It has been suggested that TEDxESCP be merged into this article or section. (Discuss) Proposed since November 2011.

TED Conferences, LLC

Type	LLC
Founder(s)	Richard Saul Wurman[1]
Headquarters	New York City, New York, United States
Area served	Worldwide
Owner	Sapling Foundation[2]
Slogan	Ideas worth Spreading
Website	www.ted.com
Alexa rank	1,075[3]
Type of site	Academic conference
Registration	Optional
Available in	English, multilingual subtitle, transcript
Launched	1984
Current status	Active

TED (Technology, Entertainment and Design) is a global set of conferences owned by the private non-profit Sapling Foundation, formed to disseminate "ideas worth spreading."

TED was founded in 1984^[1] as a one-off event and the conference was held annually from 1990 in Monterey, California.^[4] TED's early emphasis was largely technology and design, consistent with a Silicon Valley center of gravity. The events are now held in Long Beach and Palm Springs in the U.S. and in Europe and Asia, offering live streaming of the talks. They address an increasingly wide range of topics within the research and practice of science and culture. The speakers are given a maximum of 18 minutes to present their ideas in the most innovative and engaging ways they can. Past presenters include Bill Clinton, Jane Goodall, Malcolm Gladwell, Al Gore, Gordon Brown, Richard Dawkins, Bill Gates, educator Salman Khan, Google founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin, and many Nobel Prize winners.^[5] TED's current curator is the British former computer journalist and magazine publisher Chris Anderson.

From 2005 to 2009, three $100,000 TED Prizes were awarded annually to help its winners realize a chosen wish to change the world. From 2010, in a changed selection process, a single winner is chosen to ensure that TED can maximize its efforts in achieving the winner's wish. Each winner unveils their wish at the main annual conference.

Since June 2006,^[1] the talks have been offered for free viewing online, under Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs Creative Commons license, through TED.com.^[6] As of November 2011, over 1,050 talks are available free online.^[7] By January 2009 they had been viewed 50 million times. In June 2011, the viewing figure stood at more than 500 million,^[8] reflecting a still growing global audience.^[9] The website was designed and developed by experience design firm, Method^[10].

Background[link]

Bill Clinton addresses TED, 2007

Curator Chris Anderson in 2007

Robert Ballard giving an impassioned presentation on the importance of exploring the oceans at TED 2008

TED's mission statement begins:

We believe passionately in the power of ideas to change attitudes, lives and ultimately, the world. So we're building here a clearinghouse that offers free knowledge and inspiration from the world's most inspired thinkers, and also a community of curious souls to engage with ideas and each other.^[11]

The TED staff is headquartered in New York City and Vancouver. The conference was held in Monterey, California until 2009. It was then relocated to Long Beach, California due to a substantial increase of attendees.^[12]

TED was founded by Richard Saul Wurman and Harry Marks in 1984, and has been held annually since 1990. Wurman, credited with having coined the term information architect in 1979, left after the 2002 conference; the event is now hosted by Chris Anderson and owned by his non-profit organization, The Sapling Foundation,^[2] devoted to "fostering the spread of great ideas." In 2006, attendance cost was $4,400 and was by invitation only.^[13] The membership model was shifted in January 2007 to an annual membership fee of $6,000, which includes attendance of the conference, club mailings, networking tools and conference DVDs.

Since June 2006, TED Talks have been made available online on the websites of TED, YouTube, and iTunes,^[14][15][16] and since late 2009, there have been free apps for iOS (iPhone, iPad), Android, webOS and Windows Phone 7.^[17] In 2009, the TED website won the award for Best Use of Video or Moving Image at the 13th Annual Webby Awards.^[18] In 2012, TED Talks became available to stream through Netflix.^[19] TED.com won a Peabody Award in April 2012. ^[20]

TED Talks are transcribed and translated into a number of languages as part of the TED Open-Translation Project, which aims to "[reach] out to the 4.5 billion people on the planet who don't speak English," according to TED Curator Chris Anderson. At the time of the launch, over 300 translations were done by volunteer transcribers in over 40 languages.^[21]

TED 2011, The Rediscovery of Wonder, was held in Long Beach, California, from February 28 to March 4, 2011.^[21][22] The TED conference has a companion conference, TEDGlobal, held in the UK each summer. The 2009 TEDGlobal, The Substance of Things Not Seen, was held in Oxford, UK, July 21–24, 2009. 2010s TEDGlobal (again in Oxford) was themed And Now The Good News; in 2011 the conference moved to a new home in Edinburgh and was held from July 12–15 with the theme The Stuff Of Life.

TED Prize[link]

The TED Prize was introduced in 2005. In prior years, three individuals were each given $100,000 and granted a "wish to change the world," which they unveil at TED.^[23] However, starting in 2010, only one prize is awarded since "at least half of [the wishes] still require our engagement," and, "adding too many more risks dilution of effort."

Programs[link]

TEDxParis, 2009: one of many events now organized under the TEDx program

TEDxTimisoara Women simulcast organizers and some attendees, 2010

TED Fellows

The TED Fellows fellowship program brings together young world-changers and trailblazers who have shown unusual accomplishment and exceptional courage.^[32] The program targets individuals from the Asia/Pacific region, Africa, the Caribbean, Latin America and the Middle East, though anyone from anywhere in the world, age 18 and over, can apply. TED keeps a directory of past Fellows available on its website.

TEDMED

TEDMED is an annual conference focusing on health and medicine. TEDMED is an independent event operating under license from the nonprofit TED conference.^[33]

TEDx

TED grants licenses to third parties to organize TEDx events in cities around the world.^[34] These one-time only licenses are free, but franchisees must be approved by TED and agree to adhere to a strict set of rules including format, duration, number of invited guests, agreeing that half-day events show "A minimum of two official, pre-recorded TEDTalks" and that all-day events "at least 25% of the total number of talks must be official, pre-recorded TEDTalks." Speakers are not paid and they must agree to give TED the right to edit and distribute their presentation.

According to TED these events were "created in the spirit of TED's mission, "ideas worth spreading." The program is designed to give communities, organizations and individuals the opportunity to stimulate dialogue through TED-like experiences at the local level. TEDx events are fully planned and coordinated independently, on a community-by-community basis. As of 2012, more than 3,200 TEDx events have taken place in 800 cities and 126 countries around the world.

TEDWomen

Popular topics for TEDWomen include gender issues and reproductive health.^[35]

TED Conversations

In 2011, TED released a new platform for sharing ideas. You can start conversations with the TED Community in one of the following 3 categories: Ideas, Questions, Debates. Conversations expire at a specific time.^[36]

Ads Worth Spreading

In 2011, TED released Ads Worth Spreading as a way to raise standards in the advertising industry.^[37]

TED Books

In 2011, TED released TEDBooks, books that are shorter than traditional ones with fewer than 20,000 words each, that aim to be long enough to explain a powerful idea, but short enough to read in a single sitting.^[38]

TED Open Translation Project

Started in May 2009, the TED Open Translation Project^[39] makes TED's videos available in many languages, through translated subtitles, using technology partner dotSUB's crowd-based video captioning and subtitling platform.^[40] By the second anniversary of the project in May 2011,^[41] volunteer translators collaborated to complete over 18000 translations in 81 languages. The interactive time-coded transcript available on the TEDtalks pages enables accurate, content-based navigation in the videos, in any language, and make the videos searchable. The translations include the videos' metadata as well, such as the titles, and the descriptions, and the system generates a language-specific URL, that plays the video with the subtitles in that language by default. The project contributed to a significant increase in international visitors to TED's website, with traffic from outside the US growing 350%, 600% percent growth in Asia, and more than 1000% in South America.^[42]

Controversies and criticism[link]

Sarah Silverman

TED drew some controversy in 2010 when comedian Sarah Silverman was invited to speak at the conference, and in response to her speech about adopting a "retarded" child, TED organizer Chris Anderson posted to his Twitter account, "I know I shouldn’t say this about one of my own speakers, but I thought Sarah Silverman was god-awful…"^[43] Anderson later deleted his tweet, but Silverman responded via her Twitter account "Kudos to [Chris Anderson] for making TED an unsafe haven for all! You're a barnacle of mediocrity on Bill Gates' asshole."^[44] Anderson apologized for his tweet on his Posterous account, but also wrote "Call me stuffy, but I still think humor about terminally ill 'retarded' kids is an acquired taste... And not a taste I personally want to acquire."^[45]

Nassim Taleb

Nassim Taleb criticized TED for intellectual dishonesty and lack of substance in the latest edition of The Black Swan (2010). He calls TED a "monstrosity that turns scientists and thinkers into low-level entertainers, like circus performers." Taleb spoke at TED2008. He claimed that the curators did not initially post his talk "warning about the financial crisis" on their website on purely cosmetic grounds.^[46]

Sarah Lacy

Sarah Lacy of BusinessWeek and TechCrunch has criticized TED with claims of elitism. Lacy cites TED's $6,000 ticket price, poor treatment of less important attendees, and such events as a friend being "de-invited to TED after quitting an ostensibly prestigious San Francisco job" as evidence of her claims.^[47] Lacy did credit TED for moving the event to a larger venue in Long Beach and posting videos of its talks online for free.^[47]

Nick Hanauer

TED attracted controversy when it chose not to link the speech of venture capitalist Nick Hanauer's at the TED university on their website. The speech analysed the top rate of tax versus unemployment and economic equality.^[48][49][50] In a private email to Hanauer, Chris Anderson, the curator of TED, commented on his decision, noting: "Even if the talk was rated a home run, we couldn't release it, because it would be unquestionably regarded as out and out political. We're in the middle of an election year in the US. Your argument comes down firmly on the side of one party. And you even reference that at the start of the talk. TED is nonpartisan and is fighting a constant battle with TEDx organizers to respect that principle... Nick, I personally share your disgust at the growth in inequality in the US, and would love to have found a way to give people a clearer mindset on the issue, without stoking a tedious partisan rehash of all the arguments we hear every day in the mainstream media. Alas, my judgement - and it is just a judgement, and that's why my job title is 'curator' - is that publishing your talk would not meet that goal."^[51]

See also[link]

• List of educational video websites

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: TED

• Official website
• Official YouTube channel
• Financial Times. "Conference of cool". July 23 2010. Accessed 2010-07-23
• Guardian. TED – the ultimate forum for blue-sky thinking Sunday 4 July 2010 Accessed 2010-07-12
• Online spreadsheet of TED talks, ranked by PostRank engagement data
• Those Fabulous Confabs Feb 26, 2012

This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: recently promoted AFC submission. Please help improve this article if you can. (June 2012)

Amy J. C. Cuddy is an American social psychologist known for her studies of the relations between stereotyping and behavior. She is Associate Professor in the Negotiation, Organizations & Markets Unit at Harvard Business School.

Cuddy studies the origins and outcomes of how people judge and influence each other. She has conducted experimental and correlational research on stereotyping and discrimination against various groups (e.g., Asian Americans, elderly people, Latinos, working mothers), the causes and consequences of feeling ambivalent emotions (e.g., envy and pity), nonverbal behavior and communication, and hormonal responses to social stimuli. Amy Cuddy was listed #1 in Time Magazine's list of "Game Changers, ...innovators and problem-solvers that are inspiring change in America".^[1]

She is a sought-after speaker on the psychology of power, influence, nonverbal communication, and prejudice.^[2][3][4]

Career[link]

Cuddy holds a PhD in Social Psychology from Princeton University, a MA in Social Psychology from Princeton University and BA in Social Psychology from the University of Colorado.

Prior to joining Harvard Business School, Professor Cuddy was an Assistant Professor at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University,^[5] where she taught leadership in organizations in the MBA program and research methods in the doctoral program; and an Assistant Professor of Psychology at Rutgers University, where she taught undergraduate social psychology. At Harvard Business School, she has taught MBA courses on negotiation, and power and influence, and in numerous executive education programs.

Research[link]

Along with Susan Fiske (Princeton University) and Peter Glick (Lawrence University), Cuddy developed the Stereotype Content Model (SCM)^[6] and the Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes (BIAS) Map,^[7] which focus on judgments of other people and groups along two core trait dimensions, warmth and competence, and how these judgments shape and motivate our social emotions, intentions, and behaviors.^[8] This work has been cited over 2000 times.

Cuddy’s research with Dana Carney^[9] (UC-Berkeley) focuses on how nonverbal expressions of power (i.e., expansive, open, space-occupying postures)^[10] affect people’s feelings, behaviors, and hormone levels.^[11] In particular, their research shows that “faking” body postures associated with dominance and power (“power posing”)^[12][13]  – even for as little as two minutes—increases people’s testosterone, decreases their cortisol, increases their appetite for risk, and causes them to perform better in job interviews.^[14] In short, as David Brooks summarized the findings, “If you act powerfully, you will begin to think powerfully.”^[15]

Her research has been published in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Psychological Science, Research in Organizational Behavior, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, and Science.

Awards and Honors[link]

• TEDGlobal Speaker, 2012^[16]

• TIME magazine ‘Game Changer’, 2012^[17]

• PopTech Annual Conference, 'Talk of the Day' October 21, 2011^[18]

• Rising Star Award, Association for Psychological Science (APS), 2011^[19]

• Psychology Today, The Top 10 Psychology Studies of 2010 (Carney, Cuddy, & Yap, 2010)

• Cover story, Harvard Magazine, Nov-Dec, 2010

• The HBR List: Breakthrough Ideas for 2009, Harvard Business Review^[20]

• Michele Alexander Early Career Award, Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues

• Distinguished Alumni Award, Conrad Weiser High School, Robesonia, PA

Personal life[link]

Amy Cuddy grew up in a very small Pennsylvania Dutch town, Robesonia, Pennsylvania. She is a classically trained ballet dancer and worked as a roller-skating waitress when she was an undergraduate at the University of Colorado at Boulder. When she was a sophomore in college she sustained a serious head injury in a car accident.^{[21][22][23][24]} Her doctors told her she was not likely to fully recover and should anticipate significant challenges finishing her undergraduate degree. She has one son.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Beninger, A. (2011). The dynamics of warmth and competence judgments, and their outcomes in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 31, 73-98.
• Carney, D., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Yap, A. (2010). Power posing: Brief nonverbal displays affect neuroendocrine levels and risk tolerance. Psychological Science, 21, 1363-1368
• Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2008). Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The Stereotype Content Model and the BIAS Map. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (vol. 40, pp. 61–149). New York, NY: Academic Press.
• Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2007). The BIAS Map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 631-648.
• Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2007). Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth, then competence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 77-83.
• Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878-902

The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to establish notability by adding reliable, secondary sources about the topic. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted. (November 2009)

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (November 2009)

Cameron Russell (born June 14, 1987^{[citation needed]}) is an American fashion model.

Early life[link]

Cameron Russell was born in Boston, and raised in Cambridge. Her mother is Robin Chase, founder of ZipCar. Russell displayed an interest in politics at an early age, and friends who had worked on the Clinton Presidential election campaign arranged a meeting on June 5, 1998 (when she was 10) with Bill Clinton after he delivered a speech at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His advice to her was to stay in school, get to know as many different types of people as she could, and to understand their dreams and aspirations.^{[citation needed]} She graduated from the Commonwealth School in 2005.

Modeling career[link]

Russell's mother had a friend who worked at Ford Models agency, and Russell decided to sign with that agency in 2004. She later moved on to DNA Model Management in 2006, and is currently represented by Women Management with whom she signed in 2008.^[1]

Since beginning her modeling career part-time at the age of 16, Russell has worked with numerous successful photographers including Steven Meisel, Craig McDean, and Nick Knight among others, in such magazines as Vogue, Paris Vogue, Vogue Italia, W, Self Service and Numéro.^[1] She has featured in advertising campaigns for companies including Calvin Klein, Armani, Oscar de la Renta, and Yves Saint Laurent.^[1]

Russell has featured in runway fashion shows for designers including Shiatzy Chen, Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Prada, Dolce & Gabbana, Marc Jacobs, Versace, Vivienne Westwood, Ralph Lauren, and Diane von Fürstenberg.^[2]

Personal life[link]

She briefly attended Wellesley College in Wellesley, Massachusetts, her mother's alma mater, before transferring to Columbia after her freshman year.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Funny and Interesting blog
• Women Management agency portfolio
• Style.com profile
• Cameron Russell at the Fashion Model Directory
• Models.com profile
• New York Magazine profile
• Interview on Pony Ryder
• Interview on the Fucked Up Crew

Elizabeth Gilbert
Gilbert at TED 2009
Born	(1969-07-18) July 18, 1969 (age 42) Waterbury, Connecticut, U.S.
Occupation	Novelist, memoirist
Nationality	American
Period	1997 – present
Genres	Fiction, memoir
Notable work(s)	Eat, Pray, Love (2006)
Influences L. Frank Baum, Charles Dickens, Marcus Aurelius[1]
www.elizabethgilbert.com

Elizabeth M. Gilbert (born July 18, 1969) is an American author, essayist, short story writer, biographer, novelist and memoirist. She is best known for her 2006 memoirs, Eat, Pray, Love, which as of December 2010, has spent 199 weeks on the New York Times Best Seller list, and was also made into a film by the same name in 2010.^[2]

Early life[link]

Gilbert was born in Waterbury, Connecticut. Her father was a chemical engineer, her mother a nurse. Along with her only sister, novelist and historian Catherine Gilbert Murdock, Gilbert grew up on a small family Christmas tree farm in Litchfield, Connecticut. The family lived in the country with no neighbors, and they didn’t own a TV or even a record player. Consequently, they all read a great deal, and Gilbert and her sister entertained themselves by writing little books and plays.^[3]

Gilbert earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science from New York University in 1991, after which she worked as cook, a waitress, and a magazine employee. She wrote of her experience as a cook on a dude ranch in short stories, and also briefly in her book The Last American Man (Viking 2002).

Journalism[link]

Esquire published Gilbert's short story "Pilgrims" in 1993, under the headline, "The Debut of an American Writer". She was the first unpublished short story writer to debut in Esquire since Norman Mailer. This led to steady work as a journalist for a variety of national magazines including, SPIN, GQ, The New York Times Magazine, Allure, Real Simple, and Travel + Leisure. As stated in the memoir, Eat, Pray, Love, Gilbert made a career as a highly-paid freelance writer.

Her 1997 GQ article, "The Muse of the Coyote Ugly Saloon", a memoir of Gilbert's time as a bartender at the very first Coyote Ugly table dancing bar located in the East Village section of New York City, was the basis for the feature film Coyote Ugly. She adapted her 1998 GQ article, "Eustace Conway is Not Like Any Man You've Ever Met", into a biography of the modern naturalist, The Last American Man. It received a nomination for the National Book Award in non-fiction. "The Ghost", a profile of Hank Williams III published by GQ in 2000, was included in Best American Magazine Writing 2001.

Books[link]

Gilbert's first book Pilgrims (Houghton Mifflin 1997), a collection of short stories, received the Pushcart Prize and was a finalist for the PEN/Hemingway Award. This was followed by her novel Stern Men (Houghton Mifflin 2000), selected by The New York Times as a "Notable Book". In 2002 she published The Last American Man (2002), a biography of a modern woodsman and naturalist, which was nominated for National Book Award.

[edit] Eat, Pray, Love

In 2006, Gilbert published Eat, Pray, Love: One Woman's Search for Everything Across Italy, India and Indonesia (Viking, 2006), a chronicle of her year of "spiritual and personal exploration" spent traveling abroad.^[4] She financed her world travel for the book with a $200,000 publisher's advance.

The memoir was on the New York Times Best Seller List of non-fiction in the spring of 2006, and in October 2008, after 88 weeks, the book was still on the list at number 2.^[5] Gilbert appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show in 2007, and has reappeared on the show to further discuss the book and her philosophy, and to discuss the film.^[6] The book was optioned for a film by Columbia Pictures, which was released as Eat Pray Love on August 13, 2010, with Julia Roberts starring as Elizabeth Gilbert.

Gilbert's fifth book, Committed: A Skeptic Makes Peace with Marriage, was released by Viking in January 2010. The book is somewhat of a sequel to Eat, Pray, Love in that it takes up Gilbert's life story where her bestseller left off. Committed also reveals Elizabeth Gilbert's decision to marry a Brazilian man named Felipe whom she met in Indonesia.^[7] The book is a thorough examination of the institution of marriage from a multitude of historical and modern perspectives — including that of people, particularly women, reluctant to marry. In the book, Gilbert also includes perspectives on same-sex marriage and compares this to interracial marriage prior to the 1970s.

Literary influences[link]

In an interview, Gilbert mentioned The Wizard of Oz with nostalgia, adding, "I am a writer today because I learned to love reading as a child—and mostly on account of the Oz books..." She is especially vocal about the importance of Charles Dickens to her, mentioning his stylistic influence on her writing in countless interviews. She lists Marcus Aurelius' Meditations as her favorite book on philosophy.^[8]

Bibliography[link]

Story collections[link]

• Pilgrims (1997) (Pushcart Prize, finalist for PEN/Hemingway Award)

Novels[link]

• Stern Men (2000)

Biographies[link]

• The Last American Man (2002) (finalist for the National Book Award and National Book Critic's Circle Award)

Memoirs[link]

• Eat, Pray, Love (2006)
• Committed (2010)

As contributor[link]

• The KGB Bar Reader: Buckle Bunnies (1998)
• Why I Write: Thoughts on the Craft of Fiction (contributor) (1999)
• A Writer's Workbook: Daily Exercises for the Writing Life (foreword) (2000)
• The Best American Magazine Writing 2001: The Ghost (2001)
• The Best American Magazine Writing 2003: Lucky Jim (2003)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official site
• Elizabeth Gilbert's TED talk on nurturing creativity

Sheryl K. Sandberg
Sandberg at the Moët Hennessy Financial Times Club Dinner in 2011.
Born	Sheryl Kara Sandberg (1969-08-28) August 28, 1969 (age 42) Washington, D.C.
Alma mater	Harvard College (A.B.) Harvard Business School (M.B.A.)
Occupation	COO of Facebook
Salary	$300,000 (2011)[1]
Spouse	Brian Kraff (divorced 2004); David Goldberg (2004–present)
Children	2[2]

Sheryl Kara Sandberg^[3] (born August 28, 1969) is an American businesswoman. She has served as the chief operating officer of Facebook since 2008. Prior to Facebook, Sandberg was Vice President of Global Online Sales and Operations at Google. She also was involved in launching Google's philanthropic arm Google.org. Prior to Google, Sandberg served as chief of staff for the United States Department of the Treasury. In 2012, she was named in Time 100, an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world assembled by Time.^[4]

Early life and career[link]

Sandberg was born in 1969 in Washington, D.C.,^[5] the daughter of Adele and Joel Sandberg and the oldest of three siblings.^[3] Her family moved to North Miami Beach, Florida when she was two years old.^[5] She attended public school, where she was "always at the top of her class."^[5] Sandberg taught aerobics in the 1980s while in high school.^[6]

In 1987, Sandberg enrolled at Harvard College and in 1991, graduated with a B.A. in Economics and was awarded the John H. Williams Prize for the top graduating student in economics.^[7] While at Harvard, Sandberg met then professor Larry Summers who became her mentor and thesis adviser.^[8] Summers recruited her to be his research assistant at the World Bank,^[5] where she worked on health projects in India dealing with leprosy, AIDS, and blindness.^[9]

In 1993, she enrolled at Harvard Business School and in 1995 she earned her M.B.A. with highest distinction.^[7] After business school, Sandberg worked as a management consultant for McKinsey & Company. From 1996 to 2001, Sandberg served as Chief of Staff to then United States Secretary of the Treasury Larry Summers under President Bill Clinton where she helped lead the Treasury’s work on forgiving debt in the developing world during the Asian financial crisis.^[9] She joined Google Inc. in 2001 and served as its Vice President of Global Online Sales & Operations, from November 2001 to March 2008. She was responsible for online sales of Google's advertising & publishing products and also for sales operations of Google's consumer products & Google Book Search. ^[10]

Facebook[link]

In late 2007, Mark Zuckerberg, co-founder and CEO of Facebook, met Sandberg at a Christmas party held by Dan Rosensweig; at the time, she was considering becoming a senior executive for the Washington Post Company.^[5] Zuckerberg had no formal search for a COO but thought of Sandberg as "a perfect fit" for this role.^[5] They spent more time together in January 2008 at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, and in March 2008 Facebook announced hiring Sheryl Sandberg away from Google.^[11]

After joining the company, Sandberg quickly began trying to figure out how to make Facebook profitable. Before she joined, the company was "primarily interested in building a really cool site; profits, they assumed, would follow."^[5] By late spring, Facebook's leadership had agreed to rely on advertising, "with the ads discreetly presented"; by 2010, Facebook became profitable.^[5] According to Facebook, Sandberg oversees the firm's business operations including sales, marketing, business development, human resources, public policy and communications.^[12]

Her executive compensation for FY 2011 was $300,000 base salary plus $30,491,613 in FB shares. According to her Form 3, she also owns 38,122,000 stock options and restricted stock units (worth approx. $1.45 billion as of mid-May 2012) that will be completely vested by May 2022, subject to her continued employment through the vesting date. ^[13]

Personal life[link]

In 2004, Sandberg married David Goldberg.^[3] Goldberg later became CEO of SurveyMonkey.^[5]

Other[link]

In 2009, Sandberg was named to the board of the Walt Disney Company.^[14] She also joined the Board of Directors of Starbucks, which comes with a $280,000 annual salary.^[15] She also serves on the boards of the Brookings Institution, Women for Women International, V-Day, and the Ad Council.^[7] In 2008, she wrote an article for The Huffington Post in support of her mentor Larry Summers who was then under fire for his comments about women.^[16] In May 2011, Sandberg gave the Commencement Address at the Barnard College graduation ceremony.^[17]

Rankings[link]

Sheryl Sandberg has been ranked one of the 50 "Most Powerful Women in Business" by Fortune Magazine since at least 2008. In 2007, she was ranked #29 and was the youngest woman on the list.^[18] In 2008, she was ranked #34.^[19] In 2009, Sheryl was #22 on 50 Most Powerful Women in Business by Fortune.^[20] In 2010, Sandberg was #16 on 50 Most Powerful Women in Business by Fortune.^[21]

In addition, in 2007, she was ranked #19 on 50 "Women to Watch" by The Wall Street Journal.^[22] She was ranked #21 on that list in 2008.^[23] In 2011, she was ranked #5 on "the world's 100 most powerful women" by Forbes.^[24]

Sandberg was also named one of the "25 Most Influential People on the Web" by Business Week.^[25]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sheryl Sandberg

• Transcript and Video of Speech by Sherly Sandberg, Chief Operating Officer, Facebook: Barnard College Commencement (2011)