- published: 19 Oct 2009
- views: 10536
- author: LenapeLifewaysVideos
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- Agriculture
- Algonquian languages
- Algonquian peoples
- American Beaver
- American Revolution
- Anadarko, Oklahoma
- Anderson, Indiana
- Anne Hutchinson
- Anthropologist
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- Cormac McCarthy
- Coshocton, Ohio
- Covenant Chain
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- Deer
- Delaware
- Delaware language
- Delaware languages
- Delaware Nation
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- Edwardsville, Kansas
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Canada
Canada (
/ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
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Cherokee Nation
The Cherokee Nation (ᏣᎳᎩᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ or Tsalagihi Ayeli) is the largest of three Cherokee federally recognized tribes in the United States. It was established in the 20th century, and includes people descended from members of the old Cherokee Nation who relocated voluntarily from the Southeast to Indian Territory and Cherokees who were forced to relocate on the Trail of Tears. The tribe also includes descendents of Cherokee Freedmen and Natchez Nation. Over 299,862 people are enrolled in the Cherokee Nation, with 189,228 living within the state of Oklahoma. According to Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) head Larry EchoHawk, the Cherokee Nation is not the historical Cherokee tribe but instead a "successor in interest."
Headquartered in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, the Cherokee Nation has a tribal jurisdictional area spanning 14 counties in the northeastern corner of Oklahoma. These are Adair, Cherokee, Craig, Delaware, Mayes, McIntosh, Muskogee, Nowata, Ottawa, Rogers, Sequoyah, Tulsa, Wagoner, and Washington Counties.
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Colorado
Colorado (
i/kɒləˈrædoʊ/ or /kɒləˈrɒdoʊ/) is the US state that encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, and the Mountain States. Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 22nd most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,116,796 on July 1, 2011, an increase of +1.74% since the 2010 United States Census.
The state was named for the Colorado River, which early Spanish explorers named the Río Colorado for the red colored (Spanish: colorado) silt the river carried from the mountains. On August 1, 1876, U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed a proclamation admitting Colorado as the 38th state. Colorado is nicknamed the "Centennial State" because it was admitted to the Union in 1876, the centennial year of the United States Declaration of Independence.
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Delaware
Delaware (i/ˈdɛləwɛər/ DEL-ə-wair) is a U.S. state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland, to the northeast by New Jersey, and to the north by Pennsylvania. The state takes its name from Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, an English nobleman and Virginia's first colonial governor, after whom what is now called Cape Henlopen was originally named.
Delaware is located in the northeastern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and is the second least extensive, the sixth least populous, but the sixth most densely populated of the 50 United States. Delaware is divided into three counties. From north to south, these three counties are New Castle, Kent, and Sussex. While the southern two counties have historically been predominantly agricultural, New Castle County has been more industrialized.
The history of the state's economic and industrial development is closely tied to the impact of the Du Pont family, founders and scions of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, one of the world’s largest chemical companies.
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Delaware Valley
In general, the Delaware Valley is a term used to refer to the valley where the Delaware River flows.
However, this article discusses the economic region centered on the cities on the tidal part of the Delaware Valley, including the metropolitan areas centered on Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. and Wilmington, Delaware. It is roughly the Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Delaware-Maryland (PA-NJ-DE-MD) Metropolitan Statistical Area.
The Delaware Valley as discussed here is composed of several counties in Eastern Pennsylvania and Western New Jersey, one county in northern Delaware and one county in northeastern Maryland. The area has a population of over 6.1 million (as of the 2010 Census Bureau count). Philadelphia, being the region's major commercial, cultural, and industrial center, maintains a rather large sphere of influence that affects the counties that immediately surround it. The majority of the region's populace resides in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware.
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Fort Detroit
Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit or Fort Détroit was a fort established by the French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac in 1701. The location of the former fort is now in the city of Detroit in the U.S. state of Michigan, an area bounded by Larned Street, Griswold Street, and the Civic Center.
Fort Detroit began on the Detroit River built to try to keep the British from moving west of New England and to monopolize the fur trade in North America. Before he built Fort Detroit, Cadillac was commandant of Fort de Buade, another French outpost in North America. Fort de Buade was abandoned in 1697 due to conflicts with religious leaders over the trading of alcohol to the Native Americans. Cadillac then persuaded his superiors to let him build a new settlement. He reached the Detroit River on July 23, 1701.
When he landed on the site he held a celebration to formally take control of the area. In honor of Louis Phélypeaux, Comte de Pontchartrain (or his son, Jerome), Minister of Marine to Louis XIV he named the new settlement Fort Ponchartrain du Detroit. The storehouse and the stockade were started immediately, but the first building completed was Ste. Anne's Church. The stockade came next and was made of logs rising about 12 feet into the sky with towers in each corner.
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Grinter Place
Grinter Place is a house on the National Register of Historic Places above the Kansas River in the Muncie neighborhood of Kansas City, Kansas.
The house was constructed by Moses Grinter where he and his half-Lenape (Delaware) wife lived until he died in 1878 and she in 1905. Grinter's wife's Indian name was “Windagamen,” which meant “Sweetness.” She was one of a couple dozen Delaware women who became U.S. citizens when the territory became a state. Near this place, the Delaware Crossing (or "Military Crossing"; sometimes "the Secondine'") allowed passage from the old Indian trail where it met the waters of the Kaw River. Around 1831, Grinter, one of the earliest permanent white settlers in the area, set up the Grinter Ferry on the Kansas River here. His house, the Grinter Place, still stands at 1420 South 78th Street. The ferry was used by individuals such as traders, freighters and soldiers traveling between Fort Leavenworth and Fort Scott on the military road. Others would cross this area on their way to Santa Fe. The area was home to the first non-military post office in Kansas.
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Idaho
Idaho (i/ˈaɪdəhoʊ/) is a state in the Rocky Mountain area of the United States. Idaho is the 14th most expansive, the 39th most populous, and the 7th least densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's largest city and capital is Boise. Residents are called "Idahoans". Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890, as the 43rd state.
Idaho is a mountainous state with an area larger than that of all of New England. It is landlocked, surrounded by the states of Washington, Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, Montana and the Canadian province of British Columbia. However, the network of dams and locks on the Columbia River and Snake River make the city of Lewiston the farthest inland seaport on the Pacific coast of the contiguous United States.
Idaho's nickname is the Gem State, because nearly every known type of gemstone has been found there. In addition, Idaho is one of only two places in the world where star garnets can be found (the other is the Himalaya Mountains, in India)[citation needed], and is the only place six-pointed star garnets have been found[citation needed]. Additionally Idaho is sometimes called the Potato State owing to its popular crop. The state motto is Esto Perpetua (Latin for "Let it be forever").
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Kansas
Kansas (i/ˈkænzəs/) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. It is named after the Kansas River which flows through it, which in turn was named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area. The tribe's name (natively kką:ze) is often said to mean "people of the wind" or "people of the south wind," although this was probably not the term's original meaning. Residents of Kansas are called "Kansans."
For thousands of years what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes. Tribes in the Eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys. Tribes in the Western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison. Kansas was first settled by European Americans in the 1830s, but the pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s, in the midst of political wars over the slavery issue. When officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854, abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine if Kansas would become a free state or a slave state. Thus, the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided, and was known as Bleeding Kansas. The abolitionists eventually prevailed and on January 29, 1861, Kansas entered the Union as a free state. After the Civil War, the population of Kansas grew rapidly, when waves of immigrants turned the prairie into farmland. Today, Kansas is one of the most productive agricultural states, producing high yields of wheat, sorghum and sunflowers. Kansas is the 15th most extensive and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States.
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Kansas River
The Kansas River (also known as the Kaw) (Lenape: Kansiai Sipu ) is a river in northeastern Kansas in the United States. It is the southwestern-most part of the Missouri River drainage, which is in turn the northwestern-most portion of the extensive Mississippi River drainage. Its name (and nickname) come from the Kanza (Kaw) people who once inhabited the area. The state of Kansas in turn drew its name from the river.
The river valley averages 2.6 miles (4.2 km) in width, with the widest points being between Wamego and Rossville, where it is up to 4 miles (6.4 km) wide, then narrowing to 1 mile (1.6 km) or less in places below Eudora. Much of the river's watershed is dammed for flood control, but the Kansas River is generally free-flowing and has only minor obstructions, including diversion weirs and one low impact hydroelectric dam.
Beginning at the confluence of the Republican and Smoky Hill rivers, just east of aptly named Junction City (1,030 feet / 310 metres), the Kansas River flows some 148 miles (238 km) generally eastward to join the Missouri River at Kaw Point (730 feet / 220 metres) in Kansas City. Dropping only 320 feet (98 m) on its journey seaward, the water in the Kansas River falls less than 2 feet per mile (38 cm/km). The Kansas River valley is only 115 miles (185 km) long; the surplus length of the river is due to meandering across the floodplain. The river's course roughly follows the maximum extent of the Kansan glaciation, and the river likely began as a path of glacial meltwater drainage.
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Long Island
Long Island is an island located in the southeast part of the U.S. state of New York, just east of Manhattan. Stretching northeast into the Atlantic Ocean, Long Island contains four counties, two of which are boroughs of New York City (Queens and Brooklyn), and two of which are mainly suburban (Nassau and Suffolk). The term "Long Island" often refers only to Nassau and Suffolk counties in order to differentiate them from New York City, though all four counties are on the island and part of the New York metropolitan area.
As of the 2010 census, Long Island had a population of 7,568,304, making it the most populated island in any U.S. state or territory. It is also the 17th most populous island in the world, ahead of Ireland, Jamaica and the Japanese island of Hokkaidō. Its population density is 5,402 inhabitants per square mile (2,086 /km2). If it were a state, Long Island would rank 13th in population (after Virginia) and first in population density.
Both the longest and the largest island in the contiguous United States, Long Island extends 118 miles (190 km) eastward from New York Harbor to Montauk Point, and has a maximum north-to-south expanse of 23 miles (37 km) between the northern Long Island Sound coast and the southern Atlantic coast. With a land area of 1,401 square miles (3,629 km2), Long Island is the 11th largest island in the United States and the 148th largest island in the world — larger than the 1,214 square miles (3,140 km2) of the smallest state, Rhode Island.
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Long Island Sound
Long Island Sound is an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean, located in the United States between Connecticut to the north and Long Island, New York to the south. The mouth of the Connecticut River at Old Saybrook, Connecticut, empties into the sound. On its western end the sound is bounded by the Bronx and Westchester County, New York, and connects to the East River. On its eastern end it opens to Block Island Sound.
Several major cities are situated along Long Island Sound and more than 8 million people live within its watershed. Major Connecticut cities on the Sound include Bridgeport, New London, Stamford, Norwalk, and New Haven. Cities on the New York side of the Sound include Rye, Glen Cove, New Rochelle, and portions of New York City (the boroughs of Queens and the Bronx).
Mansions and wealthy neighborhoods characterize a good portion of the coast of the sound from Whitestone, Queens out to Port Jefferson on Long Island; and from Pelham Manor and New Rochelle (on the mainland of New York) to Madison in Connecticut. Property values in Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut are among the highest in the nation, due to the proximity to New York City and their location on "The Sound".
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Lower New York Bay
Lower New York Bay is that section of New York Bay south of the Narrows, the relatively narrow strait between the shores of Staten Island and Brooklyn. The southern end of the bay opens directly to the Atlantic Ocean between two spits of land, Sandy Hook, New Jersey, and Rockaway, Queens, on Long Island. The southern portion between Staten Island and New Jersey, at the mouth of the Raritan River, is named Raritan Bay. The Hudson Canyon, the ancient riverbed of the Hudson River which existed during the last ice age when the ocean levels were lower, extends southeast from Lower New York Bay for hundreds of miles into the Atlantic Ocean. The nearby part of the Atlantic Ocean between New Jersey and Long Island is the New York Bight.
Since before the time of the Lenape, the Native American inhabitants of the area, the Lower Bay has sustained a rich marine ecosystem with multiple fish species and molluscs, especially oyster, clam and mussel beds. In the 20th century, due increased population and industrial pollution, the water quality of the bay and its ability to support marine life was severely diminished. The water quality of the bay began to improve with the passage of the Clean Water Act.
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Manhattan
Manhattan (/mænˈhætən/) is the most densely populated and the oldest of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on the island of Manhattan at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the U.S. state of New York. The borough and county consist of Manhattan Island and several small adjacent islands: Roosevelt Island, Randall's Island, Wards Island, Governors Island, Liberty Island, part of Ellis Island,Mill Rock, and U Thant Island; as well as Marble Hill, a very small area on the mainland bordering the Bronx. The original city of New York began at the southern end of Manhattan, expanded northward, and then between 1874 and 1898, annexed land from surrounding counties.
The New York County is the most densely populated county in the United States, and one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with a 2010 population of 1,585,873 living in a land area of 22.96 square miles (59.5 km2), or 69,464 residents per square mile (26,924/km²), more dense than any individual American city. It is also one of the wealthiest counties in the United States, with a 2005 per capita income above $100,000. Manhattan is the third-largest of New York's five boroughs in population, and its smallest borough in land area.
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Michigan
Michigan (i/ˈmɪʃɨɡən/) is a state located in the Great Lakes region of the Midwestern United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake". Michigan is the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and the largest city is Detroit. Michigan was admitted into the Union on January 26, 1837 as the 26th state.
Michigan has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, plus Lake Saint Clair. Michigan is one of the leading U.S. states for recreational boating. The state has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds. A person in the state is never more than six miles (9.7 km) from a natural water source or more than 85 miles (137 km) from a Great Lakes shoreline. It is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River.
Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is often noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula (often referred to as "the U.P.") is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, a five-mile (8 km) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan. The two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The Upper Peninsula is economically important due to its status as a tourist destination. There is also a variety of natural resources to be found there, including a sizable amount of iron ore.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (
i/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] (
listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
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New England
New England is a region in the northeastern corner of the United States consisting of the six states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. New England is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, Canada (the Canadian Maritimes and Quebec) and the state of New York.
In one of the earliest English settlements in North America, Pilgrims from England first settled in New England in 1620, to form Plymouth Colony. Ten years later, the Puritans settled north of Plymouth Colony in Boston, thus forming Massachusetts Bay Colony. Over the next 130 years, New England fought in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America. In the late 18th century, the New England Colonies initiated the resistance to the British Parliament's efforts to impose new taxes without the consent of the colonists. The Boston Tea Party was a protest that angered Great Britain, which responded with the "Intolerable Acts", stripping the colonies of self-government. The confrontation led to open warfare in 1775, the expulsion of the British from New England in spring 1776, and the Declaration of Independence in July 1776.
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New Jersey
New Jersey (i/nuː ˈdʒɜrzi/) is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the U.S. state of New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey is the 4th least extensive, but the 11th most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies mostly within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is also the third wealthiest by 2009–2010 median household income.
The area was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast. In the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. The British later seized control of the region, naming it the Province of New Jersey. It was granted as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton. At this time, it was named after the largest of the British Channel Islands, Jersey, Carteret's birthplace. New Jersey was the site of several decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War.
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New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] ( listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
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New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. The city is referred to as New York City or The City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York, of which it is a part. As a global power city, New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. The home of the United Nations Headquarters, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural capital of the world.
Located on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each of which comprises a state county. The five boroughs—The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island—were consolidated into a single city in 1898. With a Census-estimated 2011 population of 8,244,910 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles (790 km2), New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. The New York City Metropolitan Area's population is the United States' largest, with 18.9 million people distributed over 6,720 square miles (17,400 km2), and is also part of the most populous combined statistical area in the United States, containing 22.1 million people as of the 2010 Census.
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New York Harbor
New York Harbor refers to the waterways of the estuary near the mouth of the Hudson River that empty into New York Bay. It is one of the largest natural harbors in the world. Although the U.S. Board of Geographic Names does not use the term, New York Harbor has important historical, governmental, commercial, and ecological usages. Originally used to refer to the Upper New York Bay, the term is also used to describe the Port of New York and New Jersey, the port district for New York-Newark metropolitan area, under the jurisdiction of the Port Authority.
The aboriginal population of the 16th century New York Harbor, the Lenape, used the waterways for fishing and travel. In 1524 Giovanni da Verrazzano anchored in what is now called The Narrows, the strait between Staten Island and Long Island that connects the Upper and Lower New York Bay, where he received a canoe party of Lenape. A party of his sailors may have taken on fresh water at a spring called "the watering place" on Staten Island — a monument stands in a tiny park on the corner of Bay Street and Victory Boulevard at the approximate spot — but Verrazzano's descriptions of the geography of the area are a bit ambiguous. It is fairly firmly held by historians that his ship anchored at the approximate location where the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge touches down in Brooklyn today. He also observed what he believed to be a large freshwater lake to the north (apparently Upper New York Bay). He apparently did not travel north to observe the existence of the Hudson River. In 1609 Henry Hudson entered the Harbor and explored a stretch of the river that now bears his name. His journey prompted others to explore the region and engage in trade with the local population.
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Oklahoma
Oklahoma (i/ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə/) (Pawnee: Uukuhuúwa , Cayuga: Gahnawiyoˀgeh ) is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. Oklahoma is the 20th most extensive and the 28th most populous of the 50 United States. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning "red people", and it is known informally by its nickname, The Sooner State. Formed by the combination of Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory on November 16, 1907, Oklahoma was the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans or, informally "Okies", and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.
A major producer of natural gas, oil, and agriculture, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. It has one of the fastest growing economies in the nation, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth and gross domestic product growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma's primary economic anchors, with nearly 60 percent of Oklahomans living in their metropolitan statistical areas.
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Oklahoma Territory
Coordinates: 35°24′N 97°00′W / 35.4°N 97°W / 35.4; -97
The Territory of Oklahoma was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from May 2, 1890, until November 16, 1907, when it was joined with the Indian Territory under a new constitution and admitted to the Union as the State of Oklahoma.
Oklahoma Territory's history began with the Indian Intercourse Act of 1834 when the United States Congress set aside land for Native Americans. At the time, the land was unorganized territory that consisted of all the federal land "west of the Mississippi and not within the states of Missouri and Louisiana, or the territory of Arkansas..." By 1856, the territory had been reduced to the modern-day borders of the State of Oklahoma. These lands quickly became known as Indian Territory, as they had been granted to certain Indian nations under the Indian Removal Act, in exchange for their historic territories east of the Mississippi River.
Until this point, Native Americans had exclusively used the land. In 1866, after the American Civil War, the federal government required new treaties with the tribes that had supported the Confederacy, and forced them into land and other concessions. As a result of the Reconstruction Treaties, The Five Civilized Tribes were required to emancipate their slaves and offer them full citizenship in the tribes if they wanted to stay in the Nations. This forced many of the tribes in Indian Territory into making concessions. The US officials forced the cession of some 2,000,000 acres (8,100 km2) of land in the center of the Indian Nation Territory.
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Ontario
Ontario /ɒnˈtɛərioʊ/ is one of the provinces of Canada, located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province or territory and fourth largest in total area. It is home to the nation's most populous city, Toronto, and the nation's capital, Ottawa.
Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west, Hudson Bay to the north, Quebec to the east, and to the south by the U.S. states of Minnesota, Michigan (portions to the west), New York (portions to the east), Ohio and Pennsylvania. All but a small part of Ontario's 2,700 km (1,677 mi) border with the United States follow inland waterways: from the west at Lake of the Woods, eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence River drainage system. These are the Rainy River, the Pigeon River, Lake Superior, the St. Mary's River, Lake Huron, the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River, Lake Erie, the Niagara River, Lake Ontario, and along the St. Lawrence River from Kingston, Ontario to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall, Ontario.
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Penn Treaty Park
Penn Treaty Park is a small park on the western bank of the Delaware river, in the Fishtown neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is located at the intersection of Delaware (Columbus) Avenue and Beach Street, just off Delaware Avenue.
The southern part of the park consists of a walkway surrounding an open green favored by dog walkers and lunchtime picnickers. A stand of mature trees shades the northern part of the park. At the river's edge, the park provides an unimpeded view of the full span of the Benjamin Franklin Bridge that connects Philadelphia to the city of Camden, New Jersey. Directly to the north is a power-generating station owned and operated by the Philadelphia Electric Company (PECO). Bordering the southern edge of the park there was a nightclub with part of its facilities built on a reclaimed pier that stretches out into the river, however this is gone and will soon become a condominium development. An iron and concrete fishing pier used to extend out into the river, but it was seriously damaged by an out-of-control barge, fenced off for a while and then eventually done away with.
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Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (i/ˌpɛnsɨlˈveɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a US state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, and the Great Lakes Region. The state borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Ontario, Canada to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.
Pennsylvania is the 33rd most extensive, the 6th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of shoreline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west. Of a total 46,055 square miles (119,282 km2), 44,817 square miles (116,075 km2) are land, 490 square miles (1,269 km2) are inland waters, and 749 square miles (1,940 km2) are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
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Philadelphia
Philadelphia ( /ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə/) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Philadelphia County, with which it is coterminous. The city is located in the Northeastern United States along the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers. It is the fifth-most-populous city in the United States, with a population of 1,526,006 as of the 2010 U.S. Census. Philadelphia is also the commercial, cultural, and educational center of the Delaware Valley, home to 6 million people and the country's fifth-largest metropolitan area. The Philadelphia metropolitan division consists of five counties in Pennsylvania and has a population of 4,008,994. Popular nicknames for Philadelphia are Philly and The City of Brotherly Love, the latter of which comes from the literal meaning of the city's name in Greek (Greek: Φιλαδέλφεια ([pʰilaˈdelpʰeːa], Modern Greek: [filaˈðelfia]) "brotherly love", compounded from philos (φίλος) "loving", and adelphos (ἀδελφός) "brother").
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Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh ( /ˈpɪtsbərɡ/, PITS-burg) is the second largest city in the U.S. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Allegheny County. Regionally, it anchors the largest urban area of both Appalachia and the Ohio River Valley. Nationally, it is the 22nd largest urban area in the United States. The population of the city in 2010 was 305,704, while that of the seven-county metropolitan area stood at 2,356,285.Downtown Pittsburgh retains substantial economic influence, ranking at 25th in the nation for jobs within the urban core and 6th in job density. The characteristic shape of Pittsburgh's central business district is a triangular tract carved by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, which form the Ohio River. The city features 151 high-rise buildings, 446 bridges, two inclined railways, and a pre-revolutionary fortification. Pittsburgh is known colloquially as "the City of Bridges" and "the Steel City" for its many bridges and former steel manufacturing base.
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Rhode Island
Rhode Island (i/ˌroʊd ˈaɪlɨnd/ or /rɵˈdaɪlɨnd/), officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States. Rhode Island is the smallest in area, the 8th least populous, but the 2nd most densely populated of the 50 United States. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west and Massachusetts to the north and east, and it shares a water boundary with New York's Long Island to the southwest.
Rhode Island was the first of the 13 original colonies to declare independence from British rule, declaring itself independent on May 4, 1776, two months before any other state in the whole U.S. and the convention. The state was also the last to ratify the United States Constitution.
Rhode Island's official nickname is "The Ocean State", a reference to the state's geography, since Rhode Island has several large bays and inlets that amount to about 14% of its total area. Its land area is 1,045 square miles (2706 km2), but its total area is significantly larger.
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Sandusky River
The Sandusky River is a tributary to Lake Erie in north-central Ohio in the United States. It is about 133 miles (214 km) long and flows into Lake Erie at Sandusky Bay.
The Sandusky River begins at the juncture of Paramour Creek and Allen Run at Leesville in Crawford County and initially flows westwardly, passing through the town of Bucyrus. In Wyandot County the river turns northward for the remainder of its course, flowing through Seneca and Sandusky counties and passing the towns of Upper Sandusky, Tiffin and Fremont before entering Sandusky Bay.
In 1970, the river's course between Upper Sandusky and Fremont was designated a State Scenic River by the government of Ohio.
The Little Sandusky River is a minor tributary of the Sandusky. It flows 14.0 miles (22.5 km) northward from northern Marion County and joins the Sandusky in southern Wyandot County.
According to the Geographic Names Information System, the Sandusky River has also been known as:
Coordinates: 41°28′15″N 82°53′50″W / 41.4708°N 82.8973°W / 41.4708; -82.8973
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Scioto River
The Scioto River ( /saɪˈoʊtoʊ/ sy-OH-toh or /saɪˈoʊtə/ sy-OH-tə) is a river in central and southern Ohio more than 231 miles (372 km) in length. It rises in Auglaize County in west central Ohio, flows through Columbus, Ohio, where it collects its largest tributary, the Olentangy River, and meets the Ohio River at Portsmouth. Too small for modern commercial shipping, its primary economic importance is for recreation and drinking water.
The lower Scioto River valley is large compared to the width of the river and is extensively farmed. Meltwaters from retreating glaciers carved the valley exceptionally wide. Valley bottoms are smooth, and flood deposits created during and since the most recent Glacial period cause floodplain soils to be very productive. As a result, farms line much of the lower Scioto where it flows through low, rolling hills covered in hardwood trees.
The geologic history of the Scioto River is tied to the destruction of the Teays River network during the Ice Ages and consequent creation of the Ohio River. The north flowing Teays River was dammed by glaciers, and damming of other rivers led to a series of floods as lakes overflowed into adjacent valleys. Glacial Lake Tight is estimated to have been two-thirds the size of modern Lake Erie. Valleys beyond the reach of glaciers were reorganized to create the Ohio River, and the Scioto River replaced the Teays River. The Scioto River flows through segments of the Teays River valley but opposite the direction the Teays River flowed. In the cities of Columbus and Dublin, the river has cut a gorge in fossil-bearing Devonian limestone, and many tributary streams have waterfalls, such as Hayden Falls.
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Staten Island
Staten Island /ˌstætən ˈaɪlənd/ is a borough of New York City, United States, located in the southwest part of the city. Staten Island is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, and from the rest of New York by New York Bay. With a population of 468,730, Staten Island is the least populated of the five boroughs but is the third-largest in area at 59 sq mi (153 km2). The Borough of Staten Island is coextensive with Richmond County, the southernmost county in the state of New York. Until 1975, the borough was officially named the Borough of Richmond. Staten Island has been sometimes called "the forgotten borough" by inhabitants who feel neglected by the city government.
Staten Island is overall the most suburban of the five boroughs of New York City. The North Shore — especially the neighborhoods of St. George, Tompkinsville, Clifton, and Stapleton — is the most urban part of the island; it contains the officially designated St. George Historic District and the St. Paul’s Avenue-Stapleton Heights Historic District, which feature large Victorian homes. The South Shore has more suburban-style residential neighborhoods. The East Shore (South Beach) is home to the 2.5-mile F.D.R. Boardwalk, the fourth-longest in the world. Historically, the central and southern sections of the island were dominated by dairy and poultry farms, almost all of which disappeared in the 20th century. Staten Island used to claim the largest landfill in the world. It was closed in 2001, then shortly afterward temporarily reopened to accept the debris from the September 11th attacks. The landfill is being made into what will be New York City's largest public park.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Upper New York Bay
Upper New York Bay, or Upper Bay, is the traditional heart of the Port of New York and New Jersey, and often called New York Harbor. It is enclosed by the New York City boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Staten Island and the Hudson County, New Jersey municipalities of Jersey City and Bayonne.
It is fed by the waters of the Hudson River (historically called the North River as it passes Manhattan), as well as the Gowanus Canal. It is connected to Lower New York Bay by the Narrows, to Newark Bay by the Kill Van Kull, and to Long Island Sound by the East River, which despite the name, is actually a tidal strait. It provides the main passage for the waters of the Hudson River as it empties through the Narrows. The channel of the Hudson as it passes through the harbor is called the Anchorage Channel and is approximately 50 feet deep in the mid point of the harbor.
It contains several islands including Governors Island, near the mouth of the East River, as well Ellis Island, Liberty Island, and Robbins Reef which are supported by a large underwater reef on the New Jersey side of the harbor. The reef was historically one of the largest oyster beds in the world and provided a staple for the diet of all classes of citizens both locally and regionally until the end of the 19th century, when the beds succumbed to pollution.
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Wisconsin
Wisconsin (i/wɨsˈkɒnsɨn/) is a US state located in the north-central United States and is part of the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin is the 23rd most extensive and the 20th most populous of the 50 United States. Wisconsin's capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee. The state is divided into 72 counties.
The word Wisconsin originates from the name given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian speaking American Indian groups living in the region at the time of European contact. French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River and record its name, arriving in 1673 and calling the river Meskousing in his journal. This spelling was later corrupted to Ouisconsin by other French explorers, and over time this version became the French name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling to its modern form when they began to arrive in greater numbers during the early 19th century. The current spelling was made official by the legislature of Wisconsin Territory in 1845.
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Zwaanendael Colony
Zwaanendael or Swaanendael was a short lived Dutch colonial settlement in Delaware. It was built in 1631. The name is archaic Dutch spelling for "swan valley" or dale. The site of the settlement later became the town of Lewes, Delaware.
Two directors of the Amsterdam chamber of the Dutch West India Company, Samuel Blommaert and Samuel Godyn, bargained with the natives for a tract of land reaching from Cape Henlopen to the mouth of Delaware River. This was in 1629, three years before the charter of Maryland, and is the oldest deed for land in Delaware. Its water-front nearly coincides with the coast of Kent and Sussex Counties. The purchase was ratified in 1630 by Peter Minuit and his council at Fort Amsterdam. The estate was further extended, on May 5, 1630, by the purchase of a tract twelve miles square (31 km²) on the coast of Cape May opposite, and the transaction was duly attested at Fort Amsterdam.
A company including, besides the two original proprietors, Kiliaen van Rensselaer (Patroon of Rensselaerswyck), Joannes de Laet (the geographer), and David Pietersen de Vries was formed to colonize the tract. A ship of eighteen guns, The Walvis was fitted out to bring over the colonists and subsequently defend the coast, with incidental whaling to help defray expenses. A colony of twenty-eight people was planted on Blommaert's Kill (now Lewes creek), a little north of Cape Henlopen, and its governorship was entrusted to Gillis Hosset. This settlement antedated by several years any in Pennsylvania, and the colony at Lewes practically laid the foundation and defined the singularly limited area of the state of Delaware, the major part of which was included in the purchase. A palisaded fort was built, with the "red lion, rampant," of Holland affixed to its gate, and the country was named Swaanendael or Zwaanendael Colony, while the water was called Godyn's Bay (now Delaware Bay).
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Algonquian languages
The Algonquian languages ( /ælˈɡɒŋkwiən/ or /ælˈɡɒŋkiən/; also Algonkian) are a subfamily of Native American languages which includes most of the languages in the Algic language family. The name of the Algonquian language family is distinguished from the orthographically similar Algonquin dialect of the Ojibwe language, which is a member of the Algonquian language family. The term "Algonquin" has been suggested to derive from the Maliseet word elakómkwik (pronounced [ɛlæˈɡomoɡwik]), "they are our relatives/allies". Most Algonquian languages are extremely endangered today, with few native speakers. A number of the languages have already become extinct.
Speakers of Algonquian languages stretch from the east coast of North America all the way to the Rocky Mountains. The proto-language from which all of the languages of the family descend, Proto-Algonquian, was spoken at least 3,000 years ago. There is no scholarly consensus as to the territory where this language was spoken. For information on the peoples speaking Algonquian languages, see Algonquian peoples.
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Algonquian peoples
The Algonquian are one of the most populous and widespread North American native language groups, with tribes originally numbering in the hundreds. Today hundreds of thousands of individuals identify with various Algonquian peoples. This grouping consists of peoples that speak Algonquian languages.
Before Europeans came into contact, most Algonquian settlements lived by hunting and fishing, although quite a few supplemented their diet by cultivating corn, beans, squash, and (particularly among the Ojibwe) wild rice.
The Algonquians of New England (who spoke Eastern Algonquian) practiced a seasonal economy. The basic social unit was the village of a few hundred people related by a kinship structure. Villages were temporary and mobile. The people moved to locations of greatest natural food supply, often breaking into smaller units or recombining as the circumstances required. This custom resulted in a certain degree of cross-tribal mobility, especially in troubled times.
In warm weather, they constructed light wigwams for portability. In the winter, they erected the more substantial long houses, in which more than one clan could reside. They cached food supplies in more permanent, semi-subterranean structures.
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Anne Hutchinson
Anne Hutchinson (1591–1643) was a Puritan woman minister who was expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her strong religious convictions were at odds with the established Puritan clergy in the Boston area. Her popularity and charisma created a schism in the Boston church which threatened to destroy the Puritans' religious experiment in New England. She was eventually tried and convicted, then banished from the colony with many of her followers.
Born in Alford, Lincolnshire, England, Anne was the daughter of Francis Marbury, an Anglican minister with strong Puritan leanings, who had been imprisoned for two years, and later put under house arrest for his criticism of the Anglican hierarchy for not staffing churches with better trained ministers. Marbury was a school teacher, and when under house arrest, he used his time to teach his children. Anne grew up with a far better education than most girls, who generally had few educational opportunities in 16th century England. As a young adult in London, she married an old friend from Alford, William Hutchinson, and the couple moved back to Alford where they began a family and visited various churches in the area. Hearing of a dynamic young preacher named John Cotton in the market town of Boston, Lincolnshire, about 21 miles away, the couple went to hear him preach, and thereafter made the difficult trip by horseback at every opportunity. Anne became enamored with Cotton's preaching, and was distraught when Cotton was compelled to emigrate following threats of imprisonment for his Puritan messages and practices.
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Benjamin West
Benjamin West, RA (October 10, 1738 – March 11, 1820) was an Anglo-American painter of historical scenes around and after the time of the American War of Independence. He was the second president of the Royal Academy in London, serving from 1792 to 1805 and 1806 to 1820.
West was born in Springfield, Pennsylvania, in a house that is now in the borough of Swarthmore on the campus of Swarthmore College, as the tenth child of an innkeeper. The family later moved to Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, where his father was the proprietor of the Square Tavern, still standing in that town. West told John Galt, with whom, late in his life, he collaborated on a memoir, The Life and Studies of Benjamin West (1816, 1820) that, when he was a child, Native Americans showed him how to make paint by mixing some clay from the river bank with bear grease in a pot. Benjamin West was an autodidact; while excelling at the arts, "he had little [formal] education and, even when president of the Royal Academy, could scarcely spell".
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Black Beaver
Black Beaver or Suck-tum-mah-kway (1806—1880) was a Delaware trapper, scout, and interpreter who became a chief, and later a wealthy rancher in present-day Anadarko, Oklahoma. He is credited with establishing the California and Chisholm trails. At the beginning of the American Civil War, he guided hundreds of Union troops and a long wagon train to escape much larger Confederate forces, and over 500 miles of Indian Territory to safety in Kansas. None of the party or their animals or wagons were lost.
He was born in 1806 in present-day Belleville, Illinois, near St. Louis, where many Lenape had migrated after the American Revolutionary War from their traditional territory along the Delaware River in the mid-Atlantic states. Black Beaver began trapping and trading beaver pelts as a teenager for the American Fur Company of John Jacob Astor.
Black Beaver learned to speak fluent English, French, and Spanish, in addition to his native Lenape and about eight other American Indian languages; he used sign language to communicate with tribes whose language he did not know. His skills became invaluable to white settlers and military expeditions. He served the Dodge-Leavenworth Expedition of 1834, and during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), led a unit of Indian volunteers as a captain in the U.S. Army.
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Buckongahelas
Buckongahelas (c. 1720 – May 1805) was a regionally and nationally renowned Lenape chief, councilor and warrior. He was active from the days of the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War) through the Northwest Indian Wars, after the United States achieved independence and settlers encroached on territory beyond the Appalachian Mountains and Ohio River. He became involved in the Western Confederacy of mostly Algonquian-speaking peoples, who were seeking to repel American settlers. The chief led his Lenape band from present-day Delaware westward, eventually to the White River area of present-day Muncie, Indiana. One of the most powerful war chiefs on the White River, Buckongahelas was respected by the Americans as a chief, although he did not have the position to do political negotiations.
Buckongahelas was born in present-day Delaware to the Lenape people. The British colonists called the people the Delaware, after the river, which was the heart of their territory. The Algonquian-speaking Lenape lived throughout the mid-Atlantic area. Buckongahelas in the Lenape language means a "Giver of Presents." He was also known as Pachgantschihilas and Petchnanalas, meaning a "fulfiller" or "one who succeeds in all he undertakes."
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Captain Jacobs
Captain Jacobs (died September 8, 1756) was a Delaware (Lenape) chief during the French and Indian War. His real name was Tewea; he was called "Captain Jacobs" by a Pennsylvania settler who purchased land from him and thought he resembled another person by that name. He is best known as the Native American leader during the Kittanning Expedition in 1756. There is not a lot of background information about Jacobs, only that he was a great warrior of the Lenape, and was responsible for the multiple raids on English settlers after Braddock's defeat.
On the morning of September 8, 1756, Colonel John Armstrong led a force of three-hundred Pennsylvanians to attack the village of Kittanning in hopes of disrupting the Native's grip on the settlers. Jacobs' superior Chief Shingas was away during the battle, so Jacobs took command and fought Armstrong's men from his cabin. He was eventually killed when his cabin (full of ammunition and gunpowder) exploded after being set ablaze by one of Armstrong's men. The raid was a success, but Armstrong lost more than thirty of his men at the battle.
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Captain Pipe
Captain Pipe (b. c. 1725? – d. c. 1818?), called Konieschquanoheel and also known as Hopocan, was an 18th-century chief of the Algonquian-speaking Lenape (Delaware) and a member of the Wolf Clan. He was a warrior and succeeded his maternal uncle Custaloga as chief by 1773.
Although Hopocan tried to stay neutral during the American Revolutionary War, after many of his family were killed by Americans, he allied with the British. After the war, he moved his people into Ohio Country, where he made treaties with the Continental Congress to try to protect Lenape land, but settlers continued to encroach on his people. In 1812 he moved with his people westward into present-day Indiana, where some accounts say he died.
In Lenape culture people did not share their real names, because it could give spiritual power to enemies. In addition, they often were given other names, or nicknames, at different periods of their lives, sometimes to express life passages, such as reaching manhood. The real name of Captain Pipe was Konieschquanoheel (meaning "Maker of Daylight"). His public name was Hopocan (meaning tobacco pipe); because of the translated meaning, the Europeans called him Captain Pipe, which was what they used in historical records.
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Charles Journeycake
Charles Journeycake (December 16, 1817 - January 3 1894), was a Christian Indian chief of the Lenape. He visited Washington, D.C. 24 times on behalf of his people starting in 1854.
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Cherokee Nation
The Cherokee Nation (ᏣᎳᎩᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ or Tsalagihi Ayeli) is the largest of three Cherokee federally recognized tribes in the United States. It was established in the 20th century, and includes people descended from members of the old Cherokee Nation who relocated voluntarily from the Southeast to Indian Territory and Cherokees who were forced to relocate on the Trail of Tears. The tribe also includes descendents of Cherokee Freedmen and Natchez Nation. Over 299,862 people are enrolled in the Cherokee Nation, with 189,228 living within the state of Oklahoma. According to Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) head Larry EchoHawk, the Cherokee Nation is not the historical Cherokee tribe but instead a "successor in interest."
Headquartered in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, the Cherokee Nation has a tribal jurisdictional area spanning 14 counties in the northeastern corner of Oklahoma. These are Adair, Cherokee, Craig, Delaware, Mayes, McIntosh, Muskogee, Nowata, Ottawa, Rogers, Sequoyah, Tulsa, Wagoner, and Washington Counties.
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Christian Munsee
The Christian Munsee were a group of Lenape native American Indians, primarily Munsee-speaking, who converted to Christianity, following the teachings of the Moravian missionaries. The Christian Munsee were also known as the Moravian Munsee or the Moravian Indians or, in context, simply the Christian Indians.
The Munsee were the Wolf clan of the Lenape, occupying the area where present-day Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York meet. The first recorded European contact occurred in 1524, when Giovanni da Verrazano sailed into what is now New York Harbor. Like most native peoples of the Atlantic coast, the Munsee were quickly devastated by European diseases such as smallpox and influenza, and those who survived were forced inland. By the mid-18th century, one group of Lenape people began to follow the teachings of the Moravian missionaries. The Moravians, a Protestant denomination from Herrnhut, Saxony, now in Germany, in America based in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, sought to protect their converts by creating separate mission villages in the frontier, apart from both European settlers and from other native people. The most prominent missionary among the Munsee was David Zeisberger. In 1772, he led his group of Christian Munsee to the Ohio Territory, which he hoped would isolate them from the hostilities of the approaching American Revolution. However, in 1782, a force of Pennsylvania militiamen, in search of Indians who had been raiding settlements in western Pennsylvania, happened upon a group of ninety of Zeisberger's Christian Munsee and rounded them up in the village of Gnadenhütten. Although the Munsee truthfully pleaded their innocence, the militia took a vote and decided to kill them all, including the women and children.
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Cormac McCarthy
Cormac McCarthy (born Charles McCarthy; July 20, 1933) is an American novelist and playwright. He has written ten novels, spanning the Southern Gothic, Western, and Post-apocalyptic genres. He won the Pulitzer Prize and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for Fiction for The Road (2006). His 2005 novel No Country for Old Men was adapted as a 2007 film of the same name, which won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture. For All the Pretty Horses (1992) he won both the U.S. National Book Award and National Book Critics Circle Award. All the Pretty Horses and The Road were also adapted as motion pictures.
Blood Meridian (1985) was among Time magazine's list of 100 best English-language books published between 1923 and 2005 and placed joint runner-up in a poll taken in 2006 by The New York Times of the best American fiction published in the last 25 years. Literary critic Harold Bloom named him as one of the four major American novelists of his time, alongside Don DeLillo, Thomas Pynchon and Philip Roth, and called Blood Meridian "the greatest single book since Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying". In 2010 The Times ranked The Road first on its list of the 100 best fiction and non-fiction books of the past 10 years. McCarthy has been increasingly mentioned as a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature.
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Covenant Chain
The Covenant Chain was a series of alliances and treaties involving the Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee), the British colonies of North America, and a number of other Indian tribes. Their councils and subsequent treaties concerned colonial settlement, trade, and acts of violence between the colonists and Indian tribes from the Colony of Virginia to New England.
The Covenant Chain is embodied in the Two Row Wampum, and has its earliest roots in agreements negotiated between Dutch settlers in New Netherland and the Iroquois early in the 17th century. When the English took over New Netherland and established the Province of New York, they renewed these agreements. In the mid 1670s New York's Governor Sir Edmund Andros negotiated the signing of several treaties that expanded the number of tribes and colonies involved:
In these agreements the colonies agreed that negotiations would generally be held at Albany, New York under the auspices of the New York governor. As a result, according to historian Daniel Richter, "Iroquois and New Yorkers played dominant but seldom dictatorial roles" in the maintenance of these treaties.
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Dan Barker
Dan Barker (born June 25, 1949) is a prominent American atheist activist who served as a Christian preacher and musician for 19 years but left Christianity in 1984.
Barker received a degree in Religion from Azusa Pacific University and was ordained to the ministry by the Standard Community Church, California, in 1978. He served as associate pastor at a Religious Society of Friends (Quaker) church, an Assembly of God, and an independent Charismatic church. To this day, he receives royalties from his popular children's Christian musicals, "Mary Had a Little Lamb" (1977), and "His Fleece Was White as Snow" (1978), both published by Manna Music and performed in many countries. In 1984 he announced to his friends that he was an atheist.
A successful musician, Barker has composed over 200 songs that have been published or recorded. He is the current co-president with his wife Annie Laurie Gaylor of the Freedom From Religion Foundation, an American Freethought organization that promotes the separation of church and state. Barker is co-host of Freethought Radio, a Madison, Wisconsin based radio program for atheists, agnostics, and other freethinkers that has included interviews with Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, Steven Pinker, Julia Sweeney, and Michael Newdow. His foundation published his book Losing Faith in Faith: From Preacher to Atheist, and he has written numerous articles for Freethought Today, an American freethought newspaper.
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Daniel Brodhead IV
Daniel Brodhead IV (October 17, 1736 – November 15, 1809) was an American military and political leader during the American Revolutionary War and early days of the United States.
Brodhead was born in Marbletown, New York, the son of Daniel Brodhead III and Hester (Wyngart) Brodhead. Brodhead’s father moved his family to what is now East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1737. Life in the frontier settlement was difficult, as Native American bands, mostly Lenape and Susquehannock, resisted settlers' encroachment. The Brodhead homestead was attacked by natives numerous times during Daniel’s youth. When his father died in 1755, Brodhead was left with 150 acres from the estate. He sold his land share to brother Garret. This became the site of the Flory home at 170 North Courtland Street, the oldest home in East Stroudsburg.
Brodhead married Elizabeth Dupui (Dupuy) in April 1756. They had three children who survived to adulthood.
Brodhead had a relatively unremarkable career before the American Revolutionary War. He farmed, ran a grist mill, and worked as a deputy surveyor for Pennsylvania.
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David de Vries
David de Vries is an Australian film writer, director and producer and a comic book artist and writer.
David de Vries was born in Wellington, New Zealand in 1961, growing up in the inner suburb of Ngaio, before emigrating to Melbourne at an early age with his parents, where he lived until he was eighteen. After studying painting at RMIT he started his comic book career in the early 1980s with work for OzComics, Phantastique, MAD Magazine and Penthouse. Together with Gary Chaloner, Glenn Lumsden and Tad Pietrzykowski he established Cyclone Comics in 1985, to ensure that their characters could be published while remaining under their control.
de Vries and Lumsden entered the American market through First Comics, Nicotat and Malibu Graphics with The Southern Squadron, a superhero team that had taken over the Cyclone title. Together they have drawn a new look version of The Phantom for Marvel Comics, have worked on Batman: Legends of the Dark KnightStar Trek comics for DC Comics, The Eternal Warrior Yearbook for Valient Comics, The Puppet Master for Eternity Comics and Planet of the Apes and Flesh Gordon for Malibu Comics. de Vries also worked on a number of projects as a writer, including The Thing From Another World for First Comics, Black Lightning and a Green Lantern annual for DC, as well as recreating the origin of Captain Boomerang with John Ostrander in an episode of the Suicide Squad.
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First Nations
First Nations is a term that collectively refers to various Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis. There are currently over 630 recognized First Nations governments or bands spread across Canada, roughly half of which are in the provinces of Ontario and British Columbia. The total population is nearly 700,000 people. Under the Employment Equity Act, First Nations are a "designated group", along with women, visible minorities, and persons with physical or mental disabilities. They are not defined as a visible minority under the Act or by the criteria of Statistics Canada.
The term First Nations (most often used in the plural) has come into general use for the indigenous peoples of the Americas located in what is now Canada, except for the Arctic-situated Inuit, and peoples of mixed European-First Nations ancestry called Métis. The singular, commonly used on culturally politicized reserves, is the term First Nations person (when gender-specific, First Nations man or First Nations woman). A more recent trend is for members of various nations to refer to themselves by their tribal or national identity only, e.g., "I'm Haida," or "We're Kwantlens," in recognition of the distinctiveness of First Nations ethnicities.
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Gelelemend
Gelelemend (1737–1811), also known as Killbuck or John Killbuck Jr., was a Delaware (Lenape) chief during the American Revolutionary War. His name signifies "a leader."
Gelelemend was born near the Lehigh River in Pennsylvania, son of Bemino (John Killbuck Sr.), a renowned war leader of the French and Indian War, and grandson of Netawatwees ("Newcomer"), principal chief of the Delaware.
At that time, Delaware Indians were members of one of three clans or phratries: turtle, turkey, and wolf. Each division had its own chiefs, councilors, and war captains. The chief of the turtle phratry—the senior clan—served as principal chief of the tribe. By early 1776, as the Moravian missionary David Zeisberger recorded, Gelelemend had been "designated" as the successor to Netawatwees, who was thought to be close to 100 years old. After Netawatwees died on October 31, 1776, however, the succession remained uncertain, in large part because of the unsettled situation of the Delaware in the Ohio Country. Situated between the British at Detroit and the Americans to the east, the Delaware tried to remain neutral in the British-American conflict—despite strong pressure from the British, the Americans, and other Indian nations (nearly all allied with the British) to enter the conflict. Under these circumstances, the important counselor White Eyes seemed to assume the role of chief as much, if not more, than Gelelemend. With White Eyes and Captain Pipe (war captain of the wolf clan), Gelelemend signed the Delaware Treaty with the United States in 1778. Only after the death of White Eyes later that year did Gelelemend become principal chief.
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Gustavus Hesselius
Gustavus Hesselius (1682 – May 25, 1755) was a Swedish born painter who emigrated to the New World in 1711. He was the father of painter John Hesselius and cousin of the religious leader Emanuel Swedenborg.
Hesselius left his home country of Sweden for Wilmington, Delaware in 1711. There he lived until 1717 when he moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he lived until 1721. In 1721, he moved to Prince George's County, Maryland and became a portrait painter, though he had been trained in Sweden. That same year, he received the first recorded public art commission in the American colonies, he painted The Last Supper. He also painted a Crucifixion. Some time around 1735, Hesselius returned to Philadelphia where spent the rest of his life and traveling. He was listed as a member of the Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church in Philadelphia.
He also worked as an organ builder, having built an organ for the Moravian Church in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania in 1746. From about this time on, he focused on building organs, referring painting commissions to his son John.
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Iroquois
The Iroquois ( /ˈɪrəkwɔɪ/ or /ˈɪrəkwɑː/), also known as the Haudenosaunee or the "People of the Longhouse", are a league of several nations and tribes of indigenous people of North America. After the Iroquoian-speaking peoples of present-day central and upstate New York coalesced as distinct tribes, by the 16th century or earlier, they came together in an association known today as the Iroquois League, or the "League of Peace and Power". The original Iroquois League was often known as the Five Nations, as it was composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca nations. After the Tuscarora nation joined the League in 1722, the Iroquois became known as the Six Nations. The League is embodied in the Grand Council, an assembly of fifty hereditary sachems. Other Iroquian peoples lived along the St. Lawrence River, around the Great Lakes and in the American Southeast, but they were not part of the Haudenosaunee and often competed and warred with these tribes.
When Europeans first arrived in North America, the Haudenosaunee were based in what is now the northeastern United States, primarily in what is referred to today as upstate New York west of the Hudson River and through the Finger Lakes region. Today, the Iroquois live primarily in New York, Quebec, and Ontario.
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John Heckewelder
John Gottlieb Ernestus Heckewelder (March 12, 1743 – January 21, 1823) was an American missionary.
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Lappawinsoe
Lappawinsoe was a Lenape-Delaware chief. He sold the land of his tribe to Thomas Penn, the son of William Penn, through the Walking Purchase agreement.
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Lenape
The Lenape ( /ˈlɛnəpiː/ or /ləˈnɑːpi/) are Native American people in Canada and the United States. They are also called Delaware Indians. As a result of the American Revolutionary War and later Indian removals from the eastern United States, the main groups now live in Ontario (Canada), Oklahoma, and Wisconsin. In Canada, they are enrolled in the Munsee-Delaware Nation 1, the Moravian of the Thames First Nation, and the Delaware of Six Nations; in the United States, they are enrolled in three federally recognized tribes, that is, the Delaware Nation and the Delaware Tribe of Indians, both located in Oklahoma, and the Stockbridge-Munsee Community, located in Wisconsin.
At the time of European contact in the 16th and 17th centuries, the Lenape inhabited a region on the North Atlantic coast in what anthropologists call the Northeastern Woodlands. Although never politically unified, it is frequently referred to as Lenapehoking ("Lenape country"). It roughly comprised the area around and between the Delaware and lower Hudson rivers. Lenapehoking hosted over two dozen Lenape polities. Some of their names, such as Manhattan, Raritan, and Tappan, remain inscribed on the landscape. Based on the historical record of the mid-seventeenth century, it has been estimated that most Lenape polities consisted of several hundred people. It is conceivable that some had been considerably larger prior to contact. Even regions at a distance from European settlement, such as Iroquoia, had been devastated by smallpox by the 1640s.
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Mahican
The Mahican (/məˈhikən/; also Mohican /moʊˈhikən/) are an Eastern Algonquian Native American tribe, originally settling in the Hudson River Valley (around Albany, NY). After 1680, many moved to Stockbridge, Massachusetts. During the early 1820s and 1830s, most of the Mahican descendants migrated westward to northeastern Wisconsin. The tribe's name for itself (autonym) was Muh-he-con-neok, or "People of the waters that are never still." Joining with the Munsee in Wisconsin, they have formed a federally recognized tribe known as the Stockbridge-Munsee Band of Mohican Indians.
The Mahican were living in and around the Hudson Valley at the time of their first contact with Europeans after 1609, during the settlement of New Netherland. The Mahican were a confederacy rather than a single tribe, and at the time of contact, there were five main divisions: Mohican proper, Westenhuck, Wawayachtonoc, Mechkentowoon, and Wiekagjoc. Over the next hundred years, tensions between the Mahican and the Iroquois Mohawk, as well as Dutch and English settlers, caused the Mahican to migrate eastward across the Hudson River into western Massachusetts and Connecticut. Many settled in the town of Stockbridge, Massachusetts, where they gradually became known as the Stockbridge Indians.
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Metoac
Metoac is the collective name for the group of culturally and linguistically related Native American settlements roughly east of what is now the Nassau County line on, Long Island in New York at the time of European contact in the 17th century. Metoac does not specifically refer to political, cultural, linguistic, or social bonds, but is a geographic term. It is sometimes erroneously applied to the non-existent Thirteen tribes of Long Island first referred to in a 19th-century book by the local amateur historian Silas Wood, and since often quoted and repeated in many other works.
The term is likely derivative of metau-hok, the local word for the rough periwinkle, which played an important role in the economy of the region before and after the arrival of Europeans. Long Island was first settled by colonialist from New Netherland and New England in the mid 17th century and became important trade partners, particularly in the supply of sewant, an alternative currency.[original research?] Indigenous populations declined significantly within a few decades. Derivatives of the many of the place names given by the indigenous populations are sill in use today. Small groups of surviving Native Americans have had success in gaining official state and federal status as tribes, and maintain reservations on or close to the East Fork of the Island.
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Neolin
Neolin (the Delaware Prophet) was a prophet of the Lenni Lenape, who was derided by the British as "The Imposter."[cite this quote] Beginning in 1762, Neolin believed that the native people needed to reject European goods and abandon dependency on foreign settlers in order to return to a more traditional lifestyle. He made arguments against alcohol, materialism, and polygamy. Neolin emphasized that the favor of God in blessing the Indians with game to hunt would be spoiled if they did not forsake their evil collusion with the alien white men. Neolin's most famous follower was Pontiac.
In 1761 Neolin went through a period of fasting, incantation and dreaming. It was then that he saw his purpose was to go see the Master of Life (or Great Spirit). The Master of Life told him that the path to Heaven was to reject the ways of the European Americans and to return to the traditional way of living (the ways of their ancestors). Primarily he mentions to stop drinking alcohol, participate in respectful monogamous relationships and sexual abstinence, live by the bow and arrow, and to dress themselves in animal skins.
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Oratam
Oratam (or Oritani) was sagamore, or sachem, of the Hackensack Indians living in northeastern New Jersey during the period of early European colonization in the 17th century. Documentation shows that he lived an unusually long life (almost 90 years) and was quite influential among indigenous and immigrating populations.
The Hackensacks were sub-group of the Unami, or Turtle Clan, of the Lenni-Lenape, and occupied the territory called Ack-kinkas-hacky (variously spellings include Achkinhenhcky, Achinigeu-hach, Ackingsah-sack), numbering close to a thousand. Essentially a sedentary, agricultural society, they set up seasonal campsites and practiced companion planting, hunting, trapping, fishing, and shell-fishing. They maintained a village near the Tantaqua (Overpeck Creek), while their council fire was located at Gamoenpa (Communipaw).The area roughly corresponds to the Upper New York Bay, Newark Bay, Bergen Neck, the Meadowlands, and the Palisades, in Hudson and Bergen Counties. During his chieftaincy, the region was settled by New Netherland Dutch, an amalgam of northern Europeans, who arrived in 1633 and established Pavonia, with homesteads and ports at Paulus Hook Communipaw, Harsimus, Hoboken. Other settlements were Achter Col and Vriessendael. In 1661, the region was given a municipal charter and named Bergen.
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Shingas
Shingas (fl. 1740–1763), was a leader of the Delaware (Lenape) people in the Ohio Country and a noted American Indian warrior on the western frontier during the French and Indian War. Dubbed "Shingas the Terrible" by Anglo-Americans during the war, Shingas led devastating raids against white settlements. The colonial governments of both Pennsylvania and Virginia responded by offering rewards to anyone who would kill him.
Shingas, a member of the Delaware Turkey clan (or phratry), was a nephew of Sasoonan (also known as Allumapees), a leader who was regarded by Pennsylvania authorities as the Delaware "king." This title had no traditional meaning for the Delawares, who lived in autonomous villages. However, since British colonial governments preferred to deal with a single leader rather than numerous village elders, Sasoonan emerged as the Delaware "king." Pennsylvania officials found Sasoonan useful because he could be induced (with the help of gifts and abundantly free liquor) to sign away Indian lands.
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Silas Wood
Silas Wood (September 14, 1769 – March 2, 1847) was a U.S. Representative from New York.
Born in West Hills, near Huntington, New York, Wood pursued classical studies. He graduated from Princeton College in 1789 and during the five succeeding years was a teacher at that institution. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Huntington, New York. He was appointed district attorney of Suffolk County in 1818 and 1821.
Wood was elected to the Sixteenth and to the four succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1819 – March 3, 1829). He served as chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of State (Seventeenth and Eighteenth Congresses). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1828 to the Twenty-first Congress. He died in Huntington, New York, March 2, 1847. He was interred in the Old Public Cemetery on Main Street.
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Susquehannock
The Susquehannock people were Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans who lived in areas adjacent to the Susquehanna River and its tributaries from the southern part of what is now New York, through Pennsylvania, to the mouth of the Susquehanna in Maryland at the north end of the Chesapeake Bay. Evidence of their habitation has also been found in West Virginia.
The people were called:
There is no record of the Susquehannock autonym, i.e. what they called themselves.
Susquehannock appears to have been an Algonquin name meaning the "people of the Muddy River", for their location near the Susquehanna River. Whatever name they actually used for themselves along with their confederacy, if there ever was one, has been lost through the ages.
The true nature of their society was a confederacy of up to 20 smaller tribes occupying scattered villages. The small tribes scattered along the Susquehanna River. The Susquehannock nation remained independent and not part of any confederacy into the 1600s, but they did not stand a chance in the wars of that century, and were ultimately annexed in 1677 by their former enemies and distant kin, the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Five Nations. Europeans seldom visited this inland region during the early colonial period. It is likely that the Susquehannock had occupied the same land for several hundred years.
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Tamanend
Tamanend or Tammany or Tammamend, the "affable", (c. 1628–c. 1698) was a chief of one of the clans that made up the Lenni-Lenape nation in the Delaware Valley at the time Philadelphia was established. Tamanend is best known as a lover of peace and friendship who played a prominent role in the establishment of peaceful relations among the Native American tribes and the English settlers who established Pennsylvania, led by William Penn.
Tamanend reputedly took part in a meeting between the leaders of the Lenni-Lenape nation, and the leaders of the Pennsylvania colony held under a large elm tree at Shakamaxon in the early 1680s. There, Tamanend is reported to have announced that the Lenni-Lenape and the English colonists would "live in peace as long as the waters run in the rivers and creeks and as long as the stars and moon endure." These words have been memorialized on the statue of Tamanend that stands in Philadelphia today.
It is believed that Tamanend died in 1698. Over the next century, many folk legends surrounded Tamanend and his fame assumed mythical proportions among the people of Philadelphia, who began to call him "King Tammany," "Saint Tammany," and the "Patron Saint of America." The people of Philadelphia also organized a Tammany society and an annual Tammany festival. These traditions soon spread across America. The reason for Tammany's popular status can be attributed to the need that patriotic colonists had to express a distinct "American" identity, in place of their former European nationalities. Tammany, an American Indian, provided an apt symbol for patriotic Americans to identify with.
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Teedyuscung
Teedyuscung (1700–1763) was known as King of the Delawares. He worked to establish a permanent Lenape (Delaware) home in eastern Pennsylvania in the Lehigh, Susquehanna and Delaware River valleys. Teedyuscung participated in the Treaty of Easton which resulted in the loss of any Lenape claims to all lands in Pennsylvania. Following the treaty the Lenape were forced to live under the control of the Iroquois in the Wyoming Valley near modern day Wilkes-Barre. Teedyuscung was murdered by arsonists on April 19, 1763 as he reportedly lay asleep as his cabin burned around him. This marked the beginning of the end of the Lenape presence in Pennsylvania. Teedyuscung's son Chief Bull conducted a raid on the Wyoming Valley that was part of a greater Indian uprising that resulted in the Lenape being forced to move west of the Appalachian Mountains by the Royal Proclamation of 1763
Teedyuscung, whose name means "as far as the wood's edge", was born circa 1700 near Trenton, New Jersey. He was raised among a group of Lenape who were acculturated to the ways of the colonists by the time he reached adulthood. Teedyuscung and his family wore European-style clothing and used other European goods in their daily lives. Many of them had converted to Christianity and spoke English.Liquor introduced by traders deeply affected the rest of Teedyuscung's life. The Lenape were driven out of the Trenton area by 1730 and Teedyuscung migrated with his wife and son to a piece of land located near the confluence of the Delaware and Lehigh Rivers in what is now Northampton County, Pennsylvania.
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Treaty of Easton
The Treaty of Easton was a colonial agreement in North America signed in October 1758 during the French and Indian War (Seven Years War). Briefly, chiefs of 13 Native American nations, representing tribes of the Iroquois, Lenape-Delaware, Shawnee and others, agreed to be allies of the British colonies during the French and Indian War (Seven Years War), already underway. In return the governments of Pennsylvania and New Jersey recognized Native rights to hunting grounds in the Ohio Valley and settlements in the Ohio Country. They promised not to establish additional settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Negotiations of more than a week were concluded on October 26, 1758, at a ceremony held in Easton, Pennsylvania between the British colonial governors of the provinces of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and representatives of 13 Indian nations, including the Iroquois, who sent chiefs of three of their nations to ensure their domination of the Ohio Country region; the eastern and western Lenape (Delaware), represented by two chiefs and headmen; Shawnee and others. More than 500 Native Americans attended the outdoor ceremony, after lengthy negotiations to bring peace to the regions of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and the Ohio Country.
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Treaty of Fort Pitt
The Treaty of Fort Pitt — also known as the Treaty With the Delawares, the Delaware Treaty, or the Fourth Treaty of Pittsburgh, — was signed on September 17, 1778 and was the first written treaty between the new United States of America and any American Indians—the Lenape (Delaware Indians) in this case. Although many informal treaties were held with Native Americans during the American Revolution years of 1775–1783, this was the only one that resulted in a formal document. It was signed at Fort Pitt, Pennsylvania, site of present-day downtown Pittsburgh. It was essentially a formal treaty of alliance.
The treaty gave the United States permission to travel through Delaware territory and called for the Delawares to afford American troops whatever aid they might require in their war against Britain, including the use of their own warriors. The United States was planning to attack the British fort at Detroit, and Lenape friendship was essential for success.
In exchange, the United States promised "articles of clothing, utensils and implements of war", and to build a fort in Delaware country "for the better security of the old men, women and children ... whilst their warriors are engaged against the common enemy." Although not part of the written treaty, the commissioners pointed out the American alliance with France and intended that the Delaware would become active allies in the war against the British.
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Unalachtigo Lenape
The Unalachtigo (W'nalātchtko), were a division of the Lenape, a Native American tribe whose homeland Lenapehoking was in what is today the Northeastern United States. Once believed to comprise the southernmost of the three main divisions of the Lenape, they were said to have occupied the west bank of the Delaware River in the state of Delaware, and also the east bank of the river in New Jersey. This is no longer accepted, the southernmost Lenape speaking a Southern Unami dialect.
The designation Unalachtigo first came into use just prior to the American Revolution to designate Lenape who had migrated to the Ohio Country, well outside their original homeland. Linguist Ives Goddard has determined that the Unalachtigo had their origins around the Lehigh Valley of Pennsylvania, and adjacent portions of New Jersey. They spoke a Northern Unami or Unalimi dialect of Lenape.
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Unami language
Unami is an extinct Algonquian language formerly spoken by Lenape people in what is now the lower Hudson Valley area and New York Harbor area, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware, but later in Ontario and Oklahoma. It is one of the two Delaware languages, the other being Munsee. Speakers have shifted to English.
Lenape is from /lənaːpːe/, a word in the Unami dialect whose most literal translation into English would be "common person". The Lenape names for the areas they inhabited were Scheyichbi (i.e., New Jersey), which means, "water's edge", and Lenapehoking, meaning "in the land of the Delaware Indians", although the latter is a term coined by the Unami speaker, Nora Thompson Dean, in 1984, to describe the ancient homeland of all Delaware Indians, both Unami and Munsee. The English named the river running through much of the traditional range of the Lenape after the first governor of the Jamestown Colony, Lord De La Warr, and consequently referred to the people who lived around the river as "Delaware Indians."
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Walam Olum
The Walam Olum or Walum Olum, usually translated as "Red Record" or "Red Score," is purportedly a historical narrative of the Lenape (Delaware) Native American tribe. The document has provoked controversy as to its authenticity since its publication in the 1830s by botanist and antiquarian Constantine Samuel Rafinesque. Ethnographic studies in the 1980s and analysis in the 1990s of Rafinesque's manuscripts have produced significant evidence that the document is a hoax. Some Delaware people, however, believe Rafinesque based his writing on actual Lenape stories.
In 1836 in his first volume of The American Nations, Rafinesque published what he represented as an English translation of the entire text of the Walam Olum, as well as a portion in the Lenape language.
The Walam Olum includes a creation myth, a deluge myth, and the narrative of a series of migrations. Rafinesque and others claimed or interpreted the migrations to have begun in Asia. The Walam Olum suggested a migration over the Bering Strait took place 3,600 years ago.
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White Eyes
White Eyes, named Koquethagechton (c. 1730–November 1778), was a leader of the Lenape (Delaware) people in the Ohio Country during the era of the American Revolution. Sometimes known as George White Eyes, his given name in Lenape was rendered in many spelling variations in colonial records. White Eyes was a tireless mediator in turbulent times, negotiating the first Indian treaties with the fledgling United States, always working towards his ultimate of goal of establishing a secure Indian territory. His death under mysterious circumstances during the American Revolutionary War may have been an act of murder covered up by United States officials.
Nothing is known about the early life of Koquethagechton. Likely born in present-day Pennsylvania, he was first noted in the English colonial record near the end of the Seven Years War (French and Indian War}, as a messenger during treaty negotiations. By 1766, he was apparently a tavern keeper and trader in a Lenape town on the Beaver River, a tributary of the Ohio River in present-day western Pennsylvania. This occupation suggests he may have been well suited for interaction between Indians and whites, although he could not read or write, and probably did not speak English—at least not well.
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William Dean Howells
William Dean Howells (March 1, 1837 – May 11, 1920) was an American realist author and literary critic. Nicknamed "The Dean of American Letters", he was particularly known for his tenure as editor of the Atlantic Monthly as well as his own prolific writings, including the Christmas story "Christmas Every Day" and the novel The Rise of Silas Lapham.
Born in Martins Ferry, Ohio, originally Martinsville, to William Cooper and Mary Dean Howells, Howells was the second of eight children. His father was a newspaper editor and printer, who moved frequently around Ohio. Howells began to help his father with typesetting and printing work at an early age, a job known at the tme as a printer's devil. In 1852 his father arranged to have one of Howells' poems published in the Ohio State Journal without telling him.
In 1856 Howells was elected as a clerk in the State House of Representatives. In 1858 he began to work at the Ohio State Journal where he wrote poetry, short stories, and also translated pieces from French, Spanish, and German. He studied avidly German and other languages and was greatly interested in Heinrich Heine. In 1860 he visited Boston and met with other American writers James Thomas Fields, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry David Thoreau, and Ralph Waldo Emerson, and became a personal friend to many, including Henry Adams, William James, Henry James and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr..
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William Penn
William Penn (October 14, 1644 – July 30, 1718) was an English real estate entrepreneur, philosopher, and founder of the Province of Pennsylvania, the English North American colony and the future Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. He was an early champion of democracy and religious freedom, notable for his good relations and successful treaties with the Lenape Indians. Under his direction, the city of Philadelphia was planned and developed.
In 1681, King Charles II handed over a large piece of his American land holdings to William Penn to satisfy a debt the king owed to Penn's father. This land included present-day Pennsylvania and Delaware. Penn immediately sailed to America and his first step on American soil took place in New Castle in 1682. On this occasion, the colonists pledged allegiance to Penn as their new Proprietor, and the first general assembly was held in the colony. Afterwards, Penn journeyed up river and founded Philadelphia. However, Penn's Quaker government was not viewed favorably by the Dutch, Swedish, and English settlers in what is now Delaware. They had no "historical" allegiance to Pennsylvania, so they almost immediately began petitioning for their own Assembly. In 1704 they achieved their goal when the three southernmost counties of Pennsylvania were permitted to split off and become the new semi-autonomous colony of Lower Delaware. As the most prominent, prosperous and influential "city" in the new colony, New Castle became the capital.
wn.com/William_Penn
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The Lenape Culture - Hunting
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:59
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
Lenape Lifeways presents a series of videos teaching the Lenape way of life. Learn about the Lenape through our website, programs, books and videos. Visit our website at www.Lenapelifeways.org.
http://wn.com/The_Lenape_Culture_Hunting
Lenape Lifeways presents a series of videos teaching the Lenape way of life. Learn about the Lenape through our website, programs, books and videos. Visit our website at www.Lenapelifeways.org.
The Lenape Culture - Home Building
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:06
- Updated: 20 Feb 2013
Lenape Lifeways presents a series of videos teaching the Lenape way of life. Learn about the Lenape through our website, programs, books and videos. Visit our website at www.Lenapelifeways.org.
http://wn.com/The_Lenape_Culture_Home_Building
Lenape Lifeways presents a series of videos teaching the Lenape way of life. Learn about the Lenape through our website, programs, books and videos. Visit our website at www.Lenapelifeways.org.
- published: 19 Oct 2009
- views: 11183
- author: LenapeLifewaysVideos
The Lenape Culture - Medicine
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:18
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
Lenape Lifeways presents a series of videos teaching the Lenape way of life. Learn about the Lenape through our website, programs, books and videos. Visit our website at www.Lenapelifeways.org.
http://wn.com/The_Lenape_Culture_Medicine
Lenape Lifeways presents a series of videos teaching the Lenape way of life. Learn about the Lenape through our website, programs, books and videos. Visit our website at www.Lenapelifeways.org.
- published: 19 Oct 2009
- views: 11433
- author: LenapeLifewaysVideos
The Lenape Culture - Vision Quest
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Lenape Lifeways presents a series of videos teaching the Lenape way of life. Learn about the Lenape through our website, programs, books and videos. Visit our website at www.Lenapelifeways.org.
http://wn.com/The_Lenape_Culture_Vision_Quest
Lenape Lifeways presents a series of videos teaching the Lenape way of life. Learn about the Lenape through our website, programs, books and videos. Visit our website at www.Lenapelifeways.org.
- published: 19 Oct 2009
- views: 6132
- author: LenapeLifewaysVideos
Lenape Spirits
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Updated: 21 Feb 2013
this short clip is of my freinds who are native americans, of the lenape tribe. very interesting people and beautiful preformers. i hope people become more interested and will want o learn more. enjoy
http://wn.com/Lenape_Spirits
this short clip is of my freinds who are native americans, of the lenape tribe. very interesting people and beautiful preformers. i hope people become more interested and will want o learn more. enjoy
- published: 08 Jun 2007
- views: 7172
- author: liznolin
Conversations in the Lenape Language 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Updated: 21 Feb 2013
The complete textbook lessons are available online here: www.lenapenation.org Additional instruction, vocabulary, coloring sheets and more. www.lenapenation.org. Language Page.
http://wn.com/Conversations_in_the_Lenape_Language_3
The complete textbook lessons are available online here: www.lenapenation.org Additional instruction, vocabulary, coloring sheets and more. www.lenapenation.org. Language Page.
- published: 27 Oct 2011
- views: 418
- author: windamakwi12
Lenni-Lenape Indians perform Butterfly Dance
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:16
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Sight and sounds of Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Indians from NJ performing Butterfly Dance at Historical Society of PA.
http://wn.com/Lenni-Lenape_Indians_perform_Butterfly_Dance
Sight and sounds of Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Indians from NJ performing Butterfly Dance at Historical Society of PA.
- published: 05 Mar 2010
- views: 5702
- author: jimbo08004
Picatinny Arsenal - Lenape
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Updated: 01 Aug 2012
Trees line the streets of Lenape, a beautiful quiet neighborhood that offers three bedroom, two four bedroom duplex plus two five bedroom homes with one of those homes being Historical. The duplexes and homes feature 1 ½ to 2 1/2 bathrooms, fully equipped kitchens, washer/dryer hookups and storage space. Designated for Senior Enlisted, Company and Field Grade Officers, Lenape is walking distance to the PX, Commissary, community center, playground, teen center and chapel. Applications are now being accepted. Styles and age of homes in this neighborhood vary.
http://wn.com/Picatinny_Arsenal_Lenape
Trees line the streets of Lenape, a beautiful quiet neighborhood that offers three bedroom, two four bedroom duplex plus two five bedroom homes with one of those homes being Historical. The duplexes and homes feature 1 ½ to 2 1/2 bathrooms, fully equipped kitchens, washer/dryer hookups and storage space. Designated for Senior Enlisted, Company and Field Grade Officers, Lenape is walking distance to the PX, Commissary, community center, playground, teen center and chapel. Applications are now being accepted. Styles and age of homes in this neighborhood vary.
- published: 01 Aug 2012
- views: 245
- author: BBCMilitaryHousing
Omnia Sol - Lenape High School Concert Choir 2007
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:51
- Updated: 16 Feb 2013
Lenape HS Concert Choir sings 'Omnia Sol' written by Z. Randall Stroope.
http://wn.com/Omnia_Sol_Lenape_High_School_Concert_Choir_2007
Lenape HS Concert Choir sings 'Omnia Sol' written by Z. Randall Stroope.
- published: 25 May 2007
- views: 35358
- author: slouchsock8
Lenape High School Class of 2012 Senior Prank
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:44
- Updated: 25 Feb 2013
Be sure to hit like, and subscribe! Lenape High School Class of 2012 Senior Prank. Other pranks were carried out during the course of graduation week such as filling the administration office with balloons and having every senior give the principal a red stone during graduation. While this may not be the best 'prank', we still had a lot of fun doing and made people laugh in the process. I tip my hat off to you class of 2012! Cinematography and Editing by: Scott Siracusano Music By: Replica - Afrojak - PacMan Theme
http://wn.com/Lenape_High_School_Class_of_2012_Senior_Prank
Be sure to hit like, and subscribe! Lenape High School Class of 2012 Senior Prank. Other pranks were carried out during the course of graduation week such as filling the administration office with balloons and having every senior give the principal a red stone during graduation. While this may not be the best 'prank', we still had a lot of fun doing and made people laugh in the process. I tip my hat off to you class of 2012! Cinematography and Editing by: Scott Siracusano Music By: Replica - Afrojak - PacMan Theme
- published: 12 Jun 2012
- views: 12081
- author: SeizeMyDreams
Honoring the Lenape: Native American Dance
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:26
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
The Silver Cloud Singers are an intertribal Native American singing & dance troupe weaving the traditional with the contemporary of native song & dance. Speaker: George Stone Fish Also in this scene is an honoring of the Stewards of the River including: river organizations: Hudson River Park Trust, River Project, Friends of Hudson River Park, Solar One, Manhattan Youth, Pier Park, Playground Association, Clearwater, Riverkeeper, and Scenic Hudson. Earth Celebrations Hudson River Pageant directed by Felicia Young (Founder/Director, Earth Celebrations). An ecological parade and performance art event to restore the Hudson River and address climate change, on May 9, 2009, 1-6pm in the Hudson River Park, Lower Manhattan, New York City.
http://wn.com/Honoring_the_Lenape_Native_American_Dance
The Silver Cloud Singers are an intertribal Native American singing & dance troupe weaving the traditional with the contemporary of native song & dance. Speaker: George Stone Fish Also in this scene is an honoring of the Stewards of the River including: river organizations: Hudson River Park Trust, River Project, Friends of Hudson River Park, Solar One, Manhattan Youth, Pier Park, Playground Association, Clearwater, Riverkeeper, and Scenic Hudson. Earth Celebrations Hudson River Pageant directed by Felicia Young (Founder/Director, Earth Celebrations). An ecological parade and performance art event to restore the Hudson River and address climate change, on May 9, 2009, 1-6pm in the Hudson River Park, Lower Manhattan, New York City.
- published: 07 Nov 2009
- views: 4344
- author: kmapification
Harlem Shake Lenape Highschool Swimming Edition
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:31
- Updated: 24 Feb 2013
Standard Lenape swimming warmup in the locker room before their meet against Hunterton Central
http://wn.com/Harlem_Shake_Lenape_Highschool_Swimming_Edition
Standard Lenape swimming warmup in the locker room before their meet against Hunterton Central
- published: 13 Feb 2013
- views: 5974
- author: RawVideoGbtv
Kittatinny-Lenape Valley Wrestling
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Updated: 26 Aug 2010
Highlights from the match between the Kittatinny Cougars and the Lenape Valley Patriots. As seen on the Sports Beat, for more highlights, check out www.mugsmedia.com.
http://wn.com/Kittatinny-Lenape_Valley_Wrestling
Highlights from the match between the Kittatinny Cougars and the Lenape Valley Patriots. As seen on the Sports Beat, for more highlights, check out www.mugsmedia.com.
- published: 18 Jan 2009
- views: 2435
- author: mugsmedia
Lenape Valley-Newton Girls Soccer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Updated: 19 Mar 2012
Highlights from the Girls' Soccer Game between Lenape Valley and Newton. Played in the Abby in Newton, New Jersey. As seen on the Sports Beat. For more high school sports highlights check out www.mugsmedia.com
http://wn.com/Lenape_Valley-Newton_Girls_Soccer
Highlights from the Girls' Soccer Game between Lenape Valley and Newton. Played in the Abby in Newton, New Jersey. As seen on the Sports Beat. For more high school sports highlights check out www.mugsmedia.com
- published: 19 Sep 2008
- views: 2472
- author: mugsmedia
Lenape Duncan Munsun performs a grass dance
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:24
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
Duncan Munson, a member of the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape, performs a grass dance.
http://wn.com/Lenape_Duncan_Munsun_performs_a_grass_dance
Duncan Munson, a member of the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape, performs a grass dance.
- published: 05 Mar 2010
- views: 1201
- author: Kelliespatrick
Newton Lenape Valley Football
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:31
- Updated: 14 Apr 2012
Highlights from the High School Football game between the Newton Braves and the Lenape Valley Patriots. As seen on the Sports Beat. For more highlights, check out www.mugsmedia.com.
http://wn.com/Newton_Lenape_Valley_Football
Highlights from the High School Football game between the Newton Braves and the Lenape Valley Patriots. As seen on the Sports Beat. For more highlights, check out www.mugsmedia.com.
- published: 22 Sep 2009
- views: 1041
- author: mugsmedia
Storm Boyz - Nanticoke Lenni Lenape Powwow 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Updated: 04 Feb 2013
Jammin
http://wn.com/Storm_Boyz_Nanticoke_Lenni_Lenape_Powwow_2011
The Lenni Lenape and Identity
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:43
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Native American assimilation and identity confusion: a study of the Lenni-Lenape Native American tribe and how they deal with the issue of identity today. This video was created for the ANTH 317 North American Indian Cultures class during the Fall 2010 semester at the University of South Carolina.
http://wn.com/The_Lenni_Lenape_and_Identity
Native American assimilation and identity confusion: a study of the Lenni-Lenape Native American tribe and how they deal with the issue of identity today. This video was created for the ANTH 317 North American Indian Cultures class during the Fall 2010 semester at the University of South Carolina.
- published: 02 Dec 2010
- views: 3429
- author: 2StudentWork
Conversations in the Lenape Language 4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
The complete textbook lessons are available online here: www.lenapenation.org Additional instruction, vocabulary, coloring sheets and more. www.lenapenation.org. Language Page.
http://wn.com/Conversations_in_the_Lenape_Language_4
The complete textbook lessons are available online here: www.lenapenation.org Additional instruction, vocabulary, coloring sheets and more. www.lenapenation.org. Language Page.
- published: 28 Oct 2011
- views: 250
- author: windamakwi12
1/2 Lenape is full of gas Rally before Press Conference 2/4/13
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:50
- Updated: 17 Feb 2013
A big shout out to gas man Dan DeZarn of West Sparta. The gas company Lenape (John Holko) and his Pennsylvania lawyer Michael Joy are suing the Town of Avon and the DEC over Avon's moratorium on new gas drilling. Despite the fact that existing gas wells are not affected by the moratorium, Lenape is seeking $50 million in damages. John Holko also represents IOGA-NY, the Independent Oil and Gas Association of New York, and Lenape's lawsuit needs to be considered in its wider context of an industry backed effort to discourage towns in New York from exercising their rights of home rule. The Town of Avon, much like the Town of Dryden and Middlefield before, is the industry's latest attempt to overturn bans and moratoria on gas drilling and related activities.
http://wn.com/1_2_Lenape_is_full_of_gas_Rally_before_Press_Conference_2_4_13
A big shout out to gas man Dan DeZarn of West Sparta. The gas company Lenape (John Holko) and his Pennsylvania lawyer Michael Joy are suing the Town of Avon and the DEC over Avon's moratorium on new gas drilling. Despite the fact that existing gas wells are not affected by the moratorium, Lenape is seeking $50 million in damages. John Holko also represents IOGA-NY, the Independent Oil and Gas Association of New York, and Lenape's lawsuit needs to be considered in its wider context of an industry backed effort to discourage towns in New York from exercising their rights of home rule. The Town of Avon, much like the Town of Dryden and Middlefield before, is the industry's latest attempt to overturn bans and moratoria on gas drilling and related activities.
- published: 14 Feb 2013
- views: 55
- author: ShaleShock
Lenape Tech Class of 2011 Senior Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:00
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
Lenape Tech Class of 2011 Senior Video
http://wn.com/Lenape_Tech_Class_of_2011_Senior_Video
Lenape Tech BioMedical Technology Program
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:09
- Updated: 23 Aug 2010
A description Lenape Tech's BioMedical Technology Program
http://wn.com/Lenape_Tech_BioMedical_Technology_Program
A description Lenape Tech's BioMedical Technology Program
- published: 22 Apr 2009
- views: 905
- author: lenapetechadt
Paul VI vs Lenape 1stQ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:16
- Updated: 17 Jan 2011
Welcome to The South Jersey Rock: A Journal of High School BasketbalI; we are an internet entity dedicated to exposing & showcasing the best-and-brightest as well as the up-and-coming of South Jersey's high school athletes. www.sjrock.com http
http://wn.com/Paul_VI_vs_Lenape_1stQ
Welcome to The South Jersey Rock: A Journal of High School BasketbalI; we are an internet entity dedicated to exposing & showcasing the best-and-brightest as well as the up-and-coming of South Jersey's high school athletes. www.sjrock.com http
- published: 17 Jan 2011
- views: 976
- author: thesouthjerseyrock
Send this Playlist by SMS
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Lenape Boys Lacrosse Newspack
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Updated: 11 Jan 2012
A project I filmed that involved interviews, gathering of practice and game footage, and research compiled into an informational package about the Lenape Boys Lacrosse team.
http://wn.com/Lenape_Boys_Lacrosse_Newspack
A project I filmed that involved interviews, gathering of practice and game footage, and research compiled into an informational package about the Lenape Boys Lacrosse team.
- published: 11 Jan 2012
- views: 67
- author: fieradi
Reading Public Museum - "Lenape: The Original People" - Comcast Newsmakers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Updated: 07 Nov 2010
Comcast newsmakers host Carla Showell-Lee interviews Professor James Delle, Kutztown University, about the exhibition, "Lenape: The Original People," at the Reading Public Museum, Reading, PA. 5/17/08 - 9/14/08)
http://wn.com/Reading_Public_Museum_Lenape_The_Original_People_Comcast_Newsmakers
Comcast newsmakers host Carla Showell-Lee interviews Professor James Delle, Kutztown University, about the exhibition, "Lenape: The Original People," at the Reading Public Museum, Reading, PA. 5/17/08 - 9/14/08)
- published: 07 Nov 2010
- views: 60
- author: readingpublicmuseum
Nate's Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:44
- Updated: 11 May 2010
Nate's Interview
http://wn.com/Nate's_Interview
Lenape Valley Foundation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:19
- Updated: 05 Dec 2011
Introduction to Lenape Valley Services in Bucks County PA Comcast Newmakers interview 12-01-2011
http://wn.com/Lenape_Valley_Foundation
Introduction to Lenape Valley Services in Bucks County PA Comcast Newmakers interview 12-01-2011
- published: 05 Dec 2011
- views: 172
- author: Lenapevf
BCTsports Video: Lenape, Eastern set collision course
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:45
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
Lenape captain Tori Prager and junior Rachelle Ross, Shawnee captain Erin Smith and Cherokee captain DEvon Cummings talk after their SJSCA Coaches Soccer Tournament semifinal games
http://wn.com/BCTsports_Video_Lenape,_Eastern_set_collision_course
Lenape captain Tori Prager and junior Rachelle Ross, Shawnee captain Erin Smith and Cherokee captain DEvon Cummings talk after their SJSCA Coaches Soccer Tournament semifinal games
- published: 22 Oct 2012
- views: 51
- author: calkinsmedia
Tom's Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:02
- Updated: 17 Sep 2008
Tom's Interview
http://wn.com/Tom's_Interview
Abby's Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:14
- Updated: 17 Sep 2008
Abby's Interview
http://wn.com/Abby's_Interview
Jonas' Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 23 Apr 2009
Jonas' Interview
http://wn.com/Jonas'_Interview
Makaya's Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:08
- Updated: 17 Oct 2009
Makaya's Interview
http://wn.com/Makaya's_Interview
2012 MS Walk, Lenape Park, Sellersville, PA - Elaine
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:38
- Updated: 23 Apr 2012
interview with Elaine
http://wn.com/2012_MS_Walk,_Lenape_Park,_Sellersville,_PA_Elaine
Comcast Newsmakers 10/6/2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:38
- Updated: 04 May 2012
Interview of Sharon Curran about the Suicide Prevention training being offered by Lenape Valley Foundation and Bucks County. October 2011
http://wn.com/Comcast_Newsmakers_10_6_2011
Interview of Sharon Curran about the Suicide Prevention training being offered by Lenape Valley Foundation and Bucks County. October 2011
- published: 25 Oct 2011
- views: 271
- author: Lenapevf
Chairman Holloway Appeals to UN Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:07
- Updated: 11 Feb 2012
This is the first of a three part interview in which Dr. Ronald Yonaguska Holloway who is the Chairman of the New Jersey Sand Hill Band of Lenape & Cherokee Indians. To see the whole 29 minute interview and all three letters on one page please go to blip.tv Copied below is the letter Chairman Holloway sent to the UN July 6, 2009 Secretary General Ban Ki-moon Secretary General of the United Nations Office of the Secretariat One United Nations Plaza New York, NY 10017: Dear Secretary General Ki-moon: We, the indigenous American Indians, in what is now known as the State of New Jersey in the United States of America have been forced by the States refusal to address past genocidal and land issues to petition the United States Federal Court for relief from the denial of our sovereign rights, treaty agreements, and the ongoing genocide against our peoples rights to exist. We have been stonewalled and compelled to go into Federal Court. We request that you allow us the opportunity to petition you for your support and relief to protect our sovereign rights in case the judiciary pattern established by the State of New Jersey becomes the legal formula for denying us our sovereign rights in the United States Federal Courts. Be advised that the continuance of the genocidal pattern has all but eliminated our existence. Even though the State of New Jersey did not have a ratified constitution, they are claiming immunity from these crimes committed, though historically documented, and ...
http://wn.com/Chairman_Holloway_Appeals_to_UN_Part_1
This is the first of a three part interview in which Dr. Ronald Yonaguska Holloway who is the Chairman of the New Jersey Sand Hill Band of Lenape & Cherokee Indians. To see the whole 29 minute interview and all three letters on one page please go to blip.tv Copied below is the letter Chairman Holloway sent to the UN July 6, 2009 Secretary General Ban Ki-moon Secretary General of the United Nations Office of the Secretariat One United Nations Plaza New York, NY 10017: Dear Secretary General Ki-moon: We, the indigenous American Indians, in what is now known as the State of New Jersey in the United States of America have been forced by the States refusal to address past genocidal and land issues to petition the United States Federal Court for relief from the denial of our sovereign rights, treaty agreements, and the ongoing genocide against our peoples rights to exist. We have been stonewalled and compelled to go into Federal Court. We request that you allow us the opportunity to petition you for your support and relief to protect our sovereign rights in case the judiciary pattern established by the State of New Jersey becomes the legal formula for denying us our sovereign rights in the United States Federal Courts. Be advised that the continuance of the genocidal pattern has all but eliminated our existence. Even though the State of New Jersey did not have a ratified constitution, they are claiming immunity from these crimes committed, though historically documented, and ...
- published: 09 Aug 2009
- views: 280
- author: nilent
Chairman Holloway Appeals to UN Part2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:12
- Updated: 11 Feb 2012
his is the first of a three part interview in which Dr. Ronald Yonaguska Holloway who is the Chairman of the New Jersey Sand Hill Band of Lenape & Cherokee Indians. To see the whole 29 minute interview and all three letters on one page please go to blip.tv Copied below is one section of the letter Darius J. TwoBears Ross, Principal Chief of the Ani~Tsalagi Onaselagi Northeastern Band, sent to the UN. The whole letter doesn't fit in the allocated space here; to see that please go to the blip.tv site where all three letters are present in full. July 6, 2009 Secretary General Ban Ki-moon Secretary General of the United Nations Office of the Secretariat One United Nations Plaza New York, NY 10017: Dear Secretary General Ki-moon: I am writing to you because we are supporting the efforts of the New Jersey Sand Hill Band of Lenape and Cherokee Indians in their pursuit for justice in the United States Courts. It is with deep regret that I am must reach out to you because I truly believe that the United Nations will probably be our last resort and/or stand to help guarantee justice for our cousins/allies, the New Jersey Sand Hill Band of Lenape and Cherokee Indians and us in bringing their lawsuit before the world and the Native American communities at large. We are very familiar with the United Nations and the Human Rights Commission. Tribal Council Elder Edward TwoBears Peart, assisted in amending the human rights petition to the Human Rights Commission to the United Nations for ...
http://wn.com/Chairman_Holloway_Appeals_to_UN_Part2
his is the first of a three part interview in which Dr. Ronald Yonaguska Holloway who is the Chairman of the New Jersey Sand Hill Band of Lenape & Cherokee Indians. To see the whole 29 minute interview and all three letters on one page please go to blip.tv Copied below is one section of the letter Darius J. TwoBears Ross, Principal Chief of the Ani~Tsalagi Onaselagi Northeastern Band, sent to the UN. The whole letter doesn't fit in the allocated space here; to see that please go to the blip.tv site where all three letters are present in full. July 6, 2009 Secretary General Ban Ki-moon Secretary General of the United Nations Office of the Secretariat One United Nations Plaza New York, NY 10017: Dear Secretary General Ki-moon: I am writing to you because we are supporting the efforts of the New Jersey Sand Hill Band of Lenape and Cherokee Indians in their pursuit for justice in the United States Courts. It is with deep regret that I am must reach out to you because I truly believe that the United Nations will probably be our last resort and/or stand to help guarantee justice for our cousins/allies, the New Jersey Sand Hill Band of Lenape and Cherokee Indians and us in bringing their lawsuit before the world and the Native American communities at large. We are very familiar with the United Nations and the Human Rights Commission. Tribal Council Elder Edward TwoBears Peart, assisted in amending the human rights petition to the Human Rights Commission to the United Nations for ...
- published: 09 Aug 2009
- views: 446
- author: nilent
Interview - Brkn Inglsh - April 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:34
- Updated: 16 Aug 2010
Art n Culture TV meets up with Brkn Inglsh - Poet, Spoken Word Artist, Teacher and the next Poet Laureate of Jersey City. We find out what he has been up to, what he is working on and what we can look forward to, from the mind of Brkn Inglsh! Filmed and Edited by Legomaster and Dontique. 201
http://wn.com/Interview_Brkn_Inglsh_April_2010
Art n Culture TV meets up with Brkn Inglsh - Poet, Spoken Word Artist, Teacher and the next Poet Laureate of Jersey City. We find out what he has been up to, what he is working on and what we can look forward to, from the mind of Brkn Inglsh! Filmed and Edited by Legomaster and Dontique. 201
- published: 04 Apr 2010
- views: 104
- author: ARTNCULTURE201
![Gifted Miinds Interview On WNJR Radio[www.GiftedMiinds.com]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130226053747im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/c1BgGZS6yPk/default.jpg "Gifted Miinds Interview On WNJR Radio[www.GiftedMiinds.com]")
Gifted Miinds Interview On WNJR Radio[www.GiftedMiinds.com]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:33
- Updated: 21 Feb 2013
Gifted Miinds Invade WNJR Radio Newark, NJ Talking About Themselves, How They Met Up, Names, Clothing,Music,Their Logo and More! Check out Their Webisode on Youtube.com/SmarkTalkRadio and visit their website www.GiftedMiinds.com!!!
http://wn.com/Gifted_Miinds_Interview_On_WNJR_Radio_wwwGiftedMiindscom_
Gifted Miinds Invade WNJR Radio Newark, NJ Talking About Themselves, How They Met Up, Names, Clothing,Music,Their Logo and More! Check out Their Webisode on Youtube.com/SmarkTalkRadio and visit their website www.GiftedMiinds.com!!!
- published: 13 Sep 2012
- views: 167
- author: LokiiLaze
Divorce Hurts
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
Divorce Hurts
http://wn.com/Divorce_Hurts
Les Miserables "ON MY OWN" Gabrielle Howarth May 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:02
- Updated: 09 Feb 2013
Gabrielle Howarth as Eponine in Les Miserables "On My Own", May 21st, 2010 Cherokee High School/Lenape Regional Performing Arts Center
http://wn.com/Les_Miserables_ON_MY_OWN_Gabrielle_Howarth_May_2010
Gabrielle Howarth as Eponine in Les Miserables "On My Own", May 21st, 2010 Cherokee High School/Lenape Regional Performing Arts Center
- published: 23 Jun 2010
- views: 4220
- author: gabriellehowarth1
Freshman DE-orientation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:38
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Alex McKeen, Bruke Mammo, and Dan Mulligan interview freshman students at their orientation.
http://wn.com/Freshman_DE-orientation
Alex McKeen, Bruke Mammo, and Dan Mulligan interview freshman students at their orientation.
- published: 07 Sep 2012
- views: 167
- author: lenapetelevision
Interview with seniors and coxswain of the boys Varsity 8 crew, St. Augustine Prep
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:51
- Updated: 20 Jun 2012
This is an interview that was done with four seniors from St. Augustine Prep and the coxswain of their boat. The video was shot at the boat house on Lake Lenape. The Varsity 8 boat was selected as 2012 Press All-Stars. For more information about the All-Stars and local sports news, please visit PressofAtlanticCity.com
http://wn.com/Interview_with_seniors_and_coxswain_of_the_boys_Varsity_8_crew,_St_Augustine_Prep
This is an interview that was done with four seniors from St. Augustine Prep and the coxswain of their boat. The video was shot at the boat house on Lake Lenape. The Varsity 8 boat was selected as 2012 Press All-Stars. For more information about the All-Stars and local sports news, please visit PressofAtlanticCity.com
- published: 15 Jun 2012
- views: 234
- author: pressofAtlanticCity
AaronCohen self interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
This is myself interview project in my Communications Technology II class at Lenape
http://wn.com/AaronCohen_self_interview
This is myself interview project in my Communications Technology II class at Lenape
- published: 15 Oct 2012
- views: 1
- author: MegaCohen87
Interview - Saint Patrick - Part One
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:20
- Updated: 06 Jun 2010
Art n Culture TV meets with Jersey City's very own Poet, Saint Patrick. He recently won the Jersey City Slam, held at the Lenape House against many other highly talented Poets. Filmed and edited by Legomaster and Dontique. 201
http://wn.com/Interview_Saint_Patrick_Part_One
Art n Culture TV meets with Jersey City's very own Poet, Saint Patrick. He recently won the Jersey City Slam, held at the Lenape House against many other highly talented Poets. Filmed and edited by Legomaster and Dontique. 201
- published: 15 Apr 2010
- views: 32
- author: ARTNCULTURE201
Interview - Saint Patrick - Part Two
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:47
- Updated: 15 Apr 2010
Art n Culture TV meets with Jersey City's very own Poet, Saint Patrick. He recently won the Jersey City Slam, held at the Lenape House against many other highly talented Poets. Filmed and edited by Legomaster and Dontique. 201
http://wn.com/Interview_Saint_Patrick_Part_Two
Art n Culture TV meets with Jersey City's very own Poet, Saint Patrick. He recently won the Jersey City Slam, held at the Lenape House against many other highly talented Poets. Filmed and edited by Legomaster and Dontique. 201
- published: 15 Apr 2010
- views: 15
- author: ARTNCULTURE201
Red Storm Drum and Dance Troupe interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:34
- Updated: 02 Aug 2012
Red Storm Dance Troupe - Native American - Brings culture to class rooms. We have students participate in our story telling, by hunting of deer hunting. Interviewed Jerry Greyhawk Robert Baldeagle Margie Baldeagle Filmed by Pat Brady Edited by Jeff Brady at JRS production studios in Vista, California.
http://wn.com/Red_Storm_Drum_and_Dance_Troupe_interview
Red Storm Dance Troupe - Native American - Brings culture to class rooms. We have students participate in our story telling, by hunting of deer hunting. Interviewed Jerry Greyhawk Robert Baldeagle Margie Baldeagle Filmed by Pat Brady Edited by Jeff Brady at JRS production studios in Vista, California.
- published: 20 Oct 2010
- views: 299
- author: patbradyvideo
3:43
Lenape Boys Lacrosse Newspack
A project I filmed that involved interviews, gathering of practice and game footage, and r...
published: 11 Jan 2012
author: fieradi
Lenape Boys Lacrosse Newspack
A project I filmed that involved interviews, gathering of practice and game footage, and research compiled into an informational package about the Lenape Boys Lacrosse team.
- published: 11 Jan 2012
- views: 67
- author: fieradi
5:05
Reading Public Museum - "Lenape: The Original People" - Comcast Newsmakers
Comcast newsmakers host Carla Showell-Lee interviews Professor James Delle, Kutztown Unive...
published: 07 Nov 2010
author: readingpublicmuseum
Reading Public Museum - "Lenape: The Original People" - Comcast Newsmakers
Comcast newsmakers host Carla Showell-Lee interviews Professor James Delle, Kutztown University, about the exhibition, "Lenape: The Original People," at the Reading Public Museum, Reading, PA. 5/17/08 - 9/14/08)
- published: 07 Nov 2010
- views: 60
- author: readingpublicmuseum
4:44
Nate's Interview
Nate's Interview...
published: 17 Sep 2008
author: lenapetechadt
Nate's Interview
Nate's Interview
- published: 17 Sep 2008
- views: 91
- author: lenapetechadt
6:19
Lenape Valley Foundation
Introduction to Lenape Valley Services in Bucks County PA Comcast Newmakers interview 12-0...
published: 05 Dec 2011
author: Lenapevf
Lenape Valley Foundation
Introduction to Lenape Valley Services in Bucks County PA Comcast Newmakers interview 12-01-2011
- published: 05 Dec 2011
- views: 172
- author: Lenapevf
3:45
BCTsports Video: Lenape, Eastern set collision course
Lenape captain Tori Prager and junior Rachelle Ross, Shawnee captain Erin Smith and Cherok...
published: 22 Oct 2012
author: calkinsmedia
BCTsports Video: Lenape, Eastern set collision course
Lenape captain Tori Prager and junior Rachelle Ross, Shawnee captain Erin Smith and Cherokee captain DEvon Cummings talk after their SJSCA Coaches Soccer Tournament semifinal games
- published: 22 Oct 2012
- views: 51
- author: calkinsmedia
6:02
Tom's Interview
Tom's Interview...
published: 17 Sep 2008
author: lenapetechadt
Tom's Interview
Tom's Interview
- published: 17 Sep 2008
- views: 35
- author: lenapetechadt
2:14
Abby's Interview
Abby's Interview...
published: 17 Sep 2008
author: lenapetechadt
Abby's Interview
Abby's Interview
- published: 17 Sep 2008
- views: 23
- author: lenapetechadt
4:00
Jonas' Interview
Jonas' Interview...
published: 17 Sep 2008
author: lenapetechadt
Jonas' Interview
Jonas' Interview
- published: 17 Sep 2008
- views: 51
- author: lenapetechadt
1:08
Makaya's Interview
Makaya's Interview...
published: 17 Sep 2008
author: lenapetechadt
Makaya's Interview
Makaya's Interview
- published: 17 Sep 2008
- views: 55
- author: lenapetechadt
5:38
Comcast Newsmakers 10/6/2011
Interview of Sharon Curran about the Suicide Prevention training being offered by Lenape V...
published: 25 Oct 2011
author: Lenapevf
Comcast Newsmakers 10/6/2011
Interview of Sharon Curran about the Suicide Prevention training being offered by Lenape Valley Foundation and Bucks County. October 2011
- published: 25 Oct 2011
- views: 271
- author: Lenapevf
10:07
Chairman Holloway Appeals to UN Part 1
This is the first of a three part interview in which Dr. Ronald Yonaguska Holloway who is ...
published: 09 Aug 2009
author: nilent
Chairman Holloway Appeals to UN Part 1
This is the first of a three part interview in which Dr. Ronald Yonaguska Holloway who is the Chairman of the New Jersey Sand Hill Band of Lenape & Cherokee Indians. To see the whole 29 minute interview and all three letters on one page please go to blip.tv Copied below is the letter Chairman Holloway sent to the UN July 6, 2009 Secretary General Ban Ki-moon Secretary General of the United Nations Office of the Secretariat One United Nations Plaza New York, NY 10017: Dear Secretary General Ki-moon: We, the indigenous American Indians, in what is now known as the State of New Jersey in the United States of America have been forced by the States refusal to address past genocidal and land issues to petition the United States Federal Court for relief from the denial of our sovereign rights, treaty agreements, and the ongoing genocide against our peoples rights to exist. We have been stonewalled and compelled to go into Federal Court. We request that you allow us the opportunity to petition you for your support and relief to protect our sovereign rights in case the judiciary pattern established by the State of New Jersey becomes the legal formula for denying us our sovereign rights in the United States Federal Courts. Be advised that the continuance of the genocidal pattern has all but eliminated our existence. Even though the State of New Jersey did not have a ratified constitution, they are claiming immunity from these crimes committed, though historically documented, and ...
- published: 09 Aug 2009
- views: 280
- author: nilent
10:12
Chairman Holloway Appeals to UN Part2
his is the first of a three part interview in which Dr. Ronald Yonaguska Holloway who is t...
published: 09 Aug 2009
author: nilent
Chairman Holloway Appeals to UN Part2
his is the first of a three part interview in which Dr. Ronald Yonaguska Holloway who is the Chairman of the New Jersey Sand Hill Band of Lenape & Cherokee Indians. To see the whole 29 minute interview and all three letters on one page please go to blip.tv Copied below is one section of the letter Darius J. TwoBears Ross, Principal Chief of the Ani~Tsalagi Onaselagi Northeastern Band, sent to the UN. The whole letter doesn't fit in the allocated space here; to see that please go to the blip.tv site where all three letters are present in full. July 6, 2009 Secretary General Ban Ki-moon Secretary General of the United Nations Office of the Secretariat One United Nations Plaza New York, NY 10017: Dear Secretary General Ki-moon: I am writing to you because we are supporting the efforts of the New Jersey Sand Hill Band of Lenape and Cherokee Indians in their pursuit for justice in the United States Courts. It is with deep regret that I am must reach out to you because I truly believe that the United Nations will probably be our last resort and/or stand to help guarantee justice for our cousins/allies, the New Jersey Sand Hill Band of Lenape and Cherokee Indians and us in bringing their lawsuit before the world and the Native American communities at large. We are very familiar with the United Nations and the Human Rights Commission. Tribal Council Elder Edward TwoBears Peart, assisted in amending the human rights petition to the Human Rights Commission to the United Nations for ...
- published: 09 Aug 2009
- views: 446
- author: nilent
8:34
Interview - Brkn Inglsh - April 2010
Art n Culture TV meets up with Brkn Inglsh - Poet, Spoken Word Artist, Teacher and the nex...
published: 04 Apr 2010
author: ARTNCULTURE201
Interview - Brkn Inglsh - April 2010
Art n Culture TV meets up with Brkn Inglsh - Poet, Spoken Word Artist, Teacher and the next Poet Laureate of Jersey City. We find out what he has been up to, what he is working on and what we can look forward to, from the mind of Brkn Inglsh! Filmed and Edited by Legomaster and Dontique. 201
- published: 04 Apr 2010
- views: 104
- author: ARTNCULTURE201
Vimeo results:
4:36
Lenape Lip Dub 2011
Student produced lip dub video at Lenape High School on Pride Day....
published: 23 Nov 2011
author: Lenape TV
Lenape Lip Dub 2011
Student produced lip dub video at Lenape High School on Pride Day.
17:23
Lenni Lenape
Nanticoke...
published: 25 Mar 2011
author: DELRAN PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Lenni Lenape
Nanticoke
1:05
Lenape Test
shot on acam dii w/switar 10mm
30fps conformed to 23.98...
published: 21 Dec 2012
author: Alex Markman
Lenape Test
shot on acam dii w/switar 10mm
30fps conformed to 23.98
4:01
Raw Lenapes
Skating a classic as the sun goes down.
Music: Speak To Me/Breathe by Pink Floyd
Skating: ...
published: 12 Nov 2012
author: Freddy Ortega
Raw Lenapes
Skating a classic as the sun goes down.
Music: Speak To Me/Breathe by Pink Floyd
Skating: Zack Viente and Christian Montoya
Film/Edit: Freddy Ortega
Youtube results:
7:33
Gifted Miinds Interview On WNJR Radio[www.GiftedMiinds.com]
Gifted Miinds Invade WNJR Radio Newark, NJ Talking About Themselves, How They Met Up, Name...
published: 13 Sep 2012
author: LokiiLaze
Gifted Miinds Interview On WNJR Radio[www.GiftedMiinds.com]
Gifted Miinds Invade WNJR Radio Newark, NJ Talking About Themselves, How They Met Up, Names, Clothing,Music,Their Logo and More! Check out Their Webisode on Youtube.com/SmarkTalkRadio and visit their website www.GiftedMiinds.com!!!
- published: 13 Sep 2012
- views: 167
- author: LokiiLaze
4:10
Divorce Hurts
Divorce Hurts...
published: 20 Dec 2007
author: lenapetechadt
Divorce Hurts
Divorce Hurts
- published: 20 Dec 2007
- views: 1555
- author: lenapetechadt
4:02
Les Miserables "ON MY OWN" Gabrielle Howarth May 2010
Gabrielle Howarth as Eponine in Les Miserables "On My Own", May 21st, 2010 Cherokee High S...
published: 23 Jun 2010
author: gabriellehowarth1
Les Miserables "ON MY OWN" Gabrielle Howarth May 2010
Gabrielle Howarth as Eponine in Les Miserables "On My Own", May 21st, 2010 Cherokee High School/Lenape Regional Performing Arts Center
- published: 23 Jun 2010
- views: 4220
- author: gabriellehowarth1
1:38
Freshman DE-orientation
Alex McKeen, Bruke Mammo, and Dan Mulligan interview freshman students at their orientatio...
published: 07 Sep 2012
author: lenapetelevision
Freshman DE-orientation
Alex McKeen, Bruke Mammo, and Dan Mulligan interview freshman students at their orientation.
- published: 07 Sep 2012
- views: 167
- author: lenapetelevision
photo: Public Domain
23 Feb 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "No one who works full-time should have to live in poverty." -President Barack Obama, State of the Union Address, 2013. As of late, I have grown very fond and reflective of the workers at McDonalds. Since I do not have the internet in my apartment, I usually go there every Sunday where I drink coffee and read the latest online news ... the exploitation of one class by another....(size: 3.7Kb)
photo: AP / Nasser Shiyoukhi
25 Feb 2013
Six days after Arafat Jaradat was arrested by the Israeli army and the Shin Bet, he was dead. Between the date of his arrest - February 18 - and the day of his death - February 23 - his lawyer Kamil Sabbagh met with Arafat only once. in front of a military judge at the Shin Bet's Kishon interrogation facility. Sabbagh reported that when he saw Jaradat, the man was terrified ... Arafat was killed under torture. Torture is routine ... 757. Source.....(size: 8.3Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / John Harrison
25 Feb 2013
Just like Angelina Jolie's right leg last year, Oscar-winner Anne Hathaway's apparently 'alert' nipples inspired their own Twitter account and a flurry of cheeky hashtags last night. BY Bibby Sowray . 25 February 2013. Anne Hathaway's seemingly pointy nipples attracted a lot of attention. Photo. Getty. Poor Anne Hathaway, she's not been served well by fashion of late ... Related articles. Oscars 2013 fashion. red carpet hits and misses ... Photo ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
photo: AP / Ahn Young-joon, Pool
25 Feb 2013
Park Geun-Hye was today sworn in as South Korea's first female president, vowing zero tolerance with provocation from North Korea and demanding Pyongyang "abandon its nuclear ambitions" immediately. As leader of Asia's fourth-largest economy, Park, the 61-year-old daughter of a military strongman, faces challenges including slowing growth and soaring welfare costs in one of the world's most rapidly ageing societies ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: AP / Mary Altaffer
26 Feb 2013
Jesus Diaz - . Scientists have found proof of a sunken continent in the Indian Ocean. According to a study published in Nature Geoscience, the continent “was separated from Madagascar and fragmented into a ribbon-like configuration by a series of mid-ocean ridge jumps during the opening of the Mascarene ocean basin.”. Its name is not Atlantis, though ... [Nature Geoscience via BBC News]. Image by Shutterstock ... Related Posts ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)
Philadelphia Daily News
25 Feb 2013
Gear Up!. Loading... Fan Shop. Phil Anastasia, INQUIRER STAFF WRITER. Posted. Sunday, February 24, 2013, 7.13 PM ... Atlantic City ... No ... The young Chiefs have wins over Lenape and Paul VI in the last month and sophomore Paul Bellamy is emerging as top scorer ... Lenape senior forward Tabu Gaither is an inside force who can step out and hit a three-pointer at a crucial time ... 2 Lenape would be a showdown of school-district rivals and rematch of a Feb ... ....(size: 10.1Kb)
Philadelphia Daily News
25 Feb 2013
Gear Up!. Loading... Fan Shop. Phil Anastasia, INQUIRER STAFF WRITER. Posted. Sunday, February 24, 2013, 7.42 PM ... Atlantic City ... No ... The young Chiefs have wins over Lenape and Paul VI in the last month and sophomore Paul Bellamy is emerging as top scorer ... Lenape senior forward Tabu Gaither is an inside force who can step out and hit a three-pointer at a crucial time ... 2 Lenape would be a showdown of school-district rivals and rematch of a Feb ... ....(size: 10.1Kb)
Lehigh Valley
25 Feb 2013
LEGEND -- Belvidere (Be); Butler (Bu); DePaul (DP); Dover (Do); Hackettstown (Ha); High Point (HP); Hopatcong (Hop); Jefferson (Je); Kittatinny (Ki), Lakeland (La); Lenape Valley (LV); Mendham (Me); Montville (Mon); Morris Catholic (MC); Morris Hills (MH); Morris Knolls (MK); Mount Olive (MtO); Newton (Ne); North Warren (NW); Phillipsburg (Pb); ......(size: 6.8Kb)
Philadelphia Daily News
24 Feb 2013
Gear Up!. Loading... Fan Shop. Doug Gausepohl, INQUIRER STAFF WRITER. Posted. Sunday, February 24, 2013, 3.15 AM ... At 182, New Egypt's Brad Schwarze pinned Hightstown's Joey DeCristofaro in 5 minutes, 53 seconds. CHAMPIONSHIPS. 106 ... 113 ... 120 ... dec ... Austin Wright, Lenape, 8-0 ... Chad Walsh, Camden Catholic, pin Kyle McIntyre, Lenape, 1.48 ... Joseph Cahill, Camden Catholic, pin JT Bell, Lenape, 5.40 ... Kyle Mason, Lenape, dec ... Connor Gardner, Lenape, 11-2 ... 0 ... ....(size: 23.4Kb)
Philadelphia Daily News
23 Feb 2013
Gear Up!. Loading... Fan Shop. Marc Narducci, Inquirer Columnist. Posted. Saturday, February 23, 2013, 6.36 PM ... 1 team, the Vikings are showing no signs of letting up ... Last season was no surprise and this year wouldn't be, but it also wouldn't be shocking if somebody else, namely top-seeded Lenape, earned the crown. Lenape and Washington Township split in the regular season and if the seeds hold up, they will meet in the final ... ... ....(size: 9.1Kb)
Philadelphia Daily News
22 Feb 2013
Gear Up!. Loading... Fan Shop. Ben Goldberg-Morse, INQUIRER STAFF WRITER. Posted. Thursday, February 21, 2013, 11.31 PM. Two days after Paul VI clinched the Olympic Conference National boys' basketball title, the streaking Eagles handed visiting Lenape its third loss of the season, beating The Inquirer's No. 3 team, 55-37. Junior wing Jay Howard paced Paul VI, winner of eight straight, with a game-high 16 points ... Cape-Atlantic ... ... ... ....(size: 9.3Kb)
Philadelphia Daily News
22 Feb 2013
Gear Up!. Loading... Fan Shop. Nick Carroll, INQUIRER STAFF WRITER. Posted. Thursday, February 21, 2013, 11.24 PM. Brittany Martin scored 23 points and Timber Creek beat visiting Bishop Eustace, 54-48, Thursday in a nonleague girls' basketball game ... Lenape's Taylor Holmes led a balanced attack with 14 points in a 62-27 victory against visiting Paul VI. Alexis Sears and Maddie Sims each scored 10 points for Lenape ... 0 ... Paul VI gets by Lenape ... ....(size: 8.5Kb)
MSNBC
22 Feb 2013
DOYLESTOWN — The Friends of Kids Castle will hold a meeting Thursday to talk about the Save Kids Castle effort ... at Lenape Middle School ... Advertise . AdChoices. Advertise . AdChoices. Advertise . AdChoices. ....(size: 0.9Kb)
Ohio
22 Feb 2013
CALENDAR. • March 6 — The Ohio Department of Natural Resources’ Division of Wildlife will have an open house to discuss the proposed new rules for hunting white-tailed deer in 2013-14. The session will be held from noon to 3 p.m ... March 7 in Columbus ... to 4 p.m ... to 4.45 p.m ... SHOOTS. • Today — Lenape Trail Sportsman Club, 15413 Salt Creek Road, Mount Eaton, will host protector trap shoots at 6.30 p.m ... ....(size: 5.9Kb)
MSNBC
20 Feb 2013
Bragging rights and more than $5,000 in prize money will be on the line as Lenape High School attempts to defend its long run of success against Cherokee, Maple Shade, Moorestown Friends, host Pemberton Township, Seneca and Shawnee ... Lenape has won eight of 14 championships, including the last seven....(size: 2.2Kb)
Philadelphia Daily News
20 Feb 2013
Gear Up!. Loading... Fan Shop. Nick Carroll, INQUIRER STAFF WRITER. Posted. Tuesday, February 19, 2013, 10.10 PM. Cara Racobaldo recorded a career-high 26 points Tuesday to push Camden Catholic to a 75-64 overtime win at Woodrow Wilson in an Olympic Conference National Division girls' basketball game ... Chanelle Perry scored 29 points for Woodrow Wilson ... Alexis Sears paced Lenape with 17 points in a 55-30 victory at Cherry Hill East ... Colonial ... ....(size: 8.5Kb)
Philadelphia Daily News
20 Feb 2013
Gear Up!. Loading... Fan Shop. Tim McManus, INQUIRER STAFF WRITER. Posted. Tuesday, February 19, 2013, 11.25 PM. At different parts of the season, four of the five starters for the Cinnaminson boys' basketball team missed time with injuries ... Kevin Sotell scored 27 points, including two free throws to seal it in overtime ... Third-ranked Lenape held an opponent under 30 points for the fourth time, beating visiting Cherry Hill East, 38-28 ... ....(size: 9.0Kb)
MSNBC
18 Feb 2013
TABERNACLE — Library media specialists at Seneca High School are relying on the public to assist them in securing a $60,000 grant. They’re hoping a video that highlights the “innovative” One Book/One School program will win over viewers and judges ... In its fourth year as a Lenape Regional High School District initiative, the program incorporates literature into a variety of activities and classroom exercises to encourage reading ... ....(size: 3.5Kb)
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Other Lenape and Algonquian peoples |
The Lenape ( /ˈlɛnəpiː/ or /ləˈnɑːpi/) are Native American people in Canada and the United States. They are also called Delaware Indians.[4] As a result of the American Revolutionary War and later Indian removals from the eastern United States, the main groups now live in Ontario (Canada), Oklahoma, and Wisconsin. In Canada, they are enrolled in the Munsee-Delaware Nation 1, the Moravian of the Thames First Nation, and the Delaware of Six Nations; in the United States, they are enrolled in three federally recognized tribes, that is, the Delaware Nation and the Delaware Tribe of Indians, both located in Oklahoma, and the Stockbridge-Munsee Community, located in Wisconsin.
At the time of European contact in the 16th and 17th centuries, the Lenape inhabited a region on the North Atlantic coast in what anthropologists call the Northeastern Woodlands. Although never politically unified, it is frequently referred to as Lenapehoking ("Lenape country"). It roughly comprised the area around and between the Delaware and lower Hudson rivers.[5] Lenapehoking hosted over two dozen Lenape polities. Some of their names, such as Manhattan, Raritan, and Tappan, remain inscribed on the landscape. Based on the historical record of the mid-seventeenth century, it has been estimated that most Lenape polities consisted of several hundred people.[6] It is conceivable that some had been considerably larger prior to contact. Even regions at a distance from European settlement, such as Iroquoia, had been devastated by smallpox by the 1640s.[7]
Most modern Lenape are native English speakers. In the seventeenth century, the Lenape spoke several closely related languages or dialects, such as Unami and Munsee, that are collectively known as the Delaware languages and have been classified by linguists as belonging to the Eastern Algonquian language group. The term "Algonquian" is occasionally used as a shorthand for people who spoke languages of this group, but they had otherwise little in common. Due to aggressive European expansion and the resulting migrations, population losses, and political reorganization, Lenape languages had converged by the mid-eighteenth century. Unami and Munsee were now the most dominant.[8] Another hundred years of forced migrations left the languages vulnerable.[9] They hardly survived the U.S. Indian policies of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.[10] Various people made efforts to revive or at least document Unami and Munsee in the late twentieth century.[11]
Lenape society is organized into clans determined by matrilineal descent. That is, children belong to the mother's clan, where they gain their status and identity. The mother's eldest brother was more significant as a mentor to the boy children than was their father, who was of another clan. Hereditary leadership passed through the maternal line, and women elders could remove leaders of whom they disapproved. Traditionally, the Lenape had no concept of landed property. But clans had use rights. Agricultural land was managed by women and allotted according to the subsistence needs of their extended families. Matrilocal residence further enhanced the position of women in society. A young married couple would live with the woman's family, where her mother and sisters could also assist her with her growing family.
At the time of European contact, the Lenape practiced agriculture, mostly companion planting. The women cultivated many varieties of the "Three Sisters:" corn, beans and squash. The men also practiced hunting and the harvesting of seafood. They were primarily sedentary and moved to seasonal campsites for particular purposes such as fishing and hunting. After the arrival of settlers and traders to the seventeenth-century colonies of New Netherland and New Sweden, Lenapes provided agricultural products, mainly maize, in exchange for iron tools. Lenapes also arranged contacts between Minquas or Northern Iroquoians and the Dutch and Swedish West India companies to promote the fur trade. Lenapes were major producers of wampum or shell beads, which they traditionally used for ritual purposes and as ornaments. After the Dutch arrival, they began to exchange wampum for beaver furs provided by Iroquoian-speaking Susquehannocks and other Minquas. They then exchanged these furs for Dutch and, from the late 1630s, also Swedish imports. Relations between some Lenape and Minqua polities briefly turned sore in the late 1620s and early 1630s, but were relatively peaceful most of the time.[12]
Most Lenapes were pushed out of their homeland by expanding European colonies during the next century. Lenape polities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and European violence. Iroquoian polities occasionally contributed to the process. The surviving Lenapes reorganized their polities and moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and U.S. independence pushed them further west. In the 1860s, most Lenapes remaining in the eastern United States were sent to the Oklahoma Territory under Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the U.S. state of Oklahoma, with some communities living also in Kansas, Wisconsin, Ontario (Canada), and in their traditional homelands.
Contents |
Name[link]
Lenni Lenape means "Human Beings" or the "Real People" in the Unami language.[2] Their (autonym) is also spelled Lennape or Lenapi, meaning "the people." The term "Delaware" was used by the English, who named the people for their territory by the Delaware River. They named the river in honor of Lord De La Warr, the governor of the colony at Jamestown, Virginia.[2] The English colonists used the exonym "Delaware" for almost all the Lenape people living along this river and its tributaries.
Society[link]
.jpg)
The area of Lenape settlement, which they called Scheyichbi (see: Unami language), encompassed the lower Hudson River Valley and the Delaware Valley, with the area in between—what are now known as the U.S. state of New Jersey; eastern Pennsylvania around the Delaware and Lehigh valleys; the north shore of Delaware; and much of southeastern New York, particularly the lower Hudson Valley, Upper New York Bay, Staten Island and western Long Island. Bands or tribes often identified themselves by their geographic locations. The Lenape spoke two related languages in the Algonquian subfamily, collectively known as the Delaware languages: Munsee in the northern areas and Unami and a variation in the southern areas.[5]
Early Indian "tribes" are better understood as language groups, rather than as "nations". At the time of first European contact, a Lenape individual would likely have identified primarily with his or her immediate family and clan, friends, and/or village unit; then with surrounding and familiar village units; next with more distant neighbors who spoke the same dialect; and ultimately, with all those in the surrounding area who spoke mutually comprehensible languages, including the Mahican. Among other Algonquian peoples on the East Coast, the Lenape were considered the "grandfathers" from whom all the other Algonquian peoples originated. Consequently, in inter-tribal councils, the Lenape were given respect as one would to elders.
Those of a different language stock – such as the Iroquois (or, in the Lenape language, the Minqua) – were regarded as foreign. As in the case of the Iroquois, the animosity of difference and competition spanned many generations, and different language tribes became traditional enemies. Ethnicity seems to have mattered little to the Lenape and many other "tribes". Archaeological excavations have found Lenape burials that included identifiably ethnic Iroquois remains interred along with those of Lenape. The two groups were bitter enemies since before recorded history, but intermarriage occurred. In addition, both tribes practiced adopting young captives from warfare into their tribes and assimilating them as full tribal members.
Overlaying these relationships was a phratry system, a division into clans. Clan membership was matrilineal; children inherited membership in a clan from their mother. On reaching adulthood, a Lenape traditionally married outside the clan, a practice known by ethnographers as, "exogamy". The practice effectively prevented inbreeding, even among individuals whose kinship was obscure or unknown.
Early Europeans who first wrote about Indians found matrilineal social organization to be unfamiliar and perplexing. Because of this, Europeans often tried to interpret Lenape society through more familiar European arrangements. As a result, the early records are full of clues about early Lenape society, but were usually written by observers who did not fully understand what they were seeing. For example, a man's maternal uncle (his mother's brother), and not his father, was usually considered to be his closest male ancestor, since his father belonged to a different clan. The maternal uncle played a more prominent role in the lives of his sister's children than did the father. Early European chroniclers did not understand this concept.
Land was assigned to a particular clan for hunting, fishing, and cultivation. Individual private ownership of land was unknown, as the land belonged to the clan collectively while they inhabited it, but women often had rights to traditional areas for cultivation.[15] Clans lived in fixed settlements, using the surrounding areas for communal hunting and planting until the land was exhausted. In a common practice known as "agricultural shifting", the group then moved to found a new settlement within their territory.
The Lenape practiced large-scale agriculture to augment a mobile hunter-gatherer society in the region around the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. The Lenape were largely a sedentary people who occupied campsites seasonally, which gave them relatively easy access to the small game that inhabited the region: fish, birds, shellfish and deer. They developed sophisticated techniques of hunting and managing their resources.
By the time of the arrival of Europeans, the Lenape were cultivating fields of vegetation through the slash and burn technique. This extended the productive life of planted fields.[16][17][18][19][20][21] They also harvested vast quantities of fish and shellfish from the bays of the area,[22] and, in southern New Jersey, harvested clams year-round.[23] The success of these methods allowed the tribe to maintain a larger population than nomadic hunter-gatherers could support. Scholars have estimated that at the time of European settlement, there may have been about 15,000 Lenape total in approximately 80 settlement sites around much of the New York City area, alone.[24] In 1524 Lenape in canoes met Giovanni da Verrazzano, the first European explorer to enter New York Harbor.
The early European settlers, especially the Dutch and Swedes, were surprised at the Lenape's skill in fashioning beautiful articles of clothing from natural materials.[citation needed] In hot weather both men and women wore only loin cloth and skirt respectively, while they used beaver pelts or bear skins to serve as winter mantles. Additionally, both sexes might wear buckskin leggings and moccasins in cold weather.[25] Deer hair, dyed a deep scarlet, was a favorite component of headdresses and breast ornaments for males.[26] The Lenape also adorned themselves with various ornaments made of stone, shell, animal teeth, and claws. The women often wore headbands of dyed deer hair or wampum. They painted their skin skirts or decorated them with porcupine quills. These skirts were so elaborately appointed that, when seen from a distance, they reminded Dutch settlers of fine European lace.[27] The winter cloaks of the women were striking, fashioned entirely from the iridescent body feathers of wild turkeys.[28]
History[link]
European contact[link]
The first recorded contact with Europeans and people presumed to have been the Lenape was in 1524. The explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano was greeted by local Lenape who came by canoe, after his ship entered what is now called Lower New York Bay.
The early interaction between the Lenape and Dutch traders in the 17th century was primarily through the fur trade, specifically, the Lenape trapped and traded beaver pelts for European-made goods. According to Dutch settler Isaac de Rasieres, who observed the Lenape in 1628, the Lenape's primary crop was maize, which they planted in March. They quickly adopted European metal tools for this task.
In May, the Lenape planted kidney beans near the maize plants; the latter served as props for the climbing bean vines. They also planted squash, whose broad leaves cut down on weeds and conserved moisture in the soil. The women devoted their summers to field work and harvested the crops in August. Women cultivated varieties of maize, squash and beans, and did most of the field work, processing and cooking of food.
The men limited their agricultural labor to clearing the field and breaking the soil. They primarily hunted and fished during the rest of the year. Dutch settler David de Vries, who stayed in the area from 1634 to 1644, described a Lenape hunt in the valley of the Achinigeu-hach (or "Ackingsah-sack," the Hackensack River), in which one hundred or more men stood in a line many paces from each other, beating thigh bones on their palms to drive animals to the river, where they could be killed easily. Other methods of hunting included lassoing and drowning deer, as well as forming a circle around prey and setting the brush on fire.
17th century[link]
New Amsterdam was founded by the Dutch in what would later become New York City in 1624. Dutch settlers founded a colony at present-day Lewes, Delaware on June 3, 1631 and named it Zwaanendael (Swan Valley).[29] The colony had a short life, as in 1632 a local band of Lenape killed the 32 Dutch settlers after a misunderstanding escalated over Lenape defacement of the insignia of the Dutch West India Company.[30] In 1634, the Iroquoian-speaking Susquehannock went to war with the Lenape over access to trade with the Dutch at New Amsterdam. They defeated the Lenape, and some scholars believe that the Lenape may have become tributaries to the Susquehannock.[31] After the warfare, the Lenape referred to the Susquehannock as "uncles." The Lenape were added to the Covenant Chain by the Iroquois in 1676, remaining tributary to the Five (later Six) Nations until 1753.
The Lenape's quick adoption of trade goods, and their need to trap furs to meet high European demand, resulted in their disastrous over-harvesting of the beaver population in the lower Hudson Valley. With the fur sources exhausted, the Dutch shifted their operations to present-day upstate New York. The Lenape who produced wampum in the vicinity of Manhattan Island temporarily forestalled the negative effects of this decline in trade.[32] Lenape population fell sharply during this period, due to high fatalities from epidemics of infectious diseases carried by Europeans, such as measles and smallpox, to which they had no natural immunity.
The Lenape had a culture in which the clan and family controlled property. Europeans often tried to contract for land with the tribal chiefs, confusing their culture with that of neighboring tribes such as the Iroquois. The Lenape would petition for grievances on the basis that not all their families had been recognized in the transaction (not that they wanted to "share" the land).[33] After the Dutch arrival in the 1620s, the Lenape were successful in restricting Dutch settlement until the 1660s to Pavonia in present-day Jersey City along the Hudson. The Dutch finally established a garrison at Bergen, which allowed settlement west of the Hudson within the province of New Netherland. This land was purchased from the Lenape after the fact.[33]
In the early 1680s, William Penn and Quaker colonists created the English colony of Pennsylvania beginning at the lower Delaware River. A peace treaty was negotiated between the newly arriving English and Lenape at what is now known as Penn Treaty Park. In the decades immediately following, some 20,000 new colonists arrived in the region, putting pressure on Lenape settlements and hunting grounds. Although Penn endeavored to live peaceably with the Lenape and to create a colony that would do the same, he also expected his authority and that of the colonial government to take precedence. His new colony effectively displaced the Lenape and forced others to adapt to new cultural demands. Penn gained a reputation for benevolence and tolerance, but his efforts resulted in more effective colonization of the ancestral Lenape homeland than previous ones.[34]
18th century[link]
William Penn died in 1718. His heirs, John Penn and Thomas Penn, and their agents were running the colony, and had abandoned many of the elder Penn's practices. They were used to an expensive life-style, but had no money. In their desperation, they contemplated ways to sell Lenape land to colonial settlers. The resulting scheme culminated in the so-called Walking Purchase. In the mid-1730s, colonial administrators produced a draft of a land deed dating to the 1680s. William Penn had approached several leaders of Lenape polities in the lower Delaware to discuss land sales further north. Since the land in question did not belong to their polities, the talks came to nothing. But colonial administrators had prepared the draft that resurfaced in the 1730s. The Penns and their supporters tried to present this draft as an actual deed. Unsurprisingly, Lenape leaders in the lower Delaware refused to accept it. What followed was a convoluted sequence of deception, fraud, and extortion orchestrated by the Pennsylvania government that is commonly known as the Walking Purchase. In the end, all Lenapes who still lived on the Delaware were driven off the remnants of their homeland under threats of violence. Some Lenape polities eventually retaliated by attacking Pennsylvania settlements. When they fought British colonial expansion to a standstill at the height of the Seven Years' War, the British government actually bothered to investigate the causes of Lenape resentment. But the outcome was predictable. The British asked a colonial official from New York, William Johnson, to take charge of the investigation. Johnson made himself a fortune by selling Iroquois land.[35]
Beginning in the 18th century, the Moravian Church established missions among the Lenape.[36] The Moravians required the Christian converts to share their pacifism, as well as to live in a structured and European-style mission village.[37] Moravian pacifism and unwillingness to take loyalty oaths caused conflicts with British authorities, who were seeking aid against the French and their Native American allies during the French and Indian War (Seven Years War). The Moravians' insistence on Christian Lenapes' abandoning traditional warfare practices also alienated mission populations from other Lenape and Native American groups. The Moravians accompanied Lenape relocations to Ohio and Canada, continuing their missionary work. The Moravian Lenape who settled permanently in Ontario after the American Revolutionary War were sometimes referred to as "Christian Munsee", as they mostly spoke the Munsee branch of the Delaware language.
The Treaty of Easton, signed in 1758 between the Lenape and the Anglo-American colonists, required the Lenape to move westward, out of present-day New York and New Jersey and into Pennsylvania, then Ohio and beyond. Sporadically they continued to raid European-American settlers from far outside the area.
During the French and Indian War, the Lenape initially sided with the French. But, such leaders as Teedyuscung in the east and Tamaqua in the vicinity of modern Pittsburgh shifted to building alliances with the English. After the end of the war, however, Anglo-American settlers continued to kill Lenape, often to such an extent that the historian Amy Schutt writes the dead since the wars outnumbered those killed during the war.[38]
In 1763 Bill Hickman, Lenape, warned English colonists in the Juniata River region of an impending attack. Many Lenape joined in Pontiac's War, and were numerous among those Native Americans who besieged Pittsburgh.[39] In April 1763 Teedyuscung was killed when his home was burned. His son Captain Bull responded by attacking settlers from New England who had migrated to the Wyoming Valley of Pennsylvania. The settlers had been sponsored by the Susquehanna Company.[40]
The Lenape were the first Indian tribe to enter into a treaty with the new United States government, with the Treaty of Fort Pitt signed in 1778 during the American Revolutionary War. By then living mostly in the Ohio Country, the Lenape supplied the Continental Army with warriors and scouts in exchange for food supplies and security.
Ohio: 1750s to 1812 (American Revolution and War of 1812)[link]
Further information: Lenape settlements
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After the signing of the Treaty of Easton in 1758, the Lenape were forced to move west out of their native lands into what is today known as Ohio.[41]
During the American Revolution, the Munsee-speaking Lenape (then called Delaware) bands of the Ohio Country were deeply divided over which side, if any, to take in the conflict. Years earlier, many Lenape had migrated west to Ohio from their territory on the mid-Atlantic coast to try to escape colonial encroachment, as well as pressure from Iroquois tribes from the north. They resettled, with bands in numerous villages around their main village of Coshocton.[42] By the time of the Revolutionary War, the Lenape found their villages lay between the western frontier strongholds of the war's opponents: the American colonists' military outpost at Fort Pitt (present-day Pittsburgh) and the British with Indian allies around Fort Detroit (in present-day Michigan).
Some Lenape decided to take up arms against the American colonials and moved to the west, closer to Detroit, where they settled on the Scioto and Sandusky rivers. Those Lenape sympathetic to the United States remained at Coshocton, and leaders signed the Treaty of Fort Pitt (1778) with the Americans. Through this, the Lenape hoped to establish the Ohio Country as a state inhabited exclusively by Native Americans, as part of the new United States. A third group of Lenape, many of them converted Christian Munsees, lived in several mission villages run by Moravians. (They spoke the Munsee branch of Delaware, an Algonquian language.)
White Eyes, the Lenape chief who had negotiated the treaty, died in 1778. Many Lenape at Coshocton eventually joined the war against the Americans. In response, Colonel Daniel Brodhead led an expedition out of Fort Pitt and on 19 April 1781 destroyed Coshocton. Surviving residents fled to the north. Colonel Brodhead convinced the militia to leave the Lenape at the Moravian mission villages unmolested, since they were unarmed non-combatants.
Brodhead's having to restrain the militia from attacking the Moravian villages was a reflection of the brutal nature of frontier warfare. Violence had escalated on both sides. Relations between regular Continental Army officers from the East (such as Brodhead) and western militia were frequently strained. The tensions were worsened by the American government's policy of recruiting some Indian tribes as allies in the war. Western militiamen, many of whom had lost friends and family in Indian raids against settlers' encroachment, blamed all Indians for the acts of some.
During the early 1770s, missionaries, including David Zeisberger and John Heckewelder, arrived in the Ohio Country near the Delaware villages. The Moravian Church sent these men to convert the natives to Christianity. The missionaries established several missions, including Gnadenhutten, Lichtenau, and Schoenbrunn. The missionaries asked that the natives forsake all of their traditional customs and ways of life. Many Delaware did adopt Christianity, but others refused to do so. The Delaware became a divided people during the 1770s, including in Killbuck's family. Killbuck resented his grandfather for allowing the Moravians to remain in the Ohio Country. The Moravians believed in pacifism, and Killbuck believed that every convert to the Moravians deprived the Delaware of a warrior to stop further white settlement of their land.
During the French and Indian War, Killbuck assisted the English against their French enemy. In 1761, Killbuck led an English supply train from Fort Pitt to Fort Sandusky. The British paid him one dollar per day. Later Killbuck became a leader in a very dangerous time for the Delaware. The American Revolution had just begun, and Killbuck found his people caught between the English in the West and the Americans in the East. At the war's beginning, Killbuck and many Delaware claimed to be neutral. In 1778, Killbuck permitted American soldiers to traverse Delaware territory so that the soldiers could attack Fort Detroit. In return, Killbuck requested that the Americans build a fort near the natives' major village of Coshocton to provide the Delaware with protection from English attacks. The Americans agreed and built Fort Laurens, which they garrisoned.
Other Indian groups, especially the Wyandot, the Mingo, the Munsee, the Shawnee, and the Wolf Clan of the Delaware, favored the British. They believed that by their proclamation of 1763, restricting Anglo-American settlement to east of the Appalachian Mountains, that the British would help them preserve a Native American territory. The British planned to attack Fort Laurens in early 1779 and demanded that the neutral Delawares formally side with the British. Killbuck warned the Americans of the planned attack. His actions helped save the fort, but the Americans abandoned it in August 1779. The Delaware had lost their protectors and, in theory, faced attacks from the British, their native allies, and the American settlers who flooded into the area in the late 1770s and early 1780s after the war. Most Delaware formally joined the British after the American withdrawal from Fort Laurens.
Facing pressure from the British, the Americans, and even his fellow natives, Killbuck hoped a policy of neutrality would save his people from destruction. It did not.
19th century[link]
The amateur anthropologist Silas Wood published a book claiming that there were several American Indian tribes that were distinct to Long Island, New York. He collectively called them the Metoac. Modern scientific scholarship has shown that two linguistic groups represented two Algonquian cultural identities on the island, not "13 individual tribes" as asserted by Wood. The bands to the west were Lenape. Those to the east were more related culturally to the Algonquian tribes of New England across Long Island Sound, such as the Pequot.[43][44] Wood (and earlier settlers) often misinterpreted the Indian use of place names for identity as indicating their names for "tribes."
Over a period of 176 years, European settlers progressively crowded the Lenape out of the East Coast and Ohio, and pressed them to move further west. Most members of the Munsee-language branch of the Lenape left the United States after the British were defeated in the American Revolutionary War, and their descendants live on three Indian reserves in Western Ontario, Canada. They are descendants of those Lenape of Ohio Country who sided with the British during the Revolutionary War. The largest reserve is at Moraviantown, Ontario, where the Turtle Clan settled in 1792 following the war.
Indiana to Missouri[link]
By the Treaty of St. Mary’s, signed October 3, 1818 in St. Mary's Ohio, the Delaware ceded their lands in Indiana for lands west of the Mississippi and an annuity of $4,000. Over the next few years, the Delaware settled on the James River near its confluence with Wilson Creek, occupying eventually about 40,000 acres (160 km2) of the approximately 2,000,000 acres (8,100 km2) allotted to them.[45] Anderson, Indiana is named after Chief William Anderson, whose father was Swedish. The Delaware Village in Indiana was called Anderson's Town while the Delaware Village in Missouri on the James River was often called Anderson’s Village. The tribes' cabins and cornfields were spread out along the James River and Wilson Creek.[46]
Role in western history[link]
Many Delaware participated in exploration of the western United States, working as trappers with the mountain men, and as guides and hunters for wagon trains. They served as army guides and scouts in events such as the Second Seminole War, Frémont's expeditions, and the conquest of California during the Mexican-American War.[47][48][49] Occasionally, they played surprising roles as Indian allies.[50]
Sagundai accompanied one of Frémont's expeditions as one of his Delaware guides. From California, Fremont needed to communicate with Senator Benton. Sagundai volunteered to carry the message, through some 2,200 kilometres of hostile territory. He took many scalps in this adventure, including that of a Comanche with a particularly fine horse, who had outrun both Sagundai and the other Comanches. Sagundai was thrown when his horse stepped into a prairie-dog hole, avoided the Comanche's lance, shot him dead, and caught his horse by the trailing lariat to make good his own escape. Upon his arrival among his own people, the Delaware held the last war and scalp dances in their history. These were held "where Edwin Taylor now (in 1918) lives, on the hill", at Edwardsville, Kansas.[51]
Kansas reservation[link]
File:DelawareFarmKansas.jpg
Lenape farm on the Delaware Indian Reservation in Kansas in 1867
By the terms of the "Treaty of the James Fork" made September 24, 1829 and ratified by the US Senate in 1830, the Delaware were granted lands west of the Missouri River in Indian Territory in exchange for lands on the James Fork on the White River in Missouri. These lands, in what is now Kansas, were west of the Missouri and north of the Kansas River. The main reserve consisted of about 1,000,000 acres (4,000 km2) with an additional "outlet" strip 10 miles (16 km) wide extending to the west.[52][53][54] About 1,000 Delaware lived on the Delaware Reservation in Kansas, many in log cabins, but some in substantial farm houses with outbuildings.[55] The center of activity was in what is now Muncie, Kansas, a neighborhood of Kansas City, Kansas north of Delaware Crossing on the Kansas River. The Delaware Indian agency, the blacksmith, and the Baptist and Methodist missions were located there.
White encroachment[link]
In 1854 Congress passed the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which created the Territory of Kansas and opened the area for white settlement. It also authorized negotiation with Indian tribes regarding removal. The Delaware were reluctant to negotiate for another relocation, but they feared serious trouble with white settlers, which developed.
As the Delaware were not considered citizens, they had no access to the courts, and no way to enforce their property rights. That was, theoretically, done by the United States Army after the Indian Agent had followed onerous procedures requiring both posting a public notice warning trespassers and serving written notice on them. Major B.F. Robinson, the Indian Agent appointed in 1855, did his best, but could not control the hundreds of white trespassers who stole stock, cut timber, and built houses and squatted on Delaware lands. By 1860 the Delaware had reached consensus to leave Kansas, which was in accord with the government's Indian removal policy.[56]
Oklahoma[link]
The main body of Lenape arrived in the northeast region of Oklahoma in the 1860s.[citation needed] Along the way many smaller groups left, or were told to stay where they were.[citation needed] As a result of the multiple removals, each leaving some Delaware who chose to stay in place, today, from New Jersey to Wisconsin to southwest Oklahoma, there are groups who retain a sense of connection with ancestors who lived in the Delaware Valley in the 17th century and with cousins in the Lenape diaspora.
The two largest groups are the Delaware Nation (Anadarko, Oklahoma), and the Delaware Tribe of Indians (Bartlesville, Oklahoma), the only two federally recognized Lenape (Delaware) tribes in the United States.[57] The Oklahoma branches were established in 1867. The Delaware were required to purchase land from the reservation of the Cherokee Nation; they made two payments totaling $438,000. A court dispute followed over whether the sale included rights for the Delaware as citizens within the Cherokee Nation.
While the dispute was unsettled, the Curtis Act of 1898 dissolved tribal governments and ordered the allotment of tribal lands to individual members of tribes. After the lands were allotted in 160 acre (650,000 m²) lots to tribal members in 1907, the government sold "surplus" land to non-Indians. The relatively arid land was not suitable for subsistence farming on such small plots.[citation needed]
20th century[link]
In 1979, the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs revoked the tribal status of the Delaware living among Cherokee in Oklahoma. They began to count the Delaware as Cherokee. The Delaware had this decision overturned in 1996, when they were recognized by the federal government as a separate tribal nation.[citation needed]
21st century[link]
The Cherokee Nation filed suit to overturn the independent federal recognition of the Delaware. The tribe lost federal recognition in a 2004 court ruling in favor of the Cherokee Nation, but regained it on 28 July 2009.[58] After recognition, the tribe reorganized under the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act. Members approved a constitution and bylaws in a May 26, 2009 vote. Jerry Douglas was elected as tribal chief.[57]
In 2004, the Delaware Nation filed suit against Pennsylvania in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, seeking to reclaim 315 acres (1.27 km2) included in the 1737 Walking Purchase to build a casino. In the suit titled "The Deleware Nation v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania" the plaintiffs acting as the successor in interest and political continuation of the Lenni Lenape and of Lenape Chief “Moses” Tundy Tatamy, claimed aboriginal and fee title to the 315 acres of land located in Forks Township in Northampton County, near the town of Tatamy, Pennsylvania. After the Walking Purchase Chief Tatamy was granted legal permission for him and his family to remain on this parcel of land known as “Tatamy's Place. In addition to suing the state the tribe also sued the township, the county and elected officials, including Gov. Ed Rendell.
The court held that the justness of the extinguishment of aboriginal title is nonjusticiable, including in the case of fraud. Because the extinguishment occurred prior to the passage of the first Indian Nonintercourse Act in 1790, that Act did not avail the Delaware.
As a result the court granted the Commonwealth's motion to dismiss. In its conclusion the court stated: ... we find that the Delaware Nation's aboriginal rights to Tatamy's Place were extinguished in 1737 and that, later, fee title to the land was granted to Chief Tatamy-not to the tribe as a collectivity.[59]
Contemporary tribes and organizations[link]
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Three Lenape tribes are federally recognized in the United States. They are as follows:
- Delaware Tribe of Indians, Bartlesville, Oklahoma
- Delaware Nation, Anadarko, Oklahoma
- Stockbridge-Munsee Community, Wisconsin.
In Ontario, Canada, there are three Lenape First Nations with four Indian reserves. They are:
- Munsee-Delaware Nation 1, Ontario, Canadian reserve.
- Moravian of the Thames First Nation, Canadian reserve.
- Delaware of Six Nations (at Six Nations of the Grand River), two Canadian reserves.
New Jersey has two state recognized tribes, who are in part Lenape: the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Indians of New Jersey and Ramapough Lenape Nation.[60] Over a dozen unrecognized tribes claim Lenape descent. Unrecognized Lenape organizations in Colorado, Idaho, and Kansas have petitioned the US federal government for recognition.[61]
Some Lenape or Delaware live in communities known as Urban Indians in their historic homeland in a number of states such as Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey and Virginia. They also live in the New England States; within the city of Tulsa, Oklahoma. New York City and Philadelphia are known to have some Lenape residents; and others live in diaspora across the country.[citation needed]
Literature and popular culture[link]
The Delaware feature prominently in The Last of the Mohicans and the other Leatherstocking Tales of James Fenimore Cooper. The Boy Scouts of America honor society, Order of the Arrow was inspired by their interpretation of Lenape culture and language.[citation needed]
The Walam Olum, which purported to be an account of the Delaware's migration to the lands around the Delaware River, emerged through the works of Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in the 19th century. For many decades, scholars believed it was genuine. In the 1980s and 1990s, newer textual analysis suggested it was a hoax.[62][63]
In Cormac McCarthy's Blood Meridian, the group of American scalphunters are aided by an unspecified number of Delaware, who serve as scouts and guides through the western deserts. In The Light in the Forest, True Son is adopted by a band of Lenape.[citation needed]
In Mark Raymond Harrington's 1938 novel, The Indians of New Jersey: Dickon among the Lenapes, a group of Lenape find a shipwrecked English boy. His gradual integration into the tribe provides a study of Lenape life, society, weaponry, and beliefs. The book includes a glossary for Lenape terms. Trouble's Daughter: The Story of Susanna Hutchinson, Indian Captive is a young adult novel of a fictional kidnapping by the Lenape Turtle Clan of a daughter of Anne Hutchinson, the religious reformer and founder of the Rhode Island colony. Moon of Two Dark Horses is a novel of the friendship between a white settler and a Lenape boy at the time of the Revolutionary War. Standing in the Light, The Captive Diary of Catherine Carey Logan, part of the Dear America series of fictional diaries, is a novel by Mary Pope Osborne. It tells the story of the capture of a teenage girl and her brother by a band of Lenape, and the youths' assimilation into Lenape culture.
Peter Lindestrom's Geographia America with an Account of the Delaware Indians is one of the few sympathetic contemporary accounts of Lenape life in the lower Delaware River valley during the 17th century.
Moravian missionary John Heckewelder published a sympathetic account of the Lenape in exile in the Ohio Valley. His account, published in 1818, provides some alternate Lenape tribal history disputing the tributary relationship with the Susquehannock. "Scouts of '76: a tale of the revolutionary war", a 1924 book by Charles E. Willis, contains an account of the contributions of the Lenni Lenape to the American Revolution when they lived in the area of Lake Wawayanda.
Notable Lenape people[link]
- Dan Barker, founder of the Freedom From Religion Foundation
- Black Beaver (1806–1880), Trapper, trader and scout; first inductee into the American Indian Hall of Fame.
- Buckongahelas, Wolf clan war leader
- Charles Journeycake, Chief of the Wolf Clan from 1855 and principal chief from 1861. Visited Washington, D.C. 24 times on his tribe's behalf.[64]
- Killbuck (Gelelemend), Turtle clan leader[65]
- Captain Jacobs, War Chief
- Oratam, sachem of the Hackensack
- Neolin, the Delaware Prophet
- Captain Pipe (Hopocan), (ca. 1725—ca. 1818), 18th Century chief and member of the Wolf Clan.
- Shingas, Turkey clan war leader
- Tamanend, leader who, according to tradition, negotiated treaty with William Penn, and who Tammany Hall was named for
- Tamaqua (King Bear), Turkey clan civil leader
- Teedyuscung, "King" of the eastern Delawares
- White Eyes (c. 1730–1778), Turtle clan civil leader and chief who negotiated the Treaty of Fort Pitt
- Chief Newcomer, founder the village of Gekelmukpechunk (Newcomerstown), Ohio in the 1760s
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ "Art on the Prairies: Delaware", All About the Shoes, (retrieved 19 July 2011)
- ^ a b c d Pritzker 422
- ^ "Pocket Pictorial." Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission. 2010: 13. (retrieved 10 June 2010)
- ^ Goddard, Ives (1978). "Delaware". In Bruce G. Trigger. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15: Northeast. Washington. pp. 213–239.
- ^ a b Paul Otto, 179 "Intercultural Relations Between Native Americans and Europeans in New Netherland and New York" in Four Centuries of Dutch-American Relations,SUNY Press, 2009
- ^ Goddard. "Delaware". Handbook. pp. 213–216.
- ^ Snow, Dean R. (1996). "Mohawk demography and the effects of exogenous epidemics on American Indian populations". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 15: 160–182.
- ^ Goddard, Ives (1978). "Eastern Algonquian languages". In Bruce G. Trigger. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15: Northeast. Washington. pp. 70–77.
- ^ Goddard. "Delaware". Handbook. pp. 223–224.
- ^ Hoxie, Frederick E. (1984). A final promise: The campaign to assimilate the Indians, 1880–1920. Lincoln, NE.
- ^ Blalock, Lucy; Pearson, Bruce L.; Rementer, James (1994). The Delaware language. Bartlesville, OK. Dean, Nora Thompson (1979). Lenape language lessons, 2 vols. Dewey, OK. Whritenour, Raymond (1995). A Delaware-English lexicon of words and phrases: Vocabulary compiled by David Zeisberger and other missionaries of the United Brethren, now edited, alphabetized, annotated and idexed by Raymond Whritenour. Butler, NJ.
- ^ Utz, Axel (2011). Cultural exchange, imperialist violence, and pious missions: Local perspectives from Tanjavur and Lenape country, 1720–1760 (Ph.D. thesis). Pennsylvania State University. pp. 140–147. http://search.proquest.com/docview/902171220.
- ^ Fariello, Leonardo A. "A Place Called Whippany", Whippanong Library, 2000 (retrieved 19 July 2011)
- ^ *Kraft, Herbert C. The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage: 10,000 B.C. to A.D. 2000.: Lenape Books, 2001. ISBN 0-935137-03-3
- ^ see New Amsterdam for discussion of the Dutch "purchase" of Manhattan
- ^ Stevenson W. Fletcher, Pennsylvania Agriculture and Country Life 1640–1840 (Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1950), 2, 35–37, 63–65, 124.
- ^ Day, Gordon M. “The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forests.” Ecology, Vol. 34, #2 (April): 329–346. New England and New York areas 1580–1800. Notes that the Lenni Lenape (Delaware) tribe in New Jersey and the Massachuset tribe in Massachusetts used fire in ecosystems.1953
- ^ Russell, Emily W.B. Vegetational Change in Northern New Jersey Since 1500 A.D.: A Palynological, Vegetational and Historical Synthesis Ph.D. dissertation. New Brunswick, PA: Rutgers University. Author notes on page 8 that Indians often augmented lightning fires. 1979
- ^ Russell, Emily W.B. "Indian Set Fires in the Forests of the Northeastern United States." Ecology, Vol. 64, #1 (Feb): 78 88. 1983a Author found no strong evidence that Indians purposely burned large areas, but they did burn small areas near their habitation sites. Noted that the Lenna Lenape Tribe used fire.
- ^ A Brief Description of New York, Formerly Called New Netherlands with the Places Thereunto Adjoining, Likewise a Brief Relation of the Customs of the Indians There, New York, NY: William Gowans. 1670. Reprinted in 1937 by the Facsimile Text Society, Columbia University Press, New York. Notes that the Lenni Lenape (Delaware) tribe in New Jersey used fire in ecosystems.
- ^ Smithsonian Institution—Handbook of North American Indians series: Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15—Northeast. Bruce G. Trigger (volume editor). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. 1978 References to Indian burning for the Eastern Algonquians, Virginia Algonquians, Northern Iroquois, Huron, Mahican, and Delaware Tribes and peoples.
- ^ Mark Kurlansky, 2006.
- ^ D. Dreibelbis, 1978.
- ^ Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, 1999.
- ^ Weslager, C. A.., The Delaware Indians: A History, Rutgers University Press, 2000, p. 54.
- ^ Kraft, Herbert C., The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage: 10,000 BC to AD 2000, Lenape Books, 2001, pp. 237–240.
- ^ Kraft, Herbert C. The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage: 10,000 BC to AD 2000. Lenape Books, 2001, p. 239.
- ^ Weslager, p. 54.
- ^ Munroe, John A.: Colonial Delaware: A History: Millwood, New York: KTO Press; 1978; pp. 9–12
- ^ Cook, Albert Myers. Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey and Delaware 1630–1707. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1912, p. 9
- ^ Jennings (2000), p. 117
- ^ Otto, Paul, 91 The Dutch-Munsee Encounter in America: The Struggle for Sovereignty in the Hudson Valley. New York: Berghahn Press, 2006.
- ^ a b William Christie MacLeod. "The Family Hunting Territory and Lenape Political Organization," American Anthropologist 24.
- ^ Spady (2004), pp. 18–40
- ^ Harper, Steven Craig (2006). Promised land: Penn's holy experiment, the Walking Purchase, and the dispossession of Delawares, 1600–1763. Bethlehem, PA.
- ^ Gray, Elma. Wilderness Christians: Moravian Missions to the Delaware Indians. Ithaca. 1956
- ^ Olmstead, Earl P. Blackcoats among the Delaware: David Zeisberger on the Ohio frontier. Kent, Ohio. 1991
- ^ Amy C. Schutt. Peoples of the Rivers. p. 118
- ^ Schutt. People of the River, p. 118
- ^ Schutt. People of the River, p. 119
- ^ Keenan, Encyclopedia of American Indian Wars, 1492–1890, 1999, p. 234; Moore, The Northwest Under Three Flags, 1635–1796, 1900, p. 151.
- ^
William Dean Howells, “Gnadenhütten,” Three Villages, Boston: James R. Osgood and Co., 1884., accessed 19 Mar 2010 - ^ Strong, John A. Algonquian Peoples of Long Island Heart of the Lakes Publishing (March 1997). ISBN 978-1-55787-148-0
- ^ Bragdon, Kathleen. The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Northeast,Columbia University Press (2002). ISBN 978-0-231-11452-3.
- ^ "Removal Era", accessed September 8, 2010
- ^ "Delaware Town", Missouri State University, accessed September 8, 2010
- ^ Weslager, The Delaware Indians, pp. 375, 378–380
- ^ Sides, Hampton, Blood and Thunder: An Epic of the American West, Doubleday (2006), pp. 77–80, 94, 101, hardcover, 462 pages, ISBN 978-0-385-50777-6
- ^ Page lv of the introduction by Frank McNitt, Simpson, James H, edited and annotated by Frank McNitt, forward by Durwood Ball, Navaho Expedition: Journal of a Military Reconnaissance from Santa Fe, New Mexico, to the Navaho Country, Made in 1849, University of Oklahoma Press (1964), trade paperback (2003), 296 pages, ISBN 0.8061-3570-0
- ^ Sides, Blood and Thunder, p. 181
- ^ William E. Connelley, A Standard History of Kansas and Kansans, transcribed by Carolyn Ward, Kansas State Library, Genweb, 1998, accessed 12 March 2011.
- ^ "BIBLIOGRAPHY DELAWARE INDIANS IN KANSAS 1829–1867. Kansas State Historical Society,Accessed September 2, 2010
- ^ 9 Indian Claims Commission 346
- ^ 12 Indian Claims Commission 404
- ^ Weslager, The Delaware Indians, pp. 373–374,
- ^ Pages 401 to 409. Weslager, The Delaware Indians
- ^ a b "Delaware Tribe regains federal recognition" NewsOk. 4 Aug 2009 (retrieved 5 August 2009)
- ^ "Delaware Tribe of Indians’ federal recognition restored", Indian Country Today. 7 Aug 2009 (retrieved 11 August 2009)
- ^ Findlaw: THE DELAWARE NATION v. COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 250[1]
- ^ "New Jersey Tribes." 500 Nations. Retrieved 22 Jan 2012.
- ^ "Petitions for Federal Recognition." 500 Nations. Retrieved 22 Jan 2012.
- ^ Williams, Steven. Fantastic Archaeology: The Wild Side of North American Prehistory. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1991.
- ^ Vansina 54-55
- ^ S. H. Mitchell (1895)
- ^ Killbuck, Ohio History Central. July 1, 2005
References[link]
- Burrows, Edward G. and Wallace, Mike, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1989 Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-19-514049-4.
- Dreibelbis, Dana E., "The Use of Microstructural Growth Patterns of Mercenaria Mercenaria to Determine the Prehistoric Seasons of Harvest at Tuckerton Midden, Tuckerton, New Jersey," thesis, Princeton University, 1978.
- Jennings, Francis, The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire, 2000. ISBN 0-393-01719-2
- Kurlansky, Mark. The Big Oyster: History on the Half Shell. Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2007. ISBN 978-0-345-47639-5
- Mitchell, S. H. Internet Archive The Indian Chief, Journeycake. Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1895.
- Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-513877-1.
- Spady, James. "Colonialism and the Discursive Antecedents of Penn's Treaty with the Indians". Daniel K. Richter and William A. Pencak, eds. Friends and Enemies in Penn's Woods: Indians, Colonists, and the Racial Construction of Pennsylvania. University Park, PA: PSU Press, 2004: 18–40.
- Vansina, Jan. Oral Tradition as History. Oxford, James Currey (1985) ISBN 0-85255-007-3.
- Weslager, C.A. The Delaware Indians: A History. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1972. ISBN 0-8135-0702-2.
Further reading[link]
- Adams, Richard Calmit, The Delaware Indians, a brief history, Hope Farm Press (Saugerties, NY 1995) [originally published by Government Printing Office, (Washington, DC 1909)]
- Bierhorst, John. The White Deer and Other Stories Told by the Lenape. New York: W. Morrow, 1995. ISBN 0-688-12900-5
- Brown, James W. and Rita T. Kohn, eds. Long Journey Home ISBN 978-0-253-34968-2. Indiana University Press (2007).
- Grumet, Robert Steven (2009). The Munsee Indians: a history. Civilization of the American Indian. 262. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-4062-9. OCLC 317361732.
- Kraft, Herbert C., The Lenape: archaeology, history and ethnography, New Jersey Historical Society, (Newark, NJ 1986)
- Kraft, Herbert C. The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage: 10,000 B.C. to A.D. 2000. Stanhope, NJ: Lenape Books, 2001.
- O'Meara, John, Delaware-English / English-Delaware dictionary, University of Toronto Press (Toronto, 1996) ISBN 0-8020-0670-1.
- Otto, Paul, The Dutch-Munsee Encounter in America: The Struggle for Sovereignty in the Hudson Valley (New York: Berghahn Books, 2006). ISBN 1-57181-672-0
- Pritchard, Evan T., Native New Yorkers: The Legacy of the Algonquin People of New York. Council Oak Books: San Francisco, 2002, 2007. ISBN 1-57178-107-2.
- Richter, Conrad, The Light In The Forest, (New York, NY 1953).
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lenape |
- Delaware Nation, Anadarko, Oklahoma, official website
- Delaware Tribe of Indians, Bartlesville, Oklahoma, official website
- Lenape/English dictionary
- Lenni Lenape Historical Society
- Lenape (Southern Unami) Talking Dictionary
http://wn.com/Lenape
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Делавары
http://nl.wn.com/Lenni-Lenape
http://pt.wn.com/Lenapes
http://de.wn.com/Lenni Lenape
http://fr.wn.com/Lenapes
http://pl.wn.com/Delawarowie
http://it.wn.com/Lenape
http://es.wn.com/Lenape
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenape
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Total population |
|---|
| Approximately 1,200 in 1600 1,000 (1990)[1] |
| Regions with significant populations |
 United States (Delaware, New Jersey, Oklahoma),  Canada ( Ontario)[1] |
| Languages |
|
English, formerly Nanticoke language |
| Religion |
| Related ethnic groups |
|
Assateague, Choptank, Conoy, Patuxent, Piscataway, Pocomoke[1] |
The Nanticoke people are an indigenous American Algonquian people, whose traditional homelands are in Chesapeake Bay and Delaware. Today they live in the northeast United States, especially Delaware; in Canada; and in Oklahoma.[1]
Contents |
History[link]
The Nanticoke people may have originated in Labrador, Canada and migrated through the Great Lake region and the Ohio Valley to the east, along with the Shawnee and Lenape peoples.[1]
In 1608, the Nanticoke came into European contact, with the arrival of British captain John Smith. They allied with the British and traded beaver pelts with them.[1] They were located in today's Dorchester, Somerset and Wicomico counties.[2]
A reservation, situated between Chicacoan Creek and the Nanticoke River in Maryland, was formally established by the Nanticokes and British governments in 1684.[1] Non-native peoples encroached upon their lands, so the tribe purchased a 3,000-acre tract of land in 1707 on the Broad Creek in Delaware, which they sold in 1768. The Nanticokes obtained permission from the Iroquois Confederacy to settle near Wyoming, Pennsylvania and along the Juniata River in 1744, although they moved further upriver a decade later. They joined the Piscataway tribe, and were both under the jurisdiction of the League of the Iroquois.[3]
Members of the Conoy people joined the Nanticoke in the 1740s. Together they were neutral in the French and Indian War. During the American Revolution, they allied with the British. In 1778, two hundred Nanticokes moved north to Fort Niagara and then the Six Nations Reserve near Brantford, Ontario, Canada.[3] Other Nanticokes stayed at Buffalo River, New York. Another group of Nanticoke joined the Lenape and migrated to Kansas and in 1867, Indian Territory.[3]
Name[link]
Their autonym is Nentego, which means, "Tidewater People."[1] The Nanticoke chiefdoms are now described as the Wicomoco, Monie and Manokin, which occupied areas along the rivers that were named after them.[2] The Nanticoke had an extensive trading network with tribes throughout the Chesapeake Bay area. Early accounts described the Nanticoke tribes as the Arseek, Cuscarawoc, and Nause.[4]
Language[link]
The Nanticoke language was distinct from the Algonquian languages spoken by tribes on the Western Shore of Maryland and along the Potomac River.[2] The Nanticoke language has since become extinct. The last speaker was Lydia Clark, who died in the 1840s.[5]
Modern day[link]
Today, some Nanticoke people are part of the federally recognized Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation in Ontario, Canada.[3] The ones who traveled west with the Delaware are part of the federally recognized Delaware Tribe of Indians in Oklahoma.[6] The Nanticoke Indian Association of Millsboro has been a state recognized tribe in Delaware since 1922.[7] The Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Indians are a state recognized tribe in New Jersey.
Nanticoke Indian Association[link]
In 1744 other Nanticoke settled near the Indian River in Delaware. They reorganized as the Nanticoke Indian Association and were recognized as a tribe by the state in 1881.[8] They have their headquarters in Millsboro. In 1922 they were chartered as a non-profit organization. They organized annual powwows, carrying them on until the mid-1930s, during the Great Depression. In 1977 the tribe revived the annual event. Later they built a museum in honor of their heritage, to teach their children and other Americans.[8]
In 2002 Kenneth S. "Red Deer" Clark Sr., the head chief of the association, and Assistant Chief, his son "Little Owl" Clark, resigned.[9]
"Tee" Norwood was elected chief and served until 2008 who was then replaced by Larry Jackson, elected in 2008. Chief Robbins currently leads the organization.
Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Indians[link]
Some Nanticoke settled across the Delaware Bay in southern New Jersey, where they joined the Lenape and intermarried with them. The Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Indians of New Jersey are recognized by that state and based in Bridgeton.[8] They have members with mixed Nanticoke and Lenape ancestry. Both tribes were historically Algonquian speaking, and there have been years of intermarriage between them.
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h Pritzker 440
- ^ a b c Wayne E. Clark, "Indians in Maryland, an Overview", Maryland Online Encyclopedia', 2004-2005, accessed 18 Mar 2010
- ^ a b c d Pritzker 441
- ^ Hodge, Frederick Webb (Editor), Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, Part 2. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1910
- ^ "History", Nanticoke Tribe, accessed 8 Oct 2009
- ^ Howard, James H. "The Nanticoke-Delaware Skeleton Dance." American Indian Quarterly. 1975
- ^ "Welcome." Nanticoke Indian Tribe. 2004 (retrieved 3 Jan 2010)
- ^ a b c Brown, Robin (1 Jan 2008). "The backstory on the Nanticoke Indian Tribe". delawareonline.com. http://www.delawareonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080101/NEWS/80101007/0/SPORTS03&theme=BACKSTORY. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
- ^ Jim Cresson, "Chiefs resign from Nanticoke Indian Association", Cape Gazette, 15 Mar 2002, Mitsawokett, accessed 8 Oct 2009
References[link]
- Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-513877-1.
External links[link]
- Nanticoke Indian Association, Delaware, official website
- Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Indian Of New Jersey, New Jersey, official website
- Delaware Tribe of Indians, Oklahoma, official website
- Six Nations of the Grand River, Ontario, official website
http://wn.com/Nanticoke_people
Related pages:
http://pt.wn.com/Nanticokes
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanticoke_people
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
