The Gulf of Venice is a gulf that borders modern day Italy, Slovenia and Croatia, and is at the far north of the Adriatic Sea between the delta of the Po river in northern Italy and the Istria peninsula in Croatia.

Geography

On average the gulf is 34 meters deep. It is the home of the popular destination island Albarella. The Tagliamento, Piave, Adige and Brenta rivers run in to it. Major cities that lie on it are Venice, Trieste, Chioggia and Pula.

History

In antiquity the gulf was southern terminus of Amber Road.The Gulf of Venice probably gets its name from when the Venetian Republic was at the height of its power, at this time The Venetian Republic encompassed most of the northern Adriatic Sea.

See also

Gulf of Trieste

Venice Venice Category:Geography of Venice Category:Geography of Croatia Category:Geography of Slovenia Category:Istria

ar:خليج البندقية an:Golfo de Venecia be:Венецыянскі заліў be-x-old:Вэнэцыянскі заліў bg:Венециански залив ca:Golf de Venècia cs:Benátský záliv da:Venedigbugten de:Golf von Venedig et:Venezia laht es:Golfo de Venecia eo:Venecia Golfo fr:Golfe de Venise fy:Golf fan Feneesje ko:베네치아 만 hr:Venecijanski zaljev os:Венецийы бакæлæн it:Golfo di Venezia he:מפרץ ונציה nl:Golf van Venetië ja:ヴェネツィア湾 no:Veneziabukten nn:Veneziabukta pl:Zatoka Wenecka pt:Golfo de Veneza ru:Венецианский залив sk:Benátsky záliv sl:Beneški zaliv sh:Venecijanski zaljev fi:Venetsianlahti tr:Venedik Körfezi uk:Венеціанська затока vec:Golfo de Venexia

Coordinates	29°25′″N98°30′″N
name	Venice
official name	''Comune di Venezia''
native name	''Venessia''
image shield	StemmaVene.PNG
shield size	85px
coordinates type	region:IT-VX_type:city(270000)
coordinates display	title
region	Veneto
province	Venice (VE)
frazioni	Chirignago, Favaro Veneto, Mestre, Marghera, Murano, Burano, Giudecca, Lido, Zelarino
mayor party	Democratic Party
mayor	Giorgio Orsoni
area total km2	414.57
population total	270660
population as of	2009-04-30
population demonym	Venetians
elevation m	0
saint	St. Mark the Evangelist
day	25 April
postal code	30100
area code	041
website
footnotes	}}

Name	Venice and its Lagoon
State party	Italy
Type	Cultural
Criteria	i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi
Id	394
Region	Europe and North America
Year	1987
Session	11th
Link	http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/394 }}

Venice ( , Venetian: ''Venexia'' ) is a city in northern Italy which is renowned for the beauty of its setting, its architecture and its artworks. It is the capital of the Veneto region. In 2009, there were 270,098 people residing in Venice's comune (the population estimate of 272,000 inhabitants includes the population of the whole Comune of Venezia; around 60,000 in the historic city of Venice (''Centro storico''); 176,000 in ''Terraferma'' (the ''Mainland''), mostly in the large ''frazioni'' of Mestre and Marghera; 31,000 live on other islands in the lagoon). Together with Padua and Treviso, the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area (PATREVE) (population 1,600,000).

The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century B.C. The city historically was the capital of the Venetian Republic. Venice has been known as the "La Dominante", "Serenissima", "Queen of the Adriatic", "City of Water", "City of Masks", "City of Bridges", "The Floating City", and "City of Canals". Luigi Barzini, described it in ''The New York Times'' as "undoubtedly the most beautiful city built by man". Venice has also been described by the ''Times Online'' as being one of Europe's most romantic cities.

The city stretches across 117 small islands in the marshy Venetian Lagoon along the Adriatic Sea in northeast Italy. The saltwater lagoon stretches along the shoreline between the mouths of the Po (south) and the Piave (north) Rivers.

The Republic of Venice was a major maritime power during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto, as well as a very important center of commerce (especially silk, grain and spice trade) and art in the 13th century up to the end of the 17th century. This made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history. It is also known for its several important artistic movements, especially the Renaissance period. Venice has played an important role in the history of symphonic and operatic music, and it is the birthplace of Antonio Vivaldi.

History

Origins

While there are no historical records that deal directly with the obscure and peripheral origins of Venice, tradition and the available evidence have led several historians to agree that the original population of Venice consisted of refugees from Roman cities near Venice such as Padua, Aquileia, Treviso, Altino and Concordia (modern Portogruaro) and from the undefended countryside, who were fleeing successive waves of Germanic and Hun invasions. Some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen on the islands in the original marshy lagoons. They were referred to as ''incolae lacunae'' ("lagoon dwellers"). The traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo at the islet of Rialto (Rivoalto, "High Shore"), which is said to have been at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421.

The last and most enduring irruption in the north of the Italian peninsula was that of the Lombards in 568, leaving the Eastern Roman Empire a small strip of coast in the current Veneto, and the main administrative and religious entities were therefore transferred to this remaining dominion, centered upon the Exarchate of Ravenna, the local representative of the Emperor in the East. The Venetian tradition of the islanders' aid to Belisarius was reported in early histories to explain the largely theoretical link to Ravenna, and to the Eastern Emperor. New ports were built, including those at Malamocco and Torcello in the Venetian lagoon. The ''tribuni maiores'', the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the Lagoon, dated from c. 568.

The Venetians offered asylum to the Exarch Paul, who was in flight from the Lombard Liutprand. Byzantine domination of central and northern Italy was subsequently largely eliminated by the conquest of the Exarchate of Ravenna in 751 by Aistulf. During this period, the seat of the local Byzantine governor (the "duke/dux", later "doge") was situated in Malamocco. Settlement on the islands in the lagoon probably increased in correspondence with the Lombard conquest of the Byzantine territories.

Sometime in the first decades of the eighth century, the people of the lagoon elected their first leader Ursus, who was confirmed by Byzantium and given the titles of ''hypatus'' and ''dux''. He was the first historical Doge of Venice.

In 775-76, the bishopric seat of Olivolo (Helipolis) was created. During the reign of duke Agnello Particiaco (811–827) the ducal seat was moved from Malamocco to the highly protected Rialto, the current location of Venice. The monastery of St. Zachary and the first ducal palace and basilica of St. Mark, as well as a walled defense (civitatis murus) between Olivolo and Rialto were subsequently built here. Winged lions, which may be seen throughout Venice, are a symbol for St. Mark.

In 810, an agreement between Charlemagne and Nicephorus recognized Venice as Byzantine territory and recognized the city's trading rights along the Adriatic coast, where Charlemagne had previously ordered the pope to expel the Venetians from the Pentapolis. In 828, the new city's prestige was raised by the acquisition of the claimed relics of St. Mark the Evangelist from Alexandria, which were placed in the new basilica. The patriarchal seat was also moved to Rialto. As the community continued to develop and as Byzantine power waned, it led to the growth of autonomy and eventual independence.

Expansion

From the ninth to the twelfth century Venice developed into a city state (an Italian thalassocracy or ''Repubblica Marinara'', the other three being Genoa, Pisa, and Amalfi). Its strategic position at the head of the Adriatic made Venetian naval and commercial power almost invulnerable. With the elimination of pirates along the Dalmatian coast, the city became a flourishing trade center between Western Europe and the rest of the world (especially the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world). In the 12th century the foundations of Venice's power were laid: the Venetian Arsenal was under construction in 1104; the last autocratic doge, Vital II Michele, died in 1172.

The Republic of Venice seized a number of places on the eastern shores of the Adriatic before 1200, mostly for commercial reasons, because pirates based there were a menace to trade. The Doge already carried the titles of Duke of Dalmatia and Duke of Istria. Later mainland possessions, which extended across Lake Garda as far west as the Adda River, were known as the "Terraferma", and were acquired partly as a buffer against belligerent neighbours, partly to guarantee Alpine trade routes, and partly to ensure the supply of mainland wheat, on which the city depended. In building its maritime commercial empire, the Republic dominated the trade in salt, acquired control of most of the islands in the Aegean, including Cyprus and Crete, and became a major power-broker in the Near East. By the standards of the time, Venice's stewardship of its mainland territories was relatively enlightened and the citizens of such towns as Bergamo, Brescia and Verona rallied to the defence of Venetian sovereignty when it was threatened by invaders.

Venice remained closely associated with Constantinople, being twice granted trading privileges in the Eastern Roman Empire, through the so called Golden Bulls or 'chrysobulls' in return for aiding the Eastern Empire to resist Norman and Turkish incursions. In the first chrysobull Venice acknowledged its homage to the Empire but not in the second, reflecting the decline of Byzantium and the rise of Venice's power.

Venice became an imperial power following the Venetian-financed Fourth Crusade, which in 1204 seized and sacked Constantinople and established the Latin Empire. As a result of this conquest considerable Byzantine plunder was brought back to Venice. This plunder included the gilt bronze horses from the Hippodrome of Constantinople, which were originally placed above the entrance to St Mark's cathedral in Venice, although the originals have been replaced with replicas and the originals are now stored within the basilica. Following the fall of Constantinople the former Roman Empire was partitioned among the Latin crusaders and the Venetians. Venice subsequently carved out a sphere of influence in the Mediterranean known as the Duchy of the Archipelago, and seized Crete.

The seizure of Constantinople would ultimately prove as decisive a factor in ending the Byzantine Empire as the loss of the Anatolian themes after Manzikert. Though the Byzantines recovered control of the ravaged city a half century later, the Byzantine Empire was terminally weakened, and existed as a ghost of its old self until Sultan Mehmet The Conqueror took the city in 1453.

Situated on the Adriatic Sea, Venice always traded with the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim world extensively. By the late thirteenth century, Venice was the most prosperous city in all of Europe. At the peak of its power and wealth, it had 36,000 sailors operating 3,300 ships, dominating Mediterranean commerce. During this time, Venice's leading families vied with each other to build the grandest palaces and support the work of the greatest and most talented artists. The city was governed by the Great Council, which was made up of members of the noble families of Venice. The Great Council appointed all public officials and elected a Senate of 200 to 300 individuals. Since this group was too large for efficient administration, a Council of Ten (also called the Ducal Council or the Signoria), controlled much of the administration of the city. One member of the great council was elected "Doge", or duke, the ceremonial head of the city, who normally held the title until his death.

The Venetian governmental structure was similar in some ways to the republican system of ancient Rome, with an elected chief executive (the Doge), a senate-like assembly of nobles, and a mass of citizens with limited political power, who originally had the power to grant or withhold their approval of each newly elected Doge. Church and various private properties were tied to military service, though there was no knight tenure within the city itself. The ''Cavalieri di San Marco'' was the only order of chivalry ever instituted in Venice, and no citizen could accept or join a foreign order without the government's consent. Venice remained a republic throughout its independent period and politics and the military were kept separate, except when on occasion the Doge personally headed the military. War was regarded as a continuation of commerce by other means (hence, the city's early production of large numbers of mercenaries for service elsewhere, and later its reliance on foreign mercenaries when the ruling class was preoccupied with commerce).

The chief executive was the Doge, who theoretically held his elective office for life. In practice, several Doges were forced by pressure from their oligarchical peers to resign the office and retire into monastic seclusion when they were felt to have been discredited by perceived political failure.

Though the people of Venice generally remained orthodox Roman Catholics, the state of Venice was notable for its freedom from religious fanaticism and it enacted not a single execution for religious heresy during the Counter-Reformation. This apparent lack of zeal contributed to Venice's frequent conflicts with the Papacy. In this context, the writings of the Anglican Divine, William Bedell, are particularly illuminating. Venice was threatened with the interdict on a number of occasions and twice suffered its imposition. The second, most famous, occasion in 1606, by order of Pope Paul V.

Venetian ambassadors sent home still-extant secret reports of the politics and rumours of European courts, providing fascinating information to modern historians.

The newly invented German printing press spread rapidly throughout Europe in the fifteenth century, and Venice was quick to adopt it. By 1482 Venice was the printing capital of the world, and the leading printer was Aldus Manutius, who invented the concept of paperback books that could be carried in a saddlebag. His ''Aldine Editions'' included translations of nearly all the known Greek manuscripts of the era.

Decline

Venice's long decline started in the 15th century, when it first made an unsuccessful attempt to hold Thessalonica against the Ottomans (1423–1430). It also sent ships to help defend Constantinople against the besieging Turks (1453). After Constantinople fell to Sultan Mehmet II he declared war on Venice. The war lasted thirty years and cost Venice much of her eastern Mediterranean possessions. Next, Christopher Columbus discovered the New World. Then Portugal found a sea route to India, destroying Venice’s land route monopoly. France, England and Holland followed them. Venice’s oared galleys were at a disadvantage when it came to traversing the great oceans, and therefore Venice was left behind in the race for colonies.

The Black Death devastated Venice in 1348 and once again between 1575 and 1577. In three years the plague killed some 50,000 people. In 1630, the plague killed a third of Venice's 150,000 citizens. Venice began to lose its position as a center of international trade during the later part of the Renaissance as Portugal became Europe's principal intermediary in the trade with the East, striking at the very foundation of Venice's great wealth, while France and Spain fought for hegemony over Italy in the Italian Wars, marginalising its political influence. However, the Venetian empire was a major exporter of agricultural products and, until the mid-18th century, a significant manufacturing center.

Military and naval affairs

By 1303, crossbow practice had become compulsory in the city, with citizens training in groups. As weapons became more expensive and complex to operate, professional soldiers were assigned to help work merchant sailing ships and as rowers in galleys. The company of "Noble Bowmen" was recruited in the later 14th century from among the younger aristocracy and served aboard both war-galleys and as armed merchantmen, with the privilege of sharing the captain's cabin.

Though Venice was famous for its navy, its army was equally effective. In the 13th century, most Italian city states already were hiring mercenaries, but Venetian troops were still recruited from the lagoon, plus feudal levies from Dalmatia (the very famous ''Schiavoni'' or ''Oltremarini'') and Istria. In times of emergency, all males between seventeen and sixty years were registered and their weapons were surveyed, with those called to actually fight being organized into companies of twelve. The register of 1338 estimated that 30,000 Venetian men were capable of bearing arms; many of these were skilled crossbowmen. As in other Italian cities, aristocrats and other wealthy men were cavalrymen while the city's conscripts fought as infantry.

By 1450, more than 3,000 Venetian merchant ships were in operation. Most of these could be converted when necessary into either warships or transports. The government required each merchant ship to carry a specified number of weapons (mostly crossbows and javelins) and armour; merchant passengers were also expected to be armed and to fight when necessary. A reserve of some 25 (later 100) war-galleys was maintained in the Arsenal. Galley slaves did not exist in medieval Venice, the oarsmen coming from the city itself or from its possessions, especially Dalmatia. Those from the city were chosen by lot from each parish, their families being supported by the remainder of the parish while the rowers were away. Debtors generally worked off their obligations rowing the galleys. Rowing skills were encouraged through races and regattas.

Early in the 15th century, as new mainland territories were expanded, the first standing army was organized, consisting of ''condottieri'' on contract. In its alliance with Florence in 1426, Venice agreed to supply 8,000 cavalry and 3,000 infantry in time of war, and 3,000 and 1,000 in peacetime. Later in that century, uniforms were adopted that featured red-and-white stripes, and a system of honors and pensions developed. Throughout the 15th century, Venetian land forces were almost always on the offensive and were regarded as the most effective in Italy, largely because of the tradition of all classes carrying arms in defense of the city and official encouragement of general military training. The command structure in the army was different from that of the fleet. By ancient law, no nobleman could command more than twenty-five men (to prevent the possibility of sedition by private armies), and while the position of Captain General was introduced in the mid-14th century, he still had to answer to a civilian panel of twenty Savi or "wise men". Not only was efficiency ''not'' degraded, this policy saved Venice from the military takeovers that other Italian city states so often experienced. A civilian commissioner (not unlike a commissar) accompanied each army to keep an eye on things, especially the mercenaries. The Venetian military tradition also was notably cautious; they were more interested in achieving success with a minimum expense of lives and money than in the pursuit of glory.

Modern age

After 1100 years, the Republic lost independence when Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Venice on 12 May 1797 during the First Coalition. The French conqueror brought to an end the most fascinating century of its history: during the 18th century Venice became perhaps the most elegant and refined city in Europe, greatly influencing art, architecture and literature. Napoleon was seen as something of a liberator by the city's Jewish population, although it can be argued they had lived with fewer restrictions in Venice. He removed the gates of the Ghetto and ended the restrictions on when and where Jews could live and travel in the city.

Venice became Austrian territory when Napoleon signed the Treaty of Campo Formio on 12 October 1797. The Austrians took control of the city on 18 January 1798. It was taken from Austria by the Treaty of Pressburg in 1805 and became part of Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy, but was returned to Austria following Napoleon's defeat in 1814, when it became part of the Austrian-held Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. In 1848–1849 a revolt briefly reestablished the Venetian Republic under Daniele Manin. In 1866, following the Third Italian War of Independence, Venice, along with the rest of the Veneto, became part of the newly created Kingdom of Italy.

During the Second World War, the historic city was largely free from attack, the only aggressive effort of note being Operation Bowler, a precision strike on the German naval operations there in 1945. However the industrial areas in Mestre and Marghera and the railway lines to Padua, Trieste and Trento were repeatedly bombed. On 29 April 1945 New Zealand troops under Freyberg reached Venice and relieved the city and the mainland, which were already in partisan hands.

Subsidence

Foundations

The buildings of Venice are constructed on closely spaced wooden piles. Most of these piles are still intact after centuries of submersion. The foundations rest on the piles, and buildings of brick or stone sit above these footings. The piles penetrate a softer layer of sand and mud until they reach a much harder layer of compressed clay.

Submerged by water, in oxygen-poor conditions, wood does not decay as rapidly as on the surface. It is petrified as a result of the constant flow of mineral-rich water around and through it, so that it becomes a stone-like structure.

Most of these piles were made from trunks of alder trees, a wood noted for its water resistance. The alder came from the western-most part of today's Slovenia (resulting in the barren land of the Kras region), in two regions of Croatia, Lika and Gorski kotar (resulting in the barren slopes of Velebit) and south of Montenegro. Leonid Grigoriev has stated that Russian larch was imported to build some of Venice's foundations. Larch is also used in the production of Venice turpentine.

History

The city is often threatened by flood tides pushing in from the Adriatic between autumn and early spring. Six hundred years ago, Venetians protected themselves from land-based attacks by diverting all the major rivers flowing into the lagoon and thus preventing sediment from filling the area around the city. This created an ever-deeper lagoon environment.

In 1604, to defray the cost of flood relief Venice introduced what could be considered the first example of a 'stamp tax'. When the revenue fell short of expectations in 1608, Venice introduced paper with the superscription 'AQ' and imprinted instructions, which was to be used for 'letters to officials'. At first, this was to be a temporary tax, but it remained in effect until the fall of the Republic in 1797. Shortly after the introduction of the tax, Spain produced similar paper for general taxation purposes, and the practice spread to other countries.

During the 20th century, when many artesian wells were sunk into the periphery of the lagoon to draw water for local industry, Venice began to subside. It was realised that extraction of water from the aquifer was the cause. The sinking has slowed markedly since artesian wells were banned in the 1960s. However, the city is still threatened by more frequent low-level floods (called ''Acqua alta'', "high water") that creep to a height of several centimetres over its quays, regularly following certain tides. In many old houses the former staircases used to unload goods are now flooded, rendering the former ground floor uninhabitable.

Some recent studies have suggested that the city is no longer sinking, but this is not yet certain; therefore, a state of alert has not been revoked. In May 2003 the Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi inaugurated the MOSE project (Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico), an experimental model for evaluating the performance of inflatable gates; the idea is to lay a series of 79 inflatable pontoons across the sea bed at the three entrances to the lagoon. When tides are predicted to rise above 110 centimetres, the pontoons will be filled with air and block the incoming water from the Adriatic Sea. This engineering work is due to be completed by 2011.

Geography

[[File:Sestieri di Venezia.svg|thumb|Sestieri of Venice:    Cannaregio     Castello     Dorsoduro     San Marco     San Polo     Santa Croce]] The city is divided into six areas or "sestiere". These are Cannaregio, San Polo, Dorsoduro (including the Giudecca and Isola Sacca Fisola), Santa Croce, San Marco (including San Giorgio Maggiore) and Castello (including San Pietro di Castello and Sant'Elena). Each sestiere was administered by a procurator and his staff.

These districts consist of parishes – initially seventy in 1033, but reduced under Napoleon and now numbering just thirty-eight. These parishes predate the sestieri, which were created in about 1170.

Other islands of the Venetian Lagoon do not form part of any of the sestieri, having historically enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy.

Each sestiere has its own house numbering system. Each house has a unique number in the district, from one to several thousand, generally numbered from one corner of the area to another, but not usually in a readily understandable manner.

At the front of the Gondolas that work in the city there is a large piece of metal intended as a likeness of the Doge's hat. On this sit six notches pointing forwards and one pointing backwards. Each of these represent one of the Sestieri (the one that points backward represents the Giudecca).

Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification, Venice has a Humid subtropical climate (''Cfa''), with cool winters and very warm summers. The 24-hour average in January is , and for July this figure is . Precipitation is spread relatively evenly throughout the year, and averages .

Economy

Venice's economy has changed throughout history. In the Middle-Ages and the Renaissance, Venice was a major centre for commerce and trade, as it controlled a vast sea-empire, and became an extremely wealthy European city, a leader in political and economic affairs and a centre for trade and commerce. This all changed by the 17th century, when Venice's trade empire was taken over by other countries such as Portugal, and its naval importance was reduced. In the 18th century, then, it became a major agricultural and industrial exporter. The 18th century's biggest industrial complex was the Venice Arsenal, and the Italian Army still uses it today (even though some space has been used for major theatrical and cultural productions, and beautiful spaces for art). Today, Venice's economy is mainly based on tourism, shipbuilding (mainly done in the neighbouring cities of Mestre and Porto Marghera), services, trade and industrial exports. Murano glass production in Murano and lace production in Burano are also highly important to the economy.

Tourism

Venice is one of the most important tourist destinations in the world, due to the city's being one of the world's greatest and most beautiful cities of art. The city has an average of 50,000 tourists a day (2007 estimate). In 2006, it was the world's 28th most internationally visited city, with 2.927 million international arrivals that year.

Tourism has been a major sector of Venetian industry since the 18th century, when it was a major center for the Grand Tour, due to its beautiful cityscape, uniqueness, and rich musical and artistic cultural heritage. In the 19th century, it became a fashionable centre for the rich and famous, often staying or dining at luxury establishments such as the Danieli Hotel and the Caffè Florian. It continued being a fashionable city in vogue right into the early 20th century. In the 1980s, the Carnival of Venice was revived and the city has become a major centre of international conferences and festivals, such as the prestigious Venice Biennale and the Venice Film Festival, which attract visitors from all over the world for their theatrical, cultural, cinematic, artistic, and musical productions

Today, there are numerous attractions in Venice, such as St Mark's Basilica, the Grand Canal, and the Piazza San Marco, to name a few. The Lido di Venezia is also a popular international luxury destination, attracting thousands of actors, critics, celebrities, and mainly people in the cinematic industry. The city also relies heavily on the cruise business.

However, Venice's popularity as a major worldwide tourist destination has caused several problems, including the fact that the city can be very overcrowded at some points of the year. It is regarded by some as a tourist trap, and by others as a 'living museum'. The cruise ships that use the Giudecca Canal send a large wake toward the city, that slowly causes the city to sink. Unlike most other places in Western Europe, and the world, Venice has become widely known for its element of elegant decay. The competition for foreigners to buy homes in Venice has made prices rise so highly that numerous inhabitants are forced to move to more affordable areas of Veneto and Italy, the most notable being Mestre.

Transport

Venice is built on an archipelago of 117 islands formed by 177 canals in a shallow lagoon, connected by 409 bridges. In the old centre, the canals serve the function of roads, and almost every form of transport is on water or on foot. In the 19th century a causeway to the mainland brought a railway station to Venice, and an automobile causeway and parking lot was added in the 20th century. Beyond these land entrances at the northern edge of the city, transportation within the city remains, as it was in centuries past, entirely on water or on foot. Venice is Europe's largest urban car-free area, unique in Europe in remaining a sizable functioning city in the 21st century entirely without motorcars or trucks.

Waterways

The classical Venetian boat is the gondola, although it is now mostly used for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies. Many gondolas are lushly appointed with crushed velvet seats and Persian rugs. Less well-known is the smaller sandolo. The main transportation means are motorised waterbuses (''vaporetti''), which ply regular routes along the major canals and between the city's islands, and private boats. The only gondolas still in common use by Venetians are the ''traghetti'', foot passenger ferries crossing the Grand Canal at certain points without bridges.

Public transport

Azienda Consorzio Trasporti Veneziano (ACTV) is the name of the public transport system in Venice. It combines land transportation, with buses, and canal travel, with water buses (vaporetti). In total, there are 25 routes that connect the city.

The Venice People Mover (managed by ASM) is a cable operated public transit system connecting Tronchetto island with Piazzale Roma. Water taxis are also active.

Airports

Venice is served by the Marco Polo International Airport, or ''Aeroporto di Venezia Marco Polo'', named in honor of its famous citizen. The airport is on the mainland and was rebuilt away from the coast; however, the water taxis or Alilaguna waterbuses to Venice are only a seven-minute walk from the terminals.

Some airlines market Treviso Airport in Treviso, 30 km from Venice, as a Venice gateway. Some simply advertise flights to "Venice", while naming the actual airport only in small print. To reach Venice from Treviso airport people can catch a bus from the company BARZI BUS SERVICE , which run after each flight to Venice and back in 40 minutes by highway. Tickets available only at their desk or in their bus.

Venezia Lido, a public airport suitable for smaller aircraft, is found on the NE end of Lido di Venezia. It has a 1000-metre grass runway.

Trains

Venice is serviced by regional and national trains, which can connect the city to Rome in 3.5 hours and to Milan in 2.5 hours. Treviso is thirty-five minutes away. Florence and Padua are two of the stops between Rome and Venice. The St. Lucia station is a few steps away from a vaporetti stop.

The station is the terminus and starting point of the Venice Simplon Orient Express from or to London Victoria and Paris.

Car

The maritime portion of Venice has no roads as such, being composed almost entirely of narrow footpaths, and laid out across islands connected by staired stone footbridges, making transportation impossible by almost anything with wheels. Cars can reach the car/bus terminal via the Ponte della Libertà bridge. It comes in from the West from Mestre. There are two parking lots that serve the city: Tronchetto and Piazzale Roma. A ferry to Lido leaves from the parking lot in Tronchetto, and it is served by vaporetti and buses of the public transportation.

Administrative subdivision

The whole ''comune'' () ''di Venezia'' is divided into 6 ''municipalità'' ():

:1) Venezia (''historic city'')-Murano-Burano (''Venezia insulare''): 69.136

:2) Lido-Pellestrina (''Venezia litorale''): 21.664

''Mainland (terraferma):''

:3) Favaro Veneto: 23.615

:4) Mestre-Carpenedo (''Mestre centro''): 88.952

:5) Chirignago-Zelarino: 38.179

:6) Marghera: 28.466

A Royal Decree, in 1926, annexed mainland to the comune of Venezia.

Demographics

In 2009, there were 270,098 people residing in Venice's comune (the population estimate of 272,000 inhabitants includes the population of the whole Comune of Venezia; around 60,000 in the historic city of Venice (Centro storico); 176,000 in Terraferma (the Mainland); and 31,000 live on other islands in the lagoon), of whom 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 14.36 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 25.7 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of Venice residents is 46 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Venice declined by 0.2 percent, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.85 percent. But the population in the historic old city declines at a significantly faster rate: from about 120,000 in 1980 to about 60,000 in 2009.

As of 2009, 91% of the population was Italian. The largest immigrant group comes from other European nations (Romanians, the largest group: 3%, South Asia: 1.3%, and East Asia: 0.9%). Venice is predominantly Roman Catholic, but because of the long standing relationship with Constantinople there is also a perceptible Orthodox presence, and due to immigration it now has some Muslim, Hindu and Buddhist inhabitants.

There is also a historic Jewish Community in Venice. The Venetian Ghetto was the area in which Jews were compelled to live under the Venetian Republic. It is from its name, in the Venetian language, that the word "ghetto", used in many languages, is derived. William Shakespeare's play ''The Merchant of Venice'', probably written in the late 16th century, features Shylock, a Venetian Jew and his family. Venice also has an eruv, built for and still used by the Jewish community.

Municipal administration

Name of the Mayor: Giorgio Orsoni

Date of election: 30 March 2010

Party: Democratic Party

Venice's City Council is composed by 45 members.

Of six boroughs into which Venice is divided, five are governed by centre-left coalition and one by centre-right coalition.

The current mayor of Venice, Giorgio Orsoni, has been elected in March 2010. He has been also ''Assessore'' since 2000 to 2005 and councilior of the Venice Biennale since 2000 to 2003.

Culture

Cinema and Venice in popular culture and media

Venice has been the setting or chosen location of numerous films, novels, poems and other cultural references. The city was a particularly popular setting for several novels, essays, and other works of fictional or non-fictional literature. Examples of these include Shakespeare's ''Merchant of Venice'' and ''Othello'', Ben Jonson's ''Volpone'', Voltaire's ''Candide'', Casanova's autobiographical ''History of My Life'', Anne Rice's ''Cry to Heaven'', and Philippe Sollers' ''Watteau in Venice''. Thomas Mann's 1912 novella, ''Death in Venice,'' has served as the basis for both an opera (Benjamin Britten's ''Death in Venice'') and a film (Visconti's ''Death in Venice''). The city has also been a setting for numerous other films such as the James Bond series ''From Russia with Love'', ''Moonraker'', ''The Tourist'', ''Casino Royale'', Katharine Hepburn in ''Summertime'', ''Fellini's Casanova'', ''Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'', ''A Little Romance'', ''The Italian Job'', ''Lara Croft: Tomb Raider'', and ''The Talented Mr. Ripley''. The city has also been the setting for music videos such as Siouxsie and the Banshees' "Dear Prudence" and Madonna's ''Like a Virgin (song)'', as well as in the video game ''Assassin's Creed II''.

Architecture

Venice has a rich and diverse architectural style, the most famous of which is the Gothic style. Venetian Gothic architecture is a term given to a Venetian building style combining use of the Gothic lancet arch with Byzantine and Arab influences. The style originated in 14th-century Venice, where the confluence of Byzantine style from Constantinople met Arab influence from Moorish Spain. Chief examples of the style are the Doge's Palace and the Ca' d'Oro in the city. The city also has several Renaissance and Baroque buildings, including the Ca' Pesaro and the Ca' Rezzonico.

Music and the performing arts

The city of Venice in Italy has played an important role in the development of the music of Italy. The Venetian state – i.e., the medieval Maritime Republic of Venice – was often popularly called the "Republic of Music", and an anonymous Frenchman of the 17th century is said to have remarked that "In every home, someone is playing a musical instrument or singing. There is music everywhere."

During the 16th century, Venice became one of the most important musical centers of Europe, marked by a characteristic style of composition (the Venetian school) and the development of the Venetian polychoral style under composers such as Adrian Willaert, who worked at St Mark's Basilica. Venice was the early center of music printing; Ottaviano Petrucci began publishing music almost as soon as this technology was available, and his publishing enterprise helped to attract composers from all over Europe, especially from France and Flanders. By the end of the century, Venice was famous for the splendor of its music, as exemplified in the "colossal style" of Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli, which used multiple choruses and instrumental groups. Venice was also the home of many famous composers during the baroque period, such as Antonio Vivaldi, Ippolito Ciera, Giovanni Picchi, and Girolamo Dalla Casa, to name but a few.

Interior design

It can be argued that Venice produced the most unique and refined Rococo designs. At the time, Venice was in a state of trouble. It had lost most of its maritime power, was lagging behind its rivals in political importance, and society had become decadent, with nobles wasting their money in gambling and partying. But Venice remained Italy's fashion capital, and was a serious contender to Paris in terms of wealth, architecture, luxury, taste, sophistication, trade, decoration, style, and design. Venetian Rococo was well known for being rich and luxurious, with usually very extravagant designs. Unique Venetian furniture, such as the ''divani da portego'', or long Rococo couches and ''pozzetti'', objects meant to be placed against the wall. Venetian bedrooms were usually sumptuous and grand, with rich damask, velvet, and silk drapery and curtains, a beautifully carved Rococo beds with statues of putti, flowers and angels. Venice was especially famous for its beautiful girandole mirrors, which remained among, if not the, finest in Europe. Chandeliers were usually very colourful, using Murano glass to make them look more vibrant and stand out from others, and precious stones and materials from abroad were used, since Venice still held a vast trade empire. Lacquer was very common, and many items of furniture were covered with it, the most famous being ''lacca povera'' (poor lacuqer), in which allegories and images of social life were painted. Lacquerwork and Chinoiserie were particularly common in bureau cabinets.

Fashion and shopping

In the 14th century, many young Venetian men began wearing tight-fitting multicoloured hose, the designs on which indicated the Compagnie della Calza ("Trouser Club") to which they belonged. The Venetian Senate passed sumptuary laws, but these merely resulted in changes in fashion in order to circumvent the law. Dull garments were worn over colourful ones, which then were cut to show the hidden colours resulting in the wide spread of men's "slashed" fashions in the 15th century.

Today, Venice is also a major fashion and shopping centre in Italy, not as important as Milan, Florence, or Rome, but par to Turin, Vicenza, Naples, and Genoa. Roberta di Camerino is the only major Italian fashion brand to be based out of Venice. Founded in 1945, it is renowned for its innovative handbags featuring hardware by Venetian artisans and often covered in locally woven velvet, and has been credited with creating the concept of the easily recognisable status bag. Many of the fashion boutiques and jewelry shops in the city are located in the Rialto Bridge and the Piazza San Marco. At the current time, there are Louis Vuitton and Ermenegildo Zegna flagship stores operating in the city.

Cuisine

Venetian cuisine is characterized by seafood, but also includes garden products from the islands of the lagoon, rice from the mainland, game, and polenta. Venice combines local traditions with influences that are distant from millennial business contacts. These include ''sarde in saor'', sardines marinated in order to preserve them for long voyages; ''risi e bisi'', rice, peas and ham; ''fegato alla veneziana'', Venetian-style liver; risotto with cuttlefish, blackened from the ink; ''cicchetti'', refined and delicious tidbits (akin to ''tapas''); ''antipasti'', appetizers; and ''prosecco'', an effervescent, mildly sweet wine.

In addition, Venice is famous for ''bisàto'' (marinated eel), for the golden, oval-shaped cookies called baicoli, and for different types of sweets such as: ''pan del pescatore'' (bread of the fisherman); cookies with almonds and pistachio nuts; cookies with fried Venetian cream or the ''bussolai'' (butter biscuits and shortbread made in the shape of an "S" or ring) from the island of Burano; the ''crostoli'' also known as the chatter, lies, or ''galani''; the ''fregolotta'' (a crumbly cake with almonds); milk pudding called ''rosada''; and cookies of yellow semolina called ''zaléti''.

Language

Venetian or the regional form Venetan is a Romance language spoken as a native language by over two million people, mostly in Venice, but also the Veneto region of Italy, where of five million inhabitants almost all can understand it. It is sometimes spoken and often well understood outside Veneto, in Trentino, Friuli, Venezia Giulia, Istria, and some towns of Dalmatia, an area of six to seven million people. The language enjoyed substantial prestige in the days of the Venetian Republic, when it attained the status of a lingua franca in the Mediterranean.

Literature

Venice has long been a source of inspiration for authors, poets and playwrights as well as being at the forefront of the technical developing of printing and publishing.

Two of the most famous Venetian writers were Marco Polo in the Middle Ages and later Giacomo Casanova. Polo (1254–1324) was a merchant who voyaged to the Orient. His series of books, co-written by Rustichello da Pisa, titled ''Il Milione'' provided important knowledge of the lands east of Europe, from the Middle East, to China, Japan and Russia. Giacomo Casanova (1725–1798) was a prolific writer and famous adventurer best remembered for his autobiography, ''Histoire De Ma Vie'' (Story of My Life), which links his colourful lifestyle to the city of Venice.

Venetian playwrights followed the old Italian theatre tradition of ''Commedia dell'Arte''. Ruzante (1502–1542) and Carlo Goldoni (1707–1793) used the Venetian dialect extensively in their comedies.

Venice has also inspired writers from abroad. Shakespeare set Othello and The Merchant of Venice in the city. Thomas Mann authored the novel ''Death in Venice'', published in 1912. Venice inspired the poetry of Ezra Pound, who wrote his first literary work in the city. Pound died in 1972 and his remains are buried in Venice's cemetery island of San Michele. The French writer Philippe Sollers spent most of his life in Venice and published '' A Dictionary For Lovers Of Venice'' in 2004. Ugo Foscolo (1778–1827) born in Zante, an island that at the time belonged to the Republic of Venice, was also a famous poet and revolutionary who wanted to see a free republic established in Venice following the fall to Napoleon. The city features prominently in Henry James' The Wings of the Dove and is also visited in Evelyn Waugh's Brideshead Revisited and Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time.

Venice is also linked to the technical aspects of writing. The city was the location for one of Italy's earliest printing presses, established by Aldus Manutius (1449–1515). From this beginning Venice developed as an important typographic center and even as late as the 18th century was responsible for printing half of Italy's published books.

Art and printing

Venice, especially during the Middle-Ages, Renaissance and Baroque, was a major centre of art and developed a unique style known as the Venetian School. In the Middle-Ages and the Renaissance, Venice, along with Florence and Rome, became one of the most important centres of art in Europe, and numerous wealthy Venetians became patrons of the arts. Venice at the time was a rich and prosperous Maritime Republic, which controlled a vast sea and trade empire.

By the end of the 15th century, Venice had become the European capital of printing, being one of the first cities in Italy (after Subiaco and Rome) to have a printing press after those established in Germany, having 417 printers by 1500. The most important printing office was the Aldine Press of Aldus Manutius, which in 1499 printed the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, considered the most beautiful book of Renaissance, and established modern punctuation, the page format and italic type, and the first printed work of Aristotle.

In the sixteenth century Venetian painting was developed through influences from the Paduan School and Antonello da Messina, who introduced the oil painting technique of the van Eyck brothers. It is signified by a warm colour scale and a picturesque use of colour. Early masters where the Bellini and Vivarini families, followed by Giorgione and Titian, then Tintoretto and Veronese. In the early 16th century, also, there was rivalry between whether Venetian painting should use ''disegno'' or ''colorito''.

Canvases (the common painting surface) originated in Venice during the early renaissance. These early canvases were generally rough.

In the eighteenth century Venetian painting had a renaissance because of Tiepolo's decorative painting and Canaletto's and Guardi's panoramic views.

Glass

Venice is famous for its ornate glass-work, known as Venetian glass. It is world-renowned for being colourful, elaborate, and skilfully made.

Many of the important characteristics of these objects had been developed by the thirteenth century. Toward the end of that century, the center of the Venetian glass industry moved to Murano.

Byzantine craftsmen played an important role in the development of Venetian glass, an art form for which the city is well-known. When Constantinople was sacked by the Fourth Crusade in 1204, some fleeing artisans came to Venice. This happened again when the Ottomans took Constantinople in 1453, supplying Venice with still more glassworkers. By the sixteenth century, Venetian artisans had gained even greater control over the color and transparency of their glass, and had mastered a variety of decorative techniques.

Despite efforts to keep Venetian glassmaking techniques within Venice, they became known elsewhere, and Venetian-style glassware was produced in other Italian cities and other countries of Europe.

Some of the most important brands of glass in the world today are still produced in the historical glass factories on Murano. They are: Venini, Barovier & Toso, Pauly, Millevetri, Seguso. Barovier & Toso is considered one of the 100 oldest companies in the world, formed in 1295.

One of the most renowned types of Venetian glasses are made in Murano, known as Murano glass, which has been a famous product of the Venetian island of Murano for centuries. Located off the shore of Venice, Italy, Murano was a commercial port as far back as the 7th century. By the 10th century it had become a well-known city of trade. Today Murano remains a destination for tourists and art and jewellery lovers alike.

Festivals

The Carnival of Venice is held annually in the city, starting around two weeks before Ash Wednesday and ends on Shrove Tuesday. The carnival is closely associated with Venetian masks.

The Venice Biennale is one of the most important events in the arts calendar. During 1893 headed by the mayor of Venice, Riccardo Selvatico, the Venetian City Council passed a resolution on 19 April to set up an Esposizione biennale artistica nazionale (biennial exhibition of Italian art), to be inaugurated on 22 April 1895. Following the outbreak of hostilities during the Second World War, the activities of the Biennale were interrupted in September 1942, but resumed in 1948.

The Venice Film Festival is the oldest film festival in the world. Founded by Count Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata in 1932 as the "Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica", the festival has since taken place every year in late August or early September on the island of the Lido, Venice, Italy. Screenings take place in the historic Palazzo del Cinema on the Lungomare Marconi. It is one of the world's most prestigious film festivals and is part of the Venice Biennale.

Foreign words of Venetian origin

Words with a Venetian etymology include arsenal, ciao, ghetto, gondola, imbroglio, lagoon, lazaret, lido, Montenegro, quarantine, regatta. The name of Venezuela is a Spanish diminutive of Venice. Many other places around the world are named after Venice, e.g. Venice Beach.

Notable people

''For people from Venice, see People from Venice.'' Others closely associated with the city include:

Enrico Dandolo (''c''. 1107, 1205), Doge of Venice from 1192 to his death. He played a direct role in the Sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade.

Marco Polo (15 September 1254 – 8 January 1324), trader and explorer, one of the first Westerners to travel the Silk Road to China. While a prisoner in Genoa, he dictated in the tale of his travels known as ''Il Milione'' (''The Travels of Marco Polo'').

Giovanni Bellini (c. 1430–1516), a Renaissance painter, probably the best known of the Bellini family of painters.

Aldus Manutius (1449–1515), one of the most important printers in history.

Pietro Bembo (20 May 1470 – 18 January 1547), cardinal and scholar.

Lorenzo Lotto (c.1480 – Loreto, 1556), painter, draughtsman, and illustrator, traditionally placed in the Venetian school.

Sebastian Cabot (c. 1484–1557, or soon after), explorer.

Pellegrino Ernetti, Catholic priest and exorcist

Titian (''c''. 1488–90 – 27 August 1576), leader of the 16th century Venetian school of the Italian Renaissance (he was born in Pieve di Cadore).

Sebastiano Venier, (c. 1496 – 3 March 1578), Doge of Venice from 11 June 1577 to 1578.

Andrea Gabrieli (c.1510–1586), Italian composer and organist at St Mark's Basilica

Tintoretto (1518 – 31 May 1594), probably the last great painter of Italian Renaissance.

Veronica Franco (1546–1591), poet and courtesan during the Renaissance

Giovanni Gabrieli (between 1554 and 1557–1612), composer and organist at St Mark's Basilica

Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643), composer and director of music at San Marco

Leon Modena (1571–1648) preacher, author, poet, active in the Venetian ghetto and beyond

Marco Antonio Bragadin (d.1571), general, flayed alive by the Turks after a fierce resistance during the siege of Famagusta

Baldassare Longhena (1598 – 18 February 1682), one of the greatest exponents of Baroque architecture.

Francesco Cavalli (14 February 1602 – 14 January 1676), a baroque composer

Pietro Cesare Alberti (1608–1655), considered the first Italian-American, arriving in New Amsterdam in 1635.

Tomaso Albinoni (8 June 1671 – 17 January 1751), a baroque composer

Rosalba Carriera (7 October 1675 – 15 April 1757), known for her pastel works.

Antonio Vivaldi (4 March 1678, 28 July (or 27), 1741, Vienna), famous composer and violinist of the Baroque Era

Pietro Guarneri (14 April 1695 – 7 April 1762) left Cremona in 1718, settled in Venice. "Peter of Venice" from the family of great luthiers.

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (5 March 1696 – 27 March 1770), the last "Grand Manner" fresco painter from the Venetian Republic.

Canaletto (28 October 1697 – 19 April 1768), famous for his landscapes or ''vedute'' of Venice, but not only.

Carlo Goldoni (25 February 1707 – 6 February 1793). Along with Pirandello, Goldoni is probably the most famous name in Italian theatre, in his country and abroad.

Carlo Gozzi (13 December 1720 – 4 April 1806), an excellent dramatist of 18th century.

Giacomo Casanova (1725–1798), in Dux, Bohemia, (now Duchcov, Czech Republic), a famous Venetian adventurer, writer and womanizer.

Lorenzo Da Ponte (1749–1838), opera librettist and poet. He wrote the librettos for 28 operas by 11 composers, including Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

Virgilio Ranzato (7 May 1883 – 20 April 1937), Composer.

Carlo Scarpa (2 June 1906–1978, Sendai, Japan), an architect with a profound understanding of materials.

Emilio Vedova (9 August 1919 – 25 October 2006), one of the most important modern painters of Italy

Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia (5 June 1646 – 26 July 1684), the first woman in the world to receive a doctorate degree.

Bruno Maderna (21 April 1920 – 13 November 1973), an Italian-German orchestra director and 20th century music composer.

Luigi Nono (29 January 1924 – 8 May 1990), a leading composer of instrumental and electronic music.

Ludovico de Luigi (November 1933), Venetian Surrealistic artist.

Giuseppe Sinopoli (2 November 1946 – 20 April 2001), conductor and composer.

Romano Scarpa (27 September 1927, Venice – 23 April 2005, Málaga), was one of the most famous Italian creators of Disney comics.

International relations

The City of Venice and the Central Association of Cities and Communities of Greece (KEDKE) established, in January 2000, in pursuance of the EC Regulations n. 2137/85, the European Economic Interest Grouping (E.E.I.G.) Marco Polo System to promote and realise European projects within transnational cultural and tourist field, particularly referred to the artistic and architectural heritage preservation and safeguard.

Twin towns – sister cities

Venice is twinned with:

* Esfahan, Iran

* Islamabad, Pakistan, since 1960

* Palembang, Indonesia.

* Suzhou, China, since 1980

Tallinn, Estonia

Pereira, Colombia>Pereira, Colombia

* Istanbul, Turkey, since 1993

* Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, since 1994

Aveiro, Portugal>Aveiro, Portugal, since 1998

* Nuremberg, Germany, since 1999

* Qingdao, China, since 2001

* Saint Petersburg, Russia, since 2002

Thessaloniki, Greece, since 2003

Fort Lauderdale, Florida>Fort Lauderdale, United States, since 2007

* Wolverhampton, United Kingdom

* Most, Czech Republic

Cooperation agreements

Venice has cooperation agreements with the Greek city of Thessaloniki, the German city of Nuremberg, signed on 25 September 1999, and the Turkish city of Istanbul, signed on 4 March 1993, within the framework of the 1991 Istanbul Declaration. It is also a Science and Technology Partnership City with Qingdao, China.

Etymology

The name is connected with the people known as the Veneti, perhaps the same as the ''Eneti'' (Ενετοί). The meaning of the word is uncertain. Connections with the Latin verb 'venire' (to come) or venia are fanciful. A connection with the Latin word venetus, meaning 'sea-blue', is possible.

See also

List of architecture monuments of Venice

List of painters and architects of Venice

Venetian Ghetto

Jewish Community of Venice

''Su e zo per i ponti''

Veneti and Venetic language (the ancient spoken language of the region)

S.S.C. Venezia

Venetian Blinds

Venetian language (the modern spoken vernacular of the region)

Venezia Mestre Rugby FC – rugby team

Several cities have been compared to Venice: The city of Nantes, France, has been called ''The Venice of the West'', many places have been named ''Venice of the East'', while equally as many have been called ''Venice of the North''.

References

Notes

Bibliography

;Academic

Brown, Horatio, ''Venice'', chapter 8 of ''Cambridge Modern History'' vol. I ''The Renaissance'' (1902)

Brown, Horatio, ''Calendar of State Papers (Venetian): 1581–1591'', 1895; ''1592–1603'', 1897; ''1603–1607'', 1900; ''1607–1610'', 1904; ''1610–1613'', 1905

Brown, Horatio, ''Studies in the history of Venice'' (London, 1907)

Chambers, D.S. (1970). ''The Imperial Age of Venice, 1380–1580.'' London: Thames & Hudson. The best brief introduction in English, still completely reliable.

Contarini, Gasparo (1599). ''The Commonwealth and Gouernment of Venice.'' Lewes Lewkenor, trsl. London: "Imprinted by I. Windet for E. Mattes." The most important contemporary account of Venice's governance during the time of its blossoming. Also available in various reprint editions.

Da Canal, Martin, "Les estoires de Venise" (13th century chronicle), translated by Laura Morreale. Padua, Unipress 2009.

Drechsler, Wolfgang (2002). "Venice Misappropriated." ''Trames'' 6(2), pp. 192–201. A scathing review of Martin & Romano 2000; also a good summary on the most recent economic and political thought on Venice.

Garrett, Martin, "Venice: a Cultural History" (2006). Revised edition of "Venice: a Cultural and Literary Companion" (2001).

Grubb, James S. (1986). "When Myths Lose Power: Four Decades of Venetian Historiography." ''Journal of Modern History'' 58, pp. 43–94. The classic "muckraking" essay on the myths of Venice.

Lane, Frederic Chapin. ''Venice: Maritime Republic'' (1973) (ISBN 978-0-8018-1445-7) standard scholarly history; emphasis on economic, political and diplomatic history

Laven, Mary, "Virgins of Venice: Enclosed Lives and Broken Vows in the Renaissance Convent (2002). The most important study of the life of Renaissance nuns, with much on aristocratic family networks and the life of women more generally.

Martin, John Jeffries and Dennis Romano (eds). ''Venice Reconsidered. The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297–1797.'' (2002) Johns Hopkins University Press. The most recent collection on essays, many by prominent scholars, on Venice.

Muir, Edward (1981). ''Civic Ritual in Renaissance Venice.'' Princeton UP. The classic of Venetian cultural studies, highly sophisticated.

Oppenheimer, Gerald J. (2010). ''Venetian'' Palazzi ''and'' Case: ''A Guide to the Literature.'' University of Washington, Seattle. Retrieved from http://faculty.washington.edu/gerryo/venice.html 7 February 2010.

Rösch, Gerhard (2000). ''Venedig. Geschichte einer Seerepublik.'' Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. In German, but the most recent top-level brief history of Venice.

;Popular

Ackroyd, Peter. ''Venice: Pure City''. London, Chatto & Windus. 2009. ISBN 978-0-7011-8478-0

Brown, Horatio, ''Life on the Lagoons'', 1884; revised ed. 1894; further eds. 1900, 1904, 1909.

Cole, Toby. ''Venice: A Portable Reader,'' Lawrence Hill, 1979. ISBN 978-0-88208-097-0 (hardcover); ISBN 978-0-88208-107-6 (softcover).

Morris, Jan (1993), ''Venice''. 3rd revised edition. Faber & Faber, ISBN 978-0-571-16897-2. A subjective and passionate written introduction to the city and some of its history. Not illustrated.

Ruskin, John (1853). ''The Stones of Venice''. Abridged edition Links, JG (Ed), Penguin Books, 2001. ISBN 978-0-14-139065-9. Seminal work on architecture and society

di Robilant, Andrea (2004). ''A Venetian Affair''. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-1-84115-542-5 Biography of Venetian nobleman and lover, from correspondence in the 1750s.

Sethre, Janet. ''The Souls of Venice'' McFarland & Company, Inc., 2003. ISBN 978-0-7864-1573-1 (softcover). This book focuses on people who have been shaped by Venice and who have shaped the city in their turn. Illustrated (photographs by Manuela Fardin).

External links

Venipedia wiki dedicated to Venice

Official Site of the City of Venice

Venice European Capital of Culture 2019

Geschichte Venedigs (German)

Archivio di Stato di Venezia (Italian)

Fondazione Musei Civici di Venezia (Italian/English)

Fondazione Giorgio Cini (Italian/English)

Category:Car-free areas Category:Carnival cities and towns Category:Cities and towns in Veneto Category:City nicknames Category:Coastal cities and towns in Italy Category:Historic Jewish communities Category:Islands of the Venetian Lagoon Category:Maritime Republics Category:Mediterranean port cities and towns in Italy Category:Port cities and towns of the Adriatic Sea Category:World Heritage Sites in Italy

af:Venesië ar:البندقية an:Venecia ast:Venecia ay:Venezia az:Venesiya bn:ভেনিস zh-min-nan:Venezia be:Горад Венецыя be-x-old:Вэнэцыя bs:Venecija br:Venezia bg:Венеция ca:Venècia cv:Венеци ceb:Venecia cs:Benátky cy:Fenis da:Venedig de:Venedig et:Venezia el:Βενετία eml:Venêzia es:Venecia eo:Venecio ext:Venécia eu:Venezia fa:ونیز fo:Venesia fr:Venise fy:Feneesje (stêd) fur:Vignesie ga:An Veinéis gl:Venecia - Venezia ko:베네치아 hy:Վենետիկ hi:वेनिस hr:Venecija io:Venezia id:Venesia os:Венеци is:Feneyjar it:Venezia he:ונציה jv:Venesia kn:ವೆನಿಸ್‌ ka:ვენეცია kk:Венеция kw:Venis sw:Venezia kv:Венеция la:Venetiae lv:Venēcija lb:Venedeg lt:Venecija lij:Venessia li:Venies lmo:Venèzia hu:Velence (Olaszország) mk:Венеција ml:വെനീസ് mr:व्हेनिस arz:فينيسيا ms:Venice mn:Венец my:ဗင်းနစ်မြို့ nah:Venezia nl:Venetië (stad) nds-nl:Venies ne:भेनिस ja:ヴェネツィア nap:Venezia no:Venezia nn:Venezia nrm:V'nise oc:Venècia pnb:وینس pms:Venessia pl:Wenecja pt:Veneza ro:Veneția qu:Venezia ru:Венеция sah:Венеция sc:Venezia sco:Venice sq:Venecia scn:Vinezzia simple:Venice sk:Benátky (mesto) sl:Benetke szl:Wynecyjo sr:Венеција sh:Venecija fi:Venetsia sv:Venedig ta:வெனிஸ் roa-tara:Venezia tt:Венеция te:వెనిస్ th:เวนิส tr:Venedik uk:Венеція ur:وینس ug:Wénitsiye vec:Venesia vi:Venezia vo:Venezia zh-classical:威尼斯 war:Venesya yi:ווענעציע zh-yue:威尼斯 zh:威尼斯

Coordinates	29°25′″N98°30′″N
Name	Brendan James
Background	solo_singer
Birth date	July 17, 1979
Birth place	Nashua, New Hampshire
Origin	Derry, New Hampshire, United States
Instrument	Vocals, piano
Genre	Soft rock, pop rock, folk rock
Occupation	Singer-songwriter, musician
Years active	2007–present
Label	Decca Records
Website	www.BrendanJames.com}}

Brendan James is an American singer-songwriter originally from Derry, New Hampshire, who started in New York City but is currently residing in California. His music is primarily based around the piano and he has released two albums, ''The Day Is Brave'' and ''Brendan James'', with Decca Records.

Early life

James was born in Nashua, New Hampshire on July 17, 1979, to parents Patricia and Randy. He is of Irish and German descent. He moved to Derry, New Hampshire when he was four and, after the divorce of his parents, alternated living in Derry and nearby Manchester, New Hampshire. . He attended high school at Pinkerton Academy in Derry and performed in plays and musicals during his school years. After the death of a friend's mother, he sang at her funeral and from there met Kevin Kandel, who played the piano at the funeral for James. Kandel, a local music teacher, would help spur James' interest in music.

After high school he went on to attend college at the University of North Carolina, beginning with a major in Voice before switching to Communications. During breaks from school James would head back to Derry and meet up with Kandel, who persuaded James to learn an instrument. James began piano lessons at the age of 19 and also began writing songs. Back at the University of North Carolina, James joined the Clef Hangers, an a capella music group. During his Junior year of college he wanted to visit Los Angeles to try to pursue a career in music. He was able to go to Hollywood and, at the same time, earn school credits on the condition that he accept an internship at a business related to his Communications degree. While living in Los Angeles, he played at a club called The Crooked Bar, (located underneath the Coconut Teaszer), working on songs and performing. When his internship ended he returned to the University of North Carolina to complete his Communications degree, which he obtained in 2002.

Music career

2003-06: Early New York & Capitol Records

After graduation from college, James moved to New York City to pursue his music career. He got a job at Urban Outfitters to support himself. He held that job for the next three years while also performing at many open mikes across Manhattan and the East Village. Around this time he also began breaking into various hotels, ballrooms and schools in order to use a piano to practice. In 2003 he acquired his still-current manager Ben Singer, a former classmate James had met at UNC. Ben helped him record a demo that eventually made its way to Carly Simon, who heard the demo and then invited James to come and record a song with her. That song would play at the 2003 Nobel Peace Prize ceremony.

In 2005 James would record another demo, this time with Tony Bruno in Woodstock, New York at the Millbrook Sound Studio. The demo caught the interest of major record labels, giving James a chance to play for Capitol Records CEO Andrew Slater. Slater signed him to a record deal and James spent the next year and a half working on his debut album, working with producers Tony Bruno and Patrick Leonard. The album was nearly complete when James was dropped from Capitol Records following the merger and takeover of Capitol by Virgin Records. James, along with many other artists, was dismissed from the label, but was allowed the keep his master tapes and was given a severance package.

2007–08: ''The Ballroom Break-In, The Day Is Brave'' and Decca Records

Still living in New York, James used and built upon the music he developed and recorded at Capitol, working to release the album himself. Working with producer Mikal Blue he turned the Capitol material and some new songs into the self-released EP, ''The Ballroom Break-In'', in 2007. The title of his EP was based on his early days in New York City, when he broke into venues in order to practice playing and writing songs on a piano. After the release of the EP, Tomas Young, a paralyzed Iraq War veteran, heard "Hero's Song" from ''The Ballroom Break-In'' on iTunes. Young picked the song to be on a soundtrack of a documentary of his life, called Body of War. Music from his EP was also used in television shows, "The Sun Will Rise" appeared on the ABC drama Private Practice in 2007, and the episode "The Bone That Blew" in the FOX series Bones. His EP earned interest with record labels and afterward James signed to Decca Records.

Decca Records released Brendan James' debut album, ''The Day Is Brave'' on June 3, 2008, in the United States, and on June 17, 2008 in Canada. The album was also produced by Mikal Blue. It debuted on the Top 10 Billboard Heatseeker Charts, with ''Newsweek'', ''Entertainment Weekly'', and celebrity blogger Perez Hilton praising his debut effort. James toured regionally then nationally supporting the album, headlining his own shows and also opening for artists such as Corinne Bailey Rae, John Legend, Susan Tedeschi, The Fray, and Robert Cray. At the end of 2008 James toured with the MTV SoundTRACKER Tour.

2009-now: ''Brendan James''

Writing for James' sophomore album began in 2009. Writing and production lasted for the next year and James called the act of the writing the second album "very difficult". During the creation of his second album James embarked on two distinct tours, John Mayer's Mayercraft II and a tour sponsored by scooter-maker Vespa, calling attention to green living. ''Brendan James'', James' self-titled sophomore album with production by Warren Huart, was released on September 7, 2010. James was also getting his songs on a wider range of television shows, being used on different series like So You Think You Can Dance and Army Wives.

Musical Styles & Influences

James is a singer-songwriter with a style based around the piano and only began composing and writing songs and playing the piano at 19. He's cited taking inspiration from 1970s artists James Taylor, Bob Dylan, and Stevie Wonder as well as more current artists like Ryan Adams and Death Cab For Cutie.

Discography

Albums

Year	Album details	Peak chart positions					! width="80"	U.S. Digital	U.S. Rock
		2008					* Released: June 3, 2008	* Label: [[Decca Records">Music recording sales certification
! width="80"	! width="80"	U.S. Digital	U.S. Rock
2008				* Released: June 3, 2008	* Label: [[Decca Records	CD, music download>digital download	—	9	—	—	—
2010	align="left"			* Released: September 7, 2010	* Label: Decca Records	CD, music download>digital download	93	—	21	33	—

Singles

Year	Title	Chart positions	Album
!width="40"	!width="40"

EPs

''The Ballroom Break-In'' (2007)

References

External links

Brendan James' Official Website

Brendan James' Official Myspace Profile

Category:American singer-songwriters Category:American male singers Category:American folk singers Category:Living people Category:People from Derry, New Hampshire Category:1979 births

lt:Brendan James

Coordinates	29°25′″N98°30′″N
name	Leilani Maaja Münter
nationality	American
birth date	February 18, 1976
birth place	Rochester, Minnesota
current series	ARCA Series
first year	2010
car number	59
current team	Mark Gibson Racing
starts	1
poles	0
wins	0
best finish	4th
year	2006
prev series	Indy Pro Series, ARCA Series, NASCAR Elite Division, ASA, NASCAR Late Models, Allison Legacy
prev series years	2001-2007 }}

Leilani Münter (born on February 18, 1976) is an American race car driver and environmental activist. She drives in the ARCA Racing Series, and previously drove in the Firestone Indy Lights, the development league of IndyCar. Prior to her debut in open wheel racing, she was a stock car driver in the NASCAR Elite division. She was born and raised in Rochester, Minnesota, earned a degree in Biology in San Diego, California, and currently lives in Cornelius, North Carolina.

Education

Prior to becoming a race car driver, Münter earned a bachelor's degree in biology, specializing in ecology, behavior, and evolution from the University of California, San Diego. During her college years, Münter was also a volunteer at a wildlife rescue and rehabilitation center.

Stock car racing career

Münter began racing in California in 2001 in the Allison Legacy Series. She debuted with a seventh place finish. In 2002 Münter made the move to Mooresville, North Carolina, widely regarded as the center for NASCAR racing. In 2003 she had her first start in the NASCAR Weekly Racing Series at South Boston Speedway, she finished ninth. She made her first speedway start in 2004 at Texas Motor Speedway and set a new record when she qualified fourth, the highest qualifying effort for a female driver at the track. It was also her first super late model race; she finished seventh. In 2006 she had her first full-time season in a race car. In just her fifth race of the season, she had one of the biggest races of her career when she finished fourth, setting a new record at Texas Motor Speedway for the highest finish for a female driver in the history of the 1.5 mile speedway. Later that year, Leilani became the first woman to qualify in the 45 year history of the Bettenhausen Classic at Illiana Speedway in Indiana. In 39 stock car starts, Münter scored 19 top tens and 9 top five finishes. She finished running 92% of the time. At the end of the 2006 racing season, she was set to make the move into the ARCA Series in 2007, a stepping stone series into NASCAR's top three series. In December 2006 she completed her ARCA rookie test at Daytona International Speedway. She was 24th quick of 59 race cars testing that day in a race car prepared by Andy Hillenburg, a retired driver who owns Fast Track Racing School, where Münter once worked at as an instructor. Shortly after her Daytona test Münter received a phone call from an Indy team to ask if she was interested in racing open wheel cars. By May 2007 she had completed her Indy Pro rookie test and made the move to open wheel racing. She got back in a stock car in December 2008, testing an ARCA car at Daytona International Speedway for NASCAR Sprint Cup driver James Hylton. In December 2009, she returned to ARCA testing at Daytona, driving the #59 NextEra Energy Resources Dodge for Mark Gibson Racing. In the final practice, Münter posted the 7th quickest lap with a speed of 181.77 mph, just 69 one-thousandths of a second behind Danica Patrick, who posted the 5th quickest time of the final practice. Patrick and Münter drafted with each other throughout the weekend. The two female drivers had previously worked together off the racetrack, in an ad campaign together in 2006 and 2007 for Hostess.

Indy Racing League career

In 2007 Münter became the fourth woman in history to compete in the Indy Pro Series, the development league of IndyCar. In May, Münter passed her Indy Pro Series rookie test at Kentucky Speedway. In August she inked a deal with three time championship team Sam Schmidt Motorsports. She qualified 5th for her debut at Kentucky Speedway on August 11. She had trouble on a restart and dropped back to 13th but raced her way back to the front of the field. She passed five cars in a lap and a half and turned in the fifth-fastest lap of the race with a speed of 192.399 mph. She was about to pass for fourth place when she was involved in a multi-car accident. Four-time Indy 500 champion Rick Mears, IndyCar driver Jaques Lazier, and many others in the IndyCar community spoke very highly of Münter after her debut. Münter's current plans include both a return to the Indy Pro Series and the ARCA Re/Max Series, a development league in NASCAR.

Media

Münter's accomplishments have landed her on the pages of USA Today, New York Times, Italian Vogue, Esquire, ESPN, Men's Journal, Newsweek, Glamour, Reader's Digest, Vanity Fair, Washington Post, and Sports Illustrated named her one of the top ten female race car drivers in the world. Glamour Magazine named her an "Eco Hero." In 2010 Discovery's Planet Green named her the #1 Eco Athlete, beating out Lance Armstrong for the top spot. She was profiled on Discovery Planet Green's new 2010 television series "Fast Forward." She has also been featured on DIY, ESPN, Fashion TV, National Geographic, NBC Sports, and Spike TV. Münter has also appeared as a model for Lucky Brand Jeans and appeared in ads for the brand in Vogue, Vanity Fair, In Style, and W Magazine as well as in Lucky Brand Stores across the country. Münter spent three years as a special correspondent for NASCAR.com and was one of three "Hostess Race Divas" to appear on boxes of Hostess Twinkies and Cupcakes - alongside IRL's Danica Patrick and NHRA's Melanie Troxel. The ad campaign for Hostess was significant because it was the first time the bakery has featured athletes on their products since professional baseball players were featured in the 1980s.

Personal

Münter holds a bachelor degree in biology from the University of California, San Diego and is a long time vegetarian. She once worked as a photo double for Catherine Zeta-Jones. In 1999 her sister Natascha married Bob Weir, singer and guitarist of the rock band The Grateful Dead. On March 17, 2009 Münter married Craig Davidson in a seaside wedding on New Zealand's Cathedral Cove beach.

Environmental activism

Münter is well known for speaking out about environmental issues. She blogs in the green section of the Huffington Post and is very active in the fight for environmental legislation.

In 2006, Münter started a section on her racing website dedicated to environmental news. She now hosts an eco-site called Carbon Free Girl, where she documents her efforts to become carbon neutral and discusses environmental issues and clean energy. She also has a blog where she is known to speak out about green issues. In 2007, Münter made the commitment to adopt an acre of endangered tropical rainforest for protection from World Land Trust to offset her carbon footprint from the race.

In March 2008 Münter went to Capitol Hill with the National Wildlife Federation to speak with members of Congress on behalf of the Climate Security Act. During her visit Senator Elizabeth Dole called Münter "a woman on a mission." That summer, Münter spoke at a rally in Capitol Hill alongside Senator Barbara Boxer, Senator John Kerry, and Senator Joe Lieberman in support of the Climate Security Act. When asked to comment on her environmental activities, Frank O'Donnell (President of the Clean Air Watch) told the Washington Post "I thing it's a fantastic thing."

The Indy Car Series runs on 100% ethanol and Münter has talked on her blog about the need for NASCAR to make the switch to a renewable clean energy source. Münter graduated from the University of California San Diego where she earned a Bachelors Degree in Biology specializing in Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution. She is also a long time vegetarian.

In February 2009 Münter climbed to the top of a wind turbine at Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center in Abilene, Texas and autographed one of the blades. The turbine was consequently nicknamed "Leilani" by its owner, NextEra Energy Resources. Later that same year, Münter signed a solar panel at NextEra Energy's SEGS in the Mojave Desert, the largest solar thermal energy center in the world.

Also in February 2009 Münter met musician Jack Johnson, who later that same year gave Münter permission to use his music with her slideshow about her mission to bring environmental awareness to the racing world. View Leilani's Eco Slideshow with music by Jack Johnson

Münter spoke on a panel discussion on creative activism with actress Daryl Hannah at Powershift 2009 in Washington, D.C.

In May 2009 Münter went to Norway to participate in the zero emission Viking Rally, driving a hydrogen fuel cell Ford Focus which has only harmless emissions of water and heat. Münter finished second in the hill-climb, just behind World Rally driver Hennig Solberg. Münter drank the water from the exhaust of the vehicle at the 24th annual Electric, Fuel Cell and Hybrid Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition in Stavanger, Norway.

In 2010, Münter was named by Discovery Channel's Planet Green Network as the #1 Eco Athlete; Lance Armstrong was rated #5. She was also featured in the new TV series Fast Forward on Planet Green, which profiled her environmental efforts in racing.

Münter was one of the first celebrity activists to visit the BP Oil Spill; she arrived in Venice, Louisiana on May 2, ten days after the Deepwater Horizon sank to the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico, the same day President Barack Obama arrived. She spent a week at the spill, documenting her experience there.

On July 13, 2010, Münter returned and toured the oil-stained areas of Louisiana devastated by the BP Oil Spill as part of a Sierra Club sponsored event involving 10 current and former athletes which included tennis star Chanda Rubin, Olympic skier Stacey Cook and NFL stars Ovie Mughelli and Mike Alstott.

In 2010, Münter became involved in the fight against the dolphin slaughter in Taiji, Japan and became a volunteer for Save Japan Dolphins. She has said publicly that immediately after watching the Academy Award winning documentary The Cove, that the first words out of her mouth when the movie ended to her husband was, "We have to go to Taiji and help Ric end this." Within a year, on September 2, 2010 Münter stood in Tokyo, next to dolphin activist Ric O'Barry who is featured in the movie, to deliver a petition signed by 1.7 million people from 151 countries asking for the dolphin slaughter to end. She returned to Taiji, Japan again for two weeks in October 2010 and documented two dolphin slaughters while she was there. She has stated she will continue to return to The Cove until the slaughter has ended. Münter recorded a video from Taiji for the project One Day on Earth on 10/10/10.

News links

Insider Racing News: Leilani Münter More Than Ready for Success

Washington Post: Race Car Driver Aims to Put Brakes on Global Warming

NASCAR.com: Münter Sets New Female Mark

References

External links

Discovery's Planet Green Names Leilani #1 Eco Athlete

Discovery's Planet Green TV Series "Fast Forward" episode on Leilani

Leilani Live on MSNBC from the BP Oil Spill

Leilani's Eco Slideshow with music by Jack Johnson

Slideshow of Leilani's Journey in Motorsports

Leilani in Esquire Magazine's Women We Love Gallery

Official Website

Category:1976 births Category:Female NASCAR drivers Category:American racecar drivers Category:American vegetarians Category:Indy Lights drivers Category:People from Rochester, Minnesota Category:Living people Category:Deepwater Horizon oil spill