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Assam
Assam /əˈsæm/ (Assamese: অসম) also, rarely, Assam Valley and formerly the Assam Province (British India), is a northeastern state of India and is one of the most culturally and geographically distinct regions of the country[citation needed]. Assam was one of the original provinces of the British ruled Indian sub-continent and among the original provinces of present day India, having a legislature that dates back to 1937. However, present day Assam has undergone numerous territory alignment changes, with its state map being altered more than any other province's. Known for exquisite natural resources, geography and its important role in India's freedom struggle; Assam has its capital as Dispur, an especialized city circuit region located on the outskirts of its largest metropolis, Guwahati.
Assam is particularly famous for its natural beauty. The landscape includes tea gardens, the river Brahmaputra, and many historical monuments and temples. Swami Vivekananda once said that, "next only to Kashmir, Assam is the most beautiful place in India" A state with an abundance of forest, Assam also has five national parks, around half a dozen other wildlife sanctuaries, and is home to two-thirds of the population of the unique one-horned rhino. When it comes to wildlife, Assam too has successfully conserved the one-horned Indian rhinoceros from near extinction, along with the tiger and numerous species of birds, and it provides one of the last wild habitats for the Asian elephant. It is becoming an increasingly popular destination for wildlife tourism, and Kaziranga and Manas are both World Heritage Sites.
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Bangladesh
Coordinates: 23°N 90°E / 23°N 90°E / 23; 90
Bangladesh (
i/ˈbɑːŋɡlədɛʃ/ or i/bæŋɡləˈdɛʃ/ (Anglicized pronunciation); Bengali: বাংলাদেশ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh) is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India and Burma and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. The capital (and largest city) is Dhaka, located in central Bangladesh. The official state language is Bengali. The name Bangladesh means "Land of Bengal" or "Country of Bengal" the in the Bengali language, from Bangla "Bengal" and desh holding a dual meaning of "land" and "country" as English "country," German land, French pays, etc.
The borders of present-day Bangladesh were established with the partition of Bengal during the reign and demise of the British India. Its map was chartered by Sir Cyril Radcliffe during the creation of Pakistan and India in 1947, when the region became East Pakistan, part of the newly formed nation of Pakistan. Due to political exclusion and economic exploitation by the politically dominant West Pakistan, popular agitation grew against West Pakistan and led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after the Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence on 26 March 1971. With the intervention of the Indian Army, the war came to an end on 16 December 1971 with the surrender of the Pakistan Army at Ramna Race Course.
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Battle of Plassey
Coordinates: 23°48′N 88°15′E / 23.80°N 88.25°E / 23.80; 88.25
The Battle of Plassey (Bengali: পলাশীর যুদ্ধ, Pôlashir Juddho), 23 June 1757, was a decisive British East India Company victory over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies, establishing Company rule in South Asia which expanded over much of the Indies for the next hundred years. The battle took place at Palashi, Bengal (Plassey is the anglicised version of Palashi), on the river banks of the Bhagirathi River, about 150 km north of Calcutta, near Murshidabad, then capital of undivided Bengal. The belligerents were Siraj-ud-daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, and the British East India Company.
The battle was preceded by the attack on British controlled Calcutta by Siraj-ud-daulah and the Black Hole incident. The British sent reinforcements under Colonel Robert Clive and Admiral Charles Watson from Madras to Bengal, and recaptured Calcutta. Clive then seized the initiative to capture the French fort of Chandernagar. Tensions and suspicions between Siraj-ud-daulah and the British culminated in the Battle of Plassey. The battle was waged during the Seven Years' War (1756–63) and, in a mirror of their European rivalry, the French East India Company sent a small contingent to fight against the British. Siraj-ud-Daulah had a numerically superior force and made his stand at Plassey. The British, worried about being outnumbered, formed a conspiracy with Siraj-ud-Daulah's demoted army chief Mir Jafar, along with others such as Yar Lutuf Khan, Jagat Seths (Mahtab Chand and Swarup Chand), Omichund and Rai Durlabh. Mir Jafar, Rai Durlabh and Yar Lutuf Khan thus assembled their troops near the battlefield but made no move to actually join the battle. Siraj-ud-Daulah's army was defeated by roughly 3,000 soldiers of Col. Robert Clive, owing to the flight of Siraj-ud-daulah from the battlefield and the inactivity of the conspirators.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Lok Sabha
Coordinates: 28°37′3″N 77°12′30″E / 28.6175°N 77.20833°E / 28.6175; 77.20833
The Lok Sabha (Hindi: लोक सभा) or House of the People is the lower house of the Parliament of India. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by direct election under universal adult suffrage. As of 2009, there have been fifteen Lok Sabhas elected by the people of India. The Constitution limits the Lok Sabha to a maximum of 552 members, including no more than 20 members representing people from the Union Territories, and two appointed non-partisan members to represent the Anglo-Indian community (if the President feels that that community is not adequately represented).
Each Lok Sabha is formed for a five-year term, after which it is automatically dissolved, unless extended by a proclamation of emergency. In such cases, the term may be extended by one-year increments. The 15th Lok Sabha was formed in May 2009.
An exercise to redraw Lok Sabha constituencies' boundaries has been carried out by the Delimitation Commission based on the Indian census of 2001. This exercise, which was supposed to be carried out after every census, was suspended in 1976 following a constitutional amendment to avoid adverse effects of the family planning program which was being implemented. Today, the Lok Sabha has its own TV channel, Lok Sabha TV, head-quartered within the premises of Parliament.
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Maharashtra
Maharashtra /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ (Marathi: महाराष्ट् mahārāṣṭra [məharaːʂʈrə] (
listen)) is a state located in India. It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India. Maharashtra is the richest state in India, contributing 15% of the country's industrial output and 13.3% of its GDP (2006–2007 figures).
Maharashtra is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Gujarat and the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the northwest, Madhya Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the east, Karnataka to the south, Andhra Pradesh to the southeast, and Goa to the southwest. The state covers an area of 307,731 km2 (118,816 sq mi) or 9.84% of the total geographical area of India. Mumbai, the capital city of the state, is India's largest city and the financial capital of the nation. Nagpur is the second capital of the state. Marathi is the official language.
Maharashtra is the world's second most populous first-level administrative country sub-division. Were it a nation in its own right, Maharashtra would be the world's tenth most populous country ahead of Mexico.
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Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire, Shahan-e-Gurkhani, Shahan-e-Mughal, Sultanate-e-Mughliya, Daulat-e-Mughliya (Persian: شاهان گورکانی Shāhān-e Gūrkānī; Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت; self-designation: گوركانى Gūrkānī ), or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperial power from the Indian Subcontinent. The Mughal emperors were direct descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan and Timur. The Mughal Empire began in 1526; at the height of their power in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they controlled most of the Indian Subcontinent—extending from Bengal in the east to Balochistan in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri basin in the south. According to "Babur-Nama", Kazakh tribal aristocracy along with number of other Turkic soldiers participated actively in the campaign of Babur, which made great influence over the development of Mughal Empire. Its population at that time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million, over a territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles).
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Mumbai
Mumbai /mʊmˈbaɪ/, also known as Bombay /bɒmˈbeɪ/, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth most populous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West or Central Asia.
The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies. For centuries, the islands were under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese and subsequently to the British East India Company. During the mid-18th century, Mumbai was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook the reclamation of the area between the seven constituent islands from the sea. Completed by 1845, the project along with construction of major roads and railways transformed Bombay into a major seaport on the Arabian Sea. Economic and educational development characterised the city during the 19th century. It became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the early 20th century. When India became independent in 1947, the city was incorporated into Bombay State. In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as capital. The city was renamed Mumbai in 1996.
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Panchgani
Pānchgani (Marathi: पाचगणी) is a hill station and municipal council in Sātārā district in Mahārāshtra, India .
Scenic Panchgani was discovered by the British during the British Raj as a summer resort, and a superintendent named John Chesson was placed in charge of the hill station in the 1860s. He is credited with planting many plant species from the western world in Panchgani, including silver oak and poinsettia, which have flourished since then in Panchgani. Mahabaleshwar was the summer resort of choice for the British, but it was uninhabitable during the monsoons. Panchgani was developed as a retirement place for the British because it remained pleasant throughout the year. John Chesson was deputed to find a suitable place. He surveyed the hills in this region in the company of one Mr Rustomji Dubash, (Grandfather of Kashmira, Afriz, Xerxes and Rustom Dubash), and finally decided on this nameless area in the vicinity of the five villages:Dhandeghar, Godavli, Amral, Khingar, and Taighat. The place was aptly named Panchgani, and Chesson was made Superintendent. To develop the infrastructure, Chesson encouraged various professionals - tailors, dhobis, butchers,vegetable vendors, building contractors etc. to also settle in Panchgani. The area below the bazaar was allotted to them, and is known as the gaothan. Chesson is buried in the graveyard of St. Peter's Church. In 1971 or '72, his death centenary was observed in a big way when for the first time, the town folk and the schools participated together in a ceremony to remember the founder of Panchgani.
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Parliament of India
Coordinates: 28°37′2″N 77°12′29″E / 28.61722°N 77.20806°E / 28.61722; 77.20806
The Parliament of India (Hindi: भारत संसद) is the supreme legislative body in India. Founded in 1919, the Parliament alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all political bodies in India. The Parliament of India comprises the President of India and the two Houses, Lok Sabha (House of the People) and Rajya Sabha (Council of States). The President has the power to summon and prorogue either House of Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha.
The parliament is bicameral, with an upper house called as Council of States or Rajya Sabha, and a lower house called as House of People or Lok Sabha. The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Sansad Bhavan (located on the Sansad Marg), in New Delhi. The Members of either house are commonly referred to as Members of Parliament or MP. The MPs of Lok Sabha are elected by direct election and the MPs of Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of the State Legislative Assemblies and Union territories of Delhi and Pondicherry only in accordance with proportional voting. The Parliament is composed of 790 MPs, who serve the largest democratic electorate in the world (714 million eligible voters in 2009).
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Rajasthan
Rājasthān /ˈrɑːdʒəstæn/ (Hindustani pronunciation: [raːdʒəsˈt̪ʰaːn] ( listen)) the land of Rajasthanis, ("the land of kings"), is the largest state of the Republic of India by area. It is located in the northwest of India. It encompasses most of the area of the large, inhospitable Great Indian Desert (Thar Desert), which has an edge paralleling the Sutlej-Indus river valley along its border with Pakistan. The state is bordered by Pakistan to the west, Gujarat to the southwest, Madhya Pradesh to the southeast, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana to the northeast and Punjab to the north. Rajasthan covers 10.4% of India, an area of 342,269 square kilometres (132,151 sq mi).
Jaipur is the capital and the largest city of the state. Geographical features include the Thar Desert along north-western Rajasthan and the termination of the Ghaggar River near the archaeological ruins at Kalibanga of the Indus Valley Civilization, which are the oldest in the Indian subcontinent discovered so far.
One of the world's oldest mountain ranges, the Aravalli Range, cradles the only hill station of Rajasthan, Mount Abu, famous for Dilwara Temples, a sacred pilgrimage for Jains. Eastern Rajasthan has the world famous Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur, a World Heritage Site known for its bird life. It also has two national tiger reserves, Ranthambore and Sariska Tiger Reserve, and a famous temple in Khatu, Sikar district, dedicated to Khatu Shyam Ji. Rajasthan was formed on 30 March 1949, when the region known until then as Rajputana, consisting of erstwhile princely states ruled mainly by Rajputs.
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Rajya Sabha
Coordinates: 28°37′0″N 77°12′30″E / 28.616667°N 77.20833°E / 28.616667; 77.20833
The Rajya Sabha (Hindi: राज्य सभा) or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Rajya means state and Sabha means "assembly" in Sanskrit. Membership is limited to 250 members, 12 of whom are chosen by the President of India for their expertise in specific fields of art, literature, science, and social services. These members are known as nominated members. The remainder of the body is elected by the state and territorial legislatures. Terms of office are six years, with one third of the members retiring every two years.
The Rajya Sabha meets in continuous sessions and, unlike the Lok Sabha, is not subject to dissolution. The Rajya Sabha has equal footing in all areas of legislation with Lok Sabha, except in the area of supply, where the Lok Sabha has overriding powers. In the case of conflicting legislation, a joint sitting of the two houses is held.
However, since the Lok Sabha has twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha, it would normally hold the greater power in such joint sessions. Only three joint sessions have been held; the last one was for the passage of the anti-terror law POTA in 2002.
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South India
South India is the area encompassing India's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union territories of Lakshadweep and Pondicherry, occupying 19.31% of India's area (635780 km² or 245476.030 mi²). The region is also known as Dravida as is used in the National anthem.
South India lies in the peninsular Deccan Plateau and is bounded by the Arabian Sea in the west, the Indian Ocean in the south and the Bay of Bengal in the east. The geography of the region is diverse, encompassing two mountain ranges, the Western and Eastern Ghats, and a plateau heartland. The Godavari, Krishna, Tungabhadra and Kaveri rivers are important non-perennial sources of water.
A majority of Indians from the southern region speak one of the Dravidian languages: Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Tulu, and Kodava. During its history, a number of dynastic kingdoms ruled over parts of South India whose invasions across southern and southeastern Asia impacted the history and cultures of modern sovereign states such as Sri Lanka, Singapore, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia. The region was colonised by Britain and gradually incorporated into the British Empire.
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Thar Desert
The Thar Desert (Rajasthani: थार मरुधर, Hindi:थार मरुस्थल, Urdu (Urdu: تھر صحرا also known as the Great Indian Desert) is a large, arid region in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent and forms a natural boundary running along the border between India and Pakistan. With an area of more than 200,000 km2 (77,000 sq mi), it is the world's 9th largest subtropical desert.
It lies mostly in the Indian State of Rajasthan, and extends into the northern portion of Haryana and Punjab states and into southern Gujarat state. In Pakistan, the desert covers eastern Sindh province and the southeastern portion of Pakistan's Punjab province. The Cholistan Desert adjoins the Thar desert spreading into Pakistani Punjab province.
In India the Thar Desert (also known as the Great Indian Desert) extends from the Sutlej River, surrounded by the Aravalli Ranges on the east, on the south by the salt marsh known as the Great Rann of Kutch (parts of which are sometimes included in the Thar), and on the west by the Indus River. Its boundary to the large thorny steppe to the north is ill-defined, about 3/5th of the total geographical area of the State.
In Pakistan, the desert covers eastern Sindh and the southeastern portion of Punjab, Pakistan. The Tharparkar District is one of the major parts of the desert area. Tharparkar consists of two words: Thar means ‘desert’ while Parkar stands for ‘the other side’.
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The Village Voice
Coordinates: 40°43′42″N 73°59′28″W / 40.7283°N 73.9911°W / 40.7283; -73.9911
The Village Voice is a free weekly newspaper and news and features website in New York City that features investigative articles, analysis of current affairs and culture, arts and music coverage, and events listings for New York City. It is also distributed throughout the United States on a pay basis.
It was the first of the big-city tabloids that came to be known as alternative weeklies.
The Voice was launched by Ed Fancher, Dan Wolf, John Wilcock, and Norman Mailer on October 26, 1955 from a two-bedroom apartment in Greenwich Village, which was its initial coverage area, expanding to other parts of the city by the 1960s. The offices in the 1960s were located at Sheridan Square; they are now at Cooper Square in the East Village.
The Voice has published groundbreaking investigations of New York City politics, as well as reporting on local and national politics, with arts, culture, music, dance, film, and theater reviews. The Voice has received three Pulitzer Prizes, in 1981 (Teresa Carpenter), 1986 (Jules Feiffer) and 2000 (Mark Schoofs). Almost since its inception the paper has recognized alternative theater in New York through its Obie Awards. The paper's "Pazz & Jop" music poll, started by Robert Christgau in the early 1970s, continues to this day and remains a highly influential survey of the nation's music critics. In 1999, film critic J. Hoberman and film section editor Dennis Lim began a similar Village Voice Film Poll for the year's movies. In 2001 the paper sponsored its first Siren Festival music festival, a free annual event every summer held at Coney Island. That event has since been moved to the lower tip of Manhattan and re-christened the "4Knots Music Festival," a reference to the speed of the East River's current.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand[needs IPA] (Sanskrit: उत्तराखण्डम्, Uttarākhanḍam ?, Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड, Uttarākhanḍ ?), formerly Uttaranchal, is a state in the northern part of India. It is often referred to as the Land of Gods (Hindi: देव भूमि, Dēv bhūmi ?) due to the many holy Hindu temples and cities found throughout the state, some of which are among Hinduism's most spiritual and auspicious places of pilgrimage and worship. Known for its natural beauty and wealth of the Himalayas, the Bhabhar and the Terai, the state was carved out of the Himalayan and adjoining north-western districts of Uttar Pradesh on 9 November 2000, becoming the 27th state of the Republic of India. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region on the north, the Mahakali Zone of Far-Western Region, Nepal on the east and the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the north west.
The region is traditionally referred to as Uttarakhand in Hindu scriptures and old literature, a term which derives from Sanskrit uttara (उत्तर) meaning north, and khaṇḍ (खण्ड्) meaning country or part of a country. It has an area of 20,682 sq mi (53,566 km²).
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Village Vanguard
The Village Vanguard is a jazz club located at 178 7th Avenue South in Greenwich Village, New York City. The club was opened on February 22, 1935, by Max Gordon. At first, it featured many forms of music, such as folk music and beat poetry, but it switched to an all-jazz format in 1957.
The Village Vanguard, a small underground club nestled in the heart of Greenwich Village, first opened its doors in 1935. Yet its history did not begin there; for years prior to 1935, the Vanguard’s proprietor, Max Gordon, strived to run a successful nightclub. His first attempt at a Village Vanguard opened in 1934 on Charles Street and Greenwich Avenue. Gordon intended for the Vanguard to be a forum for poets and artist as well as a site for musical performances. Yet, due to insufficient facilities, Gordon was refused a cabaret license from the police department and was unable to create the club that he originally envisioned. In his autobiography, Gordon writes that “I knew if I was ever to get anywhere in the nightclub business, I’d have to find another place with two johns, two exits, two hundred feet away from a church or synagogue or school, and with the rent under $100 a month.” In 1934, Gordon moved his business and purchased the Golden Triangle, a speakeasy on 178 Seventh Avenue. The Golden Triangle was an apt name for the club, as the structure of the basement facility resembled that of an isosceles triangle. After purchasing the property, Gordon changed the name of the club to the Village Vanguard and that name has remained ever since.
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West Bengal
West Bengal /bɛŋˈɡɔːl/ (proposed new English name: Paschim Banga) is a state in the eastern region of India and is the nation's fourth-most populous. It is also the seventh-most populous sub-national entity in the world, with over 91 million inhabitants. Covering a total area of 34,267 sq mi (88,750 km2), it is bordered by the countries of Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, and the Indian states of Orissa, Jharkhand, Bihar, Sikkim, and Assam. The state capital is Kolkata (formerly Calcutta). West Bengal encompasses two broad natural regions: the Gangetic Plain in the south and the sub-Himalayan and Himalayan area in the north.
In the 3rd century BC, the broader region of Bengal was conquered by the emperor Ashoka. In the 4th century AD, it was absorbed into the Gupta Empire. From the 13th century onward, the region was ruled by several sultans, powerful Hindu states and Baro-Bhuyan landlords, until the beginning of British rule in the 18th century. The British East India Company cemented their hold on the region following the Battle of Plassey in 1757, and the city of Calcutta (now known as Kolkata) served for many years as the capital of British India. The early and prolonged exposure to British administration resulted in expansion of Western education, culminating in development in science, institutional education, and social reforms of the region, including what became known as the Bengal Renaissance. A hotbed of the Indian independence movement through the early 20th century, Bengal was divided in 1947 along religious lines into two separate entities: West Bengal – a state of India – and East Bengal, which initially joined the new nation of Pakistan, before becoming part of modern-day Bangladesh in 1971.
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Zanzibar
Zanzibar (
/ˈzænzɨbɑr/; from Arabic: زنجبار Zanjibār, from Persian: زنگبار Zangibār "Coast of Blacks"; zangi [black-skinned] + bār [coast]) is a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania, in East Africa. It comprises the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Indian Ocean, 25–50 kilometres (16–31 mi) off the coast of the mainland, and consists of numerous small islands and two large ones: Unguja (the main island, informally referred to as Zanzibar), and Pemba. Other nearby island countries and territories include Comoros and Mayotte to the south, Mauritius and Réunion to the far southeast, and the Seychelles Islands about 1,500 km to the east. Arab and Portuguese traders visited the region in early times, and it was controlled by Omanis in the 18th and 19th centuries. Britain established a protectorate (1890) that became an independent sultanate in December 1963 and a republic after an uprising in January 1964. In April 1964 it joined Tanganyika to form a new republic that was renamed Tanzania in October 1964. The capital of Zanzibar, located on the island of Unguja, is Zanzibar City, and its historic centre, known as Stone Town, is a World Heritage Site.
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50 Cent
Curtis James Jackson III (born July 6, 1975), better known by his stage name 50 Cent, is an American rapper, entrepreneur, investor, record producer, and actor. He rose to fame with the release of his albums Get Rich or Die Tryin' (2003) and The Massacre (2005). His album Get Rich or Die Tryin' has been certified eight times platinum by the RIAA.
Born in the South Jamaica of Queens, New York City, Jackson began drug dealing at the age of twelve during the 1980s crack epidemic. After leaving drug dealing to pursue a rap career, he was shot at and struck by nine bullets during an incident in 2000. After releasing his album Guess Who's Back? in 2002, Jackson was discovered by rapper Eminem and signed to Interscope Records. With the help of Eminem and Dr. Dre, who produced his first major commercial successes, Jackson became one of the world's highest selling rappers. In 2003, he founded the record label G-Unit Records, which signed several successful rappers such as Young Buck, Lloyd Banks, and Tony Yayo.
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Ahmed Rushdi
Ahmed Rushdi, SI, PP (Urdu: احمد رشدی; April 24, 1934 – April 11, 1983) was a versatile Pakistani playback singer who worked in film music and was "an important contributor to the Golden Age of Pakistani film music." Rushdi is acclaimed as one of the greatest singers ever lived in south asia and was a natural baritone, yet could sing high tenor notes with ease. Born in Hyderabad Deccan, he migrated to Pakistan and became a leading singer in the Pakistan film industry. He is considered to be one of the most versatile vocalists of the subcontinent and was capable of singing variety of songs. He is also considered to be the first regular pop singer of south asia and credited as having sung the "first-ever South asian" pop song, "Ko-Ko-Ko-reena."
In 1954, he recorded the official National anthem of Pakistan with several other singers. Rushdi has recorded the highest number of film songs in the history of Pakistani cinema in Urdu, English, Punjabi, Bengali, Sindhi and Gujarati languages. He suffered from poor health during the latter part of his life and died of a heart attack at the age of 48, after recording approximately five thousand film songs for 583 released films. Besides popular music, Rushdi also helped popularize the ghazals of Naseer Turabi.
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Ali Akbar Khan
Ali Akbar Khan (Bengali: আলী আকবর খাঁ) (14 April 1922 – 18 June 2009), often referred to as Khansahib or by the title Ustad (master), was a Hindustani classical musician of the Maihar gharana, known for his virtuosity in playing the sarod. Khan was instrumental in popularizing Indian classical music in the West, both as a performer (often in conjunction with Sitar maestro Ravi Shankar), and as a teacher. He established a music school in Calcutta in 1956, and the Ali Akbar College of Music in 1967, which is now located in San Rafael, California and has a branch in Basel, Switzerland. Khan also composed several classical ragas and filmscores. He was a Distinguished Adjunct Professor of Music at the University of California, Santa Cruz.
Trained as a musician and instrumentalist by his father, Allauddin Khan, Khan first came to America in 1955 on the invitation of violinist Yehudi Menuhin and later settled in California. Khan was nominated for five Grammy Awards and was accorded India's second highest civilian honor, the Padma Vibhushan, in 1989. He has also won a MacArthur Fellowship and the National Endowment for the Arts's National Heritage Fellowship.
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Alisha Chinai
Alisha Chinai (Hindi: अलीशा चिनॉय; born 18 March 1965) is an Indian pop singer known for her albums as well as playback singing in Hindi cinema.
Alisha's initial albums include Jadoo, Baby Doll, Aaah Alisha and Made in India. Alisha was introduced to Hindi film music by the veteran music director and composer Bappi Lahiri. They had many disco hits together in many films in the 1980s including "Tarzan", Dance Dance, Commando, Guru, Love Love Love etc. When she started her career with him, she was doing playback singing for many actresses, such as Smita Patil, Mandakini, Sridevi, Juhi Chawla, Madhuri Dixit and Divya Bharati etc. In 1985, Alisha sang with Remo Fernandes in the album Old Goan Gold. She also recorded a song for Pankuj Parashar's film Jalwa (1987), composed by Anand-Milind. One of her biggest hits during the 80s was "Kaate Nahin Katte" (Mr. India) in 1987, which she recorded with Kishore Kumar under the music direction of Laxmikant-Pyarelal. Another successful track in 1989 was "Raat Bahr Jaam Se" from the film Tridev, which had music by Kalyanji-Anandji and Viju Shah.
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Alka Yagnik
Alka Yagnik (born March 20, 1966 in Kolkata, West Bengal, India) is an Indian singer. Among the best-known playback singers of Hindi cinema, she is a record seven-time winner of the Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer from a record of 35 nominations, a two-time recipient of the National Film Award as well as several other music awards listed below. Further, as many as 20 of her tracks feature in BBC's "Top 40 Bollywood Soundtracks of all time" review.
Alka Yagnik was born in Kolkata on March 20, 1966. Her mother Shubha Yagnik was a singer of Indian classical music. She received her school education from Modern High School for Girls. At the age of 6, she started singing for Akashvani (All India Radio), Calcutta. At age 10, her mother brought her to Bombay as a child singer. She was advised to wait until her voice matured, but her mother remained determined. On a subsequent visit, Alka got a letter of introduction to Raj Kapoor from his Kolkata distributor. Kapoor heard the girl and sent her with a letter to noted music director Laxmikant. Impressed, Laxmikant gave her two alternatives — an immediate start as a dubbing artist or a later break as a singer; they settled for the latter.
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Andre de Quadros
André de Quadros
André de Quadros (1953—), conductor, ethnomusicologist, music educator, and human rights activist has conducted and undertaken research in over forty countries and is a professor of music at Boston University. He has had a number of leadership positions at Boston University, including: director of the School of Music, chair of the Music Education Department, chair of the Department of Music in the College and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and artistic director of the Tanglewood Institute. He holds affiliated faculty appointments in other BU departments: the African Studies Center, the Center for the Study of Asia, and the Institute for the Study of Muslim Societies and Civilizations.
He has studied at the Bombay School of Music, the University of Bombay, La Trobe University (Australia), at the University of Melbourne, at Monash University (Australia), at the Universitat "Mozarteum" in Salzburg with a DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) scholarship, and at the Victorian College of the Arts.
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Anu Malik
Anu Malik (Hindi: अनु मलिक) (born 2 November 1960), born Anwar Sardaar Malik, is a music director in the Hindi film industry. Son of veteran music director Sardar Malek, Anu Malik made his debut as a music composer in the year 1977. In the 90's Anu had hits like 'Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee', 'Baazigar' and 'Jaanam'.
The beginning of the millennium saw him winning the National Award for his music for J.P. Dutta's 'Refugee', and also the Filmfare Special Jury Award for his outstanding music in the film. He has also won the Filmfare Best Music Director Award for 'Main Hoon Na' and 'Baazigar'. He was nominated 14 times for the Filmfare Award for Best Music Director.
Anu Malik has been judging the television phenomenon 'Indian Idol' for the last three seasons and continues to be a member of the jury for the fourth season as well. He has also rendered many of his own compositions like Garam Chaye Ki Pyali, Gori Gori and the recent Meri Jane Jigar.
The son of veteran composer Sardar Malik, brother of Abu Malik and Daboo Malik, Anu Malik learnt music from Pandit Ram Prasad Sharma (Babaji)[citation needed]. He made his debut in Hunterwali in 1977. He composed for various famous films like Sohni Mahiwal, Mard, Ganga Jamuna Saraswathi and Jeete Hain Shaan Se got recognition for them, but still throughout the 1980s he could not get much of the work as there were so many established music directors like R.D. Burman, Laxmikant-Pyarelal, Kalyanji-Anandji and Bappi Lahiri. One of the only producers that always returned to him were FC Mehra's Eagle Films. Other early films were:
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Anushka Manchanda
Anushka Manchanda (born 11 February 1985) is an Indian singer, model, an ex-Channel [V] -VJ and was a member of the Indian pop girl group Viva!.
Anushka Manchanda was born in Delhi, India. She gained popularity when she emerged as a winner of the Indian television talent show, Coke [V] Popstars in 2002, and formed the first Indian pop girl band, named Viva!. After the group spilt because of differences, Anushka got to work as VJ for Channel [V] for a short time.
She then stepped into playback singing in the Tamil film industry by singing the song "O Mahire" from the 2004 film Manmadhan under the direction of noted music composer Yuvan Shankar Raja. She later worked several times with him to create popular songs like "Thee Pidikka" (Arinthum Ariyamalum), "Kudakooli" (Kalvanin Kadhali), "Money Money" (Thimiru) and "Oh..Oh..Ennanamo" (Chennai 600028). In 2006 then, she got her first opportunity to sing for a Hindi film as well, which was the title song of the film Golmaal, composed by Vishal-Shekhar. This was followed by several other songs under other noted music composers as Anu Malik, Salim-Sulaiman, Pritam and Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy.
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Asha Bhosle
Asha Bhosle (born September 8, 1933) is an Indian singer. She is best-known as a playback singer in Hindi cinema, although she has a wider repertoire. Bhosle's career started in 1943 and has spanned over six decades. She has done playback singing for over a thousand Bollywood movies. In addition, she has recorded several private albums and participated in numerous solo concerts in India and abroad. Bhosle is the sister of playback singer Lata Mangeshkar.
Renowned for her voice range and often credited for her versatility, Bhosle's work includes film music, pop, ghazals, bhajans, traditional Indian classical music, folk songs, qawwalis, and Rabindra Sangeets. Apart from Hindi, she has sung in over 20 Indian and foreign languages. In 2006, Asha Bhosle stated that she had sung over 12,000 songs, a figure repeated by several other sources. The World Records Academy, an international organization which certifies world records, recognised her as the "Most Recorded Artist" in the world, in September 2009. In 2011 she was officially acknowledged by the Guinness Book of World Records as the most recorded artist in music history. The Government of India honoured her with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 2000 and the Padma Vibhushan in 2008.
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Ashwin Batish
Ashwin Kumar Batish Hindi: अशविन कुमार बातिश(born 1951 in Bombay, India) is a sitar and tabla player best known for rekindling interest in the sitar among young Indians.[unreliable source?]
A child prodigy, Ashwin would often sing with his sister Meena Batish at performances organized by his father, the composer, author, Bollywood playback singer and music director, Pandit Shiv Dayal Batish (Hindi: पन्डित षिव दयाल बातिश). His mother, Shrimati Shanta Devi Batish (Hindi: श्रिमति शान्ता देवी बातिश), was an All India Radio artist and is credited for starting young Ashwin on the dholak drum around the age of seven and on the sitar around the age of 12.
When Ashwin's father took him to see his friend Ashok, the son of the great music director and harmonium wizard Pandit Bhagatram (Hindi: पन्डित भगतराम), Ashwin fell in love with the sitar. Ashok was only 2 years older than Ashwin and seeing his friend perform made Ashwin think that he could too.
In 1964, Ashwin's father left India to visit one of his daughters in England. Ashwin turned to his mother and shared with her his secret wish to play the sitar. She bought him a student model sitar and started teaching him herself, as she had played the sitar when young. His mother had also presented him with some sitar albums by Ravi Shankar (Hindi: पन्डित रवि शन्कर). Ashwin would listen and copy all the songs to the best of his abilities. At the same time, he was also a great fan of the Beatles, Cliff Richards, Pat Boone and other pop singers of the 50's era. Ashwin wasted no time in whipping out the songs he heard from these Western artists.
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Asian Dub Foundation
Asian Dub Foundation are a British electronica band that plays a mix of rapcore, dub, dancehall and ragga, also using rock instruments, acknowledging a punk influence. Their distinctive sound also combines indo-dub basslines, searing sitar-inspired guitars and ‘traditional’ sounds, shot through with fast-chat conscious lyrics.
Asian Dub Foundation is better described as a group that arose from a community rap organisation. The different forms of music include toasting, dub, funky guitars and many other African instrumentals. One of their most influential tracks is named Strong Culture which gives the listener an idea of the Asian culture. "Their distinctive sound is a combination of hard ragga-jungle rhythms, indo-dub basslines, searing sitar-inspired guitars and 'traditional' sounds gleaned from their parents' record collections, shot through with fast-chat conscious lyrics".
Sanjay Gulabhai Tailor, Aka Sun-J, joined the band as live midi/programmer and DJ soon after. This completed the full live line-up of the band. After earning a reputation as formidable live performers, the band — which now included dancer Bubble-E — won widespread acclaim for the 1995 single "Rebel Warrior". Their second album Rafi's Revenge was nominated for a Mercury Prize combining a unique combination of punk energy with a jungle/reggae core. The single, 'Naxalite' was an ode to the militant Naxalite movement in India. Tours to the United States with the Beastie Boys and Japan followed to wide acclaim.[citation needed] Their following album, Community Music, developed their sound further and received a coveted 10/10 review in NME.
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Baba Sehgal
Baba Sehgal is an Indian rapper and actor. Brought up in Lucknow, he was famous in the mid 1990s. He is credited as the first Indian rapper to jump on the Indipop bandwagon, and released an album which got frequent airplay on MTV India. Since then he has dominated the Indian rap scene with hits such as 'Thanda Thanda Paani' (a remake of "Ice Ice Baby" by Vanilla Ice), 'Manjula' and 'Dil Dhadke'.
He released Dilruba (1990),Alibaba (1991),Thanda Thanda Pani (1992),Main bhi Madonna (1993),Double Gadbad (1999) and many more albums. He almost always writes, composes and sings the songs in his albums himself. He was the music director of the movie 'Dance Party' which had a popular song "kapurthala se aaya hoon, tere liye laaya hoon, Orange kurta peela pajama..". He has the distinction of being the first Indian music video ever to be shown on MTV Asia (which was broadcasting out of Hong Kong at the time).
He also acted in a few films such as Miss 420 (1998) and Double Gadbad (1999). Before this he hosted the TV show Superhit Muqabla which was aired on DD2 at primetime. He has also worked as a stage performer and a model.
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Bally Sagoo
Bally Sagoo (born Baljit Singh Sagoo, 19 May 1964) is a British Asian musician and DJ who was born in Ranjit Nagar, Delhi, India, but grew up in Birmingham, England, in a predominantly black neighbourhood, influenced by disco, rap and Motown music. Bally Sagoo is also known as The Godfather of Bhangra.
In an interview "Re-mixing Identities: "Off" The Turn-Table," Bally said:
"Indian music was Indian music. So I just left that side of things and I moved into the Western side of things and I was getting into English and American music... I was a typical example of someone who didn't know what Asian people were about. I was too much into the Western society business. My friends were mainly black and I didn't have many Asian mates because of, talking fifteen years ago you know, we didn't have funky Asian music... Then all of a sudden things just changed. I just got so much into it and my mates were like 'my god Bally Sagoo's doing Indian music.'"
He gained success as a DJ in the club scene and broke into music by revamping old Bollywood hits and fusing them with hip hop. He is widely credited as one of the original pioneers of Bollywood, Bhangra and various Indian music, and for triggering the explosion of modern Bhangra pop music (although his music was and is more a fusion of Western dance and hip hop with existing Indian music). This is specifically seen in his 1994 album Bollywood Flashback,(The remix of Asha Bhosle's "Chura Liya" from the album is widely considered as an industry benchmark and the gold standard for Bollywood mixes) followed up with Rising From The East in 1996. Bally Sagoo runs a production company named Ishq Records that responsible for many artist. He has been awarded numerous Platinum album sales and awards. He has also toured with Michael Jackson in India.
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Bombay Jayashri
Bombay Jayashri Ramnath is an Indian Carnatic music vocalist. She is a disciple of violin maestro Shri. Lalgudi G Jayaraman. She is one of the most sought after contemporary musicians. Jayashri is also a music composer and a teacher, with excellence as an underlying thread in all her activities.
Jayashri was born into a family of music connoisseurs and musicians. While growing up in Bombay, she started training in Carnatic music under the guidance of her parents Smt Seetha and Shri N.N. Subramaniam. In a few years, she went on to learn with Smt T. R. Balamani, a very well-respected teacher in Bombay. Jayashri was also initiated into Hindustani music and trained under Shri Mahavir Jaipurvale and Shri Ajay Pohankar for about six years.
When she moved to Chennai, her musical training took a huge turn, under the guidance and mentorship of her Guru, the legendary violin maestro Shri. Lalgudi G Jayaraman. Around the same time, she also learnt the veena from Shri G.N. Dhandapani Iyer.
Jayashri began her concert career in 1982. She has performed at prestigious festivals and venues all across India and in over twenty different countries. She has the rare privilege of being the first Carnatic vocal performer in the Royal Opera House at Durban and the Russian Opera House at Helsinki, Finland. She has also represented the Carnatic Music tradition at Lausanne, Switzerland; Porto, Portugal and Santiago, Spain and the Queen Elizabeth Hall, London. Besides her musical performances, she continues to deliver workshops all over the world on the subject of World Music.
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Colonial Cousins
Colonial Cousins is a band formed by Indian duo composed of singer Hariharan and singer-composer Leslie Lewis. They also have a largely successful career as solo artists as well. Their unique brand of music fused Indian and Western musical genres instantly won the hearts of young and old alike. The album hit platinum in sales in India alone and consistently busted the Indian music charts in 1996. Award upon award was piled on the duo, notably the MTV Asia Viewers' Choice Award, 1996, and the US Billboard's Viewers' Award, 1996. On 19 November 1998, the Colonial Cousins released their second album, The Way We Do It. They also released their third album Aatma on January 1, 2001. They have scored two Tamil films, Modhi Vilayadu (2009) and Chikku Bukku (2010).
It was during Lewis's jingles career that the idea of Colonial Cousins was conceived. Lezz had called in Hariharan to sing a jingle for him one evening in 1992. The lyrics for the jingle were late coming in. The restless Lezz began crooning something while strumming on his guitar, Hari felt inspired to jam with an alaap, and the result: the seamless fusion of Eastern and Western sounds that has become the quintessential characteristic of the Colonial Cousins.
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Daler Mehndi
Daler Mehndi (Punjabi: ਦਲੇਰ ਮਹਿੰਦੀ, dalēr mahindī), born August 18, 1967, is an Indian Bhangra pop singer who is known for his hit song Tunak Tunak Tun.
Mehndi was a student of traditional Punjabi music and his first album broke sales records in India. Since 1995 he has recorded several highly successful albums in India, and also sung as a playback singer for several Hindi movies. His international popularity has grown in recent years allowing him to tour the United States. Mehndi is also well known as a philanthropist, funding beautification projects in Delhi and aiding earthquake victims.
Daler was born and raised in Patna, Bihar to a Jat family. He began singing at age 6 and was taught the ragas and Shabads from the Guru Granth Sahib by his parents. At age fourteen he spent three years refining his voice and learning how to play the tabla, dholak/dhool, harmonium and tanpura from Late Ustad Raahat Ali Khan Saheb of Gorakhpur.
Mehendi is not Daler's surname, it was a title given to him by one of his elder brothers as he is a big fan of Parvej Mehendi, a popular ghazal singer. The name was very lucky for him so everyone in the house (his four brothers) except Mika Singh (Amrik) used it.
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Devika Chawla
Devika is an Indian pop singer and songwriter.
Devika started vocal music training in New Delhi, India when she was eight years old. She continued her training and advanced to Ragas and Hindustani Classical Music, learning under the supervision of several great teachers. The classical training provided her a great base for expansion to other popular styles. She performed frequently through high school (Modern School, New Delhi), using both classical and popular styles to capture her audience.
She moved to the United States for her undergraduate study in Computer Science at Georgetown University. It was during these years that she experimented with a fusion of Indian classical music and western compositions and teamed up with Holmes Ives and performed vocals for the album titled Satyriasis. After graduation she resumed her formal training in Hindustani Classical Music.
She recorded a self titled Indian pop music album with Shehzad Hasan (Shahi) of Vital Signs, Pakistan's most well known pop band, Noor Lodhi, Manesh Judge and Anshuman Chandra of SaazMantra. Phat Phish Records, winner of the 2005 MTV Immies Best Video of the Year award for Rabbi Shergill's song "Bulla Ki Jaana Mein Kaun" has directed the video for her title track - "Kehnde Ne Naina".
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Erick Sermon
Erick Sermon (born November 25, 1967, Bay Shore, New York, United States) is an American rapper, musician, and producer.
Sermon is best known as half of late-1980s–1990s hip hop group EPMD and for production work. He currently resides in Islandia, New York.
The Green-Eyed Bandit also made multiple solo recordings and albums. He began recording solo albums for Def Jam in 1993; in 1997, he rejoined EPMD. The following year, Sermon, Murray and Redman recorded a cover version of "Rapper's Delight" by the Sugarhill Gang, the first hit hip hop record. EPMD disbanded a second time in 1999.
In 2000, Sermon moved over to J Records, and released the album Music the following year. The title track (a Top 40 pop hit that also made it to #2 on the US Billboard R&B chart), featured guest vocals from Marvin Gaye, culled from unreleased recordings which Sermon reportedly found in a small record shop in London.
Sermon continued working on an album. React was released in 2002. The title track became a major hit song, though the album still had disappointing sales. In 2003, J Records dropped Sermon due to poor record sales. However, he still went on to establish his Def Squad imprint with Motown Records. At this time, he recorded an album, Chilltown, N.Y., which was released a year later in 2004. The album was powered by the single "Feel It" (which contained a sample of reggae/R&B singer Sean Paul), a song which became a success in the United States.
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Freddie Mercury
Freddie Mercury (born Farrokh Bulsara (Gujarati: ફારોખ બલ્સારા), 5 September 1946 – 24 November 1991) was a British musician, singer and songwriter, best known as the lead vocalist and lyricist of the rock band Queen. As a performer, he was known for his flamboyant stage persona and powerful vocals over a four-octave range. As a songwriter, Mercury composed many hits for Queen, including "Bohemian Rhapsody", "Killer Queen", "Somebody to Love", "Don't Stop Me Now", "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" and "We Are the Champions". In addition to his work with Queen, he led a solo career, and also occasionally served as a producer and guest musician (piano or vocals) for other artists. He died of bronchopneumonia brought on by AIDS on 24 November 1991, only one day after publicly acknowledging he had the disease.
Mercury was a Parsi born in Zanzibar and grew up there and in India until his mid-teens. He has been referred to as "Britain's first Asian rock star". In 2002, Mercury was placed at number 58 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons, in 2006, Time Asia named him one of the most influential Asian heroes of the past 60 years, and he continues to be voted one of the greatest singers in the history of popular music. In 2005, a poll organised by Blender and MTV2 saw Mercury voted the greatest male singer of all time. In 2008, Rolling Stone editors ranked him number 18 on their list of the 100 greatest singers of all time. In 2009, a Classic Rock poll saw him voted the greatest rock singer of all time.Allmusic has characterised Mercury as "one of rock's greatest all-time entertainers", who possessed "one of the greatest voices in all of music".
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George Harrison
George Harrison,MBE (25 February 1943 – 29 November 2001) was an English musician and singer-songwriter who achieved international fame as lead guitarist of The Beatles. Often referred to as "the quiet Beatle", Harrison became over time an admirer of Indian culture and mysticism, and introduced it to the other Beatles, as well as their Western audience. Following the band's break-up he was a successful solo artist, and later a founding member of the Traveling Wilburys. Harrison was also a session musician and a film and record producer. He is listed at number 11 in Rolling Stone magazine's list of "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".
Although most of The Beatles' songs were written by Lennon and McCartney, Beatle albums generally included one or two of Harrison's own songs, from With The Beatles onwards. His later compositions with The Beatles include "Here Comes the Sun", "Something" and "While My Guitar Gently Weeps". By the time of the band's break-up, Harrison had accumulated a backlog of material, which he then released as the triple album All Things Must Pass in 1970, from which two hit singles originated: a double A-side single, "My Sweet Lord" backed with "Isn't It a Pity", and "What Is Life". In addition to his solo work, Harrison co-wrote two hits for former Beatle Ringo Starr, as well as songs for the Traveling Wilburys—the supergroup he formed in 1988 with Jeff Lynne, Bob Dylan, Tom Petty, and Roy Orbison.
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Hans Raj Hans
Hans Raj Hans is an Indian Punjabi language singer.
Hans was born in a village very close to Gakhal pind (village) in Jalandhar, Punjab, India. He is the second son of Sardar Sam Singh Ji and Mata Ajit Kaur Ji (she now lives in Middlesbrough, UK). Hans had no musical history in his family, yet he began singing at a young age. Hans attended college in Jalandhar. He started his career by performing at youth festivals and first became known by winning musical competitions in college.
Hans Raj Hans sings Punjabi folk, devotional and Sufi music but has also sung in movies and released his own Indipop albums. He worked with renowned artists such as the late Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, in the movie Kachche Dhaage He was awarded an honorary music professor at Washington DC University and San Jose University.
On 16 May 2009, he unsuccessfully competed for a Lok Sabha seat in the Jalandhar constituency in Indian Punjab on a Shiromani Akali Dal ticket.
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Harris Jayaraj
Harris Jayaraj (Tamil: ஹாரிஸ் ஜெயராஜ்; born 8 January 1975) is an Indian film composer. He has written scores and soundtracks for Tamil, Telugu and Hindi films.
Harris Jayaraj hails from a pious Christian Nadar family from Tirunelveli and was born and brought up in Chennai. Harris studied at Krishnaswamy Matric School, K.K.Nagar. His father, S. M. Jayakumar, was a noted film guitarist and an assistant to Malayalam music director Shyam and later became a noted musician and film composer. At the age of six Harris began his formal training in carnatic music. His father wanted him to become a guitarist and made him learn classical guitar. Harris scored the highest mark in Asia on his 4th grade exam of Trinity College of Music, London. He has the privilege of being the first Indian to be the highest scorer in Asia.
He started his music career as a guitarist in 1987 at the age of twelve. After befitting as an ample guitar player, he started playing keyboard and developed interest over synthesizers. He then started programming with his Roland MC-500 and went on to work as a programmer and musician under more than twenty five music directors in Tamil, Telugu, Hindi, Bengali and Oriya, working in more than 600 projects till the year 2000. He worked under noted composers including Raj-Koti, A. R. Rahman, Mani Sharma, Karthik Raja, Yuvan Shankar Raja, Vidyasagar. While working as an additional programmer under Rahman, he composed music for various television commercials including the famous Coca-Cola commercial featuring actor Vijay. In his early years, he admired music composers M. S. Viswanathan, percussionist Aruljothi Balagopal, A. R. Rahman and Hans Zimmer
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Himesh Reshammiya
Himesh Reshammiya (born 23 July 1973) is an Indian music director, singer, actor, television producer, lyricist, film producer, script writer, and distributor.
Himesh Reshammiya was born in Mumbai, Maharashtra to veteran Gujarati music director Vipin Reshammiya and Madhu Reshammiya; however his family originate from Bhavnagar, Gujarat. Reshammiya studied at Hill Grange School in Pedder Road where he met his best friend Prashant Chadha. Chadha is responsible for Reshammiya's new look and for directing all of his music videos from his private album Aap Kaa Surroor as well as promotional videos for the movies Aashiq Banaya Aapne, Aksar and Tom, Dick & Harry. At the age of 16 before Reshammiya went into music direction, he produced television serials for Zee TV which included serials such as Andaz and Amar Prem.
Reshammiya’s first big break came through his good friend Salman Khan. Khan gave Reshammiya the chance to be a music director for the movie Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya along with composers Sajid-Wajid and Jatin Lalit. After the success of the album, Khan and Reshammiya have shared many hit filmi albums together, such as Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya, Yeh Hai Jalwa, and Dulhan Hum Le Jayenge. He had his first success[citation needed] as a music director of the 2003 film, Tere Naam. After a series of successful films as music director, he entered playback singing with the film Aashiq Banaya Aapne, the songs of which went on to become hits. As a singer, he churned out songs like Tera Suroor, Zara Jhoom Jhoom and Tanhaiyan which were successful. Reshammiya's music has a style of composition which is based on a fusion of Western and Indian classical music with techno beats. He started his acting career with his debut film, Aap Kaa Surroor - The Real Luv Story.
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Ilaiyaraaja
Ilaiyaraaja (born Gnanadesikan on 2 June 1943) is an Indian film composer, singer, and lyricist, mainly in the Tamil film Industry. He is regarded as one of the finest music composers in India. Ilaiyaraaja is also an instrumentalist, conductor, singer, and a songwriter. To date, he has composed over 4500 songs and provided film scores for more than 950 Indian films in various languages in a career spanning more than 30 years, particularly being acclaimed for his background scoring for Indian films.[citation needed] His songs and background score played a very crucial role in the success of many films. He remains as one of the most popular composers in the South Indian film industry.
Ilaiyaraaja has been a prominent composer of film music in South Indian cinema since the late 1970s. His works are mainly in Tamil, but has also scored music for numerous films in Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Hindi and 1 film in Marathi.. He integrated folk lyricism (in Tamil) and introduced broader Western musical sensibilities into the South Indian musical mainstream. A gold medalist in classical guitar from Trinity College of Music, London, in 1993, he became the first Asian to compose a full symphony performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in London's Walthamstow Town Hall. In 2003, according to a BBC international poll, people from 155 countries voted his composition "Rakkamma Kaiya Thattu" from the 1991 film Thalapathi fourth in the world's top 10 most popular songs of all time. He was also nominated in the Best Indian album Music Awards category at US based Just Plain Folks Music Organization, which is the largest grassroots music organization in the world, and stood third for his "Music Journey: Live in Italy".
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Ishq Bector
IshQ Bector (born 3 June 1982 in Winnipeg, Canada) is an Indo Canadian singer, performer, songwriter, composer, producer and Hip Hop artist.
Born and raised in Winnipeg, Canada, he was also part of a Canadian Hip Hop group- Frek Sho,.
IshQ studied acting at the Roshan Taneja film studio and Madhumathi’s Academy in Mumbai. He also has movies like- Ugly Aur Pagli and Barsaat to his music credit.
In addition to his acting career, IshQ has also hosted shows on Channel V, MTV and B4U. He has also been a participant of the reality TV show- Iss Jungle Se Mujhe Bachao. The show is a concept of the British reality show-I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series). He has also starred in the TV series “ Bollywood Hero” in the role of Girish.
IshQ has produced written and sung music for movies like Pyaar ke Side Effects, Dhoom 2, Fight Club, Race, Mission Istanbul, Hello, Ugly Aur Pagli and Allah ke Banday. He has also composed music for the TV series Travel India and Culture Shock. IshQ has also performed with known international artists such as Sean Paul, Rishi Rich, John Cena .
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Jatin Lalit
Jatin-Lalit are a Bollywood film composer duo consisting of Jatin Pandit and his younger brother Lalit. They have written the scores for films such as Khiladi, Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar, Khamoshi: The Musical, Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, Yes Boss, Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai, Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, Mohabbatein and Fanaa. Jatin-Lalit is their professional name and appears on the covers of their music CDs and DVDs. In 2006, the brothers ended their professional relationship, citing personal problems.
Jatin and Lalit were born into the Mewati gharana of Jodhpur in Rajasthan, and are nephews of classical exponent Pandit Jasraj. They received their musical education primarily from their father, Pandit Pratap Narayan. They were also taught guitar and piano by Pyarelal Ramprasad Sharma, the father of Pyarelal Sharma of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo.
Bollywood actresses Sulakshana Pandit and Vijeta Pandit are their sisters, and music director Aadesh Shrivastava is their brother-in-law, being married to the younger of the two sisters, Vijeta.
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Jawahar Wattal
Jawahar Wattal (Kashmiri: जवाहर वट्टल (Devanagari), جواہر وٹل (Nastaleeq)), one of India’s top cultural entrepreneurs, director and producer, is best known for being a pioneer in the Indian non-filmi music field and for shifting the focus of the industry to Delhi.
He was awarded one of India's highest civilian honours, the Padma Shri in 2008.
His passion for music led him to train in classical and instrumental Western music as a teenager and to play the guitar. By the age of 21, he had already composed and sung numerous advertising jingles and performed for leading professional record labels like EMI India. The dream culminated in his setting up a multi-track digitalized production house and an accredited advertising agency by the time he was 22. This Production House was the first of its kind in India's capital.
Advertisements: Wattal has directed and produced more than 3,000 commercials. They include: Ponds, Pepsi, Hero Honda, KLM, Usha Fans, Boost, Horlicks, Lufthansa, Maggi, Nescafe and Mirinda.
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Jay Sean
Kamaljit Singh Jhooti, better known by his stage name Jay Sean, is a British singer-songwriter, rapper, beatboxer and record producer. He debuted in the UK's Asian Underground scene as a member of the Rishi Rich Project with "Dance with You", which reached #12 on the UK Singles Chart in 2003. This led to him being signed to Virgin Records and having two UK top 10 hits as a solo artist in 2004: "Eyes On You" at #6 and "Stolen" at #4. They were included in his critically acclaimed debut album Me Against Myself which, though only moderately successful in the UK, sold more than two million copies across Asia and remains his most successful album to date. Alongside the Rishi Rich Project, Sean was a pioneer of Bhangra-R&B fusion, which his debut album helped popularize among the worldwide South Asian diaspora.
He eventually left Virgin in 2006 and founded his own independent label, Jayded Records. After a gap of nearly four years, he returned in 2008 with "Ride It", which reached #11 in the UK and topped the charts in several Eastern European countries, including Romania where it was one of the best-selling singles of the year. It was followed by hits such as "Maybe", which reached #7 on the Japan Hot 100, and "Tonight". They were included in his second album, My Own Way, which became his most successful album on the UK Albums Chart, reaching #6, and topped the UK R&B Chart. At around this time, he began increasingly incorporating electropop sounds into his R&B music.
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Jazzy B
Jaswinder Singh Bains, more popularly known as Jazzy B, is a Punjabi language bhangra singer-songwriter. He was born on April 1, 1975 in Durgapur, Nawanshahrin tehsil of Jalandhar , Punjab, India. When he was 5 years old, his family moved to Vancouver, Canada. He now resides in Birmingham, England. He has released 12 studio albums, including two religious ones. He has collaborated on many tracks and two soundtracks.
In 2012 he will make his debut as an actor in the Punjabi Film titled Best of Luck with Punjabi Singer and Actor Gippy Grewal and Miss India Universe 2008 Simran Mundi.
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Jeff Beck
Geoffrey Arnold "Jeff" Beck (born 24 June 1944) is an English rock guitarist. He is one of three noted guitarists to have played with The Yardbirds (Eric Clapton and Jimmy Page are the other two). Beck also formed The Jeff Beck Group and Beck, Bogert & Appice.
Much of Beck's recorded output has been instrumental, with a focus on innovative sound and his releases have spanned genres ranging from blues-rock, heavy metal, jazz fusion and an additional blend of guitar-rock and electronica. Although he recorded two hit albums (in 1975 and 1976) as a solo act, Beck has not established or maintained the sustained commercial success of many of his contemporaries and bandmates. Beck appears on albums by Mick Jagger, Kate Bush, Roger Waters, Donovan, Stevie Wonder, Les Paul, Zucchero, Cyndi Lauper, Brian May and ZZ Top. In 1988, he made a cameo appearance in the movie Twins.
He was ranked 5th in Rolling Stone's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" and the magazine has described him as "one of the most influential lead guitarists in rock".MSNBC has called him a "guitarist's guitarist". Beck has earned wide critical praise and received the Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance six times and Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance once. He has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice: as a member of The Yardbirds (1992) and as a solo artist (2009).
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Jimi Hendrix
James Marshall "Jimi" Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix; November 27, 1942 – September 18, 1970) was an American musician and singer-songwriter. He is widely considered to be the greatest electric guitarist in music history, and one of the most influential musicians of his era despite mainstream exposure limited to just three years. After initial success in Europe with his group The Jimi Hendrix Experience, he achieved fame in the United States following his 1967 performance at the Monterey Pop Festival. Later, he headlined the iconic 1969 Woodstock Festival and the 1970 Isle of Wight Festival. He often favored raw overdriven amplifiers with high gain and treble and helped develop the previously undesirable technique of guitar amplifier feedback.
Hendrix helped to popularize use of the wah-wah pedal in mainstream rock, which he often used to deliver tonal exaggerations in his solos, particularly with high bends, complex guitar playing, and use of legato. As a record producer, he also broke new ground in using the recording studio as an extension of his musical ideas. He was one of the first to experiment with stereophonic phasing effects for rock recording.[citation needed] He was influenced by blues artists such as B.B. King, Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Albert King and Elmore James,rhythm and blues and soul guitarists Curtis Mayfield and Steve Cropper, and the jazz guitarist Wes Montgomery. Hendrix began dressing and wearing a moustache like Little Richard when he performed and recorded in his band from March 1, 1964 through to the spring of 1965. In 1966, he stated, "I want to do with my guitar what Little Richard does with his voice".
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John Coltrane
John William Coltrane (September 23, 1926 – July 17, 1967) was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. Working in the bebop and hard bop idioms early in his career, Coltrane helped pioneer the use of modes in jazz and later was at the forefront of free jazz. He organized at least fifty recording sessions as a leader during his recording career, and appeared as a sideman on many other albums, notably with trumpeter Miles Davis and pianist Thelonious Monk.
As his career progressed, Coltrane and his music took on an increasingly spiritual dimension. His second wife was pianist Alice Coltrane, and their son Ravi Coltrane is also a saxophonist. Coltrane influenced innumerable musicians, and remains one of the most significant tenor saxophonists in jazz history. He received many posthumous awards and recognitions, including canonization by the African Orthodox Church as Saint John William Coltrane. In 2007, Coltrane was awarded the Pulitzer Prize Special Citation for his "masterful improvisation, supreme musicianship and iconic centrality to the history of jazz."
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John Lennon
John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (9 October 1940 – 8 December 1980) was an English musician and singer-songwriter who rose to worldwide fame as one of the founder members of The Beatles, one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed acts in the history of popular music. Together with Paul McCartney, he formed one of the most celebrated songwriting partnerships of the 20th century.
Born and raised in Liverpool, Lennon became involved as a teenager in the skiffle craze; his first band, The Quarrymen, evolved into The Beatles in 1960. As the group disintegrated towards the end of the decade, Lennon embarked on a solo career that produced the critically acclaimed albums John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band and Imagine, and iconic songs such as "Give Peace a Chance" and "Imagine". After his marriage to Yoko Ono in 1969, he changed his name to John Ono Lennon. Lennon disengaged himself from the music business in 1975 to devote time to raising his infant son Sean, but re-emerged with Ono in 1980 with the new album Double Fantasy. He was murdered three weeks after its release.
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Juggy D
Jagwinder Singh Dhaliwal, better known by his stage name, Juggy D, (born 19 November 1981) is a British Indian singer from Southall, London, England.
Juggy D got his stage name from his first name Jagwinder which became Juggy, and the D from his last name Dhaliwal. Juggy D has been performing since the age of 14. He made his breakthrough alongside Jay Sean. Juggy D has also appeared on numerous crossover singles with musicians such as Madonna, Ricky Martin, Mary J Blige and Craig David.
Juggy D has collaborated with Veronica and Rishi Rich in the Bollywood movie Hum Tum. He, Veronica, and Jay Sean also have guest appearances in the Hindi film Kyaa Kool Hai Hum. They sing the track off Jay Sean's album Me Against Myself, "One Night," featuring added vocals from Veronica. He also is one of the first people to experiment with Bhangraton. Juggy D's own debut album, Juggy D, was released in 2004 and became the first Punjabi language album to enter the UK national charts. A version of the song "Sohniye" from the album is also featured in the 2004 Bollywood film Shukriya: Till Death Do Us Apart.
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K J Yesudas
Kattassery Joseph Yesudas (born 10 January 1940) is an Indian classical musician and playback singer.
Yesudas sings Indian classical, devotional, and popular music. He has recorded more than 50,000 songs in many languages including Malayalam, Tamil, Hindi, Kannada, Telugu, Bengali, Gujarati, Oriya, Marathi, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tulu, Malay, Russian, Arabic, Latin and English during a career spanning five decades. He has performed in most Indian languages except Assamese, Konkani and Kashmiri. He also composed a number of Malayalam film songs in the 1970s and 1980s. Yesudas is fondly called Gana Gandharvan (English: The Celestial Singer)
He has won the National Award for the Best Male Playback Singer seven times (the most by any Indian singer) and the State Award for the Best Playback Singer 43 times, which consists of awards by the state governments of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and West Bengal. He was awarded Padma Shri in 1975 and Padma Bhushan in 2002 by the Government of India for his contributions towards the arts.
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Kalyanji Anandji
Kalyanji Anandji is a name used by Indian composer duo known for its work on Hindi film soundtracks, particularly action potboilers in the 1970s. The name comes from first names of the Gujarati brothers that formed the duo, Kalyanji Virji Shah and Anandji Virji Shah. Some of their best-known works are Don, Saraswatichandra, Qurbani and Safar. They won the 1975 Filmfare Award for Best Music Director for Kora Kagaz.
Kalyanji and Anandji were children of a businessman who migrated from Kutch to Mumbai to start a grocery and provision store. The brothers began to learn music from a music teacher, who taught them in lieu of paying his bills to their father. One of their great-grandparents was a folk musician of some eminence. They spent most of their formative years in the hamlet of Girgaum (a district in Mumbai) amidst Marathi and Gujarati environs and among some eminent musical talent that resided in the vicinity.
Kalyanji started his career as a musician, with a new electronic instrument called the clavioline. which was used for the famous "Nagin Been," used in the film Nagin (1954) which had the music of Hemant Kumar. Kalyanji then, with his brother Anandji, started an orchestral group called Kalyanji Virji and Party which organised musical shows in Mumbai and outside. This was the first attempt made for holding live musical shows in India.
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Kavita Krishnamurthy
Kavita Subramaniam née Kavita Krishnamurthy (born Sharada Krishnamurthy on 25 January 1958) is a well-known Indian film playback singer. She is classically trained and has sung a wide range of classical-based songs. In her career, she has worked with a variety of music composers, including R. D. Burman and A. R. Rahman. She is also the recipient of four Filmfare Best Female Playback Awards, including 3 consecutive awards in the period 1994–1996 and the prestigious Padmashri which she received in 2006.
Born Sharada Krishnamurthy in a Tamil Iyer family in New Delhi, India to T.S. Krishnamurthy, an employee of Education Ministry. She began her music training with her aunt, Mrs. Bhattacharya, who taught her Rabindra Sangeet. She began her formal training in Hindustani classical music under Balram Puri, a classical singer.
At the young age of eight, Kavita won a gold medal at a music competition. Subsequently, she kept winning many such gold medals as she kept participating in the Inter-Ministry Classical Competition in New Delhi in the mid 1960s.
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Kunal Ganjawala
Kunal Ganjawala (Hindi: कुणाल गांजावाला) is popularly known as Bollywood playback singer who contributed to the Kannada film industry as well. Kunal began his career by singing jingles. He came to limelight with the song "Bheege Honth Tere" from the film Murder in 2004. It was his first biggest hit. The song earned him Zee Cine Award as Best Playback Singer in 2005.
Kunal entered the film industry in 2002 with film Ab Ke Baras. Within a short four years, he has established himself as one of the top singers in Bollywood (Indian Hindi film industry).
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Lalgudi Jayaraman
Lalgudi Jayarama Iyer (Tamil: லால்குடி ஜெயராம ஐயர்) (born September 17, 1930, India) is a well-known Carnatic violinist, vocalist and composer.
Born in the lineage of a disciple of the saint musician Thyagaraja, Sri Lalgudi Jayaraman inherited the essence of Carnatic music from his versatile father, late V R Gopala Iyer, who trained him meticulously.
At the age of 12, he started his musical career as an accompanying violinist.
Having an active imagination, quick grasp and an ability to adapt easily to the individual styles of the leading maestros in Carnatic music, while accompanying them in their concerts, he reached the forefront in rapid strides. With the concert experience he thus gained, coupled with sheer hard work and perseverance and the strong urge to give original expression to his musical ideas, he emerged as an accomplished solo violinist.
He expanded the style of violin playing by inventing a whole new technique that is designed to best suit the needs of Indian Classical Music and establishing a unique style that came to be known as 'Lalgudi Bani'. His flawless and fascinating style, graceful and original, yet not divorced from traditional roots, gained him numerous fans. This multi-dimensional personality has, to his credit, composed several 'kritis', 'tillanas' and 'varnams' and dance compositions, which are a blend of raga, bhava, rhythm and lyrical beauty. A notable feature about Lalgudi is that his music is very expressive. Lalgudi's instrumental talent comes to the fore in the form of lyrical excellence. He brought the most-sought-after vocal style into violin, and his renditions exhibit knowledge of lyrical content of the compositions.
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Lata Mangeshkar
Lata Mangeshkar (born September 28, 1929) is a singer from India. She is one of the best-known and most respected playback singers in India. Mangeshkar's career started in 1942 and has spanned over six and a half decades. She has recorded songs for over a thousand Hindi films and has sung songs in over thirty-six regional Indian languages and foreign languages, though primarily in Hindi. She is the elder sister of singer Asha Bhosle, Hridayanath Mangeshkar, Usha Mangeshkar and Meena Mangeshkar. She is the second vocalist to have ever been awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.
Mangeshkar was featured in the Guinness Book of World Records from 1974 to 1991 for having made the most recordings in the world. The claim was that she had recorded approximately 25,000 solo, duet, and chorus-backed songs in 20 Indian languages between 1948 to 1974. Over the years, while several sources have supported this claim, others have raised concerns over its veracity, claiming that this number was highly exaggerated and that Mangeshkar's younger sister, Asha Bhosle, had more song recordings than she had. In 2011 Guinness officially acknowledged Bhosle as the most recorded artist in music history.
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Laura Marling
Laura Beatrice Marling (born 1 February 1990) is an English folk musician from Eversley, Hampshire.
Initially prominent within the London folk scene, she has also toured with a number of well-known indie artists in the UK. Her debut album Alas, I Cannot Swim and her second album I Speak Because I Can were nominated for the Mercury Music Prize in 2008 and 2010 respectively. She won Best Female Solo Artist at the 2011 Brit Awards.
Marling was born in Hampshire, England, the youngest of three daughters of a music teacher, and learned guitar at an early age. Her father, who ran a recording studio, introduced her to folk music and shaped her musical taste. This was "a bit of a blessing and a bit of a curse. I couldn’t slot myself into the age-appropriate genre", she later remembered. Marling was educated at Leighton Park School, a private Quaker school in Reading, Berkshire. She has said that during this time she felt uneasy around other people and had a fear of death.
At the age of 16 Marling moved to London, where she soon became part of a cluster of intertwined bands drawn to acoustic instruments and tradition-tinged melodies which formed a movement labelled "nu-folk" by the British press. She became part of the original line-up of indie folk band Noah and the Whale and was romantically linked with singer/guitarist Charlie Fink. She is featured as a background vocalist on their début album Peaceful, the World Lays Me Down; however, she left the group before the album's 2008 release and split up with Fink that same year. She also appeared on The Rakes track "Suspicious Eyes", from the band's 2007 album Ten New Messages, credited as 'Laura Marlin'. Marling would later collaborate with Mystery Jets, contributing guest vocals to the single "Young Love", released 10 March 2008. Previously, Marling was in a relationship with Marcus Mumford; they broke up around Christmas 2010, but are reportedly still friends.
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Leslie Lewis
Leslie Lewis is an Indian composer, perhaps best known for his work in Colonial Cousins, a duo composed of Lewis and Hariharan.
In 2003 Lewis stated that he felt the public associated him too much with remixes and for that reason he had begun to avoid remixes and instead concentrate on his original compositions and on his work in Colonial Cousins. Lewis' father P. L. Raj was a prolific film choreographer.
Leslie Peter Lewis (or "Lezz", as he is known) inherited his artistic inclinations from his father P. L. Raj. His father is a choreographer for films. Later, at boarding school, Lezz was exposed to the Beatles, Jimi Hendrix and Eric Clapton. With these diverse musical influences, Lewis soon began plucking guitar chords at the Cafe Royal, Oberoi Towers. Later, he had the opportunity of recording with renowned film music directors such as Kalyanji Anandji, Laxmikant Pyarelal, R. D. Burman and Louis Banks.
In 1987, Lewis launched a music company and began carving out a career in jingles composing. He composed for some of the leading television networks and picked up nominations for the awards handed out annually by the Indian Academy of Advertising Film Art (IAAFA). After four consecutive nominations, in 1989, Lezz bagged the award.[citation needed]
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Lucky Ali
Lucky Ali (Hindi: लकी अली, Urdu: لکی علی; born 19 September 1958), born as Maqsood Mehmood Ali (Hindi: मक़सूद महमूद अली, Urdu: مقصود محمود علی), is an Indian singer songwriter, composer and actor. Lucky is best known for his soulful but strikingly simple ballad-style singing and melodious voice.
Lucky Ali is the second of the eight children of the popular Bollywood comedian, Mehmood. His mother Mahelaka, was part Bengali and part Punjabi, the sister of a popular Indian actress of the 1960s - Meena Kumari. The Bollywood actress and dancer, Minoo Mumtaz, was his paternal aunt. He attended Manekji Cooper (Kindergarten) (Juhu), Bombay Scottish School in Mumbai, Hampton Court in Mussoorie, St. George's College, Mussoorie, and the Bishop Cotton Boys' School, Bangalore.
Ali is known to be a strict Muslim. Ali states his favourite piece of music is the Quran being recited. But, he says that religion is not something to be preached from rooftops, but, a personal regimen that a spiritual seeker uses to connect to God.
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Madhushree
Madhushree (born Sujata Bhattacharya) is an Indian singer, who sings in Tamil, Hindi, Telugu and Kannada films. A familiar voice in A. R. Rahman's compositions, Madhushree hails from a musically inclined family, having previously been trained in classical music. Wanting to be a classical singer, Madhushree joined the Rabindra Bharati University and completed her masters.
Madhushree was born as Sujata Bhattacharya in a Bengali Brahmin family in Kolkata to Amarendranath and Parbati Bhattacharya, who were her initial teachers. She was taught classical music by Sangeetacharya Pt. Amiya Ranjan Bandyopadhyay, a noted exponent of the Bishnupur Gharana and excelled in Thumri and Khayal. Later she started working for the Indian Council for Cultural Relations, through which she was deputed to teach classical music in Surinam.
On returning to India, she met noted singer Kumar Sanu in Kolkata. On his recommendation, she then made her playback singing debut through Rajesh Roshan's Moksha. She has then gone on to sing songs in films like Yuva, Aayitha Ezhuthu, Kal Ho Naa Ho, Anbe Aaruyire and Kuch Naa Kaho,and her most recent albums include A.R. Rahman's Guru,and Rang De Basanti, Srikanth Deva's Aalwar, Yuvan Shankar Raja's Deepavali and Sarvam and Harris Jayaraj's Unnale Unnale. Her song Vaaji Vaaji in A.R.Rahman's Sivaji was well received.
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Madlib
Otis Jackson Jr. (born October 24, 1973) in Oxnard, California, known professionally as Madlib, is a Los Angeles-based DJ, multi-instrumentalist, rapper, and music producer. Known under a plethora of pseudonyms, he is one of the most prolific and critically acclaimed hip hop producers of the 2000s and has collaborated with a myriad hip hop artists, including The Alkaholiks, Mos Def, De La Soul, Ghostface Killah, Talib Kweli, A.G., MF DOOM (as Madvillain), and the late J Dilla (as Jaylib). He is also the one man force behind the ensemble Jazz collective, Yesterdays New Quintet. Madlib has described himself as a "DJ first, producer second, and MC last," and he has done several projects as a DJ, mixer, or remixer.
Madlib was born in Oxnard, California to musician parents Otis Jackson, Sr. and Dora Sinesca Jackson. He was raised in Oxnard, and currently works in Los Angeles. He began making music with the rap group Lootpack in the early 1990s. After his father started an independent label Crate Diggas Palace (CDP) Records in 1996 to promote Madlib and his CDP crew, including younger sibling Oh No and released an EP "Ill Psyche Move," Lootpack caught the attention of Peanut Butter Wolf, founder of the Stones Throw Records label. They released two singles and a full-length album on the Stones Throw imprint in 1999. Madlib also worked with rap group Tha Alkaholiks for several albums. In early 2000, Madlib released Madlib Invazion, a remix album on vinyl on Stones Throw.
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Malkit Singh
Malkit Singh (Punjabi: ਮਲਕੀਤ ਸਿੰਘ) (born Malkit Singh Boparai) MBE born in 1962 in village Hussainpur, Jalandhar, and raised in Nakodar, Jalandhar, Punjab. He is a famous foreign based Punjabi bhangra singer. Malkit Singh has become the first Punjabi singer to be honoured by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace in London with the award of Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. He is most famous for the songs "Gur Nalo Ishq Mita", "Tootak Tootak Tootiyan", "Kurri Garam Jayee", "Dekh li vilyait", as well as recently, "Chal Hun," and "Jind Mahi" from the blockbuster Bend It Like Beckham film soundtrack.
His most recent release "21st chapter" (2006) featured the hugely popular and classic "Jago Aaya". Singh and his backup band Golden Star have toured in 27 countries.
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Mark Lewisohn
Mark Lewisohn (born 16 June 1958) is an English author and historian, regarded as the world's leading authority on the English rock band The Beatles.
Over the course of his career, Mark Lewisohn has worked for EMI, MPL Communications and Apple, and has written many reference books about The Beatles. He has been referred to as the world's leading authority on the subject, renowned for his meticulous research and integrity. He is credited with discovering such facts as the precise date when John Lennon first met Paul McCartney.
In 1986, Lewisohn's book The Beatles Live! was published. This featured a complete history of all the Beatles' live performances, in a format which Lewisohn would follow for his subsequent books. After being invited by EMI to listen to all of The Beatles' original session tapes, Lewisohn wrote The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions: The Official Story of the Abbey Road Years, which was published in 1987. The book was in the form of a diary, detailing every recording session The Beatles had at Abbey Road Studios chronologically. It included details such as who played on each track and how many takes were recorded in each session. The book featured an introductory interview by Paul McCartney.
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Mehli Mehta
Mehli Mehta (September 25, 1908 – 19 October 2002) was an Indian conductor and violinist.
Mehta was born in Bombay, British India to a Parsi family. His involvement in music stemmed from his birth. As a young violinist his main musical influence and inspiration was Jascha Heifetz. A pioneering figure in the Indian musical world, he founded the Bombay Symphony Orchestra in 1935, and was its Concertmaster (1935-1945) and conductor (1945-1955). He was married to Tehmina.
In 1940 Mr. Mehta founded the Bombay String Quartet. He spent five years in New York City studying with eminent violin pedagogue Ivan Galamian, and earned degrees from the University of Bombay and Trinity College of Music in London.
He moved to the United States in 1945, where he studied violin in New York. In 1955 Mehli Mehta moved to England, where he served for five years as Assistant Concertmaster and Concertmaster of the Hallé Orchestra of Manchester under Sir John Barbirolli. Mehta came to regard Barbirolli as "one of the greatest influences of my conducting life.
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Mehnaz
Mehnaz is a female singer from Pakistan, well known for her film appearances. She has sung a variety of genres but specializes in ghazal, thumri, dadra, khayal, drupad and reciting salam, noha and marsiya. She is the daughter of celebrated sub-continental singer Kajjan Begum. and she is the daughter of the famous government officer Abdullah Abdullah Tasnim, but when she realized fame, she changed her maiden name to the current one. Now she is living happily married in the United States.
One of her most memorable works is Master Piece. Master Piece is a painting that Tasnim created when she was taking a drawing class in collage.
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Miles Davis
Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26, 1926 – September 28, 1991) was an American jazz musician, trumpeter, bandleader, and composer. Widely considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century, Miles Davis was, with his musical groups, at the forefront of several major developments in jazz music, including bebop, cool jazz, hard bop, modal jazz, and jazz fusion.
Miles Dewey Davis was born on May 26, 1926, to an affluent African American family in Alton, Illinois. His father, Dr. Miles Henry Davis, was a dentist. In 1927 the family moved to East St. Louis, Illinois. They also owned a substantial ranch in northern Arkansas, where Davis learned to ride horses as a boy.
Davis' mother, Cleota Mae (Henry) Davis, wanted her son to learn the piano; she was a capable blues pianist but kept this fact hidden from her son. His musical studies began at 13, when his father gave him a trumpet and arranged lessons with local musician Elwood Buchanan. Davis later suggested that his father's instrument choice was made largely to irk his wife, who disliked the trumpet's sound. Against the fashion of the time, Buchanan stressed the importance of playing without vibrato; he was reported to have slapped Davis' knuckles every time he started using heavy vibrato. Davis would carry his clear signature tone throughout his career. He once remarked on its importance to him, saying, "I prefer a round sound with no attitude in it, like a round voice with not too much tremolo and not too much bass. Just right in the middle. If I can’t get that sound I can’t play anything."Clark Terry was another important early influence.[citation needed]
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Mobb Deep
Mobb Deep is an American Hip-Hop duo from Queensbridge, Queens, New York, U.S., that consists of Havoc and Prodigy. The duo is "one of the most critically acclaimed hardcore East Coast Hip-Hop groups". The group is best known for its dark, hardcore delivery as exemplified by the single "Shook Ones Pt. II". Mobb Deep have become one of the most successful rap duos in Hip Hop having sold over three million records. The majority of their albums have been critically acclaimed, in particular The Infamous in which is considered to be classic among avid Hip-Hop listeners and general fans. They are partially credited for the resurgence of East Coast rap in the early to mid-'90s. Havoc and Prodigy were also judges for the 7th Annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers and breakthroughs.
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Muthuswami Dikshitar
Muthuswami Dikshitar (Tamil:முத்துஸ்வாமி தீக்ஷிதர, Devanagari:मुत्तुस्वामि दीक्षित:, Telugu:ముత్తు స్వామీ దీక్షితులు, Kannada:ಮುತ್ತು ಸ್ವಾಮೀ ದೀಕ್ಷಿತರು, March 24, 1775 – October 21, 1835) is a South Indian poet and composer and is one of the Musical Trinity of Carnatic music. His compositions, of which around 500 are commonly known, are noted for their contemplative nature and for capturing the essence of the raga forms through the vainika (veena) style that emphasises gamakas. They are typically in a slower speed (chowka kala). He is also known by his signature name of Guruguha. His compositions are widely sung and played in classical concerts of Carnatic music.
The musical trinity consists of Dikshitar, Thyagaraja (1767–1847), and Syama Sastri (1762–1827) although, unlike the Telugu compositions of the others, his compositions are predominantly in Sanskrit.
Muthuswami Dikshitar was born in Tiruvarur (of Thiruvarur district in what is now the state of Tamil Nadu) to a Tamil Iyer Brahmin couple Ramaswami Dikshitar and Subbamma, as the eldest son. According to the account of Subbarama Dikshitar, Muttuswami Dikshitar was born in the manmatha year, in the month of Panguni under the asterism Krittikaa. He was named after the temple deity, Muttukumaraswamy; legend has it that he was born after his parents prayed for a child in the Vaitheeswaran Temple. He had two younger brothers Baluswami, Chinnaswami and a sister Balambal.
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Mysore Manjunath
Dr. Mysore Manjunath(Kannada: ಡಾ ಮೈಸೂರು ಎಂ ಮಂಜುನಾಥ್) is an Indian violinist.
An amazingly gifted violin maestro, Dr. Mysore Manjunath plays Carnatic classical music, one of the main branches of Indian music. He was born in the city of Mysore, a centre for music, in South India. He trained on the violin under his father, Prof. Mahadevappa, a veteran musician belonging to the Bidaram Krishnappa school in the lineage of Sri Thyagaraja, one of the great composers of South Indian classical music. Manjunath gave his first violin concert when he was just 8 years-old. A player exhibiting outstanding creativity and technical virtuosity, Manjunath was soon acknowledged as one of the brilliant exponents of Carnatic music in India.He has performed all over the world, enthralling music lovers with his remarkable musicianship. From child prodigy to trail blazer, captivating audiences and critics, violinist par excellence Dr.Manjunath has performed in prestigious venues around the world. He is one of the youngest musicians to be awarded an A-Top status by All India Radio. Manjunath and his equally talented elder brother Mysore Nagaraj make a formidable violin duet.
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Naresh Sohal
Naresh Sohal was born in 1939 in Punjab, Northern India. He is the first and one of the few accomplished Indian-born composers of western classical music. He is the first composer in this tradition ever to make settings of texts in Sanskrit, Punjabi and Bengali (although he has also made many settings in English). He was the first composer ever to be offered an annual bursary by the Arts Council of Great Britain. And he is the first Non Resident Indian (NRI) ever to be awarded a Padma Shri (Order of the Lotus) by the Indian Government.
Although Sohal writes in the Western idiom, his extensive range of compositions shows a long-standing and serious commitment to the insights of Hindu philosophy.
From an early age, Sohal showed an interest in popular music, his tastes being influenced by the broadcasts of All India Radio and Radio Ceylon. He did not come from a musical family, but his father, Des Raj, was an Urdu poet of some reputation and poets often held gatherings at the family home. By the time Sohal reached college, he had acquired a harmonica, and become a versatile performer of rock and roll and Indian film songs, and once entertained the President of India. His fist encounter with Western classical music came in Bombay, where he heard Beethoven's Eroica symphony on the radio during the monsoon. He determined to learn more about how such music was created. His resolve hardened when an Indian musician refused to teach him Indian classical music on the mouth organ. In 1962, he left India for the United Kingdom, intending to find a way to learn to write western music.
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Naushad
Naushad Ali (Hindi: नौशाद अली, Urdu: نوشاد علی; December 25, 1919 – May 5, 2006) was an Indian musician. He was one of the foremost music directors for Bollywood films, and is particularly known for popularizing the use of classical music in films.
His first film as an independent music director was Prem Nagar in 1940. His first musical success film was Rattan (1944), following it up with 35 silver jubilee hits, 12 golden jubilee and 3 diamond jubilee mega successes. Naushad was conferred the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 1982, and the Padma Bhushan in 1992.
Naushad was raised as a Muslim in Lucknow, a city with a long tradition as a center of Muslim culture. His father, Wahid Ali, was a munshi (court clerk). As a child, Naushad would visit the annual fair at the Deva Sharif in Barabanki, 25 km from Lucknow, where all the great qawwals and musicians of those days would perform before the devotees. He studied Hindustani music there under Ustad Ghurbat Ali, Ustad Yusuf Ali, Ustad Babban Saheb, and others. He also repaired harmoniums.
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Panjabi MC
Rajinder Singh Rai (Punjabi: ਰਜਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ; born in Coventry, England), better known by his stage name Panjabi MC is a British Indian musician. He is best known for the worldwide bhangra hit "Mundian To Bach Ke" (1998).
Rajinder Singh adopted his stage name from the Punjabi language he used in the music he plays and raps. "One of [his] main goals is to fuse the two worlds [of bhangra and hip-hop]."
Nachural Records signed Panjabi MC following a remix of Kuldeep Manak's "Ghariah Milan De". Although the single was taken off the market, Panjabi MC continued making records. Another successful release was "Mundian To Bach Ke" ("Beware of the Boys") (1998; it first appeared on the album Legalised) which mixed the theme of the TV series Knight Rider with bhangra. An underground hit on the internet, it was picked up by the German record label Superstar Recordings, and became a hit in Germany and across Europe, including the UK. A version of this recording in 2003 featured American rapper Jay-Z named "Beware of the Boys".
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Param Vir
Param Vir (born 1952) is a British composer originally from India.
Born in Delhi, Param Vir read philosophy at Delhi University and studied composition in England with Peter Maxwell Davies and Oliver Knussen.
His works include Horse Tooth White Rock (1994) and the operas Snatched by the Gods and Broken Strings (a double bill commissioned for the Munich Biennale of 1992), and Ion, given at the Aldeburgh Festival in 2000. He has won, among other prizes, the Tippett Award and the Britten Prize.
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Penaz Masani
Penaz Masani an Indian Ghazal singer who started singing in 1981 and has made over 20 albums in following years
In her career, she has won a number of awards, including the title of 'Shehzadi Tarunnam', by the state government of Uttar Pradesh 1996 and the 11th 'Kalakar Award' for 'Outstanding Contribution to Music', in 2002. Having graduated from Sydenham College, Masani has worked as a playback singer for Bollywood, in more than 50 Hindi movies and sung in over 10 languages. Under the aegis of the Indian Council for Cultural Relations, she has performed in countries as far reaching as Germany, South Africa, Nigeria, Ghana, Senegal and Vietnam.
She was honoured with Padma Shree award on 26 January 2009.
Hello Penaz
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Persian people
The Persian people are part of the Iranian peoples who speak the modern Persian language and closely akin Iranian dialects and languages. The origin of the ethnic Iranian/Persian peoples are traced to the Ancient Iranian peoples, who were part of the ancient Indo-Iranians. The synonymous usage of Iranian and Persian has persisted over the centuries although some modern Western sources use Iranic/Iranian as a wider term that includes the term Persian as well as related Iranian languages and ethnic groups. However, these terms have been used both synonymously as well as in a complementary fashion since ancient times; as the Ancient Iranian peoples such as the Old Persians, Medes, Bactrians, Parthians and Avesta peoples considered themselves to be part of the greater Iranian ethnic stock.
The term Persian translates to "from or of Persis" which is a region north of the Persian Gulf located in Pars, Iran. It was from this region that Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenid empire, united all other Iranian empires (such as the Medes and the Elamites), and expanded the Persian cultural and social influences by incorporating the Babylonian empire, and the Lydian empire. Although not the first Iranian empire, the Achaemenid empire is the first Persian empire well recognized by Greek and Persian historians for its massive cultural, military and social influences going as far as Athens, Egypt, and Libya.
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Poetic Ammo
Poetic Ammo (previously known as PMO or Poetic Ammunition) was a Malaysian rap/hip-hop group. The group consisted of Yogeswaran Veerasingam (a.k.a. Yogi B), Chandrakumar Balakrishnan (a.k.a. Land Slyde), Nicholas Ong (a.k.a. Point Blanc), and Sashi Kumar Balakrishnan (a.k.a. C. Loco.) Although most of the group's songs were written in English, they also released tracks in Malay, Tamil, and Cantonese.
The group was founded by Yogi B in 1990. The original members of Poetic Ammo were Yogi B and Anand, and they were formerly known as DEFX. They became popular amongst local clubs and pubs such as Piccadilly, Canton City, Party Box and others in Petaling Jaya. The first singles they released with Kenny Music (Kenny Remy Martin) were "Run" and "Only You", released under Positive Tone.
Anand later left DEFX and set up another underground rap group with Amoo Tha (also known as Jason), and they called themselves THA 2.O, with a music style of hardcore rap and g-funk. Anand was the vocalist and Jason was the turntablist in the band. Their shows were arranged by Siva Saga Entertainment. Anand left the group after he married Sherina, and Jason continued solo, but his solo album was never released due to censorship issues.[citation needed]
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Prabhu Deva
Prabhu Deva born 3 April 1973 is an Indian dancer, choreographer, film actor and director. He has performed in a wide range of dancing styles. He has also been labelled as Indian Michael Jackson and holds Michael Jackson as his dance idol.
Prabhu Deva was born in Mysore, Karnataka and grew up in Alwarpet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Prabhu Deva was inspired by his father, Mugur Sundar (known as Sundaram Master), who was a choreographer for popular South Indian movies. Prabhu took dancing as his passion, learning Indian classical dance forms such as Bharatanatyam as well as Western styles. He is widely considered to be one of Indian cinema's greatest dancers and choreographers; Prabhu Deva has revolutionized some of the aspects of dance and choreography in modern popular Indian cinema. His brothers Raju Sundaram and Nagendra Prasad are also established South Indian choreographers.
Prabhu Deva's first movie as a choreographer was Vetri Vizha (1989). Before that, he had appeared as a background dancer for a song in the Tamil film Agni Natchathiram. He has since then choreographed in over 100 movies. From choreography, he went on to establish himself as an actor. His first film as an actor was Indhu (1994) with actress Roja. In 1999, Deva, Shobhana and A. R. Rahman performed with a Tamil cinema dancing troupe at the "Michael Jackson and Friends" concert in Munich, Germany. He has a significant fan following in the Tamil, Telugu and Kannada film industries. He acted alongside his brothers in the movie 123. As of 2010, he serves as chairman and director of the Prabhudeva's Dance Academy in Singapore. He planned to release his first video album called It is boring (in Tamil போருடா) in 2012. He is acting in lead role in the film ABCD (Any Body Can Dance), the first 3D dance film in India, co-starring with So You Think You Can Dance contestant Lauren Gottlieb.
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Purandara Dasa
Purandara Dāsa (Kannada: ಪುರಂದರ ದಾಸ) (1484–1564) (sometimes spelled as a single word) is one of the most prominent composers of Carnatic music and is widely regarded as the "father of Carnatic Music". Purandara Dasa addressed social issues in addition to worship in his compositions, a practice emulated by his younger contemporary, Kanaka Dasa. Purandara Dasa's Carnatic music compositions are mostly in Kannada; some are in Sanskrit. He signed his compositions with the mudra (pen name), "Purandara Vittala" (Vittala is one of the incarnations of the Hindu god Vishnu). About 1000 of his songs are extant.
Inscriptional evidence suggests Purandara Dasa was born in 1484 AD in Kshemapura, near Tirthahalli, Shivamogga district, Karnataka state. According to other opinions, his native town was Purandaraghatta in Karnataka, or Purandaragad near Pune, but the latter is considered a historical mistake - connecting his "pen name" (his ankita) with a location that mainly served as a military encampment in the 15th and 16th century. The only son of Varadappa Nayaka, a wealthy merchant, and Leelavati, he was named Srinivasa Nayaka, after the Lord of the Seven Hills. He received a good education in accordance with family traditions and acquired proficiency in Kannada, Sanskrit, and sacred music. At age 16 he married Saraswatibai, said by tradition to have been a pious young girl. He lost his parents at age 20, thereby inheriting his father's business of gemstones and pawning. He prospered and became known as "navakoti narayana" (abundantly rich man; owner of nine crores).
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Rabindranath Tagore
Rabindranath Tagore (Bengali: রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর; 7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941), sobriquet Gurudev, was a Bengali polymath who reshaped his region's literature and music. Author of Gitanjali and its "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse", he became the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913. In translation his poetry was viewed as spiritual and mercurial; his seemingly mesmeric personality, flowing hair, and other-worldly dress earned him a prophet-like reputation in the West. His "elegant prose and magical poetry" remain largely unknown outside Bengal. Tagore introduced new prose and verse forms and the use of colloquial language into Bengali literature, thereby freeing it from traditional models based on classical Sanskrit. He was highly influential in introducing the best of Indian culture to the West and vice versa, and he is generally regarded as the outstanding creative artist of modern India.
A Pirali Brahmin from Calcutta, Tagore wrote poetry as an eight-year-old. At age sixteen, he released his first substantial poems under the pseudonym Bhānusiṃha ("Sun Lion"), which were seized upon by literary authorities as long-lost classics. He graduated to his first short stories and dramas—and the aegis of his birth name—by 1877. As a humanist, universalist internationalist, and strident anti-nationalist he denounced the Raj and advocated independence from Britain. As an exponent of the Bengal Renaissance, he advanced a vast canon that comprised paintings, sketches and doodles, hundreds of texts, and some two thousand songs; his legacy endures also in the institution he founded, Visva-Bharati University.
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Raghav
Raghav Mathur (born April 2, 1981), known professionally as Raghav, is a Canadian singer, currently signed to Cordova Bay Records. He is best known for his single "Angel Eyes" which peaked at number 7 in the UK in 2005. His singles "So Confused", "Can't Get Enough" and "It Can't Be Right" reached the UK top ten in 2004 making him the only artist that year to have three top ten hits in the UK chart.
Raghav was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada to Hindu parents from India. His parents soon moved to Calgary and Fort McMurray, Alberta, where he grew up. At the age of 15, music became a heavy feature in his life and alongside the Indian influences at home, became heavily influenced by R&B. By the time he was 16, he wrote a song that was awarded by the National Songwriters Association of USA. At 17 he moved to Los Angeles, California, United States to develop his vocal skills by Seth Riggs who has trained, amongst others, Madonna, Michael Jackson and Stevie Wonder. A year later he moved to Liverpool, England where he studied at the Liverpool Institute of Performing Arts. During his time in college he joined R&B band 11/7 which was nominated for a Mobo Award for best unsigned artist.
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Raghav Sachar
Raghav Sachar (born July 24, 1981 in India) is an Indian singer born to father, R. K. Sachar, and mother, Usha Sachar. He is the youngest of three children. He started playing his first instrument, the harmonica, at the age of four. Every year since then his parents have gifted him an instrument. Born into a family of music lovers, Raghav was interested in music from a very early age. He won the Best Drummer Award at the Pepsi Cornucopia contest in Delhi in 1994 besides being adjudged the best keyboard player at the BITS Pilani Festival. He also formed a band, Canzona, with some friends before proceeding to Monash Conservatory of Music, Melbourne, Australia in 2000 to study music.
It was during this time that Raghav traveled to countries in South East Asia including Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia. He also gave solo concerts while visiting India and worked with Viva and Shubha Mudgal on albums apart from recording for jingles and film soundtracks. His crowning glory was being awarded the Golden Key Award and Earnest Award for academic excellence in 2000 and 2001 at Monash. Raghav now plays more than 32 instruments. The title song of his new album, Charming Lootera enjoyed success throughout India. His recent collaboration is with ZING for his creation of Om Jai Jagdish Hare - Remix, where he plays 9 instrumental voices.
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Raja Ravi Varma
Raja Ravi Varma (Malayalam: രാജാ രവി വർമ്മ) (April 29, 1848 - October 2, 1906) was an Indian painter from the princely state of Travancore (presently in Kerala) who achieved recognition for his depiction of scenes from the epics of the Mahabharata and Ramayana. His paintings are considered to be among the best examples of the fusion of Indian traditions with the techniques of European academic art.
During his life-time Varma is most remembered for his paintings of beautiful sari-clad women, who were portrayed as shapely and graceful. Varma's paintings became an important motif in kitsch of the time, reproductions being found in almost every middle-class home. His exposure in the west came when he won the first prize in the Vienna Art Exhibition in 1873. Raja Ravi Varma died in 1906 at the age of 58. He is considered among the greatest painters in the history of Indian art.
Raja Ravi Varma was born as Ravi Varma Koil Thampuran of Kilimanoor palace, in the erstwhile princely state of Travancore (Thiruvithankur) in Kerala. His father Ezhumavail Neelakanthan Bhattatiripad was an accomplished scholar, and his mother Umayamba Thampuratti (died 1886) was a poet and writer whose work Parvati Swayamvaram was published by Raja Ravi Varma after her death. His siblings were C. Goda Varma (born 1854), C. Raja Raja Varma (born 1860) and Mangala Bayi Thampuratti, who was also a painter.
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Ram Narayan
Ram Narayan (Hindi: राम नारायण; IAST: Rām Nārāyaṇ, IPA: [ˈraːm naːˈraːjn]; born 25 December 1927), often referred to with the title Pandit, is an Indian musician who popularised the bowed instrument sarangi as a solo concert instrument in Hindustani classical music and became the first internationally successful sarangi player.
Narayan was born in Udaipur and learned to play the sarangi at an early age. He studied under sarangi players and singers and, as a teenager, worked as a music teacher and traveling musician. All India Radio, Lahore, hired Narayan as an accompanist for vocalists in 1944. He moved to Delhi following the partition of India in 1947, but wishing to go beyond accompaniment and frustrated with his supporting role, Narayan moved to Mumbai in 1949 to work in Indian cinema.
After an unsuccessful attempt in 1954, Narayan became a concert solo artist in 1956, and later gave up accompaniment. He recorded solo albums and began to tour America and Europe in the 1960s. Narayan taught Indian and foreign students and performed, frequently outside of India, into the 2000s. He was awarded India's second highest civilian honour, the Padma Vibhushan, in 2005.
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Ravi Shankar
Ravi Shankar (Bengali: রবি শংকর; born Robindro Shaunkor Chowdhury on 7 April 1920), often referred to with the title Pandit, is an Indian musician and composer who plays the plucked string instrument sitar. He has been described as the most known contemporary Indian musician by Hans Neuhoff in Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart.
Shankar was born in Varanasi and spent his youth touring Europe and India with the dance group of his brother Uday Shankar. He gave up dancing in 1938 to study sitar playing under court musician Allauddin Khan. After finishing his studies in 1944, Shankar worked as a composer, creating the music for the Apu Trilogy by Satyajit Ray, and was music director of All India Radio, New Delhi, from 1949 to 1956.
In 1956, he began to tour Europe and America playing Indian classical music and increased its popularity there in the 1960s through teaching, performance, and his association with violinist Yehudi Menuhin and George Harrison of The Beatles. Shankar engaged Western music by writing concerti for sitar and orchestra and toured the world in the 1970s and 1980s. From 1986 to 1992 he served as a nominated member of the upper chamber of the Parliament of India. Shankar was awarded India's highest civilian honor, the Bharat Ratna, in 1999, and received three Grammy Awards. He continues to perform in the 2000s, often with his daughter Anoushka.
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Rishi Rich
Rishpal Singh Rekhi better known by his stage name Rishi Rich is a British Indian music producer born in Croydon, England and based in London. He began his career in the Asian Underground scene and later became internationally known for his Bhangra tracks, his Hindi remixes, and as a pioneer of Indian-R&B fusion music.
Through the Rishi Rich Project, he was responsible for launching British Asian talents who would later gain mainstream success, such as Jay Sean (internationally) and Juggy D.
He has also released his own solo albums, Simply Rich in 2002 with Ishq Records and The Project in 2006 with 2point9 Records and his produced songs have appeared in a number of Bollywood films. He now runs Rishi Rich Productions with contracts with a number of South Asian British artists including H-Dhami, Mumzy Stranger, Veronica Mehta, Tasha Tah and Abbas Hasan.
Rishi rich worked in the UK with a number of Asian artists co-produced a number of Asian music albums. In January 2003, he signed management contract with 2Point9 Records. Soon after, he formed the Rishi Rich Project, the objective of which was to showcase up-and-coming talent. The Rishi Rich releases quickly became famous in the Asian Underground scene, being pioneers of contemporary R&B-Bhangra fusion. They subsequently found success in India and helped popularize Indian-R&B fusion sounds in both the Asian underground scene and in Indian pop music.
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Salil Chowdhury
Salil Chowdhury (Bengali: সলিল চৌধুরী, Hindi: सलिल चौधरी, Malayalam: സലില് ചൗധരി) was an Indian music composer, who mainly composed for Bengali, Hindi, and Malayalam films. He was also a poet and a playwright. He is affectionately called Salilda by his admirers.
His musical genius was widely recognized and acknowledged in the Indian film industry. He was an accomplished arranger and was proficient in several musical instruments, including flute, the piano, and the esraj. He was also widely acclaimed and admired for his inspirational and original poetry.
Salil's childhood was spent in the tea gardens of Assam. From an early age he listened to the Western Classical collection of his father. His father was reputed to stage plays with coolies and other low-paid workers of the tea-gardens. He graduated from Bangabasi College, an affiliate of the University of Calcutta in Kolkata and it was during this period of time that his political ideas were formulated quickly along with a considerable maturity in his musical ideas. He was a man with excellent talent.
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Sanjay Subrahmanyan
Sanjay Subrahmanyan (born January 21, 1968) is a Carnatic music singer from India. He performed in many concerts in India and overseas and has won many awards for his excellence. He believes that listening takes a musician closer to perfection.He is very simple and very open. He is a strong cricket fan.
Sanjay Subrahmanyan was born in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. He began learning music at the age of seven. Initial training was under V. Lakshminarayana on the violin as well as in vocal music. He later switched to vocal music and was trained by Rukmini Rajagopalan for a period of almost eight years. His skills were further sharpened under Calcutta K.S Krishnamurthy and the training under him led to innovations and blending of tradition and modernity. Sanjay continues to learn from Nadaswaram maestro Semponarkoil SRD Vaidyanathan.
Sanjay teaches music as well, and has many successful students such as Prashanth Viswanathan, Swarna Rethas, Sandeep Narayan, and Prasanna Venkatraman in the contemporary music field.
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Shankar Ehsaan Loy
Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy ( pronunciation (help·info)) are an Indian musical trio consisting of Shankar Mahadevan, Ehsaan Noorani and Loy Mendonsa. Record producers, musicians and multi-instrumentalists, they have composed music for over fifty soundtrack across four languages. Among the most critically acclaimed Indian musicians, the trio have won over twenty awards, including one National Film Award, three Filmfare Awards, three IIFA Awards among several other awards and nominations. They are often referred to as "Amar Akbar Anthony" of hindi film music by several, including eminent critic Rajeev Masand.
Shankar Mahadevan was born and brought up in Chembur, a suburb of Mumbai, in a Tamil Iyer family from Kerala. He learned Hindustani classical music and Carnatic music in his childhood and started playing the veena at the age of five. He studied under Srinivas Khale, a popular Marathi music composer. After graduating in 1988 with a degree in Computer Science Engineering from Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology in Navi Mumbai under the auspices of Mumbai University, he worked as a software engineer on Oracle Version Six. He is the main vocalist of the trio. After working for a while for Leading Edge Systems, Shankar ventured into the field of music. He earned his first award as a playback singer in a Tamil movie, collaborating with A. R. Rahman and winning a National Film Award for his song in Kandukondain Kandukondain. A prominent star in Tamil cinema, he gained further recognition upon the release of his first music album, Breathless, in 1998.
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Shankar Jaikishan
Shankar Jaikishan (Devanāgarī:शंकर-जयकिशन), also known as S/J, is an Indian music composer duo in the Hindi film industry, working together from 1949–1971.
Shankar-Jaikishan, along with other artists, wrote "everlasting" and "immortal melodies" in fifties and sixties. Their best work was noted for being "raga-based and having both lilt and sonority".
Shankar Singh Raghuvanshi (25 October 1922 – 26 April 1987) born in Punjab moved to Hyderabad while Jaikishan Dayabhai Panchal (4 November 1929 – 12 September 1971) belonged to Bansda (Vansada), Gujarat.
During his formative years, Shankar played the tabla and learned the art formally from Baba Nasir Khansahib. For many years, Shankar studied as a disciple of the legendary composer Khawaja Khurshid Anwar, in whose orchestra he performed. Jaikishan was adept at playing the harmonium. Subsequently, he obtained his musical lessons from Sangeet Visharad Wadilalji and later from Prem Shankar Nayak. After moving to Bombay, he became a disciple of Vinayak Tambe. Shankar started his career with a theater group run by Satyanarayan and Hemawati, before shifting to Prithvi Theatre where he played tabla and performed some minor roles in plays. Shankar worked as assistant to the leading composer duo of Husnlal Bhagatram.
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Sharon Prabhakar
Sharon Prabhakar (born on or 4 August 1955[citation needed]) is an Indian pop singer, theatre personality and public speaker. She was an active singer in 1980s and 90s, with a total of seven albums to her credit.
She started her career as a singer during her college days at Lady Shriram College, New Delhi & sang at Mood Indigo, before performing in various musicals, notably Godspell, Jesus Christ Superstar, Cabaret and the part of Evita in the musical of the same title directed by the advertisement guru Alyque Padamsee. She is an accomplished stage actress and has been an integral part of the English Theatre scene in Mumbai. Later on in her career she presented a Bollywood programme 'Kya Scene Hai' on Zee TV in 1995.
She released a HIndi Disco album Chal Disco Chal in the early 80s to mixed reviews. Her new album Dilruba released in August 2006. She has appeared as herself in a couple of Bollywood films apart from being playback singer for several songs.
She married Brian Mascarenhas in 1978 and separated in 1982. She then married Alyque Padamsee but is now separated.
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Sheila Chandra
Sheila Chandra (born 14 April 1965 in London) is an English pop singer of Indian descent.
Sheila Chandra first came to public attention as an actress, playing Sudhamani Patel in the BBC school drama Grange Hill from 1979 to 1981.
As a teenager she formed the band Monsoon with Steve Coe (who became the band's producer), and Martin Smith. Monsoon created a fusion of Western and Indian pop styles. They recorded their lone album Third Eye in 1982 from which they had a surprise hit single Ever So Lonely, which peaked at #12 in the UK. They followed-up with the single, "Shakti", which peaked at #41, but this was to be the band's final charting single. The album also includes a cover of The Beatles' "Tomorrow Never Knows", featuring the distinctive EBow guitar sound of Bill Nelson.
Resenting pressure from their record company over musical direction, Monsoon dissolved in 1982 and Coe and Smith set about promoting Chandra as a solo artist on independent Indipop Records. Phonogram "posthumously" released Third Eye in 1983.
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Shreya Ghoshal
Shreya Ghoshal (born March 12, 1984) is an Indian singer. Best known as a playback singer in Hindi films, she also sings in other Indian languages including Bengali, Assamese, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya,Gujarati, Tamil and Telugu.
Ghoshal's career began when she won the Sa Re Ga Ma Pa contest as an adult. Her Bollywood playback singing career began with Devdas, for which she received National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer along with Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer and Filmfare RD Burman Award for New Music Talent. Since then, she has worked in more than 180 films and received four National Film Awards, four Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer and four Filmfare Awards South.
Ghoshal was born on March 12, 1984 to a Bengali Hindu family in Durgapur, West Bengal. She grew up in Rawatbhata, a small town near Kota, Rajasthan. Her father, Mr. Biswajeet Ghoshal, works as a nuclear power plant engineer for the Nuclear Power Corporation of India, whereas her mother is a literature post-graduate.
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Shubha Mudgal
Shubha Mudgal (born 1959) is a well-known Indian singer of Hindustani classical music, Khayal, Thumri, Dadra, and popular Indian Pop music.
She has been awarded the 1996 National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Music Direction for 'Amrit Beej', the 1998 Gold Plaque Award for Special Achievement in Music, at the 34th Chicago International Film Festival, for her music in the film Dance of the Wind (1997), and the Padma Shri in 2000. She is also close to progressive movements like ANHAD and SAHMAT.
Born in an academic family to Skand and Jaya Gupta in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. Both her parents were Professors of English Literature at Allahabad University, with deep interest in Classical Hindustani Music and Kathak. Her paternal grandfather, Prof. P. C. Gupta was also a Professor at Allahabad University.
She attended St. Mary's Convent Inter College. As a young girl she started learning Kathak in Allahabad following the foot steps of her sister. She once replied to a dance examiner's routine query of "Aap kis gharaane ki naachti hain?(What style/form do you dance?)" with the retort, "Hum apne gharaane ki naachti hain (I dance my own style)". She later switched to Hindustani Classical Music as her vocation of choice while maintaining the same individualistic attitude. Her first traditional teacher (guru) was Pandit Ramashreya Jha in Allahabad.
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Singh Is Kinng
Singh is Kinng (Hindi: सिंह इज़ किंग, Punjabi: ਸਿੰਘ ਇਜ਼ ਕਿੰਗ) is a 2008 Bollywood action comedy film. The film is directed by Anees Bazmee and stars Akshay Kumar and Katrina Kaif, the film also featured a music video with Snoop Dogg. About 75% of the movie was shot in Australia, around the Gold Coast region and Brisbane using an Australian production team (Instinct India). The film was released on 8 August 2008. Akshay Kumar has been nominated for Best Actor at the 3rd Asian Film Awards for his performance in the film.
The spelling of the word "king" in the film's title with an additional letter "n" was based on advice provided by a numerologist, a practice which has become routine in Bollywood.
Lakhan Singh (Sonu Sood), also called "Lucky," is the "kinng" of the Australian underworld, and is the first "Singh Is Kinng" of the film's title. He is accompanied by his associates, Julie (Neha Dhupia), Mika (Jaaved Jaffrey), Pankaj Udaas (Yashpal Sharma), Raftaar (Sudhanshu Pandey) and Dilbaugh Singh (Manoj Pahwa). In a small village in Punjab, the birthplace of Lucky, lives a criminal more notorious than Lucky himself—Happy Singh (Akshay Kumar). Happy has caused many problems and disastrous situations in the village, and the villagers are fed up with him. They decide to send Happy on a long trip to Australia with his friend Rangeela (Om Puri) to bring Lucky back to Punjab, which will keep Happy out of the village for some time and bring peace to the village.
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Snoop Dogg
Calvin Cordozar Broadus, Jr. (born October 20, 1971), better known by his stage name Snoop Dogg (formerly known as Snoop Doggy Dogg), is an American rapper, record producer, and actor. Snoop is best known as a rapper in the West Coast hip hop scene, and for being one of Dr. Dre's most notable protégés. Snoop Dogg was a Crip gang member while in high school. Shortly after graduation, he was arrested for cocaine possession and spent six months in Wayside County Jail. His music career began in 1992 after his release when he was discovered by Dr. Dre. He collaborated on several tracks on Dre's solo debut, The Chronic and on the titular theme song to the film Deep Cover.
Snoop's debut album Doggystyle, was released in 1993 under Death Row Records making a debut at No.1 on both the Billboard 200 and R&B charts. Selling almost a million copies in the first week of its release, Doggystyle quickly became certified 4× platinum in 1994 and spawned several hit singles, including "What's My Name" and "Gin & Juice". In 1994, Snoop released a soundtrack on Death Row Records for the short film Murder Was The Case, starring himself. In early 1996, Snoop Dogg was cleared of charges over his bodyguard's 1993 murder of Philip Woldemariam. His second album, late 1996's Tha Doggfather, also debuted at No.1 on both charts with "Snoop's Upside Ya Head" as the lead single. The album sold only half as well, being certified double platinum in 1997.
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Sonu Nigam
Sonu Nigam (born 30 July 1973 in Faridabad, Haryana, India) is an Indian singer whose songs have been featured in numerous Hindi and Kannada movies, as well as films in Tamil, Assamese, Punjabi, Bengali, Marathi and Telugu. He has also released numerous Indi-pop albums and acted in a few Hindi movies. He had changed the spelling of his last name from 'Nigam' to 'Niigaam' in accordance with numerology, but later returned to the original spelling 'Nigam'.
Sonu Nigam began his singing career at the age of three, when he joined his father on stage to sing Mohammed Rafi's "Kya Hua Tera Vaada, Wo Kasam Wo Irada". From then on Sonu accompanied his father on his singing appearances at weddings and parties. In his teenage years he successfully participated in several music competitions. He moved to Mumbai with his father to begin his Bollywood singing career at the age of 19.
His initial years in Mumbai proved to be a struggle, beginning by singing covers of Mohammed Rafi songs, mainly for a number of Rafi Ki Yaadein albums released by T-Series. T-Series promoter Gulshan Kumar played a key role in identifying Nigam's talent by giving him a chance to reach a larger audience. These albums contributed to T-Series for some years although Nigam's singing style was regarded by some to be like that of a "Rafi clone". Nigam's first movie song as a playback singer was Janam (1990), which was never officially released. He also got a break in radio commercials until he appeared on the popular TV show Sa Re Ga Ma, after which there was no turning back. He was trained by classical singer Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan.
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Sukhwinder Singh
Sukhwinder Singh is an Indian singer best known for working as Bollywood playback artist. Singh is famous for singing "Chaiyya Chaiyya" for which he won the Best Male Playback Award at the 1999 Filmfare Awards. The song, from Mani Ratnam's 1998 film Dil Se.., was composed by A. R. Rahman, written by Gulzar, and sung in duet with Sapna Awasthi. It was also featured in the musical Bombay Dreams and, in remixed arrangements, in the titles and credits segments of Spike Lee's 2006 film, Inside Man. Singh later gained more international fame for singing "Jai Ho" from the film Slumdog Millionaire, which won an Academy Award for Best Original Song and a Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media.
Singh originally comes from Amritsar, Punjab. He first performed on stage at the age of 8, singing the Lata number "Sa re ga ma pa, pa, pa, ga ma re, ga re mere sang mere saajna", from the 1970 movie Abhinetri. He also released a Punjabi album called Munda Southhall Da with T. Singh joined Laxmikant-Pyarelal’s troupe and quickly became a music arranger, before heading to the south of India to look for work. At this time he did a film called Rakshakudu.
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Sunidhi Chauhan
Sunidhi Chauhan (born Nidhi Chauhan on 14 August 1983) is an Indian playback singer, best known for her Hindi film songs in Bollywood. She has also recorded songs for Marathi, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Bhojpuri, Bengali, Assamese and Gujarati films .
Chauhan began to sing at the age of four and was discovered by a local TV anchor. She won recognition through a televised singing contest, Meri Awaz Suno, which she won, and made her entrance into playback singing with the Hindi film Shastra.
Her breakthrough was Ram Gopal Varma's film Mast, in which she sang the hit song, "Ruki Ruki Si Zindagi." She has been nominated for fourteen Filmfare Awards, winning it on three occasions. She has won two Star Screen Awards, two IIFA Awards and one Zee Cine Award.
Sunidhi Chauhan family hail from Uttar Pradesh. She started her singing career as a child, giving her first performance at the age of four, in a local temple in Delhi. Thereafter, she began to participate in, and sing for, competitions and local gatherings. When local TV anchor, Tabassum, spotted her talent, her family shifted to Mumbai in a bid to further develop the young singer's skills, and Chauhan became the lead singer in Kalyanji's 'Little Wonders' troupe.
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Suresh Peters
Suresh Peters (Tamil: சுரேஷ் பீட்டர்ஸ்) is a music director and playback rapper/singer for films in India whose notable songs include "Style" from the film Sivaji: The Boss. Peters received his first break as a music director through the Malayalam movie Punjabi House in which he composed both melodies and folk songs. He also has three Tamil albums to his credit — Minnal, Oviyum and Engiruntho.
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Timbaland
Timothy Zachery Mosley (born March 10, 1972) better known by his stage name Timbaland, is an American record producer, songwriter and rapper. Timbaland's first full credit production work was in 1996 on Ginuwine...the Bachelor for R&B singer Ginuwine. After further work on Aaliyah's 1996 album One in a Million and Missy Elliott's 1997 album Supa Dupa Fly, Timbaland became a prominent producer for R&B and hip-hop artists. As a rapper he initially released several albums with fellow rapper Magoo, but later released his debut solo album Tim's Bio in 1998. In 2007, Timbaland released the first album in his Shock Value series, Timbaland Presents: Shock Value. Then In 2009 Timbaland Presents: Shock Value II. It is expected that Timbaland will release Timbaland Presents: Shock Value III in June 2012.
Timothy Zachery Mosley was born on March 10, 1972 in Virginia Beach, Virginia, where he was raised. He graduated from Salem High School. During his time as a DJ, he was known as "DJ Tim" or "DJ Timmy Tim". His brother, Sebastian, is nine years younger. Timbaland began making hip hop backing tracks on a Casio keyboard. While attending high school, he began a long-term collaboration with rapper Melvin Barcliff, who performed under the name of Magoo. The teenaged Mosley also joined the production ensemble S.B.I. (which stood for surrounded by idiots) which also featured Neptunes producer Pharrell. Mosley was also high school friends with Terrence and Gene Thorton, who would go on to be known as Pusha T and Malice of the rap group Clipse. In 1986, when Timbaland was 15 years old, he was shot while working a part time job at his local Red Lobster and was partially paralyzed for nine months. During this time, he began to learn how to DJ using his left hand.
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Truth Hurts
Shari Watson (born October 10, 1971, St. Louis, Missouri), known as Truth Hurts, is an American Contemporary R&B singer-songwriter.
Watson is currently contributing to the upcoming solo record by John Frusciante. Watson is confirmed to appear on two tracks.
In 2000, Watson signed to Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment label. She first appeared on Busta Rhymes' 2001 hit single, "Break Ya Neck", as a backing vocalist. She also appeared as a background vocalist on the D12 song, "Nasty Minds". For her first solo LP Truthfully Speaking, issued on Aftermath in 2002, Truth Hurts enlisted the production talents of Dr. Dre, Timbaland, Hi-Tek, and DJ Quik. Her debut single, "Addictive", was a Top 10 hit in the United States, and featured a verse from hip hop artist, Rakim. The original song, Lata Mangeshkar's "Thoda Resham Lagta Hai", was used as the main base of the track within the chorus,. The copyright holders sued Aftermath and parent company Interscope Records for $500 million dollars, and issued an injunction against further sales or performances of the record. A judge later ruled that the album was not to be sold without being stickered with proper credits for Mangeshkar.
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Tyagaraja
Kakarla Tyagabrahmam (Telugu: త్యాగరాజు) (May 4, 1767–January 6, 1847), colloquially known as Tyāgarājar and Tyagayya, was one of the greatest composers of Carnatic music or classical South Indian music. He, along with his contemporaries Muthuswami Dikshitar and Shyama Shastry, forms the Trinity of Carnatic music. He was a prolific composer and highly influential in the development of the South Indian classical music tradition. Tyagaraja composed thousands of devotional compositions, most of them in praise of Lord Rama — most of which remain very popular even today. Of special mention are five of his compositions called the Pancharatna Krithis (English: 'five gems'), which are often sung in programs in his honor.
Tyagaraja was born in 1767 in Tiruvarur, Tiruvarur district, in what is now called Tamil Nadu, to Kakarla Ramabrahmam and Sitamma in a Telugu Brahmin family of the Mulukanadu subsect. He was named Tyagaraja, after Lord Tyagaraja, the presiding deity of the temple at Tiruvarur. Tyagaraja was born at his maternal grandfather Giriraja Kavi's house. Giriraja Kavi was a poet-composer in the court of the king of Thanjavur.
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Udit Narayan
Udit Narayan Jha, popularly known as Udit Narayan is a playback singer in commercial, Maithili language, Hindi, Kannada, Nepali, Urdu, Bhojpuri, Garhwali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Oriya, Assamese, Maithili and Bengali language cinema. Narayan has sung in 32 different languages. He has won three National Film Awards and five Filmfare Awards. In 2009, he was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India.
Udit Narayan Jha was born on 1 December 1955 in a village called Bhardaha in the Saptari district, Nepal. His father was Hare Krishna Jha and his mother was Bhuwaneshwari Devi.
Narayan studied at P.B. School, Rajbiraj, where he passed his S.L.C.(class 10) and later obtained his intermediate from Ratna Rajya Laxmi Campus, mostly known as RR campus Kathmandu.
Udit Narayan began his career in Nepal singing for Radio Nepal as a staff artiste for Maithili and Nepali folk songs. He sang many popular nepali folk, modern songs in Radio Nepal. His first filmy playback singing was for Nepali film Sindur.It was a comedy song for famous nepali comedians (Late) GopalRaj Mainali (Chankhe) and Basundhara Bhushal (Nakkali). It was a duet song with Sushmaa Shrestha now known as Poornima in Hindi film Industry. After eight years in that role, Indian Embassy offered him the chance to study classical music at a prestigious school in Bombay, Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan on a music scholarship. He moved to Bombay in 1978.
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Usha Uthup
Usha Uthup (born November 8, 1947) is a popular Indian pop, jazz and playback singer. She is well known for popular hits in the late 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.
Usha was born in Mumbai, in a Tamil Brahmin family that hailed from Tamil Nadu, in Madras (now Chennai) in 1947.
When she was in school she was thrown out of music class because she didn't fit in with a voice like hers. But her music teacher recognized that she had some music in her and would give her clappers or triangles to play. Even though she was not formally trained in music, she grew up in an atmosphere of music. Her parents used to listen to a wide range from Western classical to Hindustani and Carnatic including Kishori Amonkar and Bade Ghulam Ali Khan on radio and she used to join them. She used to enjoy listening to Radio Ceylon.
Her next door neighbour was S.M.A. Pathan, who was then the deputy commissioner of police. His daughter, Jamila, inspired Usha to learn Hindi, wear salwar kameez and take up Indian classical music. This fusion approach helped her to pioneer her unique brand of Indian pop in the 1970s. She is married to Mr Jani Uthup from Kottayam, Kerala.
wn.com/Usha_Uthup -
Vedic period
The Vedic period (or Vedic age) was a period in history during which the Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, were composed. The time span of the period is uncertain. Philological and linguistic evidence indicates that the Rigveda, the oldest of the Vedas, was composed roughly between 1700–1100 BCE, also referred to as the early Vedic period. The end of the period is commonly estimated to have occurred about 500 BCE, and 150 BCE has been suggested as a terminus ante quem for all Vedic Sanskrit literature.
Transmission of texts in the Vedic period was by oral tradition alone, and a literary tradition set in only in post-Vedic times. Despite the difficulties in dating the period, the Vedas can safely be assumed to be several thousands of years old. The associated culture, sometimes referred to as Vedic civilization, was probably centred early on in the northern and northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent, but has now spread and constitutes the basis of contemporary Indian culture.
wn.com/Vedic_period -
Vilayat Khan
Ustad Vilayat Khan (Bengali: বিলায়েত খাঁ Bilaeet Khã; August 28, 1928 – March 13, 2004) was one of India's well known sitar maestros. He recorded his first 78-RPM disc at the age of 8, and gave his last concert in 2004 at the age of 75.
Vilayat Khan was born in Gauripur, British India to Enayat Khan, a sitar maestro. His family of musicians trace their pedigree back to the court musicians of the Mughals. His father, recognised as a leading sitar and surbahar (bass sitar) player of his time, as had been the grandfather, Imdad Khan, before him. He was taught in the family style, known as the Imdadkhani Gharana or Etawah Gharana, after a village outside Agra where Imdad Khan lived.
However, Enayat Khan died when Vilayat was only nine, so much of his education came from the rest of his family: his uncle, sitar and surbahar maestro Wahid Khan, his maternal grandfather, singer Bande Hassan Khan, and his mother, Bashiran Begum, who had studied the practice procedure of his forefathers. His uncle Zinde Hassan looked after his riyaz (practice). As a boy, Vilayat wanted to be a singer; but his mother, herself from a family of vocalists, felt he had a strong responsibility to bear the family torch as a sitar maestro.
wn.com/Vilayat_Khan -
Zubeen Garg
Zubeen Garg (Assamese: জুবিন গাৰ্গ, born 18 November 1972) is a singer and composer from Assam, India, in the Bollywood and Assamese music scene. He plays dhols, guitar, dotora, mandolin, keyboard and various percussion instruments.
Garg hails from Jorhat, a city in upper Assam. His birth name is Zubeen Borthakur. He was named after the great composer Zubin Mehta and uses his gotra name, Garg, as his surname. Garg was born to Mohan Borthakur, a famous lyricist, poet and a magistrate (who uses the pseudonym Kapil Thakur, and the late Ily Borthakur.
The Borthakur family has its roots in Janji, Sivasagar. Mohan Borthakur was a magistrate and he and his family moved often during Garg's early years. Ily Borthakur was a dancer, actress and singer, but she never turned these talents into a professional career. Instead, she decided to teach her son at home. Garg's younger sister Jongki Borthakur was a well-known singer and actress who died in a car accident in 2002 near Tezpur while they were going to perform stage show. There after Zubeen made an album known as "SHISHU" in memory of his late sister. Zubeen's other sister Palme, a bharatanatyam dancer, runs a dance academy in Guwahati.
wn.com/Zubeen_Garg -
Zubin Mehta
Zubin Mehta (ज़ुबिन मेहता); pronounced [ˈzuːbɪn ˈmeːɦt̪aː] (born 29 April 1936) is an Indian conductor of western classical music. He is the Music Director for Life of the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra.
Zubin Mehta was born into a Parsi family in Bombay, British India, the son of Mehli and Tehmina Mehta. His father Mehli Mehta was a violinist and founding conductor of the Bombay Symphony Orchestra. Mehta is an alumnus of St. Mary's School, Mumbai, and St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. Mehta initially intended to study medicine, but eventually became a music student in Vienna at the age of 18, under Hans Swarowsky. Also at the same academy along with Mehta were conductor Claudio Abbado and conductor–pianist Daniel Barenboim.
Mehta's first marriage was to Canadian soprano Carmen Lasky in 1958. They have a son, Mervon and a daughter, Zarina. In 1964, they divorced. Two years after the divorce, Carmen married Zubin's brother, Zarin Mehta, now the Executive Director of the New York Philharmonic. In July 1969, Mehta married Nancy Kovack, a former American film and television actress. Mehta is a permanent resident of the United States, but retains his Indian citizenship.
wn.com/Zubin_Mehta
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Ese Hombre
- Si Tú Eres Mi Hombre
- Esa Mujer
- Nunca Voy a Olvidarte
- Costumbres
- Dicen Que Soy
- Sobre el Fuego
- Que Te Pedí
- Mi Mayor Venganza
- Te Daré Dulzura
- Sola
- Aun lo Amo
- Burlada Inocencia
- Déjame Volver Contigo
- O Ella, O Yo
- No Me lo Confiesas
- Soy Diferente (Versión Salsatón)
- Sólamente Una Noche (Versión Salsa)
- Un Amor Obsesivo
- Cuando Hieres a Una Mujer
- No Es Lo Mismo
- Lágrimas
- Tengo Que Dejarte Ir
- Soy Diferente (Versión Reggaetón)
- Madre E Hija a.k.a. Madre
- Sólamente Una Noche (Versión Reggaetón)
- Bugarrón
- Sedúceme
- Traición
- El Anillo
- El Hombre Perfecto (Bachata Balada)
- Soy Mujer
- La Gran Tirana
- Que Me Importa
- Sedúceme (Pop Balada)
- Enseñáme a Olvidar
- El Hombre Perfecto (Merengue)
- Razones Tengo
- Confiado En Ti
- Traición (Balada)
- Navidad Sin Verte
- Hielo
- Sola
- Déjame Volver Contigo
- Que Te Pedí
- Lo Siento Mi Amor
- Aun Lo Amo
- Esa Mujer
- Si Vuelves Tu
- Sola (Balada)
- Me cansé de ser la otra
- Costumbres
- Burlada inocencia
- No me lo confiesas
- Si tú eres mi hombre
- Mi mayor venganza
- Sobre el fuego
- Te daré dulzura
- La voz de la experiencia (con Celia Cruz)
- Si estuvieras aquí
- Nunca voy a olvidarte
- Que ganas de no verte nunca más
- Ese hombre
- Dicen que soy
- O ella o yo
- Déjate amar
- I just want to hang around you
- No me conviene (con Tito Nieves)
- Vivir lo nuestro (con Marc Anthony)
- Vivir Sin Ti
- Llegó la India
- Soledad
- Mi Primera Rumba
- Yemaya y Ochun (Prelude)
- Yemaya y Ochun
- Merengue Internacional
- Solitude
- I Wanna Dance
- Soledad (Bilingual version)
- Right From the Start
- Dancing on the Fire
- Breaking Night
- The Lover Who Rocks You (All Night)
- Steppin' Out
- I've Got a Plan
- When You Were Mine
- You Should Be Lovin' Me
- Send Yourself to Me
- I'm Through With Love
- Dancing on the Fire (extended dance mix)
- Right From the Start (12'' fly mix)
- Vivir Lo Nuestro
- Nunca Voy a Olvidarte
- Que Ganas De No Verte Más
- Ese Hombre
- Yemaya Y Ochun
- Mi Primera Rumba
- Llego La India
- Vivir Sin Tí
- Dicen Que Soy
- O Ella O Yo
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May He Poop? (an Indian music video translation)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:43
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
My translation of an Indian music video. This is what I think the words sound like. www.bugben.com
http://wn.com/May_He_Poop?_an_Indian_music_video_translation
My translation of an Indian music video. This is what I think the words sound like. www.bugben.com
Wonderful Chill Out Music (Arabic and India Balance Mix) by Tekiu
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 51:13
- Updated: 19 Jan 2013
You can download this song here: www.tekiu.blogspot.com This mix belongs to tekiu, the guy who has the blog. It's NOT my blog and I didn't make the mix. With the help of some people here, we have a track list. Thank you for your help. 1) from beginning until 05:18 Bahir Al Bakir - Walk From Agadir 2) 05:19 - 09:22 Amr Diab - Osad Ainy 3) 09:23 - 13:45 Omar Richman - Casablanca Cafe 4) 13:46 - 18:02 Amr Diab - Tamally Ma'ak 5)18:03 -22:26 Unknown(SOunds like ancient sanskrit hymn though) 6)22:27-26:47 Kasmey Wadey (Original by RD Burman) 7)26:48- 31:33 Ishvari - To My Groom (Maanlo) 8)31:34-39:30 Pardes jake pardesiya originally sang by Lata Mangeshkar 9)35:50-39:31 Mukhda Piya ka originally sang by Rajeshwari Sachdev 10)39:31- 43:24 Asi dur chaley Ankhiyan toh dur 11)43:25-47:38 hey dukh bhanjan Singer: Hariom Sharan 12)47:39-51:39 Chura ka dil tera -Alka Yagnik, Kumar Sanu
http://wn.com/Wonderful_Chill_Out_Music_Arabic_and_India_Balance_Mix_by_Tekiu
You can download this song here: www.tekiu.blogspot.com This mix belongs to tekiu, the guy who has the blog. It's NOT my blog and I didn't make the mix. With the help of some people here, we have a track list. Thank you for your help. 1) from beginning until 05:18 Bahir Al Bakir - Walk From Agadir 2) 05:19 - 09:22 Amr Diab - Osad Ainy 3) 09:23 - 13:45 Omar Richman - Casablanca Cafe 4) 13:46 - 18:02 Amr Diab - Tamally Ma'ak 5)18:03 -22:26 Unknown(SOunds like ancient sanskrit hymn though) 6)22:27-26:47 Kasmey Wadey (Original by RD Burman) 7)26:48- 31:33 Ishvari - To My Groom (Maanlo) 8)31:34-39:30 Pardes jake pardesiya originally sang by Lata Mangeshkar 9)35:50-39:31 Mukhda Piya ka originally sang by Rajeshwari Sachdev 10)39:31- 43:24 Asi dur chaley Ankhiyan toh dur 11)43:25-47:38 hey dukh bhanjan Singer: Hariom Sharan 12)47:39-51:39 Chura ka dil tera -Alka Yagnik, Kumar Sanu
- published: 30 Nov 2011
- views: 6307321
- author: TheCeifa
nice indian music
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
chillout music nice indian music
http://wn.com/nice_indian_music
Music of India: Mridangam, Flute, Sitar, Tabla
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Very. Nice. Music. Enjoy. Shashank on the aerophones.
http://wn.com/Music_of_India_Mridangam,_Flute,_Sitar,_Tabla
Very. Nice. Music. Enjoy. Shashank on the aerophones.
- published: 05 Mar 2007
- views: 449773
- author: oblivion2500
Meditation Music # Soul Surfer Music from India
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:33
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
Meditation Music by Naveen Kumar and ARRehmaan ©, 2009 All rights reserved. Relax and meditate hours and hours with this soothing experience.
http://wn.com/Meditation_Music_Soul_Surfer_Music_from_India
Meditation Music by Naveen Kumar and ARRehmaan ©, 2009 All rights reserved. Relax and meditate hours and hours with this soothing experience.
- published: 21 Sep 2009
- views: 134244
- author: californianights
The Best of Indian Songs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:23
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
You will like it so much.
http://wn.com/The_Best_of_Indian_Songs
Kajra Re - Song - Bunty Aur Babli
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:51
- Updated: 19 Jan 2013
Release Date: 27 May 2005 Genre: Romantic Comedy Run Time: 164 MINS Starring: Abhishek Bachchan, Rani Mukerji, Amitabh Bachchan, Special Appearance: Aishwarya Rai Lyrics: Gulzar Music: Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy Produced By: Aditya Chopra Directed By: Shaad Ali Sahgal SYNOPSIS: Rakesh (Abhishek Bachchan) is a man of schemes, ideas, invention and restlessness. His small town begins to feel too small for his King size plans. In another part of India crinkle nosed small town girl, Vimmi (Rani Mukerji) doesn't want to become just another young marriageable girl. In her mind she is the Miss India that the world cant get enough of. So, they decide to fly the coup. Somewhere along their individual journeys, Rakesh and Vimmi meet. And in a moment of mistaken truth, the legend of Bunty and Babli are born. And the world gets turned on its head!! We follow the duo through caper after caper, in which they are spiritual gurus; bureaucrat and secretary, gangster and moll; business partners; hen pecked husband and pregnant wife, vagabonds and caught-in-a-downpour lovers. We watch them run rings around rajahs, power brokers, shaadi bandwallahs, millionaires, investors, leaders, ministers, elephants, explorers, hoteliers, chai boys and one very very upset policeman, DCP Dashrath Singh (Amitabh Bachchan).
http://wn.com/Kajra_Re_Song_Bunty_Aur_Babli
Release Date: 27 May 2005 Genre: Romantic Comedy Run Time: 164 MINS Starring: Abhishek Bachchan, Rani Mukerji, Amitabh Bachchan, Special Appearance: Aishwarya Rai Lyrics: Gulzar Music: Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy Produced By: Aditya Chopra Directed By: Shaad Ali Sahgal SYNOPSIS: Rakesh (Abhishek Bachchan) is a man of schemes, ideas, invention and restlessness. His small town begins to feel too small for his King size plans. In another part of India crinkle nosed small town girl, Vimmi (Rani Mukerji) doesn't want to become just another young marriageable girl. In her mind she is the Miss India that the world cant get enough of. So, they decide to fly the coup. Somewhere along their individual journeys, Rakesh and Vimmi meet. And in a moment of mistaken truth, the legend of Bunty and Babli are born. And the world gets turned on its head!! We follow the duo through caper after caper, in which they are spiritual gurus; bureaucrat and secretary, gangster and moll; business partners; hen pecked husband and pregnant wife, vagabonds and caught-in-a-downpour lovers. We watch them run rings around rajahs, power brokers, shaadi bandwallahs, millionaires, investors, leaders, ministers, elephants, explorers, hoteliers, chai boys and one very very upset policeman, DCP Dashrath Singh (Amitabh Bachchan).
- published: 27 May 2011
- views: 1234084
- author: YRFsongs
Neon Indian - Polish Girl
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Updated: 19 Jan 2013
Neon Indian www.myspace.com neonindian.com
http://wn.com/Neon_Indian_Polish_Girl
Neon Indian www.myspace.com neonindian.com
- published: 16 Sep 2011
- views: 6748355
- author: toomainstream
Indian Classical Music Dhrupad. Alaap. Part I
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:33
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
Vocal - SLNeeranjan . Indian Classical Music Dhrupad Alaap in Raga Bageshri Bageshri (Hindi: बागेश्री) is a Hindustani classical raga. It is a popular raga of the late night, which is meant to depict the emotion of a woman waiting for reunion with her lover. It is said to have been first sung by Mian Tansen, the celebrated court singer of the Emperor Akbar in the sixteenth century. Regards- SLNeeranjan Contact- 08856844751 E-mail- divinemusic404@gmail.com
http://wn.com/Indian_Classical_Music_Dhrupad_Alaap_Part_I
Vocal - SLNeeranjan . Indian Classical Music Dhrupad Alaap in Raga Bageshri Bageshri (Hindi: बागेश्री) is a Hindustani classical raga. It is a popular raga of the late night, which is meant to depict the emotion of a woman waiting for reunion with her lover. It is said to have been first sung by Mian Tansen, the celebrated court singer of the Emperor Akbar in the sixteenth century. Regards- SLNeeranjan Contact- 08856844751 E-mail- divinemusic404@gmail.com
- published: 04 Sep 2011
- views: 18163
- author: Niraj Lande
A Catchy India Music Vdieo - with english subtitles
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:14
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
YOU WILL LOVE THIS FOR SURE. SONG : DIALAAMO DIALAAMO LANGUAGE : TAMIL MOVIE :DISHYUM
http://wn.com/A_Catchy_India_Music_Vdieo_with_english_subtitles
YOU WILL LOVE THIS FOR SURE. SONG : DIALAAMO DIALAAMO LANGUAGE : TAMIL MOVIE :DISHYUM
- published: 08 Feb 2007
- views: 621254
- author: rockyou27
Milestone - Hugo Santander
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:28
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
Currently an Associate Professor of Film Direction at the Sivaji Ganesan Film Institute at SRM University, Chennai, India
http://wn.com/Milestone_Hugo_Santander
Currently an Associate Professor of Film Direction at the Sivaji Ganesan Film Institute at SRM University, Chennai, India
- published: 22 Nov 2012
- views: 261
- author: RajVideoVisionTamil
music india
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:04
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
dit is music van india
http://wn.com/music_india
India Music
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:40
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
India Music
http://wn.com/India_Music
Indian Music
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:01
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
The bandname is Imagenes! New CD: Indian Fusion Vol. 1 www.amazon.de
http://wn.com/Indian_Music
The bandname is Imagenes! New CD: Indian Fusion Vol. 1 www.amazon.de
- published: 29 Jun 2009
- views: 1707134
- author: SonjaSchneider1969
"India Spirit", music composed by Jean Marie RAYMOND
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 25 Dec 2012
Musique d'illustration sonore d'un documentaire sur l'Inde, composée et réalisée par Jean Marie RAYMOND. Si vous êtes producteur de films, je serais très heureux d'écrire pour vous. Merci de me contacter à cette adresse : jm-raymond@wanadoo.fr
http://wn.com/India_Spirit,_music_composed_by_Jean_Marie_RAYMOND
Musique d'illustration sonore d'un documentaire sur l'Inde, composée et réalisée par Jean Marie RAYMOND. Si vous êtes producteur de films, je serais très heureux d'écrire pour vous. Merci de me contacter à cette adresse : jm-raymond@wanadoo.fr
- published: 19 Feb 2009
- views: 19870
- author: Jean Marie Raymond
The best indian chillout - Spiritual India (mixed by SpringLady)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 53:22
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/The_best_indian_chillout_Spiritual_India_mixed_by_SpringLady
AR Rahman - Maa Tujhe Salaam
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:44
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
Music video by AR Rahman performing Maa Tujhe Salaam. (C) SONY BMG MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT (India) Pvt. Ltd
http://wn.com/AR_Rahman_Maa_Tujhe_Salaam
Music video by AR Rahman performing Maa Tujhe Salaam. (C) SONY BMG MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT (India) Pvt. Ltd
- published: 25 Oct 2009
- views: 2009603
- author: ARRahmanVEVO
Dil Laga Na - Full song in HD - Dhoom 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
Release Date: 24 November 2006 Genre: Action Run Time: 147 Mins Starring: Hrithik Roshan, Abhishek Bachchan, Aishwarya Rai, Uday Chopra, Bipasha Basu Lyrics: Sameer Music: Pritam Story: Aditya Chopra Producer: Aditya Chopra Director: Sanjay Gadhvi The world's oldest desert, the Namib - A solitary railway line... A royal family on a royal journey. From the sky... like lightening... A flash... the centuries old royal crown is stolen. Back in action... DHOOM:2 reinvents the action comedy genre and propels it into the 21st century. Ali's (Uday Chopra) dream of becoming a police officer has come true. He is now ACP Jai Dixit's (Abhishek Bachchan) right hand man. Together they are trying to keep a tight leash on the crime in India, little do they know what they are going to be up against. Enter Aryan - Mr.A (Hrithik Roshan) A high tech international thief after pulling off a series of impossible heists all over the world. His next target is Mumbai, India. The case is given to ACP Jai Dixit and Ali helping them put the pieces of the puzzle together is ACP Shonali Bose (Bipasha Basu). For the last two years Shonali has been tracking these amazing thefts and is now an expert on this thief, who no one has seen. Once in Mumbai Mr.A finds his match in Sunehri (Aishwarya Rai). A petty yet clever thief. She makes him an offer he finds very hard to refuse. A partnership Aryan accepts. And so the game begins. The cops, Jai, Shonali and Ali and they are after Aryan and Sunehri - The ...
http://wn.com/Dil_Laga_Na_Full_song_in_HD_Dhoom_2
Release Date: 24 November 2006 Genre: Action Run Time: 147 Mins Starring: Hrithik Roshan, Abhishek Bachchan, Aishwarya Rai, Uday Chopra, Bipasha Basu Lyrics: Sameer Music: Pritam Story: Aditya Chopra Producer: Aditya Chopra Director: Sanjay Gadhvi The world's oldest desert, the Namib - A solitary railway line... A royal family on a royal journey. From the sky... like lightening... A flash... the centuries old royal crown is stolen. Back in action... DHOOM:2 reinvents the action comedy genre and propels it into the 21st century. Ali's (Uday Chopra) dream of becoming a police officer has come true. He is now ACP Jai Dixit's (Abhishek Bachchan) right hand man. Together they are trying to keep a tight leash on the crime in India, little do they know what they are going to be up against. Enter Aryan - Mr.A (Hrithik Roshan) A high tech international thief after pulling off a series of impossible heists all over the world. His next target is Mumbai, India. The case is given to ACP Jai Dixit and Ali helping them put the pieces of the puzzle together is ACP Shonali Bose (Bipasha Basu). For the last two years Shonali has been tracking these amazing thefts and is now an expert on this thief, who no one has seen. Once in Mumbai Mr.A finds his match in Sunehri (Aishwarya Rai). A petty yet clever thief. She makes him an offer he finds very hard to refuse. A partnership Aryan accepts. And so the game begins. The cops, Jai, Shonali and Ali and they are after Aryan and Sunehri - The ...
- published: 18 Jan 2012
- views: 1483892
- author: yrf
INNA - India ( official video HD )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
INNA - India (official music video) Facebook:www.facebook.com SoundCloud:soundcloud.com (Official Video) © 2012
http://wn.com/INNA_India_official_video_HD_
INNA - India (official music video) Facebook:www.facebook.com SoundCloud:soundcloud.com (Official Video) © 2012
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 269933
- author: NPMChannel
AISHWARYA RAI & COLORS OF INDIA COULEURS de L'INDE * SEXY STAR BEAUTY BOLLYWOOD *.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
Clip video de l'actrice indienne Aishwarya RAI et des couleurs de son pays l'INDE accompagné d'une musique d'Enio MORRICONE ..
http://wn.com/AISHWARYA_RAI_COLORS_OF_INDIA_COULEURS_de_L'INDE_*_SEXY_STAR_BEAUTY_BOLLYWOOD_*wmv
Clip video de l'actrice indienne Aishwarya RAI et des couleurs de son pays l'INDE accompagné d'une musique d'Enio MORRICONE ..
- published: 04 Apr 2010
- views: 262948
- author: SUPERDODO59
Musica de la India
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:51
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
"Kajra Re" from Bunty Aur Babli movie. Me gusta la forma en que bailan, en especial si observan sus manos, y como tiene la habilidad para mover cada parte de su cuerpo, en realidad me encanta ver las peliculas de Bolliwood (peliculas de produccion Indu) siempre estan cargadas de sentimiento y utilizan el baile para toda cosa que quieran expresar, les recomiendo que busquen ver este tipo de peliculas en cinemax si viven en latinoamerica, ahi encuentran este tipo de peliculas .
http://wn.com/Musica_de_la_India
"Kajra Re" from Bunty Aur Babli movie. Me gusta la forma en que bailan, en especial si observan sus manos, y como tiene la habilidad para mover cada parte de su cuerpo, en realidad me encanta ver las peliculas de Bolliwood (peliculas de produccion Indu) siempre estan cargadas de sentimiento y utilizan el baile para toda cosa que quieran expresar, les recomiendo que busquen ver este tipo de peliculas en cinemax si viven en latinoamerica, ahi encuentran este tipo de peliculas .
- published: 22 Oct 2009
- views: 561452
- author: Emma Soltani
Non Stop Bollywood Songs (1988-2008) |Jukebox| - Part 2/3 (HQ) {बॉलीवुड}
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 474:06
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
I hope you like these collections of Bollywood Songs. Don't forget to check out all the parts of these collections of Bollywood songs. If you like my work then don't forget to subscribe for more huge collections. Part 2 of 3 Songs in this part: 1. Chalte Chalte -- Mohabbatein 2. Na Na Karte Pyar -- Dhadkan 3. Aa Meri Life Bana De -- Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaaye 4. Dil Le Le Dil De De -- Khiladi 420 5. Pyar Ki Kashti Mein -- Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai 6. Bumbro -- Mission Kashmir 7. Dheere Dheere Chalna -- Dulhan Hum Le Jayenge 8. Mere Sanam -- Gupt 9. Chaand Taare -- Yes Boss 10. Dholna -- Dil To Pagal Hai 11. Bahon Ke Dharmiyan -- Khamoshi : The Musical 12. Tera Aana Tera Jaana -- Judwaa 13. Waadon Se Nahin -- Jeet 14. Mr Lova Lova -- Ishq 15. Kitna Pyaara Tujhe Rab Ne Banaya -- Raja Hindustani 16. Samose Mein Aaloo -- Mr and Mrs Khiladi 17. Dil Yeh Dil Deewana -- Pardes 18. Main Tujhko Bhaga Laya -- Hero No.1 19. Tham Tham Tham -- Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman 20. Samajh Kar Chand -- Baazigar 21. Channe Ke Khet Main -- Anjaam 22. Aaja Mahiya -- Fiza 23. Akele Hum Akele Tum -- Akele Hum Akele Tum 24. Koyal Si Teri Boli -- Beta 25. Humko Padhayi Se Kya -- Barsaat (1995) 26. Tu Mere Samne -- Darr 27. Mere Khwabon Mein Jo Aaye -- Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (DDLJ) 28. Pyaar Ke Badle -- Dil Tera Aashiq 29. Ho Nahin Sakta -- Diljale 30. Saaton Janam Main Tere -- Dilwale 31. Yahan Ke Hum Sikander -- Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar 32. Tere Dard Se -- Deewana 33. Sajan Tumse Pyar -- Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya ...
http://wn.com/Non_Stop_Bollywood_Songs_1988-2008_|Jukebox|_Part_2_3_HQ_बॉलीवुड_
I hope you like these collections of Bollywood Songs. Don't forget to check out all the parts of these collections of Bollywood songs. If you like my work then don't forget to subscribe for more huge collections. Part 2 of 3 Songs in this part: 1. Chalte Chalte -- Mohabbatein 2. Na Na Karte Pyar -- Dhadkan 3. Aa Meri Life Bana De -- Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaaye 4. Dil Le Le Dil De De -- Khiladi 420 5. Pyar Ki Kashti Mein -- Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai 6. Bumbro -- Mission Kashmir 7. Dheere Dheere Chalna -- Dulhan Hum Le Jayenge 8. Mere Sanam -- Gupt 9. Chaand Taare -- Yes Boss 10. Dholna -- Dil To Pagal Hai 11. Bahon Ke Dharmiyan -- Khamoshi : The Musical 12. Tera Aana Tera Jaana -- Judwaa 13. Waadon Se Nahin -- Jeet 14. Mr Lova Lova -- Ishq 15. Kitna Pyaara Tujhe Rab Ne Banaya -- Raja Hindustani 16. Samose Mein Aaloo -- Mr and Mrs Khiladi 17. Dil Yeh Dil Deewana -- Pardes 18. Main Tujhko Bhaga Laya -- Hero No.1 19. Tham Tham Tham -- Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman 20. Samajh Kar Chand -- Baazigar 21. Channe Ke Khet Main -- Anjaam 22. Aaja Mahiya -- Fiza 23. Akele Hum Akele Tum -- Akele Hum Akele Tum 24. Koyal Si Teri Boli -- Beta 25. Humko Padhayi Se Kya -- Barsaat (1995) 26. Tu Mere Samne -- Darr 27. Mere Khwabon Mein Jo Aaye -- Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (DDLJ) 28. Pyaar Ke Badle -- Dil Tera Aashiq 29. Ho Nahin Sakta -- Diljale 30. Saaton Janam Main Tere -- Dilwale 31. Yahan Ke Hum Sikander -- Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar 32. Tere Dard Se -- Deewana 33. Sajan Tumse Pyar -- Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya ...
- published: 22 Jan 2012
- views: 1611798
- author: thebollysongs11
euronews musica - Anoushka Shankar finds flamenco's Indian roots
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:31
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
www.euronews.net Paris could not be missed in Anoushka Shankar's European tour. With her latest work,Traveller, Ravi Shankar's daughter traces the Indian roots of... flamenco. The show blends the passion of gypsy music with the hypnotic sounds of Indian classical music. Anoushka Shankar said: "For me making music is obviously something I love to do, but it's also a way to explore... so to make an album that is in a genre that is completely new to me, was almost like taking myself out of my comfort zone and having to survive, in a way.
http://wn.com/euronews_musica_Anoushka_Shankar_finds_flamenco's_Indian_roots
www.euronews.net Paris could not be missed in Anoushka Shankar's European tour. With her latest work,Traveller, Ravi Shankar's daughter traces the Indian roots of... flamenco. The show blends the passion of gypsy music with the hypnotic sounds of Indian classical music. Anoushka Shankar said: "For me making music is obviously something I love to do, but it's also a way to explore... so to make an album that is in a genre that is completely new to me, was almost like taking myself out of my comfort zone and having to survive, in a way.
- published: 22 Nov 2011
- views: 27472
- author: Euronews
photo: Creative Commons / INABA Tomoaki
16 Jan 2013
Since its launch, which came after delays of more than three years, the plane has been plagued by a series of problems including a battery fire and fuel leaks ... Japan's transport ministry said it got notices from ANA, which operates 17 of the jets, and Japan Airlines which has seven, that all their 787s would not be flying ... The other 128 passengers and eight crew members of the ANA domestic flight were uninjured, according to ANA....(size: 11.1Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
17 Jan 2013
The column Tuesday by Jeffrey Goldberg about Obama's attitudes toward Netanyahu dominated Israeli news media, leading some Israeli officials to fume that Americans were trying to sway the results of next Tuesday's parliamentary elections ... Goldberg indicated that out of frustration with the peacemaking ... The tone and timing of column suggested the U.S....(size: 10.2Kb)
photo: GFDL
17 Jan 2013
Aviation regulators on Thursday grounded most of the world's 787 Dreamliner fleet until a fire risk linked to the plane's batteries can been fixed, deepening a crisis for its US manufacturer Boeing. Regulators in Japan, India and Chile followed the lead of the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in ordering an indefinite halt to all operations, after a Japanese Dreamliner on Wednesday was forced into an emergency landing....(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: US Army / Staff Sgt. Michael R. Noggle
18 Jan 2013
“For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction” is Newton’s third law of physics ... Bush had sent an army of half a million to hurl Saddam Hussein out of Kuwait, a triumph ... “Infidel” soldiers on sacred Islamic soil and the suffering of the Iraqi people under American sanctions were two of the causes Osama bin Laden listed in his declaration of war on the United States....(size: 5.8Kb)
photo: French MoD photo
16 Jan 2013
BAMAKO, Mali -- After a punishing bombing campaign failed to halt the advance of al-Qaida-linked fighters, France pledged Tuesday to triple the size of its force in Mali, sending in hundreds more troops as it prepared for a land assault to dislodge the militants occupying the country's northern half ... On Tuesday, France announced that it was increasing the number of troops from 800 to 2,500....(size: 3.6Kb)
Daily Press
08 Nov 2011
A new group called the Music of India Ensemble from the College of William and Mary is set to make its debut Saturday, Nov....(size: 0.9Kb)
Indian Express
11 Jan 2011
"Indian music" redirects here. For other uses, see Indian music (disambiguation).
| Music of India | |
|---|---|
| Genres |
Classical (Carnatic · Hindustani) · Bhajan · Bhangra · Ghazal · Qawwali · Sufi · Folk · Filmi · Pop · Rock (Bangla) · Hip Hop · Trance |
| Awards |
Filmfare Awards · Punjabi Music Awards · Sangeet Natak Akademi Award |
| Festivals |
Dover Lane music festival |
| Media | |
| National anthem |
|
| National song |
|
| By state/territory | |
|
Andaman and Nicobar Islands · Andhra Pradesh · Arunachal Pradesh · Assam |
|
| Culture of India |
|---|
The music of India includes multiple varieties of folk, popular, pop, classical music and R&B. India's classical music tradition, including Carnatic and Hindustani music, has a history spanning millennia and developed over several eras. It remains fundamental to the lives of Indians today as sources of spiritual inspiration, cultural expression and pure entertainment. India is made up of several dozen ethnic groups, speaking their own languages and dialects, having distinct cultural traditions.
Contents |
Classical music[link]
Main article: Indian classical music
The two main traditions of classical music are Carnatic music, found predominantly in the peninsular regions, and Hindustani music, found in the northern and central regions.
Hindustani music[link]
Main article: Hindustani classical music
Hindustani music is an Indian classical music tradition that goes back to Vedic times around 1000 BC. It further developed circa the 13th and 14th centuries AD with Persian influences and from existing religious and folk music. The practice of singing based on notes was popular even from the Vedic times where the hymns in Sama Veda, a sacred text, were sung as Samagana and not chanted. Developing a strong and diverse tradition over several centuries, it has contemporary traditions established primarily in India but also in Pakistan and Bangladesh. In contrast to Carnatic music, the other main Indian classical music tradition originating from the South, Hindustani music was not only influenced by ancient Hindu musical traditions, historical Vedic philosophy and native Indian sounds but also enriched by the Persian performance practices of the Mughals. Classical genres are dhrupad, dhamar, khyal, tarana and sadra.
Carnatic music[link]
Main article: Carnatic music
The present form of Carnatic music is based on historical developments that can be traced to the 15th - 16th centuries AD and thereafter. However, the form itself is reputed to have been one of the gifts bestowed on man by the gods of Hindu mythology. It is one of the oldest musical forms that continue to survive today.
Carnatic music is melodic, with improvised variations. It consists of a composition with improvised embellishments added to the piece in the forms of Raga Alapana, Kalpanaswaram, Neraval, and, in the case of more advanced students, Ragam Tanam Pallavi. The main emphasis is on the vocals as most compositions are written to be sung, and even when played on instruments, they are meant to be performed in a singing style (known as gāyaki). There are about 7.2 million ragas (or scales) in Carnatic Music, with around 300 still in use today.
Purandara Dasa is considered the father of carnatic music. Sri Tyagaraja, Sri Shyama Shastry and Sri Muthuswami Dikshitar are considered the trinity of carnatic music and with them came the golden age in carnatic music in the 18th-19th century[citation needed].
Noted artists of Carnatic Music include MS Subbulakshmi, Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar (the father of the current concert format), Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer, Prapancham Sita Raman, TN Seshagopalan and more recently Sanjay Subrahmanyan, Balamuralikrishna, K J Yesudas, N.Ramani, Lalgudi Jayaraman, umayalapuram sivaraman, Dr.Mysore Manjunath, Mysore Nagaraj, TM Krishna, Bombay Jayashri, etc.
Every December, the city of Chennai in India has its six week-long Music Season, which has been described as the world's largest cultural event. It has served as the foundation for most music in South India, including folk music, festival music and has also extended its influence to film music in the past 100–150 years or so.
Light classical music[link]
Light classical or semi-classical music include the following genres: thumri, dadra, ghazal, chaiti, kajri and tappa.
Folk music[link]
Main article: Indian folk music
Bihu of Assam[link]
Bihu is the festival of New Year of Assam falling on mid April. This is a festival of nature and mother earth where the first day is for the cows and buffalos. Second day is for the man. Bihu dances and songs accompanied by traditional drums and wind instruments are essential part of this festival.
Dandiya[link]
Main article: Dandiya
Dandiya is a form of dance-oriented folk music that has also been adapted for pop music. The present musical style is derived from the traditional musical accompaniment to the folk dance. It is practised in (mainly) the state of Gujrat. Actually Dandiya is a kind of dance rather than a music, the music is called a Garba in local language.
Ganasangeet[link]
Ganasangeet is generally sung in chorus carrying some social message.[1] The songs are usually about Freedom, community strength, patriotism. Due to the British occupation in India, a lot of protest songs about anti-imperialism/pro-socialism have been written in India. Examples: Apni Azadi Ko Hum Hargis Mita Sakte Nahin, ajadee hoyni tor, Kadam kadam badhaye jaa, Vande Mataram, etc.
Uttarakhandi Music[link]
Uttarakhandi folk music had its root in the lap of nature. The pure and blessed music have the feel and the touch of nature and subjects related to nature. The folk music primarily is related to the various festivals, religious traditions, folk stories and simple life of the people of Uttarakhand. Thus the songs of Uttarakhand are a true reflection of the Cultural Heritage and the way people live their lives in the Himalayas. Musical instruments used in Uttarakhand music include the dhol, damoun, turri, ransingha, dholki, daur, thali, bhankora and masakbhaja. Tabla and harmonium are also used, but to a lesser extent. The main languages are Kumaoni and Garhwali.
Lavani[link]
Main article: Lavani
Lavani comes from the word Lavanya which means beauty. This is one of the most popular forms of dance and music that is practiced all over Maharashtra. It has in fact become a necessary part of the Maharashtrian folk dance performances. Traditionally, the songs are sung by female artistes, but male artistes may occasionally sing Lavanis. The dance format associated with Lavani is known as Tamasha. Lavani is a combination of traditional song and dance, which particularly performed to the enchanting beats of 'Dholaki', a drum-like instrument. Dance performed by attractive women wearing nine-yard saris. They are sung in a quick tempo. The verve, the enthusiasm, the rhythm and above all the very beat of India finds an expressive declaration amidst the folk music of India, which has somewhat, redefined the term "bliss". Lavani originated in the arid region of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.
Rabindra Sangeet[link]
Rabindranath Tagore was a towering figure in Indian music. Writing in Bengali, he created a library of over 2,000 songs now known by Bengalis as 'rabindra sangeet' whose form is primarily influenced by Hindustani classical, sub-classicals, Karnatic, western, bauls, bhatiyali and different folk songs of India. Many singers in West Bengal and Bangladesh base their entire careers on the singing of Tagore musical masterpieces. The national anthem of India and national anthem of Bangladesh are Rabindra Sangeets.
Rajasthan[link]
Main article: Music of Rajasthan
Rajasthan has a very diverse cultural collection of musician castes, including Langas, Sapera, Bhopa, Jogi and Manganiyar (lit. the ones who ask/beg). Rajasthan Diary quotes it as a soulful, full-throated music with Harmonious diversity. The haunting melody of Rajasthan evokes from a variety of delightfully primitive looking instruments. The stringed variety include the Sarangi, Rawanhattha, Kamayacha, Morsing and Ektara. Percussion instruments come in all shapes and sizes from the huge Nagaras and Dhols to the tiny Damrus. The Daf and Chang are a big favourite of Holi (the festival of colours) revellers. Flutes and bagpipers come in local flavours such as Shehnai, Poongi, Algoza, Tarpi, Been and Bankia.
The essence of Rajasthani music is derived from the creative symphony of string instruments, percussion instruments and wind instruments accompanied by melodious renditions of folk singers. It enjoys a respectable presence in Bollywood music as well.
Popular music[link]
Film music[link]
The biggest form of Indian popular music is filmi, or songs from Indian films, it makes up 72% of the music sales in India.[2] The film industry of India supported music by according reverence to classical music while utilizing the western orchestration to support Indian melodies. Music composers, like Naushad, C. Ramchandra, S. D. Batish, Salil Chowdhury, Shankar Jaikishan, Kalyanji Anandji, R. D. Burman, Jatin Lalit, Anu Malik, Nadeem-Shravan, Harris Jayaraj, Himesh Reshammiya, A. R. Rahman, Shankar Ehsaan Loy, Salim-Sulaiman, Ilaiyaraja, MS viswanathan,K V Mahadevan, Gantasala and S. D. Burman[citation needed] employed the principles of harmony while retaining classical and folk flavor. Reputed names in the domain of Indian classical music like Ravi Shankar, Vilayat Khan, Ali Akbar Khan and Ram Narayan have also composed music for films. Independent pop acts such as Asha Bhosle, Udit Narayan, Alisha Chinai, K.S. Chitra, Shaan, Madhushree, Shreya Ghoshal, Nihira Joshi, Kavita Krishnamurthy, SP Balasubramanayam, Hariharan, AR Rahman, Sonu Nigam, Sukhwinder Singh, Kunal Ganjawala, Anu Malik, Sunidhi Chauhan, Anushka Manchanda, Alka Yagnik and rock bands like Indus Creed, Indian Ocean, and Euphoria exist and have gained mass appeal with the advent of cable music television.
Interaction with non-Indian music[link]
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, rock and roll fusions with Indian music were well-known throughout Europe and North America. Ali Akbar Khan's 1955 performance in the United States was perhaps the beginning of this trend.
Jazz pioneers such as John Coltrane—who recorded a composition entitled 'India' during the November 1961 sessions for his album Live At The Village Vanguard (the track was not released until 1963 on Coltrane's album Impressions)—also embraced this fusion. George Harrison (of the Beatles) played the sitar on the song "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" in 1965, which sparked interest from Shankar, who subsequently took Harrison as his apprentice. Jazz innovator Miles Davis recorded and performed with musicians like Khalil Balakrishna, Bihari Sharma, and Badal Roy in his post-1968 electric ensembles. Virtuoso jazz guitarist John McLaughlin spent several years in Madurai learning Carnatic music and incorporated it into many of his acts including Shakti which featured prominent Indian musicians. Other Western artists such as the Grateful Dead, Incredible String Band, the Rolling Stones, the Move and Traffic soon incorporated Indian influences and instruments, and added Indian performers. Legendary Grateful Dead frontman Jerry Garcia joined guitarist Sanjay Mishra on his classic CD "Blue Incantation" (1995). Mishra also wrote an original score for French Director Eric Heumann for his film Port Djema (1996) which won best score at Hamptons film festival and The Golden Bear at Berlin. in 2000 he recorded Rescue with drummer Dennis Chambers (Carlos Santana, John McLaughlin et al.) and in 2006 Chateau Benares with guests DJ Logic and Keller Williams (guitar and bass).
Though the Indian music craze soon died down among mainstream audiences, die hard fans and immigrants continued the fusion. In 1985, a beat oriented, Raga Rock hybrid called Sitar Power by Ashwin Batish reintroduced sitar in western nations. Sitar Power drew the attention of a number of record labels and was snapped up by Shanachie Records of New Jersey to head their World Beat Ethno Pop division.
In the late 1980s, Indian-British artists fused Indian and Western traditions to make the Asian Underground. Since the 1990s, Canadian born musician Nadaka who has spent most of his life in India, has been creating music that is an acoustic fusion of Indian classical music with western styles. One such singer who has merged the Bhakti sangeet tradition of India with the western non-India music is Krishna Das and sells music records of his musical sadhana.
In the new millennium, American hip-hop has featured Indian filmi and bhangra. Mainstream hip-hop artists have sampled songs from Bollywood movies and have collaborated with Indian artists. Examples include Timbaland's "Indian Flute", Erick Sermon and Redman's "React", Slum Village's "Disco", and Truth Hurts' hit song "Addictive", which sampled a Lata Mangeshkar song, and The Black Eyed Peas sampled Asha Bhosle's song "Yeh Mera Dil" in their hit single "Don't Phunk With My Heart". In 1997, the British band Cornershop paid tribute to Asha Bhosle with their song Brimful of Asha, which became an international hit. British-born Indian artist Panjabi MC also had a Bhangra hit in the U.S. with "Mundian To Bach Ke" which featured rapper Jay-Z. Asian Dub Foundation are not huge mainstream stars, but their politically charged rap and punk rock influenced sound has a multi-racial audience in their native UK. In 2008, international star Snoop Dogg appeared in a song in the film Singh Is Kinng. In 2007, Hip-Hop producer Madlib released Beat Konducta Vol 3–4: Beat Konducta in India; an album which heavily samples and is inspired by the music of India.
Sometimes, the music of India will fuse with the traditional music of other countries. For example, Delhi 2 Dublin,[3] a band based in Canada, is known for fusing Indian and Irish music, and Bhangraton is a fusion of Bhangra music with reggaeton, which itself is a fusion of hip hop, reggae, and traditional Latin American music.[4]
In a more recent example of Indian - British fusion, Laura Marling along with Mumford and Sons collaborated in 2010 with the Dharohar Project on a four song EP.[5]
Indi-pop music[link]
Main article: Indian pop
Indian pop music, often known as Indipop or Indi-pop, is based on an amalgamation of Indian folk and classical music, and modern beats from different parts of the world. Pop music really started in the South Asian region with the famous playback singer Ahmed Rushdi's song ‘Ko-Ko-Korina’ in 1966.[6]
After that, much of Indian Pop music comes from the Indian Film Industry, and until the 1990s, few singers like Usha Uthup, Sharon Prabhakar, and Peenaz Masani outside it were popular. Since then, pop singers in the latter group have included K.K, Baba Sehgal, Alisha Chinai, Shantanu Mukherjee aka Shaan, Sagarika, Colonial Cousins (Hariharan, Leslie Lewis), Lucky Ali, and Sonu Nigam, and music composers like Jawahar Wattal, who made top selling albums with, Daler Mehndi, Shubha Mudgal, Baba Sehgal, Swetha Shetty and Hans Raj Hans.[7]
Besides those listed above, popular Indi-Pop singers include Zubeen Garg, Daler Mehndi, Raghav Sachar Rageshwari, Devika Chawla, Bombay Vikings, Asha Bhosle, Sunidhi Chauhan, Anushka Manchanda, Bombay Rockers, Anu Malik, Jazzy B, Malkit Singh, Hans Raj Hans, Raghav, Jay Sean, Juggy D, Rishi Rich, Sheila Chandra, Bally Sagoo, Punjabi MC, Bhangra Knights, Mehnaz, Sanober and SQS Supastars.
Recently, Indian pop has taken an interesting turn with the "remixing" of songs from past Indian movie songs, new beats being added to them.
Rock & metal music[link]
Raga rock[link]
Main article: Raga rock
File:The Byrds Raga Rock.png
The Byrds at a "raga rock" press conference in March 1966.
Raga rock is a term used to describe rock or pop music with a heavy Indian influence, either in its construction, its timbre, or its use of instrumentation, such as the sitar and tabla. Raga and other forms of classical Indian music began to influence many rock groups during the 1960s; most famously The Beatles. The first traces of "raga rock" can be heard on songs such as "See My Friends" by The Kinks and The Yardbirds' "Heart Full of Soul", released the previous month, featured a sitar-like riff by guitarist Jeff Beck.[8][9] The Beatles song "Norwegian Wood", which first appeared on the band's 1965 album Rubber Soul, was the first western pop song to actually incorporate the sitar (played by lead guitarist George Harrison).[9][10] The Byrds' March 1966 single "Eight Miles High" and its B-side "Why" were also influential in originating the musical subgenre. Indeed, the term "raga rock" was coined by The Byrds' publicist in the press releases for the single and was first used in print by journalist Sally Kempton in her review of "Eight Miles High" for The Village Voice.[11][12] George Harrison's interest in Indian music, popularized the genre in the mid-1960s with songs such as "Love You To", "Tomorrow Never Knows" (credited to Lennon-McCartney), "Within You Without You" and "The Inner Light".[13][14][15] The rock acts of the sixties both in turn influenced British and American groups and Indian acts to develop a later form of Indian rock.
Indian rock[link]
Main article: Indian rock
The rock music "scene" in India is extremely small when compared to filmi or fusion musicality "scenes" but as of recent years come into its own, achieving a cult status of sorts. Rock music in India has its origins in 1960s when international stars such as The Beatles visited India and brought their music with them. These artists' collaboration with Indian musicians such as Ravi Shankar and Zakir Hussain have led to the development of raga rock. International short wave radio stations such as The Voice of America, BBC, and Radio Ceylon played a major part in bringing Western pop, folk, and rock music to the masses. You can hear some of the songs that were heard over these stations during the 1960s here. However, Indian rock bands began to gain prominence only much later, around the late 1980s. It was around this time that the rock band Indus Creed formerly known as The Rock Machine got itself noticed on the international stage with hits like Rock N Roll Renegade. Other bands quickly followed. As of now, the rock music scene in India is quietly growing day by day and gathering more support. With the introduction of MTV in the early 1990s, Indians began to be exposed to various forms of rock such as grunge and speed metal. This influence can be clearly seen in many Indian bands today. The cities of Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore have emerged as major melting pots for rock and metal enthusiasts. Bangalore has been the hub for rock and metal movement in India. Some prominent bands include Indian Ocean, Kryptos, Pentagram, Thermal and a Quarter, Abandoned Agony, No Idea, Zero, Half Step Down, Scribe, Eastern Fare, Indus Creed, Demonic Resurrection, Zygnema [Born Of Unity], Motherjane, Soulmate and Avial. The future looks encouraging thanks to entities such as Green Ozone, DogmaTone Records, Eastern Fare Music Foundation, that are dedicated to promoting and supporting Indian rock.
One of the most famous rock musicians in the world is the late Freddie Mercury of Queen. Born Farrokh Bomi Bulsara to Indian parents in Zanzibar, he was raised in Panchgani near Mumbai. Mercury was influenced early on by the Indian playback singer Lata Mangeshkar along with western influences such as Led Zeppelin, Jimi Hendrix, John Lennon and The Beatles.
Dance music[link]
Indian Hip Hop[link]
Hip Hop music in India had started at around 1990 and Baba Sehgal is credited as India's first rapper. Hip Hop music became all the more famous with the song 'Pettai Rap' from the Tamil movie Kadhalan starring Prabhu Deva(music composed by A.R Rahman). The song catapulted Suresh Peters as a rapper and a music director. Rap/Hip Hop was often used in the regional movies as fillers in between songs and off late has started to become main stream songs. London based The Rishi Rich Project, Bally Sagoo and Canadian based Raghav further laid steady foundations for Hip Hop/RnB music in India. California based Punjabi rapper Bohemia became one of the best-known pioneers of Punjabi rap in the country after producing tracks like 'Kali Denali' and 'Ek tera Pyar'. He became the first hip hop artist to launch a full Indian rap album signed to Universal Music India. He has also produced songs for Bollywood movies like Chandni Chowk to China. . Canadian based hip hop artist Ishq Bector became a success after the release of his superhit single 'Aye Hip Hopper'. New Delhi based Rap band 922 aka Nau Sau Bai localized the Indian Hip Hop genre, with their typical Punjabi lyrics which appeals to a younger audience, they took it to the streets. Watchout for Adx's(922 founder and member) brand new Indian mixtape touted as the biggest underground album, titled BreakOut releasing February 2012. Malaysian based Yogi B and Natchatra brought in the culture of Tamil rap in India. Yogi B, as part of Poetic Ammo, achieved success when they won at the Malaysian Anugerah Industri Muzik (AIM)(Music Awards) 1999, 2000 and 2001. Yogi B is now the most critically acclaimed Kollywood (the Tamil Movie Industry) rapper because of his work on the 2007 movie Pollathavan. Machas With Attitude are one of the most popular Hip Hop group in India and are famous for their songs in movies like Mujhse Fraaandship Karoge and Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film). They were pioneers in mixing the south Indian elements in Hip Hop. New Indian hip hop crews are forming most recently 3rd Degree, which has played an important part in making Indian hip hop scene big in main cities. Many Indian underground rap crew keeps on forming.International artists such as 50 Cent, Mobb Deep, and The Black Eyed Peas have performed in India. Snoop Dogg appeared in a song from the film Singh Is Kinng in 2008 which further popularized hip hop music amongst the people of India.
Western classical music[link]
The spread and following of Western classical music in India is almost entirely non-existent. It is mainly patronized by the Indian Zoroastrian community and small esoteric groups with historical exposure to Western classical music. Another esoteric group with significant patronage is the Protestant Christian community in Chennai and Bangalore.[citation needed] Western Music education is also severely neglected and pretty rare in India. Western keyboard, drums and guitar instruction being an exception as it has found some interest; mainly in an effort to create musicians to service contemporary popular Indian music. Many reasons have been cited for the obscurity of Western classical music in India, a country rich in its musical heritage by its own right, however the two main reasons are an utter lack of exposure and a passive disinterest in what is considered esoteric at best. Also, the difficulty in importing Western musical instruments and their rarity has also contributed to the obscurity of classical Western music.[citation needed]
Despite more than a century of exposure to Western classical music and two centuries of British colonialism, classical music in India has never gained more than 'fringe' popularity. Many attempts to popularize Western classical music in India have failed in the past due to disinterest and lack of sustained efforts.[citation needed] Today, Western classical music education has improved with the help of numerous institutions in India. Institutions like KM Music Conservatory founded by Oscar Winning Composer, A.R.Rahman, Calcutta School of Music, Bangalore School of Music, Eastern Fare Music Foundation,[16] Delhi School of Music, Delhi Music Academy, and many others are dedicated to contributing to the progress or growth and supporting Western classical music. In 1930, notable Mehli Mehta set up the Bombay Symphony Orchestra. There is 'Melody Academy' in Darjeeling established in the early 1980s by Mr. Jiwan Pradhan who single handedly has brought the western music in the hills of Darjeeling which is very rich in its musical heritage.
The Bombay Chamber Orchestra[17] (BCO) was founded in 1962. It is now the only Indian symphony orchestra that functions and performs on a regular basis with a concert standard of performance. The BCO Society serves the dual purpose of filling in, to some extent, the great void created by the lack of a school or academy of music in the city of Mumbai. In 2006, the Symphony Orchestra of India was founded, housed at the NCPA in Mumbai. It has since presented two short concert seasons per year.
Some prominent Indians in Western classical music are:
- Andre de Quadros, Conductor and Music Educator.
- Zubin Mehta, Conductor.
- Mehli Mehta, Father of Zubin, violinist and founding conductor of the Bombay Symphony Orchestra.
- Ilaiyaraaja, the first Asian to compose a full symphony performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in London's Walthamstow Town Hall.
- Naresh Sohal, British Indian-born composer.
- Param Vir, British Indian-born composer.
- Karishmeh Felfeli, Indian-born Irani pianist and radio broadcaster.
Patriotism and music[link]
Patriotic feelings have been instigated within Indians through music, since the era of freedom struggle. Jana Gana Mana, the national anthem of India, by Rabindranath Tagore is largely credited for uniting India through music. Post-independence songs such as Mile Sur Mera Tumhara and Maa Tujhe Salaam have been responsible for consolidating feelings of national integration and unity in diversity,
Further reading[link]
- Day, Charles Russell (1891). The Music and Musical instruments of Southern India and the Deccan. Adam Charles Black, London. http://www.archive.org/stream/musicmusicalinst00dayc#page/n7/mode/2up.
- Clements, Sir Ernest (1913). Introduction to the Study of Indian Music. Longmans, Green & Co.,London. http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924018413900#page/n5/mode/2up..
- Strangways, A.H. Fox (1914). The Music of Hindostan. Oxford at The Clarendon Press, London. http://www.archive.org/stream/musicofhindostan00foxs#page/n7/mode/2up.
- Popley, Herbert Arthur (1921). The Music of India. Association Press, Calcutta. http://www.archive.org/stream/musicofindia00popl#page/n3/mode/2up.
- Killius, Rolf. Ritual Music and Hindu Rituals of Kerala. New Delhi: B.R. Rhythms, 2006..
- Moutal, Patrick (2012). Hindustāni Gata-s Compilation: Instrumental themes in north Indian classical music. Rouen: Patrick Moutal Publisher. ISBN 978-2-9541244-1-4.
- Moutal, Patrick (1991). A Comparative Study of Selected Hindustāni Rāga-s. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd. ISBN 81-215-0526-7.
- Moutal, Patrick (1991). Hindustāni Rāga-s Index. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd.
- Manuel, Peter.. Thumri in Historical and Stylistic Perspectives. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1989..
- Manuel, Peter.. Cassette Culture: Popular Music and Technology in North India. University of Chicago Press, 1993. ISBN 0-226-50401-8.
- Maycock, Robert and Hunt, Ken. "How to Listen - a Routemap of India". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific, pp 63–69. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0
- Hunt, Ken. "Ragas and Riches". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific, pp 70–78. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0.
See also[link]
- Carnatic music
- Eastern Fare Music Foundation
- Hindustani Music
- Indian musical instruments
- List of regional genres of music
- Music of South Asia
- Middle Eastern music
- Sangita Ratnakara
References[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Music of India |
- ^ calcuttaweb.com
- ^ Pinglay, Prachi (December 10, 2009). "Plans to start India music awards". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8405891.stm. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
- ^ delhi2dublin.com
- ^ reggaetonline.net
- ^ Irwin, Colin (2010-09-03). "A triumphant experiment that feels surprisingly authentic". BBC review. http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/rqzb.
- ^ "Socio-political History of Modern Pop Music in Pakistan". Chowk. http://www.chowk.com/articles/8459. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
- ^ "Music man with a golden touch". The Hindu. December 9, 2002. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/09/stories/2002120900620200.htm. Daler Mehndi's "Dardi Rab Rab" and "Ho Jayegi Balle Balle", Shubha Mudgal's "Ali More Angana", Shweta Shetty's "Deewane To Deewane Hain", Hans Raj Hans' "Jhangar", Bhupi Chawla's "Jogiya Khalli Balli", Ila Arun's "Haule Haule", Malkit Singh's "Paaro", Ali Haider's "Mahi O Mahi" and Sujat Khan's "Lajo Lajo".
- ^ Miller, Andy. (2003). The Kinks are the Village Green Preservation Society (33⅓ series). Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 3. ISBN 0-8264-1498-2.
- ^ a b Bellman, Jonathan. (1997). The Exotic in Western Music. Northeastern. p. 297. ISBN 1-55553-319-1.
- ^ Lewisohn, Mark. (1989). The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions. The Hamlyn Publishing Group. p. 63. ISBN 0-600-55784-7.
- ^ Bellman, Jonathan. (1997). The Exotic in Western Music. Northeastern Publishing. p. 351. ISBN 1-55553-319-1.
- ^ Hjort, Christopher. (2008). So You Want To Be A Rock 'n' Roll Star: The Byrds Day-By-Day (1965-1973). Jawbone Press. p. 88. ISBN 1-906002-15-0.
- ^ Lavezzoli, Peter. (2007). The Dawn of Indian music in the West. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 293. ISBN 0-8264-2819-3.
- ^ Lavezzoli, Peter. (2007). The Dawn of Indian music in the West. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 175. ISBN 0-8264-2819-3.
- ^ Pedler, Dominic (2003). The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles. London: Omnibus Press. p. 524. ISBN 978-0-7119-8167-6.
- ^ "Outstanding Results for Eastern Fare in Trinity Guildhall Exam". G News. November 18, 2009. http://gnews.com/outstanding-results-for-eastern-fare-in-trinity-guildhall-exam-01200923114518/.
- ^ bcoindia.co.in
External links[link]
- (French) Audio clips: Traditional music of India. Musée d'Ethnographie de Genève. Accessed November 25, 2010.
- BBC Radio 3 Audio (45 minutes): The Nizamuddin shrine in Delhi. Accessed November 25, 2010.
- BBC Radio 3 Audio (45 minutes): A mahfil Sufi gathering in Karachi. Accessed November 25, 2010.
- BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): The Misra brothers perform Vedic chant. Accessed November 25, 2010.
- BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Rikhi Ram and sons, Nizami brothers. Accessed November 25, 2010.
- BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Rajasthan, Bombay and Trilok Gurtu. Accessed November 25, 2010.
- BBC Radio 3 Audio (45 minutes): Gujurat - Praful Dave. Accessed November 25, 2010.
- BBC Radio 3 Audio (45 minutes): Courtesan songs and music of the Bauls. Accessed November 25, 2010.
- BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Music from the Golden Temple of Amritsar. Accessed November 25, 2010.
- (English) (French) Hindustani Rag Sangeet Online Audio and video archives, radio programs, articles.
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_India
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This article is about the Republic of India. For other uses, see India (disambiguation).
| Republic of India
Bhārat Gaṇarājya
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| Motto: "Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit) "Truth Alone Triumphs"[1] |
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Anthem:
 Jana Gana Mana "Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People"[2] |
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| National song: Vande Mataram "I Bow to Thee, Mother"[a][1] |
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.svg) Area controlled by India is in dark green.
Claimed but uncontrolled regions are in light green. |
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| Capital | New Delhi 28°36.8′N 77°12.5′E / 28.6133°N 77.2083°E / 28.6133; 77.2083 |
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| Largest city | Mumbai | |||||
| Official language(s) |
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| Recognised regional languages | ||||||
| National language(s) | none[3] | |||||
| Demonym | Indian | |||||
| Government | Federal parliamentary constitutional republic[1] |
|||||
| - | President | Pratibha Patil | ||||
| - | Vice President | Mohammad Hamid Ansari | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Manmohan Singh (INC) | ||||
| - | Speaker of the House | Meira Kumar (INC) | ||||
| - | Chief Justice | S. H. Kapadia | ||||
| Legislature | Parliament of India | |||||
| - | Upper house | Rajya Sabha | ||||
| - | Lower house | Lok Sabha | ||||
| Independence | from the United Kingdom | |||||
| - | Declared | 15 August 1947 | ||||
| - | Republic | 26 January 1950 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 3,287,263 km2 [b](7th) 1,269,219 sq mi |
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| - | Water (%) | 9.56 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2011 census | 1,210,193,422[4] (2nd) | ||||
| - | Density | 369.1/km2 (31st) 956.1/sq mi |
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| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $4.457 trillion[5] (3rd) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $3,693[5] (129th) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $1.676 trillion[5] (11th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $1,388[5] (140th) | ||||
| Gini (2004) | 36.8[6] (79th) | |||||
| HDI (2011) |  0.547[7] (medium) (134th) |
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| Currency | Indian rupee ( ) (INR) |
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| Time zone | IST (UTC+05:30) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | not observed (UTC+05:30) | ||||
| Date formats | dd-mm-yyyy (AD) | |||||
| Drives on the | left | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | IN | |||||
| Internet TLD | .in | |||||
| Calling code | 91 | |||||
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya),[c] is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;[d] China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history.[8] Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
The Indian economy is the world's eleventh-largest by nominal GDP and third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the fastest-growing major economies; it is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, illiteracy, corruption, and inadequate public healthcare. A nuclear weapons state and a regional power, it has the third-largest standing army in the world and ranks ninth in military expenditure among nations. India is a federal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system consisting of 28 states and 7 union territories. India is a pluralistic, multilingual, and multiethnic society. It is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Main article: Names of India
The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu. The latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River.[9] The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi (Ινδοί), which translates as "the people of the Indus".[10] The geographical term Bharat (pronounced [ˈbʱaːrət̪] ( listen)), which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in various subtle guises.[11] The eponym of Bharat is Bharata, a mythological figure that Hindu scriptures describe as a legendary emperor of ancient India. Hindustan ([ɦɪnd̪ʊˈst̪aːn] ( listen)) was originally a Persian word that meant "Land of the Hindus"; prior to 1947, it referred to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan. It is occasionally used to solely denote India in its entirety.[12][13]
History[link]
Main articles: History of India and History of the Republic of India
Ancient India[link]
The earliest anatomically modern human remains found in South Asia date from approximately 30,000 years ago.[14] Nearly contemporaneous Mesolithic rock art sites have been found in many parts of the Indian subcontinent, including at the Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh.[15] Around 7000 BCE, the first known Neolithic settlements appeared on the subcontinent in Mehrgarh and other sites in western Pakistan.[16] These gradually developed into the Indus Valley Civilisation,[17] the first urban culture in South Asia;[18] it flourished during 2500–1900 BCE in Pakistan and western India.[19] Centred around cities such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Dholavira, and Kalibangan, and relying on varied forms of subsistence, the civilisation engaged robustly in crafts production and wide-ranging trade.[18]
During the period 2000–500 BCE, in terms of culture, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age.[20] The Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism,[21] were composed during this period,[22] and historians have analysed these to posit a Vedic culture in the Punjab region and the upper Gangetic Plain.[20] Most historians also consider this period to have encompassed several waves of Indo-Aryan migration into the subcontinent from the north-west.[23][21][24] The caste system, which created a hierarchy of priests, warriors, and free peasants, but which excluded indigenous peoples by labeling their occupations impure, arose during this period.[25] On the Deccan Plateau, archaeological evidence from this period suggests the existence of a chiefdom stage of political organisation.[20] In southern India, a progression to sedentary life is indicated by the large number of megalithic monuments dating from this period,[26] as well as by nearby traces of agriculture, irrigation tanks, and craft traditions.[26]
In the late Vedic period, around the 5th century BCE, the small chiefdoms of the Ganges Plain and the north-western regions had consolidated into 16 major oligarchies and monarchies that were known as the mahajanapadas.[27][28] The emerging urbanisation and the orthodoxies of this age also led to the resurgence of ancient Shramanic traditions of Buddhism and Jainism,[29] both of which were independent religions.[30] Buddhism, based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha attracted followers from all social classes excepting the middle;[29][31] Jainism came into prominence around the same time during the life of its exemplar, Mahavira.[32] In an age of increasing urban wealth, both religions held up renunciation as an ideal,[33] and both established long-lasting monasteries.[27] Politically, by the 3rd century BCE, the kingdom of Magadha had annexed or reduced other states to emerge as the Mauryan Empire.[27] The empire was once thought to have controlled most of the subcontinent excepting the far south, but its core regions are now thought to have been separated by large autonomous areas.[34][35] The Mauryan kings are known as much for their empire-building and determined management of public life as for Ashoka's renunciation of militarism and far-flung advocacy of the Buddhist dhamma.[36][37]
The Sangam literature of the Tamil language reveals that, between 200 BCE and 200 CE, the southern peninsula was being ruled by the Cheras, the Cholas, and the Pandyas, dynasties that traded extensively with the Roman Empire and with West and South-East Asia.[38][39] In North India, Hinduism asserted patriarchal control within the family, leading to increased subordination of women.[40][27] By the 4th and 5th centuries, the Gupta Empire had created in the greater Ganges Plain a complex system of administration and taxation that became a model for later Indian kingdoms.[41][42] Under the Guptas, a renewed Hinduism based on devotion rather than the management of ritual began to assert itself.[43] The renewal was reflected in a flowering of sculpture and architecture, which found patrons among an urban elite.[42] Classical Sanskrit literature flowered as well, and Indian science, astronomy, medicine, and mathematics made significant advances.[42]
Medieval India[link]
The Indian early medieval age, 600 CE to 1200 CE, is defined by regional kingdoms and cultural diversity.[44] When Harsha of Kannauj, who ruled much of the Indo-Gangetic Plain from 606 to 647 CE, attempted to expand southwards, he was defeated by the Chalukya ruler of the Deccan.[45] When his successor attempted to expand eastwards, he was defeated by the Pala king of Bengal.[45] When the Chalukyas attempted to expand southwards, they were defeated by the Pallavas from farther south, who in turn were opposed by the Pandyas and the Cholas from still farther south.[45] No ruler of this period was able to create an empire and consistently control lands much beyond his core region.[44] During this time, pastoral peoples whose land had been cleared to make way for the growing agricultural economy were accommodated within caste society, as were new non-traditional ruling classes.[46] The caste system consequently began to show regional differences.[46]
In the 6th and 7th centuries, the first devotional hymns were created in the Tamil language.[47] They were imitated all over India and led to both the resurgence of Hinduism and the development of all modern languages of the subcontinent.[47] Indian royalty, big and small, and the temples they patronised, drew citizens in great numbers to the capital cities, which became economic hubs as well.[48] Temple towns of various sizes began to appear everywhere as India underwent another urbanisation.[48] By the 8th and 9th centuries, the effects were felt in South-East Asia, as South Indian culture and political systems were exported to lands that became part of modern-day Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Java.[49] Indian merchants, scholars, and sometimes armies were involved in this transmission; South-East Asians took the initiative as well, with many sojourning in Indian seminaries and translating Buddhist and Hindu texts into their languages.[49]
After the 10th century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans, using swift-horse cavalry and raising vast armies united by ethnicity and religion, repeatedly overran South Asia's north-western plains, leading eventually to the establishment of the Islamic Delhi Sultanate in 1206.[50] The sultanate was to control much of North India, and to make many forays into South India. Although at first disruptive for the Indian elites, the sultanate largely left its vast non-Muslim subject population to its own laws and customs.[51][52] By repeatedly repulsing Mongol raiders in the 13th century, the sultanate saved India from the devastation visited on West and Central Asia, setting the scene for centuries of migration of fleeing soldiers, learned men, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from that region into the subcontinent, thereby creating a syncretic Indo-Islamic culture in the north.[53][54] The sultanate's raiding and weakening of the regional kingdoms of South India paved the way for the indigenous Vijayanagara Empire.[55] Embracing a strong Shaivite tradition and building upon the military technology of the sultanate, the empire came to control much of peninsular India,[56] and was to influence South Indian society for long afterwards.[55]
Early modern India[link]
In the early 16th century, northern India, being then under mainly Muslim rulers,[57] fell again to the superior mobility and firepower of a new generation of Central Asian warriors.[58] The resulting Mughal Empire did not stamp out the local societies it came to rule, but rather balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices[59][60] and diverse and inclusive ruling elites,[61] leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule.[62] Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic identity, especially under Akbar, the Mughals united their far-flung realms through loyalty, expressed through a Persianised culture, to an emperor who had near-divine status.[61] The Mughal state's economic policies, deriving most revenues from agriculture[63] and mandating that taxes be paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[64] caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.[62] The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion,[62] resulting in greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture.[65] Newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the Marathas, the Rajputs, and the Sikhs, gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience.[66] Expanding commerce during Mughal rule gave rise to new Indian commercial and political elites along the coasts of southern and eastern India.[66] As the empire disintegrated, many among these elites were able to seek and control their own affairs.[67]
By the early 18th century, with the lines between commercial and political dominance being increasingly blurred, a number of European trading companies, including the English East India Company, had established coastal outposts.[68][69] The East India Company's control of the seas, greater resources, and more advanced military training and technology led it to increasingly flex its military muscle and caused it to become attractive to a portion of the Indian elite; both these factors were crucial in allowing the Company to gain control over the Bengal region by 1765 and sideline the other European companies.[70][68][71][72] Its further access to the riches of Bengal and the subsequent increased strength and size of its army enabled it to annex or subdue most of India by the 1820s.[73] India was now no longer exporting manufactured goods as it long had, but was instead supplying the British empire with raw materials, and many historians consider this to be the onset of India's colonial period.[68] By this time, with its economic power severely curtailed by the British parliament and itself effectively made an arm of British administration, the Company began to more consciously enter non-economic arenas such as education, social reform, and culture.[74]
Modern India[link]
Historians consider India's modern age to have begun sometime between 1848 and 1885. The appointment in 1848 of Lord Dalhousie as Governor General of the East India Company rule in India set the stage for changes essential to a modern state. These included the consolidation and demarcation of sovereignty, the surveillance of the population, and the education of citizens. Technological changes—among them, railways, canals, and the telegraph—were introduced not long after their introduction in Europe.[75][76][77][78] However, disaffection with the Company also grew during this time, and set off the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Fed by diverse resentments and perceptions, including invasive British-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, and summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes, the rebellion rocked many regions of northern and central India and shook the foundations of Company rule.[79][80] Although the rebellion was suppressed by 1858, it led to the dissolution of the East India Company and to the direct administration of India by the British government. Proclaiming a unitary state and a gradual but limited British-style parliamentary system, the new rulers also protected princes and landed gentry as a feudal safeguard against future unrest.[81][82] In the decades following, public life gradually emerged all over India, leading eventually to the founding of the Indian National Congress in 1885.[83][84][85][86]
The rush of technology and the commercialisation of agriculture in the second half of the 19th century was marked by economic setbacks—many small farmers became dependent on the whims of far-away markets.[87] There was an increase in the number of large-scale famines,[88] and, despite the risks of infrastructure development borne by Indian taxpayers, little industrial employment was generated for Indians.[89] There were also salutary effects: commercial cropping, especially in the newly canalled Punjab, led to increased food production for internal consumption.[90] The railway network provided critical famine relief,[91] notably reduced the cost of moving goods,[91] and helped nascent Indian-owned industry.[90] After World War I, in which some one million Indians served,[92] a new period began. It was marked by British reforms but also repressive legislation, by more strident Indian calls for self-rule, and by the beginnings of a non-violent movement of non-cooperation, of which Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi would become the leader and enduring symbol.[93] During the 1930s, slow legislative reform was enacted by the British; the Indian National Congress won victories in the resulting elections.[94] The next decade was beset with crises: Indian participation in World War II, the Congress's final push for non-cooperation, and an upsurge of Muslim nationalism. All were capped by the advent of independence in 1947, but tempered by the bloody partition of the subcontinent into two states: India and Pakistan.[95]
Vital to India's self-image as an independent nation was its constitution, completed in 1950, which put in place a sovereign, secular, and democratic republic.[96] In the 60 years since, India has had a mixed bag of successes and failures.[97] It has remained a democracy with civil liberties, an activist Supreme Court, and a largely independent press.[97] Economic liberalisation, which was begun in the 1990s, has created a large urban middle class, transformed India into one of the world's fastest-growing economies,[98] and increased its geopolitical clout. Indian movies, music, and spiritual teachings play an increasing role in global culture.[97] Yet, India has also been weighed down by seemingly unyielding poverty, both rural and urban;[97] by religious and caste-related violence;[99] by Maoist-inspired Naxalite insurgencies;[100] and by separatism in Jammu and Kashmir.[101] It has unresolved territorial disputes with China, which escalated into the Sino-Indian War of 1962;[102] and with Pakistan, which flared into wars fought in 1947, 1965, 1971, and 1999.[102] The India–Pakistan nuclear rivalry came to a head in 1998.[103] India's sustained democratic freedoms are unique among the world's new nations; however, in spite of its recent economic successes, freedom from want for its disadvantaged population remains a goal yet to be achieved.[104]
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of India
See also: Geology of India
India comprises the bulk of the Indian subcontinent and lies atop the minor Indian tectonic plate, which in turn belongs to the Indo-Australian Plate.[105] India's defining geological processes commenced 75 million years ago when the Indian subcontinent, then part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana, began a north-eastward drift across the then-unformed Indian Ocean that lasted fifty million years.[105] The subcontinent's subsequent collision with, and subduction under, the Eurasian Plate bore aloft the planet's highest mountains, the Himalayas. They abut India in the north and the north-east.[105] In the former seabed immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast trough that has gradually filled with river-borne sediment;[106] it now forms the Indo-Gangetic Plain.[107] To the west lies the Thar Desert, which is cut off by the Aravalli Range.[108]
The original Indian plate survives as peninsular India, which is the oldest and geologically most stable part of India; it extends as far north as the Satpura and Vindhya ranges in central India. These parallel chains run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand in the east.[109] To the south, the remaining peninsular landmass, the Deccan Plateau, is flanked on the west and east by coastal ranges known as the Western and Eastern Ghats;[110] the plateau contains the nation's oldest rock formations, some of them over one billion years old. Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of the equator between 6° 44' and 35° 30' north latitude[e] and 68° 7' and 97° 25' east longitude.[111]
India's coastline measures 7,517 kilometres (4,700 mi) in length; of this distance, 5,423 kilometres (3,400 mi) belong to peninsular India and 2,094 kilometres (1,300 mi) to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep island chains.[112] According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coastline consists of the following: 43% sandy beaches; 11% rocky shores, including cliffs; and 46% mudflats or marshy shores.[112]
Major Himalayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through India include the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, both of which drain into the Bay of Bengal.[113] Important tributaries of the Ganges include the Yamuna and the Kosi; the latter's extremely low gradient often leads to severe floods and course changes.[114] Major peninsular rivers, whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding, include the Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Kaveri, and the Krishna, which also drain into the Bay of Bengal;[115] and the Narmada and the Tapti, which drain into the Arabian Sea.[116] Coastal features include the marshy Rann of Kutch of western India and the alluvial Sundarbans delta of eastern India; the latter is shared with Bangladesh.[117] India has two archipelagos: the Lakshadweep, coral atolls off India's south-western coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a volcanic chain in the Andaman Sea.[118]
The Indian climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, both of which drive the economically and culturally pivotal summer and winter monsoons.[119] The Himalayas prevent cold Central Asian katabatic winds from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes.[120][121] The Thar Desert plays a crucial role in attracting the moisture-laden south-west summer monsoon winds that, between June and October, provide the majority of India's rainfall.[119] Four major climatic groupings predominate in India: tropical wet, tropical dry, subtropical humid, and montane.[122]
Biodiversity[link]
Main article: Wildlife of India
India lies within the Indomalaya ecozone and contains three biodiversity hotspots.[123] One of 17 megadiverse countries, it hosts 7.6% of all mammalian, 12.6% of all avian, 6.2% of all reptilian, 4.4% of all amphibian, 11.7% of all piscine, and 6.0% of all flowering plant species.[124] Endemism is high among plants, 33%, and among ecoregions such as the shola forests.[125] Habitat ranges from the tropical rainforest of the Andaman Islands, Western Ghats, and North-East India to the coniferous forest of the Himalaya. Between these extremes lie the moist deciduous sal forest of eastern India; the dry deciduous teak forest of central and southern India; and the babul-dominated thorn forest of the central Deccan and western Gangetic plain.[126] Under 12% of India's landmass bears thick jungle.[127] The medicinal neem, widely used in rural Indian herbal remedies, is a key Indian tree. The luxuriant pipal fig tree, shown on the seals of Mohenjo-daro, shaded Gautama Buddha as he sought enlightenment.
Many Indian species descend from taxa originating in Gondwana, from which the Indian plate separated more than 105 million years before present.[128] Peninsular India's subsequent movement towards and collision with the Laurasian landmass set off a mass exchange of species. Epochal volcanism and climatic changes 20 million years ago forced a mass extinction.[129] Mammals then entered India from Asia through two zoogeographical passes flanking the rising Himalaya.[126] Thus, while 45.8% of reptiles and 55.8% of amphibians are endemic, only 12.6% of mammals and 4.5% of birds are.[124] Among them are the Nilgiri leaf monkey and Beddome's toad of the Western Ghats. India contains 172 IUCN-designated threatened species, or 2.9% of endangered forms.[130] These include the Asiatic lion, the Bengal tiger, and the Indian white-rumped vulture, which, by ingesting the carrion of diclofenac-laced cattle, nearly went extinct.
The pervasive and ecologically devastating human encroachment of recent decades has critically endangered Indian wildlife. In response the system of national parks and protected areas, first established in 1935, was substantially expanded. In 1972, India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act[131] and Project Tiger to safeguard crucial wilderness; the Forest Conservation Act was enacted in 1980 and amendments added in 1988.[132] India hosts more than five hundred wildlife sanctuaries and thirteen biosphere reserves,[133] four of which are part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves; twenty-five wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention.[134]
Politics[link]
Main article: Politics of India
India is the world's most populous democracy.[135] A parliamentary republic with a multi-party system,[136] it has six recognised national parties, including the Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and more than 40 regional parties.[137] The Congress is considered centre-left or "liberal" in Indian political culture, and the BJP centre-right or "conservative". For most of the period between 1950—when India first became a republic—and the late 1980s, the Congress held a majority in the parliament. Since then, however, it has increasingly shared the political stage with the BJP,[138] as well as with powerful regional parties which have often forced the creation of multi-party coalitions at the centre.[139]
In the Republic of India's first three general elections, in 1951, 1957, and 1962, the Jawaharlal Nehru-led Congress won easy victories. On Nehru's death in 1964, Lal Bahadur Shastri briefly became prime minister; he was succeeded, after his own unexpected death in 1966, by Indira Gandhi, who went on to lead the Congress to election victories in 1967 and 1971. Following public discontent with the state of emergency she declared in 1975, the Congress was voted out of power in 1977; the then-new Janata Party, which had opposed the emergency, was voted in. Its government lasted just over three years. Voted back into power in 1980, the Congress saw a change in leadership in 1984, when Indira Gandhi was assassinated; she was succeeded by her son Rajiv Gandhi, who won an easy victory in the general elections later that year. The Congress was voted out again in 1989 when a National Front coalition, led by the newly formed Janata Dal in alliance with the Left Front, won the elections; that government too proved relatively short-lived: it lasted just under two years.[140] Elections were held again in 1991; no party won an absolute majority. But the Congress, as the largest single party, was able to form a minority government led by P. V. Narasimha Rao.[141]
A two-year period of political turmoil followed the general election of 1996. Several short-lived alliances shared power at the centre. The BJP formed a government briefly in 1996; it was followed by two comparatively long-lasting United Front coalitions, which depended on external support. In 1998, the BJP was able to form a successful coalition, the National Democratic Alliance, or NDA. Led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the NDA became the first non-Congress government to complete a five-year term.[142] In the 2004 Indian general elections, again no party won an absolute majority, but the Congress emerged as the largest single party, forming another successful coalition: the United Progressive Alliance, or UPA. It had the support of left-leaning parties and MPs who opposed the BJP. The UPA returned to power in the 2009 general election with increased numbers, and it no longer required external support from India's communist parties.[143] That year, Manmohan Singh became the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1957 and 1962 to be re-elected to a consecutive five-year term.[144]
Government[link]
Main article: Government of India
See also: Elections in India
India is a federation with a parliamentary system governed under the Constitution of India, which serves as the country's supreme legal document. It is a constitutional republic and representative democracy, in which "majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law". Federalism in India defines the power distribution between the federal government and the states. The government abides by constitutional checks and balances. The Constitution of India, which came into effect on 26 January 1950,[145] states in its preamble that India is a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic.[146] India's form of government, traditionally described as "quasi-federal" with a strong centre and weak states,[147] has grown increasingly federal since the late 1990s as a result of political, economic, and social changes.[148][149]
| Flag | Tricolour |
| Emblem | Sarnath Lion Capital |
| Anthem | Jana Gana Mana |
| Song | Vande Mataram |
| Calendar | Saka |
| Game | Hockey |
| Flower | Lotus |
| Fruit | Mango |
| Tree | Banyan |
| Bird | Indian Peafowl |
| Land animal | Royal Bengal Tiger |
| Aquatic animal | River Dolphin |
| River | Ganges |
The federal government comprises three branches:
- Executive: The President of India is the head of state[150] and is elected indirectly by a national electoral college[151] for a five-year term.[152] The Prime Minister of India is the head of government and exercises most executive power.[153] Appointed by the president,[154] the prime minister is by convention supported by the party or political alliance holding the majority of seats in the lower house of parliament.[153] The executive branch of the Indian government consists of the president, the vice-president, and the Council of Ministers—the cabinet being its executive committee—headed by the prime minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of one of the houses of parliament.[150] In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature; the prime minister and his council directly responsible to the lower house of the parliament.[155]
- Legislative: The legislature of India is the bicameral parliament. It operates under a Westminster-style parliamentary system and comprises the upper house called the Rajya Sabha ("Council of States") and the lower called the Lok Sabha ("House of the People").[156] The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body that has 245 members who serve in staggered six-year terms.[157] Most are elected indirectly by the state and territorial legislatures in numbers proportional to their state's share of the national population.[154] All but two of the Lok Sabha's 545 members are directly elected by popular vote; they represent individual constituencies via five-year terms.[158] The remaining two members are nominated by the president from among the Anglo-Indian community, in case the president decides that they are not adequately represented.[159]
- Judicial: India has a unitary three-tier judiciary that comprises the Supreme Court, headed by the Chief Justice of India, 21 High Courts, and a large number of trial courts.[160] The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction over cases involving fundamental rights and over disputes between states and the centre; it has appellate jurisdiction over the High Courts.[161] It is judicially independent[160] and has the power both to declare the law and to strike down union or state laws which contravene the constitution.[162] The Supreme Court is also the ultimate interpreter of the constitution.[163]
Subdivisions[link]
Main article: Administrative divisions of India
See also: Political integration of India
India is a federation composed of 28 states and 7 union territories.[164] All states, as well as the union territories of Pondicherry and the National Capital Territory of Delhi, have elected legislatures and governments, both patterned on the Westminster model. The remaining five union territories are directly ruled by the centre through appointed administrators. In 1956, under the States Reorganisation Act, states were reorganised on a linguistic basis.[165] Since then, their structure has remained largely unchanged. Each state or union territory is further divided into administrative districts. The districts in turn are further divided into tehsils and ultimately into villages.
States
Union territories
A clickable map of the 28 states and 7 union territories of India.
Foreign relations and military[link]
Main articles: Foreign relations of India and Indian Armed Forces
Since its independence in 1947, India has maintained cordial relations with most nations. In the 1950s, it strongly supported decolonisation in Africa and Asia and played a lead role in the Non-Aligned Movement.[166] In the late 1980s, the Indian military twice intervened abroad at the invitation of neighbouring countries: a peace-keeping operation in Sri Lanka between 1987 and 1990; and an armed intervention to prevent a coup d'état attempt in Maldives. India has tense relations with neighbouring Pakistan; the two nations have gone to war four times: in 1947, 1965, 1971, and 1999. Three of these wars were fought over the disputed territory of Kashmir, while the fourth, the 1971 war, followed from India's support for the independence of Bangladesh.[167] After waging the 1962 Sino-Indian War and the 1965 war with Pakistan, India pursued close military and economic ties with the Soviet Union; by the late 1960s, the Soviet Union was its largest arms supplier.[168]
Aside from ongoing strategic relations with Russia, India has wide-ranging defence relations with Israel and France. In recent years, it has played key roles in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and the World Trade Organisation. The nation has provided 100,000 military and police personnel to serve in 35 UN peacekeeping operations across four continents. It participates in the East Asia Summit, the G8+5, and other multilateral forums.[169] India has close economic ties with South America, Asia, and Africa; it pursues a "Look East" policy that seeks to strengthen partnerships with the ASEAN nations, Japan, and South Korea that revolve around many issues, but especially those involving economic investment and regional security.[170][171]
China's nuclear test of 1964, as well as its repeated threats to intervene in support of Pakistan in the 1965 war, convinced India to develop nuclear weapons.[173] India conducted its first nuclear weapons test in 1974 and carried out further underground testing in 1998. Despite criticism and military sanctions, India has signed neither the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty nor the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, considering both to be flawed and discriminatory.[174] India maintains a "no first use" nuclear policy and is developing a nuclear triad capability as a part of its "minimum credible deterrence" doctrine.[175][176] It is developing a ballistic missile defence shield and, in collaboration with Russia, a fifth-generation fighter jet.[177] Other indigenous military projects involve the design and implementation of Vikrant-class aircraft carriers and Arihant-class nuclear submarines.[177]
Since the end of the Cold War, India has increased its economic, strategic, and military cooperation with the United States and the European Union.[178] In 2008, a civilian nuclear agreement was signed between India and the United States. Although India possessed nuclear weapons at the time and was not party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, it received waivers from the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Nuclear Suppliers Group, ending earlier restrictions on India's nuclear technology and commerce. As a consequence, India became the sixth de facto nuclear weapons state.[179] India subsequently signed cooperation agreements involving civilian nuclear energy with Russia,[180] France,[181] the United Kingdom,[182] and Canada.[183]
The President of India is the supreme commander of the nation's armed forces; with 1.6 million active troops, they compose the world's third-largest military.[184] It comprises the Indian Army, the Indian Navy, and the Indian Air Force; auxiliary organisations include the Strategic Forces Command and three paramilitary groups: the Assam Rifles, the Special Frontier Force, and the Indian Coast Guard.[6] The official Indian defence budget for 2011 was US$36.03 billion, or 1.83% of GDP.[185] For the fiscal year spanning 2012–2013, US$40.44 billion was budgeted.[186] According to a 2008 SIPRI report, India's annual military expenditure in terms of purchasing power stood at US$72.7 billion,[187] In 2011, the annual defence budget increased by 11.6%,[188] although this does not include funds that reach the military through other branches of government.[189] As of 2012, India is the world's largest arms importer; between 2007 and 2011, it accounted for 10% of funds spent on international arms purchases.[190] Much of the military expenditure was focused on defence against Pakistan and countering growing Chinese influence in the Indian Ocean.[188]
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of India
According to the International Monetary Fund, as of 2011, the Indian economy is nominally worth US$1.676 trillion; it is the tenth-largest economy by market exchange rates, and is, at US$4.457 trillion, the third-largest by purchasing power parity, or PPP.[192] With its average annual GDP growth rate of 5.8% over the past two decades, and reaching 6.1% during 2011-12,[193] India is one of the world's fastest-growing economies.[194] However, the country ranks 140th in the world in nominal GDP per capita and 129th in GDP per capita at PPP.[192] Until 1991, all Indian governments followed protectionist policies that were influenced by socialist economics. Widespread state intervention and regulation largely walled the economy off from the outside world. An acute balance of payments crisis in 1991 forced the nation to liberalise its economy;[195] since then it has slowly moved towards a free-market system[196][197] by emphasizing both foreign trade and direct investment inflows.[198] India's recent economic model is largely capitalist.[197]
The 487.6-million worker Indian labour force is the world's second-largest.[6] The service sector makes up 55.6% of GDP, the industrial sector 26.3% and the agricultural sector 18.1%. Major agricultural products include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, and potatoes.[164] Major industries include textiles, telecommunications, chemicals, food processing, steel, transport equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, and software.[164] In 2006, the share of external trade in India's GDP stood at 24%, up from 6% in 1985.[196] In 2008, India's share of world trade was 1.68%;[199] In 2011, India was the world's tenth-largest importer and the nineteenth-largest exporter.[200] Major exports include petroleum products, textile goods, jewelry, software, engineering goods, chemicals, and leather manufactures.[164] Major imports include crude oil, machinery, gems, fertiliser, and chemicals.[164] Between 2001 and 2011, the contribution of petrochemical and engineering goods to total exports grew from 14% to 42%.[201]
Averaging an economic growth rate of 7.5% during the last few years,[196] India has more than doubled its hourly wage rates during the last decade.[202] Some 431 million Indians have left poverty since 1985; India's middle classes are projected to number around 580 million by 2030.[203] Though ranking 51st in global competitiveness, India ranks 17th in financial market sophistication, 24th in the banking sector, 44th in business sophistication, and 39th in innovation, ahead of several advanced economies.[204] With 7 of the world's top 15 information technology outsourcing companies based in India, the country is viewed as the second-most favourable outsourcing destination after the United States.[205] India's consumer market, currently the world's eleventh-largest, is expected to become fifth-largest by 2030.[203] Its telecommunication industry, the world's fastest-growing, added 227 million subscribers during the period 2010–11.[206] Its automotive industry, the world's second fastest growing, increased domestic sales by 26% during 2009–10,[207] and exports by 36% during 2008–09.[208] Power capacity is 250 gigawatts, of which 8% is renewable.[209]
Despite impressive economic growth during recent decades, India continues to face socio-economic challenges. India contains the largest concentration of people living below the World Bank's international poverty line of US$1.25 per day,[210] the proportion having decreased from 60% in 1981 to 42% in 2005.[211] Half of the children in India are underweight,[212] and 46% of children under the age of three suffer from malnutrition.[210] The Mid-Day Meal Scheme attempts to lower these rates.[213] Since 1991, economic inequality between India's states has consistently grown: the per-capita net state domestic product of the richest states in 2007 was 3.2 times that of the poorest.[214] Corruption in India is perceived to have increased significantly,[215] with one report estimating the illegal capital flows since independence to be US$462 billion.[216] Driven by growth, India's nominal GDP per capita has steadily increased from US$329 in 1991, when economic liberalisation began, to US$1,265 in 2010, and is estimated to increase to US$2,110 by 2016; however, it has always remained lower than those of other Asian developing countries such as Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, and is expected to remain so in the near future.[217]
According to a 2011 PricewaterhouseCoopers report, India's GDP at purchasing power parity could overtake that of the United States by 2045.[218] During the next four decades, Indian GDP is expected to grow at an annualised average of 8%, making it potentially the world's fastest-growing major economy until 2050.[218] The report highlights key growth factors: a young and rapidly growing working-age population; growth in the manufacturing sector due to rising education and engineering skill levels; and sustained growth of the consumer market driven by a rapidly growing middle class.[218] The World Bank cautions that, for India to achieve its economic potential, it must continue to focus on public sector reform, transport infrastructure, agricultural and rural development, removal of labour regulations, education, energy security, and public health and nutrition.[219]
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of India
With 1,210,193,422 residents reported in the 2011 provisional census,[4] India is the world's second-most populous country. Its population grew at 1.76% per annum during 2001–2011,[4] down from 2.13% per annum in the previous decade (1991–2001).[220] The human sex ratio, according to the 2011 census, is 940 females per 1,000 males.[4] The median age was 24.9 in the 2001 census.[6] Medical advances made in the last 50 years as well as increased agricultural productivity brought about by the "Green Revolution" have caused India's population to grow rapidly.[221] India continues to face several public health-related challenges.[222][223] According to the World Health Organisation, 900,000 Indians die each year from drinking contaminated water or breathing polluted air.[224] There are around 50 physicians per 100,000 Indians.[225] The number of Indians living in urban areas has grown by 31.2% between 1991 and 2001.[226] Yet, in 2001, over 70% lived in rural areas.[227][228] According to the 2001 census, there are 27 million-plus cities in India,[226] with Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, and Chennai being the largest. The literacy rate in 2011 was 74.04%: 65.46% among females and 82.14% among males.[4] Kerala is the most literate state;[229] Bihar the least.[230]
India is home to two major language families: Indo-Aryan (spoken by about 74% of the population) and Dravidian (24%). Other languages spoken in India come from the Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman language families. India has no national language.[231] Hindi, with the largest number of speakers, is the official language of the government.[232][233] English is used extensively in business and administration and has the status of a "subsidiary official language";[234] it is important in education, especially as a medium of higher education. Each state and union territory has one or more official languages, and the constitution recognises in particular 21 "scheduled languages". The Constitution of India recognises 212 scheduled tribal groups which together constitute about 7.5% of the country's population.[235] The 2001 census reported that Hinduism, with over 800 million adherents (80.5% of the population), was the largest religion in India; it is followed by Islam (13.4%), Christianity (2.3%), Sikhism (1.9%), Buddhism (0.8%), Jainism (0.4%), Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and the Bahá'í Faith.[236] India has the world's largest Hindu, Sikh, Jain, Zoroastrian, and Bahá'í populations,[citation needed] and has the third-largest Muslim population and the largest Muslim population for a non-Muslim majority country.[237][238]
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of India
Indian cultural history spans more than 4,500 years.[239] During the Vedic period (c. 1700–500 BCE), the foundations of Hindu philosophy, mythology, and literature were laid, and many beliefs and practices which still exist today, such as dhárma, kárma, yóga, and mokṣa, were established.[10] India is notable for its religious diversity, with Hinduism, Sikhism, Islam, Christianity, and Jainism among the nation's major religions.[240] The predominant religion, Hinduism, has been shaped by various historical schools of thought, including those of the Upanishads,[241] the Yoga Sutras, the Bhakti movement,[240] and by Buddhist philosophy.[242]
Art and architecture[link]
Much of Indian architecture, including the Taj Mahal, other works of Mughal architecture, and South Indian architecture, blends ancient local traditions with imported styles.[243] Vernacular architecture is also highly regional in it flavours. Vastu shastra, literally "science of construction" or "architecture" and ascribed to Mamuni Mayan,[244] explores how the laws of nature affect human dwellings;[245] it employs precise geometry and directional alignments to reflect perceived cosmic constructs.[246] As applied in Hindu temple architecture, it is influenced by the Shilpa Shastras, a series of foundational texts whose basic mythological form is the Vastu-Purusha mandala, a square that embodied the "absolute".[247] The Taj Mahal, built in Agra between 1631 and 1648 by orders of Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, has been described in the UNESCO World Heritage List as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage."[248] Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture, developed by the British in the late 19th century, drew on Indo-Islamic architecture.[249]
Literature[link]
The earliest literary writings in India, composed between 1400 BCE and 1200 CE, were in the Sanskrit language.[250][251] Prominent works of this Sanskrit literature include epics such as the Mahābhārata and the Ramayana, the dramas of Kālidāsa such as the Abhijñānaśākuntalam (The Recognition of Śakuntalā), and poetry such as the Mahākāvya.[252][253][254] Developed between 600 BCE and 300 CE in South India, the Sangam literature, consisting of 2,381 poems, is regarded as a predecessor of Tamil literature.[255][256][257][258] From the 14th to the 18th centuries, India's literary traditions went through a period of drastic change because of the emergence of devotional poets such as Kabīr, Tulsīdās, and Guru Nānak. This period was characterised by a varied and wide spectrum of thought and expression; as a consequence, medieval Indian literary works differed significantly from classical traditions.[259] In the 19th century, Indian writers took a new interest in social questions and psychological descriptions. In the 20th century, Indian literature was influenced by the works of Bengali poet and novelist Rabindranath Tagore.[260]
Performing arts[link]
Indian music ranges over various traditions and regional styles. Classical music encompasses two genres and their various folk offshoots: the northern Hindustani and southern Carnatic schools.[261] Regionalised popular forms include filmi and folk music; the syncretic tradition of the bauls is a well-known form of the latter. Indian dance also features diverse folk and classical forms. Among the better-known folk dances are the bhangra of the Punjab, the bihu of Assam, the chhau of West Bengal and Jharkhand, sambalpuri of Orissa, ghoomar of Rajasthan, and the lavani of Maharashtra. Eight dance forms, many with narrative forms and mythological elements, have been accorded classical dance status by India's National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama. These are: bharatanatyam of the state of Tamil Nadu, kathak of Uttar Pradesh, kathakali and mohiniyattam of Kerala, kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh, manipuri of Manipur, odissi of Orissa, and the sattriya of Assam.[262]
Theatre in India melds music, dance, and improvised or written dialogue.[263] Often based on Hindu mythology, but also borrowing from medieval romances or social and political events, Indian theatre includes the bhavai of Gujarat, the jatra of West Bengal, the nautanki and ramlila of North India, tamasha of Maharashtra, burrakatha of Andhra Pradesh, terukkuttu of Tamil Nadu, and the yakshagana of Karnataka.[264] The Indian film industry produces the world's most-watched cinema.[265] Established regional cinematic traditions exist in the Assamese, Bengali, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Tamil, and Telugu languages.[266] South Indian cinema attracts more than 75% of national film revenue.[267]
Society[link]
Traditional Indian society is defined by relatively strict social hierarchy. The Indian caste system embodies much of the social stratification and many of the social restrictions found in the Indian subcontinent. Social classes are defined by thousands of endogamous hereditary groups, often termed as jātis, or "castes".[268] Most Dalits ("Untouchables") and members of other lower-caste communities continue to live in segregation and often face persecution and discrimination.[269][270] Traditional Indian family values are highly valued, and multi-generational patriarchal joint families have been the norm in India, though nuclear families are becoming common in urban areas.[271] An overwhelming majority of Indians, with their consent, have their marriages arranged by their parents or other family members.[272] Marriage is thought to be for life,[272] and the divorce rate is extremely low.[273] Child marriages are common, especially in rural areas; more than half of Indian females wed before reaching 18, which is their legal marriageable age.[274]
Many Indian festivals are religious in origin; among them are Diwali, Ganesh Chaturthi, Thai Pongal, Navaratri, Holi, Durga Puja, Eid ul-Fitr, Bakr-Id, Christmas, and Vaisakhi. India has three national holidays which are observed in all states and union territories: Republic Day, Independence Day, and Gandhi Jayanti. Other sets of holidays, varying between nine and twelve, are officially observed in individual states. Traditional Indian dress varies in colour and style across regions and depends on various factors, including climate and faith. Popular styles of dress include draped garments such as the sari for women and the dhoti or lungi for men. Stitched clothes, such as the shalwar kameez for women and kurta–pyjama combinations or European-style trousers and shirts for men, are also popular.[275] Use of delicate jewellery, modelled on real flowers worn in ancient India, is part of a tradition dating back some 5,000 years; gemstones are also worn in India as talismans.[276]
Indian cuisine features an unsurpassed reliance on herbs and spices, with dishes often calling for the nuanced usage of a dozen or more condiments;[277] it is also known for its tandoori preparations. The tandoor, a clay oven used in India for almost 5,000 years, grills meats to an "uncommon succulence" and produces the puffy flatbread known as naan.[278] The staple foods are wheat (predominantly in the north),[279] rice (especially in the south and the east), and lentils.[280] Many spices that have worldwide appeal are native to the Indian subcontinent,[281] while chili pepper, native to the Americas and introduced by the Portuguese, is widely used by Indians.[282] Āyurveda, a system of traditional medicine, used six rasas and three guṇas to help describe comestibles.[283] Over time, as Vedic animal sacrifices were supplanted by the notion of sacred-cow inviolability, vegetarianism became associated with high religious status and grew increasingly popular,[284] a trend aided by the rise of Buddhist, Jain, and bhakti Hindu norms.[285] India has the world's highest concentration of vegetarians: a 2006 survey found that 31% of Indians were non-ovo vegetarian.[285] Common traditional eating customs include meals taken on or near the floor, caste- and gender-segregated dining,[286][287] and a lack of cutlery in favour of the right hand or a piece of roti.
Sport[link]
Main article: Sport in India
In India, several traditional indigenous sports remain fairly popular, among them kabaddi, kho kho, pehlwani and gilli-danda. Some of the earliest forms of Asian martial arts, such as kalarippayattu, musti yuddha, silambam, and marma adi, originated in India. The Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna and the Arjuna Award are the highest forms of government recognition for athletic achievement; the Dronacharya Award is awarded for excellence in coaching. Chess, commonly held to have originated in India as chaturaṅga, is regaining widespread popularity with the rise in the number of Indian grandmasters.[288][289] Pachisi, from which parcheesi derives, was played on a giant marble court by Akbar.[290] The improved results garnered by the Indian Davis Cup team and other Indian tennis players in the early 2010s have made tennis increasingly popular in the country.[291] India has a comparatively strong presence in shooting sports, and has won several medals at the Olympics, the World Shooting Championships, and the Commonwealth Games.[292][293] Other sports in which Indians have succeeded internationally include badminton,[294] boxing,[295] and wrestling.[296] Football is popular in West Bengal, Goa, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and the north-eastern states.[297]
India's official national sport is field hockey; it is administered by Hockey India. The Indian national hockey team won the 1975 Hockey World Cup and have, as of 2012, taken eight gold, one silver, and two bronze Olympic medals, making it the sport's most successful team. Cricket is by far the most popular sport; the Indian national cricket team won the 1983 and 2011 Cricket World Cup events, the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, and shared the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka. Cricket in India is administered by the Board of Control for Cricket in India, or BCCI; the Ranji Trophy, the Duleep Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the Irani Trophy, and the NKP Salve Challenger Trophy are domestic competitions. The BCCI conducts a Twenty20 competition known as the Indian Premier League. India has hosted or co-hosted several international sporting events: the 1951 and 1982 Asian Games; the 1987, 1996, and 2011 Cricket World Cup tournaments; the 2003 Afro-Asian Games; the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy; the 2010 Hockey World Cup; and the 2010 Commonwealth Games. Major international sporting events held annually in India include the Chennai Open, the Mumbai Marathon, the Delhi Half Marathon, and the Indian Masters. The first Indian Grand Prix featured in late 2011.[298] India has traditionally been the dominant country at the South Asian Games. An example of this dominance is the basketball competition where Team India won three out of four tournaments to date.[299]
Notes[link]
- ^ "[...] Jana Gana Mana is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations in the words as the Government may authorise as occasion arises; and the song Vande Mataram, which has played a historic part in the struggle for Indian freedom, shall be honoured equally with Jana Gana Mana and shall have equal status with it." (Constituent Assembly of India 1950).
- ^ "The country's exact size is subject to debate because some borders are disputed. The Indian government lists the total area as 3,287,260 km2 (1,269,220 sq mi) and the total land area as 3,060,500 km2 (1,181,700 sq mi); the United Nations lists the total area as 3,287,263 km2 (1,269,219 sq mi) and total land area as 2,973,190 km2 (1,147,960 sq mi)." (Library of Congress 2004).
- ^ See also: Official names of India.
- ^ The Government of India regards Afghanistan as a bordering country, as it considers all of Kashmir to be part of India. However, this is disputed, and the region bordering Afghanistan is administered by Pakistan. Source: "Ministry of Home Affairs (Department of Border Management)" (DOC). http://mha.nic.in/docs/BM_Intro(E).doc. Retrieved 1 September 2008. .
- ^ The northernmost point under Indian control is the disputed Siachen Glacier in Jammu and Kashmir; however, the Government of India regards the entire region of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, including the Northern Areas administered by Pakistan, to be its territory. It therefore assigns the longitude 37° 6' to its northernmost point.
Citations[link]
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- ^ Wolpert 2003, p. 1.
- ^ The Times of India 2007.
- ^ a b c d e Ministry of Home Affairs 2011.
- ^ a b c d "India". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=51&pr.y=6&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=534&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
- ^ a b c d Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ United Nations 2011.
- ^ Stein 1998, pp. 16–17.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary.
- ^ a b Kuiper 2010, p. 86.
- ^ Ministry of Law and Justice 2008.
- ^ Kaye 1997, pp. 639–640.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ Singh 2009, p. 64.
- ^ Singh 2009, pp. 89–93.
- ^ Possehl 2003, pp. 24–25.
- ^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, pp. 21–23.
- ^ a b Singh 2009, p. 181.
- ^ Possehl 2003, p. 2.
- ^ a b c Singh 2009, p. 255.
- ^ a b Singh 2009, pp. 186–187.
- ^ Witzel 2003, pp. 68–69.
- ^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, p. 31.
- ^ Stein 2010, p. 47.
- ^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, pp. 41–43.
- ^ a b Singh 2009, pp. 250–251.
- ^ a b c d Singh 2009, p. 319.
- ^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, pp. 53–54.
- ^ a b Kulke & Rothermund 2004, pp. 54–56.
- ^ Thapar 2003, p. 166.
- ^ Stein 1998, pp. 67–68.
- ^ Singh 2009, pp. 312–313.
- ^ Singh 2009, p. 300.
- ^ Stein 1998, pp. 78–79.
- ^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, p. 70.
- ^ Singh 2009, p. 367.
- ^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, p. 63.
- ^ Stein 1998, pp. 89–90.
- ^ Singh 2009, pp. 408–415.
- ^ Stein 1998, pp. 92–95.
- ^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, pp. 89–91.
- ^ a b c Singh 2009, p. 545.
- ^ Stein 1998, pp. 98–99.
- ^ a b Stein 1998, p. 132.
- ^ a b c Stein 1998, pp. 119–120.
- ^ a b Stein 1998, pp. 121–122.
- ^ a b Stein 1998, p. 123.
- ^ a b Stein 1998, p. 124.
- ^ a b Stein 1998, pp. 127–128.
- ^ Ludden 2002, p. 68.
- ^ Asher & Talbot 2008, p. 47.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 6.
- ^ Ludden 2002, p. 67.
- ^ Asher & Talbot 2008, pp. 50–51.
- ^ a b Asher & Talbot 2008, p. 53.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 12.
- ^ Robb 2001, p. 80.
- ^ Stein 1998, p. 164.
- ^ Asher & Talbot 2008, p. 115.
- ^ Robb 2001, pp. 90–91.
- ^ a b Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 17.
- ^ a b c Asher & Talbot 2008, p. 152.
- ^ Asher & Talbot 2008, p. 158.
- ^ Stein 1998, p. 169.
- ^ Asher & Talbot 2008, p. 186.
- ^ a b Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp. 23–24.
- ^ Asher & Talbot 2008, p. 256.
- ^ a b c Asher & Talbot 2008, p. 286.
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- ^ Robb 2001, pp. 98–100.
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- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp. 51–55.
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- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp. 94–99.
- ^ Brown 1994, p. 83.
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- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp. 100–103.
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- ^ Stein 1998, p. 239.
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- ^ Robb 2001, p. 183.
- ^ Sarkar 1983, pp. 1–4.
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- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 123.
- ^ Stein 1998, p. 260.
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- ^ Stein 1998, p. 258.
- ^ a b Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 126.
- ^ a b Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 97.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 163.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 167.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp. 195–197.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 203.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 231.
- ^ a b c d Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp. 265–266.
- ^ United States Department of Agriculture.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp. 266–270.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 253.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 274.
- ^ a b Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp. 247–248.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp. 293–295.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 304.
- ^ a b c Ali & Aitchison 2005.
- ^ Dikshit & Schwartzberg, p. 7.
- ^ Prakash et al. 2000.
- ^ Dikshit & Schwartzberg, p. 11.
- ^ Dikshit & Schwartzberg, p. 8.
- ^ Dikshit & Schwartzberg, pp. 9–10.
- ^ Ministry of Information and Broadcasting 2007, p. 1.
- ^ a b Kumar et al. 2006.
- ^ Dikshit & Schwartzberg, p. 15.
- ^ Duff 1993, p. 353.
- ^ Dikshit & Schwartzberg, p. 16.
- ^ Dikshit & Schwartzberg, p. 17.
- ^ Dikshit & Schwartzberg, p. 12.
- ^ Dikshit & Schwartzberg, p. 13.
- ^ a b Chang 1967, pp. 391–394.
- ^ Posey 1994, p. 118.
- ^ Wolpert 2003, p. 4.
- ^ Heitzman & Worden 1996, p. 97.
- ^ Conservation International 2007.
- ^ a b Puri.
- ^ Basak 1983, p. 24.
- ^ a b Tritsch 2001.
- ^ Fisher 1995, p. 434.
- ^ Crame & Owen 2002, p. 142.
- ^ Karanth 2006.
- ^ Mace 1994, p. 4.
- ^ Ministry of Environments and Forests 1972.
- ^ Department of Environment and Forests 1988.
- ^ Ministry of Environment and Forests.
- ^ Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands.
- ^ United Nations Population Division.
- ^ Burnell & Calvert 1999, p. 125.
- ^ Election Commission of India.
- ^ Sarkar 2007, p. 84.
- ^ Chander 2004, p. 117.
- ^ Bhambhri 1992, pp. 118, 143.
- ^ The Hindu 2008.
- ^ Dunleavy, Diwakar & Dunleavy 2007.
- ^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, p. 384.
- ^ Business Standard 2009.
- ^ Pylee & 2003 a, p. 4.
- ^ Dutt 1998, p. 421.
- ^ Wheare 1980, p. 28.
- ^ Echeverri-Gent 2002, pp. 19–20.
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Politics
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Foreign relations and military
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Economy
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- Exporters Get Wider Market Reach, The Times of India, 28 August 2009, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-28/india-business/28205417_1_strategies-and-policy-measures-foreign-trade-policy-focus-market-scheme, retrieved 23 July 2011
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- New Global Poverty Estimates—What It Means for India, World Bank, http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21880725~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html, retrieved 23 July 2011
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Demographics
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- "Census Data 2001", Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India), 2010–2011, http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/National_Summary/National_Summary_DataPage.aspx, retrieved 22 July 2011
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Culture
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- Kumar, V. (January 2000), Vastushastra, All You Wanted to Know About Series (2nd ed.), Sterling Publishing, ISBN 978-81-207-2199-9
- Lal, A. (2004), The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-564446-3, http://books.google.com/books?id=DftkAAAAMAAJ, retrieved 24 July 2011
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- MacDonell, A. A. (2004), A History of Sanskrit Literature, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4179-0619-2
- Majumdar, B.; Bandyopadhyay, K. (2006), A Social History of Indian Football: Striving To Score, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-34835-5
- Makar, E. M. (2007), An American's Guide to Doing Business in India, Adams, ISBN 978-1-59869-211-2, http://books.google.com/books?id=ujYmdNVIr7QC
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- Medora, N. (2003), "Mate Selection in Contemporary India: Love Marriages Versus Arranged Marriages", in Hamon, R. R.; Ingoldsby, B. B., Mate Selection Across Cultures, SAGE Publications, p. 209–230, ISBN 978-0-7619-2592-7
- Is Boxing the New Cricket?, Mint, 24 September 2010, http://www.livemint.com/2010/09/24211250/Is-boxing-the-new-cricket.html, retrieved 5 October 2010
- Nakamura, H. (1 April 1999), Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes, Buddhist Tradition Series (12th ed.), Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0272-8, http://books.google.com/books?id=w0A7y4TCeVQC
- Puskar-Pasewicz, M. (16 September 2010), Cultural Encyclopedia of Vegetarianism, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-313-37556-9, http://books.google.com/books?id=scpwmjE3TWYC&pg=PA39
- Raghavan, S. (23 October 2006), Handbook of Spices, Seasonings, and Flavorings (2nd ed.), CRC Press, ISBN 978-0-8493-2842-8, http://books.google.com/books?id=m4vvs87XiucC&pg=PA3
- Raichlen, S. (10 May 2011), A Tandoor Oven Brings India's Heat to the Backyard, The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/11/dining/a-tandoor-oven-brings-indias-heat-to-the-backyard.html, retrieved 14 June 2011
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- Ramanujan, A. K. (translator) (15 October 1985), Poems of Love and War: From the Eight Anthologies and the Ten Long Poems of Classical Tamil, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. ix–x, ISBN 978-0-231-05107-1, http://books.google.com/?id=nIybE0HRvdQC
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External links[link]
- National Portal of the Government of India
- India at the Open Directory Project
- India travel guide from Wikitravel
- India at the UCB Government Information Library
Coordinates: 21°N 78°E / 21°N 78°E / 21; 78
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| Song In | |
|---|---|
| Hangul | 송인 |
| Hanja | 宋仁 |
| Revised Romanization | Song In |
| McCune–Reischauer | Song In |
Song In (in hangul 송인, in hanja 宋仁) was a civil official in the mid-Goryeo era who became the intermediary founder of the Jincheon Song clan. His highest post was munha pyeongjangsa (문하 평장사). This was the highest government position in the period. Song In was responsible for administration, judicial affairs and economy in the district.[1]
As he performed meritorious deeds during the King, he was conferred with Chanhwagongsin and Jincheonbaek. Baek was a position of politicians who were responsible for administration, judicial affairs and economy in the district. As the government created him Jincheonbaek, his family started regarding Jincheon as their origin. Hence, the family origin became Jincheon Song.
When he was in the position of Sangsanbaek, he tried to be just and fair in all the administrative affairs and strived to enhance the welfare of his people. He also focused on education for the youth and courtesy for people, which made his district famous for most excellent behaviors in the nation. After that, the people have long paid tribute to his feats.
During the insurrection of Yi Jagyeom in the 4th year of King Injong of Goryeo's reign in 1126, he was killed by a rebellious band led by Cheok Jun-gyeong while escorting the king. After the rebels were put down, Song In was posthumously named 'meritous subject' and titled Lord Sangsanbaek (상산백).
Song In was born in Durujinmaeul (village), Duchon-ri, Deoksan-myeon in 1125 during the reign of King Injong of the Goryeo Dynasty. He was promoted to Pyeonjangsa, which was the highest government position in the period.
Contents |
Tomb of Song In[link]
Chungcheongbuk-do Monument No. 91 Location: Duchon-ri, Deoksan-myeon, Jincheon-gun
This is the tomb of Song In (?-1126). It has a rectangular-shaped protective wall surrounding the tomb, typical of the Goryeo style. There are two tombstones erected in the late Joseon Dynasty period.
In the grave area, there are many tombs that belong to the clan. In front of his tomb stands the jaesil (chamber for memorial rites) with the tablet reading 'Sangsanjae'.
His grave is in Duchon-ri, Deoksan-myeon, which had been called Duruji, Sanjeong-myeon. The beautiful peak behind his grave is called Mountain Bibong which was named after Bongsae (bird) that is said to live in heaven and to fly down to sit on the summit. However, after the statue was inscribed of In Gong, the founder of Jincheon Song, the peak was compared to a slowly dropped ume flower. Thus, Mountain Bibong was called Maesanbibong, in which 'Mae' was named after an ume flower instead of a bird.
As he was a meritorious subject and served as a Pyeongjangsa (higher government official), the government ordered his grave mound to be surrounded by stones and a monument. The grave is one of the oldest ones in Jincheon and is recorded in Seokchong (stone tomb) in Hwanyeoseungram.
Thousands of descendents of Jincheon Song are living across the nation. Song Guk-cheom and Song Eon-gi who were devoted to fight against the Mongolian invasion into Goryeo are also the offspring of Jincheonbaek.
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "송인묘소 宋仁墓所 [Tomb of Song In (Songin myoso)]" (in Korean). Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=284238&v=44. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
External links[link]
- Photo of the tomb
- Song In
- Monument 91, Tomb of Song In
- Jincheon Song bon-gwan information (Korean)
- Jincheon Song bon-gwan website (Korean)
- http://www.jincheon.go.kr/english/sub04/sub0404_01.jsp
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Song, In |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This Korean biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
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| Aishwarya Rai | |
|---|---|
 Aishwarya Rai in Cannes film festival 2012 |
|
| Born | Aishwarya Rai (1973-11-01) 1 November 1973 (age 38)[1] Mangalore, Karnataka, India |
| Residence | Mumbai, Maharashtra, India[2] |
| Other names | Aishwarya Rai Bachchan |
| Occupation | actor, model |
| Years active | 1991–present |
| Spouse | Abhishek Bachchan (2007–present) |
| Children | Aaradhya Bachchan |
| Signature | 150px |
Aishwarya Rai, known also as Aishwarya Rai Bachchan after her marriage[3] (Tulu pronunciation [əjɕʋərjaː rəj]; born 1 November 1973) is an Indian film actress. She worked as a model before starting her acting career, and ultimately won the Miss World pageant in 1994. Rai has featured in films in various languages including Hindi, English, Tamil, Telugu, and Bengali.
Often cited by the media as the "most beautiful woman in the world",[4][5][6] Rai made her acting debut with Mani Ratnam's Tamil film Iruvar (1997), and had her first commercial success in Jeans (1998). She found success in Bollywood with Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999) and Devdas (2002) and eventually won two Filmfare Awards in the Best Actress category.
After a series of unsuccessful films during 2003–2005, she appeared in the blockbuster action thriller Dhoom 2 (2006) and subsequently featured in such films as Guru (2007), Jodhaa Akbar (2008), and Enthiran (2010). She gained critical acclaim for her performances in offbeat, independent films such as Chokher Bali (2003), Raincoat (2004), and Provoked (2007).[7][8] Rai has thus established herself as one of the leading contemporary actresses of Indian cinema.[9][10]
Rai's off-screen roles include duties as brand ambassador for various charity organisations and campaigns. She is married to fellow actor Abhishek Bachchan, son of actors Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan. In 2009 she was honoured with the Padma Shri, the fourth-highest civilian award given by the Government of India.
Contents |
Early life and background[link]
Rai was born into an ethnic Bunt[11] family in Mangalore, Karnataka.[12] Her father, Krishnaraj, was a marine biologist, while her mother, Brindya, is a housewife.[1] She has one elder brother, Aditya Rai, who is an engineer in the merchant navy. He co-produced one of her movies, Dil Ka Rishta (2003).[13]
The family moved to Mumbai, where Rai attended the Arya Vidya Mandir High School.[1] Rai did her intermediate schooling at Jai Hind College for a year,[14] and then joined DG Ruparel College[15] in Matunga, securing 90 percent in the HSC exams.[1][16] She trained in classical dance and music for five years during her teens.[16] Her favourite subject was zoology, so she initially considered a career in medicine.[16] With plans to become an architect, she enrolled at Raheja College, but later gave up her education to pursue a career in modelling.[14]
Modelling career[link]
One of her earliest modelling assignment was, when she was in the ninth grade, for Camlin Pencils.[16] One of her professors at Jai Hind College took pictures of her which were published in a fashion magazine.[17] In 1991 Rai took part in the Ford Supermodel Contest and also appeared in Vogue Magazine.[15] She has been on the cover of Vogue three times.[18]
Rai became popular after appearing in a Pepsi commercial with actor Aamir Khan.[16] She modelled for Longines watches, Coca-Cola,[19] Lakmé Cosmetics, Casio pager, Philips, Palmolive,[17] Lux, and Fuji films.[20] She continued to model while pursuing her studies in architecture.[1][17] She was named the official brand ambassador for De Beers diamonds in India.[20]
In the 1994 Miss India contest, she won second place, behind Sushmita Sen, and was crowned Miss India World.[21] She went on to win the Miss World[22] title the same year, where she also won the Miss Photogenic award.[23] After winning the pageant, she gave up her studies and spent one year reigning as Miss World in London.[21] Rai continued to pursue a career as a model until she became an actress.[24]
Acting career[link]
Early work (1997–98)[link]
Rai made her acting debut in Mani Ratnam's Tamil biopic film Iruvar (1997), where she worked alongside Mohanlal.[25] The film was a critical success and won many awards, including Best Film award at the Belgrade International Film Festival,[26] and two National Film Awards.[26] Rai appeared in dual roles, one of which was a depiction of political leader and former actress J. Jayalalithaa.[27] Rai made her Bollywood debut in the film in Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya, opposite Bobby Deol, which released the same year; the film was unsuccessful at the box office.[28] Her third project, Jeans (1998), a high-budget Tamil film directed by S. Shankar, was a commercial success. The film included the song "Poovukkul", written by Vairamuthu, in which Rai's character is compared to the seven wonders of the world and described as the eighth.[29][30] The film was India's official entry to the Academy Awards in that year.[31]
Success (1999–2002)[link]
In 1999 Rai starred in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam, opposite Salman Khan and Ajay Devgan.[32] The film had Rai playing Nandini, who is forced to marry Devgan despite being in love with another man (Khan). Her husband tries to help her locate her previous love, and his caring attention eventually wins her over. Rai's portrayal won her critical acclaim, with a review on Rediff.com stating, "Aishwarya looks beautiful as usual ... This film will most likely draw her accolades from all over, may be even get her recognised as an actress the way Manisha Koirala did in Khamoshi. In many scenes, there is no trace of makeup and she looks very fresh".[33] The film was her first box office success in Bollywood, and earned her a Filmfare Best Actress Award.[34]
In the same year she appeared in Subhash Ghai's Taal,[35] in which she played Mansi, a young village woman who becomes a big pop star after being hurt by her lover, played by Akshay Khanna. The film was an average grosser in India but was a big success outside India, especially in the United States, where it became the first Indian film in the top 20 on Variety's box office list.[36] Her performance was praised, with a reviewer from Rediff.com writing, "After being praised for her looks and acting talent in Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam, Aishwarya has excelled in Taal. She looks ethereal and unlike the former film, has a very sober and soft role. Though she looks pained and tragic in most of the film, she does a good job of a woman who is very protective of her father and one who doesn't think twice before rejecting a lover who has insulted her father."[37] She received another Best Actress nomination from the Filmfare Awards for her work in the film.[38]
In 2000 she appeared in Mansoor Khan's Josh alongside Shahrukh Khan and Chandrachur Singh, in which she plays a Catholic named Shirley who falls in love with the sibling of her brother's enemy.[39] The film was a commercial success.[40] Later that year she appeared in Satish Kaushik's Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai, opposite Anil Kapoor. It was a moderate success, and her performance earned her a Filmfare Best Actress Award nomination.[41] Later that year she played a supporting role in Aditya Chopra's Mohabbatein, alongside Amitabh Bachchan and Shahrukh Khan. The second-highest grosser of the year, the film was a major commercial success, and earned her a Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award nomination.[41][42] Later that year, she starred in the Tamil film Kandukondain Kandukondain, alongside Mammooty, Ajith Kumar, and Tabu. Rai plays Tabu's younger sibling, a dreamer at heart, whose hopes come crashing down when she discovers she's been cheated by her lover.[43] Directed by Rajiv Menon, the movie was a successful venture commercially.[7][44]
In 2002 Rai appeared alongside Shahrukh Khan and Madhuri Dixit in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Devdas, an adaptation of Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel of the same name.[45] She played the role of Paro (Parvati), the love interest of the protagonist, played by Khan. The film received a special screening at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival.[46] It became the highest-grossing film of the year in India and overseas, earning a revenue of Rs 390 million domestically.[47][48] Devdas won numerous awards, including 10 Filmfare Awards, and Rai received her second Filmfare Best Actress Award for her performance.[49]
Professional setback (2003–05)[link]
In 2003 she acted in Rituparno Ghosh's Bengali film Chokher Bali, an adaptation of Rabindranath Tagore's novel of the same name.[50] She portrays the character of a young woman called Binodini,[51] who is left on her own when her sickly husband dies soon after they are married.[52] Rai's performance in the film was well-received by critics, with "Derek Elley" from Variety writing, "Rai dominates the film with her delicately sensual presence and physical grace".[53] The film was critically acclaimed and did well at the box office,[54][55] That year she appeared in the Bollywood film Dil Ka Rishta, with Arjun Rampal, and Rohan Sippy's Kuch Na Kaho, alongside Abhishek Bachchan,[56] neither of which fared well at the box office.[56][57]
In 2004 she appeared alongside Martin Henderson in Bride and Prejudice, Gurinder Chadha's Bollywood-style English adaptation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice. She played Lalita Bakshi, the film's version of Austen's character Elizabeth Bennet. Based on 131 reviews, the film has a rating of 64 percent at the review website Rotten Tomatoes.[58] She played a negative role for the first time in Rajkumar Santoshi's Khakee, which also featured Amitabh Bachchan, Akshay Kumar, Ajay Devgan, and Jayapradha. The film was a box office success.[59] In the same year she worked with director Rituparno Ghosh for the second time, in Raincoat, where she starred alongside Ajay Devgan. The film was highly acclaimed by critics, with Rai receiving rave reviews for her performance.[60] The Hindu commented "Raincoat can easily be Aishwarya Rai's best performance, and as Neerja, the former beauty queen appears to have shed her inhibitions about looking unglamorous. What is more, she seems to have made an earnest effort to emote, using less of her body and limbs and more of her face, and eyes in particular".[61]
In 2005 she appeared in Shabd, a film based on a love triangle, alongside Sanjay Dutt and Zayed Khan. The film was unsuccessful at the box office; it received average reviews from critics.[62] Her next release was Paul Mayeda Berges's The Mistress of Spices, based on the novel of the same name by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni,[63] in which she starred alongside Dylan McDermott.[64] The film received negative reviews from critics,[65] and was a commercial failure.[66] The same year she made a special appearance in a hugely popular seven-minute dance sequence for the song "Kajra Re", with Amitabh Bachchan and Abhishek Bachchan, in Shaad Ali's Bunty Aur Babli.[67]
Recent work (2006–present)[link]
In 2006 Rai portrayed the title role in J P Dutta's Umrao Jaan, the story of a courtesan and poetess from 19th-century Lucknow. The movie is the second adaptation of the Urdu novel Umrao Jaan Ada (1905), by Mirza Hadi Ruswa. Rai's work received mixed reviews, and the film was a critical and commercial failure. Critics particularly felt the new version is poor when compared to the acclaimed 1981 version by Muzaffar Ali, which starred Rekha in the title role. BBC critic Poonam Joshi wrote, "While only Aishwarya could emulate the grace and poise of Rekha, she doesn't quite capture the intensity of Umrao's abiding melancholy", commenting that "her incandescent beauty and artistry... does indeed keep the audience watching, though not necessarily emotionally engaged."[68] Later that year she appeared as a master thief, Sunheri, in the Yash Raj Films production of Dhoom 2, directed by Sanjay Gadhvi. The ensemble cast included Hrithik Roshan, Abhishek Bachchan, Bipasha Basu, and Uday Chopra. The movie was a blockbuster, and became the highest grossing film of the year in India, earning revenues of over Rs 770 million domestically.[69] A controversy arose regarding a scene containing a kiss between her and Hrithik Roshan.[70] Rai's performance received mostly negative reviews, with a reviewer on Rediff.com writing, "Ash's character too is all gloss and no depth. You seldom feel any tension in her behaviour and expressions as she accompanies the master thief on potentially dangerous missions. Sunehri enters the film nearly 50 minutes after its opening in a disguise. In no time, she is wearing the flimsiest of clothes. Once she opens her mouth—and she does it two minutes after appearing in the film—she spoils the image. There is no sensuality any more, and half an hour later, one wonders what made the master thief fall for her."[71] Nonetheless, her performance earned her a sixth nomination for Filmfare Best Actress Award.
In 2007 she appeared in Mani Ratnam's Guru as Sujata. Speculated to be based on the life of Indian businessman Dhirubhai Ambani, it is a rag to riches story about an ambitious small-town man who ends up as the owner of the biggest corporation in India. The film premièred at the Elgin Theatre in Toronto, Canada, the first Indian film to have a mainstream international premiere in that country.[72][73] The film was critically acclaimed, and performed well at the box office.[74] Critical reception for Rai was mixed. While Nikhat Kazmi from The Times of India wrote that she is "just okay, and fails to register the growth in her character", Rediff.com's Raja Sen described it as "arguably her finest performance, visible especially when she takes over the film's climax."[75][76] Rai received her seventh Filmfare nomination for Best Actress for her performance. In the same year she starred alongside Naveen Andrews and Miranda Richardson in Jag Mundhra's British film Provoked, as Kiranjit Ahluwalia, an Non-resident Indian woman who kills her abusive husband after facing severe domestic violence. Rai received mostly positive reviews for her portrayal. It was screened in the Marché du Film Cannes Film Market during the 2006 Cannes Film Festival. Ahluwalia sat next to Rai during the screening, reportedly holding her hand and sobbing during the most violent scenes.[77] In the same year Rai appeared as a warrior from Kerala named Mira in Doug Lefler's epic film The Last Legion, alongside Sir Ben Kingsley, Colin Firth, and Thomas Sangster. The film was a critical failure.[78]
In 2008 Rai starred alongside Hrithik Roshan in Ashutosh Gowariker's historical drama Jodhaa Akbar. The story is a partly fictionalised account of the life of Muslim Mughal emperor Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar, played by Roshan, and his Hindu wife Jodha Bai, played by Rai. The film was a critical and commercial success, earning revenues of over Rs 590 million domestically. Rai's performance in the film was praised by critics, with Rajeev Masand writing, "Aishwarya Rai is wonderfully restrained and uses her eyes expertly to communicate so much, making this one of her finest outings on screen".[79] She earned her eighth nomination for Best Actress at the Filmfare Awards for her performance. Later that year she co-starred with husband Abhishek Bachchan and father-in-law Amitabh Bachchan in Ram Gopal Verma's Sarkar Raj, a sequel to his previous film, Sarkar.[80] She plays the CEO of a major power company that is proposing a new power plant in rural Maharashtra. The film was a critical and commercial success.[81][82]
In 2009 she appeared in Harald Zwart's spy comedy film The Pink Panther 2, playing the role of criminology expert Sonia Solandres. Like its predecessor, the sequel received negative reviews from critics,[83] and did a moderate business of $34,590,360 at the U.S box office.[84] In 2010 she collaborated with Mani Ratnam for a bilingual project, two films featuring Rai portraying a character based on the goddess Sita. The films were shot simultaneously, with Rai's role being one of the only roles which were played by the same performer in both versions. Upon release, the project received mixed reviews. Though both her portrayals of Ragini were praised, the Hindi version—Raavan, alongside Abhishek Bachchan—failed commercially, whilst the Tamil version—Raavanan—was successful. The Hindi version of the film got decent reviews in various US media, including the New York Times and Los Angeles Times, with the former saying, "Raavan has Bollywood glamour aplenty, with the lovely if occasionally dramatically challenged Aishwarya Rai Bachchan", and the latter describing Rai as a scene-stealer.[85]
Rai paired with Rajinikanth in the science fiction Tamil film Enthiran (2010), directed by S. Shankar.[86] The film—the most expensive ever made in India—was released worldwide in 2010, and is the highest-grossing Indian film when all its versions are totalled.[87][88][89] She appeared in Vipul Shah's Action Replayy opposite Akshay Kumar, which received mixed reviews from critics. Rai's final release in 2010 was Guzaarish, her third collaboration with director Sanjay Leela Bhansali and actor Hrithik Roshan. The film tells the story of Ethan Mascarenhas (Roshan), a former magician who has been quadriplegic for twelve years; after years of struggle he files an appeal to the court for euthanasia. Rai played Ethan's strict, devoted, and supportive nurse Sophie D'Souza. The film opened to positive reviews, and Rai's portrayal was praised. According to Nikhat Kazmi, "Aishwarya is a stunning picture of fire and grace, walking away with certain scenes by her sheer vitality."[90][91] In 2011 she received her ninth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress. As of May 2011, she is set to appear in Rajkumar Santoshi's next film, Ladies and Gentlemen, along with Abhishek Bachchan,[92] and in Madhur Bhandarkar's next directorial venture, Heroine.[93] The shooting of both films was postponed, due to Rai's pregnancy.[94][95] She will not appear in Heroine, which is going forward with Kareena Kapoor.[96]
Social work[link]
In 1999 Rai participated in a world tour called the Magnificent Five, along with Aamir Khan, Rani Mukerji, Akshaye Khanna, and Twinkle Khanna.[97] In the same year, she was appointed as Longines Ambassador of Elegance.[98] In 2003 she became the first Indian actress to be a jury member at the Cannes Film Festival.[99] In 2003 she became a global brand ambassador of L'Oréal, alongside Andie MacDowell, Eva Longoria, and Penélope Cruz.[100][101] Rai is the brand ambassador for The Eye Bank Association of India's nationwide campaign to promote eye donation in India.[102] In 2005 she became a brand ambassador for Pulse Polio, a campaign established by the Government of India in 1994 to eradicate polio in India.[103] In the same year, Rai was appointed spokesperson for the International Year of Microcredit, raising awareness of the main goals and priorities of the United Nations' poverty alleviation efforts.[104][105]
In February 2005 Rai performed alongside other Bollywood stars at the HELP! Telethon Concert, an event to raise money for the victims of the 2004 tsunami earthquake.[106] Along with other members of the Bachchan family, she laid the foundation of a special school for underprivileged girls in Daulatpur village in Uttar Pradesh in 2008. Construction is being funded by the Bachchan family, and the school will be named after Rai.[107] She appeared along with various other Bollywood actors at the closing ceremony of the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne. The performance showcased Indian culture as a lead-up to India hosting the 2010 Commonwealth Games.[108]
In 2009 Rai was appointed as the first Goodwill Ambassador of Smile Train, an international charity that provides free Cleft lip and palate surgery to children in need. Her work with Smile Train will focus not only on India, but on 76 different developing countries around the world.[109][110]
Personal life[link]
In 1999 Aishwarya began dating Bollywood actor Salman Khan; their relationship was often reported in the media until the couple separated in 2001. Rai cited "abuse (verbal, physical and emotional), infidelity and indignity" on the part of Khan as reasons for ending the relationship.[111] In a 2009 Times of India article, Khan denied ever beating her: "It's not true that I hit a woman."[112]
Rai is married to actor Abhishek Bachchan, they met in 1997.[18] Their engagement was announced on 14 January 2007 and later confirmed by his father, Amitabh Bachchan.[113] The couple married on 20 April 2007 according to traditional Hindu rites of the Bunt community, to which she belongs.[114] Token North Indian and Bengali ceremonies were also performed. The wedding took place in a private ceremony at the Bachchan residence, "Prateeksha", in Juhu, Mumbai.[114] They have been described as a supercouple in the Indian media.[115][116] Rai is very close to her family and lived with them in Bandra, Mumbai, until her marriage.[117][118] Rai is Hindu and deeply religious.[4]
Rai gave birth to a baby girl on 16 November 2011.[119] Her daughter became quite popular by the name of "Beti B" which was christened by the fans and the media, since the couple took over four months to name their daughter. The baby girl was finally named as Aaradhya Bachchan in March 2012.[120]
Awards and honours[link]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Aishwarya Rai
Aishwarya Rai is a two-time winner of the Filmfare Best Actress Award, and has been nominated for Filmfare Awards eleven times.[41][121] She has won numerous times at the International Indian Film Academy Awards, Star Screen Awards, Zee Cine Awards, and others. In 2009 Rai was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth-highest Indian civilian award, for her contributions to Indian cinema.[122] In 2001 Forbes named Rai among the top five Indian movie stars.[123] In a reader poll conducted by UK's Hello! magazine, she was voted "the most attractive woman of 2003".[124] In the same year, Rai appeared in Rolling Stone magazine's annual "Hot List".[125] In 2004 she was chosen by TIME magazine as one of the world's most influential people, and appeared on the cover of its 2003 Asia edition.[126][127][128] In October 2004 a wax figure of Rai was put on display in London's Madame Tussaud's wax museum.[129] She was the sixth Indian and the second Bollywood personality—after her father-in-law, Amitabh Bachchan—to get this honour. In 2007 the same figure was displayed at Madame Tussaud's Museum in Times Square in New York.[130]
In 2005 she was the subject of a 60 Minutes profile on 2 January, which said that "at least according to thousands of Web sites, Internet polls and even Julia Roberts", she was "the world's most beautiful woman".[4] The same year, a tulip in the Netherlands was named "Aishwarya Rai" after her.[131] Also in 2005, Mattel released a limited edition of Barbie dolls of Aishwarya Rai in the United Kingdom.[132] The British magazine Maxim ranked Rai first on their list of "Hottest Women of India".[133]
Rai appeared on such shows as Late Show with David Letterman, and was the first Bollywood personality to appear on Oprah's "Women Across the Globe" segment. In 2005 Harpers and Queen's list of "Most Beautiful Women in The World" ranked her ninth.[134] In May 2006 Aishwarya was featured in People Magazine as one of the "World's Most Beautiful People".[135] The UK magazine Eastern Eye ranked her third in the list of "Asia's Sexiest Women" in 2006,[136] and she was ranked eighth in 2009.[137] In 2008 American television channel E!: Entertainment listed Aishwarya's eyes as the sexiest on their Sexiest Body Parts list.[138] In 2009 she made appearances on Martha Stewart's show Martha and on the The Tyra Banks Show.[139][140] In the same year Forbes listed Rai at 387th out of 1,411 actors on their list of the most bankable stars in Hollywood. She is the highest-ranked Indian actor on the list.[141][142]
In 2009, Rai refused to accept the second-highest Order Of France, Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, as her father was suffering from a serious illness, and she wanted her whole family to attend the award ceremony.[143] She is the fourth Indian actor—after Sivaji Ganesan, Nandita Das, and Shahrukh Khan—to be chosen for the award. Amitabh Bachchan was chosen for another Order Of France, the Legion of Honour.[144] In June 2009 she was declared the Female Star of The Decade at the tenth International Indian Film Academy Awards, held in Macau.[145] In December 2010 she was declared the "Actress of the Decade" at the BIG Star Entertainment Awards.[146] In March 2011 Rai was honoured by Karnataka Chief Minister B. S. Yeddyurappa at World Kannada Meet (Vishwa Kannada Sammelana) for her contributions to the arts.[147] Later that month she was presented with the "Decade of Global Achievement Honour" by FICCI.[148] She attended the 83rd Academy Awards, along with her husband, Abhishek.[149]
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Language | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 | Iruvar | Tamil | Pushpavalli / Kalpana | Dubbed into Telugu as Iddaru |
| 1997 | Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya | Hindi | Ashi Kapoor | |
| 1998 | Jeans | Tamil | Madhumita | Dubbed into Telugu and Hindi with the same title |
| 1999 | Aa Ab Laut Chalen | Hindi | Pooja | |
| 1999 | Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam | Hindi | Nandini | Filmfare Best Actress Award |
| 1999 | Ravoyi Chandamama | Telugu | Special appearance | |
| 1999 | Taal | Hindi | Mansi | Nominated—Filmfare Best Actress Award Dubbed into Tamil as Thaalam |
| 2000 | Mela | Hindi | Champakali | Guest appearance |
| 2000 | Kandukondain Kandukondain | Tamil | Meenakshi Bala | Dubbed into Telugu as Priyuralu Pilichindi |
| 2000 | Josh | Hindi | Shirley | |
| 2000 | Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai | Hindi | Preeti Virat | Nominated—Filmfare Best Actress Award |
| 2000 | Dhaai Akshar Prem Ke | Hindi | Sahiba Grewal | |
| 2000 | Mohabbatein | Hindi | Megha | Nominated—Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award |
| 2001 | Albela | Hindi | Sonia | |
| 2002 | Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam | Hindi | Suman | Guest appearance |
| 2002 | Hum Kisi Se Kum Nahin | Hindi | Komal Rastogi | |
| 2002 | 23 March 1931: Shaheed | Hindi | Special appearance | |
| 2002 | Devdas | Hindi | Parvati (Paro) | Filmfare Best Actress Award |
| 2002 | Shakti: The Power | Hindi | Herself | Special appearance in song "Ishq Kamina" |
| 2003 | Chokher Bali | Bengali | Binodhini | |
| 2003 | Dil Ka Rishta | Hindi | Tia Sharma | |
| 2003 | Kuch Naa Kaho | Hindi | Namrata Shrivastav | |
| 2004 | Bride & Prejudice | English | Lalita Bakshi | Dubbed into Hindi as Balle Balle Amritsar to LA |
| 2004 | Khakee | Hindi | Mahalakshmi | |
| 2004 | Kyun...! Ho Gaya Na | Hindi | Diya Malhotra | |
| 2004 | Raincoat | Hindi | Neerja | Nominated—Filmfare Best Actress Award |
| 2005 | Shabd | Hindi | Antara Vashist/Tammana | |
| 2005 | Bunty Aur Babli | Hindi | Special appearance in the song "Kajra Re" | |
| 2005 | Mistress of Spices | English | Tilo | |
| 2006 | Umrao Jaan | Hindi | Umrao Jaan | |
| 2006 | Dhoom 2 | Hindi | Sunehri | Nominated—Filmfare Best Actress Award |
| 2007 | Guru | Hindi | Sujata | Nominated—Filmfare Best Actress Award Dubbed into Tamil as Guru and Telugu as Gurukanth |
| 2007 | Provoked | English | Kiranjit Ahluwalia | Dubbed into Hindi with the same title |
| 2007 | The Last Legion | English | Mira | |
| 2008 | Jodhaa Akbar | Hindi | Jodhaa Bai | Nominated—Filmfare Best Actress Award Dubbed into Tamil and Telugu with the same title |
| 2008 | Sarkar Raj | Hindi | Anita Rajan | |
| 2009 | The Pink Panther 2 | English | Sonia Solandres | Dubbed into French as La Pantera Rosa 2 |
| 2010 | Raavan | Hindi | Ragini Sharma | |
| 2010 | Raavanan | Tamil | Ragini Subramaniam | Dubbed into Telugu as Villain |
| 2010 | Enthiran | Tamil | Sana | Dubbed into Telugu as Robo and Hindi as Robot |
| 2010 | Action Replayy | Hindi | Mala | |
| 2010 | Guzaarish | Hindi | Sofia D'Souza | Nominated—Filmfare Best Actress Award |
See also[link]
References[link]
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- ^ "Masand's Verdict: Jodha Akbar". CNN-IBN. 15 February 2008. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-verdict-jodhaa-akbar/59060-8-p1.html. Retrieved 18 August 2009.
- ^ Kunal M. Shah (9 May 2008). "Why Raj wants to see Sarkar...". Mumbai Mirror. http://mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&contentid=20080509200805090206278538342fe46§id=30§name=Entertainment%20-%20Bollywood. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
- ^ "Bachchan mania grips denizens". The Hindu. 16 June 2008. http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/16/stories/2008061658780300.htm. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
- ^ "Beyond prisms of prejudice". The Hindu. 14 August 2008. http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/08/24/stories/2008082450010100.htm. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
- ^ "Pink Panther 2 trashed by critics". The Hindustan Times. 5 February 2009. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Pink-Panther-2-trashed-by-critics/Article1-375112.aspx. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
- ^ "U.S. and Canada Box Office". The New York Times. 8 March 2009. http://movies.nytimes.com/indexes/2009/03/13/movies/boxoffice/weekend_us/index.html. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
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- ^ "Robot confirmed!". Sify. 2008. http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14585005. Retrieved 5 January 2008.
- ^ "Highest grossing Indian film". The Economic Times (India). 31 January 2011. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/media/entertainment-/entertainment/rajini-adds-30-to-maran-cos-revenue/articleshow/7394423.cms. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
- ^ "Rajini's Endhiran: A sell out in Chennai". NDTV Movies. http://movies.ndtv.com/Ndtv-Show-Special-Story.aspx?from=bottomrelated&ID=538&StoryID=ENTEN20100154445. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
- ^ "Ground Zero". intoday.in. http://headlinestoday.intoday.in/site/headlines_today/ProgrammesShow?catName=Ground%20Zero&video=0&contentId=117426&catId=45&p=0. Retrieved 5 March 2011. "Superstar Rajinikanth becomes the official king of Indian cinema as Endhiran tops 250 crore in box office collection."
- "Robot or Endhiran box office collection tops Rs 250 crore, highest in India". New Delhi Chronicle. 21 October 2010. http://www.ndchronicle.com/news/Robot_or_Endhiran_box_office_collection_tops_Rs_250_crore__highest_in_India_1287645315. "Robot or Endhiran box office collection tops Rs 250 crore, highest in India. Rajnikanth's Robot is garnering immense success in foreign countries including UK, US and South Africa. It is the biggest hit which has grossed a total of Rs 250 crore rupees at box office collection."
- "Boxofficeindia.com". Boxofficeindia.com. 1 November 2010. http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2171&nCat=box_office_news. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
- ^ Kazmi, Nikhat (18 November 2010). "Guzaarish". The Times Of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Guzaarish/moviereview/6947922.cms.
- ^ "'Aishwarya is very special to me'". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 30 December 2008. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200812301566.htm. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
- ^ "Abhi-Ash project sold at 28 crore – Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 14 May 2011. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-14/news-interviews/29540522_1_abhishek-bachchan-ash-rajkumar-santoshi. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
- ^ "Ash ready to be a Heroine". Hindustan Times. 10 May 2009. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ash-ready-to-be-a-Heroine/Article1-695705.aspx. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
- ^ "Priyanka not replacing Ash in Heroine". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/bollywood/Priyanka-not-replacing-Ash-in-Heroine/Article1-714751.aspx. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
- ^ "It's a November baby: Abhishek Bachchan". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/It-s-a-November-baby-Abhishek-Bachchan/Article1-714593.aspx. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
- ^ "'Heroine' Kareena's costumes worth Rs 1.2cr". Hindustan Times. 27 September 2011. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Heroine-Kareena-s-costumes-worth-Rs-1-2cr/Article1-750771.aspx. Retrieved 26 November 2011.
- ^ "Magnificent Five". Elite Entertainment (bollywoodconcerts.com). http://www.bollywoodconcerts.com/preshowdetails.php?preshow=16. Retrieved 14 April 2007.
- ^ "Aishwarya Rai Bachchan". Longines. 1 November 1973. http://www.longines.com/personalities/ambassadors/aishwarya-rai-bachchan. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
- ^ "Aishwarya Bachchan Rai". http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1013233/Aishwarya-Bachchan. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
- ^ "Aishwarya Rai to promote Cinema Verite event". The Hindu. 13 May 2009. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200905131980.htm. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
- ^ S. Shankar (16 February 2004). Almost White. Outlook. http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?222938. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
- ^ "Ash appeal fails to boost eye donation drive". The Times Of India. 24 August 2003. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/145221.cms. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ^ "Actress Rai backs polio campaign". BBC News. 22 August 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4172970.stm. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
- ^ "Whosinvolved". yearofmicrocredit. http://www.yearofmicrocredit.org/pages/whosinvolved/whosinvolved_patronsgroup_aishwarya.asp.
- ^ "Bollywood Star Aishwarya Rai to Serve as Spokesperson for the International Year of Microcredit". United Nations Capital Development Fund. http://www.uncdf.org/english/microfinance/pubs/newsletter/pages/2005_06/year_update.php#a6. Retrieved 13 June 2005.
- ^ "Bollywood unites to present caring face". The Telegraph (Kolkota, India). 8 February 2005. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050208/asp/nation/story_4351693.asp. Retrieved 8 February 2006.
- ^ "Bachchans to build girls school in name of Aishwarya Rai Bachchan". http://www.ibosnetwork.com/newsmanager/templates/template1.aspx?a=21101&z=4. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
- ^ "Bollywood's taste of Delhi 2010". melbourne2006.com. 26 March 2006. http://www.melbourne2006.com.au/M2006/Homepage+News/20060326+Bollywood+taste+of+Delhi+2010.htm. Retrieved 22 April 2006.
- ^ "Aishwarya appointed 'Smile Train' ambassador". The Indian Express. India. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Aishwarya-appointed--Smile-Train--ambassador/535870/. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
- ^ "Aishwarya lends her support to Smile Train". SmileTrainIndia. http://www.smiletrainindia.org/aishwarya_cares.php.
- ^ "Salman Khan chapter was a nightmare in my life: Aishwarya Rai". http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=20315. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ^ "Salman didn’t hit Ash!". The Times Of India. 10 Sep 2009. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Salman-didnt-hit-Ash/articleshow/4991138.cms. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
- ^ Singh, Harneet (16 January 2007). "It was sudden...but this is the 21st century, one must be prepared". The Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/it-was-sudden...but-this-is-the-21st-centur/21032/. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
- ^ a b "Abhishek arrives on horseback for wedding". rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/apr/20wed.htm. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
- ^ "It's London in spring time!". The Times Of India. 4 April 2007. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1858526.cms. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ^ "I didn't chicken out of Dostana, says Saif Ali Khan". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 1 August 2009. http://www.hindu.com/holnus/009200908011821.htm. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ^ "Why did Aishwarya dump Vivek?". The Times Of India. http://movies.indiatimes.com/News-Gossip/News/Why-did-Aishwarya-dump-Vivek/articleshow/msid-1395761,curpg-6.cms. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
- ^ "The buzz outside Ash's house". http://us.rediff.com/movies/2007/apr/18ash.htm. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ^ "Aishwarya Rai Bachchan delivers a baby girl!". Bollywood Life. http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/aishwarya-rai-bachchan-delivers-a-baby-girl/. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
- ^ "Bachchan baby gets a name!". Rediff. http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/bachchan-baby-gets-a-name/20120314.htm. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
- ^ "The 51st Filmfare Awards". Filmfareawards.indiatimes.com. http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
- ^ "Aishwarya, Akshay, Helen in Padma Shri list". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 26 January 2009. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200901260321.htm. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
- ^ "India's Celebrity Film Stars". Forbes. 9 March 2001. http://www.forbes.com/2001/03/09/0309bollywood.html. Retrieved 3 September 2001.
- ^ "Aishwarya Rai". Hello!. http://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/specials/women03/pagina_1_1.html. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
- ^ "Introducing Aishwarya Rai". CBS News. 10 February 2005. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/10/earlyshow/leisure/celebspot/main672996.shtml.
- ^ Perry, Alex (20 October 2003). "The Leading Lady". Time Asia. http://www.time.com/time/asia/covers/501031027/int_rai.html. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
- ^ Perry, Alex (18 April 2004). "Aishwarya Rai". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/subscriber/2004/time100/artists/100rai.html. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
- ^ "Aishwarya Rai is 100 most influential people". Aishwarya-rai-pictures.com. http://www.aishwarya-rai-pictures.com/aishwarya-rai-is-100-most-influential.html. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
- ^ Arun, Neil (1 October 2004). "Bollywood goddess waxes beautiful". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3706834.stm. Retrieved 27 October 2008.
- ^ "Ash stops traffic in Times Square". rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/aug/16slide1.htm. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
- ^ "Holland tulip named after Aishwarya". http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20050610-4.html. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
- ^ "World's 50 Most Desirable Women – DNA". Dnaindia.com. 23 January 2009. http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/slideshow_world-s-50-most-desirable-women_1224380-48#top. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
- ^ "Hottest Women of India". Maxim. http://m.maxim.com/amg/GIRLS/Slideshows/Hottest+Women+of+India.
- ^ Coghlan, Tom; Pitel, Laura; Gray, Sadie. "The most beautiful women?". The Times (UK). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article528553.ece. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
- ^ "Beauties Around the Globe". People. 8 May 2006. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20059622,00.html. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
- ^ "rediff.com: Asia's sexiest women". Specials.rediff.com. 20 September 2006. http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/20sld3.htm. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
- ^ "world's sexiest Asian woman". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Katrina-Kaif-is-world-s-sexiest-Asian-woman/Article1-485483.aspx. Retrieved 11 December 2009.
- ^ "Aishwarya Rai's eyes voted the ‘sexiest’". Hindustan Times (India). http://www.hindustantimes.com/Aishwarya-Rai-s-eyes-voted-the-sexiest/Article1-346621.aspx. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
- ^ "Martha". http://www.theinsider.com/news/1633771_Aishwarya_Rai_Do_Martha_Stewart. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ^ "Tyra Banks Show". http://www.locatetv.com/tv/tyra-banks-show/season-1/6081355. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ^ "Aishwarya Rai Bachchan : Star Currency — Forbes.com". Star-currency.forbes.com. 1 November 1973. http://star-currency.forbes.com/celebrity/aishwarya-rai-bachchan. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Ash beats the Khans". Movies.ndtv.com. http://movies.ndtv.com/gallerydetails.aspx?id=3513&category=Movies&picno=1§ion=Bollywood. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
- ^ "Ash won't accept award without Dad". The Times of India (India). 2 February 2009. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_Buzz/Ash_wont_accept_award_without_Dad/articleshow/4059637.cms. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
- ^ "Ash refuses French award". http://movies.ndtv.com/newstory.asp?section=Movies&id=ENTEN20090083244. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
- ^ "Golden Decade Honours to be given at IIFA 2009". Thaindian.com. 24 May 2009. http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/golden-decade-honours-to-be-given-at-iifa-2009_100196278.html. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
- ^ "Dabangg bags 5 Big Star Entertainment Awards – Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 22 December 2010. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-22/news-interviews/28262372_1_film-actor-dabangg-munni-badnaam-hui. Retrieved 2 June 2011. [dead link]
- ^ "Ash Honoured At World Kannada Meet". NDTV. http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20110171260&keyword=Bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
- ^ "Other States / Maharashtra News : Hollywood, Bollywood share top honours at FICCI Frames awards". The Hindu. 27 March 2011. http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/27/stories/2011032761030900.htm. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
- ^ Prabhakar, Jyothi (2 February 2011). "Ash's dress over Mallika at Oscars". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ashs-dress-over-Mallika-at-Oscars/articleshow/7601413.cms. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
Further reading[link]
- Ghosh, Biswadeep (2004). Hall of Fame: Aishwarya Rai. Mumbai: Magna Books. ISBN 978-81-7809-244-7. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=tChlAAAAMAAJ&q=aishwarya+rai&dq=aishwarya+rai&hl=en&ei=GC3nTae4HoKiuQOrwbz_DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAQ. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
External links[link]
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Rai, Aishwarya |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Indian actress |
| Date of birth | 1 November 1973 |
| Place of birth | Mangalore, Karnataka, India |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aishwarya_Rai
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Sexy Star | |
|---|---|
| Ring name(s) | Dulce Poly Sexy Star |
| Born | (1982-09-20) September 20, 1982 (age 29)[1] Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico[1] |
| Trained by | Humberto Garza Jr.[2] Mr. Lince[2] Gran Apache[1] Abismo Negro[1] |
| Debut | 02006-08-29August 29, 2006 |
This name uses Spanish naming customs; the first or paternal family name is García and the second or maternal family name is Rivas.
Dulce Maria García Rivas (born September 20, 1982) is a Mexican Luchadora enmascarada, or masked female professional wrestler. She currently works for Asistencia Asesoría y Administración, where she performs under the ring name Sexy Star. She is the current AAA Reina de Reinas Champion in her second reign as a member of La Legión Extranjera. She previously wrestled under the name Dulce Poly and held both the FILL Women's Championship and the under that name.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Dulce García was born on September 20, 1982 in Monterrey, Nuevo León. Growing up she had devoted herself to sports such as boxing, kickboxing and Muay Thai.[1] She also earned a college degree in Communication Sciences and worked in that field until she became a professional wrestler.[1]
Professional wrestling career[link]
García made her professional wrestling debut on August 29, 2006 under the ring name Dulce Poly, on a Federacion Internacional de Lucha Libre (FILL) show. In FILL she often teamed up with one of her trainers, Humberto Garza, Jr. and together the two won the FILL Mixed Tag Team Championship at one point.[3] She also won the FILL Women's Championship on December 17, 2006. She held the title until February 27, 2007 when she lost the title to La Bandiad.[4]
Asistencia Asesoría y Administración[link]
Early storylines (2007-2009)[link]
A few weeks after losing the FILL Women's Championship García made her debut for Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) as the enmascarada (masked) character Sexy Star, a técnica (fan favorite character).[1] Her first match for AAA saw her on the losing side of a Relevos Atómicos de locura match (Spanish for "Eight-man madness match") where she teamed up with Billy Boy, Octagóncito and Pimpinela Escarlata losing to Faby Apache, Gran Apache, Mini Chessman and Polvo de Estrellas.[5] After joining AAA she received further training from both Abismo Negro and Gran Apache, AAA's main trainer for luchadoras.[2] Sexy Star participated in the 2007 Reina de Reinas (Spanish for "Queen of Queens") tournament. She was one of six females who survived a 16-woman torneo cibernetico match. The finals of the tournament saw Tiffany outlast Cinthia Moreno, Faby Apache, Miss Janeth, Rossy Moreno and Sexy Star to win the tournament.[4] The following year Sexy Star once again competed in the annual Reina de Reinas tournament, but lost to Mari Apache in a five-way match that also included Chikayo Nagashima, Martha Villalobos and Sonoko Kato.[6]
Teaming with Billy Boy (2009)[link]
Sexy Star's first major angle in AAA began in the spring of 2009 as she was written into a long running storyline between real life husband and wife Billy Boy and Faby Apache. She was introduced as the new object of Billy Boy's affections after Billy Boy had turned rúdo (bad guy) on Faby Apache. When Aero Star entered the picture as a possible suitor for Faby Apache, Billy Boy acted like he did not care as he himself had found a new love in Sexy Star, who in the process turned rúdo (villain) in the storyline.[2][7] During a television taping on March 21, 2010 Aero Star came to the ring and asked Gran Apache's permission to ask Faby Apache out, which led to Billy Boy storming to the ring and attacking Aero Star.[8] The storyline evolved and saw all four involved in an inter-gender Lucha de Apuesta Steel Cage Match where the last person in the ring would either have their hair shaved off or be forced to unmask. The match took place on the 2009 Verano de Escandalo show and came down to Faby Apache and Billy Boy in the cage, after which Faby Apache pinned Billy Boy. After the match Billy Boy's hair was shaved off as Faby Apache celebrated her win.[9]
La Legión Extranjera (2009-present)[link]
See also: Foreign Legion (wrestling)
Following the Apuesta loss the storyline began to focus more on the rivalry between Faby Apache and Sexy Star and less on Billy Boy.[10] The two faced off in a "Bull Terrier" match for Faby Apache's AAA Reina de Reinas Championship during AAA's Heroes Inmortales III event, in which Sexy Star defeated Faby Apache due to the interference of La Legión Extranjera members Jennifer Blade and Rain.[11] In the time following the title victory Sexy Star became a member of La Legión, making her the only Mexican female in the group. The storyline between Sexy Star and Faby Apache continued at the 2009 Guerra de Titanes where Sexy Star defeated Faby Apache in a Lucha de Apuesta match, in no small part thanks to the interference of La Legión.[12] On the same night Cinthia Moreno returned to AAA, siding with Faby Apache in her fight against La Legión. This meant that Moreno, Faby and her sister Mari Apache faced off against Sexy Star, Rain and Christina Von Eerie during the 2010 Rey de Reyes event, a match which Moreno won for her team by pinning Sexy Star.[13] During a post Rey de Reyes interview Sexy Star claimed that the Apaches and Cintia Moreno were nothing but maids, which led to AAA booking a match between Cinthia Moreno, Faby and Mari Apache against Sexy Star, Rain and Jennifer Blade in a TripleMania XVIII match where the person pinned or submitted would have to be the winning team's slave for a month.[14] At TripleMania La Legión defeated Moreno and the Apaches, when Blade pinned Mari, thanks in part to the biased refereering by Hijo del Tirantes. Following the match Konnan ordered Mari Apache to begin her maid duty right away by cleaning up their dressing room. The stipulation expired on July 6, 2010.[15]
On August 14 at Verano de Escandalo Sexy Star lost the Reina de Reinas Championship to Mari Apache in a six person tag team match, where she, Alex Koslov and Christina Von Eerie faced the Apaches and Aero Star.[16] Just prior to Sexy Star losing the title, she had traveled to Tampa, Florida to take part in World Wrestling Entertainment's developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling's tryouts, but was rejected by the promotion, who claimed that her English and wrestling were bad and that she was overweight and not pretty enough without her mask.[17] Afterwards, AAA removed Sexy Star from La Legión Extranjera and demoted her into random opening matches or simply not booking her at all, which eventually led to her considering a jump to Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre.[18][19] Eventually in March 2011, Sexy Star once again began appearing with La Legión Extranjera under the La Sociedad banner, teaming with Jennifer Blake and feuding with the Apaches and the recently debuted Lolita.[20] On June 18 at TripleManía XIX, Sexy teamed with TNA workers Angelina Love, Mickie James and Velvet Sky to defeat Cynthia Moreno, Faby Apache, Lolita and Mari Apache.[21]
On December 16 at Guerra de Titanes, Sexy Star defeated Pimpinela Escarlata in a lumberjack match to win the AAA Reina de Reinas Championship for the second time.[22] On March 18 at Rey de Reyes, Sexy Star took part in a twelve person steel cage Hairs vs. Masks match, which eventually came down to her and Pimpinela Escarlata. In the end, Sexy Star managed to escape the cage, forcing Escarlata to have his head shaved.[23] On May 19, in her first title defence, Sexy Star defeated Cynthia Moreno, Faby Apache and Lolita in a Bull Terrier match. [24]
In other media[link]
During the spring of 2010 Sexy Star appeared in an episode the National Geographic Channel show Tabú, a fact that was advertised on large billboards in Mexico City prior to the show airing on television.[25]
In wrestling[link]
- Finishing moves
Championships and accomplishments[link]
-
- AAA Reina de Reinas Championship (2 times, current)[11][22]
- Federacion Internacional de Lucha Libre
-
- FILL Mixed Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Humberto Garza, Jr.
- FILL Women's Championship (1 time)
Lucha de Apuesta record[link]
See also: Luchas de Apuestas
| Wager | Winner | Loser | Location | Date | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hair | Sexy Star | Faby Apache | Ciudad Madero, Tamaulipas | 02009-12-11December 11, 2009 | At the 2009 Guerra de Titanes[12] |
| Hair | Sexy Star | Pimpinela Escarlata | Zapopan, Jalisco | 02012-03-18March 18, 2012 | Twelve person steel cage match.[23] |
References[link]
- ^ a b c d e f g LuchalibreAAA Staff. "Sexy Star". AAA. http://luchalibreaaa.com/sexy-star-2.php. Retrieved June 22, 2011.
- ^ a b c d SuperLuchas staff (April 19, 2010). "Sexy Star "Toda mi vida he sido una chava sensual" (in Spanish). SuperLuchas. issue 360.
- ^ SuperLuchas staff (December 23, 2006). "Lo Mejor de la Lucha Libre Mexicana duranted el 2006" (in Spanish). SuperLuchas. issue 192.
- ^ a b SuperLuchas staff (December 26, 2007). "2007 Lo Mejor de la Lucha Mexicana" (in Spanish). SuperLuchas. issue 244.
- ^ "AAA on Televisa #775" (in German). CageMatch.net. March 10, 2007. http://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=10567. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
- ^ SuperLuchas staff (January 6, 2008). "Lo Mejor de la Lucha Libre Mexicana 2008" (in Spanish). SuperLuchas. issue 296. http://superluchas.net/?p=11145. Retrieved July 11, 2009.
- ^ Boutwell, Josh (March 20, 2009). "Viva La Raza! Lucha Weekly". WrestleView. http://www.wrestleview.com/news2009/1237534446.php. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
- ^ Boutwell, Josh (March 27, 2009). "Viva La Raza! Lucha Weekly". WrestleView. http://www.wrestleview.com/news2009/1238131291.php. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
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External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Sexy Star |
| Alternative names | Garcia Rivas, Dulce Maria; Poly, Dulce |
| Short description | professional wrestler |
| Date of birth | September 20, 1982 |
| Place of birth | Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Sexy_Star
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
