Morinda citrifolia
Leaves and fruit
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Gentianales
Family:	Rubiaceae
Genus:	Morinda
Species:	M. citrifolia
Binomial name
Morinda citrifolia L.

Morinda citrifolia, commonly known as great morinda, Indian mulberry, nunaakai (Tamil Nadu, India), dog dumpling (Barbados), mengkudu (Indonesia and Malaysia), apatot (Philippines), kumudu (Bali), pace (Java), beach mulberry, cheese fruit^[1] or noni (from Hawaiian) is a tree in the coffee family, Rubiaceae. Its native range extends through Southeast Asia and Australasia, and the species is now cultivated throughout the tropics and widely naturalised.^[2]

Growing habitats[link]

M. citrifolia flower

M. citrifolia grows in shady forests, as well as on open rocky or sandy shores. It reaches maturity in about 18 months, then yields between 4 and 8 kg (8.8 and 18 lb) of fruit every month throughout the year. It is tolerant of saline soils, drought conditions, and secondary soils. It is therefore found in a wide variety of habitats: volcanic terrains, lava-strewn coasts, and clearings or limestone outcrops. It can grow up to 9 m (30 ft) tall, and has large, simple, dark green, shiny and deeply veined leaves.

The plant bears flowers and fruits all year round. The fruit is a multiple fruit that has a pungent odour when ripening, and is hence also known as cheese fruit or even vomit fruit. It is oval in shape and reaches 10–18 centimetres (3.9–7.1 in) size. At first green, the fruit turns yellow then almost white as it ripens. It contains many seeds. It is sometimes called starvation fruit. Despite its strong smell and bitter taste, the fruit is nevertheless eaten as a famine food^[3] and, in some Pacific islands, even a staple food, either raw or cooked.^[4] Southeast Asians and Australian Aborigines consume the fruit raw with salt^[5] or cook it with curry. The seeds are edible when roasted.

M. citrifolia is especially attractive to weaver ants, which make nests from the leaves of the tree. These ants protect the plant from some plant-parasitic insects. The smell of the fruit also attracts fruit bats, which aid in dispersing the seeds.

Nutrients and phytochemicals[link]

M. citrifolia fruit in Honolulu

M. citrifolia fruit powder contains carbohydrates and dietary fibre in moderate amounts.^[6] These macronutrients evidently reside in the fruit pulp, as M. citrifolia juice has sparse nutrient content.^[7] The main micronutrients of M. citrifolia pulp powder include vitamin C, niacin (vitamin B₃), iron and potassium.^[6] Vitamin A, calcium and sodium are present in moderate amounts. When M. citrifolia juice alone is analyzed and compared to pulp powder, only vitamin C is retained^[7] in an amount that is about half the content of a raw navel orange.^[8] Sodium levels in M. citrifolia juice (about 3% of Dietary Reference Intake, DRI)^[6] are high compared to an orange, and potassium content is moderate. The juice is otherwise similar in micronutrient content to a raw orange.^[8]

M. citrifolia fruit contains a number of phytochemicals, including lignans, oligo- and polysaccharides, flavonoids, iridoids, fatty acids, scopoletin, catechin, beta-sitosterol, damnacanthal, and alkaloids. Although these substances have been studied for bioactivity, current research is insufficient to conclude anything about their effects on human health.^{[9][10][11][12][13]} These phytochemicals are not unique to M. citrifolia, as they exist in various plants.

Traditional medicine[link]

The green fruit, leaves, and root/rhizomes were traditionally used in Polynesian cultures to treat menstrual cramps, bowel irregularities, diabetes, liver diseases, and urinary tract infections.^[14]

Noni, Morinda citrifolia

Consumer applications[link]

The bark of the great morinda produces a brownish-purplish dye for batik-making. In Hawaii, yellowish dye is extracted from its roots to dye cloth.^[15]

There have been recent applications for the use of M. citrifolia seed oil^[16] which contains linoleic acid possibly useful when applied topically to skin, e.g., for anti-inflammation, acne reduction, or moisture retention.^[17][18][19]

See also[link]

• Tahitian Noni International – a multi-level marketing company selling sweetened noni juice, based in Provo, Utah
• Noni juice

References[link]

Further reading[link]

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Aal.

• Noni: The Complete Guide for Consumers and Growers. Permanent Agriculture Resources. August 2006. pp. 112. ISBN 0-9702544-6-6. 
• Kamiya, Kohei; Tanaka, Yohei; Endang, Hanani; Umar, Mansur; Satake, Toshiko (2004). "Chemical Constituents of Morinda citrifolia Fruits Inhibit Copper-Induced Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52 (19): 5843–8. DOI:10.1021/jf040114k. PMID 15366830. 

External links[link]

• "The Noni Website". 2006. http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/noni/. 
• Thomas, Chris (August 30, 2002). "Noni No Miracle Cure". Cancerpage.com. http://www.cancerpage.com/news/article.asp?id=4799. 
• Anthony, Mark. "Noni or NIMBY?". Foodprocessing.com. http://www.foodprocessing.com/articles/2007/018.html. 

Leonie Elva "Noni" Hazlehurst (born 17 August 1953, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia) is an Australian actress. She won the Best Support Actress in a Single Series in the Logie Awards of 1985. After attending St Leonard's College in Brighton East, Victoria, Hazlehurst completed a Bachelor of Arts in 1973 at Flinders University in Adelaide. She has studied ballet, singing, piano, speech and drama. In the 1980s and 1990s, much of Noni's work had concentrated on children's television. She was married to actor John Jarratt until they divorced.

She lives in Victoria with her two teenage sons, Charlie and William, and her partner Ian Marden.^[1]

Television work[link]

Hazlehurst began as an actress in television serials produced by Crawford Productions. She initially played the ongoing role of Sharon Lewis in The Box in 1975 before joining the original cast of The Sullivans as Lil Duggan in late 1976. She was a Play School presenter from 1978 to 2001, and has been an Ambassador for Children's Week since 1991. She has also worked extensively to provide fun and education for children. Noni has recorded several albums and spoken work cassettes and is a respected performer, presenter, writer and director whose work extends across all media, theatre, film, radio and television.

In the 1990s she also hosted the Seven Networks Better Homes and Gardens, a lifestyle show which is affiliated with a monthly magazine of the same name. In December 2004, she left the show to make three films, including Little Fish with Sam Neill and Hugo Weaving. Other TV roles included the title role in the 1987 telemovie Nancy Wake.

In 2006, she starred in ABC's telemovie Stepfather of the Bride. From 2007-2011, she played Detective Superintendent Bernice Waverley on Channel Seven crime drama City Homicide. In 2010, she was a guest on The 7PM Project on Network Ten. In July 2011, as part of a rapidly growing internet meme, she read the book Go the Fuck to Sleep to camera in the style she formerly used on Play School. She immediately offered to record a reading of the book after being sent a copy by the publisher.^[2]

Film work[link]

Hazlehurst has had starring roles in Australian films since the 1980s (including roles in Fatty Finn, Monkey Grip (including a nude scene), Fran and Australian Dream). She starred in Little Fish in 2005, Candy in 2006, and Bitter & Twisted in 2007.

Radio work[link]

Hazlehurst is a regular fill in presenter on 774 ABC Melbourne.

Theatre[link]

• December 2006 in Woman in Mind by Alan Ayckbourn^[3]

Awards and nominations[link]

Australian Film Institute Awards[link]

• 2006: Nominated — Best Supporting Actress (for Candy)
• 2005: Won — Best Supporting Actress (for Little Fish)
• 2000: Won — Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Telefeature or Mini-Series (for Waiting at the Royal)
• 1985: Won — Best Actress in a Lead Role (for Fran)
• 1982: Won — Best Actress in a Lead Role (for Monkey Grip)
• 1981: Nominated — Best Actress in a Lead Role (for Fatty Finn)

National Honours[link]

• 1996, Member of the Order of Australia for her services to children and the performing arts.^[4]

Hazlehurst has also been an ambassador for Barnardo's Mother of the Year.^[1]

Cultural references[link]

In 1994 a painting of Hazlehurst by artist Rosemary Valadon titled Noni Hazlehurst — Summer '94 Waiting Again was a finalist in the Archibald Prize.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Noni Hazlehurst at the Internet Movie Database

Miranda Kerr
Miranda Kerr in 2012
Born	Miranda May Kerr (1983-04-20) 20 April 1983 (age 29)[1] Sydney, Australia
Height	1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
Hair color	Brown
Eye color	Blue
Measurements	32–24–34 (US) 81–61–86 (EU)[2]
Dress size	6 US/36 EU[2]
Shoe size	8 US/39 EU[2]
Manager	IMG Models Traffic Models Chic Management[2]
Spouse	Orlando Bloom (2010–present)
Children	1
Website
www.mirandakerr.net

Miranda May Kerr (born 20 April 1983)^[1] is an Australian model. Kerr rose to prominence in 2007 as one of the Victoria's Secret Angels. She is the first Australian to participate in the Victoria's Secret campaign and also represents Australian fashion chain David Jones.

Kerr began modeling in the fashion industry when she was 13, starting at Chaay's Modelling Agency, and soon after winning a 1997 Australian nationwide model search hosted by Dolly magazine and Impulse fragrances.^[3] She is married to English actor Orlando Bloom.^[4]

Early life and family[link]

Kerr was born in Sydney^[5] and raised in the small town of Gunnedah, New South Wales.^[6] She is the daughter of Therese and John Kerr. She has a brother, Matthew, who is two years younger. In an interview, Kerr stated she is of English, French, and Scottish descent. During her childhood, Kerr "raced motorbikes and rode horses on her grandmother's farm." She describes her early life in the Australian countryside as "very grounding ... there wasn't any pretentiousness and no one really cared what you were wearing. You could just be you."^[7]

Her family moved to Brisbane to allow Kerr and her brother to experience city life. She graduated from All Hallows' School in 2000. Kerr studied nutrition and health psychology before pursuing modeling.^[8][9]

Career[link]

1997–2006[link]

At age 13, Kerr entered and won the 1997 annual Dolly Magazine/Impulse Model Competition. She was flown to Sydney a week before her 14th birthday to shoot for the magazine. Upon Kerr's win, local media expressed "concerned outrage" at her young age. The controversy raised concerns about the glorification of young girls within the fashion, beauty, and entertainment industries.^[7] Some media outlets claimed her Dolly shoot (including images of a 14-year-old Kerr in bathing suits) constituted a form of paedophilia. Of the press, Kerr said: "In the media at the time they were trying to cling on to anything remotely to do with paedophilia. Dolly is a magazine for teenage girls, not for old men. And I was fully clothed! Doing a winter shoot! They just made something out of nothing."^[3]

Kerr signed to Chic Management's Sydney division. She received considerable commercial exposure after a series of beachwear ads predominantly for Australian surf chain Billabong, in which Kerr modeled surf brands Tigerlily, Roxy, Billabong Girls, and One Teaspoon. This increased her profile in the Australian and Asian markets, after which Kerr relocated to New York where she became co-owner of the Bowery Ballroom.^[3][7]

Miranda Kerr in 2004 for Ober Jeans.

In New York, Kerr had a multitude of runway appearances and then signed with NEXT Model Management in early 2004. From there, she was booked for runway and print campaigns for major labels, including Alex Perry, Baby Phat, Lisa Ho, Voodoo Dolls, Levi's, Bettina Liano, Nicola Finetti, L.A.M.B., Heatherette, Betsey Johnson, Trelise Cooper, Jets, John Richmond, Blumarine Swimwear, Neiman Marcus, Seafolly Swimwear, Anna Molinari, Rock and Republic, Roberto Cavalli, and Ober Jeans.^[2] Kerr was also booked for print in magazines such as Elle, Australian Vogue and Harper's Bazaar, and was featured in television advertisements for brands like Portmans, Bonds, and Veet.^[3][7]

In early 2006, Kerr appeared in the finale episode of the TV show Project Runway, modeling clothes for contestant Daniel Vosovic's final collection. She was the first woman to walk down the catwalk. She debuted with the United States market when she signed a lucrative cosmetics contract with Maybelline New York. The campaign ran in a series of internationally sold women's beauty magazines, including Cosmopolitan, CLEO, and Elle, and was eventually featured in Victoria's Secret catalogues.^[7] She (along with several other Victoria's Secret and Next agency models) was also featured in a music video for the American hip-hop single "Number One" by artists Kanye West and Pharrell.^[3]

2007–present[link]

Following her success with Maybelline,^[7] Kerr became the first Australian model to be offered a contract with Victoria's Secret in 2007, replacing Gisele Bündchen. Upon her acceptance, she became the first ever Australian Victoria's Secret Angel^[10] joining the stable of models already signed to the lingerie giant, including Alessandra Ambrosio, Karolína Kurková, Adriana Lima, Selita Ebanks, Izabel Goulart, and Heidi Klum. Before becoming an Angel in 2007, Kerr was already picked to become the successor of Alessandra Ambrosio as the face of PINK in 2006. Kerr's popularity continued to increase as one of the globally recognized Angels when she appeared in the Victoria's Secret 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009 televised runway shows, which aired on four continents.^[7]

Miranda Kerr at the Louis Vuitton Red Carpet Launch 2011

In 2007, Kerr had signed on as the face of Californian fashion retailer Arden B. After debuting in their Spring and Summer ad campaigns, Kerr returned for their Fall 2007 campaign, shot by fashion photographer Diego Uchitel.^[3] Following her modeling success with Victoria's Secret, Kerr made a small guest appearance in the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother alongside fellow Angels: Adriana Lima, Marisa Miller, Alessandra Ambrosio, Heidi Klum, and Selita Ebanks.^[3] She also became the new face of Clinique Happy and signed a lucrative six-figure deal to be the new face of Australian department store David Jones, replacing model Megan Gale.^[11] In 2008, having earned an estimated $3.5 million in the past 12 months, Forbes placed Kerr tenth in the list of the world's top-earning models.^[12]

Since 2009, Kerr was in the spring/summer ad campaign for XOXO.^[13] She was in Forbes 2009 list of the world's highest-paid models, ranking 9th with estimated earnings of $3 million.^[14] She left NEXT Model Management and signed with IMG Models.^[15] Kerr posed nude on the cover of Rolling Stone Australia's July 2009 issue.^[16] She then ended the year walking in the annual Victoria's Secret Fashion Show.^[15]

In October 2009, Kerr launched her own brand of organic skincare products, Kora Organics, with George Moskos,^[17] and become the face for Kora Organic Skincare.^[13]

In June 2009, Kerr posed naked, chained to a tree, for an issue of Rolling Stone Australia magazine, in order to raise awareness for the endangered koalas.^[16] Her charitable work includes Wildlife Warriors Worldwide and Children International.^[18] In August 2010, Kerr released an inspirational self-esteem, self-help book, Treasure Yourself. Treasure Yourself is aimed at female teenagers.^[18]

She appeared in the 2010 Pirelli Calendar photographed by Terry Richardson in Bahia, Brazil.^[19] Previously better known for her Victoria's Secret status rather than her high fashion work, Balenciaga is credited for launching her high fashion modeling career when casting directors Ashley Brokaw and Nicolas Ghesquière chose her to walk exclusively for the brand's spring 2010 runway show.^[20] It was her first designer fashion show, aside from Victoria's Secret, since 2007.^[2] A season later she walked for design company Prada for their Fall 2010 collection in Milan alongside fellow Angels Doutzen Kroes and Alessandra Ambrosio.^[21] Kerr then modeled for campaigns for Prada and Jil Sander, and was shot by Steven Meisel for the cover of Italian Vogue for September.^[20]

In January 2011, Kerr became the first pregnant model for Vogue when featured in Vogue Australia, being six months pregnant at the time of the shoot.^[22] In March she hit the catwalk for Balenciaga's Fall 2011 Ready-to-Wear collection as part of Paris Fashion Week, two months after giving birth.^[23] Kerr also posed nude for a 2011 Harper's Bazaar photo shoot.^[24] In October at Paris Fashion Week SS12 she walked the runway for Christian Dior, Lanvin, Chanel, John Galliano, Stella McCartney, Viktor & Rolf and Loewe.^[25] Kerr was chosen to present the $2.5 million Victoria's Secret Fantasy Treasure Bra for their fashion show in November 2011.^[26]

In January 2012, she was named ambassador for Qantas.^[27]

Public image[link]

Kerr in Perth on 21 February 2009

Models.com ranks her number 4 on the Top 20 sexiest models.^[28] She has been ranked in FHM's '100 Sexiest Women' poll at #56 in 2009, #36 in 2010, and #44 in 2011.^[29] She was named one of the "100 Hottest Women of All-Time" by Men's Health.^[30]

Kerr's model trademark is her dimples. Celebrity photographer Russell James said of Kerr, "The US has fallen in love with her. We love her because she has the most incredible girl-next-door look and she's also insanely beautiful. It means women are not intimidated by her looks and guys think they might be able to talk to her. It's a fantastic combination ... people want to be around her; she's fun on a shoot … and she's not stupid, which can be a very annoying trait among some models." Model agent Ursula Hufnagl described Kerr as "the perfect endorsement", citing her ability to "truly sell a product".^[7]

In early February 2010, Kerr inadvertently became the subject of global headlines when David Kiely, a banker at Macquarie Bank in Sydney, was caught viewing more explicit photos of her on his computer while in the background of a colleague's live television interview with Channel 7. Within days, a clip of the interview uploaded onto YouTube received over 1.3 million hits.^[31] Eventually, Kiely was suspended and an internet campaign launched on his behalf. Kerr herself gave him her backing: "I am told there is a petition to save his job, and of course I would sign it." The incident prompted a 100% increase in the number of Google searches for Kerr's name.^[32] A few days after the incident, Macquarie Bank announced that Kiely would keep his job.^[33]

Personal life[link]

Kerr practices Nichiren Buddhism and believes "we have a responsibility to bring peace and harmony to our lives and the world." As part of her Nichiren beliefs, Kerr reportedly chants every morning and night for 20 minutes, practices yoga, meditates, and reads widely on spirituality.^[7] She maintains her physique through daily yoga, light jogging, and a diet of steamed vegetables, fresh fruit, and fish.^[34] Kerr's mother Therese has been the General Manager of KORA Organics since February 2010.^[35] The company is based in Sydney. Kerr's brother Matt also works for the company.

In 2003, Kerr began dating finance broker Adrian Camilleri. Following an Australian Securities and Investments Commission investigation, Camilleri was found guilty on five counts of fraudulent behaviour from February 2003 to February 2004. Kerr subsequently ended the relationship. A 2007 newspaper report claims that Kerr suffered financially "after taking her boyfriend's financial advice" but chose not to take legal action.^[36]

She formerly dated Jay Lyon (Brent Tuhtan), the lead singer of the band Tamarama, who has made appearances on season one of the MTV series The City. Kerr starred in Tamarama's video clip for "Everything To Me". The two began dating in 2003 and had a four year relationship, which ended on mutual terms in mid-2007.^[37]

Kerr began dating actor Orlando Bloom in late 2007.^[38] He is also an SGI member. On 12 February 2009, Kerr and Bloom participated in the "Australia Unites" fundraiser to raise money for the victims of the Australian bushfires on 7 February 2009.^[39] In 2009, the Bling Ring broke into Bloom's home. The group stole luxury brand clothing and jewelry. In this case, the ringleader allegedly wanted Kerr's Victoria's Secret lingerie.^[40] The couple's engagement was announced on 21 June 2010.^[41] Kerr released a statement on 22 July 2010, confirming that she and Bloom had married in "an intimate ceremony."^[4] On 6 January 2011, Kerr gave birth to their first child, a son named Flynn Christopher Blanchard Copeland Bloom.^[42][43][44] The middle name Christopher comes from Kerr's ex-boyfriend,^[45] Christopher Middlebrook^[46] who died in a car accident in 1998 when they were 15. The two were still dating at the time.^[47]

Kerr told readers of Australian Cosmopolitan that coconut oil was the key to her clear skin, shiny hair and trim figure, saying she ingests four tablespoons a day, either on salads, in her cooking or in her cups of green tea.^[48][49]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Miranda Kerr

• Official website
• Miranda Kerr on Twitter
• Miranda Kerr on Facebook
• Miranda Kerr at the Internet Movie Database
• Miranda Kerr at the Fashion Model Directory