English in origin, signifies woodland, which still applies today: scattered farms and villages betray the Weald‘s past, often in their names.
The name "Weald" is derived from the Old English weald, meaning "forest" (cognate, German Wald). This comes from a Germanic root of the same meaning, and ultimately from Indo-European. Weald is specifically a West Saxon form; wold is the Anglian form of the word. The Middle English form of the word is wēld, and the modern spelling is a reintroduction of the Anglo-Saxon form attributed to its use by William Lambarde in his A Perambulation of Kent of 1576.
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Wessex
The Kingdom of Wessex ( /ˈwɛsɨks/) or Kingdom of the West Saxons (Old English: Westseaxna rīce) was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the West Saxons in South West England, from the 6th century until the emergence of a united English state under the Wessex dynasty in the 10th century. It was to be an earldom after Canute the Great's conquest of 1016, from 1020 to 1066. After the Norman Conquest there was a dissolution of the English earldoms and Wessex was split among the followers of William the Conqueror.
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West Berkshire
West Berkshire is a local government district in the ceremonial county of Berkshire, England, governed by a unitary authority (West Berkshire Council). Its administrative capital is Newbury, located almost equidistantly between Bristol and London.
Apart from Newbury, the other main centres in the district include Thatcham, Hungerford, Pangbourne and Lambourn. Larger villages include Theale, Purley-on-Thames, Burghfield, Mortimer and Hermitage. The West Berkshire district borders Hampshire to the south, Wiltshire to the west, Oxfordshire to the north and both the Reading and Wokingham unitary districts to the east.
The highest point in southeast/south-central England is located in West Berkshire at Walbury Hill with a summit height of 297 m (974 ft) 2 km to the south of the village of Inkpen. West Berkshire is also home to the UK Atomic Weapons Establishment, based near Aldermaston to the east of the district and the worldwide headquarters of Vodafone on the outskirts of Newbury. The area around Lambourn in the far west of the district is noted for its numerous horse racing stables and training grounds.
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West Clandon
Coordinates: 51°15′41″N 0°30′29″W / 51.2613°N 0.508°W / 51.2613; -0.508
West Clandon is a village in Surrey, England. It is within 4 miles of the M25 and the A3. Nearby villages include Send, Ripley, Ockham, East and West Horsley. Local towns are Woking and Guildford.
It is served by Clandon railway station which runs stopping services via Cobham and Stoke D'Abernon as well as via Epsom to London Waterloo in one direction, and to Guildford in the other. Woking station is about 5 miles away (although there is no direct rail link) and offers many more destinations and a fast service to London.
West Clandon appears in Domesday Book as Clanedun. It was held by Hugo (Hugh) from Edward de Salisbury. Its domesday assets were: 2½ hides; 1 church, 1 mill worth 3s, 2½ ploughs, woodland worth 5 hogs. It rendered £3.
Clandon Park, a Palladian mansion, is in the village, and is open to the public and run by The National Trust.
There are no longer any shops in the village, aside from the Clandon Park gift shop and the Garden Centre. However, the village has two pubs, The Onslow Arms and The Bull's Head, as well as a British Legion. The Onslow Arms closed down for refurbishment in June 2010 and has now re-opened.
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West Sussex
West Sussex is a county in the south of England, bordering East Sussex (with Brighton and Hove), Hampshire and Surrey. The county of Sussex has been divided into East and West since the 12th century, and obtained separate county councils in 1888, but it remained a single ceremonial county until 1974 and the coming into force of the Local Government Act 1972. At the same time the Mid Sussex region (including Haywards Heath, Burgess Hill and East Grinstead) was transferred from East Sussex.
West Sussex has a wide range of scenery, including Wealden, Downland and coastal. It has a number of stately homes including Goodwood, Petworth House and Uppark and also castles such as Arundel Castle and Bramber Castle. Over half the county is protected countryside, offering walking, cycling and other recreational opportunities for visitors and residents alike.
Chichester is the county town of West Sussex, and the highest point of the county is Black Down, at 280 metres (919 ft, grid reference SU919296).
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West Yorkshire
West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county within the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England with a population of 2.2 million. West Yorkshire came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972.
West Yorkshire, which is landlocked, consists of five metropolitan boroughs (City of Bradford, Calderdale, Kirklees, City of Leeds and City of Wakefield) and shares borders with the counties of Derbyshire (to the south), Greater Manchester (to the south-west), Lancashire (to the north-west), North Yorkshire (to the north and east) and South Yorkshire (to the south-east).
West Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986, and so its districts (the metropolitan boroughs) are now effectively unitary authorities. However, the metropolitan county, which covers an area of 2,029 square kilometres (783 sq mi), continues to exist in law, and as a geographic frame of reference.
West Yorkshire encompasses the West Yorkshire Urban Area, which is the most built-up and biggest urban area within the historic county boundaries of Yorkshire.
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Wey and Arun Canal
The Wey and Arun Canal is a 23-mile-long (37 km) canal in the south of England, between the River Wey at Shalford, Surrey and the River Arun at Pallingham, in West Sussex. The canal comprises parts of two separate undertakings – the northern part of the Arun Navigation, between Pallingham and Newbridge Wharf, which opened in 1787, and the Wey and Arun Junction Canal, which connected the Arun at Newbridge to the Godalming Navigation near Shalford, south of Guildford, opened in 1816. The canal was built with 26 locks.
Passing through a rural landscape, there was little freight traffic to justify its continued existence, and the canal was officially abandoned in 1871.
Without maintenance, the canal gradually became derelict over much of its length. However, since 1970, active restoration by The Wey & Arun Canal Trust has resulted in several miles of the waterway being restored to navigable standard. Work is continuing, with the ultimate aim of re-opening the entire canal to navigation.
The River Arun was used in an unimproved condition for centuries, but work was carried out on the river itself and the port of Arundel in the 16th century, which allowed boats to reach Pallingham Quay near Pulborough by 1575. An Act of Parliament received the Royal Assent on 13 May 1785, entitled "An Act for amending and improving the Navigation of the River Arun, from Houghton Bridge, in the parish of Houghton, in the county of Sussex, to Pallenham Wharf, in the parish of Wisborough Green, in the said county; and for continuing and extending the Navigation of the said River Arun, from the said Wharf, called Pallenhara Wharf, to a certain Bridge, called New Bridge, situate in the parishes of Pulborough and Wisborough Green, in the said county of Sussex".
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Weybridge
Coordinates: 51°22′19″N 0°27′10″W / 51.37204°N 0.45270°W / 51.37204; -0.45270
Weybridge is a town in the Elmbridge district of Surrey in South East England. It is bounded to the north by the River Thames at the mouth of the River Wey, from which it gets its name. It is a suburb in the London commuter belt and is part of the Greater London Urban Area, some of the housing is expensive: as of 2008, six of the ten most expensive streets in South East England (defined as the official government region, which excludes Greater London) were in Weybridge.
Weybridge is made up of a number of distinct areas: the Town Centre, the Queens Road area on top of Monument Hill, St George's Hill, Brooklands and Oatlands Village.
Weybridge lay within the Saxon administrative district of Elmbridge hundred.
Weybridge appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Webrige and Webruge. It was held partly by Chertsey Abbey; partly by an Englishman from the abbey; and partly by Herfrid from the Bishop of Bayeux. Its domesday assets were: 6 hides; 1½ ploughs, 32 acres (130,000 m2) of meadow, wood worth 9 hogs. It rendered £4.
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Whitebushes
Coordinates: 51°12′41″N 0°10′04″W / 51.2114°N 0.1679°W / 51.2114; -0.1679
Whitebushes is a small town in the Surrey borough of Reigate and Banstead. It is composed entirely of the housing estate of the same name. Its lies just south of Redhill. It lies on the opposite side of the railway from a town which has no specific name, but is usually called South Earlswood or part of Salfords. The census area Earlswood and Whitebushes has a population of 8,234.
The housing development was built in the 1970's and early 1980's. East Surrey Hospital adjacent to the estate opened in 1979, The Common Land on the bottom part of the housing estate has had gypsy horses graze the land since the 1950's
Although the Brighton Main Line passes Whitebushes, there is no station present. People from Whitebushes would take the 435 Bus to Earlswood or Redhill stations. Salfords railway station is also a short bus journey away, but it offers less frequent services than Redhill.just a walk down the road to east surrey hospital for most buses.
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Whitgift School
Coordinates: 51°21′36″N 0°06′05″W / 51.36°N 0.101389°W / 51.36; -0.101389
Whitgift School is an independent day school educating approximately 1,400 boys aged 10 to 18 in South Croydon, London in a 45-acre (18 ha) parkland site.
It was founded in 1596 by the Archbishop of Canterbury John Whitgift and is part of the Whitgift Foundation along with Trinity School of John Whitgift and Old Palace School of John Whitgift. In 1931 the school moved to its current site, Haling Park, which was once home to Lord Howard of Effingham, the Lord High Admiral of the Fleet sent against the Spanish Armada. The ship (a model of HMS Ark Royal) that features prominently on the top of "Big School" (the school hall) is a reminder of the history of the site. Additions since the 400th anniversary of the school have been a maze in the founder's garden, an aviary, an enclosure for Prevost's squirrels, ponds and a multi-million-pound sports complex.
Whitgift is renowned locally for its wide variety of animals, most notably the peacocks which have graced the grounds since the 1930s, and the flamingos. In 2005 Sir David Attenborough visited the school to open the ponds, the enclosure of which also houses two albino wallabies (a gift from the Queen, given in 2002 after the school's ponds re-opened), and various waterfowl, including Hawaiian geese, which the zoo successfully bred.
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Whyteleafe
Coordinates: 51°18′32″N 0°05′00″W / 51.308860°N 0.083390°W / 51.308860; -0.083390
Whyteleafe is a small town (pop 2200) in South East England, in the Surrey district of Tandridge. Four streets in Whyteleafe are just inside the southern edge of the London Borough of Croydon. Neighbouring villages and towns include Woldingham, Caterham, Coulsdon, Warlingham, and Kenley (in London Borough of Croydon). To the west are Kenley airfield, Kenley Common (City of London owned) Coxes Wood and Blize Wood. To the east are Riddlesdown, the Dobbin, and Marden Park. The parish church of St Luke dating from the mid-19th century lies within the Diocese of Southwark. The vicar is Gill Reeves, and a typical congregation on Sunday numbers around 30, as well as a choir of a half-dozen or so, churchwardens and sidesmen. The churchyard contains graves of airmen who died during WW2, stationed at RAF Kenley nearby.
Whyteleafe is served by Whyteleafe South, Whyteleafe and Upper Warlingham railway stations. The Godstone road A22 cuts through N-S. Buses 407 and 434 serve the area and run from Coulsdon, Croydon, Sutton, and Caterham. Whyteleafe village grew after the railway came on its way to Caterham in 1856. A second line followed a higher contour and opened in 1884. The village name comes from White Leaf field, which was donated by a benefactor for the building of the church. Among traders there is a pub, a newsagent, general store, two petrol stations and an M&S food outlet, a Post Office, hairdresser, chemist, ladies outfitter, baker, fish shop, barber, computer store.
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Wiltshire
Wiltshire ( /ˈwɪltʃər/ or /ˈwɪltʃɪər/, formerly /ˈwɪlʃər/; or the County of Wilts) is a ceremonial county in South West England. It is landlocked and borders the counties of Dorset, Somerset, Hampshire, Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire and Berkshire. It contains the unitary authority of Swindon and covers 3,485 km2 (1,346 square miles). The ancient county town was Wilton, but since 1930 Wiltshire County Council and its successor Wiltshire Council (from 2009) have been based at Trowbridge.
Wiltshire is characterised by its high downland and wide valleys. Salisbury Plain is famous as the location of the Stonehenge and Avebury stone circles and other ancient landmarks and as the main training area in the UK of the British Army. The city of Salisbury is notable for its mediaeval cathedral. Important country houses open to the public include Longleat, near Warminster, and the National Trust's Stourhead, near Mere.
The county, in the 9th century written as Wiltunscir, later Wiltonshire, is named after the former county town of Wilton, itself named after the river Wylye, one of eight rivers which drain the county.
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Winchester
Coordinates: 51°03′48″N 1°18′31″W / 51.0632°N 1.3085°W / 51.0632; -1.3085
Winchester (archaically known as Winton and Wintonceastre) is a historic cathedral city and former capital city of England. It is the county town of Hampshire, in South East England. The city lies at the heart of the wider City of Winchester, a local government district, and is located at the western end of the South Downs, along the course of the River Itchen. At the time of the 2001 Census, Winchester had a population of 41,420.
Winchester developed from the Roman town of Venta Belgarum. Winchester's major landmark is Winchester Cathedral, one of the largest cathedrals in Europe, with the distinction of having the longest nave and overall length of all Gothic cathedrals in Europe. The town is also home to the University of Winchester and the famous public school, Winchester College. The city's architectural and historic interest, and its fast links to other towns and cities have led Winchester to become one of the most expensive and desirable areas of the country. A person who is from or resides in Winchester is sometimes locally known as a Wintonian.
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Windlesham Arboretum
Windlesham Arboretum is situated between the villages of Windlesham and Lightwater in the county of Surrey, UK. The arboretum is medium in size and features over 22,000 mature and rare trees, lakes, monuments, follies and a chapel. The Windle Brook runs through the arboretum but it does not feed the lakes.
The Arboretum is privately owned but the public is given access free of charge during daylight hours.
There are a number of residences within the grounds of the Arboretum. One is the home of Major William Spowers who founded the Arboretum and died on 12 June 2009.
The Arboretum is popular with those of the local residents who have discovered it, although it is surprisingly little known. The Arboretum is also used by the Windlesham Angling Society who, during the fishing season, hold competitions on some weekends.
An archeological survey of the Arboretum was carried out by the Surrey Heath Archaeological & Heritage Trust and found coins and pottery and signs of old Iron Age enclosure ditches and Romano-British agricultural buildings.
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Winkworth Arboretum
Winkworth Arboretum is a National Trust-owned arboretum located between Godalming and Hascombe, Surrey, England.
Winkworth Arboretum exhibits large collections of azalea, rhododendron, and holly on slopes leading down to ornamental lakes. Gertrude Jekyll explored the woods in the early 20th century. The exotic trees were planted from 1938 by Wilfrid Fox.
Coordinates: 51°09′39″N 0°34′54″W / 51.1607°N 0.5818°W / 51.1607; -0.5818
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Wisley
Coordinates: 51°19′22″N 0°28′38″W / 51.3227°N 0.4772°W / 51.3227; -0.4772
Wisley is a small village in Surrey, England. It lies between Cobham and Woking. It is the home of the Royal Horticultural Society's Wisley Garden. The River Wey runs through the village.
Wisley gives its name to the nearby road intersection of the A3 London to Portsmouth trunk road and the London Orbital M25 motorway, Junction 10.
Wisley appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Wiselei. It was held by Osuuold (Oswold). Its domesday assets were: 1½ hides; 1 church, 1 mill worth 10 shillings, 3 ploughs, 1 fishery worth 5d, 6 acres (24,000 m2) of meadow, woodland worth 6 hogs. It rendered £3.
Wisley Church was built in 1150. There is a medieval church track running from Byfleet through Wisley to St Nicholas' Church, Pyrford.
Wisley Golf Club is located in the village, and has celebrity members including Colin Montgomery and Jamie Redknapp.[citation needed]
The former Wisley Airfield, is located in the parish of Ockham, situated next to the junction of the M25/A3 and had a 6,691 foot (1.27 mile) runway. Built towards the end of World War 2 as a flight test airfield for the Vickers aircraft factory at nearby Brooklands, it opened in 1944 and after extended use for the development of military aircraft during the Cold War, it finally closed in 1972. Although the runway, taxiways and large areas of hardstanding survive, most of the buildings - including the unique control tower converted from an old timber-framed cottage - were demolished around 1980. The Ockham Beacon at the East end of the airfield still serves as a navigation aid for aircraft flying over the area today.
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Witley
Coordinates: 51°08′59″N 0°38′48″W / 51.1497°N 0.6468°W / 51.1497; -0.6468
Witley, in Surrey, England is a village 2 miles (3 km) south west of Godalming. The village lies just east of the A3 that runs from Guildford to Petersfield. Witley together with the neighbouring area of Hambledon have a population of about 4,000. Neighbouring villages include Milford, Chiddingfold and Grayswood.
Witley appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Witlei. Its domesday assets were held by Gislebert (Gilbert), son of Richere de L'Aigle. It rendered: 12 hides; 1 church, 15 ploughs, 3 acres (12,000 m2) of meadow, woodland worth 30 hogs. It rendered £16.
Witley has a parish council consisting of 16 unpaid councillors from Witley and neighbouring Milford. Amongst their tasks is the management of Witley Recreation Ground and 43 allotments.
Witley Common, which belongs to the National Trust, lies to the west of the village.
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Witley Common
Witley Common is an area of woodland and heath, close to Witley, Surrey, in the United Kingdom. It is part of a much larger Site of Special Scientific Interest.
The land has been occupied since the Bronze Age — it features ancient burial mounds which have been dated to this period. It has been used as common land by many generations over the centuries — particularly for grazing, turf-cutting and, during the 16th and 17th centuries, for iron workings.
Witley Common again proved useful during the first and second World Wars when the land was used by the army as a training camp (Witley Camp) with up to 20,000 soldiers based there at one point. In the late 1940s, it was gradually restored to its pre-war condition.
Today it is managed by the National Trust, to provide a mixture of habitats for wildlife, with birch, oak and pine woodland, as well as open heathland. Birdlife includes nightjars and nightingales
Witley Common contains a nature information centre, known as The Witley Centre, run by the National Trust.
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Woking
Coordinates: 51°18′58″N 0°33′40″W / 51.3162°N 0.561°W / 51.3162; -0.561
Woking ( /ˈwoʊkɪŋ/) is a large town and civil parish that shares its name with the surrounding local government district, located in the west of Surrey, UK. It is part of the Greater London Urban Area and the London commuter belt, with frequent trains and a journey time of approximately 24 minutes to Waterloo station. Woking is 23 miles (37 km) southwest of Charing Cross in central London. Woking town itself, excluding the surrounding district, has a population of 62,796, with the whole local government district (the borough of Woking) having a population of 92,400 (mid 2009 estimate). Currently, Woking is a Conservative constituency, with Jonathan Lord as Woking's Member of Parliament.
In literature, Woking is where the Martians first land in H. G. Wells' science fiction novel The War of the Worlds. In music, "Town Called Malice" was written about Woking by Paul Weller and recorded by his band, The Jam. The song reached No. 1 in the UK Charts.
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Woking Crematorium
Woking Crematorium is a crematorium in Woking, a large town in the west of Surrey, England. Established in 1878, it was the first custom-built crematorium in the United Kingdom and is closely linked to the history of cremation in the UK.
The crematorium is located in Woking, just outside St John's Village on Hermitage Road. Brookwood Cemetery, also known as the London Necropolis, is located nearby but operated separately; it was established by the London Necropolis Company in 1849 to house London's deceased.
The crematorium in Woking was founded in 1878, when a piece of land close to St John's Village was bought by Sir Henry Thompson. He was a surgeon and Physician to the Queen Victoria. In 1874, he was a foremost founder and first president of the Cremation Society of Great Britain. The acre of land on which the crematorium was to be established was purchased with the aid of subscriptions (at £200 each) from the London Necropolis Company. It was both secluded yet readily accessible, as a train service, suitable for the conveyance of the dead, already ran between London and Woking.
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Wokingham
Coordinates: 51°24′36″N 0°50′24″W / 51.410°N 0.840°W / 51.410; -0.840
Wokingham is a market town and civil parish in Berkshire in South East England about 33 miles (53 km) west of central London. It is about 7 miles (11 km) east-southeast of Reading and 3 miles (4.8 km) west of Bracknell. It contains an area of 557 acres (0.9 sq mi) and, according to the 2001 census, has a population of 30,403. It is the seat of the Borough of Wokingham.
Before 1844, the north of the parish of Wokingham was part of a detached portion, or exclave, of the county of Wiltshire, the border of which is some 30 miles (48 km) to the west. The Counties (Detached Parts) Act of that year resulted in its transfer to the county of Berkshire.
Wokingham was a borough before the 1974 reorganisation of local government, when it merged with Wokingham Rural District to form the new Wokingham District. What had been Wokingham Borough became Wokingham Town, but retained its mayor. The District Council applied for borough status, which was granted and came into force on 9 March 2007. As of this date, the District (which stretches from the Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire borders in the north to the Hampshire border in the southwest) has also been able to elect a mayor.
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Worcestershire
Worcestershire (i/ˈwʊstərʃər/ WUUS-tər-shər or /ˈwʊstərʃɪər/ WUUS-tər-sheer ; abbreviated Worcs) is a non-metropolitan county in the West Midlands of England. In 1974, it merged with the neighbouring county of Herefordshire to form Hereford and Worcester. This was divided in 1998, re-establishing Worcestershire as a county. The Malvern Hills forms the east–west border between the two counties, with the exception of West Malvern in Worcestershire.
The county borders Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, West Midlands, Warwickshire and Gloucestershire. To the west, the county is bordered by the Malvern Hills and the spa town of Malvern. The southern part of the county is bordered by Gloucestershire and the northern edge of the Cotswolds; to the east is Warwickshire. There are two major rivers flowing through the county, the Severn and the Avon.
The cathedral city of Worcester is the largest settlement and administrative seat of the county, which includes the principal settlements of Bromsgrove, Stourport-on-Severn, Droitwich, Evesham, Kidderminster, Malvern, and the largest town, Redditch, and a number of smaller towns such as Pershore, Tenbury Wells and Upton upon Severn. The north of the county includes part of the industrial West Midlands conurbation while the south of the county is largely rural. The average salary is £20,300.
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Worthing
Worthing ( /ˈwɜrðɪŋ/ WURDH-ing) is a large seaside town with borough status in West Sussex, within the historic County of Sussex, forming part of the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation. It is situated at the foot of the South Downs, 10 miles (16 km) west of Brighton, and 18 miles (29 km) east of the county town of Chichester. The borough covers an area of 12.5 square miles (32.37 km2) and has an estimated population of 103,200.
The area around Worthing has been populated for at least 6,000 years and contains Britain's greatest concentration of Stone Age flint mines, which are some of the earliest mines in Europe. Lying within the borough, the Iron Age hill fort of Cissbury Ring is one of Britain's largest. Worthing means "(place of) Worth/Worō's people", from the Old English personal name Worth/Worō (the name means "valiant one, one who is noble"), and -ingas "people of" (reduced to -ing in the modern name). For many centuries Worthing was a small mackerel fishing hamlet until in the late 18th century it developed into an elegant Georgian seaside resort and attracted the well-known and wealthy of the day. In the 19th and 20th centuries the area was one of Britain's chief market gardening centres.
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Yorkshire
Yorkshire (/ˈjɔːkʃə/) is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in the United Kingdom. Due to its great size in comparison to other English counties, functions have been increasingly undertaken over time by its subdivisions, which have also been subject to periodic reform. Throughout these changes, Yorkshire has continued to be recognised as a geographical territory and cultural region. The name is familiar and well understood across the United Kingdom and is in common use in the media and the military, and also features in the titles of current areas of civil administration, such as North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire and East Riding of Yorkshire. The county's name is commonly abbreviated as Yorks.
Within the borders of the historic county of Yorkshire are areas which are widely considered to be among the greenest in England, due to the vast stretches of unspoiled countryside in the Yorkshire Dales and North York Moors and to the open aspect of some of the major cities. Yorkshire has sometimes been nicknamed God's Own County. The emblem of Yorkshire is the white rose of the English royal House of York, and the most commonly used flag representative of Yorkshire is the White Rose on a dark blue background, which after years of use, was recognised by the Flag Institute on 29 July 2008.Yorkshire Day, held on 1 August, is a celebration of the general culture of Yorkshire, ranging from its history to its own dialect.
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Ada Lovelace
Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (10 December 1815 - 27 November 1852), born Augusta Ada Byron, was an English mathematician and writer chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose computer, the analytical engine. Her notes on the engine include what is recognised as the first algorithm intended to be processed by a machine; thanks to this, she is sometimes considered the world's first computer programmer.
She was the only legitimate child of the poet Lord Byron (with Anne Isabella Milbanke, 11th Baroness Wentworth). She had no relationship with her father, who died when she was nine. As a young adult, she took an interest in mathematics, and in particular Babbage's work on the analytical engine. Between 1842 and 1843, she translated an article by Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea on the engine, which she supplemented with a set of notes of her own. These notes contain what is considered the first computer programme — that is, an algorithm encoded for processing by a machine. Though Babbage's engine has never been built, Lovelace's notes are important in the early history of computers. She also foresaw the capability of computers to go beyond mere calculating or number-crunching while others, including Babbage himself, focused only on these capabilities.
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Alan Turing
Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS ( /ˈtjʊərɪŋ/ TEWR-ing; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954), was an English mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, and computer scientist. He was highly influential in the development of computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of "algorithm" and "computation" with the Turing machine, which played a significant role in the creation of the modern computer. Turing is widely considered to be the father of computer science and artificial intelligence.
During the Second World War, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GCCS) at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre. For a time he was head of Hut 8, the section responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. He devised a number of techniques for breaking German ciphers, including the method of the bombe, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine.
After the war he worked at the National Physical Laboratory, where he created one of the first designs for a stored-program computer, the ACE. In 1948 Turing joined Max Newman's Computing Laboratory at Manchester University, where he assisted in the development of the Manchester computers and became interested in mathematical biology. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of morphogenesis, and he predicted oscillating chemical reactions such as the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, which were first observed in the 1960s.
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Aldous Huxley
Aldous Leonard Huxley (26 July 1894 – 22 November 1963) was an English writer and one of the most prominent members of the famous Huxley family. Best known for his novels including Brave New World and a wide-ranging output of essays, Huxley also edited the magazine Oxford Poetry, and published short stories, poetry, travel writing, film stories and scripts. Huxley spent the later part of his life in the United States, living in Los Angeles from 1937 until his death.
Aldous Huxley was a humanist, pacifist, and satirist, and he was latterly interested in spiritual subjects such as parapsychology and philosophical mysticism. He is also well known for advocating and taking psychedelics.
By the end of his life Huxley was widely recognized to be one of the pre-eminent intellectuals of his time and respected as an important researcher into visual communication and sight-related theories as well.
Aldous Huxley was born in Godalming, Surrey, UK, in 1894. He was the third son of the writer and schoolmaster Leonard Huxley and his first wife, Julia Arnold, who founded Prior's Field School. Julia was the niece of poet and critic Matthew Arnold and the sister of Mrs. Humphrey Ward. Aldous was the grandson of Thomas Henry Huxley, the zoologist, agnostic and controversialist ("Darwin's Bulldog"). His brother Julian Huxley and half-brother Andrew Huxley also became outstanding biologists. Aldous had another brother, Noel Trevelyan (1891–1914), who committed suicide after a period of clinical depression.
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Alfred Aetheling
Ælfred Æþeling (English: Alfred the Noble) (died 1036) was one of the eight sons of the English king Ethelred II, called 'The Unready'. He and his brother Edward the Confessor were sons of Ethelred's second wife Emma of Normandy.
In 1013 during the siege of London by the Danes, Ethelred fled England to exile in Normandy accompanied by a retinue of close family members which included Alfred, Edward and several more of his children. Ethelred regained the throne in 1014, but Alfred and his family remained in Normandy. Ethelred died in 1016, and England was conquered by Canute of Denmark in the same year.
In 1035, Canute died, and during the uncertainty that followed, the heirs of the former Anglo-Saxon rulers attempted to restore the House of Wessex to the throne of England. Alfred Aetheling landed on the coast of Sussex with a Norman mercenary body guard and attempted to make his way to London. However he was betrayed and captured by Earl Godwin of Wessex, and blinded: he died soon afterwards.
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Alfred the Great
Alfred the Great (Old English: Ælfrēd, Ælfrǣd, "elf counsel"; 849 – 26 October 899) was King of Wessex from 871 to 899.
Alfred successfully defended his kingdom against the Viking attempt at conquest, and by his death had become the dominant ruler in England. He is the only English monarch to be accorded the epithet "the Great". Alfred was the first King of the West Saxons to style himself "King of the Anglo-Saxons". Details of his life are described in a work by the 10th century Welsh scholar and bishop Asser. Alfred was a learned and merciful man who encouraged education and improved his kingdom's legal system and military structure.
Alfred was born in the village of Wanating, now Wantage, Oxfordshire. He was the youngest son of King Æthelwulf of Wessex, by his first wife, Osburh.
In 853, at the age of four, Alfred is said to have been sent to Rome where, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, he was confirmed by Pope Leo IV who "anointed him as king". Victorian writers interpreted this as an anticipatory coronation in preparation for his ultimate succession to the throne of Wessex. However, his succession could not have been foreseen at the time, as Alfred had three living elder brothers. A letter of Leo IV shows that Alfred was made a "consul"; a misinterpretation of this investiture, deliberate or accidental, could explain later confusion. It may also be based on Alfred's later having accompanied his father on a pilgrimage to Rome where he spent some time at the court of Charles the Bald, King of the Franks, around 854–855.
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Anne Milton
Anne Frances Milton (née Turner; born 3 November 1955) is a British Conservative Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Guildford since 2005. After service on the Health Select Committee, in November 2006 she was appointed Shadow Minister for Tourism. In July 2007 she was appointed Shadow Health Minister. She is currently parliamentary under-secretary of state for health as part of the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government.
Milton was educated at Haywards Heath Grammar School (became Haywards Heath Sixth Form College in 1980, then Central Sussex College Sixth Form Campus in 2005) on Harlands Road in West Sussex. She married Neil Milton in 1979 in Haywards Heath, whom she later divorced. She trained as a nurse at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London and worked for the NHS for 25 years, as a district nurse and for people requiring palliative care. Her current husband, Dr Graham Henderson, whom she married in February 2000 in Surrey, also works in the NHS in the field of community medicine, and is Director of Public Health for the East Surrey PCT. She has four children, including a son born in July 1987 and a daughter born in August 1993.
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Arosæte
The Arosæte were an Anglo-Saxon tribe that lived in the Kingdom of Mercia. According to the historian D. P. Kirby the Arosæte territory, valued at 600 hides by the Tribal Hidage, probably followed the valleys of the two River Arrows, the Worcestershire Arrow which stretches from south Warwickshire to Worcestershire and the Herefordshire Arrow in Herefordshire and Powys. With the Weorgoran to the southwest, and other tribes to the north and east, their territory may have been close to Droitwich.
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Arthur Conan Doyle
Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a Scottish physician and writer, most noted for his stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes, generally considered a milestone in the field of crime fiction, and for the adventures of Professor Challenger. He was a prolific writer whose other works include science fiction stories, plays, romances, poetry, non-fiction and historical novels.
Arthur Conan Doyle was born on 22 May 1859 at 11 Picardy Place, Edinburgh, Scotland. His father, Charles Altamont Doyle, was English of Irish descent, and his mother, born Mary Foley, was Irish. They married in 1855. In 1864 the family dispersed due to Charles's growing alcoholism and the children were temporarily housed across Edinburgh. In 1867, the family came together again and lived in the squalid tenement flats at 3 Sciennes Place.
Although he is now referred to as "Conan Doyle", the origin of this compound surname is uncertain. The entry in which his baptism is recorded in the register of St Mary's Cathedral in Edinburgh gives "Arthur Ignatius Conan" as his Christian name, and simply "Doyle" as his surname. It also names Michael Conan as his godfather.
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Basingas
The Basingas were an Anglo-Saxon tribe who settled in the Loddon Valley in approximately 700. Their leader, Basa, gave the tribe its name which survives today in the names of Old Basing and Basingstoke, both in Hampshire.
Old Basing was first settled around 700 by an Anglo-Saxon tribe known as the Basingas, who give the village its name (the meaning is "Basa's people"). It was the site of the Battle of Basing on 22 January 871, when a Danish army defeated Ethelred of Wessex. It is also mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086.
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Ben Jonson
Benjamin "Ben" Jonson (c. 11 June 1572 – 6 August 1637) was an English Renaissance dramatist, poet and actor. A contemporary of William Shakespeare, he is best known for his satirical plays, particularly Volpone, The Alchemist, and Bartholomew Fair, which are considered his best, and his lyric poems. A man of vast reading and a seemingly insatiable appetite for controversy, Jonson had an unparalleled breadth of influence on Jacobean and Caroline playwrights and poets.
Jonson claimed his family was of Scottish Border country descent, and this claim may have been supported by the fact that his coat of arms bears three spindles or rhombi, a device shared by a Borders family, the Johnstones of Annandale. His father died a month before Ben's birth, and his mother remarried two years later, to a master bricklayer. Jonson attended school in St. Martin's Lane, and was later paid for by a friend to go to Westminster School, where one of his teachers was William Camden. Jonson remained friendly with Camden, whose broad scholarship evidently influenced his own style, until the latter's death in 1623. On leaving, Jonson was once thought to have gone on to the University of Cambridge, but Jonson himself contradicts this, saying that he did not go to university, but was put to a trade, probably bricklaying, immediately: a legend recorded by Thomas Fuller indicates that he worked on a garden wall in Lincoln's Inn. He soon had enough of the trade and spent some time in the Low Countries as a volunteer with the regiments of Francis Vere. In conversations with poet William Drummond of Hawthornden, subsequently published as the Hawthornden Manuscripts, Jonson reports that while in the Netherlands he killed an opponent in single combat and stripped him of his weapons.
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Benjamin Disraeli
Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, KG, PC, FRS, (21 December 1804 – 19 April 1881) was a British Prime Minister, parliamentarian, Conservative statesman and literary figure. He served in government for three decades, twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Although his father had him baptised to Anglicanism at age 12, he was nonetheless Britain's first and thus far only Prime Minister who was born into a Jewish family—originally from Portugal. He played an instrumental role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party after the Corn Laws schism of 1846.
Although he was a major figure in the protectionist wing of the Conservative Party after 1844, Disraeli's relations with the other leading figures in the party, particularly Lord Derby, the overall leader, were often strained. Not until the 1860s would Derby and Disraeli be on easy terms, and the latter's succession of the former assured. From 1852 onwards, Disraeli's career would also be marked by his often intense rivalry with William Ewart Gladstone, who eventually rose to become leader of the Liberal Party. In this feud, Disraeli was aided by his warm friendship with Queen Victoria, who came to detest Gladstone during the latter's first premiership in the 1870s. In 1876 Disraeli was raised to the peerage as the Earl of Beaconsfield, capping nearly four decades in the House of Commons.
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Beorhtwulf of Mercia
Beorhtwulf (also spelled Berhtwulf) (died 852) was King of the Mercians from 839 or 840 to 852. His ancestry is unknown, though he may have been connected to Beornwulf, who ruled Mercia in the 820s. Almost no coins were issued by Beorhtwulf's predecessor, Wiglaf, but a Mercian coinage was restarted by Beorhtwulf early in his reign, initially with strong similarities to the coins of Æthelwulf of Wessex, and later with independent designs. The Vikings attacked within a year or two of Beorhtwulf's accession: the province of Lindsey was raided in 841, and London, a key centre of Mercian commerce, was attacked the following year. Another Viking assault on London in 851 "put Beorhtwulf to flight", according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; the Vikings were subsequently defeated by Æthelwulf. This raid may have had a significant economic impact on Mercia, as London coinage is much reduced after 851.
Berkshire appears to have passed from Mercian to West Saxon control during Beorhtwulf's reign. The Welsh are recorded to have rebelled against Beorhtwulf's successor, Burgred, shortly after Beorhtwulf's death, suggesting that Beorhtwulf had been their overlord. Charters from Beorthwulf's reign show a strained relationship with the church, as Beorhtwulf seized land and subsequently returned it.
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Beormingas
The Beormingas ( /ˈbeɪ.ɔərmɪŋɡəs/; from Old English) were a tribe or clan in Anglo-Saxon England, possibly forming an early administrative unit of the Kingdom of Mercia. The name literally means "Beorma's people" in Old English, and Beorma is likely to have been either the leader of the group during its settlement in Britain or a real or legendary tribal ancestor. The name of the tribe is recorded in the place name Birmingham, which means "home, homestead or land-unit of the Beormingas".
It has been suggested that the Beormingas occupied a wider area, much larger than Birmingham's manor and parish and including many surrounding settlements scattered along the River Tame. Such beorminga or "Beorming" settlements could have come together in much the same way as The Rodings, a cluster of Anglo-Saxon villages established by the tribe of Hroða, who sailed up the River Thames to settle in Essex. It is possible that Anglo-Saxon place-names still in modern usage near Birmingham (Bearwood, Berwood, Brewood, Bromford, Little Bromwich, West Bromwich and Bromsgrove, for example) may reflect a link to beorminga settlements across northern parts of the Forest of Arden in Staffordshire and Warwickshire.
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Bernicia
Bernicia (Old English: Bernice, Beornice; Latin: Bernicia) was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by Anglian settlers of the 6th century in what is now southeastern Scotland and North East England.
The Anglian territory of Bernicia was approximately equivalent to the modern English counties of Northumberland and Durham, and the former Scottish counties of Berwickshire and East Lothian, stretching from the Forth to the Tees. In the early 7th century, it merged with its southern neighbour, Deira, to form the kingdom of Northumbria and its borders subsequently expanded considerably.
Bernicia is mentioned in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum (§ 61) under the Welsh name of Berneich or Birneich and in Old Welsh poetry and elsewhere under the name of Bryneich or Brynaich. This may reflect the name of a preceding Brythonic kingdom or province, which was subsequently adopted by the Anglian settlers and rendered as Bernice or Beornice in the Old English tongue. If such forms represent a Welsh version of Bernicia, it is unclear why Welsh would need to borrow a 'foreign' name for the area, so the former hypothesis is usually accepted, although no etymological analysis has produced a consensus. The etymology which is most widely cited is that tentatively proposed by Kenneth H. Jackson, which gives the meaning "Land of the Mountain Passes" or "Land of the Gaps". The earlier derivation from the tribal name of the Brigantes has been dismissed as linguistically unsound. In 1997 John T. Koch suggested the conflation of a probable primary form *Bernech with the native form *Brïγent for the old civitas Brigantum as a result of Anglian expansion in that territory during the 7th century.
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Bilsæte
The Bilsæte ("dwellers of the ridge") were a tribe or clan in Anglo-Saxon England living in an area surrounding a small ridge now occupied by the modern settlement of Bilston in the West Midlands of England.
A grant of land from King Aethelred bestowing Wolverhampton on Lady Wulfrun in 985 named the settlement as Bilsatena, and a later Anglo-Saxon charter of 996 calls the settlement Bilsetnatun. These names confirm the etymology (dwelling (tun) of the people (saetna) of the ridge (bil), and disproves the alternative and better known etymology for Bilston (Billestun).
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Bishop of Salisbury
The Bishop of Salisbury is the ordinary of the Church of England's Diocese of Salisbury in the Province of Canterbury.
The diocese covers much of the counties of Wiltshire and Dorset. The see is in the City of Salisbury where the bishop's seat is located at the Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
The Diocese of Sherborne, created circa AD 705 was the origin of the present diocese, St Aldhelm being the first bishop. The see was removed successively to Salisbury or Sarum (Old Sarum) under the rulings of the Council of London, and then finally to Salisbury (New Sarum) in 1227 under King Henry III. The current bishop is the Right Reverend Nick Holtam, the 78th Bishop of Salisbury, who was consecrated at St Paul's Cathedral on 22 July 2011 and enthroned in Salisbury Cathedral on 15 October 2011.
List of the bishops of the Diocese of Salisbury and its precursor offices:
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Bishop of Winchester
The Bishop of Winchester is the head of the Church of England diocese of Winchester, with his cathedra at Winchester Cathedral in Hampshire.
The Bishop is one of five Church of England bishops to be among the Lords Spiritual in the British House of Lords regardless of their length of service. The Lords Spiritual comprise the clergy section of the parliament house as opposed to the Lords Temporal. His diocese is one of the oldest and most important in England. Originally it was the see of the kingdom of Wessex, with the cathedra at Dorchester Cathedral under Saints Birinus and Agilbert. It was transferred to Winchester in 660. During the Middle Ages, it was one of the wealthiest English sees and its bishops have included a number of politically prominent Englishmen, notably the 9th century Saint Swithun. During the 19th century, the bishop[who?] licensed[clarification needed] many prostitutes who were known as the "Winchester Geese" and maintained a cemetery for them.
The official residence of the Bishop of Winchester is Wolvesey Palace in Winchester. Other traditional homes included Farnham Castle and their London residence at Winchester Palace in Southwark, Surrey (now London). The bishop is the Visitor of St John's College, Oxford.
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Brooklands
Brooklands was a 2.75-mile (4.43 km) motor racing circuit and aerodrome built near Weybridge in Surrey, England. It opened in 1907, and was the world's first purpose-built motorsport venue, as well as one of Britain's first airfields, which also became Britain's largest aircraft manufacturing centre by 1918. The circuit hosted its last race in 1939, and today part of it forms the Brooklands Museum, a major aviation and motoring museum, as well as a venue for vintage car, motorcycle and other transport-related events.
The Brooklands circuit was the brainchild of Hugh Locke-King, and was opened on 17 June 1907 as the first purpose-built banked motor race circuit in the world. Following the Motor Car Act 1903, Britain was subject to a blanket 20 mph (32 km/h) speed limit on public roads: at a time when nearly 50% of the planet's new cars were produced in France, there was a concern that Britain's infant auto-industry would be hampered by the inability to undertake sustained high speed testing.
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Cameron Diaz
Cameron Michelle Diaz (born August 30, 1972) is an American actress and former model. She became famous during the 1990s with roles in the movies The Mask, My Best Friend's Wedding, and There's Something About Mary. Other high-profile credits include the two Charlie's Angels films, voicing the character Princess Fiona in the Shrek series, and Bad Teacher. Diaz received Golden Globe award nominations for her performances in the movies There's Something About Mary, Being John Malkovich, Vanilla Sky, and Gangs of New York.
Diaz, the younger of two daughters, was born in San Diego, California. Her mother, Billie (née Early), is an import-export agent, and her father, Emilio Diaz (1949–2008), worked for the California oil company UNOCAL for more than 20 years as a field gauger. Diaz has an older sister, Chimene. Her father's family came from Cuba, before settling in Tampa's Ybor City, and eventually California, where Emilio was born. Her mother is of German and Cherokee descent. Diaz was raised in Long Beach, California and attended Long Beach Polytechnic High School.
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Charles Dickens
Charles John Huffam Dickens ( /ˈtʃɑrlz ˈdɪkɪnz/; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic who is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period and the creator of some of the world's most memorable fictional characters. During his lifetime Dickens' works enjoyed unprecedented popularity and fame, but it was in the twentieth century that his literary genius was fully recognized by critics and scholars. His novels and short stories continue to enjoy an enduring popularity among the general reading public.
Born in Portsmouth, England, Dickens left school to work in a factory after his father was thrown into debtors' prison. Though he had little formal education, his early impoverishment drove him to succeed. He edited a weekly journal for 20 years, wrote 15 novels and hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles, lectured and performed extensively, was an indefatigable letter writer, and campaigned vigorously for children's rights, education, and other social reforms.
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Charterhouse School
Coordinates: 51°11′48″N 0°37′21″W / 51.196552°N 0.622504°W / 51.196552; -0.622504
Charterhouse School, originally The Hospital of King James and Thomas Sutton in Charterhouse, or more simply Charterhouse or House, is an English collegiate independent boarding school (also referred to as a public school) situated at Godalming in Surrey.
Founded by Thomas Sutton in London in 1611 on the site of the old Carthusian monastery in Charterhouse Square, Smithfield, it is one of the original nine English public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868 which derived from the Clarendon Commission of 1864. Today pupils at Charterhouse are still referred to as Carthusians, and ex-pupils as Old Carthusians or OCs.
In May 1611 the London Charterhouse came into the hands of Thomas Sutton (1532–1611) of Snaith, Lincolnshire. He acquired a fortune by the discovery of coal on two estates which he had leased near Newcastle-on-Tyne, and afterwards, removing to London, he carried on a commercial career. In 1611, the year of his death, he endowed a hospital on the site of the Charterhouse, calling it the hospital of King James, and in his will he bequeathed moneys to maintain a chapel, hospital (almshouse) and school. He died on 12 December and subsequently the will was hotly contested but upheld in court, and the foundation was finally constituted to afford a home for eighty male pensioners (gentlemen by descent and in poverty, soldiers that have borne arms by sea or land, merchants decayed by piracy or shipwreck, or servants in household to the King or Queens Majesty), and to educate forty boys.
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Chris Grayling
Christopher Stephen "Chris" Grayling, MP (born 1 April 1962), is a British politician. A member of the Conservative Party, he served in the Shadow Cabinet from 2005 to 2010 and was the party's Shadow Home Secretary from 2009 to 2010. Following the 2010 general election, he was appointed a Minister of State in the Department for Work and Pensions. He has been a Member of Parliament (MP) representing the constituency of Epsom and Ewell since 2001.
Chris Grayling was born in London and grew up in Buckinghamshire.
Grayling was educated at the Royal Grammar School in High Wycombe. He then went on to Cambridge University, where he completed a Bachelor of Arts degree in history at Sidney Sussex College in 1984.
Grayling joined BBC News in 1985 as a trainee, becoming a producer in 1986. He left the BBC in 1988 to join Channel 4 as an editor on its Business Daily programme. He rejoined the BBC in 1991 as a business development manager on BBC Select. On leaving the BBC in 1993, he ran several television production companies, including managing the corporate communications division of Workhouse Ltd from 1992-5 and SSVC Group in Gerrards Cross from 1995-7. He became a management consultant in 1997 with Burson Marsteller, where he remained until his election to Westminster.
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Christopher Marlowe
Christopher Marlowe (baptised 26 February 1564; died 30 May 1593) was an English dramatist, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era. Marlowe was the foremost Elizabethan tragedian until his mysterious early death. Marlowe greatly influenced William Shakespeare, who was born in the same year as Marlowe and who rose to become the eminent Elizabethan playwright after Marlowe's death. Marlowe's plays are known for the use of blank verse, and their overreaching protagonists.
A warrant was issued for Marlowe's arrest on 18 May 1593. No reason for it was given, though it was thought to be connected to allegations of blasphemy—a manuscript believed to have been written by Marlowe was said to contain "vile heretical conceipts". On 20 May he was brought to the court to attend upon the Privy Council for questioning. There is no record of their having met that day, however, and he was commanded to attend upon them each day thereafter until "licensed to the contrary." Ten days later, he was stabbed to death by Ingram Frizer. Whether the stabbing was connected to his arrest has never been resolved.
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Cilternsæte
The Cilternsæte (or Ciltern Sætna) was an Anglian tribe that occupied the Chilterns, probably in the 6th century AD.
The Tribal Hidage valued their territory at 4,000 hides. This assessment is relatively large compared with those of some other tribes or central England, being 4% of the whole of Wessex. Although the Tribal Hidage suggests the tribe gave its name to the hills, the truth must be the reverse since the toponym is of Brythonic origin. Eilert Ekwall suggested that Chiltern is possibly related to the ethnic name "Celt" ("Celtæ" in early Celtic). An adjective celto- ="high" with suffix -erno- could be the origin of Chiltern.
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Cnut the Great
Cnut the Great (Old Norse: Knútr inn ríki;c. 985 or 995 – 12 November 1035), also known as Canute, was a king of Denmark, England, Norway and parts of Sweden. Though after the death of his heirs within a decade of his own and the Norman conquest of England in 1066, his legacy was largely lost to history, historian Norman F. Cantor has made the paradoxical statement that he was "the most effective king in Anglo-Saxon history".
Cnut was of Danish and Slavic descent. His father was Sweyn Forkbeard, King of Denmark (which gave Cnut the patronym Sweynsson, Old Norse Sveinsson). Cnut's mother was the daughter of the first duke of the Polans, Mieszko I; her name may have been Świętosława (see: Sigrid Storråda), but the Oxford DNB article on Cnut states that her name is unknown.
As a prince of Denmark, Cnut won the throne of England in 1016 in the wake of centuries of Viking activity in northwestern Europe. His accession to the Danish throne in 1018 brought the crowns of England and Denmark together. Cnut held this power-base together by uniting Danes and Englishmen under cultural bonds of wealth and custom, rather than sheer brutality. After a decade of conflict with opponents in Scandinavia, Cnut claimed the crown of Norway in Trondheim in 1028. The Swedish city Sigtuna was held by Cnut. He had coins struck which called him king there, but there is no narrative record of his occupation.
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Crispin Blunt
Crispin Jeremy Rupert Blunt (born 15 July 1960) is a British Conservative Party politician. He is the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Reigate constituency in Surrey, and since May 2010 he has been the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Prisons and Youth Justice within the Ministry of Justice.
He first entered the House of Commons at the 1997 general election, when he replaced rebel Eurosceptic MP George Gardiner.
Blunt was born in Germany, one of three sons of English parents Adrienne (née Richardson) and Major-General Peter Blunt (1923–2003). He was educated at Wellington College, and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, where he won the Queen's Medal, gaining a Regular Commission, before reading Politics at University College, Durham, the University of Durham between 1981 and 1984, where he was elected President of the Durham Union Society in 1983 and graduated with a 2:1 degree.[citation needed] In 1991, he gained an MBA at the Cranfield University School of Management.[citation needed]
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Danes
Danish people or Danes are the nation and ethnic group that is native to Denmark, and who speak Danish.
The first mention of Danes within the Danish territory is on the Jelling Rune Stone which mentions how Harald Bluetooth converted the Danes to Christianity in the 10th century. Denmark has been continuously inhabited since this period and although much cultural and ethnic influence and immigration from all over the world has entered Denmark since then, Danes tend to see themselves as ethnic descendents of the early Danes mentioned in the sources.
Since the formulation of a Danish national identity in the 19th century the defining criteria for being Danish has been speaking the Danish language and identifying with Denmark as a homeland. Danish national identity was built on a basis of peasant culture and Lutheran theology, theologian N. F. S. Grundtvig and his popular movement played a prominent part in the process.
Today the main criterion for being considered a Dane is having Danish citizenship, although also people with a Danish ancestral or ethnic identity, living outside of Denmark such as emigrants, descendants of emigrants or members of the Danish ethnic minority in Southern Schleswig, can be considered Danes under a wider definition taking into consideration cultural self-identification.
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Daniel Defoe
Daniel Defoe ( /ˌdænjəl dɨˈfoʊ/; ca. 1659–1661 to 24 April 1731), born Daniel Foe, was an English trader, writer, journalist, and pamphleteer, who gained fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe. Defoe is notable for being one of the earliest proponents of the novel, as he helped to popularise the form in Britain and along with others such as Richardson, is among the founders of the English novel. A prolific and versatile writer, he wrote more than 500 books, pamphlets and journals on various topics (including politics, crime, religion, marriage, psychology and the supernatural). He was also a pioneer of economic journalism.
Daniel Foe (his original name) was probably born in the parish of St. Giles Cripplegate London. Defoe later added the aristocratic-sounding "De" to his name and on occasion claimed descent from the family of De Beau Faux. The date and the place of his birth are uncertain, with sources often giving dates of 1659 to 1661. His father James Foe, though a member of the Butchers' Company, was a tallow chandler. In Defoe's early life he experienced first-hand some of the most unusual occurrences in English history: in 1665, 70,000 were killed by the Great Plague of London. The Great Fire of London (1666) hit Defoe's neighbourhood hard, leaving only his and two other homes standing. In 1667, when Defoe was probably about seven years old, a Dutch fleet sailed up the Medway via the River Thames and attacked Chatham. By the time he was about 10, Defoe's mother Annie had died.
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Deira
Deira (Old English: Derenrice (Scandinavian: Deren Riket; Germanic Deren Reich) or Dere) was a kingdom in Northern England during the 6th century AD. It extended from the Humber to the Tees, and from the sea to the western edge of the Vale of York. It later merged with the kingdom of Bernicia to the north to form the kingdom of Northumbria.
The name of the kingdom is of Brythonic origin, perhaps from Deifr, meaning "waters", or from Daru, meaning "oak", in which case it would mean "the people of the Derwent", a derivation also found in the Latin name for Malton, Derventio.
According to Simeon of Durham it extended from the Humber to the Tyne, but the land was waste north of the Tees. After the Brythonic kingdom centered around Eboracum, which may have been called Ebrauc, was taken by Edwin, the city of Eboracum became its capital and was called Eoforwic (boar-place) by the Angles. Before this it is likely that the capital would have been at or near Pocklington.
The first Deiran Anglian king of whom we have any record is Ælla, who flourished in the later 6th century after conquering the realm from the Britons in 581. After his death, Deira was subject to king Æthelfrith of Bernicia, who united the two kingdoms into Northumbria. Æthelfrith ruled until the accession of Ælla's son Edwin, in 616 or 617, who also ruled both kingdoms until 633.
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Dominic Raab
Dominic Rennie Raab (born 25 February 1974) is a British Conservative politician. He is the Member of Parliament for Esher and Walton in Surrey and is a former international business lawyer.
Raab grew up in Buckinghamshire, to a Czech father, who came to Britain in 1938 as a Jewish refugee. Raab went to Dr Challoner's Grammar School in Amersham. He went on to Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford University, where he read law. After graduating, Raab gained a Masters from Cambridge University. Raab started his career as a business lawyer at Linklaters in London. Raab spent the summer of 1998 at Birzeit University (near Ramallah) where he worked for one of the principal Palestinian negotiators of the Oslo peace accords, assessing World Bank projects on the West Bank.
In 2000, Raab joined the Foreign Office, covering a range of briefs including leading a team at the British Embassy in The Hague, dedicated to bringing war criminals to justice. Upon returning to London, he advised on the Arab-Israeli Conflict, the European Union, and Gibraltar. From 2006 to 2010, Raab worked in Parliament as Chief of Staff to Shadow Home Secretary David Davis, and to fellow lawyer and Shadow Secretary of State for Justice Dominic Grieve.
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Ecgberht of Kent
Ecgberht (or Egbert) (died 4 July 673) was a King of Kent who ruled from 664 to 673, succeeding his father Eorcenberht s:Ecclesiastical History of the English People/Book 4#1.
He may have still been a child when he became king following his father's death on 14 July 664, because his mother Seaxburh was recorded as having been regent.
Ecgberht's court seems to have had many diplomatic and ecclesiastic contacts. He hosted Wilfrid and Benedict Biscop, and provided escorts to Archbishop Theodore and Abbot Adrian of Canterbury for their travels in Gaul.
The Mildrith legend reports that he had his cousins Aethelred and Aethelberht (sons of his uncle Eormenred) killed and had to pay wergild to their sister Domne Eafe; this may reflect a dynastic struggle that ended in the success of Eorcenberht's line.
A charter records his patronage of the monastery at Chertsey.
Ecgberht was succeeded by his brother Hlothhere, who was in turn succeeded by Eadric and still later by Wihtred.
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Edmund Ironside
Edmund Ironside or Edmund II (Old English: Eadmund II Isen-Healf; c. 988/993 – 30 November 1016) was king of England from 23 April to 18 October 1016 and of Wessex from 23 April to 30 November 1016. His cognomen "Ironside" is not recorded until 1057, but may have been contemporary. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, it was given to him "because of his valour" in resisting the Danish invasion led by Cnut the Great. He fought five battles against the Danes, ending in defeat against Cnut on 18 October at the Battle of Assandun, after which they agreed to divide the kingdom, Edmund taking Wessex and Cnut the rest of the country. Edmund died shortly afterwards on 30 November, and Cnut became the king of all England.
Edmund was a signatory to charters from 993. He was the third of the six sons of King Æthelred the Unready and his first wife, Ælfgifu, who was probably the daughter of Earl Thored of Northumbria. His elder brothers were Æthelstan and Egbert (died c. 1005), and younger ones, Eadred, Eadwig and Edgar. His mother died around 1000, after which his father remarried, this time to Emma of Normandy, who had two sons, Edward the Confessor and Alfred.
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Edward the Confessor
Edward the Confessor, (Old English: Ēadƿeard se Andettere; French: Édouard le Confesseur; 1003–05 to 4 or 5 January 1066), son of Æthelred the Unready and Emma of Normandy, was one of the last Anglo-Saxon kings of England and is usually regarded as the last king of the House of Wessex, ruling from 1042 to 1066.
He has traditionally been seen as unworldly and pious, and his reign as notable for the disintegration of royal power in England and the advance in power of the Godwin family. His biographers, Frank Barlow and Peter Rex, dispute this, picturing him as a successful king, who was energetic, resourceful and sometimes ruthless, but whose reputation has been unfairly tarnished by the Norman conquest shortly after his death. Other historians regard this picture as only partly true, and not at all in the later part of his reign. In the view of Richard Mortimer, the return of the Godwins from exile in 1052 "meant the effective end of his exercise of power". The difference in his level of activity from the earlier part of his reign "implies a withdrawal from affairs".
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Edward the Elder
Edward the Elder (Old English: Ēadweard se Ieldra; c. 874–877 – 17 July 924) was an English king. He became king in 899 upon the death of his father, Alfred the Great. His court was at Winchester, previously the capital of Wessex. He captured the eastern Midlands and East Anglia from the Danes in 917 and became ruler of Mercia in 918 upon the death of Æthelflæd, his sister.
All but two of his charters give his title as "king of the Anglo-Saxons" (Anglorum Saxonum rex). He was the second king of the Anglo-Saxons as this title was created by Alfred. Edward's coinage reads "EADVVEARD REX." The chroniclers record that all England "accepted Edward as lord" in 920. But the fact that York continued to produce its own coinage suggests that Edward's authority was not accepted in Viking-ruled Northumbria. Edward's eponym "the Elder" was first used in Wulfstan's Life of St Æthelwold (tenth century) to distinguish him from the later King Edward the Martyr.
Edward was the second surviving child and elder son born to Alfred the Great and his Mercian queen, Ealhswith. Edward's birth cannot be dated with certainty. His parents married in 868 and his eldest sibling Æthelflæd was born soon afterwards as she was herself married in 883. Edward was probably born rather later, in the 870s, and probably between 874 and 877.
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Edwin Lutyens
Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens ( /ˈlʌtjənz/), OM, KCIE, PRA, FRIBA (29 March 1869 – 1 January 1944) was a British architect who is known for imaginatively adapting traditional architectural styles to the requirements of his era. He designed many English country houses.
He has been referred to as "the greatest British architect" and is known best for having an instrumental role in designing and building a section of the metropolis of Delhi, known as New Delhi, which would later on serve as the seat of the Government of India. In recognition of his contribution, New Delhi is also known as "Lutyens' Delhi". In collboration with Herbert Baker, he was also the main architect of several monuments in New Delhi such as the India Gate; he also designed the Viceroy's House now known as the Rashtrapati Bhavan.
He was born in London and grew up in Thursley, Surrey, the son of Charles Henry Augustus Lutyens and Mary Theresa Gallwey. He was named after a friend of his father's, the painter and sculptor Edwin Henry Landseer. For many years he worked from offices at 29 Bloomsbury Square, London. Lutyens studied architecture at South Kensington School of Art, London from 1885 to 1887. After college he joined the Ernest George and Harold Peto architectural practice. It was here that he first met Sir Herbert Baker.
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Egbert of Wessex
Egbert (also spelled Ecgberht, Ecgbert or Ecgbriht; 769 or 771 – 839) was King of Wessex from 802 until his death in 839. His father was Ealhmund of Kent. In the 780s Egbert was forced into exile by Offa of Mercia and Beorhtric of Wessex, but on Beorhtric's death in 802 Egbert returned and took the throne.
Little is known of the first 20 years of Egbert's reign, but it is thought that he was able to maintain Wessex's independence against the kingdom of Mercia, which at that time dominated the other southern English kingdoms. In 825 Egbert defeated Beornwulf of Mercia and ended Mercia's supremacy at the Battle of Ellandun, and proceeded to take control of the Mercian dependencies in southeastern England. In 829 Egbert defeated Wiglaf of Mercia and drove him out of his kingdom, temporarily ruling Mercia directly. Later that year Egbert received the submission of the Northumbrian king at Dore. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle subsequently described Egbert as a bretwalda, or "Ruler of Britain".
Egbert was unable to maintain this dominant position, and within a year Wiglaf regained the throne of Mercia. However, Wessex did retain control of Kent, Sussex and Surrey; these territories were given to Egbert's son Æthelwulf to rule as a subking under Egbert. When Egbert died in 839, Æthelwulf succeeded him; the southeastern kingdoms were finally absorbed into the kingdom of Wessex after Æthelwulf's death in 858.
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Eleanor of Provence
Eleanor of Provence (c. 1223 – 24/25 June 1291) was Queen consort of England as the spouse of King Henry III of England from 1236 until his death in 1272.
Although she was completely devoted to her husband, and staunchly defended him against the rebel Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, she was very much hated by the Londoners. This was because she had brought a large number of relatives with her to England in her retinue; these were known as "the Savoyards", and they were given influential positions in the government and realm. On one occasion, Eleanor's barge was attacked by angry citizens who pelted her with stones, mud, pieces of paving, rotten eggs and vegetables.
Eleanor was the mother of five children including the future King Edward I of England. She also was renowned for her cleverness, skill at writing poetry, and as a leader of fashion.
Born in Aix-en-Provence, she was the second daughter of Ramon Berenguer V, Count of Provence (1198–1245) and Beatrice of Savoy (1205–1267), the daughter of Thomas I of Savoy and his second wife Margaret of Geneva. Her three sisters also married kings. Like her mother, grandmother, and sisters, Eleanor was renowned for her beauty. She was a dark-haired brunette with fine eyes.Piers Langtoft speaks of her as "The erle's daughter, the fairest may of life". On 22 June 1235, Eleanor was betrothed to King Henry III of England (1207–1272). Eleanor was probably born in 1223; Matthew Paris describes her as being "jamque duodennem" (already twelve) when she arrived in the Kingdom of England for her marriage.
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Elmetsæte
Elmet was an independent Brythonic kingdom covering a broad area of what later became the West Riding of Yorkshire during the Early Middle Ages, between approximately the 5th century and early 7th century. Although its precise boundaries are unclear, it appears to have been bordered by the River Sheaf in the south and the River Wharfe in the east. It adjoined Deira to the north and Mercia to the south, and its western boundary appears to have been near Craven, which was possibly a minor British kingdom. As such it was well to the east of other territories of the Britons in Wales and the West Country (i.e. Cornwall and Dumnonia), and to the south of those in the Hen Ogledd or Old North. As one of the southeasternmost Brythonic regions for which there is reasonably substantial evidence, it is notable for having survived relatively late in the period of Anglo-Saxon conquest.
Elmet was invaded and conquered by Northumbria in the autumn of 616 or 626. The kingdom is chiefly attested in topographical and archaeological evidence, references in early Welsh poetry, and historical sources such as the Historia Brittonum and Bede. The name survives throughout the area in place names such as Barwick-in-Elmet and Sherburn-in-Elmet. A local parliamentary constituency is also called Elmet.
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Eric Clapton
Eric Patrick Clapton, CBE, (born 30 March 1945) is an English guitarist and singer-songwriter. Clapton is the only three-time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: once as a solo artist, and separately as a member of The Yardbirds and Cream. Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important and influential guitarists of all time. Clapton ranked second in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" and fourth in Gibson's Top 50 Guitarists of All Time.
In the mid 1960s, Clapton departed from the Yardbirds to play blues with John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers. In his one-year stay with Mayall, Clapton gained the nickname "Slowhand". Immediately after leaving Mayall, Clapton formed Cream, a power trio with drummer Ginger Baker and bassist Jack Bruce in which Clapton played sustained blues improvisations and "arty, blues-based psychedelic pop." For most of the 1970s, Clapton's output bore the influence of the mellow style of J.J. Cale and the reggae of Bob Marley. His version of Marley's "I Shot the Sheriff" helped reggae reach a mass market. Two of his most popular recordings were "Layla", recorded by Derek and the Dominos, another band he formed and Robert Johnson's "Crossroads", recorded by Cream. A recipient of seventeen Grammy Awards, in 2004 Clapton was awarded a CBE for services to music. In 1998, Clapton, a recovering alcoholic and drug addict, founded the Crossroads Centre on Antigua, a medical facility for recovering substance abusers.
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Farnham
Coordinates: 51°12′50″N 0°47′56″W / 51.214°N 0.799°W / 51.214; -0.799
Farnham is a town in Surrey, England, within the Borough of Waverley. The town is situated some 42 miles (67 km) southwest of London in the extreme west of Surrey, adjacent to the border with Hampshire. By road Guildford is 11 miles (17 km) to the east and Winchester 28 miles (45 km) to the southwest. Farnham is the largest town in Waverley, with a total resident population of 38,000 people. It is of historic interest, with many old buildings, including a number of Georgian houses. Farnham Castle overlooks the town. A short distance southeast of the town centre are the ruins of Waverley Abbey, Moor Park House and Mother Ludlam's Cave. Farnham is twinned with Andernach in Germany.
Farnham's history and present status are mainly the result of its geography; a combination of river, streams, fresh water springs and varied soils, together with a temperate climate, attracted early man to the area and, even today, the geology of the area greatly influences the town, both in terms of communications, scenic and botanic variety and the main local industries of agriculture and minerals extraction. Farnham Geological Society is an active organisation in the town, and the Museum of Farnham has a collection of geological samples and fossils.
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Gaini
The Gaini (or Ganni) were an early Anglo-Saxon tribe. Their location cannot now be identified, but they are thought to have been one of the tribes which made up the kingdom of Mercia.
In 868, before he became king, Alfred the Great married Ealhswith, daughter of a Mercian nobleman, Æthelred, known as Mucel, ealdorman of the Gaini. Æthelred witnessed several charters between 867 and 895, and he is probably identical with the ealdorman Mucel who witnessed Mercian charters between 836 and 866. He may have been the son of another ealdorman Mucel who witnessed Mercian charters from 814 to the 840s, and this Mucel in turn was probably the son of ealdorman Esne who witnessed Mercian charters in the late eighth and early ninth centuries.
Ealhswith's brother, Æthelwulf, who died in 901, was also described as an ealdorman.
The approximate succession of Ealdormen of the Gaini may therefore be:
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Gatwick Airport
Gatwick Airport (IATA: LGW, ICAO: EGKK) is located 3.1 mi (5.0 km) north of the centre of Crawley,West Sussex, and 29.5 mi (47.5 km) south of Central London. Also known as London Gatwick, it is London's second largest international airport and second busiest by total passenger traffic in the United Kingdom after Heathrow. Furthermore, Gatwick is Europe's leading airport for point-to-point flights and has the world's busiest single-use runway averaging 52 aircraft movements an hour. Its two terminals – North and South – cover an area of 810,000 sq ft (75,000 m2) and 1,300,000 sq ft (120,000 m2) respectively.
In 2011, over 33.6 million passengers passed through Gatwick.
Charter airlines generally prefer Gatwick over Heathrow as a base for London and the South East of England. From 1978 to 2008, many flights to and from the United States used Gatwick because of restrictions on the use of Heathrow implemented in the Bermuda II agreement between the UK and the US.. Under the agreement Heathrow allowed the right for only two US carrier and two UK carrier to serve flights to the United States. Currently, US Airways is the only US carrier that still serves Gatwick from the US. The airport is a base for scheduled operators Aer Lingus, British Airways (BA), EasyJet, Flybe, Monarch Airlines and Virgin Atlantic, as well as charter airlines including Thomas Cook Airlines and Thomson Airways. Gatwick is unique amongst London's airports in having a significant airline presence representing each of the three main airline business models: full service, low/no frills and charter. As of January 2011, these respectively accounted for 37, 51 and 12% of total passenger traffic.
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George Bernard Shaw
George Bernard Shaw (26 July 1856 – 2 November 1950) was an Irish playwright and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. Although his first profitable writing was music and literary criticism, in which capacity he wrote many highly articulate pieces of journalism, his main talent was for drama, and he wrote more than 60 plays. Nearly all his writings address prevailing social problems, but have a vein of comedy which makes their stark themes more palatable. Shaw examined education, marriage, religion, government, health care, and class privilege.
He was most angered by what he perceived as the exploitation of the working class. An ardent socialist, Shaw wrote many brochures and speeches for the Fabian Society. He became an accomplished orator in the furtherance of its causes, which included gaining equal rights for men and women, alleviating abuses of the working class, rescinding private ownership of productive land, and promoting healthy lifestyles. For a short time he was active in local politics, serving on the London County Council.
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George Eliot
Mary Anne (alternatively Mary Ann or Marian) Evans (22 November 1819 – 22 December 1880), better known by her pen name George Eliot, was an English novelist, journalist and translator, and one of the leading writers of the Victorian era. She is the author of seven novels, including Adam Bede (1859), The Mill on the Floss (1860), Silas Marner (1861), Middlemarch (1871–72), and Daniel Deronda (1876), most of them set in provincial England and well known for their realism and psychological insight.
She used a male pen name, she said, to ensure her works would be taken seriously. Female authors were published under their own names during Eliot's life, but she wanted to escape the stereotype of women only writing lighthearted romances. An additional factor in her use of a pen name may have been a desire to shield her private life from public scrutiny and to prevent scandals attending her relationship with the married George Henry Lewes, with whom she lived for over 20 years.
Her 1872 work, Middlemarch, has been described as the greatest novel in the English language by Martin Amis and by Julian Barnes.
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George Meredith
George Meredith, OM (12 February 1828 – 18 May 1909) was an English novelist and poet of the Victorian era.
Meredith was born in Portsmouth, England, a son and grandson of naval outfitters. His mother died when he was five. At the age of 14 he was sent to a Moravian School in Neuwied, Germany, where he remained for two years. He read law and was articled as a solicitor, but abandoned that profession for journalism and poetry. He collaborated with Edward Gryffydh Peacock, son of Thomas Love Peacock in publishing a privately circulated literary magazine, the Monthly Observer. He married Edward Peacock's widowed sister Mary Ellen Nicolls in 1849 when he was twenty-one years old and she was twenty-eight.
He collected his early writings, first published in periodicals, into Poems, published to some acclaim in 1851. His wife ran off with the English Pre-Raphaelite painter Henry Wallis [1830–1916] in 1858; she died three years later. The collection of "sonnets" entitled Modern Love (1862) came of this experience as did The Ordeal of Richard Feverel, his first "major novel".
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Gerrard Winstanley
Gerrard Winstanley (1609 – 10 September 1676) was an English Protestant religious reformer and political activist during the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell. Winstanley was one of the founders of the English group known as the True Levellers for their beliefs, based upon Christian communism, and as the Diggers for their actions because they took over public lands and dug them over to plant crops. They self-identified as True Levellers, while the Digger name was coined by their contemporaries.
Gerrard Winstanley's early life is broadly unknown, however it is known that he was baptised in 1609 in the parish of Wigan, then part of the West Derby hundred of Lancashire, and that he was the son of an Edward Winstanley, mercer. His mother's identity remains unknown and he could have been born anywhere in the parish of Wigan. The parish of Wigan contained the townships of Abram, Aspull, Billinge-and-Winstanley, Dalton, Haigh, Hindley, Ince-in-Makerfield, Orrell, Pemberton, and Upholland, as well as Wigan itself.
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Gertrude Jekyll
Gertrude Jekyll ( /ˈdʒiːkəl/ JEE-kəl; 29 November 1843 — 8 December 1932) was an influential British garden designer, writer, and artist. She created over 400 gardens in the UK, Europe and the USA, and contributed over 1,000 articles to Country Life, The Garden and other magazines.
Jekyll was born at 2 Grafton Street, Mayfair, London, the fifth of the seven children of Captain Edward Joseph Hill Jekyll, an officer in the Grenadier Guards, and his wife Julia Hammersley. Her younger brother, the Reverend Walter Jekyll, was a friend of Robert Louis Stevenson, who borrowed the family name for his famous novella Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. In 1848 her family left London and moved to Bramley House, Surrey, where she spent her formative years.
Jekyll should be more correctly categorized as a planter than as a "designer". She did indeed design, but did it through her plantings rather than traditional design aspects. She was one half of one of the most influential and historical partnerships of the Arts and Crafts movement, thanks to her association with the English architect, Sir Edwin Lutyens, for whose projects she created numerous landscapes, and who designed her home Munstead Wood, near Godalming in Surrey. (In 1900, Lutyens and Jekyll's brother Herbert designed the British Pavilion for the Paris Exposition.)
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Gewisse
The Gewisse (Old English Geuissæ) was a tribe or clan of Anglo-Saxon England, based in the upper Thames region around Dorchester-on-Thames.
The name of the tribe may be derived from an Old English word for "reliable" or "sure", (cf. German gewiss = "certain, sure"). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle presents an eponymous ancestor figure, named Giwis.Eilert Ekwall proposed that the similarity in toponymy between the kingdoms of the Gewisse and Hwicce suggests a common origin.[page needed]
The Gewisse captured Searobyrig in 552 and Beranbyrig from the Britons in 556.Birinus converted the Gewisse to Christianity in 636 by baptising their king Cynegils and establishing the Diocese of Dorchester. The Gewisse killed the three sons of Sæbert of Essex in about 620, defeated the Britons at the Battle of Peonnum in 660 and by 676 had sufficient control over what is now Hampshire to establish a see at Winchester.
The conquests by the royal house of Gewisse in the 7th and 8th centuries led to the establishment of the Kingdom of Wessex, and Bede treated the two names as interchangeable. It was only during the reign of Cædwalla (685/6 – 688) that the title "king of the Saxons" began to replace "king of the Gewisse". Barbara Yorke has suggested that it was Cædwalla's conquest of the Jutish province and the South Saxons that led to the need for a new title to distinguish the expanded realm from its predecessor. However, as there are no surviving documents to indicate how these people described themselves, the most that can be said is that by the time Bede was writing (early 8th century), the phrase "West Saxons" had come into use by scholars.
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Gyrwas
Gyrwas was the name of an Anglo-Saxon population of the Fens, divided into northern and southern groups and recorded in the Tribal Hidage; related to the name of Jarrow.
Hugh Candidus, a 12th century chronicler of Peterborough Abbey, describes its foundation in the territory of the Gyrwas, under the name of Medeshamstede. Medeshamstede was clearly in the territory of the North Gyrwas. Hugh Candidus explains Gyrwas, which he uses in the present tense, as meaning people "who dwell in the fen, or hard by the fen, since a deep bog is called in the Saxon tongue Gyr". The territory of the South Gyrwas included Ely. Æthelthryth founded Ely monastery after the death of her husband Tondberht, who is described in Bede's Ecclesiastical History as a "prince of the South Gyrwas". Bede also described Bishop Thomas of Dunwich, in East Anglia, as having been "from the province of the Gyrwas", and deacon to his predecessor Felix.
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Haestingas
The Haestingas, or alternatively Heastingas or Hæstingas, were one of the tribes of Anglo-Saxon Britain. The Kingdom of Haestingas was located in modern-day Sussex, and was one of the minor sub-kingdoms of the Heptarchy.
When Ælle of Sussex came to Britain in 491, he soon forged the Saxon kingdom of Sussex. Soon after Ælle arrived, a Saxon tribe known as the Haestingas appeared in the southeastern region of Sussex. It is believed that they were named so after a chieftain or ruler called Haesta, as in the Old English language, Haestingas means "Haesta's People". Haesta by itself, however, means "violent". The Kingdom of Haestingas was most likely very small, extending only a few leagues from the centre of their kingdom, which became known as "Haestingas" now known under the modern name of Hastings.
In 771, Offa of Mercia conquered all of Sussex, effectively ending the reign of the Haestingas.
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Harold Godwinson
Harold Godwinson, or Harold II; Old English: Harold Gōdwines sunu (c. 1022 – 14 October 1066) was the last Anglo-Saxon King of England. Harold reigned from 6 January 1066 until his death at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October of that same year, fighting the Norman invaders led by William the Conqueror during the Norman conquest of England. Harold is the first of only three kings of England to have died in warfare; the other two were Richard I and Richard III.
Harold was a son of Godwin, the powerful Earl of Wessex, and his wife Gytha Thorkelsdóttir, whose supposed brother Ulf Jarl was the son-in-law of Sweyn I and the father of Sweyn II of Denmark.
Godwin and Gytha had several children, notably sons Sweyn, Harold, Tostig, Gyrth and Leofwine and a daughter, Edith of Wessex (1029–1075), who became Queen consort of Edward the Confessor.
As a result of his sister's marriage to the king, Godwin's second son, Harold, became Earl of East Anglia in 1045. Harold accompanied his father into exile in 1051, but helped him to regain his position a year later. When Godwin died in 1053, Harold succeeded him as Earl of Wessex (a province at that time covering the southernmost third of England). This arguably made him the most powerful figure in England after the king.
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Henry III of England
Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272) was the son and successor of John as King of England, reigning for 56 years from 1216 until his death. His contemporaries knew him as Henry of Winchester. He was the first child king in England since the reign of Æthelred the Unready. England prospered during his reign and his greatest monument is Westminster, which he made the seat of his government and where he expanded the abbey as a shrine to Edward the Confessor. He is the first of only five monarchs to reign in the Kingdom of England or its successor states for 50 years or more, the others being Edward III (1327–1377), George III (1760–1820), Victoria (1837–1901) and Elizabeth II (1952–present).
He assumed the crown under the regency of the popular William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, but the England he inherited had undergone several drastic changes in the reign of his father. He spent much of his reign fighting the barons over Magna Carta and the royal rights, and was eventually forced to call the first "parliament" in 1264. He was also unsuccessful on the Continent, where he endeavoured to re-establish English control over Normandy, Anjou, and Aquitaine.
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Henry V of England
Henry V (16 September 1386 – 31 August 1422) was King of England from 1413 until his death at the age of 35 in 1422. He was the second English monarch who came from the House of Lancaster.
After military experience fighting various lords who rebelled against his father, Henry IV, Henry came into political conflict with the increasingly ill king. After his father's death, Henry rapidly assumed control of the country and embarked on war with France. From an unassuming start, his military successes in the Hundred Years' War, culminating with his famous victory at the Battle of Agincourt, saw him come close to conquering France. After months of negotiation with Charles VI of France, the Treaty of Troyes recognized Henry V as regent and heir-apparent to the French throne, and he was subsequently married to Charles' daughter, Catherine of Valois. Following Henry V's sudden death in France of dysentery, he was succeeded by his infant son, who reigned as Henry VI.
Henry features in three plays by William Shakespeare. He is shown as a young scapegrace who redeems himself in battle in the two Henry IV plays and as a decisive leader in Henry V.
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Henry VII of England
Henry VII (Welsh: Harri Tudur; 28 January 1457 – 21 April 1509) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizing the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death on 21 April 1509, as the first monarch of the House of Tudor.
Henry won the throne when he defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. He was successful in restoring the power and stability of the English monarchy after the political upheavals of the Wars of the Roses. He founded a long-lasting dynasty and, after a reign of nearly 24 years, was peacefully succeeded by his son, Henry VIII.
Although Henry can be credited with the restoration of political stability in England, and a number of commendable administrative, economic and diplomatic initiatives, the latter part of his reign was characterised by a financial rapacity which stretched the bounds of legality. According to the contemporary historian Polydore Vergil, simple "greed" in large part underscored the means by which royal control was over-asserted in Henry's final years.
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Husmerae
The Husmerae were a tribe or clan in Anglo-Saxon England, possibly forming an early settlement of the Hwicce subkingdom. The Husmerae settled on the banks of the River Stour, prior to 736. They probably took their name from Usmere, a pool on the boundary of Wolverley whose name in preserved in Ismere House in Churchill, Worcestershire.
The tribe is mentioned only in the Ismere Diploma of 734, and subsequent charters relating to the same property until 964, when Usmere occurs on the boundary of Cookley in Wolverley. This charter was for the foundation of a coenubium (minster). That minster was probably at Kidderminster, quite probably occupying the site of the parish church there.
Although the Husmerae may have been of West Saxon origin, settling into the area some time after the West Saxon defeat of the Britons at the Battle of Dyrham in 577, the Ismere Diploma suggests that Husmerae is the ancient name for area, although uncertainty over its provenance leave the origins of the name open to question
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Hwicce
Hwicce was a kingdom in the Heptarchy period of Anglo-Saxon England. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle the kingdom was established in 577, after the Battle of Deorham. After 628 the kingdom became a client or sub-kingdom of Mercia as a result of the Battle of Cirencester.
It was assessed at 7000 hides in the Tribal Hidage, giving it a similar sized economy to the kingdoms of Essex and Sussex. The exact boundaries of their kingdom are uncertain, though it is likely that they coincided with those of the old Diocese of Worcester, founded in 679–80, the early bishops of which bore the title Episcopus Hwicciorum. The kingdom would therefore have included Worcestershire except the northwestern tip, Gloucestershire except the Forest of Dean, the southwestern half of Warwickshire, the neighbourhood of Bath north of the Avon, plus small parts of Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire and north-west Wiltshire.
Various historians and archaeologists have examined the Hwicce Kingdom, including Della Hooke and Stephen J. Yeates in his book The Tribe of Witches (2008).
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Icelingas
The Kingdom of Mercia was an important state in the English Midlands from the 6th century to the 10th. For some two hundred years from the mid-7th century onwards it was the dominant member of the Heptarchy and consequently the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. During this period its rulers became the very first English monarchs to assume such wide ranging titles as King of Britain and King of the English.
Spellings varied widely in this period, even within a single document, and a number of variants exist for the names given below. For example, the sound th was usually represented with the Old English letters ð or þ.
For the Continental predecessors of the Mercians in Angeln, see List of kings of the Angles. For their successors see List of English monarchs.
The traditional rulers of Mercia were known as the Iclings, descendants of the kings of the Angles. When the Iclings became extinct in the male line, a number of other families, labelled B, C and W by historians, competed for the throne.
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Ine of Wessex
Ine was King of Wessex from 688 to 726. He was unable to retain the territorial gains of his predecessor, Cædwalla, who had brought much of southern England under his control and expanded West Saxon territory substantially. By the end of Ine's reign the kingdoms of Kent, Sussex and Essex were no longer under West Saxon domination; however, Ine maintained control of what is now Hampshire, and consolidated and extended Wessex's territory in the western peninsula.
Ine is noted for his code of laws (Ine’s laws or laws of Ine), which he issued in about 694. These laws were the first issued by an Anglo-Saxon king outside Kent. They shed much light on the history of Anglo-Saxon society, and reveal Ine's Christian convictions. Trade increased significantly during Ine's reign, with the town of Hamwic (now Southampton) becoming prominent. It was probably during Ine's reign that the West Saxons began to mint coins, though none have been found that bear his name.
Ine abdicated in 726 to go to Rome, leaving the kingdom to "younger men", in the words of the contemporary chronicler Bede. He was succeeded by Æthelheard.
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Jack Cade
Jack Cade was the leader of a popular revolt in the 1450 Kent rebellion during the reign of King Henry VI in England. He died on the 12th July 1450 near Lewes in Sussex. In response to grievances, Cade led an army of as many as 5,000 against London, causing the King to flee to Warwickshire. After taking and looting London, the rebels were defeated in a battle at London Bridge and scattered. Promised pardons and reforms, many of the rebels were instead declared traitors, and Cade was killed in a small skirmish on 12 July 1450.
In the years preceding the rebellion, the animosity that the lower classes in England had for Henry VI grew. Surrounded by advisors that were considered ineffectual, corruption grew throughout the Kent area while taxes were continually raised to feed into the Hundred Years War in France. Henry VI favoured peace with France, and ignored advice from nobles that advised continued war. Internecine fighting in court eventually led to the banishment of William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk and his death on the way to France.
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James Farrar
James Donald Farrar (5 October 1923 – 26 July 1944) was an English poet.
Farrar was born on 5 October 1923 in London, the second son of Donald Frederic Farrar (1897–1982), a former Royal Flying Corps supply pilot, and Mabel Margaret Farrar, née Hadgraft (1896–1985). He lived in Carshalton, a small village in Surrey, England. He attended the local grammar school, Sutton Grammar School, before working in London. He was the younger brother of the aeronautical engineer David J. Farrar - references to David appear throughout his published writings - and first cousin of Stewart Farrar.
As James had volunteered for the RAF, he was called up in February, 1942 and received his commission as Pilot Officer the following year, serving with 68 Squadron. On the night of 25–26 July 1944, James attempted to intercept a flying bomb and his aircraft disappeared; he never returned.
James Farrar's collection of poetry and prose was published in 1950 in an anthology entitled, "The Unreturning Spring", edited by Henry Williamson. An abridged version, "Spring Returning" edited by Christopher Palmer, was published in 1986.
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James Hunt
James Simon Wallis Hunt (29 August 1947 – 15 June 1993) was a British racing driver from England who won the Formula One World Championship in 1976. Hunt's often action packed exploits on track earned him the nickname "Hunt the Shunt." After retiring from driving, Hunt became a media commentator and businessman. Never one to take himself too seriously, Hunt endeared himself to the British public with his charisma and charm and in the process brought a whole new fanbase to the sport of Formula One.
Beginning his racing career in touring car racing, Hunt progressed into Formula Three where he attracted the attention of the Hesketh Racing team and was soon taken under their wing. Hunt entered Formula One in 1973, driving a March 731 entered by the Hesketh Racing team. He went on to win for Hesketh, driving their own Hesketh 308 car, in both World Championship and non-Championship races, before joining the McLaren team at the end of 1975. In his first year with McLaren, Hunt won the World Drivers' Championship, and he remained with the team for a further two years, although with less success, before moving to the Wolf team in early 1979. However, following a string of races in which he failed to finish, Hunt retired from driving half way through the 1979 season.
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Jane Austen
Jane Austen (16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817) was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction, set among the landed gentry, earned her a place as one of the most widely read writers in English literature. Her realism and biting social commentary has gained her historical importance among scholars and critics.
Austen lived her entire life as part of a close-knit family located on the lower fringes of the English landed gentry. She was educated primarily by her father and older brothers as well as through her own reading. The steadfast support of her family was critical to her development as a professional writer. Her artistic apprenticeship lasted from her teenage years into her thirties. During this period, she experimented with various literary forms, including the epistolary novel which she tried then abandoned, and wrote and extensively revised three major novels and began a fourth. From 1811 until 1816, with the release of Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814) and Emma (1816), she achieved success as a published writer. She wrote two additional novels, Northanger Abbey and Persuasion, both published posthumously in 1818, and began a third, which was eventually titled Sanditon, but died before completing it.
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Jeff Beck
Geoffrey Arnold "Jeff" Beck (born 24 June 1944) is an English rock guitarist. He is one of three noted guitarists to have played with The Yardbirds (Eric Clapton and Jimmy Page are the other two). Beck also formed The Jeff Beck Group and Beck, Bogert & Appice.
Much of Beck's recorded output has been instrumental, with a focus on innovative sound and his releases have spanned genres ranging from blues-rock, heavy metal, jazz fusion and an additional blend of guitar-rock and electronica. Although he recorded two hit albums (in 1975 and 1976) as a solo act, Beck has not established or maintained the sustained commercial success of many of his contemporaries and bandmates. Beck appears on albums by Mick Jagger, Kate Bush, Roger Waters, Donovan, Stevie Wonder, Les Paul, Zucchero, Cyndi Lauper, Brian May and ZZ Top. In 1988, he made a cameo appearance in the movie Twins.
He was ranked 5th in Rolling Stone's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" and the magazine has described him as "one of the most influential lead guitarists in rock".MSNBC has called him a "guitarist's guitarist". Beck has earned wide critical praise and received the Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance six times and Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance once. He has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice: as a member of The Yardbirds (1992) and as a solo artist (2009).
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Jimmy Page
James Patrick "Jimmy" Page, OBE (born 9 January 1944) is an English guitarist, songwriter, and record producer. He began his career as a studio session guitarist in London and was subsequently a member of The Yardbirds from 1966 to 1968, after which he founded the English rock band Led Zeppelin.
Jimmy Page is viewed by critics, fans and fellow musicians alike as one of the most influential and important guitarists and songwriters in rock music.Rolling Stone magazine has described him as "the pontiff of power riffing & probably the most digitally sampled artist in pop today after James Brown." In 2010, Jimmy Page was ranked No.2 in Gibson's list of "Top 50 Guitarists of All Time" and, in 2007, No.4 on Classic Rock Magazine's "100 Wildest Guitar Heroes". Page was ranked third in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" in 2011. He has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice; once as a member of The Yardbirds (1992), and once as a member of Led Zeppelin (1995).
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John Donne
John Donne ( /ˈdʌn/ DUN) (between 24 January and 19 June 1572 – 31 March 1631) was an English poet, satirist, lawyer and priest. He is considered the pre-eminent representative of the metaphysical poets. His works are noted for their strong, sensual style and include sonnets, love poetry, religious poems, Latin translations, epigrams, elegies, songs, satires and sermons. His poetry is noted for its vibrancy of language and inventiveness of metaphor, especially compared to that of his contemporaries. Donne's style is characterised by abrupt openings and various paradoxes, ironies and dislocations. These features, along with his frequent dramatic or everyday speech rhythms, his tense syntax and his tough eloquence, were both a reaction against the smoothness of conventional Elizabethan poetry and an adaptation into English of European baroque and mannerist techniques. His early career was marked by poetry that bore immense knowledge of British society and he met that knowledge with sharp criticism. Another important theme in Donne’s poetry is the idea of true religion, something that he spent much time considering and theorising about. He wrote secular poems as well as erotic and love poems. He is particularly famous for his mastery of metaphysical conceits.
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John Evelyn
John Evelyn (31 October 1620 – 27 February 1706) was an English writer, gardener and diarist.
Evelyn's diaries or Memoirs are largely contemporaneous with those of the other noted diarist of the time, Samuel Pepys, and cast considerable light on the art, culture and politics of the time (he witnessed the deaths of Charles I and Oliver Cromwell, the last Great Plague of London, and the Great Fire of London in 1666). Over the years, Evelyn’s Diary has been over-shadowed by Pepys's chronicles of 17th-century life. Evelyn and Pepys corresponded frequently and much of this correspondence has been preserved.
Born into a family whose wealth was largely founded on gunpowder production, John Evelyn was born in Wotton, Surrey, and grew up in the Sussex town of Lewes. He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford and at the Middle Temple. While in London, he witnessed important events such as the execution of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford. Having briefly joined the Royalist army, he went abroad to avoid further involvement in the English Civil War. He travelled in Italy, attending anatomy lectures in Padua in 1646 and sending the Evelyn Tables back to London. In 1644, Evelyn visited the English College at Rome, where Catholic priests were trained for service in England. In the Veneto he renewed his acquaintance with the Collector Earl of Arundel and toured the art collections of Venice with Arundel's son and heir. He acquired an ancient Egyptian stela and sent a sketch back to Rome which was published by Athanasius Kircher in his Oedipus Aegyptiacus (1650), though to Evelyn's annoyance, without acknowledgement to him
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John Galsworthy
John Galsworthy OM ( /ˈɡɔːlzwɜrði/; 14 August 1867 – 31 January 1933) was an English novelist and playwright. Notable works include The Forsyte Saga (1906–1921) and its sequels, A Modern Comedy and End of the Chapter. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1932.
John Galsworthy was born at Kingston Hill in Surrey, England into an established wealthy family, the son of John and Blanche Bailey (née Bartleet) Galsworthy. His large Kingston upon Thames estate is now the site of three schools: Marymount International School, Rokeby Preparatory School and Holy Cross. He attended Harrow and New College, Oxford, training as a barrister, and was called to the bar in 1890. However, he was not keen to begin practising law and instead travelled abroad to look after the family's shipping business. During these travels he met Joseph Conrad, then the first mate of a sailing-ship moored in the harbour of Adelaide, Australia, and the two future novelists became close friends. In 1895 Galsworthy began an affair with Ada Nemesis Pearson Cooper (1864–1956), the wife of his cousin Major Arthur Galsworthy. After her divorce ten years later, they married 23 September 1905 and stayed together until his death in 1933. Prior to their marriage, they would stay clandestinely in a farmhouse called Wingstone in the village of Manaton on Dartmoor, Devon. From 1908 he took out a long lease on part of the building and made it their regular second home until 1923.
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John Webster
John Webster (c.1580 – c.1634) was an English Jacobean dramatist best known for his tragedies The White Devil and The Duchess of Malfi, which are often regarded as masterpieces of the early 17th-century English stage. He was a contemporary of William Shakespeare.
Webster's life is obscure, and the dates of his birth and death are not known. His father, a coach maker also named John Webster, married a blacksmith's daughter named Elizabeth Coates on 4 November 1577, and it is likely that Webster was born not long after in or near London. The family lived in St. Sepulchre's parish. Father John, and Uncle, Edward Webster, were Freemen of the Merchant Taylors' Company and Webster attended Merchant Taylors' School in Suffolk Lane, London. On 1 August 1598, "John Webster, lately of the New Inn" was admitted to the Middle Temple, one of the Inns of Court; in view of the legal interests evident in his dramatic work; this is possibly the playwright. Webster married the 17-year-old Sara Peniall on 18 March 1606 at St Mary's Church, Islington. A special licence had to be obtained to permit a wedding in Lent, which was necessary as at the date of their marriage, Sara was seven months pregnant. Their first child, John, was baptised at the parish of St Dunstan-in-the-West on 8 March 1605 or 1606. Bequests in the will of a neighbour who died in 1617 indicate that other children were born to him.
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Jonathan Lord
Jonathan George Caladine Lord (born 17 September 1962) is a British Conservative Party politician who was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Woking at the 2010 general election. He succeeded Humfrey Malins, his Conservative predecessor who stood down at that election.
He had previously stood for Parliament in Oldham West and Royton in 1997 and had been Deputy Leader of Westminster City Council.
Lord was selected to fight the seat by Open Primary in 2009, and has a marketing background having served as Director for Saatchi & Saatchi. He was educated at Merton College, Oxford and was President of the Oxford University Conservative Association in Michaelmas Term 1983.
He is married with two children.
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Julian Stockwin
Julian Stockwin (born in 1944 in Basingstoke, Hampshire, England) is an author of historical action-adventure fiction.
Born in 1944, Stockwin soon developed a love for the sea. Having an uncle, Tom Clay, who was a seaman in square-rigged ships and had sailed around Cape Horn in the Cutty Sark, the sea was in his blood.
After grammar school, his father sent him to sea-training school at Indefatigable at age 14. He joined the Royal Navy at 15 and transferred to the Royal Australian Navy when his family emigrated. Stockwin served eight years, and was eventually rated petty officer.
Stockwin attended the University of Tasmania to read Far Eastern studies and psychology. He did post-graduate work in cross-cultural psychology. He got involved in the manufacture and design of computers and software development. Returning to the navy and the Royal Navy Reserve, Stockwin was honoured with an MBE and retired as Lt Commander.
He returned to the United Kingdom in 1990 and started to write in 1996. Naturally the subject was the sea. He currently resides in Ivybridge, Devon.
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Justin Hawkins
Justin David Hawkins (born 17 March 1975) is an English musician and singer-songwriter, best known for being the lead singer and lead guitarist of The Darkness, alongside his brother, guitarist Dan Hawkins. Heavily influenced by classic hard rock and heavy metal bands of the 1970s and 1980s (particularly Queen, Def Leppard and AC/DC), Hawkins is noted for his soaring falsetto and his charismatic persona, often displaying an exaggerated degree of flamboyance and camp humour on stage. He was also the lead singer and guitarist for the band Hot Leg, formed in 2008, and now on hiatus. Since 2005 he is also active in his synthpop alter ego British Whale.
Hawkins was born in Chertsey, Surrey, and grew up in Lowestoft, near Oulton Broad. He studied at Kirkley High School; he left part-way through his 'A' Levels to study Music Technology at Huddersfield Technical College while living in Sowerby Bridge near Halifax, West Yorkshire. His brother Dan was the lead guitarist of Stone Gods.
Before his success with The Darkness, Hawkins was known for writing and singing the "Schlomp" advert jingle for Ikea.
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Kate Winslet
Kate Elizabeth Winslet (born 5 October 1975) is an English actress. She was the youngest person to accrue six Academy Award nominations, and won the Academy Award for Best Actress for The Reader (2008). She has won awards from the Screen Actors Guild, British Academy of Film and Television Arts, and the Hollywood Foreign Press Association among others, and has been nominated twice for an Emmy Award for television acting, winning once for her role as Mildred Pierce in the 2011 mini-series of the same name.
Brought up in Berkshire, Winslet studied drama from childhood, and began her career in British television in 1991. She made her film debut in Heavenly Creatures (1994), for which she received her first notable critical praise. She achieved recognition for her subsequent work in a supporting role in Sense and Sensibility (1995) and for her leading role in Titanic (1997), the highest grossing film at the time, and the highest grossing film of Winslet's career.
Since 2000, Winslet's performances have continued to draw positive comments from film critics, and she has been nominated for various awards for her work in such films as Quills (2000), Iris (2001), Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004), Finding Neverland (2004), Little Children (2006), The Reader (2008) and Revolutionary Road (2008). Her performance in the last of these prompted New York magazine critic David Edelstein to describe her as "the best English-speaking film actress of her generation". The romantic comedy The Holiday and the animated film Flushed Away (both 2006) are among the biggest commercial successes of her career.
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Kingdom of Lindsey
Lindsey or Linnuis (Old English Lindesege) is the name of a petty Anglo-Saxon kingdom, absorbed into Northumbria in the 7th century.
It lay between the Humber and the Wash, forming its inland boundaries from the course of the Witham and Trent rivers (with the inclusion of an area inside of a marshy region south of the Humber known as the Isle of Axholme), and the Foss Dyke between them. It is believed that Roman Lindum (Lincoln) was the capital of this kingdom, with continuity of the place-name suggesting continuity of settlement traditions: in 625, Bede recounts, the missionary Paulinus of York was received by the praefectus of Lindum. Place-name evidence indicates that the Anglian settlement known as Lindisfaras spread from the Humber coast. Compare Winta and Winteringham.
Its name means the 'island of Lincoln'. This derives from the fact that it was surrounded by water and very wet land and had Lincoln towards its south-west corner. In the period of Anglo-Saxon settlement in Great Britain beginning in about 450, the kingdom of Lindsey was one of the lesser kingdoms within the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. Although it has its own list of kings, at an early date it came under external influence. It was from time to time effectively part of Deira, the Northumbrian kingdom and particularly later, of Mercia. Lindsey's independence was gone well before the arrival of the Danish Settlers.
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Kwasi Kwarteng
Dr Kwasi Alfred Addo Kwarteng (born 26 May 1975 in London) is a British Conservative Party politician. After the retirement of Conservative MP David Wilshire, Kwarteng was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Spelthorne in Surrey in the 2010 general election, winning the seat with 22,261 votes and a majority of 10,019.
Kwarteng was born in London. His parents migrated to the UK from Ghana as students in the 1960s.
He attended Eton College as a King's Scholar, and then read classics and history at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was a member of the winning University Challenge team in 1995, in the first series after the programme was revived by the BBC in 1994. He attended Harvard University as a Kennedy Scholar and completed a PhD in History at Cambridge University.
Prior to becoming an MP, Kwarteng worked as an analyst in financial services. He has written a book, Ghosts of Empire, about the legacy of the British Empire, published by Bloomsbury in 2011. He has also co-authored a book entitled, Gridlock Nation, which focuses its attention on the causes and solutions to traffic congestion in Britain.
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Laurence Olivier
Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier, OM ( /ˈlɒrəns ɵˈlɪvi.eɪ/; 22 May 1907 – 11 July 1989) was an English actor, director, and producer. One of the most famous and revered actors of the 20th century, he was the youngest actor to be knighted and the first to be elevated to the peerage. He married three times, to actresses Jill Esmond, Vivien Leigh, and Joan Plowright. Actor Spencer Tracy said that Olivier was 'the greatest actor in the English-speaking world'.
Olivier played a wide variety of roles on stage and screen from Greek tragedy, Shakespeare and Restoration comedy to modern American and British drama. He was the first artistic director of the National Theatre of Great Britain and its main stage is named in his honour. He is regarded by some to be the greatest actor of the 20th century, in the same category as David Garrick, Richard Burbage, Edmund Kean and Henry Irving in their own centuries. Olivier's AMPAS acknowledgments are considerable: twelve Oscar nominations, with two awards (for Best Actor and Best Picture for the 1948 film Hamlet), plus two honorary awards including a statuette and certificate. He was also awarded five Emmy awards from the nine nominations he received. Additionally, he was a three-time Golden Globe and BAFTA winner.
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Lewis Carroll
Charles Lutwidge Dodgson ( /ˈtʃɑrlz ˈlʌtwɪdʒ ˈdɒdʒsən/ CHARLZ LUDT-wij DOJ-sən; 27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by the pseudonym Lewis Carroll (/ˈkærəl/ KARR-əl), was an English author, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon and photographer. His most famous writings are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass, as well as the poems "The Hunting of the Snark" and "Jabberwocky", all examples of the genre of literary nonsense. He is noted for his facility at word play, logic, and fantasy, and there are societies dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works and the investigation of his life in many parts of the world, including the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, and New Zealand.
Dodgson's family was predominantly northern English, with Irish connections. Conservative and High Church Anglican, most of Dodgson's ancestors were army officers or Church of England clergy. His great-grandfather, also named Charles Dodgson, had risen through the ranks of the church to become the Bishop of Elphin. His grandfather, another Charles, had been an army captain, killed in action in Ireland in 1803 when his two sons were hardly more than babies. His mother's name was Frances Jane Lutwidge.
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Lindisfaras
The Lindisfaras (or Lindesfaras) (Old English Lindisfaran) were an Anglian tribe who, in the 6th century, established the kingdom of Lindsey between the valleys of the rivers Humber and Witham, in the north of what is now Lincolnshire. They retained their administrative independence throughout the 7th century but, following the Battle of the Trent between the kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria, remained under Mercian control until the Viking invasion of the ninth century. According to D. P. Kirby, the Heathfeld Land of Yorkshire mentioned as part of the Lindisfaras' 7000 hides listed in the Tribal Hidage, was Hatfield Chase.
Lindisfarne in Northumbria derived its name, according to one place-name authority, from the Lindisfaras, so having the meaning "island [of the] travellers from Lindsey", indicating that the island was settled from Lindsey, or possibly that its inhabitants travelled there.
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Lord Mayor of London
The Right Honourable the Lord Mayor of London is the legal title for the Mayor of (and head of) the City of London Corporation. The Lord Mayor of London is to be distinguished from the Mayor of London; the former is an officer only of the City of London, while the Mayor of London is the Mayor of Greater London and as such governs a much larger area. Within the City of London, the Lord Mayor has precedence over other individuals and has various special powers, rights and privileges.
In 2006 the Corporation of London changed its name to the City of London Corporation. At the same time the title Lord Mayor of the City of London came into use, partly to avoid confusion with the Mayor of London. However, the legal and commonly used title remains the Lord Mayor of London.
The Lord Mayor is elected each year at Michaelmas 'Common Hall', and takes office on the Friday before the second Saturday in November, at 'The Silent Ceremony'. On the day after taking office, the Lord Mayor's Show is held; the Lord Mayor, preceded by a procession, travels to the Royal Courts of Justice on the Strand, Westminster to swear allegiance to the Sovereign in the presence of the judges of the High Court.
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Louis VIII of France
Louis VIII the Lion (5 September 1187 – 8 November 1226) reigned as King of France from 1223 to 1226. He was a member of the House of Capet. Louis VIII was born in Paris, France, the son of Philip II and Isabelle of Hainaut. He was also Count of Artois, inheriting the county from his mother, from 1190–1226. It remained attached to the crown until 1237, when his son Louis IX gave the title in accordance with the will of his father to Louis IX's younger brother Robert on attaining his majority.
On 23 May 1200, at the age of 12, Louis was married to Blanche of Castile, following prolonged negotiations between Philip Augustus and Blanche's uncle John of England (as represented in William Shakespeare's historical play King John).
In 1214 King John of England began his final campaign to reclaim Normandy from Philip II August. John was optimistic, as he had successfully built up alliances with the Emperor Otto IV, Count Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders. John's plan was to split Philip's forces by pushing north-east from Poitou towards Paris, whilst Otto, Renaud and Ferdinand, supported by William Longespée, marched south-west from Flanders. Whereas Philip II August took personal command of the northern front against the Emperor and his allies, he gave his son Louis the command of the front against the Plantagenet possessions in middle France. The first part of the campaign went well for the English, with John out-manoeuvring the forces under the command of Prince Louis and retaking the county of Anjou by the end of June. John besieged the castle of Roche-au-Moine, a key stronghold, forcing Louis to give battle against John's larger army. The local Angevin nobles refused to advance with the king; left at something of a disadvantage, John retreated back to La Rochelle. Shortly afterwards, Philip II August won the hard-fought battle of Bouvines in the north against Otto and John's other allies, bringing an end to John's hopes of retaking Normandy.
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Magonsæte
Magonsæte was a minor sub-kingdom of the greater Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Mercia, thought to be coterminous with the Diocese of Hereford.
The British territory of Pengwern was conquered by Oswiu of Northumbria in 656, while he was overlord of the Mercians. Western Pengwern was then occupied by Anglian groups. One group based itself at the old Roman town of Magnis or Caer Magon, modern Kenchester near Hereford.
The sub-kingdom of the Western Hecani existed in the late 7th and early 8th centuries, of which three rulers are known: Merewalh, Mildfrith, and Merchelm. By the later 8th century, the region would seem to have been reincorporated into Mercia, perhaps as Westerna, becoming known as the Magonsæte by the 9th century.
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Maurice Abbot
Sir Maurice Abbot (Morris) (1565–1642) was an English merchant and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1621 and 1626. He was Lord Mayor of London in 1638.
Abbot was the fifth and youngest son of Maurice Abbot, a cloth-worker of Guildford who died in 1606, and was the brother of Archbishop George Abbot and of Robert, who became Bishop of Salisbury. He was an original member of the East India Company. He was involved in the settling of the colony in Virginia in 1624.
In 1621, Abbot was elected Member of Parliament for Hull. He was chosen as a replacement for another member at Hull in 1624 and was re-elected for the seat in 1625. In 1626 he was elected MP for City of London. He was appointed a Sheriff of London in 1628. He was appointed governor of the East India Company in 1633, and elected Lord Mayor of London in 1638.
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Meonwara
Meonwara or Meonsæte is the name of a people of probable Jutish ethnicity who lived in what is now known as the Meon Valley, an area in southern Hampshire, England, during the late 5th century and early 6th century. The name Meonwara simply means "People of the Meon" in Old English.
The land that the Meonwara Jutes settled was the valley of the River Meon and also part of southern Hampshire across the Solent from the Isle of Wight
The Anglo Saxon Chronicle records a series of landings between 449 and 514CE of Anglo Saxon people in this area. While the identity of those in the later landings are described as "West Saxons" those in the earlier landings are without description and generally considered to be the Jutes. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle the founders of Meonwara were Port and his two sons Bieda and Maegla. These were later followed by Wihtgar and his brother Stuf who are said to have colonised the Isle of Wight (the name Wight being traditionally thought to derive from Wihtgar, however the name Vectis is attested in the Roman period in Pliny and Diodorus, among others.).
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Mercia
Mercia ( /ˈmɜrsiə/, /ˈmɜrʃə/) was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. It was centred on the valley of the River Trent and its tributaries in the region now known as the English Midlands. The name is a Latinisation of the Old English Mierce or Myrce, meaning "border people".
Mercia's neighbours included Northumbria, Powys and the kingdoms of southern Wales, Wessex, Sussex, Essex and East Anglia.
The name Mercia is still in use today by a wide range of organisations, including military units, public, commercial and voluntary bodies; and occurs as a female given name.
Mercia's exact evolution from the Anglo-Saxon invasions is more obscure than that of Northumbria, Kent, or even Wessex. Also, Mercia developed an effective political structure and adopted Christianity later than the other kingdoms. Archaeological surveys show that Angles settled the lands north of the River Thames by the 6th century. The name Mercia is Old English for "boundary folk" (see Welsh Marches), and the traditional interpretation is that the kingdom originated along the frontier between the native Welsh and the Anglo-Saxon invaders. However, P. Hunter Blair argued an alternative interpretation: that they emerged along the frontier of Northumbria and the inhabitants of the Trent river valley.
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Michael Gambon
Sir Michael John Gambon, CBE (born 19 October 1940) is an Irish actor who has worked in theatre, television and film. A highly respected theatre actor, Gambon is recognised for his roles as Philip Marlow in the BBC television serial The Singing Detective, as Jules Maigret in the 1990s ITV serial Maigret, and as Professor Albus Dumbledore in the last six Harry Potter films (following the death of actor Richard Harris).
Gambon was born in Cabra, Dublin, during World War II. His father, Edward Gambon, was an engineer, and his mother, Mary (née Hoare), was a seamstress. His father decided to seek work in the rebuilding of London, and so the family moved to Mornington Crescent in North London, when Gambon was five. His father had him made a British citizen, a decision that would later allow Gambon to receive an actual, rather than honorary, knighthood and CBE.
Brought up as a strict Roman Catholic, he attended St Aloysius Boys' School in Somers Town and served at the altar. He then moved to St Aloysius' College in Hornsey Lane, Highgate, London, whose former pupils include Peter Sellers and Joe Cole. He later attended a school in Kent, before leaving with no qualifications at fifteen. He then gained an apprenticeship with Vickers Armstrong as a toolmaker. By the time he was 21, he was a fully qualified engineer. He kept the job for a further year, acquiring a fascination and passion for collecting antique guns, clocks, watches, and classic cars.
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Michael Gove
Michael Andrew Gove (born 26 August 1967) is a British politician, who currently serves as the Secretary of State for Education and as the Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the Surrey Heath constituency. He is also an author and former Times journalist who remains on friendly terms with proprietor Rupert Murdoch.
Born in Edinburgh, Gove was raised in Aberdeen and made an early career as a journalist. He was first elected to parliament in the 2005 general election, as the MP for the safe Conservative seat of Surrey Heath in South East England. He was first promoted to the shadow cabinet in 2007 under David Cameron, as the Shadow Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families.
After the formation of the coalition government in 2010, Gove was appointed the Secretary of State for Education.
Gove was born in Edinburgh. At four months old, he was adopted by a Labour-supporting family in Aberdeen, where he was brought up. His father ran a fish processing business; his mother was a lab assistant at the University of Aberdeen before working at the Aberdeen School for the Deaf.
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Middle Angles
The Middle Angles were an important ethnic or cultural group within the larger kingdom of Mercia in England in the Anglo-Saxon period.
It is likely that Angles broke into the Midlands from East Anglia and the Wash in the early 6th century. Those who established their control first came to be called Middil Engli (Middle Angles). Their territory was centred in modern Leicestershire and East Staffordshire, but probably extended as far as the Cambridgeshire uplands and the Chilterns. This gave them a strategically important place within both Mercia and England as a whole, dominating both the great land routes of Watling Street and Fosse Way, and the major river route of the River Trent, together with its tributaries, the Tame and Soar.
The Middle Angles were incorporated into the wider kingdom of Mercia, apparently well before the reign of Penda (c.626-655), who evidently felt safe enough to locate his base in their territory. He placed his eldest son, Peada, in charge of the Middle Angles as sub-king. Bede specifies the Middle Angles as the target of a four-man Christian mission accepted by Peada, who converted to Christianity, partly in order to wed the daughter of King Oswiu of Northumbria. This mission arrived in 653 and included St. Cedd. Peada's conversion and acceptance of baptism in Northumbria possibly indicates a continuing sense of disunity or local particularism within Mercia. It is unlikely that Peada could have pursued so different a course from his father, at the strategic and political centre of the Mercian kingdom, without local support among the Middle Angles.
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Middle Saxons
The Middle Saxons or Middel Seaxe were a people whose territory later became, with somewhat contracted boundaries, the county of Middlesex, England. It included the early London settlement. The area was part of the Kingdom of Essex, but was ceded to Mercia in the 8th century.
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Mike Rutherford
Michael John Cleote Crawford Rutherford (born 2 October 1950 in Guildford, Surrey) is an English musician. He is a founding member of Genesis, initially as a bassist and backup vocalist. Rutherford often played rhythm guitar and 12-string guitar for the band in the early years. Following the departure of Steve Hackett from Genesis in 1977, he assumed the role of lead guitarist on the band's studio albums, beginning with And Then There Were Three in 1978. He is one of only two constant members in Genesis (the other is keyboardist Tony Banks). Rutherford wrote the lyrics to many Genesis songs during their career, including some of the band's biggest international hits, such as "Follow You, Follow Me", "Turn It On Again", "Land of Confusion" and "Throwing It All Away". He also formed Mike + The Mechanics in 1985. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Genesis in 2010.
Rutherford received his first guitar at the age of eight, and played in his first band, the Chesters (so named because they lived near Chester) at the age of nine. His father, Crawford Rutherford, was a Royal Navy Captain who became a manager in industry upon his retirement from the service. Mike boarded at the Leas Preparatory School in Hoylake and moved at the age of 13 to Charterhouse School, where he joined the Anon and formed a songwriting partnership with fellow guitarist Anthony Phillips. At age 15, the two of them founded Genesis with Tony Banks and Peter Gabriel. Rutherford hated his time in public school however, and was later expelled from Charterhouse for what he describes as a number of instances of minor misconduct.
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Norman Cook
Norman Quentin Cook (born Quentin Leo Cook on 31 July 1963 in Bromley, England), also known by his stage name Fatboy Slim, is a British DJ, electronic dance music musician, and record producer. He is a pioneer of the big beat genre that achieved mainstream popularity in the 1990s. Cook has achieved considerable success in the UK charts, performing as Fatboy Slim and with The Housemartins, Beats International, and Freak Power. As Fatboy Slim, he has won ten MTV Video Music Awards and two Brit Awards, and his best known tracks include "Weapon of Choice", "Praise You", "The Rockafeller Skank" and "Right Here Right Now". He currently performs as the Brighton Port Authority.
Quentin Leo Cook was raised in Reigate, Surrey, England, and was educated at Reigate Grammar School. He played drums in Disque Attack (a British new wave-influenced rock band). When frontman Charlie Alcock was told by his parents that he had to give up the band to concentrate on his O levels, Cook took over as lead vocalist. At Reigate College he also met Paul Heaton with whom he formed the Stomping Pondfrogs. At 18, he went to the Brighton Polytechnic to study a BA in English, politics, and sociology. Although he had begun DJing some years before, it was at this time that he began to develop his skills on the thriving Brighton club scene.
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Norsemen
Norsemen is used to refer to the group of people as a whole who spoke what is now called the Old Norse language belonging to the North Germanic branch of Indo-European languages, especially Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese, Swedish and Danish in their earlier forms.
The meaning of Norseman was "people from the North" and was applied primarily to Nordic people originating from southern and central[citation needed]Scandinavia. They established states and settlements in areas which today are part of the Faroe Islands, England, Scotland, Wales, Iceland, Finland, Ireland, Russia, Canada, Greenland, France, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Germany.
Norse and Norsemen are applied to the Scandinavian population of the period from the late 8th century to the 11th century. The Old Frankish Nortmann "Northman" was Latinized as Normanni, famously in the prayer A furore normannorum libera nos domine ("From the fury of the Northmen release us, O Lord!"), attributed to monks of the English monasteries plundered by Viking raids in the 8th and 9th centuries,[citation needed] and entered Old French as Normands, whence the name of the Normans and of Normandy, which was settled by Norsemen in the 10th century.
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North Mercians
The Southumbrians or 'Suðanhymbre' were the Anglo-Saxon people occupying northern Mercia. The term may not have been used by the Mercians, and it may have been coined by the Deiran or Bernician people as a territorial response to their own Kingdom of Northumbria. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle refers to King Coenred as having become the King of the Southumbrians in 702, two years before he became King of all the Mercians. The fact that Coenred was the son of Wulfhere, the Mercian King, implies that Southumbria was a sub-kingdom of Mercia.
More generally Southumbria is used by modern historians to refer conveniently to all of Anglo-Saxon England south of the River Humber, and not in Northumbria, especially in the period before England was unified.
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Offa of Mercia
Offa was the King of Mercia from 757 until his death in July 796. The son of Thingfrith and a descendant of Eowa, Offa came to the throne after a period of civil war following the assassination of Æthelbald after defeating the other claimant Beornred. In the early years of Offa's reign it is likely that he consolidated his control of midland peoples such as the Hwicce and the Magonsæte. Taking advantage of instability in the kingdom of Kent to establish himself as overlord, Offa was also in control of Sussex by 771, though his authority did not remain unchallenged in either territory. In the 780s he extended Mercian supremacy over most of southern England, allying with Beorhtric of Wessex, who married Offa's daughter Eadburh, and regained complete control of the southeast. He also became the overlord of East Anglia, and had King Æthelberht II of East Anglia beheaded in 794, perhaps for rebelling against him.
Offa was a Christian king who came into conflict with the Church, particularly with Jaenberht, the Archbishop of Canterbury. Offa managed to persuade Pope Adrian I to divide the archdiocese of Canterbury in two, creating a new archdiocese of Lichfield. This reduction in the power of Canterbury may have been motivated by Offa's desire to have an archbishop consecrate his son Ecgfrith of Mercia as king, since it is possible Jaenberht refused to perform the ceremony, which took place in 787. Offa had a dispute with the Bishop of Worcester which was settled in the Council of Brentford in 781.
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Paul Beresford
Sir Alexander Paul Beresford (born 6 April 1946) is a British Conservative Party politician, practising dentist and the Member of Parliament (MP) for Mole Valley. He sits on four Parliamentary committees.
Paul Beresford was born in 1946 in Levin, New Zealand, and was educated in Richmond Primary School, Waimea College in Richmond; and the University of Otago in Dunedin, and is a practising dentist.
He was elected as a Councillor to Wandsworth Borough Council in 1978 and was its Leader between 1983 and 1992, through much of the Thatcher Government, and pioneered the practice of hiring contractors to do jobs that council workers had previously done. In 1990 he was knighted for services to inner city rehabilitation.
Beresford was selected to fight the safe Conservative seat of Croydon Central following the retirement of former Cabinet minister John Moore. Beresford was elected at the 1992 General Election and made his maiden speech on 30 June 1992.
He entered the Major Government in 1994 as the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department for the Environment and remained until the Government was defeated in 1997. When the number of seats in Croydon was reduced from four to three before the 1997 General Election, he failed to be selected for the newly-drawn Croydon Central and instead fought Mole Valley in Surrey, where he was elected in 1997. Croydon Central fell to Labour.
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Paul Weller
Paul Weller (born 25 May 1958) is an English singer-songwriter. Starting with the band The Jam (1972–1982), Weller then went on to branch out musically to a more soulful style with The Style Council (1983–1989). In 1991 he established himself as a successful solo artist, and continues to remain a respected singer, lyricist and guitarist.
Despite widespread critical recognition, Weller has remained a national rather than an international star, and much of his songwriting is rooted in English culture. He is also the principal figure of the 1970s and 80s mod revival and is often referred to as the Modfather.
Weller was born on 25 May 1958 in Sheerwater, near Woking, Surrey, England, to John and Ann Weller. He was initially known as John William Weller but later acquired the name Paul.
His father worked as a taxi driver and his mother was a part-time cleaner. In 1963 Weller started his education at Maybury County First School. His love of music started with The Beatles, then The Who and the Small Faces. By the time Weller was eleven and moving up to secondary school at Sheerwater County Secondary music was the biggest part of his life and he began playing the guitar.
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Pencersæte
The Pencersaete or Pencersæte (dwellers of the Penk valley) were a tribe or clan in Anglo-Saxon England living in the valley of the River Penk in the West Midlands of England and remaining around Penkridge throughout the existence of the Kingdom of Mercia.
They took their name from a hill near Penkridge, Brythonic penno - head and cruc - tumulus or hill.
An Anglo-Saxon charter of 849 describes an area of Cofton Hackett in the Lickey Hills south of Birmingham as "the boundary of the Tomsæte and the Pencersæte",.
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Peter Gabriel
Peter Brian Gabriel (born 13 February 1950) is an English singer, musician, and songwriter who rose to fame as the lead vocalist and flautist of the progressive rock group Genesis. After leaving Genesis, Gabriel went on to a successful solo career. His 1986 album, So, is his most commercially successful, and the album's biggest hit, "Sledgehammer", won a record nine MTV Awards at the 1987 MTV Video Music Awards, and the song is the most played music video in the history of the station.
More recently, Gabriel has focused on producing and promoting world music and pioneering digital distribution methods for music. He has also been involved in various humanitarian efforts. Gabriel has won numerous music awards throughout his career, including three Brit Awards—winning Best British Male in 1987, six Grammy Awards, thirteen MTV Video Music Awards, and in 2007 he was honoured as a BMI Icon at the 57th annual BMI London Awards for his “influence on generations of music makers.” Gabriel was also awarded the Polar Music Prize in 2009, and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Genesis in 2010.
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Peter Pan
Peter Pan is a character created by Scottish novelist and playwright J. M. Barrie. A mischievous boy who can fly and who never ages, Peter Pan spends his never-ending childhood adventuring on the small island of Neverland as the leader of his gang the Lost Boys, interacting with mermaids, Indians, fairies, pirates, and occasionally ordinary children from the world outside of Neverland. In addition to two distinct works by Barrie, the character has been featured in a variety of media and merchandise, both adapting and expanding on Barrie's works.
Peter Pan first appeared in a section of The Little White Bird, a 1902 novel written by Barrie for adults.
The character's best-known adventure debuted on 27 December 1904, in the stage play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up. The play was adapted and expanded somewhat as a novel, published in 1911 as Peter and Wendy (later as Peter Pan and Wendy, and still later as Peter Pan).
Following the highly successful debut of the 1904 play, Barrie's publishers, Hodder and Stoughton, extracted chapters 13–18 of The Little White Bird and republished them in 1906 under the title Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, with the addition of illustrations by Arthur Rackham.
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Philip Hammond
Philip Hammond MP (born 4 December 1955) is a British Conservative Party politician. He is the current Secretary of State for Defence in the Coalition government led by David Cameron, having succeeded Liam Fox on 14 October 2011. He previously served as Secretary of State for Transport from 13 May 2010, when he was appointed as a Privy Counsellor. He is the Member of Parliament (MP) for Runnymede and Weybridge.
Philip Hammond was born in Epping, Essex, the son of a civil engineer, he first attended Brookfield Junior school, further educated at Shenfield School (now Shenfield High School) in Brentwood, Essex, and University College, Oxford, where he was awarded a degree in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics.
He joined the medical equipment manufacturers Speywood Laboratories Ltd in 1977, becoming a director of Speywood Medical Limited in 1981. In 1982, an automatic electrocardiograph electrode manufacturing plant figured among his notable achievements. He left in 1983. From 1984, he was a director in Castlemead Ltd, and from 1993–95 he was a partner in CMA Consultants, and from 1994, a director in Castlemead Homes. He has had many business interests including house building and property, manufacturing, healthcare and oil and gas. He has undertaken various consulting assignments in Latin America for the World Bank in Washington, D.C., and was a consultant to the government of Malawi from 1995 until his election to Parliament.
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Readingas
The Readingas (Old English Rēadingas) were a tribe or clan of early Anglo-Saxon England, whose territory adjoined that of the Sunningas to the east and that of the Basingas to the south. The name literally means means "Rēada's people" and later gave its name to the town of Reading.
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Richard Archer
Richard Archer (born 18 January 1973 in Staines-upon-Thames, Surrey, England) is an English singer-songwriter and guitarist. He is the lead vocalist, guitarist, principal songwriter and main composer of indie rock band Hard-Fi. Hard-Fi have produced several top 10 hits and two #1 albums. The influence of Archer's hometown of Staines-upon-Thames is often evident in his lyrics. He used to front a band called Contempo from 1997 until 2001.
Archer is a music graduate from Kingston University. He grew up in Staines, a suburban location of North West Surrey which is a huge influence in the lyrics of the songs he has written with band Hard-Fi. He explains, "There's no record shops, there's no decent pubs, there's no venues, there's no decent clothes shops. Look around, it's quite pleasant but if you're a young person living here then you're into a certain type of music - chart house - and a certain fashion, and if you're not into that there is nothing here for you. Here, you can't get home if you're out in central London after eleven. There's no night bus, there's no late train, you have to get a cab if you can find one and that'll charge you eighty quid to get home from central London. A lot of people live like that."
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Richard fitz Gilbert
Richard fitz Gilbert (bef. 1035 – c.1090), was a Norman lord who participated in the Norman conquest of England in 1066, and was styled "de Bienfaite", "de Clare", and "de Tonbridge" from his holdings.
According to the medieval chronicler Gerald of Wales, the first of this great family, Richard de Clare, was the eldest son of Gilbert, surnamed Crispin, Count of Brionne, in Normandy. This Richard fitz-Gilbert came into England with William the Conqueror, and received from him great advancement in honour and possessions.
The Dictionary of National Biography and other sources are vague and sometimes contradictory about when the name de Clare came into common usuage, but what we do know is that Richard fitz Gilbert (of Tonbridge), the earliest identifiable progenitor of the family, is once referred to as Richard of Clare in the Suffolk return of the Domesday Book.
He was rewarded with 176 lordships and large grants of land in England, including the right to build the castles of Clare and of Tonbridge. Richard fitz Gilbert received the lordship of Clare, in Suffolk, where parts of the wall of Clare Castle still stand. He was thus Lord of Clare. Some contemporaneous and later sources called him Earl of Clare, though many modern sources view the title as a "styled title".
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Robert Adam
Robert Adam FRSE FRS FSA(Scot) FSA (3 July 1728 – 3 March 1792) was a Scottish neoclassical architect, interior designer and furniture designer. He was the son of William Adam (1689–1748), the country's foremost architect of the time, and trained under him. With his older brother John, Robert took on the family business, which included lucrative work for the Board of Ordnance, after William's death.
In 1754 he left for Rome, spending nearly five years on the continent studying architecture under Charles-Louis Clérisseau and Giovanni Battista Piranesi. On his return to Britain he established a practice in London, where he was joined by his younger brother James. Here he developed the "Adam Style", and his theory of "movement" in architecture, based on his studies of antiquity and became one of the most successful and fashionable architects in the country. Adam held the post of Architect of the Kings Works from 1761 to 1769.
Robert Adam was leader of the first phase of the classical revival in England and Scotland from around 1760 until his death. He influenced the development of Western architecture, both in Europe and in North America. Adam designed interiors and fittings as well as houses.
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Robert Browning
Robert Browning (7 May 1812 – 12 December 1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets.
Browning was born in Camberwell - a district now forming part of the borough of Southwark in South London, England - the only son of Sarah Anna (née Wiedemann) and Robert Browning. His father was a well-paid clerk for the Bank of England, earning about £150 per year. Browning’s paternal grandfather was a wealthy slave owner in Saint Kitts, West Indies, but Browning's father was an abolitionist. Browning's father had been sent to the West Indies to work on a sugar plantation, but revolted by the slavery there, he returned to England. Browning’s mother was a daughter of a German shipowner who had settled in Dundee, and his Scottish wife. Browning had one sister, Sarianna. Browning's paternal grandmother, Margaret Tittle, who had inherited a plantation in St Kitts, was rumoured within the family to have had some Jamaican mixed race ancestry but there is little evidence for this. It seems to be only an anecdotal family story. Robert's father, a literary collector, amassed a library of around 6,000 books, many of them rare. Thus, Robert was raised in a household of significant literary resources. His mother, to whom he was very close, was a devout nonconformist and a talented musician. His younger sister, Sarianna, also gifted, became her brother's companion in his later years, after the death of his wife in 1861. His father encouraged his children's interest in literature and the arts.
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Romola Garai
Romola Sadie Garai ( /ˈrɒmələ ˈseɪdi ˈɡæri/; born 6 August 1982) is an English actress. She is known for appearing in the films Amazing Grace, Atonement, Glorious 39, and in the BBC adaptation of Emma.
Garai was born in Hong Kong to British parents. Her mother, Janet A. (née Brown), worked as a journalist, and her father, Adrian E. R. Garai, is a banker. Her first name is the female version of Romulus, one of the founders of Rome. Garai's great-grandfather, Bernhard "Bert" Garai, a Hungarian Jewish immigrant, founded the Keystone Press Agency, a photographic agency and archive, in London in the early twentieth century.
Garai is the third of four siblings. She moved to Singapore at five, before her family returned to Wiltshire in England when she was eight. She attended an independent boarding school, Stonar School in Wiltshire, and later moved at sixteen to London to attend the City of London School for Girls, where she completed her A-levels. She was fond of drama and appeared in school plays, and also with the National Youth Theatre up until the age of eighteen, where she was spotted by an agent who signed her to play the younger version of Dame Judi Dench's character in the BBC Films/HBO co-production for television, The Last of the Blonde Bombshells.
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Russell Crowe
Russell Ira Crowe (born 7 April 1964) is a New Zealand born Australian actor, film producer and musician. He came to international attention for his role as Roman General Maximus Decimus Meridius in the 2000 historical epic film Gladiator, directed by Ridley Scott, for which he won an Academy Award for Best Actor, a Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor, an Empire Award for Best Actor and a London Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor and ten further nominations for Best Actor. Crowe appeared as the tobacco firm whistle blower Jeffrey Wigand in the 1999 film The Insider, for which he received five awards as Best Actor and seven nominations in the same category. In 2001, Crowe's portrayal of mathematician and Nobel Prize winner John F. Nash in the biopic A Beautiful Mind brought him numerous awards, including an BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor category Motion Picture Drama and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role.
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Sam Gyimah
Samuel Phillip Gyimah (born 10 August 1976) is a British Conservative Party politician. He was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for East Surrey at the 2010 general election.
Gyimah was born in Beaconsfield in Buckinghamshire, in southern England. He was educated at state schools in Ghana and Hertfordshire, followed by Somerville College at the University of Oxford, where he read Politics, Philosophy and Economics, and where he was elected President of the Oxford Union.
On graduation, Gyimah joined Goldman Sachs as an investment banker, leaving the company in 2003 to set up his own businesses in the recruitment and internet sectors. In 2005, he was awarded the Real Business/CBI Entrepreneur of the Future award.
In September 2005 Gyimah edited a Bow Group report, From the Ashes: the future of the Conservative Party. He subsequently was elected chairman of the Conservative think tank, the Bow Group from 2006 to 2007. Gyimah stood unsuccessfully for election in Kilburn ward in the Camden Council election, 2006.
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Saxons
The Saxons (Latin: Saxones, Old English: Seaxe, Old Saxon: Sahson, Low German: Sassen) were a confederation of Germanic tribes on the North German plain, who during the Middle Ages migrated to the British Isles and formed part of the Anglo-Saxons.
The Saxons were originally Ingvaeonic tribes, whose earliest known area of settlement is Northern Albingia, an area approximately that of modern Holstein. This area overlapped the area of the Angles, a tribe with which they were frequently closely linked. Saxons participated in the Germanic settlement of Britain during and after the fifth century. It is unknown how many migrated from the continent to Britain, though estimates for the total number of Anglo-Saxon settlers are around two hundred thousand. During the Middle ages, because of international Hanseatic trading routes and contingent migration during the Middle Ages, Saxons mixed with and had strong influences upon the languages and cultures of the North Germanic and Baltic and Finnic peoples, and also upon the Polabian Slavs and Pomeranian West Slavic people.
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Sherlock Holmes
Sherlock Holmes ( /ˈʃɜrlɒk ˈhoʊmz/) is a fictional detective created by Scottish author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The fantastic London-based "consulting detective", Holmes is famous for his astute logical reasoning, his ability to adopt almost any disguise, and his use of forensic science skills to solve difficult cases.
Holmes, who first appeared in publication in 1887, was featured in four novels and 56 short stories. The first novel, A Study in Scarlet, appeared in Beeton's Christmas Annual in 1887 and the second, The Sign of the Four, in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine in 1890. The character grew tremendously in popularity with the first series of short stories in Strand Magazine, beginning with A Scandal in Bohemia in 1891; further series of short stories and two novels published in serial form appeared between then and 1927. The stories cover a period from around 1880 up to 1914.
All but four stories are narrated by Holmes's friend and biographer, Dr. John H. Watson; two are narrated by Holmes himself ("The Blanched Soldier" and "The Lion's Mane") and two others are written in the third person ("The Mazarin Stone" and "His Last Bow"). In two stories ("The Musgrave Ritual" and "The Gloria Scott"), Holmes tells Watson the main story from his memories, while Watson becomes the narrator of the frame story. The first and fourth novels, A Study in Scarlet and The Valley of Fear, each include a long interval of omniscient narration recounting events unknown to either Holmes or Watson.
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Snotingas
The Snotingas were an Anglian tribe who either took their name from a chieftain called 'Snot' or 'Snod', or from the word Snottenga, meaning 'caves'. The snotingas occupied the settlement of Snottengaham or Snodengaham (modern Nottingham).
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Southumbrians
The Southumbrians or 'Suðanhymbre' were the Anglo-Saxon people occupying northern Mercia. The term may not have been used by the Mercians, and it may have been coined by the Deiran or Bernician people as a territorial response to their own Kingdom of Northumbria. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle refers to King Coenred as having become the King of the Southumbrians in 702, two years before he became King of all the Mercians. The fact that Coenred was the son of Wulfhere, the Mercian King, implies that Southumbria was a sub-kingdom of Mercia.
More generally Southumbria is used by modern historians to refer conveniently to all of Anglo-Saxon England south of the River Humber, and not in Northumbria, especially in the period before England was unified.
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Spaldingas
The Spaldingas ("dwellers of the Spald") were an Anglian tribe that settled in an area known as the spalda. This divided the fens and marshes of East Anglia in what is now the South Holland part of Lincolnshire. As well as establishing the town of Spalding, first mentioned in a charter by King Æthelbald of Mercia to the monks of Crowland Abbey in 716, they also gave their name to the village of Spaldington in east Yorkshire.
A tribe living in "Spalda" are mentioned in the Tribal Hidage (7th century). Eilert Ekwall regarded this name as etymologically obscure. He suggested that the tribe may have brought this name (Spaldas) from the Continent where there may have been a corresponding place-name. It would presumably be related to the unrecorded Anglo-Saxon spaldan (to cleave) (OHG spaltan) so the meaning of the noun would be "cleft" or "ravine". However, as there are no ravines in the fenland, all of the above should be treated with caution.
The Spaldingas appear to have retained their administrative independence into the 9th and 10th centuries, when Stamford formed one of the Five Boroughs of the Kingdom of York.[citation needed]
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Stoppingas
The Stoppingas was a tribe or clan of Anglo-Saxon England, based around Wootton Wawen and the valley of the River Alne in modern-day Warwickshire. The name of the tribe may have come from the personal name Stoppa, who could have been the tribe's founder or leader, or earliest common ancestor.
The Stoppingas formed part of the Saxon kingdom of the Hwicce, which was later conquered and absorbed by the kingdom of Mercia.
In the mid eighth century Æthelbald of Mercia gave a grant of land in the region of the Stoppingas to Æthelric, the son of King Oshere of the Hwicce, for the purpose of establishing a Minster in the territory. Such an institution was subsequently built at Wootton Wawen, and the later parochia of this minster probably represents the extent territory of the Stoppingas.
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Sumorsaete
The Sumorsaete were an Anglo-Saxon group living in what is now Somerset, presumably around the town of Somerton. They are evidently the source of the county's name. The group may have been established as early as the 577, when the Saxons conquered part of the area from the Britons, but they are not mentioned by name until 845. They may have been related to the obscure Glastening or Glestinga, who may be the source of the name Glastonbury.
The name Sumorsǣte is Old English and may be a shortened form of Sumortūnsǣte, meaning "the people living at or dependent upon Sumortūn", i.e. the modern town of Somerton. The origin of Somerton itself is unknown; it may mean 'The sea-lake enclosure' from the Old English sae, mere and tun or possibly "summer farmstead", from sumer and -tūn. The first known use of the name Somersæte was in 845, after the region fell to the Saxons. When King Alfred coined the future county motto 'Sumorsǣte ealle' in the 10th century, he referred to the people of Somerset as the Sumortūnsǣte.
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Sweordora
The Sweordora were an Anglian tribe who, according to the Tribal Hidage (which assessed their territory at 300 hides) lived in the vicinity of Sword Point, Whittlesey Mere, Cambridgeshire (formerly Huntingdonshire), probably in the 6th Century.
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Thorkell the Tall
Thorkell the Tall, also known as Thorkell the High in the Anglo-Saxon chronicles (Old Norse: Þorke(ti)ll inn hávi; Norwegian: Torkjell Høge; Swedish; Torkel Höge: Danish: Torkild den Høje) was a Jomsviking, a son of the Scanian chieftain Strut-Harald, a brother of Jarl Sigvaldi, commander of the Jomvikings and the legendary stronghold, mythical Jomsborg, on the Island of Wollin, while himself a notable lord.
Thorkell took part in the Battle of Hjörungavágr in 986 and in the Battle of Swold in 1000. He attacked England in 1010, landing near Ipswich on the shores of the river Orwell at Nacton with a large army, defeating the local army sent from Ipswich. He was eventually paid an unusually large Danegeld in 1011.
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Weorgoran
The Weorgoran were a tribe or clan in Anglo-Saxon England, possibly forming an early settlement of the Hwicce sub-kingdom. The name literally means "people of the winding river" in Old English, and the Weorgoran settled on or near the site of an earlier Roman settlement (possibly Vertis), establishing a new Anglo-Saxon settlement of Weorgoran ceaster (modern Worcester).
The Weorgoran are likely to have been of West Saxon origin, having settled into the area some time after the West Saxon defeat of the Britons at the Battle of Dyrham in 577 and before the settlement was given a bishop and a cathedral in 680.
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Wessex
The Kingdom of Wessex ( /ˈwɛsɨks/) or Kingdom of the West Saxons (Old English: Westseaxna rīce) was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the West Saxons in South West England, from the 6th century until the emergence of a united English state under the Wessex dynasty in the 10th century. It was to be an earldom after Canute the Great's conquest of 1016, from 1020 to 1066. After the Norman Conquest there was a dissolution of the English earldoms and Wessex was split among the followers of William the Conqueror.
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Westerne
The Westerne were an Anglo-Saxon tribe, probably in western England. They occur only in the Tribal Hidage. Little is known about them, not even precisely where they were. They may have absorbed the Celtic tribe, the Cornovii, and have based their territory on their Roman Civitas.
The tribe became part of the Kingdom of Mercia.
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Whitgift School
Coordinates: 51°21′36″N 0°06′05″W / 51.36°N 0.101389°W / 51.36; -0.101389
Whitgift School is an independent day school educating approximately 1,400 boys aged 10 to 18 in South Croydon, London in a 45-acre (18 ha) parkland site.
It was founded in 1596 by the Archbishop of Canterbury John Whitgift and is part of the Whitgift Foundation along with Trinity School of John Whitgift and Old Palace School of John Whitgift. In 1931 the school moved to its current site, Haling Park, which was once home to Lord Howard of Effingham, the Lord High Admiral of the Fleet sent against the Spanish Armada. The ship (a model of HMS Ark Royal) that features prominently on the top of "Big School" (the school hall) is a reminder of the history of the site. Additions since the 400th anniversary of the school have been a maze in the founder's garden, an aviary, an enclosure for Prevost's squirrels, ponds and a multi-million-pound sports complex.
Whitgift is renowned locally for its wide variety of animals, most notably the peacocks which have graced the grounds since the 1930s, and the flamingos. In 2005 Sir David Attenborough visited the school to open the ponds, the enclosure of which also houses two albino wallabies (a gift from the Queen, given in 2002 after the school's ponds re-opened), and various waterfowl, including Hawaiian geese, which the zoo successfully bred.
wn.com/Whitgift_School -
William Cobbett
William Cobbett (born 9 March 176? and died 18 June 1835) was an English pamphleteer, farmer and journalist, who was born in Farnham, Surrey. He believed that reforming Parliament and abolishing the rotten boroughs would help to end the poverty of farm labourers, and he attacked the borough-mongers, sinecurists and "tax-eaters" relentlessly. He was also against the Corn Laws, a tax on imported grain. Early in his career, he was a loyalist supporter of King and Country: but later he joined and successfully publicised the radical movement, which led to the Reform Bill of 1832, and to his winning the parliamentary seat of Oldham. Although he was not a Catholic, he became a fiery advocate of Catholic Emancipation in Britain. Through the seeming contradictions in Cobbett's life, two things stayed constant: an opposition to authority and a suspicion of novelty. He wrote many polemics, on subjects from political reform to religion, but is best known for his book from 1830, Rural Rides, which is still in print today.
wn.com/William_Cobbett -
William of Ockham
William of Ockham ( /ˈɒkəm/; also Occam, Hockham, or several other spellings; c. 1288 – c. 1348) was an English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey. He is considered to be one of the major figures of medieval thought and was at the centre of the major intellectual and political controversies of the fourteenth century. Although he is commonly known for Ockham's razor, the methodological principle that bears his name, William of Ockham also produced significant works on logic, physics, and theology. In the Church of England, his day of commemoration is 10 April.
William of Ockham joined the Franciscan order at an early age. It is believed that he studied theology at the University of Oxford from 1309 to 1321, but never completed his master's degree (the usual undergraduate degree in those times). Because of this, he acquired the byname Venerabilis Inceptor, or "Worthy Beginner" (an inceptor was a student formally admitted to the ranks of teachers by the university authorities). He was also known as the Doctor Invincibilis or "Unconquerable Teacher."
wn.com/William_of_Ockham -
William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare (baptised 26 April 1564; died 23 April 1616) was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.
Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613 at age 49, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive, and there has been considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, sexuality, religious beliefs, and whether the works attributed to him were written by others.
wn.com/William_Shakespeare -
William Waller
Sir William Waller (c. 1597 – 19 September 1668) was an English soldier during the English Civil War. He received his education at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, and served in the Venetian army and in the Thirty Years' War. He received a knighthood in 1622 after taking part in Vere's expedition to the Palatinate.
William Waller was born to an influential Kentish family in Knole, Sevenoaks, Kent, about 1598. He was a cousin of the Parliamentarian and regicide Hardress Waller. Waller's father was Sir Thomas Waller, constable of Dover Castle and member of parliament for Dover, a descendant of the Waller family of Groombridge Place, Kent, and his mother was Margaret Lennard, the daughter of Lord and Lady Dacre. William Waller attended Magdalen College, Oxford, but did not graduate.
As from 1636 Waller owned a quarter-share in the Providence Island Company.
In 1640 Waller was elected Member of Parliament for Andover in the Short Parliament. He was elected MP for Andover for the Long Parliament on 3 May 1642.
wn.com/William_Waller -
Wreocensæte
The Wreocensæte (Old English: Wrēocensǣte, Wrōcensǣte, Wrōcesǣte, and probably Wōcensǣte), sometimes anglicized as the Wrekinsets, were one of the peoples of Anglo-Saxon Britain. Their name approximates to "Wrekin-dwellers". It is also suggested that Wrexham also derived from Wreocensæte. This area would have been a mixed Anglo-Saxon-Celtic sub kingdom in which was probably of the first evidences of Anglo-Saxon-Celtic multiculturalism.
The boundaries of the kingdom are uncertain, but it was substantial as the Tribal Hidage lists it as 7000 hides, equal to the kingdoms of the East Saxons and South Saxons. The evidence suggests that the Wrekinset were the most northerly of the three large Mercian subject kingdoms facing Wales, with the Magonsæte to their south, and the Hwicce farthest south. The chief place was seemingly the former Roman Viroconium Cornoviorum (modern Wroxeter), the former civitas of the Cornovii and close to the hill fort known as The Wrekin. The kingdom may have covered much of modern Cheshire, Shropshire and into North East Wales, Wrexham, Denbighshire and Flintshire. The border between Wales and Wreocensæte would have been Offa's Dyke.
wn.com/Wreocensæte -
Wulfhere of Mercia
Wulfhere (died 675) was King of Mercia from the end of the 650s until 675. He was the first Christian king of all of Mercia, though it is not known when or how he converted from Anglo-Saxon paganism. His accession marked the end of Oswiu of Northumbria's overlordship of southern England, and Wulfhere extended his influence over much of that region. His campaigns against the West Saxons led to Mercian control of much of the Thames valley. He conquered the Isle of Wight and the Meon valley and gave them to King Æthelwealh of the South Saxons. He also had influence in Surrey, Essex, and Kent. He married Eormenhild, the daughter of King Eorcenberht of Kent.
Wulfhere's father, Penda, was killed in 655 at the Battle of Winwaed, fighting against Oswiu of Northumbria. Penda's son Peada became king under Oswiu's overlordship but was murdered a year later. Wulfhere came to the throne when Mercian nobles organized a revolt against Northumbrian rule in 658 and drove out Oswiu's governors.
By 670, when Oswiu died, Wulfhere was the most powerful king in southern Britain. He was effectively the overlord of Britain south of the Humber from the early 660s, although not overlord of Northumbria as his father had been. In 674, he challenged Oswiu's son Ecgfrith of Northumbria, but was defeated. He died, probably of disease, in 675. Wulfhere was succeeded as King of Mercia by his brother, Æthelred. Stephen of Ripon's Life of Wilfrid describes Wulfhere as "a man of proud mind, and insatiable will".
wn.com/Wulfhere_of_Mercia -
Æbbingas
Abingdon and Abingdon Abbey was founded in Saxon times, possibly the 7th century but its early history is confused by numerous legends, invented to raise its status and explain the place-name. The name seems to mean 'Hill of a man named Æbba, or a woman named Æbbe', possibly the saint to whom St Ebbe's Church in Oxford was dedicated (Æbbe of Coldingham or a different Æbbe of Oxford). However Abingdon stands in a valley and not on a hill. It is thought that the name was first given to a place on Boars Hill above Chilswell, and the name was transferred to its present site when the Abbey was relocated.
wn.com/Æbbingas
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Most Hipster Sikh / Punjabi Wedding Film (Surrey, BC) — ROSETTE FILMS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:55
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
Like us on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/RosetteFilms Watch more videos? Visit us at: http://www.RosetteFilms.com Remember to Rate, Comment & Subscribe! ...
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Chipstead v AFC Wimbledon - Surrey Senior Cup, March 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:22
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
Surrey FA Saturday Senior Cup Quarter Final 5th March 2013 High Road.
http://wn.com/Chipstead_v_AFC_Wimbledon_Surrey_Senior_Cup,_March_2013
Surrey FA Saturday Senior Cup Quarter Final 5th March 2013 High Road.
- published: 06 Mar 2013
- views: 1
- author: TheTRStv
Asian Gangster Calls Surrey Boys
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:02
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
Subscribe For More Rowdy Vids: http://bit.ly/SubscribeChengman Twitter: http://twitter.com/chengman Facebook: http://facebook.com/thechengman Tshirts: http:/...
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Subscribe For More Rowdy Vids: http://bit.ly/SubscribeChengman Twitter: http://twitter.com/chengman Facebook: http://facebook.com/thechengman Tshirts: http:/...
- published: 17 Nov 2011
- views: 281223
- author: TheChengman
Sh*t Surrey Jacks Say
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
YOU KNOW I HAD TO DO IT. So here's my take on what Surrey jacks say. I know I'm probably missing a bunch of things. If so, let me know and leave it down belo...
http://wn.com/Sh*t_Surrey_Jacks_Say
YOU KNOW I HAD TO DO IT. So here's my take on what Surrey jacks say. I know I'm probably missing a bunch of things. If so, let me know and leave it down belo...
- published: 29 Jan 2012
- views: 64956
- author: deepakheer
The University of Surrey: 2013 [The University of Surrey]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:45
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
This short film is a fly through of the University of Surrey campuses, environment and facilities and allows you to see the beautiful surroundings we feel ar...
http://wn.com/The_University_of_Surrey_2013_The_University_of_Surrey_
This short film is a fly through of the University of Surrey campuses, environment and facilities and allows you to see the beautiful surroundings we feel ar...
- published: 01 Nov 2012
- views: 7355
- author: UniversityofSurrey
surrey auto theft gone wrong
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:56
- Updated: 02 Mar 2013
caught a fool tryin to break into my regal & got it all on video lol.
http://wn.com/surrey_auto_theft_gone_wrong
caught a fool tryin to break into my regal & got it all on video lol.
- published: 23 Nov 2007
- views: 59429
- author: 1surreymofo
Surrey hospital flood
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:58
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Mon, Nov 19 - They are still cleaning up at Surrey Memorial Hospital -- hours after flooding did some serious damage to the emergency ward. Aaron McArthur re...
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Mon, Nov 19 - They are still cleaning up at Surrey Memorial Hospital -- hours after flooding did some serious damage to the emergency ward. Aaron McArthur re...
- published: 20 Nov 2012
- views: 6034
- author: GlobalBCTV
Regimental Funeral for Surrey RCMP Cst. Adrian Oliver
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:53
- Updated: 25 Feb 2013
Regimental Funeral for Surrey RCMP Cst. Adrian Oliver held at the Langley Events Center. Watch the Full Procession at http://youtu.be/iVJECrw5qe0.
http://wn.com/Regimental_Funeral_for_Surrey_RCMP_Cst_Adrian_Oliver
Regimental Funeral for Surrey RCMP Cst. Adrian Oliver held at the Langley Events Center. Watch the Full Procession at http://youtu.be/iVJECrw5qe0.
- published: 21 Nov 2012
- views: 5064
- author: youidiot222
Sikh Motorcycle Club Surrey, BC - Official Song - Released Vaisakhi 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
Club Website: http://www.sikhmotorcycleclub.com/ Title: Sikh Motorcycle Club De Munde Singer: Parmjit Pamm Music: Amdad Ali Lyrics: Bobby Jajewala Club Websi...
http://wn.com/Sikh_Motorcycle_Club_Surrey,_BC_Official_Song_Released_Vaisakhi_2012
Club Website: http://www.sikhmotorcycleclub.com/ Title: Sikh Motorcycle Club De Munde Singer: Parmjit Pamm Music: Amdad Ali Lyrics: Bobby Jajewala Club Websi...
- published: 15 Apr 2012
- views: 129534
- author: SikhMotorCycleClubBC
BTS: Surrey Parties
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:06
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
You know what we fucking hate? Surrey parties. They could be so much better. Spread and share! There will be more content and different types of episodes soo...
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You know what we fucking hate? Surrey parties. They could be so much better. Spread and share! There will be more content and different types of episodes soo...
- published: 07 Jan 2012
- views: 3532
- author: Broverdosed
University of Surrey Flash Mob
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:45
- Updated: 03 Mar 2013
The Gospel Choir from the University of Surrey sang an arrangement of Silent Night during a flash mob on campus. Come to the University of Surrey Christian U...
http://wn.com/University_of_Surrey_Flash_Mob
The Gospel Choir from the University of Surrey sang an arrangement of Silent Night during a flash mob on campus. Come to the University of Surrey Christian U...
- published: 05 Dec 2012
- views: 4020
- author: freekymusic
Surrey New Year (2013) Fight
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:36
- Updated: 02 Mar 2013
A brawl between some high school students transpires outside a local McDonald's restaurant.
http://wn.com/Surrey_New_Year_2013_Fight
A brawl between some high school students transpires outside a local McDonald's restaurant.
- published: 01 Jan 2013
- views: 6201
- author: PrinzmetalAngina1
IST News - Surrey Bastards, TurBANNED, Greece, Cheesequake & Sex Ban in India
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:37
- Updated: 03 Mar 2013
Breaking News with Bachittar Ahluwalia & co-anchor Cheryl Pandacamel Surrey bastards, Montreal soccer turban ban, Greece exits, Italian cheesequake and sex w...
http://wn.com/IST_News_Surrey_Bastards,_TurBANNED,_Greece,_Cheesequake_Sex_Ban_in_India
Breaking News with Bachittar Ahluwalia & co-anchor Cheryl Pandacamel Surrey bastards, Montreal soccer turban ban, Greece exits, Italian cheesequake and sex w...
- published: 13 Jun 2012
- views: 35642
- author: DesiComedy
Surrey's Strongest Part 8: THE GRAND FINALE: THE BEST MANUAL GARBAGE COLLECTION ACTION WRAPUP!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:37
- Updated: 01 Mar 2013
WATCH IN HD 1080P** Well I guess this is it folks. The end to possibly the greatest Manual Garbage Collection Action Series on YouTube has come to an end! ...
http://wn.com/Surrey's_Strongest_Part_8_THE_GRAND_FINALE_THE_BEST_MANUAL_GARBAGE_COLLECTION_ACTION_WRAPUP!
WATCH IN HD 1080P** Well I guess this is it folks. The end to possibly the greatest Manual Garbage Collection Action Series on YouTube has come to an end! ...
- published: 03 Feb 2013
- views: 807
- author: rempledisposal
Surrey Hills Mountain BIker Part 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
HILLSONG YOUTH SURREY Bourne Hall HARLEM SHAKEBROWN AND BLACK EDITIONby Angynoel 621 views · 347. Watch Later Kyle Baldock wins Farm Jam 2013Official BMX ... Octagon | Luxury Houses in Kingswood Warren Park Woodland Way Surreyby octdeve 306 views · 921. Watch Later Leith Hill Mountain biking 22 1 12by D1RTEEB ... Surrey children spread Olympic cheer with song to inspire athletesby surreynews 8206 views · 244. Watch Later Matt Schubring Wins Farm Jam 2013 FMX ...
http://wn.com/Surrey_Hills_Mountain_BIker_Part_2
HILLSONG YOUTH SURREY Bourne Hall HARLEM SHAKEBROWN AND BLACK EDITIONby Angynoel 621 views · 347. Watch Later Kyle Baldock wins Farm Jam 2013Official BMX ... Octagon | Luxury Houses in Kingswood Warren Park Woodland Way Surreyby octdeve 306 views · 921. Watch Later Leith Hill Mountain biking 22 1 12by D1RTEEB ... Surrey children spread Olympic cheer with song to inspire athletesby surreynews 8206 views · 244. Watch Later Matt Schubring Wins Farm Jam 2013 FMX ...
- published: 28 Feb 2013
- views: 1392
- author: Carlos Fandgo
Surrey's Strongest Part 3: David Manual Single Stream Recycling Collection Action on a Rearloader
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:31
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
Watch in 1080P!!!! Here is installment #3 in Surrey's Strongest!! David one of the triplets kicking some butt on manual recycling collection. Also listen to ...
http://wn.com/Surrey's_Strongest_Part_3_David_Manual_Single_Stream_Recycling_Collection_Action_on_a_Rearloader
Watch in 1080P!!!! Here is installment #3 in Surrey's Strongest!! David one of the triplets kicking some butt on manual recycling collection. Also listen to ...
- published: 27 Nov 2012
- views: 6918
- author: rempledisposal
Jim Al-Khalili Forever Surrey
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:03
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Jim Al-Khalili introduces Forever Surrey, the University of Surrey Alumni network.
http://wn.com/Jim_Al-Khalili_Forever_Surrey
Jim Al-Khalili introduces Forever Surrey, the University of Surrey Alumni network.
- published: 12 Feb 2013
- views: 235
- author: UniversityofSurrey
Most Elegant, Graceful Sikh / Punjabi Wedding Ceremony (Surrey, BC) — ROSETTE FILMS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:07
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
Like us on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/RosetteFilms Watch more videos? Visit us at: http://www.RosetteFilms.com Remember to Rate, Comment & Subscribe! ...
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Like us on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/RosetteFilms Watch more videos? Visit us at: http://www.RosetteFilms.com Remember to Rate, Comment & Subscribe! ...
- published: 26 Feb 2013
- views: 1796
- author: RosetteFilms
Jude Law's Surrey
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:33
- Updated: 03 Mar 2013
Ellen had a very special gift for Jude Law, and they rode it around the studio!
http://wn.com/Jude_Law's_Surrey
Ellen had a very special gift for Jude Law, and they rode it around the studio!
- published: 25 Jan 2013
- views: 166168
- author: TheEllenShow
Prof. Sarabjit Singh Dhunda - Feb 19, 2013 - Evening - Surrey
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 51:55
- Updated: 03 Mar 2013
Professor Sarabjit Singh Dhunda katha from Gurdwara Singh Sabha, Surrey, BC, Canada ਦੀਵਾ ਬਲੈ ਅੰਧੇਰਾ ਜਾਇ February 19, 2013 - Evening.
http://wn.com/Prof_Sarabjit_Singh_Dhunda_Feb_19,_2013_Evening_Surrey
Professor Sarabjit Singh Dhunda katha from Gurdwara Singh Sabha, Surrey, BC, Canada ਦੀਵਾ ਬਲੈ ਅੰਧੇਰਾ ਜਾਇ February 19, 2013 - Evening.
- published: 26 Feb 2013
- views: 353
- author: Sach Di Avaaz
ERT response in South Surrey
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 23 Feb 2013
Surrey, BC - Nov 9, 2012 - RCMPs Emergency Response Team was called to a home in the 2600 blk of 152 St around 11:00PM. It is unclear why they were dispatche...
http://wn.com/ERT_response_in_South_Surrey
Surrey, BC - Nov 9, 2012 - RCMPs Emergency Response Team was called to a home in the 2600 blk of 152 St around 11:00PM. It is unclear why they were dispatche...
- published: 10 Nov 2012
- views: 1429
- author: fyregeek
Prof. Sarabjit Singh Dhunda - Feb 17, 2013 - Evening - Surrey
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 59:29
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
Professor Sarabjit Singh Dhunda katha from Gurdwara Singh Sabha, Surrey, BC, Canada ਬਾਬਾ ਬੋਲਤੇ ਤੇ ਕਹਾ ਗਏ February 17, 2013 - Evening.
http://wn.com/Prof_Sarabjit_Singh_Dhunda_Feb_17,_2013_Evening_Surrey
Professor Sarabjit Singh Dhunda katha from Gurdwara Singh Sabha, Surrey, BC, Canada ਬਾਬਾ ਬੋਲਤੇ ਤੇ ਕਹਾ ਗਏ February 17, 2013 - Evening.
- published: 26 Feb 2013
- views: 240
- author: Sach Di Avaaz
OKLAHOMA "The Surrey With The Fringe On Top" with lyrics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:21
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
lyrics here.... When I take you out, tonight, with me, Honey, here's the way it's goin' to be: You will set behind a team of snow white horses, In the slicke...
http://wn.com/OKLAHOMA_The_Surrey_With_The_Fringe_On_Top_with_lyrics
lyrics here.... When I take you out, tonight, with me, Honey, here's the way it's goin' to be: You will set behind a team of snow white horses, In the slicke...
- published: 18 Oct 2008
- views: 308974
- author: BravoDivine
photo: AP / Aaron Favila
05 Mar 2013
Manila. Members of a major Philippine Muslim rebel force who were meant to have disarmed in the 1990s as part of a peace pact are involved in deadly battles in Malaysia, the group’s leader said on Tuesday. Nur Misuari, who founded the Moro National Liberation Front in the late 1960s, confirmed “freedom fighters” from his group were part of the militia sent by a self-proclaimed sultan to claim the Malaysian state of Sabah....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: US Army / Edward N. Johnson
06 Mar 2013
North Korea has threatened to cancel the 1953 ceasefire that ended the Korean War, citing a US-led push for punishing UN sanctions over its recent nuclear test and ongoing US-South Korean joint military drills. The threat came on Tuesday as the United States, with Chinese backing, introduced a draft UN resolution to punish North Korea for its nuclear test on February 12 ... 415 Source.. Agencies. Share. Send Feedback ... China ... News ... ....(size: 7.2Kb)
photo: AP / Ronald Zak
06 Mar 2013
6 March 2013 –. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon today urged an end to violence and encouraged dialogue among all parties to peacefully resolve the situation in Sabah, Malaysia ... Mr ... News Tracker. past stories on this issue ... Source....(size: 1.3Kb)
photo: AP / Lai Seng Sin
05 Mar 2013
KUALA LUMPUR. Malaysian security forces attacked a group of armed Filipinos early Tuesday to end the group's three-week occupation of a Borneo village, the prime minister said after the siege turned violent and became Malaysia's biggest security crisis in years ... The Philippine government asked Malaysia on Monday to exercise maximum tolerance to avoid further bloodshed ... 9 ... ....(size: 4.7Kb)
photo: AP / Ariana Cubillos
06 Mar 2013
Zeenews Bureau. London. Along with the Latin Americans, the world on Wednesday mourned Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez who died of cancer at the age of 58. And many leaders from around the world sent their condolences. After Chavez’s demise, according to leading news agencies, the United States of America is now focused on hopes of new ties with Venezuela. Chavez was seen as a hero by some for his socialist programs, his anti-U.S ... ... ....(size: 7.8Kb)
The Guardian
07 Mar 2013
Its report found that this "hidden" poverty, which was particularly concentrated in leafy areas of Sussex, Surrey, Essex and Buckinghamshire as well as London suburbs, may reflect the higher prevalence in those areas of low-income working families who are ineligible for free meals, worth an average £370 a year for each child....(size: 5.7Kb)
CBC
07 Mar 2013
Meanwhile, RCMP in the Fraser Valley are investigating complaints from three businesses who received the same disturbing emails in which the sender wrote Chilliwack doesn't "need the folk from India and Surrey to pollute this city," and ......(size: 1.2Kb)
New Straits/Business Times
07 Mar 2013
DUNEDIN (New Zealand) ... It is the second-equal highest List A -- or domestic one-day -- score in world cricket. Ali Brown made 268 for Surrey against Glamorgan at The Oval in 2002, while South Africa's Graeme Pollock scored 222 not out for Eastern Province against Border in October 1974 ... Reuters. ....(size: 1.5Kb)
noodls
07 Mar 2013
(Source. The English Golf Union Ltd) 7 March 2013 England teams to defend in France ... Team A will include Curtis Cup player Bronte Law, who was the runner-up in the individual championship last year ... Annabel Dimmock, 16, (Wentworth, Surrey) enjoyed a successful run on this year's Orange Blossom Tour in Florida, reaching the quarter finals of the Jones Doherty Championship and finishing in the top 20 at the Harder Hall Invitational....(size: 3.2Kb)
noodls
07 Mar 2013
(Source. Simon Fraser University). Contact.. Ross MacDonald-Allan, SFU Beedie, 778.782.9492, rossm@sfu.ca. Derek Moscato, SFU Beedie, 778.782.5038, derek_moscato@sfu.ca ... To date, more than 1,400 aspiring B.C ... With campuses in Vancouver, Burnaby and Surrey, B.C., SFU engages actively with the community in its research and teaching, delivers almost 150 programs to more than 30,000 students, and has more than 120,000 alumni in 130 countries....(size: 3.4Kb)
The Independent
07 Mar 2013
Europa Cup. Anzhi v Newcastle, kick off 5pm, ITV4. Back Anzhi at 7/10 and lay over 3.5 goals at 2.8/1 with Betfair. Lay Fenerbahce at 2.8/1. Newcastle have improved with their recent signings but they are going to find it very hard against big spending Anzhi ... Advices ... Plzen duly won the game without conceding ... Berkshire Buckinghamshire East Sussex Essex Hampshire Hertfordshire Isle of Wight Kent Middlesex Oxfordshire Surrey West Sussex ... ....(size: 7.3Kb)
noodls
06 Mar 2013
(Source. Surrey Chambers of Commerce). Members News. Surrey Chambers Welcome Princeton Health&Social Care Group ... • CareBridge provides excellent, professional health and social care recruitment ... Please email your copy or news to.. ella.parkes@surrey-chambers.co.uk ... This noodl was issued by Surrey Chambers of Commerce and was initially posted at www.surrey-chambers.co.uk ... (noodl....(size: 1.8Kb)
noodls
06 Mar 2013
Surrey Heath Borough Council) ... Representatives from over 80 local businesses joined council officers and councillors at Surrey Heath Borough Council's Business Breakfast event on Friday 1 March. The meeting, which is held twice a year at The Camberley Theatre, invites Surrey Heath businesses to sit down for breakfast and network with one another, whilst finding out new information and listening to guest speakers....(size: 2.0Kb)
BBC News
06 Mar 2013
Surrey contributed more income tax to the Exchequer between 2009 and 2011 than anywhere apart from the City of London, the county council has said ... A new group - Surrey Future - has now been launched to help boost business ... Surrey County Council said Surrey Future would bring business leaders, the county council and the borough and district councils together and establish investment priorities over the next 20 years....(size: 2.4Kb)
noodls
06 Mar 2013
(Source. Surrey Chambers of Commerce). Members News. Guildford College Helps Unilever Spread Their Products ... Senior managers from Unilever's Spreads division undertook a 'cooking experience' facilitated by the students and their teachers ... ella.parkes@surrey-chambers.co.uk. distributed by. This noodl was issued by Surrey Chambers of Commerce and was initially posted at www.surrey-chambers.co.uk ... (noodl....(size: 1.8Kb)
noodls
06 Mar 2013
(Source. Surrey Chambers of Commerce). Members News. Another successful Prince's Trust Team ends. Guildford YMCA's 36th Prince's Trust Team has come to a successful conclusion. The young people's presentation about their experiences to family, friends and supporters was a moving occasion ... ella.parkes@surrey-chambers.co.uk ... This noodl was issued by Surrey Chambers of Commerce and was initially posted at www.surrey-chambers.co.uk ... (noodl....(size: 2.3Kb)
noodls
06 Mar 2013
Newcastle Eagles Basketball) Eagles Back in Action This Friday v Surrey Heat ... The battle for BBL Championship points continues at Sport Central on Friday evening as Newcastle Eagles host Surrey Heat in what looks to be a key game for both teams ... "Surrey will be making a push for the play-offs now without question....(size: 4.4Kb)
noodls
06 Mar 2013
England Squash and Racketball) Duffield & Surrey Health Make PSL Play-Offs. With a round still to go, former champions Benz-Bavarian Duffield and reigning champions Integrity Surrey Health & Racquets confirmed their places in the Premier Squash League (PSL) play-offs after contrasting fortunes in the ninth round of the world's most prestigious squash league ... Integrity Surrey Health & Racquets 4 UWEBristol 1....(size: 6.6Kb)
This article is about the county of England. For other uses, see Surrey (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Surry (disambiguation).
| Surrey | |
|---|---|
 Flag |
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| Motto of County Council: Making Surrey a better place | |
 |
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| Geography | |
| Status | Ceremonial and non-metropolitan county |
| Origin | Historic |
| Region | South East England |
| Area - Total - Admin. council |
Ranked 35th 1,663 km2 (642 sq mi) Ranked 25th |
| Admin HQ | Kingston (extraterritorially) |
| ISO 3166-2 | GB-SRY |
| ONS code | 43 |
| NUTS 3 | UKJ23 |
| Demography | |
| Population - Total (2010 est.) - Density - Admin. council |
Ranked 12th 1,127,300 678 /km2 (1,760 /sq mi) Ranked 5th |
| Ethnicity | 95.0% White 2.2% S. Asian |
| Politics | |
| 150px http://www.surreycc.gov.uk/ |
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| Executive | Conservative |
| Members of Parliament | |
| Districts | |
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Surrey /ˈsʌri/ is a county in the South East of England, and one of the home counties. The county borders Greater London, Kent, East Sussex, West Sussex, Hampshire, and Berkshire. The historic county town is Guildford.[1] Surrey County Council sits at Kingston upon Thames, although this has been part of Greater London since 1965. The London boroughs of Lambeth, Wandsworth and Southwark were considered part of Surrey until 1889; and Croydon, Kingston, Merton, Sutton, Barnes and Richmond - all now reclassified as part of Greater London - were part of Surrey until 1965.
Surrey is divided into 11 boroughs and districts: Elmbridge, Epsom and Ewell, Guildford, Mole Valley, Reigate and Banstead, Runnymede, Spelthorne, Surrey Heath, Tandridge, Waverley, Woking. After the elections of 1 May 2008, the Conservatives are in control of 10 out of 11 councils in Surrey, with Epsom and Ewell in Residents Association control. The Conservatives hold all 11 Parliamentary constituencies within the county borders.[2]
Geography[link]
Surrey is divided in two by the chalk ridge of the North Downs, running east-west. The ridge is pierced by Surrey's principal rivers, the Wey and the Mole, which are tributaries of the Thames, the river which constituted the northern border of the county before modern local government reorganisations. To the north of the Downs the land is mostly flat, forming part of the basin of the Thames. The geology of this area is dominated by London Clay in the east, Bagshot Sands in the west and alluvial deposits along the rivers. To the south of the Downs in the western part of the county are the sandstone Surrey Hills, while further east is the plain of the Low Weald, rising in the extreme south-east to the edge of the hills of the High Weald. The Downs and the area to the south form part of a concentric pattern of geological deposits which also extends across southern Kent and most of Sussex, predominantly composed of Wealden Clay, Lower Greensand and the chalk of the Downs.
Much of Surrey is in the Metropolitan Green Belt. It contains a good deal of mature woodland (reflected in the official logo of Surrey County Council, a pair of interlocking oak leaves). Among its many notable beauty spots are Box Hill, Leith Hill, Frensham Ponds, Newlands Corner and Puttenham & Crooksbury Commons. Surrey is the most wooded county in England, with 22.4% coverage compared to a national average of 11.8%[3] and as such is one of the few counties not to include new woodlands in their strategic plans. Box Hill has the oldest untouched area of natural woodland in the UK, one of the oldest in Europe. Surrey also contains England's principal concentration of lowland heath, on sandy soils in the west of the county.
Agriculture not being intensive, there are many commons and access lands, together with an extensive network of footpaths and bridleways including the North Downs Way, a scenic long-distance path. Accordingly, Surrey provides much in the way of rural leisure activities, with a very large horse population.
The highest elevation in Surrey is Leith Hill near Dorking. It is either 293,[4] 294[5] or 295[6] metres (961, 965 or 968 ft) above sea level and is the second highest point in southeastern England after Walbury Hill 297 metres (974 ft) in West Berkshire.
Settlements[link]
- See also list of places in Surrey.
Surrey has a population of approximately 1.1 million people.[7] Its largest town is Guildford, with a population of 66,773; Woking comes a close second with 62,796. They are followed by Ewell with 39,994 people and Camberley with 30,155. Towns of between 25,000 and 30,000 inhabitants are Ashford, Epsom, Farnham, Staines-upon-Thames and Redhill.[8] Guildford is the historic county town, although the county administration was moved to Newington in 1791 and to Kingston upon Thames in 1893. The county council's headquarters have been outside the county's boundaries since 1 April 1965 when Kingston and other areas were included within Greater London by the London Government Act 1963.[9] Recent plans to move the offices to a new site in Woking have now been abandoned.[10] Due to its proximity to London there are many commuter towns and villages in Surrey, the population density is high and the area is one of the richest parts of the UK. Surrey is Britain's most densely populated county, excluding Greater London, the metropolitan counties and Bristol. Much of the north east of the county is an urban area contiguous to Greater London. In the west, there is a conurbation straddling the Hampshire/Surrey border, including in Surrey Camberley and Farnham.
History[link]
British and Roman Surrey[link]
File:Stane Street.JPG
The Roman Stane or Stone Street runs through Surrey
Before Roman times the area today known as Surrey was very probably occupied by the Atrebates tribe centred at Calleva Atrebatum in the modern county of Hampshire. They are known to have controlled the southern bank of the Thames from Roman texts describing the tribal relations between them and the powerful Catuvellauni on the north bank. In about 42AD King Cunobelinus (Welsh: Cynfelin ap Tegfan) of the Catuvellauni died and war broke out between his sons and King Verica of the Atrebates. The Atrebates were defeated in the conflict, their capital captured and their lands made subject to the Catuvellauni now led by Togodumnus ruling from Camulodunum. Verica fled to Gaul and appealed for Roman aid. The Atrebates were allies with Rome during their invasion of Britain in 43AD. The area of Surrey was traversed by Stane Street and other less well known Roman roads. There were Roman temples on Farley Heath and near Wanborough.
The Saxon tribes and the sub-kingdom[link]
During the 5th and 6th centuries Surrey was conquered and settled by Saxons. The names of a number of Saxon tribes who may have inhabited different parts of Surrey in this period have been conjectured on the basis of place names. These include the Godhelmingas (around Godalming), Tetingas (around Tooting) and Woccingas (between Woking and Wokingham in Berkshire). It has also been speculated that the Nox gaga and the Oht gaga tribes listed in the Mercian Tribal Hidage refer to two distinct groups living in Surrey. They were valued together at 7,000 hides. Surrey may have formed part of a larger Middle Saxon kingdom or confederacy also including areas north of the Thames. The name Surrey is derived from Suthrige, meaning "southern region", and this may originate in its status as the southern half of the Middle Saxon territory.
If it ever existed, the Middle Saxon kingdom had disappeared by the 7th century, and Surrey became a frontier area disputed between the kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex and Mercia, until its permanent absorption by Wessex in 825. Despite this fluctuating situation it retained its identity as a coherent territorial unit. During the 7th century Surrey became Christian and initially formed part of the East Saxon diocese of London, indicating that it was under East Saxon rule at that time, but was later transferred to the West Saxon diocese of Winchester. Its most important religious institution throughout the Anglo-Saxon period and beyond was Chertsey Abbey, founded in 666. At this point Surrey was evidently under Kentish domination, as the abbey was founded under the patronage of King Ecgberht of Kent. However, a few years later at least part of it was subject to Mercia, since in 673-5 further lands were given to Chertsey Abbey by Frithuwald, a local sub-king (subregulus) ruling under the sovereignty of Wulfhere of Mercia. A decade later Surrey passed into the hands of King Caedwalla of Wessex, who also conquered Kent and Sussex and founded a monastery at Farnham in 686, and it remained under the control of Caedwalla's successor Ine in the early 8th century. Its political history for most of the 8th century is unclear, although it may have been under South Saxon control around 722, but by 784–5 it had passed into the hands of King Offa of Mercia. Mercian rule continued until 825, when following his victory over the Mercians at the Battle of Ellandun, King Egbert of Wessex seized control of Surrey, along with Sussex, Kent and Essex. It was incorporated into Wessex as a shire and continued thereafter under the rule of the West Saxon kings, who eventually became kings of all England.
Identified sub-kings of Surrey
- Frithuwald (c.673 – 675)
- Frithuric? (675 – c.686)
The West Saxon and English shire[link]
In the 9th century England was afflicted, along with the rest of north-western Europe, by the attacks of Scandinavian Vikings. Surrey's inland position shielded it from coastal raiding, so that it was not normally troubled except by the largest and most ambitious Scandinavian armies. In 851 an exceptionally large invasion force of Danes arrived in the mouth of the Thames on a fleet of about 350 ships, which would have carried over 15,000 men. Having sacked Canterbury and London and defeated King Beorhtwulf of Mercia in battle, the Danes crossed the Thames into Surrey, but were slaughtered by a West Saxon army led by King Aethelwulf in the Battle of Aclea, bringing the invasion to an end. In 892 Surrey was the scene of another important battle when a large Danish army, variously reported at 200, 250 and 350 ship-loads, moved west from its encampment in Kent. It was intercepted and defeated at Farnham by an army led by Alfred the Great's son Edward, the future King Edward the Elder, and fled across the Thames towards Essex.
Its location and the growing power of the West Saxon, later English, kingdom kept Surrey safe from attack for over a century thereafter. Kingston was the scene for the coronation of Aethelstan in 924 and Aethelred the Unready in 978, and, according to later tradition, of other tenth century Kings of England as well. The renewed Danish attacks during the disastrous reign of Aethelred led to the devastation of Surrey by the army of Thorkell the Tall, which ravaged all of south-eastern England in 1009–11. The climax of this wave of attacks came in 1016, which saw prolonged fighting between the forces of King Edmund Ironside and the Danish king Cnut, including an English victory over the Danes somewhere in north-eastern Surrey, but ended with the Danish conquest of England and the establishment of Cnut as king.
Cnut's death in 1035 was followed by a period of political uncertainty as the succession was disputed between his sons. In 1036 Alfred, son of Aethelred the Unready, returned from Normandy, where he had been taken for safety as a child at the time of Cnut's conquest of England. It is uncertain what his intentions were, but after landing with a small retinue in Sussex he was met by Godwin, Earl of Wessex, who escorted him in apparently friendly fashion to Guildford. Having taken lodgings there, Alfred's men were attacked as they slept and massacred by Godwin's followers, while the prince himself was blinded and imprisoned, dying shortly afterwards. This butchery must have contributed to the antipathy between Godwin and Alfred's brother Edward the Confessor, who came to the throne in 1042. That hostility was of critical importance in bringing about the Norman Conquest of England in 1066.
Domesday Book records that the largest landowners in Surrey at the end of Edward's reign were Chertsey Abbey and Harold Godwinson, Earl of Wessex and later king, followed by the estates of King Edward himself. Apart from the abbey, most of whose lands were within the shire, Surrey was the not the principal focus of any major landowner's holdings, a tendency which was to persist in later periods. Given the vast and widespread landed interests and the national and international preoccupations of the monarchy and the earldom of Wessex, the Abbot of Chertsey was therefore probably the most important figure in the local elite.
The Anglo-Saxon period saw the emergence of the shire's internal division into 14 hundreds, which continued until Victorian times. These were the hundreds of Blackheath, Brixton, Copthorne, Effingham Half-Hundred, Elmbridge, Farnham, Godalming, Godley, Kingston, Reigate, Tandridge, Wallington, Woking and Wotton.
Identified ealdormen of Surrey
- Wulfheard (c.823)
- Huda (? – 853)
- Æðelweard (late 10th century)
- Æðelmær (? – 1016)
Later Medieval Surrey[link]
After the Battle of Hastings, the Norman army advanced through Kent into Surrey, where they defeated an English force which attacked them at Southwark, before proceeding westwards on a circuitous march to reach London from the north-west. As was the case across England, the native ruling class of Surrey was virtually eliminated by Norman seizure of land. Only one significant English landowner, the brother of the last English Abbot of Chertsey, remained by the time the Domesday survey was conducted in 1086. At that time the largest landholding in Surrey, as in many other parts of the country, was the expanded royal estate, while the next largest holding belonged to Richard fitz Gilbert, founder of the de Clare family.
In 1088, King William II granted William de Warenne the title of Earl of Surrey as a reward for Warenne's loyalty during the rebellion that followed the death of William I. When the male line of the Warennes became extinct in the 14th century the earldom was inherited by the Fitzalan Earls of Arundel. The Fitzalan line of Earls of Surrey became extinct in 1415 but the title was revived in the late 15th century for the Howard family who still hold it. However, Surrey was not the principal focus of any of these families' interests.
Guildford Castle, one of many fortresses originally established by the Normans as part of the process of subjugating the country, was developed as a royal palace in the 12th century. Farnham Castle was built during the 12th century as a residence for the Bishop of Winchester, while other stone castles were constructed in the same period at Bletchingley by the de Clares and at Reigate by the Warennes. During King John's struggle with the barons, Magna Carta was issued in June 1215 at Runnymede. In the following year Surrey was overrun by forces supporting Prince Louis of France, who passed through on their way from London to Winchester and back and occupied Guildford and Reigate castles. Guildford Castle later became one of the favourite residences of King Henry III, who considerably expanded the palace there. In 1264, during the baronial revolt against Henry III, the rebel army of Simon de Montfort passed southwards through Surrey on their way to the Battle of Lewes in Sussex. Although the rebels were victorious, soon after the battle royal forces captured and destroyed Bletchingley Castle, whose owner Gilbert de Clare was one of de Montfort's leading supporters. By the 14th century castles were of dwindling military importance, but continued to be a mark of social prestige, leading to the construction of castles at Betchworth by Lord Cobham and at Starborough near Lingfield by John Fitzalan, whose father had recently inherited the Earldom of Surrey.
Surrey had little political or economic importance in the Middle Ages. It was not the main power-base of any major aristocratic family or the seat of a bishopric, while its agricultural wealth was limited by its generally poor soils. Population pressure in the 12th and 13th centuries led to the beginning of the gradual deforestation and agricultural development of the Weald, an area which had hitherto remained wooded due to the exceptional difficulty of farming its heavy clay soil. Urban development, excepting the London suburb of Southwark, was sapped by the overshadowing predominance of London and the major towns in neighbouring shires, many of which benefited from access to the sea or from political or ecclesiastical eminence. Surrey did however achieve a significant degree of prosperity in the later Middle Ages through its role in the production of woollen cloth, England's main export industry, which in Surrey was centred on Guildford.
One benefit of obscurity was that Surrey largely avoided being seriously fought over in the various rebellions and civil wars of the period, although armies from Kent heading for London passed through what was then north-eastern Surrey during the Peasants' Revolt of 1381, Cade's Rebellion in 1450 and one stage of the Wars of the Roses in 1460.
In 1082 a Cluniac abbey was founded at Bermondsey by Alwine, a wealthy English citizen of London. The first Cistercian monastery in England, Waverley Abbey, was founded in 1128. Over the next quarter-century monks spread out from here to found new houses, creating a network of twelve monasteries descended from Waverley across southern and central England. The 12th and early 13th centuries also saw the establishment of Augustinian priories at Merton, Newark, Tandridge, Southwark and Reigate. A Dominican friary was established at Guildford by Henry III's widow Eleanor of Provence, in memory of her grandson who had died at Guildford in 1274. In the 15th century a Carthusian priory was founded by King Henry V at Sheen. These would all perish, along with the still important Benedictine abbey of Chertsey, in the 16th-century Dissolution of the Monasteries.
Although now fallen into disuse, some English counties had nicknames for people from that county, such as a Tyke from Yorkshire and a Yellowbelly from Lincolnshire; the traditional nickname for people from Surrey is 'Surrey Capon', as it was well known in the later Middle Ages as the county where chickens were fattened up for the London meat markets.
Early Modern Surrey[link]
Under the early Tudor kings magnificent royal palaces were constructed in northern Surrey, in convenient proximity to London. At Richmond an existing royal residence was rebuilt on a grand scale under King Henry VII, who also founded a Franciscan friary nearby in 1499. The still more spectacular palace of Nonsuch was later built for Henry VIII near Ewell. The palace at Guildford Castle had fallen out of use long before, but a royal hunting lodge existed just outside the town. All these have since been demolished.
During the Cornish Rebellion of 1497 the rebels heading for London briefly occupied Guildford and fought a skirmish with a government detachment on Guildown outside the town, before marching on to Blackheath in Kent where they were crushed by a royal army. The forces of Wyatt's Rebellion in 1554 passed through what was then north-eastern Surrey on their way from Kent to London, briefly occupying Southwark and then crossing the Thames at Kingston after failing to storm London Bridge.
Surrey's cloth industry declined in the 16th century, and effectively collapsed in the 17th. The introduction of new furnace technology in the early 17th century led to an expansion of the iron industry in the Weald, whose rich deposits had been exploited since prehistoric times, but this hastened the extinction of the business as the mines were worked out. However, this period also saw the emergence of important new industries, centred on the valley of the Tillingbourne. The production of brass goods and wire in this area was relatively short-lived, but the manufacture of paper and gunpowder proved more enduring. For a time in the mid-17th century the Surrey mills were the main producers of gunpowder in England. The Wey Navigation, opened in 1653, was one of England's first canal systems.
George Abbot, the son of a Guildford clothworker, served as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1611–33. In 1619 he founded Abbot's Hospital, an almshouse in Guildford, which is still operating. He also made unsuccessful efforts to revitalise the ailing local cloth industry. One of his brothers, Robert, became Bishop of Salisbury and another, Maurice, was a founding shareholder of the East India Company who became the company's governor and later Lord Mayor of London.
Bankside in Southwark, then part of Surrey, was the principal entertainment district of early modern London. This was due to its convenient location outside the jurisdiction of the government of the City of London, since the social control exercised over this London suburb by the local authorities of Surrey was less effectively restrictive. As a result this was where the city's theatres were located and was the setting for the golden age of Elizabethan and Jacobean theatre, with the work of playwrights including William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson and John Webster being performed in playhouses along the south bank of the Thames.
Surrey almost entirely escaped the direct impact of fighting during the main phase of the English Civil War in 1642-6. The local Parliamentarian gentry led by Sir Richard Onslow were able to secure the county without difficulty on the outbreak of war. Farnham Castle was briefly occupied by the advancing Royalists in late 1642, but was easily stormed by the Parliamentarians under Sir William Waller. A new Royalist offensive in late 1643 saw skirmishing around Farnham between Waller's forces and Ralph Hopton's Royalists, but these brief incursions into the western fringes of Surrey marked the limits of Royalist advances on the county. During a political crisis in summer 1647 Sir Thomas Fairfax's army passed through Surrey on its way to occupy London, and subsequent billeting of troops in Surrey caused considerable discontent. In the brief Second Civil War of 1648 the Earl of Holland entered Surrey in July hoping to ignite a Royalist revolt. He raised his standard at Kingston and advanced south, but found little support. After confused manoeuvres between Reigate and Dorking as Parliamentary troops closed in, his force of 500 men fled northwards and was overtaken and routed at Kingston.
Surrey had a prominent role in the development of the radical political movements unleashed by the civil war. In October 1647 the first manifesto of what became known as the Leveller movement, The Case of the Army Truly Stated, was drafted at Guildford by the elected representatives of New Model Army regiments and civilian radicals from London. This document combined the presentation of specific grievances with wider demands for constitutional change on the basis of popular sovereignty. It formed the template for the more systematic and radical Agreement of the People, drafted by the same men later that month, and led to the Putney Debates between its signatories and the army leadership. In 1649 the Diggers led by Gerrard Winstanley established their communal settlement at St. George's Hill to implement egalitarian ideals of common ownership, but were eventually driven out by the local landowners through violence and litigation. A smaller Digger commune was then established near Cobham, but suffered the same fate in 1650.
Modern history[link]
Until the late 18th century Surrey, apart from its north-eastern corner, was sparsely populated and somewhat rustic, despite its proximity to the capital. Communications began to improve, and the influence of London to increase, with the development of turnpike roads and a stagecoach system. A far more profound transformation followed with the arrival of the railways, beginning in the late 1830s. The availability of rapid transportation enabled prosperous London workers to travel daily to homes across Surrey. This phenomenon of commuting brought explosive growth to Surrey's population and wealth, and tied its economy and society inextricably to London. Existing towns like Guildford, Farnham and most spectacularly Croydon grew rapidly, while new towns such as Woking and Redhill emerged beside the railway lines.
Meanwhile London itself spread swiftly across north-eastern Surrey. In 1800 it extended only to Vauxhall; a century later the city's growth had reached as far as Putney and Streatham. This expansion was reflected in the creation of the County of London in 1889, detaching the areas subsumed by the city from Surrey. The expansion of London continued in the 20th century, engulfing Croydon, Kingston and many smaller settlements. This led to a further contraction of Surrey in 1965 with the creation of Greater London.
In 1849 Brookwood Cemetery was established near Woking to serve the population of London, connected to the capital by its own railway service. It soon developed into the largest burial ground in the world. Woking was also the site of Britain's first crematorium, which opened in 1878, and its first mosque, founded in 1889. In 1881 Godalming became the first town in the world with a public electricity supply.
The eastern part of Surrey was transferred from the Diocese of Winchester to that of Rochester in 1877. In 1905 this area was detached to form a new Diocese of Southwark. The rest of the county, together with part of eastern Hampshire, was separated from Winchester in 1927 to become the Diocese of Guildford, whose cathedral was consecrated in 1961.
During the later 19th century Surrey became increasingly important in the development of architecture in Britain and the wider world. Its traditional building forms were significant in shaping the widespread trend for English vernacular architecture associated with the Arts and Crafts Movement, and would continue to influence domestic building through the 20th century. The prominence of Surrey peaked in the 1890s, when it was the focus for globally important developments in domestic architecture, in particular the early work of Edwin Lutyens, who grew up in the county and was greatly influenced by its traditional styles and materials.
The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the demise of Surrey's long-standing industries manufacturing paper and gunpowder. Most of the county's paper mills closed around the turn of the century and the last survivor shut in 1928. Gunpowder production fell victim to the First World War, which brought about a huge expansion of the British munitions industry, followed by sharp contraction and consolidation when the war ended, leading to the closure of the Surrey powder mills. New industrial developments included the establishment of the vehicle manufacturers Dennis Brothers in Guildford in 1895. Beginning as a maker of bicycles and then of cars, the firm soon shifted into the production of commercial and utility vehicles, becoming internationally important as a manufacturer of fire engines and buses. Though much reduced in size and despite numerous changes of ownership, this business continues to operate in Guildford.
During the Second World War a section of the GHQ Stop Line, a system of pillboxes, gun emplacements, anti-tank obstacles and other fortifications was constructed along the North Downs. This line, running from Somerset to Yorkshire, was intended as the principal fixed defence of London and the industrial core of England against the threat of invasion. German invasion plans envisaged that the main thrust of their advance inland would cross the North Downs at the gap in the ridge formed by the Wey valley, thus colliding with the defence line around Guildford.
Historic architecture and monuments[link]
File:Abbotshospital.jpg
The gate of Abbot's Hospital, Guildford
Few traces of the ancient British and Roman periods survive in Surrey. There are a number of round barrows and bell barrows in various locations, mostly dating to the Bronze Age. Remains of Iron Age hillforts exist at Holmbury Hill, Hascombe Hill, Anstiebury (near Capel), Dry Hill (near Lingfield), St. Ann's Hill, Chertsey and St George's Hill, Weybridge. Most of these sites were created in the 1st century BC and many were re-occupied during the middle of the 1st century AD.[11] Only fragments of Stane Street and Ermine Street, the Roman roads which crossed the county, remain.
Anglo-Saxon elements survive in a number of Surrey churches, notably at Guildford (St. Mary's), Godalming (St. Peter & St. Paul), Stoke D'Abernon, Thursley, Witley, Compton and Albury (old church).
Numerous medieval churches exist in Surrey, but the county's parish churches are typically relatively small and simple, and have suffered particularly heavily at the hands of Victorian restoration. Important medieval church interiors are to be found at Stoke D'Abernon, Compton, Chaldon, Dunsfold and Lingfield. The larger monastic churches fell into ruin after their institutions were dissolved, although some remains of those at Waverley and Newark still exist, while Southwark Priory, no longer in Surrey, has survived intact as a cathedral. Farnham Castle survives in large part and substantial ruins remain at Guildford Castle, while a handful of medieval domestic buildings survive, albeit with considerable later modifications.
The 16th century is the earliest from which a sizeable amount of non-military secular architecture survives in Surrey. Important examples include the grand mid-century country houses of Loseley Park and Sutton Place and the old building of the Royal Grammar School, Guildford, founded in 1509. A considerable number of more ordinary houses and commercial buildings of the 16th century are also still standing, and with the 17th century the number of surviving buildings proliferates much further. Abbot's Hospital, founded in 1619, is a grand edifice built in the Tudor style, despite its date. More characteristic examples of major 17th-century building include West Horsley Place, Slyfield Manor and the guildhall in Guildford, as well as Ham House and Kew Palace, formerly in Surrey but now in Greater London.
Literature[link]
Besides its role in Elizabethan and Jacobean theatre, many important writers have lived and worked in Surrey.
- The Owl and the Nightingale, one of the earliest Middle English poems, may have been written by one Nicholas of Guildford, who is mentioned in its text.
- John Donne (1572–1631) lived and worked for much of his life in Pyrford.
- John Evelyn (1620–1706) was born at Wotton and spent much of his life there.
- Daniel Defoe (1659/61-1731) was educated in Dorking.
- William Cobbett (1763–1835) was born in Farnham and is buried there; Surrey features prominently in his Rural Rides.
- Benjamin Disraeli (1804–81) wrote Conningsby while living in Dorking.
- Alfred Tennyson (1809–92) spent the latter part of his life, and died, in Haslemere.
- Charles Dickens (1812–70) wrote part of The Pickwick Papers in Dorking, and refers to the town in the novel.
- Robert Browning (1812–89) was born in Camberwell, then part of Surrey.
- George Eliot (1819–80) wrote most of Middlemarch while living in Haslemere.
- George Meredith (1828–1909) lived at Box Hill.
- Lewis Carroll (1832–98) died and is buried in Guildford, where he had spent much time at his sisters' home.
- George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950) lived in Woking and later in Hindhead, where he wrote Caesar and Cleopatra.
- Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) lived and wrote many of his books in Hindhead and served as deputy lieutenant of Surrey; the county forms a setting for many of the Sherlock Holmes stories.
- J. M. Barrie (1860–1937) lived in Tilford, and based The Boy Castaways, which later evolved into Peter Pan, in the nearby countryside.
- H. G. Wells (1866–1946) wrote The War of the Worlds while living in Woking; much of northern Surrey is laid waste in the course of the story.
- John Galsworthy (1867–1933) was born in Kingston and the Forsyte Saga is set in the area.
- E. M. Forster (1879–1970) lived and wrote in Weybridge.
- P. G. Wodehouse (1881–1975) was born in Guildford and baptised there in St. Nicolas' Church, Guildford.
- Aldous Huxley (1894–1963) was born in Godalming and his remains are interred at Compton; the end of Brave New World is set in Surrey.
Arts and sciences[link]
- William of Ockham (c.1288-c.1348), scholastic philosopher, most famous for "Occam's Razor", came from Ockham.
- Thomas Malthus (1766–1834), pioneer of demography, was born and grew up in Westcott, and later lived in Albury.
- Ada Lovelace (1815–52), mathematician, lived at East Horsley.
- Gertrude Jekyll (1843–1932), garden designer, lived for much of her life at Munstead near Godalming, created significant gardens in Surrey and is buried in Busbridge.
- Edwin Lutyens (1869–1944), architect, grew up in Thursley and many of his early works were built in west Surrey, including collaborations with Gertrude Jekyll.
- Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872–1958), composer, grew up at Leith Hill and later lived in Dorking.
- Laurence Olivier (1907–89), actor, was born in Dorking.
- Alan Turing (1912–54), mathematician and pioneer of computer science, lived for much of his early life in Guildford.
Popular music[link]
The "Surrey Delta" produced many of the musicians in 60s British blues movements. The Rolling Stones developed their music at Crawdaddy Club in Richmond.
- Jimmy Page (born 1944) spent much of his early life in Epsom.
- Jeff Beck (born 1944) was born in Wallington, then part of Surrey.
- Eric Clapton (born 1945) was born and grew up in Ripley.
- The Stranglers were formed in Guildford.
- Paul Weller (born 1958) was born and grew up in Woking, which inspired the song Town Called Malice. The Jam were formed at Sheerwater Secondary School in the town.
- Norman Cook (born 1963) was born in Surrey.
- Hard-Fi members Richard Archer, Ross Phillips, and Kai Stephens are from Staines-upon-Thames, Surrey.
- Justin Hawkins, lead singer of rock band The Darkness was born in Surrey.
- Mike Rutherford guitarist of progressive rock band Genesis.
- Peter Gabriel, once lead songwriter of progressive rock band Genesis.
Sport[link]
Surrey was the scene for the earliest appearance in history of cricket being played, a reference to games at the Royal Grammar School, Guildford in the 16th century (see History of English cricket to 1696). Mitcham Cricket Club, formed in 1685 and the oldest documented club in the game's history, was within Surrey's borders until 1965.[12] The Surrey County Cricket Club, founded in 1845, represents the historic county of Surrey, although its main ground, The Oval in Kennington, is now in Greater London. The club also uses Whitgift School, South Croydon and Woodbridge Road, Guildford for some games. It was one of the original participants in the County Championship and has won the competition 18 times, more than any other county except Yorkshire.
Epsom Downs Racecourse is the venue for the most prestigious event in British flat horse-racing, the Derby, which has been held there annually since 1780.
Brooklands near Woking was the world's first purpose-built motorsport race circuit, opened in 1907. Currently Woking plays host to the headquarters of the McLaren Formula One team, giving Surrey the rarity of having a local F1 team. James Hunt, the 1976 Formula 1 World Driver's Champion was born in Belmont, then part of Surrey, in 1947.
Surrey's leading rugby club, Esher, currently compete in the RFU Championship, the second tier of English rugby. The county has numerous football teams, but none in the Football League.
Surrey is home to the Ice Hockey team the Guildford Flames, who compete in the English Premier League and the basketball team the Guildford Heat, who play in the top tier of British basketball, the British Basketball League.
Local government[link]
| Surrey | |
| Geography | |
| Status | Administrative county |
| HQ | Newington 1889–1893 Kingston upon Thames from 1893 |
| History | |
| Created | c.825 |
| Abolished | N/A |
| Succeeded by | N/A |
| Demography | |
|---|---|
| 1891 population | 452,218[13] |
| 1971 population | 1,002,832[14] |
| The arms granted to Surrey County Council in 1934 and used until 1974 | |
The Local Government Act 1888 reorganised county-level local government throughout England and Wales. Accordingly, the administrative county of Surrey was formed in 1889 when the Provisional Surrey County Council first met, consisting of 19 aldermen and 57 councillors. The county council assumed the administrative responsibilities previously exercised by the county's justices in quarter sessions. The county had revised boundaries, with the north east of the historic county bordering the City of London becoming part of a new County of London. These areas now form the London Boroughs of Lambeth, Southwark and Wandsworth, and the Penge area of the London Borough of Bromley. At the same time, the borough of Croydon became a county borough, outside the jurisdiction of the county council.
For purposes other than local government the administrative county of Surrey and county borough of Croydon continued to form a "county of Surrey" to which a Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum (Chief Magistrate) and a High Sheriff were appointed.
Surrey had been administered from Newington since the 1790s, and the county council was initially based in the sessions house there. As Newington was included in the County of London it lay outside the area administered by the council, and a site for a new county hall within the administrative county was sought. By 1890 six towns were being considered: Epsom, Guildford, Kingston, Redhill, Surbiton and Wimbledon.[15] A decision to build the new County Hall at Kingston was made in 1891, (the building opened in 1893[16]) but this site would also became overtaken by the growing London conurbation and by the 1930s most of the north of the county had been built over, becoming outer suburbs of London, although continuing to form part of Surrey administratively.
In 1960 the report of the Herbert Commission recommended that much of north Surrey (including Kingston and Croydon) be included in a new "Greater London". The recommendations of the report were enacted in highly modified form in 1965 by the London Government Act 1963. The areas that now form the London Boroughs of Croydon, Kingston, Merton, Sutton and that part of Richmond south of the River Thames were transferred from Surrey to Greater London. At the same time part of the county of Middlesex, which had been abolished by the legislation, was added to Surrey. This area now forms the borough of Spelthorne.
Further local government reform under the Local Government Act 1972 took place in 1974. The 1972 Act abolished administrative counties and introduced non-metropolitan counties in their place. The boundaries of the non-metropolitan county of Surrey were similar to those of the administrative county with the exception of Gatwick Airport and some surrounding land which was transferred to West Sussex. It was originally proposed that the parishes of Horley and Charlwood would become part of West Sussex, however fierce local opposition led to a reversal of this under the Charlwood and Horley Act 1974.
Economy[link]
Surrey is an affluent county with a service based economy closely tied to that of London. Surrey has the highest GDP per capita of any county in the UK and the highest cost of living in the UK outside of the capital. The county is said to have the highest proportion of millionaires in the UK. The average wage in Surrey is bolstered by the high number of residents who work in financial services.[17]
Surrey has more organisation and company headquarters than any other county in the UK. Electronic giants Nikon, Whirlpool, Canon, Toshiba, Samsung and Philips are housed here. Kia Motors and Toyota UK also have HQs in Surrey, as do drug companies Pfizer and Sanofi-Aventis and oil giant Esso. Some of the largest FMCG multinationals in the world have their UK and/or European headquarters here, including Unilever, Procter & Gamble, Superdrug, Nestle, SC Johnson, Kimberly-Clark and Colgate-Palmolive. NGOs including WWF UK & Compassion in World Farming are also based here. Government Quangos such as SEEDA, SEERA and GOSE are headquartered in Guildford.
Transport[link]
Road[link]
Three major motorways pass through the county. These are:
- The M25 (London Orbital). This runs around the North-East of the county. It connects to the M1, M11, M20, M26 and M40. The motorway bypasses London Heathrow Airport, and is easily connected to Gatwick Airport, Stanstead Airport, Luton Airport and the Channel Tunnel.
- M3 which runs along the north of the county. It connects London to Southampton and the South West of England via Camberley and Sunbury.
- The M23. Runs along the East border, from Croydon, South London, to South of Crawley. It connects London and Surrey via the M25, to Gatwick Airport.
Other major roads include:
- The A3 trunk road is the Old Portmouth Road, which runs from Portsmouth to London. The road travels through Haslemere, Godalming, Guildford, Esher and Kingston-upon-Thames. The Hindhead Tunnel has bypasses the infamous Hindhead junction and the Devil's Punchbowl.
- The A24 runs again from London to Littlehampton and Worthing. In Surrey, it passes through Ewell, Epsom, Ashtead, Leatherhead and Dorking. It passes past Box Hill, near Dorking. Unlike the A3, which is almost completely dual carriageway, the A24 is generally single carriageway, and has been bypassed around Leatherhead.
- The A31 is a trunk road from Guildford to Bere Regis via Farnham and is connected to the M3 by Winchester or via the A331. It is dual carriageway along the Hog's Back from the A3 to Farnham. It is one of the ancient routes from London to Winchester.
- The A331 connects the A31 to the M3. It runs along the Surrey – Hampshire border, bypassing Aldershot, Frimley and Farnborough.
Rail[link]
Surrey is connected to London via the South Western Main Line and the Brighton Main Line. The South Western Mainline travels from Weymouth, Southampton, Basingstoke to Farnborough (Main), up through Woking before travelling to Surbiton and onto London Waterloo. Although these routes are used for long distance trains, regular commuter services run along these lines, and Woking, Guildford are main commuter towns for London. As the North – East is heavily built up, and apart of the London Urban Area. There are many commuter routes, including the Chertsey Branch Line, the Hampton Court Line, the New Guildford Line, the Alton Line.
Alternatively, services in the South East terminate in London Bridge, and London Victoria via the Brighton Mainline. It runs from Horley to the Merstham Tunnel, via the major station Redhill. These lines are all electrified, and in Surrey the only main route not electrified is the North Downs Line which runs from Reading to Redhill via Farnborough and Guildford. Services into London Waterloo are run by South West Trains, services to London Victoria and London Bridge are Southern and South Eastern, and services on the North Downs Line are operated by Great First Western. From Guildford, a daily service with CrossCountry runs to Manchester Piccadilly via Reading.
Major stations:
- Guildford (7.8 million passengers)
- Woking (7.1 million passengers)
- Epsom (3.5 million passengers)
- Redhill (3.4 million passengers)
Air[link]
Both Heathrow (in the London Borough of Hillingdon) and Gatwick (near the Sussex/Surrey border) are close at hand and both are connected to Surrey by the M25 in particular. There is also a National Express Coach from Woking to Heathrow Airport. Fairoaks Airport, on the edge of Chobham and Ottershaw is just 2.3 miles from Woking Town centre which operates as a private airfield with two training schools and is home to other aviation businesses.
Education[link]
See also: List of schools in Surrey
Surrey has a comprehensive secondary education system with 53 state schools (not including sixth form colleges). There are 41 independent schools including Preparatory schools and Senior schools including the famous Charterhouse School, which along with Eton College and Harrow was one of the original nine independent schools defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. Most secondary schools in Surrey have sixth forms although Reigate, Esher, Egham, Spelthorne, Woking and Waverley districts tend to have separate sixth form colleges.
Higher education[link]
See also: Category:Education in Surrey
- The University of Surrey is based in Guildford and the University for the Creative Arts (UCA) has campuses in Farnham and Epsom.
- Royal Holloway, University of London is based in Egham
Emergency services[link]
Surrey is served by these emergency services.
- Surrey Police, with 12 police stations in Surrey.
- South East Coast Ambulance Service as of 1 July 2006. Previously Surrey Ambulance Service covered Surrey; on 1 July 2006, it merged with Sussex Ambulance Service and Kent Ambulance Service to form the South East Coast Ambulance Service. Surrey has 21 ambulance stations.
- Surrey Fire & Rescue Service, with 24 fire stations in Surrey.
- SURSAR, Surrey Search & Rescue, based in Woking Police Station.
Places of interest[link]
Significant landscapes in Surrey include Box Hill just north of Dorking; the Devil's Punch Bowl at Hindhead and Frensham Common. Leith Hill south west of Dorking in the Greensand Ridge is the second highest point in south-east England. Witley Common and Thursley Common are expansive areas of ancient heathland south of Godalming run by the National Trust and Ministry of Defence. The Surrey Hills are an area of outstanding natural beauty (AONB).
More manicured landscapes can be seen at Claremont Landscape Garden, south of Esher (dating from 1715). There is also Winkworth Arboretum south east of Godalming and Windlesham Arboretum near Lightwater created in the 20th century. Wisley is home to the Royal Horticultural Society gardens. Kew, historically part of Surrey but now in Greater London, features the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, as well as The National Archives for England & Wales.
There are 80 Surrey Wildlife Trust reserves with at least one in all 11 non-metropolitan districts.[18]
Surrey's important country houses include the Tudor mansion of Loseley Park, built in the 1560s and Clandon Park, an 18th-century Palladian mansion in West Clandon to the east of Guildford. Nearby Hatchlands Park in East Clandon, was built in 1758 with Robert Adam interiors and a collection of keyboard instruments. Polesden Lacey south of Great Bookham is a regency villa with extensive grounds. On a smaller scale, Oakhurst Cottage in Hambledon near Godalming is a restored 16th-century worker's home.
A canal system, the Wey and Godalming Navigations is linked to the Wey and Arun Canal with future full reopening expected after 2015. Dapdune Wharf in Guildford commemorates the work of the canal system and is home to a restored Wey barge, the Reliance. Furthermore on the River Tillingbourne, Shalford Mill is an 18th century water-mill.
Runnymede at Egham is the site of the sealing of the Magna Carta in 1215.
Guildford Cathedral is a post-war cathedral built from bricks made from the clay hill on which it stands.
Brooklands Museum recognises the motoring past of Surrey. The county is also home to the theme parks Thorpe Park and Chessington World of Adventures.
Surrey in film and books[link]
Much of H. G. Wells's 1898 novella The War of the Worlds is set in Surrey with many specific towns and villages identified. The Martians first land on Horsell Common on the north side of Woking, outside the Bleak House pub, now called Sands. In the story the narrator flees in the direction of London, first passing Byfleet and then Weybridge before travelling east along the north bank of the Thames. Jane Austen's novel Emma is set in Surrey and the famous picnic where Emma embarrasses Miss Bates takes place on Box Hill. The character Ford Prefect from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy claimed to be from Guildford in Surrey, but in actuality he was from a small planet somewhere in the vicinity of Betelgeuse. Thomas Paine Kydd, the hero of the Kydd series of naval adventure novels written by Julian Stockwin, starts off as a young wig-maker from Guildford who is pressed into service and thus begins a life at sea. Atonement is set in Surrey. The late Poet Laureate Sir John Betjeman mentions Camberley in his poem "A Subaltern's Lovesong", while Carshalton forms the literary backdrop to many of the poems by James Farrar. In J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, the home of Harry's pernicious relatives, the Dursleys, is set in the fictional town of Little Whinging, Surrey. They lived at Number Four Privet Drive, Little Whinging, Surrey in a perfectly ordinary house on a perfectly ordinary street.
The county has also been used as a film location. Part of the movie The Holiday was filmed in Godalming and Shere: Kate Winslet's character Iris lived in a cottage in Shere and Cameron Diaz's character Amanda switched houses with her as part of a home exchange. The final scene of Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason uses the village church, also in Shere, as does the movie The Wedding Date. In the 1976 film The Omen, the scenes at the cathedral were filmed at Guildford Cathedral.[19] The film I Want Candy follows two hopeful lads from Leatherhead trying to break into the movies, and was partly filmed in Brooklands College (Weybridge campus). Surrey woodland represented Germany in the opening scene of Gladiator, starring Russell Crowe; it was filmed at the Bourne Woods near Farnham in Surrey. Scenes for the 2009 BBC production of Emma by Jane Austen, starring Romola Garai and Michael Gambon, were filmed at St Mary the Virgin Church Send near Guildford and at Loseley House.
See also[link]
- List of Lord Lieutenants of Surrey
- List of High Sheriffs of Surrey
- Custos Rotulorum of Surrey - Keepers of the Rolls
- Surrey (UK Parliament constituency) - Historical list of MPs for Surrey constituency
- Surrey (carriage)
References[link]
- ^ "Medieval Guildford—"Henry III confirmed Guildford's status as the county town of Surrey in 1257"". Guildford Borough Council. http://www.guildford.gov.uk/guildfordweb/leisure/guildfordmuseum/guildfordsites/historynotes/medieval+guildford.htm. Retrieved 12 February 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "BBC NEWS – Election 2010 – South East". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/election2010/results/region/8.stm.
- ^ "Surrey's woodlands". Surrey County Council. http://www.surreycc.gov.uk/sccwebsite/sccwspages.nsf/LookupWebPagesByTITLE_RTF/Surrey's+woodlands?opendocument. Retrieved 16 October 2007.
- ^ "Leith Hill". Infobritain.co.uk. http://www.infobritain.co.uk/Leith_Hill.htm. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
- ^ Driscoll-Woodford, Heather (1 December 2009). "See for miles from Surrey's hills". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/surrey/hi/people_and_places/newsid_8387000/8387218.stm. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
- ^ "The Relative Hills of Britain – Chapter 4: The Marilyns by Height". Bubl.ac.uk. http://bubl.ac.uk/org/tacit/marilyns/chapter4.htm. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
- ^ "2008 mid-year estimates of population". Surrey City Council. http://www.surreycc.gov.uk/sccwebsite/sccwspages.nsf/LookupWebPagesByTITLE_RTF/2008+mid-year+estimates+of+population?opendocument. Retrieved 15 January 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "2001 Census: Town/villages in Surrey with population more than 1000" (PDF). Surrey County Council. http://www.surreycc.gov.uk/sccwebsite/sccwspublications.nsf/591f7dda55aad72a80256c670041a50d/1c602ea59c869c9180256e600054b26c/$FILE/Town%20populations.pdf. Retrieved 16 October 2007.
- ^ "Relationships / unit history of Surrey". Vision of Britain. http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10152902. Retrieved 16 October 2007.
- ^ Surrey County Council press release 17 January 2006
- ^ Dyer, James. Penguin Guide to Prehistoric England & Wales, pp. 235–239.
- ^ Phil Shaw, The Independent, 13 July 2003, Cricket: After 400 years, history is made next to the A323. Retrieved on 6 February 2007. Quote: "Mitcham Green has been in continual use as a cricket venue for 317 years".
- ^ Census of England and Wales 1891, General Report, Table III: Administrative counties and county boroughs
- ^ Surrey, Vision of Britain, accessed 17 October 2007
- ^ The Times, 27 March 1890
- ^ David Robinson, History of County Hall, Surrey County Council
- ^ Thornton, Philip (27 September 2003). "Surrey 'stockbroker belt' tops UK house-price list". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/house-and-home/property/surrey-stockbroker-belt-tops-uk-houseprice-list-581317.html. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
- ^ [1] Surrey Wildlife Trust reserves
- ^ Sharp, Rob (4 June 2004). "Church fears return of Omen curse". The Observer (UK). http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1789988,00.html. Retrieved 31 August 2007.
Bibliography[link]
- Vladimir Moss. "Martyr-Prince Alfred Of England". Archived from the original on 25 February 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070225020126/http://uk.geocities.com/guildfordian2002/AngloSaxon/PrinceAlfred.htm. Retrieved 16 October 2007.
- "The Day the Cornish Invaded Guildford". The Surrey Advertiser. 2 June 1989. http://www.btinternet.com/~john.whitbourn/Cornish.htm. Retrieved 16 October 2007.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Surrey |
- Surrey County Council
- Living in Surrey – a website that champions local businesses and events.
- Surrey Life – a monthly Surrey based community magazine.
- Surrey at the Open Directory Project
- Surrey Interactive Map
- Exploring Surrey's Past
- Surrey Search & Rescue (SurSAR)
- Surrey History Centre
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Coordinates: 51°14′35″N 0°25′05″W / 51.243°N 0.418°W / 51.243; -0.418
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 Adrian Oliver before a game in February 2011 |
|
| Free Agent | |
|---|---|
| Shooting guard | |
| Personal information | |
| Born | (1988-03-31) March 31, 1988 (age 24) Modesto, California |
| Nationality | American |
| High school | Modesto Christian |
| Listed height | 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) |
| Listed weight | 205 lb (93 kg) |
| Career information | |
| College | Washington (2006–2007) San Jose State (2008–2011) |
| NBA Draft | 2011 / Undrafted |
| Pro career | 2011–present |
| Career history | |
| 2011 | Aris B.C. (Greece) |
| 2011–2012 | Reno Bighorns (D-League) |
| Career highlights and awards | |
|
|
Adrian McClinton Oliver[1] (born March 31, 1988) is an American professional basketball shooting guard. In college, Oliver played for the University of Washington from 2006 to 2007 and San Jose State University from 2008 to 2011. For the 2009–10 season, Oliver was among the top ten scorers of college basketball.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Born in Modesto, California, Oliver was raised by his single mother and grandparents after his father left the family when he was seven.[2] Of mixed African American and Mexican American descent,[3] Oliver graduated from Modesto Christian High School and graduated in 2006. He was a two-time, first-team all-state player who averaged 25.5 points as a senior and 26.1 points as a junior.[4] Adrian Oliver's uncle Allen Oliver coached the Modesto Christian team while he played there.[5]
College career[link]
University of Washington[link]
Turning down scholarship offers from Gonzaga and Kentucky, Oliver attended the University of Washington from 2006 to 2007.[6] At Washington he played in 38 games including 12 starts and averaging 4.7 points in 32 games in 2006–07, and 2.8 points in 6 games in 2007. Oliver was part of the recruiting class which included 2006 NBA draftee Spencer Hawes, who was a first round pick by the Kings.[7]
On December 4, 2007, Oliver announced that he would leave Washington for personal reasons; his mother and stepfather could not move to Seattle.[7] In a 2010 interview with Metro Silicon Valley, Oliver revealed that he transferred to SJSU because he received a phone call stating that his grandparents were ill.[2] The day before visiting the campus while exploring schools where to transfer, Oliver first learned about SJSU. Under NCAA rules, Oliver sat out of the basketball team for one year after transfer until December 2008.[2]
San Jose State[link]
Oliver last played basketball with San Jose State Spartans point guard Justin Graham in an Amateur Athletic Union team.[6] At San Jose State, Oliver majors in sociology.[8] On December 20, 2008, Oliver debuted for San Jose State and scored 27 points in an 89–78 victory against Northern Colorado.[9] On November 20, 2009, Oliver and his San Jose State team visited Oliver's former school Washington for a game; the Spartans lost 80–70.[10] That game was the first and only time Oliver would play against his former team.[11]
Averaging 22.5 points per game, Oliver was tied for fifth nationally with Devan Downey of South Carolina among the leading college basketball scorers of 2009–10.[12] SJSU ended the 2009–10 season with a 14–17 record after being 12–8 at one point in February 2010; SJSU coach George Nessman commented, "That hit Adrian harder than anybody" and "Adrian always has been a really competitive kid, but he's really owning the team's results now."[13] With his high scoring statistics, Oliver was seen as a key to SJSU having its first winning basketball season in nearly 20 years.[6]
On January 26, 2010, Oliver won the Oscar Robertson National Player of the Week Award from the U.S. Basketball Writers Association for games ending the week of January 24, 2010.[14] He was also selected as WAC Preseason Player of the Year prior to the 2010–11 season.[15] During the summer before his senior season with the Spartans, Oliver worked with a personal trainer and played pickup basketball in Las Vegas, Nevada with NBA players like Chuck Hayes, who attended Modesto Christian High.[13] Oliver graduated with his bachelor of science degree in sociology with a concentration in criminology in May 2010.[1]
When San Jose State beat Oregon 75–72 on November 20, 2010, that was the first time SJSU beat a Pac-10 team since 1992.[13] Prior to that game, Oliver had 1,066 career points, the 10th-highest all-time total among Spartans men's basketball players.[15] By December 2010, Oliver became the Spartans' lead scorer, having scored 34 points in the season opener 67–60 victory against Eastern Washington and 35 points in an 80–77 victory over UC Riverside. The San Francisco Chronicle reported that Oliver was the top scorer of all San Francisco Bay Area college basketball players.[5]
In the 2011 WAC Men's Basketball Tournament, eighth-place San Jose State beat fifth-place Hawaii 75-74 after Oliver scored a jumper with 5 seconds left.[16] The Spartans then defeated fourth-place Idaho 74-68. However, in the semifinal game, San Jose State lost to first-place Utah State 58-54. Oliver missed a potentially game-winning three-pointer with eight seconds remaining in the second half, and Tai Wesley made two free throws to seal the victory.[17] San Jose State finished 2010-2011 with a 17-15 record including 5-11 in regular season WAC play.
Professional career[link]
Oliver signed a two-year contract with the Greek Basketball League team Aris B.C. on August 25, 2011.[18] In the 2011 Greek Basketball Cup, Oliver scored 16 points in Aris' 80-59 loss to defending Greek Cup champion Olympiacos B.C..[19] He played two regular season games with the team.[20] On November 9 in a 78-66 loss to Panionios B.C., Oliver scored 9 points.[21]
NBA[link]
On December 10, 2011, Oliver signed with the Sacramento Kings. He played one minute in a preseason game on December 17 against the Golden State Warriors and grabbed one rebound. The Kings waived Oliver on December 21.[22] One week later on December 28, Oliver signed with the NBA Development League team Reno Bighorns.[23] The Bighorns waived Oliver on January 11, 2012 due to injury.[24] Oliver averaged 6.6 points, 2.4 rebounds, and 1 assist per game with 39.3% field goal shooting in five games with Reno.[25]
References[link]
- ^ a b SJSU commencement guide 2010, p. 102.
- ^ a b c Akeley, Joey (November 10-November 16, 2010), "Sharp Shooter", Metro Silicon Valley 26 (35): p. 77, http://www.sanjose.com/news/2010/11/10/sjsu_star_adrian_oliver
- ^ Twitter update 147432239825829889
- ^ "Adrian Oliver". GoHuskies.com. CBS Sports College Network. 2007. http://www.gohuskies.com/sports/m-baskbl/mtt/oliver_adrian00.html. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
- ^ a b Kroner, Steve (December 10, 2010). "Adrian Oliver thinks, therefore he scores". San Francisco Chronicle: pp. B7. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/12/09/SPSD1GNQ5H.DTL.
- ^ a b c Tafur, Vittorio (February 17, 2010). "What Spartans ask, get from Oliver: more". San Francisco Chronicle: pp. B3. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/02/16/SPUJ1C2EFL.DTL.
- ^ a b Condotta, Bob (December 5, 2007). "Oliver leaves Washington to play closer to his home". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/huskies/2004053200_umen05.html. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
- ^ "Adrian Oliver". San Jose State Spartans. http://www.sjsuspartans.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=29327&SPID=2292&DB_OEM_ID=5600&ATCLID=1614365&Q_SEASON=2009. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
- ^ "San Jose St. 89, N. Colorado 78". ESPN.com. Associated Press. December 20, 2008. http://espn.go.com/ncb/recap?gameId=283550023. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
- ^ "Pondexter posts career-high 30 as No. 14 UW wallops San Jose St.". ESPN.com. Associated Press. November 20, 2009. http://espn.go.com/ncb/recap?gameId=293250264. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
- ^ Allen, Percy (November 18, 2009). "Adrian Oliver gets one more game at Hec Ed". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/huskies/2010302783_umen19.html. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
- ^ "NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Player Scoring Per Game Statistics - 2009-10". ESPN. http://espn.go.com/mens-college-basketball/statistics/player/_/stat/scoring-per-game/year/2010/seasontype/2/group/50. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
- ^ a b c Emmons, Mark (December 9, 2010). "San Jose State basketball: Adrian Oliver can deliver stats, but can he produce wins?". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on February 10, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5wPcQz2Iq.
- ^ "Oliver Adds National Player Of The Week Award". San Jose State University Athletics. January 26, 2010. http://www.sjsuspartans.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=29329&SPID=2292&DB_OEM_ID=5600&ATCLID=204875059. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
- ^ a b Bellamy, Ron (November 20, 2010). "Ducks will take their shot at stopping WAC’s top gun today". The Register-Guard. http://www.registerguard.com/csp/cms/sites/web/sports/25562977-41/game-san-jose-oregon-points.csp. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
- ^ "San Jose St. 75, Hawaii 74". ESPN.com. Associated Press. March 9, 2011. http://espn.go.com/ncb/recap?gameId=310680062. Retrieved March 11, 2011.
- ^ "Utah State fights off San Jose State for spot in WAC final". ESPN.com. Associated Press. March 11, 2011. http://espn.go.com/ncb/recap?gameId=310700328. Retrieved March 11, 2011.
- ^ "ARIS BC seals the deal with Adrian Oliver". Aris BC. August 25, 2011. http://www.arisbc.gr/en/ARIS-BC-seals-the-deal-with-Adrian-Oliver. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
- ^ http://www.eurocupbasketball.com/euroleaguenews/uleb/domestic-leagues/domestic-leagues-2011-2012/greece/i/88078/6007/greek-cup-eighthfinals-october-12-2011
- ^ Oct 23, 2011 v Panathinaikos, Nov. 6 v Panionios
- ^ http://www.eurocupbasketball.com/euroleaguenews/uleb/domestic-leagues/domestic-leagues-2011-2012/greece/i/89089/6007/greek-league-regular-season-game-3-november-5-6-2011
- ^ Kings Waive Lawrence Hill and Adrian Oliver
- ^ Bighorns Acquire Adrian Oliver
- ^ D-League transactions Jan. 11, 2012
- ^ Adrian Oliver. NBA D League. Accessed Feb. 9, 2012.
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Oliver, Adrian |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American basketball player |
| Date of birth | March 31, 1988 |
| Place of birth | Modesto, California |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Adrian_Oliver
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Oliver
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Jude Law | |
|---|---|
 Law at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival. |
|
| Born | David Jude Heyworth Law (1972-12-29) 29 December 1972 (age 39) Lewisham, London, UK |
| Occupation | Actor, producer, director |
| Years active | 1987–present |
| Spouse | Sadie Frost (1997–2003; 3 children) |
David Jude Heyworth Law (born 29 December 1972), known professionally as Jude Law, is an English actor, film producer and director.[1][2]
He began acting with the National Youth Music Theatre in 1987, and had his first television role in 1989. After starring in films directed by Andrew Niccol, Clint Eastwood and David Cronenberg, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1999 for his performance in Anthony Minghella's The Talented Mr. Ripley. In 2000 he won a Best Supporting Actor BAFTA Award for his work in the film. In 2003, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in another Minghella film, Cold Mountain.
In 2006, he was one of the top ten most bankable movie stars in Hollywood.[3] In 2007, he received an Honorary César and he was named a Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government.[4][5] He was a member of the main competition jury at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.[6]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Law was born in Lewisham, South London, the second child of comprehensive school teachers Margaret Anne (née Heyworth) and Peter Robert Law; his father later became, according to Law, "the youngest headmaster in London".[1][7] He has a sister, Natasha.[7] Law was named after a "bit of both" the book Jude the Obscure and the song Hey Jude.[7] He grew up in Blackheath, an area in the Borough of Lewisham,[8] and was educated at John Ball Primary School in Blackheath and Kidbrooke School, before attending the Alleyn's School.[7]
Career[link]
1980s–1990s[link]
In 1987, Law began acting with National Youth Music Theatre.[9] He played various roles in the Edinburgh Fringe-awarded play The Ragged Child. One of his first major stage roles was Foxtrot Darling in Philip Ridley's The Fastest Clock In The Universe. Law went on to appear as Michael in the West End production of Jean Cocteau's tragicomedy Les Parents terribles, directed by Sean Mathias.[7] For this play, he was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for Outstanding Newcomer, and he received the Ian Charleson Award for Outstanding Newcomer.
Following a title change to Indiscretions, the play was reworked and transferred to Broadway in 1995, where Law acted opposite Kathleen Turner, Roger Rees, and Cynthia Nixon.[10][11] This role earned him a Tony Award nomination[12] and the Theatre World Award.[13] In 1989, Law got his first television role, in a movie based on the Beatrix Potter children's book, The Tailor of Gloucester. After minor roles in British television, including a two-year stint in the Granada TV soap opera Families and the leading role in the BFI /Channel 4 short The Crane, Law had his breakthrough with the British crime drama Shopping, which also featured his future wife, Sadie Frost.
In 1997, he became more widely known with his role in the Oscar Wilde bio-pic Wilde.[7] Law won the "Most Promising Newcomer" award from the Evening Standard British Film Awards for his role as Lord Alfred "Bosie" Douglas, the glamorous lover of Stephen Fry's Oscar Wilde.[14] In Andrew Niccol's science fiction film Gattaca, Law played the role of a disabled former swimming star living in a eugenics-obsessed dystopia.[7] In Clint Eastwood's Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, he played the role of the ill-fated hustler murdered by an art dealer, played by Kevin Spacey.
For The Talented Mr. Ripley in 1999, he learned to play saxophone and earned a MTV Movie Award nomination with Matt Damon and Fiorello for performing the song "Tu vuò fà l'americano" by Renato Carosone and Nicola Salerno.
2000s[link]
In 2001, Law starred as Russian sniper Vasily Zaytsev in the film Enemy At The Gates, and learned ballet dancing for the film A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001).[15] In 2002, he played a mob hitman in Sam Mendes's 1930s period drama Road to Perdition. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in The Talented Mr. Ripley in 1999, and then again for the Academy Award for Best Actor for Cold Mountain in 2003. Both films were directed by Anthony Minghella.[7]
Law, an admirer of Laurence Olivier, used the actor's image in the 2004 film Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow. Using computer graphics, footage of the young Olivier was merged into the film, playing Dr. Totenkopf, a mysterious scientific genius and supervillain.[16][17] Also in 2004, he portrayed the title character in Alfie, the remake of Bill Naughton's 1966 film, playing the role originated by Michael Caine.[7] Law was one of the Top Ten 2006 A-list of the most bankable movie stars in Hollywood, following the criteria of James Ulmer in the Ulmer Scale.[3] On 1 March 2007, he was honoured with the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres conferred by the French government, in recognition of his contribution to World Cinema Arts. He was named a Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres.[4]
He took on another of Caine's earlier roles in the 2007 film Sleuth, adapted by Nobel Laureate in Literature Harold Pinter, while Caine played the role originated by Sir Laurence Olivier.[18]
Law is one of three actors who took over the role of actor Heath Ledger in Terry Gilliam's film The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus. Along with Law, actors Johnny Depp and Colin Farrell portray "three separate dimensions in the film."[19][20] He appeared opposite Forest Whitaker in the dark science fiction comedy Repo Men and as Dr. Watson in Guy Ritchie's adaption of Sherlock Holmes, alongside Robert Downey, Jr. and Rachel McAdams, as well as the 2011 sequel, Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows. Law starred as a celebrity supermodel in the film Rage,[21] and blogger and "prophet" Alan Krumwiede in the 2011 medical thriller Contagion.
[edit] Hamlet
In May 2009, Law returned to the London stage to portray the title role in Shakespeare's Hamlet at the Donmar Warehouse West End season at Wyndham's Theatre. The BBC reported "a fine and solid performance" but included other reviews of Law's interpretation that were mixed.[22] There was a further run of the production at Elsinore Castle in Denmark from 25–30 August 2009.[23] In September 2009 the production transferred to the Broadhurst Theatre in New York. Again, the critics failed to agree on the merit of Law's interpretation: London's Daily Mail found only positive reviews,[24] but The Washington Post felt that the much-anticipated performance was "highly disappointing".[25] Nonetheless, he was nominated for the 2010 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play.[26] In January 2010 at the Critics' Circle Theatre Awards ceremony he was presented with the John and Wendy Trewin Award for Best Shakespearean Performance for his 2009 Hamlet.[27]
Other projects[link]
Advertising[link]
Law is the face of the male perfume of Dior, Dior Homme Sport.[28][29][30] Since 2005, he has represented Dunhill as an "apparel ambassador" in Asia.[31] In 2008, he became the international face of Dunhill and appears in the worldwide advertising campaigns.[32]
In 2002, he directed a Respect for Animals anti-fur cinema commercial. The commercial, titled "Fur and Against", used music composed by Gary Kemp, and included appearances by Law, Chrissie Hynde, Moby, George Michael, Danny Goffey, Rhys Ifans, Sadie Frost, Helena Christensen, Sir Paul McCartney, Mel C, and Stella McCartney.[33]
[edit] Realtime Movie
In early 2007 Law shot the Jason Martin-directed short film "Realtime Movie Trailer" at Borough Market, South London. Instead of promoting a film, this "trailer", which appeared among regular trailers in selected cinemas across London starting 19 November 2007, advertised a live event, Realtime Movie, by Polish artist Paweł Althamer. Hundreds turned up for this–unfilmed–re-enactment in real time of the sequence of events shown in "Realtime Movie Trailer" by the same actors, including Althamer as a Polish laborer, held at Borough Market on 30 November 2007. The performance was commissioned by Tate Modern as part of its "The World as a Stage" exhibition which explored the boundaries between arts and reality.[34][35][36][37]
Charity activities[link]
In 2004, Law launched a campaign to raise £2.5 million towards the Young Vic Theatre's £12.5 million redevelopment project.[38][39] He is currently Chair of the Young Vic committee and has said that he is proud to help make the Young Vic "a nurturing bed" for young directors.[40] In 2006, he joined Robbie Williams in the "Soccer Aid" celebrity football match to benefit UNICEF.[41]
In 2006, he starred in an anthology of Samuel Beckett readings and performances directed by director Anthony Minghella. With the Beckett Gala Evening at the Reading Town Hall, more than £22,000 was donated for the Macmillan Cancer Support.[42] Also in 2006, Frost and Law directed a Shakespeare play in a South African orphanage. He travelled to Durban with Frost and their children in order to help children who have lost their parents to AIDS. In July 2007, as patron of the charity, he helped kick off the month-long tour of the AIDS-themed musical Thula Sizwe by The Young Zulu Warriors.[43] Also in 2007, he encouraged the Friends of the Earth/The Big Ask campaign, asking British Government to take action against climate change.[44][45][46]
Law does charity work for organizations such as Make Poverty History, the Rhys Daniels Trust, and the WAVE Trauma Centre.[47] He supports the Make-A-Wish Foundation and the Pride of Britain Awards.[48][49][50][51]
He is the chair of the Music For Tomorrow Foundation to help rebuild Katrina-devastated New Orleans.[52][53]
Jude Law is an ambassador of HRH The Prince of Wales' Children and the Arts Foundation.[54] He supports Breast Cancer Care,[55] and in December 2008 he supported the Willow Foundation with a small canvas for their campaign Stars on Canvas.[56] In April 2009 he supported the charity Education Africa with the gift of a mask he had painted and signed himself. The campaign was launched on eBay by Education Africa.[57]
Stars including Dame Judi Dench and Jude Law have helped save St Stephen's Church in Hampstead. The celebrities supported the campaign, which raised £4.5 million to refurbish the Victorian church in north London. The building reopened in March 2009 as an arts and community centre.[58][59]
Peace activities[link]
In July 2007, Jude Law and Jeremy Gilley were in Afghanistan over a period of 10 days to document peace commitments and activities there for an upcoming film and for marking the UN International Day of Peace.[60][61] Accompanied by UNICEF Representative Catherine Mbengue, they travelled and filmed in dangerous areas of eastern Afghanistan with a film crew, interviewing children, government ministers, community leaders and UN officials.[62][63] They also filmed at schools and visited various UNICEF-supported programmes inside and outside the capital Kabul.[64][65] The efforts of Peace One Day are coordinated in celebration of the annual International Day of Peace, on 21 September.[66][67] The film, named The Day After Peace, premiered at the Cannes Film Festival.[68][69][70] On 21 September 2008, the film was shown at a gala screening at the Royal Albert Hall.[71]
On 30 August 2008, Law and Gilley returned to Afghanistan to help keep a momentum around Peace Day. They met President Hamid Karzai, top NATO and UN officials, and members of the aid community. They also screened the new documentary about the efforts in support of peace. The documentary features activities that took place throughout Afghanistan in 2007. It also highlights support from UNICEF and the WHO for the peaceful immunization of 1.4 million children against polio in insecure areas.[72][73][74][75]
Belarus[link]
In 2011 Law joined street protests against Alexander Lukashenko and Lukashenko's brutal crackdown on the Belarusian democracy movement.[76]
Personal life[link]
Law's parents live in Vaudelnay, France, where they run their own drama school and theatre.[77] His sister Natasha is an illustrator and artist, living in London.[78][79]
Law met actress Sadie Frost while working on the film Shopping. They married on 2 September 1997 and divorced on 29 October 2003. He has a stepson, Finlay Munro (born 20 September 1990), and three biological children with Frost: son Rafferty (born 6 October 1996), daughter Iris (born 25 October 2000), and son Rudy (born 10 September 2002).[80][81]
While making the film Alfie in late 2003, Law and co-star Sienna Miller began a relationship, becoming engaged on Christmas Day 2004.[82] Miller and Law separated in November 2006.[83]
On 29 July 2009, it was announced that Law would become a father for the fourth time following a brief relationship with American model Samantha Burke in 2008.[84][85] Burke gave birth to a daughter, Sophia, on 22 September 2009 in New York.[86][87]
In December 2009, it was reported that Law and Miller had rekindled their relationship after starring in separate shows on Broadway in late 2009.[88] They spent Christmas 2009 in Barbados, along with three of Law's children.[89] They announced they had split again in February 2011.[90]
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1989 | Tailor of Gloucester, TheThe Tailor of Gloucester | Sam, Mayor's Stableboy | TV movie |
| 1990 | Families | Nathan Thompson | TV series |
| 1991 | The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes | Joe Barnes | TV series; episode "Shoscombe Old Place" |
| 1992 | Crane, TheThe Crane | Young Man | Short film |
| 1993 | Marshal, TheThe Marshal | Bruno | TV series |
| 1994 | Shopping | Billy | |
| 1996 | I Love You, I Love You Not | Ethan | |
| 1997 | Bent | Stormtrooper | |
| 1997 | Wilde | Lord Alfred Douglas | Evening Standard British Film Award — Most Promising Newcomer |
| 1997 | Gattaca | Jerome Eugene Morrow | |
| 1997 | Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil | Billy Carl Hanson | |
| 1998 | Music From Another Room | Danny | |
| 1998 | Final Cut | Jude | |
| 1998 | Wisdom of Crocodiles, TheThe Wisdom of Crocodiles | Steven Grlscz | aka Immortality |
| 1999 | eXistenZ | Ted Pikul | |
| 1999 | Presence of Mind | Secretary | |
| 1999 | Talented Mr. Ripley, TheThe Talented Mr. Ripley | Dickie Greenleaf | BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Supporting Actor – Suspense Santa Fe Film Festival Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated—Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated—Empire Award — Best British Actor Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture Nominated—London Critics Circle Film Award — British Supporting Actor of the Year Nominated—MTV Movie Award — Best Musical Performance Nominated—Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated—Teen Choice Award — Film Choice Breakout Performance Nominated—Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture |
| 1999 | Tube Tales | (director) | "A Bird in the Hand" |
| 2000 | Love, Honour and Obey | Jude | |
| 2000 | Happy M'Gee | Tony M'Gee | |
| 2001 | Enemy at the Gates | Vasily Zaytsev | Nominated—European Film Award Audience Award for Best Actor |
| 2001 | A.I. Artificial Intelligence | Gigolo Joe | Nominated—Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture Nominated—Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated—Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor |
| 2002 | Road to Perdition | Harlen Maguire | Nominated—Empire Award for Best British Actor Nominated—London Film Critics Circle Awards for Best British Supporting Actor Nominated—Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor |
| 2003 | Cold Mountain | W. P. Inman | Nominated—Academy Award for Best Actor Nominated—BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Nominated—Empire Award for Best British Actor Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama Nominated—IFTA Award – People's Choice Award for Best International Actor Nominated—London Film Critics Circle Awards for Best British Actor Nominated—MTV Movie Award — Best Trans-Atlantic Breakthrough Performer Nominated—Satellite Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama |
| 2004 | I ♥ Huckabees | Brad Stand | |
| 2004 | Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow | Sky Captain / Joseph Sullivan | Also producer Nominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss shared with Gwyneth Paltrow Nominated—Visual Effects Society Awards 2004 – Outstanding Performance by an Actor or Actress in a Visual Effects Film |
| 2004 | Alfie | Alfie | |
| 2004 | Closer | Dan | National Board of Review Award for Best Cast Nominated—Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast |
| 2004 | Aviator, TheThe Aviator | Errol Flynn | Nominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture |
| 2004 | Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events | Lemony Snicket | Voice |
| 2006 | All the King's Men | Jack Burden | |
| 2006 | Breaking & Entering | Will Francis | |
| 2006 | Holiday, TheThe Holiday | Graham | Nominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss shared with Cameron Diaz Nominated—NRJ Ciné Award for Best Kiss shared with Cameron Diaz |
| 2007 | My Blueberry Nights | Jeremy | |
| 2007 | Sleuth | Milo Tindle | Also producer |
| 2009 | Rage | Minx | |
| 2009 | Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus, TheThe Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus | Tony (2nd transformation) | |
| 2009 | Sherlock Holmes | Dr. John Watson | Nominated—Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor |
| 2010 | Repo Men | Remy | |
| 2011 | Contagion | Alan Krumwiede | |
| 2011 | Hugo | Hugo's Father | |
| 2011 | Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows | Dr. John Watson | |
| 2012 | 360 | TBA | Post-production |
| 2012 | Anna Karenina | Alexei Karenin | Post-production |
| 2012 | Rise of the Guardians | Pitch (Boogeyman) | Post-production |
| 2013 | The Bitter Pill | TBA | Filming |
Soundtrack[link]
- "Ah, Leave Me Not to Pine", (The Pirates of Penzance), performed in Wilde, (1997)
- "Tu Vuo' Fa L'Americano", performed in The Talented Mr. Ripley, with Matt Damon, Fiorello and The Guy Barker International Quintet, (1999)
- "Avenues and Alleyways", the 1973 Tony Christie song, performed with other crew members in Love, Honour and Obey, (2000)
- "Rock On", the David Essex song, performed in Love, Honour and Obey, (2000)
- "Opening song", performed in NBC's Saturday Night Live, with Rachel Dratch, Tina Fey, Amy Poehler, Maya Rudolph and Ashlee Simpson, (2004)
Theatre[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Director | Playwright | Venue |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1987 | Bodywork | Adrenalin | Richard Stilgoe | NYMT/The Northcott Theatre, Exeter/(The Exeter Festival), The Edinburgh Fringe Festival. | |
| 1988–1989 | The Little Rats | P. Allwood, Jeremy James Taylor, David Scott |
NYMT/The George Square Theatre/The Edinburgh International Festival, The National Theatre Thesalonika, The Opera House Piraeus, Sadler's Wells Theatre, The Northcott Theatre, Exeter. | ||
| 1988 | The Ragged Child | various roles | Jeremy James Taylor, Frank Whately | NYMT/Sadler's Wells Theatre, Northcott Theatre, Exeter, BBC Television, (Networked). | |
| 1989 | Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat | Joseph | Andrew Lloyd Webber/Tim Rice | NYMT/Herriot Hall The Edinburgh Fringe Festival. | |
| 1989–1990 | Captain Stirrick | Ned Stirrick | Eileen Chivers | Jeremy James Taylor, David Scott | NYMT/Lilian Baylis Theatre, Sadler's Wells Theatre, The George Square Theatre /The Edinburgh Fringe Festival. |
| 1989–1990 | The Caucasian Chalk Circle | Bertolt Brecht | NYMT/The Edinburgh Fringe Festival, Sadler's Wells Theatre.[91] | ||
| 1992 | The Fastest Clock In The Universe | Foxtrot Darling | Jo Bonney | Philip Ridley | Hampstead Theatre |
| 1992 | Pygmalion | Freddie | George Bernard Shaw | Toured Italy | |
| 1993 | The Snow Orchid | Blaise | Joe Pintauro | Gate Theatre[92][93] | |
| 1993 | Live Like Pigs | Col | Kate Mitchell | John Arden | Royal Court Theatre[94] |
| 1993 | Death of a Salesman | Happy | Matthew Warchus | Arthur Miller | West Yorkshire Playhouse |
| 1994 | Les Parents terribles | Michael | Sean Mathias | Jean Cocteau | Royal National Theatre (Lyttelton) |
| 1995 | Indiscretions | Michael | Sean Mathias | Jean Cocteau | Ethel Barrymore Theatre, Broadway |
| 1995 | Ion | Ion | Nicholas Wright | Euripides | Barbican Arts Centre (The Pit)/Royal Shakespeare Company |
| 1999 | 'Tis Pity She's a Whore | Giovanni | David Lan | John Ford | Young Vic Theatre |
| 2001–2002 | The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus | Doctor Faustus | David Lan | Christopher Marlowe | Young Vic Theatre |
| 2006 | Beckett at Reading Gala Evening[95][96] | Anthony Minghella | Samuel Beckett | Reading Town Hall | |
| 2009 | Hamlet | Hamlet | Michael Grandage | William Shakespeare | Donmar Warehouse at Wyndham's, Donmar at Broadway |
| 2011 | Anna Christie | Mat Burke | Rob Ashford | Eugene O'Neill | Donmar Warehouse |
Theatre awards and nominations[link]
Laurence Olivier Award
1994 Nominated Laurence Olivier Award as Best Newcomer in a Play for: Les Parents terribles (1994)
2010 Nominated Laurence Olivier Award as Best Leading Actor in a Play for: Hamlet (2010)
2012 Nominated Laurence Olivier Award as Best Leading Actor in a Play for: Anna Christie (2012)
Ian Charleson Award
1994 Won Ian Charleson Award as Outstanding Newcomer for: Les Parents terribles (1994)
1995 Won Ian Charleson Award as Best Young Classical Actor for: Ion (1995)
1999 Nominated Ian Charleson Award for: 'Tis Pity She's a Whore (1999)
Tony Award
1995 Nominated Tony Award as Best Featured Actor in a Play for: Indiscretions (1995)
2010 Nominated Tony Award as Best Leading Actor in a Play for: Hamlet (2010)
Theatre World Award
1995 Won Theatre World Award for: Indiscretions (1995)
Critics' Circle Theatre Award
2010 Won The John and Wendy Trewin Award for Best Shakespearean Performance for: Hamlet (2010)
South Bank Show Award
2010 Won South Bank Show Award as Best Leading Actor for: Hamlet (2010)
Whatsonstage.com Award
2010 Won Whatsonstage.com Award as Best Leading Actor for: Hamlet (2010)
2012 Nominated Whatsonstage.com Award as Best Leading Actor for: Anna Christie (2011)
Falstaff Award
2010 Won Falstaff Award as Best Leading Actor for: Hamlet (2010)
Outer Critics Circle Award
2010 Nominated Outer Critics Circle Award as Best Leading Actor for: Hamlet (2010)
Drama League Award
2010 Nominated Drama League Award for Best Performance for: Hamlet (2010)
Drama Desk Award
2010 Nominated Drama Desk Award for Best Performance for: Hamlet (2010)
Personal awards and nominations[link]
MTV Movie Award
2003 Nominated MTV Movie Award as Best Trans-Atlantic Breakthrough Performer
ShoWest Award
2004 Won ShoWest Award as Male Star of the Year
People's Choice Award
2005 Nominated People's Choice Award as Favorite Leading Man
César Awards
2007 Won César Awards as Honorary César
Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
2010 Won President’s Prize
References[link]
- ^ a b Barratt, Nick (9 September 2006). "Family Detective: An investigation into our hidden histories. This week: actor Jude Law". Daily Telegraph (London): 16. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1435152/Family-Detective.html.
- ^ Who's Who. London, England: A & C Black. 2006. p. 1307.
- ^ a b "Tom Cruise and Hanks Top New Power List", World Entertainment News Network, 10 April 2006.
- ^ a b "French Honour for Jude Law", Reuters (UK), 2 March 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2007.
- ^ France honours Jude Law French Embassy in the United Kingdom, London, accessed 17 May 2009.
- ^ "The Jury of the 64th Festival de Cannes". Cannes. 20 April 2011. http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/article/58042.html. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Inside the Actors Studio Jude Law, Season 10, Episode 1008. Bravo. Original Airdate: 21 December 2003, accessed 25 May 2008.
- ^ "Like Mother, Like Daughter." Marie Claire. page 16, February 2008 issue.[dead link]
- ^ "Alumni". National Youth Music Theatre. Retrieved 21 November 2007.
- ^ Vincent Canby. "Theater Review: Indiscretions: Cocteau's Ferocious View Of the Rolls-Royce of Families". The New York Times. 28 April 1995. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
- ^ Indiscretions at the Internet Broadway Database Accessed 1 March 2008.
- ^ "1995 Tony Awards." NYC Broadway Theater Guide.
- ^ "Theatre World Award". Theatre World Awards. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
- ^ "Jude Law, Most Promising Newcomer". Evening Standard British Film Awards. 1998.
- ^ "Law Is Natural Ballet Star". contactmusic.com, 26 August 2005. Retrieved 20 November 2007.
- ^ "Olivier Resurrected for Film Role". BBC News. 26 July 2004. Retrieved 12 December 2007.
- ^ M. Faust. "Branagh & Caine ". artvoice.com. Retrieved 13 December 2007.
- ^ Martyn Palmer. "Double Act: Michael Caine and Jude Law (Lunch and Discussion)". The Times. 17 November 2007.
- ^ Bonnie Malkin. "Heath Ledger 'replaced' by Hollywood stars". The Daily Telegraph. 26 February 2008. Retrieved 12 March 2008.
- ^ Marsha Lederman. "They did it for Heath". The Globe And Mail. 19 April 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
- ^ "Beauty." sallypotter.com. 30 January 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2009.
- ^ Briggs, Caroline (4 June 2009). "Review: Jude Law in Hamlet". BBC Arts and Entertainment. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts_and_culture/8081971.stm. Retrieved 16 October 2009.
- ^ "Jude Law to play Hamlet at 'home' Kronborg Castle." The Daily Mirror. 10 July 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
- ^ "'Electrifying' Jude Law wows critics as he takes Hamlet to Broadway". Daily Mail. 8 October 2009. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1218736/Electrifying-Jude-Law-wows-critics-takes-Hamlet-Broadway.html.
- ^ Mark, Peter (8 October 2009). "Jude Law in 'Hamlet': What a Piece of Work". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/07/AR2009100701118.html.
- ^ "Who's nominated?". American Theatre Wing's Tony Awards. http://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/nominees/index.html. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
- ^ Shenton, Mark (26 January 2010). "Spring, Enron, Weisz, Rylance, Law Are Winners of Britain's Critics' Circle Theatre Awards". Playbill. New York. http://www.playbill.com/news/article/136244-Spring-Enron-Weisz-Rylance-Law-Are-Winners-of-Britains-Critics-Circle-Theatre-Awards. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
- ^ "Dior Homme Sport". Dior.com. Retrieved 4 October 2008.
- ^ Marlene Sørensen. "Schön und gut". Vanity Fair. 29 September 2008. Accessed 30 September 2008. (German)
- ^ "Christian Dior Perfumes.". Retrieved 30 September 2009.
- ^ Jiang Jingjing. "Touch of Class". China Daily. (English version), 6 March 2006. Retrieved 18 January 2008.
- ^ "SPRING SUMMER 2009". Dunhill. (English site). Retrieved 5 April 2009.
- ^ "New Nationwide Anti-Fur Commercial", Respect for Animals, press release, 19 February 2002. "Fur and Against" on YouTube, added 6 December 2006. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
- ^ "Jude Law stars in a film that doesn't exist". TateShots. Issue 10. "Realtime Movie". transcript and video. Retrieved 27 January 2008.
- ^ "Realtime Movie Trailer". video uploaded on YouTube by "tateshots" on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
- ^ Dan Fox. "The World as a Stage". Frieze magazine. Issue 112, January–February 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2008.
- ^ Ben Hoyle. "The exquisite art of mobbing Jude Law". The Times. 1 December 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2007.
- ^ Ruth Gillespie. "Young Vic Project Backed by Jude Law". The Stage. 10 February 2004.
- ^ "Law's Bid to Rebuild Young Vic". BBC News. 10 February 2004.
- ^ "Jude Law: Why I love the Young Vic". The Independent ON SUNDAY. February 2004
- ^ Steve Purcell. "Robbie Lines Up Maradona For Soccer Aid Match". looktothestars.org, 24 May 2006.
- ^ "Beckett event money handed over". BBC News. 20 June 2006.
- ^ The Young Zulu Warriors. Official website. Retrieved 1 August 2008.
- ^ "Jude Law's video message". The Big Ask campaign. 4 July 2007. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
- ^ "The Big Ask Film". The Big Ask campaign. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
- ^ "Radiohead's Thom Yorke to guest-edit Observer Magazine." 20 March 2008.
- ^ Cf. Rhys Daniels Trust and the WAVE Trauma Centre. Look to the Stars. looktothestars.org.
- ^ "Jude Law – Foundation Supporter". worldwish.org. (official site), featuring hyperlinked "Princess Erin meets her Prince at the Summer Ball". Make-A-Wish Foundation.
- ^ "Make-A-Wish Valentine’s Ball brings love to London". Make-A-Wish Foundation. worldwish.org (official site). Retrieved 1 April 2009.
- ^ "Fundraiser of The Year, Kirsteen Lupton", Pride of Britain Award Winners 2006, Official site.
- ^ "Celebrity Quotes", Pride of Britain Award Winners 2006, Official site.
- ^ Jude Law, "A Message from Our Chair", Music for Tomorrow, Accessed 10 September 2009. Cf. "Jude Law's Charity Work". Look to the Stars. looktothestars.org. with hyperlinked featured Video.
- ^ Nell Nolan. "Annual events call for perennial parties". The Times Picayune. 7 May 2007.
- ^ "TRH host a gala evening ...". HRH The Prince of Wales, Official website. Retrieved 1 August 2008.
- ^ "Celebrity Auction Pinkridges". Selfridges. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
- ^ "Jude Law". Willow Foundation. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
- ^ "MAKE A FACE CAMPAIGN". Education Africa. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
- ^ "Dame Judi Dench and Jude Law help save Victorian church". Telegraph. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
- ^ "About St. Stephen's". Antic Disposition. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
- ^ Charlie Rose. "A Conversation with Actor Jude Law". The Charlie Rose Show, WNET (New York), broadcast 19–20 October October 2007, Streaming video posted 22 October 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
- ^ Roshan Khadivi. "International Day of Peace ..." UNICEF. Official home page, 20 September 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2007.
- ^ "Peace One Day". Official home page. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
- ^ "American Actor Jude Law Promotes Peace Day During Afghan Travels". Embassy of Afghanistan, Washington DC, Official home page. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
- ^ "Peace One Day Ambassador Jude Law's 'secret' Mission to Afghanistan". UNICEF, Official home page, 18 July 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2007.
- ^ Fiona Cummins. "Jude's Afghan Mission". The Daily Mirror. 12 September 2007.
- ^ "Afghanistan: Press briefing, 11 September 2007". United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA). 11 September 2007.
- ^ Cf. "Peace One Day Concert", Royal Albert Hall. home.i-concerts.com. 21 September 2007.
- ^ Anita Singh. "Cannes Film Festival: Jude Law's peace campaign". The Daily Telegraph. 19 May 2008, accessed 20 May 2008.
- ^ Mark Brown. "From Afghanistan to Cannes: how Jude Law joined film-maker's campaign for a world day of peace". The Guardian. 20 May 2008. Accessed 20 May 2008.
- ^ Simon Crerar. "Jude Law calls for more happy news from Afghanistan". Times Online. 20 May 2008. Accessed 25 May 2008.
- ^ "Peace One Day Gala"[dead link]. Peace One Day. Official home page. Retrieved 1 August 2008.
- ^ Roshan Khadivi. "Actor Jude Law and director Jeremy Gilley in Afghanistan to promote peace". UNICEF. Official home page. 3 September 2008. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
- ^ "UNICEF Special Reports". UNICEF. Official home page, video linked. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
- ^ "Karzai meets British actor Jude Law". AFP. 4 September 2008. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
- ^ "Jude Law says: give peace a chance". The Sunday Times. 14 September 2008. Retrieved 25 September 2008.
- ^ Against the Law: Jude joins Kevin Spacey on street protest against brutal Belarus regime of 'Europe's last dictator'. The Daily Mail. 29 March 2011
- ^ Charlie Rose. "A Conversation with Actor Jude Law". The Charlie Rose Show. 19 October 2007, broadcast on WNET (New York), 22 October (to 23 October), 2007, 11:30 p.m.–12:27 p.m. (ET); video clip posted 27 October 2007. Retrieved 12 November 2007.
- ^ "Natasha Law". Eleven Fine Art Gallery, London.
- ^ Dolly Jones. "Fashion Law". Vogue. 10 May 2006. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
- ^ "Jude Law, Sadie Frost Divorce Official". People.com. 29 October 2003. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,627145,00.html. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
- ^ "Jude Law Biography". People.com. http://www.people.com/people/jude_law/biography/0,,,00.html. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
- ^ Stephen M. Silverman (5 January 2005). "Jude Law to Marry Girlfriend Sienna Miller". People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,1014029,00.html. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
- ^ Pete Norman (12 November 2006). "Jude Law and Sienna Miller Call It Quits". People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1558340,00.html. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
- ^ "Actor Law to become father again". BBC News. 29 July 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
- ^ "US model is mother of Law's child". BBC News. 31 July 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
- ^ Law becomes dad for fourth time . BBC News. 24 September 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
- ^ "Hey, Jude, It's a Girl!" People. 23 September 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
- ^ "Jude Law & Sienna Miller Take Romantic Ride in NYC". uk.eonline.com. 18 December 2009. http://uk.eonline.com/uberblog/b158788_Jude_Law___Sienna_Miller_Take_Romantic_Ride_in_NYC.html. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
- ^ "Sienna Miller, Jude Law & Kids Holiday Together". uk.eonline.com. 28 December 2009. http://uk.eonline.com/uberblog/hwood_party_girl/b159706_sienna_miller_jude_law_kids_holiday.html. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
- ^ Jude Law, Sienna Miller Break Up : People.com
- ^ "History: Past Productions", NYMT, Official site. Retrieved 4 October 2008.
- ^ "Joe Pintauro: Biography", joepintauro.com. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
- ^ "About the Gate" gatetheatre.co.uk. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
- ^ "Archive", Royal Court Theatre (searchable archive). Retrieved 22 March 2008.
- ^ "Beckett at Reading 2006: Gala Evening", Samuel Beckett Foundation, beckettfoundation.org, University of Reading. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
- ^ "Jude Law to Star in Samuel Beckett Centenary Gala Evening" ("Jude Law is starring in an anthology evening of Beckett readings and performances directed by, and starring, Oscar-winning director Anthony Minghella"), Where I Live Berkshire: Events, Gig and Theatre Guide, bbc.co.uk, 23 March 2006. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jude Law |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jude Law |
- Jude Law at the Internet Movie Database
- Jude Law at the Internet Broadway Database
- Jude Law at the British Film Institute's Screenonline
- Filmography Jude Law at the British Film Institute (BFI). Accessed 25 May 2008.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Law, David Jude |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | English actor |
| Date of birth | 29 December 1972 |
| Place of birth | Lewisham, London, England, UK |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Jude_Law
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Jude Law
http://cs.wn.com/Jude Law
http://id.wn.com/Jude Law
http://es.wn.com/Jude Law
http://ru.wn.com/Лоу, Джуд
http://pt.wn.com/Jude Law
http://pl.wn.com/Jude Law
http://fr.wn.com/Jude Law
http://de.wn.com/Jude Law
http://nl.wn.com/Jude Law
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jude_Law
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the Indian General Commander of Kashmir, see Sarabjit Singh Dhillon.
Sarabjit Singh, also known as Jaljit Singh, is an Indian citizen and convicted terrorist jailed in Pakistan. He was convicted for his involvement in 1990 serial bomb blasts in Lahore and Multan that killed 14 people. He claims that he is just a poor farmer and victim of mistaken identity, who strayed into Pakistan from his village located on the border.[1]
He was given death sentence, but his hanging was repeatedly postponed. He is imprisoned in the Kot Lakhpat jail, Lahore.
Contents |
Prosecution Case[link]
On August 24, 2005 Khan{{Who|date=August 2011} who was Khan?, please clarify} said that ‘The alleged Indian agent Manjit Singh confessed his involvement in bomb blasts in Pakistan whose all evidences were presented in court.
According to the record, he was arrested red handed during crossing the border in August 1990 near the Kasur. Nine days later, he was produced before a magistrate , a man wanted for acts of terrorism in Pakistan. Before the magistrate, Manjit confessed to his crime. Also Pakistan says he was working for the Indian intelligence agency RAW when he was arrested in Lahore.Later on he denied it all during trial . He maintained that his name was Sarabjit Singh and that he had often crossed the Kasur border, smuggling alcohol.But his family was saying he didn't cross the border.
Death sentence[link]
He was awarded the death penalty by the Anti-Terrorist Court in 1991, based on evidence,eye witnessed and the original confession he had made before a magistrate. His sentence was upheld by the High Court and later by the Supreme Court. He was likely to be hanged on May 2008. The Supreme Court rejected his mercy petition in March 2006 and upheld the death sentence. President Pervez Musharraf had rejected his mercy petition on March 3.
Arguments from India[link]
Later on he denied it all during trial. He maintained that his name was Sarabjit Singh and that he had often crossed the Kasur border, smuggling alcohol . Manjit Singh’s relatives claim he is a simple farmer who was arrested after he strayed across the Pakistani border from his northern frontier hometown of Bhikiwind in Punjab state while drunk in 1990. His wife Sukh Prit Kaur, a resident of Bhikhiwind village of district Tarantaran, claimed he left to plough his fields near Wagah Border on August 28, 1990, but never returned[citation needed]. She said the family launched a search but could not find any clue to his whereabouts for nine months and finally they received a letter from Manjit informing them that he was caught by Pakistani border forces when he mistakenly crossed the border under the influence of liquor. External Affairs Minister K. Natwar Singh took up Manjit Singh’s case with Pakistan High Commissioner Aziz Ahmed Khan and urged him to convey Delhi’s hope that Islamabad would treat the matter as a humanitarian issue.
Visit of his family to Pakistan[link]
Later on the Government of Pakistan granted a seven-day visa to Manjit’s family to visit Lahore.
"We are hopeful that the government of Pakistan will release Manjit Singh after reviewing his death sentence and our visit to Pakistan will not prove futile”, Manjit’s wife Sukh Prit Kaur, who was accompanied by his two daughters Swapan Deep and Poonam Kaur, a sister and a paternal uncle, expressed hope at Gurdwara Dera Sahib after her arrival at the city via Wagah on Wednesday.
Student protests[link]
In April 2008, a group of Pakistani students organized a march, seeking withdrawal of all official moves to pardon Sarabjit. They also demanded a boycott of western products and culture and promotion of Islamic teachings.[2][3]
Key witness retracts statement[link]
Shaukat Salim, a key witness in the case against Sarabjit, was caught on tape retracting his statement on April 26, 2008. Salim's father and other relatives were killed in the attack, and he says that Sarabjit was the one who planted the bomb. But, earlier, he had said that he made the statements implicating Sarabjit under pressure from the Pakistani police. Meanwhile, Sarabjit's lawyer Abdul Rana Hamid told Indian News Channel CNN-IBN that Salim's statements have no value as they were never recorded in court.[4]
References[link]
- The daily DAWN, March 18, 2008.
- The daily DAWN, March 20, 2008.
- The daily DAWN, April 24, 2008.
- The daily DAWN, August 26, 2005.
- The daily DAWN, August 29, 2005.
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Singh, Sarabjit |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Sarabjit_Singh
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarabjit_Singh
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
