- published: 01 Feb 2013
- views: 11465
- author: statevideo
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Loading...
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- Aaron Burr
- Abel P. Upshur
- Abigail Adams
- Abigail Fillmore
- Adam Nagourney
- Afghan people
- Agence France-Presse
- Aging out
- Ahmed Rashid
- Al D'Amato
- Al Gore
- Alan B. Krueger
- Alan Keyes
- Alan Schechter
- Alaska
- Alberto Gonzales
- Alexander Haig
- Alfred A. Knopf
- Alma mater
- Alyson Kennedy
- American liberalism
- Ana Marie Cox
- Anna Freud
- Anna Harrison
- Anne E. Kornblut
- Anne Kornblut
- Anne Wexler
- Anniversary
- Anticommunist
- Arab Spring
- Arkansas
- Arkansas Project
- Arne Duncan
- Asthma
- Augsburg College
- Aung San Suu Kyi
- Austan Goolsbee
- Bachelor of Arts
- Bainbridge Colby
- Ban Ki-moon
- Bank of America
- Bar exam
- Barack Obama
- Barbara Bush
- Barbara Olson
- Barry Goldwater
- Basic Books
- BBC News Online
- Beatrice's Goat
- Beijing
- Benjamin Netanyahu
- Benjamin Zimmer
- Bernard Nussbaum
- Bess Truman
- Betsey Wright
- Betty Ford
- Betty Friedan
- Bible
- Bill Clinton
- Bill Dedman
- Bill Richardson
- Bitch (insult)
- Blind trust
- Board of directors
- Bob Barr
- Bob Woodward
- Bogeyman
- Book Bill Clinton
- Bosnia-Herzegovina
- Bradford Lyttle
- Brainstorming
- Brian Rohrbough
- Bruce Bartlett
- Buddy (dog)
- Burma
- C-SPAN
- Canada
- Candy Crowley
- Canton, Ohio
- Carl Bernstein
- Caroline Harrison
- Catherine Ashton
- CBS News
- Chappaqua, New York
- Charles B. Rangel
- Charles E. Dudley
- Charles Evans Hughes
- Charles Goodell
- Charles Jay
- Charles Schumer
- Chauncey Depew
- Checkbox
- Chelsea Clinton
- Chester Ashley
- Chicago
- Chicago Sun-Times
- Chidanand Rajghatta
- Child abuse
- Chris Dodd
- Christian Herter
- Christina Romer
- Christopher Ruddy
- Chuck Baldwin
- Chuck Schumer
- CIA
- Civil liberties
- Civil rights
- Claudia Rosett
- Clinton Doctrine
- Clinton Foundation
- Cloture
- Codependence
- Colin Powell
- Colorado
- Commencement speech
- Communist Party USA
- Competence (law)
- Condoleezza Rice
- Cordell Hull
- Country music
- Creators Syndicate
- Crown Books
- Cynthia McKinney
- Cyrus Vance
- Dan Balz
- Daniel Imperato
- Daniel Inouye
- Daniel S. Dickinson
- Daniel Schorr
- Daniel Wattenberg
- Daniel Webster
- Darrell Castle
- David B. Hill
- David Brock
- David Gergen
- David Maraniss
- David Petraeus
- Dean Acheson
- Dean Rusk
- Debbie Stabenow
- Dennis Kucinich
- Denver, Colorado
- DeWitt Clinton
- Diane Beall Templin
- District Attorney
- District of Columbia
- Dolley Madison
- Don Van Natta, Jr.
- Double bind
- Doug Stanhope
- Draft (politics)
- Draft Condi movement
- Duncan Hunter
- Earl Dodge
- East Wing
- Edith Roosevelt
- Edmund Hillary
- Edmund Muskie
- Edmund Randolph
- Edward Brooke
- Edward Everett
- Edward Livingston
- Edwin D. Morgan
- Elaine Brown
- Elbridge G. Lapham
- Eleanor Roosevelt
- Electoral fraud
- Elihu B. Washburne
- Elihu Root
- Elizabeth Monroe
- Ellen Axson Wilson
- Emily Donelson
- English people
- Eric Chester
- Eric Holder
- Eric Shinseki
- Eugene McCarthy
- Eugene Puryear
- European Union
- Evan Bayh
- F. William McCalpin
- FactCheck.org
- Far left
- Feminist Majority
- Filegate
- FindLaw
- Fish processing
- Fitchburg Sentinel
- Florence Harding
- Foreign minister
- Foster care
- Fox News
- France
- Francis Kernan
- Francis Wheen
- Frank B. Kellogg
- Frank Hiscock
- Frank Lautenberg
- Frank McEnulty
- Fred Thompson
- French Canadian
- French people
- Futures studies
- G8
- Gaddafi regime
- Gallup Organization
- Gallup poll
- Gallup Poll
- Game Change
- Garry Wills
- Gary Jacobson
- Gary Locke
- Gay rights
- Gender norms
- Gene Amondson
- Gennifer Flowers
- George Marshall
- George McGovern
- George P. Shultz
- George W. Bush
- Germany
- Gil Troy
- Gloria La Riva
- Gloria LaRiva
- Gouverneur Morris
- Governor of Arkansas
- Grace Coolidge
- Grand jury
- Guido Westerwelle
- Gulf War
- Gulf War syndrome
- Hamilton Fish
- HarperCollins
- Harriet Lane
- Harry Reid
- Helen Herron Taft
- Henry A. Foster
- Henry Clay
- Henry Kissinger
- Henry L. Stimson
- Herbert H. Lehman
- Hilda Solis
- Hillaryland
- Honorary degree
- Hosni Mubarak
- Hot Coffee mod
- Hot Shots! Part Deux
- Howard Kurtz
- HR1424
- Hugh E. Rodham
- Hugh Rodham
- Human potential
- I.B. Tauris
- Ida Saxton McKinley
- Illinois
- Inauguration Day
- Incumbent
- Independent (voter)
- Independent counsel
- India
- Indiana
- Interest group
- Iowa
- Ira Harris
- Iraq
- Iraq War
- Iraq War Resolution
- Iron Curtain
- Irv Kupcinet
- Irving Ives
- It Takes a Village
- Italy
- Jack Hitt
- Jacob K. Javits
- Jacob Lew
- Jake Tapper
- James Baker
- James Bennet
- James Buchanan
- James F. Byrnes
- James G. Blaine
- James L. Buckley
- James M. Mead
- James Madison
- James Monroe
- James Steinberg
- Jane Irwin Harrison
- Jane Pierce
- Janet Napolitano
- Janet Reno
- Japan
- Jean Houston
- Jeanine Pirro
- Jeff Dwire
- Jeff Gerth
- Jeffrey Zients
- Jeremiah S. Black
- Jerry Falwell
- Jessica Mitford
- Jewish World Review
- Jim Gilmore
- Jim McDougal
- Jimmy Carter
- Jodi Kantor
- Joe Biden
- Joe Klein
- Joe Lieberman
- Joe Schriner
- John Adams Dix
- John Armstrong, Jr.
- John Bryson
- John C. Calhoun
- John Doar
- John Edwards
- John Foster Dulles
- John G. Roberts
- John H. Cox
- John Hay
- John Heilemann
- John Jay
- John Laurance
- John Lindsay
- John M. Clayton
- John Marshall
- John McCain
- John Podesta
- John Quincy Adams
- John Sherman
- John Sloss Hobart
- John Thune
- John W. Foster
- Jon Meacham
- Jonathan Tasini
- Jonathon Sharkey
- Joseph Duffey
- Joseph Palermo
- Joshua Green
- JSTOR
- Julia Gardiner Tyler
- Julia Grant
- Juris Doctor
- Karen Mills
- Kat Swift
- Kathleen Sebelius
- Ken Salazar
- Kenneth Keating
- Kenneth Starr
- Kent Mesplay
- Kevin Rudd
- Kirsten Gillibrand
- Kōichirō Gemba
- Labor union
- Lady Bird Johnson
- Lady Macbeth
- Lafarge
- Language Log
- Lanny Davis
- Laura Bush
- Laurent Fabius
- Lawrence Eagleburger
- Leave of absence
- Leon Panetta
- Lewinsky scandal
- Lewis Cass
- Life (magazine)
- Linda Tripp
- Lisa P. Jackson
- Little Rock
- Living History
- Lou Henry Hoover
- Louis McLane
- Louisa Adams
- Lucianne Goldberg
- Lucretia Garfield
- Lucy Webb Hayes
- Lyndon B. Johnson
- Madeleine Albright
- Madison Guaranty
- Mamie Eisenhower
- Mammography
- Margaret Taylor
- Marine One
- Mark Halperin
- Mark Warner
- Martha Washington
- Martin Van Buren
- Mary Arthur McElroy
- Mary Harrison McKee
- Mary Ruwart
- Mary Todd Lincoln
- Matt Gonzalez
- Maureen Dowd
- McGill University
- Methodism
- Michael Bloomberg
- Michael Jingozian
- Michelle Obama
- Migrant workers
- Mike Gravel
- Mike Huckabee
- Mike Mullen
- Misogyny
- Mitt Romney
- Moderate
- Monica Lewinsky
- Mount Everest
- Msnbc.com
- Nancy Reagan
- Nannygate
- Nate Silver
- Nathan Sanford
- National Journal
- National Law Journal
- Nelson Rockefeller
- Netroots
- New Hampshire
- New Left
- New World Foundation
- New York
- New York City
- New York Post
- Newsweek
- Newt Gingrich
- No-win situation
- North Carolina
- NPR
- NY1 News
- Oakland, California
- Obadiah German
- Objectivist Party
- Old Senate Chamber
- On the Issues
- Online NewsHour
- Orrin Hatch
- Pakistan
- Parachute candidate
- Park Ridge, Illinois
- Pat Nixon
- Patent infringement
- PBS
- Pennsylvania
- Pennsylvania Avenue
- Personal space
- Peter Baker (author)
- Peter R. Orszag
- Philander C. Knox
- Philip Schuyler
- Pledged delegate
- Political cartoon
- Political science
- Political spectrum
- Politics Daily
- Portal Biography
- Portal New York
- Postgraduate
- Potomac primary
- Prayer group
- Preston King
- Presumptive nominee
- Prime Time Live
- Princeton University
- Print syndication
- Pro bono
- Prohibition Party
- Project Vote Smart
- Prostate cancer
- Rahm Emanuel
- Ralph Nader
- Random House
- Ray LaHood
- Ray McKinney
- RealClearPolitics
- Reforms in Burma
- Regnery Publishing
- Reuben Fenton
- Richard E. Cohen
- Richard Nixon
- Richard Olney
- Rick Lazio
- Robert B. Fiske
- Robert Bacon
- Robert Crittenden
- Robert F. Kennedy
- Robert F. Wagner
- Robert Gates
- Robert Lansing
- Roger Clinton, Jr.
- Roger Clinton, Sr.
- Ron Kirk
- Ron Paul
- Ronald Reagan
- Rorschach test
- Rosa Clemente
- Rosalynn Carter
- Roscoe Conkling
- Rose Cleveland
- Rose Law Firm
- Royal S. Copeland
- Rudy Giuliani
- Rufus King
- Russia
- Róger Calero
- Saint Patrick's Day
- Sally Bedell Smith
- Sam Brownback
- Sam Walton
- Samuel Alito
- Samuel L. Mitchill
- Sarah Childress Polk
- Sarah Palin
- Sarah Yorke Jackson
- Saul Alinsky
- Savings and loan
- Saxbe fix
- Scottish people
- Security clearance
- Sergey Lavrov
- Shaun Donovan
- Sherpa Tenzing
- Shirley Chisholm
- Silas Wright
- Simon & Schuster
- Sky News
- Smart power
- Social justice
- Social media
- Socialist Party USA
- Socks (cat)
- Soft power
- South Asia
- South Carolina
- South side (Chicago)
- Stand by Your Man
- Stanford University
- State room
- Stephens Inc.
- Steve Kubby
- Steven Chu
- Stewart Alexander
- Student council
- Subpoena
- Super Tuesday (2008)
- Super Tuesday, 2008
- Superdelegates
- Susan Estrich
- Susan McDougal
- Susan Rice
- Switzerland
- Séance
- Taliban
- Talking Points Memo
- Tammy Wynette
- TCBY
- Ted Kennedy
- Ted Weill
- Template G8-Foreign
- Template USSenNY
- Texas
- The Atlantic Monthly
- The Buffalo News
- The China Post
- The Day (New London)
- The Guardian
- The Nation
- The New York Sun
- The New York Times
- The Village Voice
- The Washington Post
- The White House
- Thomas C. Platt
- Thomas F. Bayard
- Thomas Jefferson
- Tikkun (magazine)
- Time (magazine)
- Times Online
- Timothy Geithner
- Timothy Pickering
- Todd Purdum
- Tom Tancredo
- Tom Vilsack
- Tommy Thompson
- Tony Rodham
- Travelgate
- Treaty Room
- Tuzla Air Base
- Tyson Foods
- U.S. Senate
- United Kingdom
- United Methodist
- United States
- United States Army
- United States Senate
- Upstate New York
- Uriah M. Rose
- USA Patriot Act
- USA Today
- Valdez, Alaska
- Vernon Jordan, Jr.
- Verve (magazine)
- Vietnam War
- Vince Foster
- Virginia Postrel
- Vital Voices
- Vogue (magazine)
- Wal-Mart
- Walmart
- Walter Kirn
- Walter Mondale
- Walter Q. Gresham
- War in Iraq
- War room
- Warner Miller
- Warren Christopher
- Washington, D.C.
- Watergate scandal
- Wayne Allyn Root
- Webcast
- Webster Hubbell
- WEHCO Media
- Wellesley College
- Welsh people
- West Wing
- White House
- Wikipedia Link rot
- Wikipedia Persondata
- William F. Harvey
- William H. Seward
- William Hague
- William Joseph Burns
- William L. Marcy
- William M. Calder
- William M. Daley
- William M. Evarts
- William North
- William P. Rogers
- William R. Day
- World Trade Center
- World War II
- World Wide Web
- WorldCat
- Yahoo! News
- Yale Law Journal
- Yale Law School
- Yonkers, New York
- Young Republicans
-
Alaska
Alaska (
i/əˈlæskə/) is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Alaska is the 4th least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's 722,718 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area.
Alaska was purchased from Russia on March 30, 1867, for $7.2 million ($120 million in today's[when?] dollars) at approximately two cents per acre ($4.74/km²). The land went through several administrative changes before becoming an organized (or incorporated) territory on May 11, 1912, and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959.
The name "Alaska" (Аляска) was already introduced in the Russian colonial period, when it was used only for the peninsula and is derived from the Aleut alaxsxaq, meaning "the mainland" or, more literally, "the object towards which the action of the sea is directed". It is also known as Alyeska, the "great land", an Aleut word derived from the same root.
wn.com/Alaska -
Arkansas
Arkansas (i/ˈɑrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw) is a state located in the Southern region of the United States. Its name is an Algonquian name of the Quapaw Indians. Arkansas shares borders with six states (N: Missouri; E: Tennessee, Mississippi; S: Louisiana; SW: Texas; W: Oklahoma), and its eastern border is largely defined by the Mississippi River. Its diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. Arkansas is the 29th most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States. The capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state.
The name “Arkansas” derives from the same root as the name for the state of Kansas. The Kansa tribe of Native Americans are closely associated with the Sioux tribes of the Great Plains. The word “Arkansas” itself is a French pronunciation (“Arcansas”) of a Quapaw (a related “Kaw” tribe) word, akakaze, meaning “land of downriver people” or the Sioux word akakaze meaning “people of the south wind”. The pronunciation of Arkansas was made official by an act of the state legislature in 1881, after a dispute between two U.S. Senators from Arkansas. One wanted to pronounce the name /ɑrˈkænzəs/ ar-KAN-zəs and the other wanted /ˈɑrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw.
wn.com/Arkansas -
Bank of America
Coordinates: 35°13′36.41″N 80°50′33.57″E / 35.2267806°N 80.8426583°E / 35.2267806; 80.8426583
Bank of America Corporation is an American multinational banking and financial services corporation headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina. It is the second-largest bank holding company in the United States by assets. Bank of America serves clients in more than 150 countries and has a relationship with 99% of the U.S. Fortune 500 companies and 83% of the Fortune Global 500. The company is a member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and a component of both the S&P 500 Index and the Dow Jones Industrial Average.
As of 2010, Bank of America is the fifth-largest company in the United States by total revenue, as well as the third-largest non-oil company in the U.S. (after Walmart and General Electric). In 2010, Forbes listed Bank of America as the 3rd biggest company in the world.
The bank's 2008 acquisition of Merrill Lynch made Bank of America the world's largest wealth management corporation and a major player in the investment banking market.
wn.com/Bank_of_America -
Beijing
Beijing (
/beɪˈdʒɪŋ/; Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng, [peɪ˨˩ t͡ɕiŋ˥]), formerly romanized as Peking ( /piːˈkɪŋ/ or /peɪˈkɪŋ/), is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The metropolis, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government, with 14 urban and suburban districts and two rural counties. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast.
Beijing is China's second largest city by urban population after Shanghai and is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's largest state-owned companies. Beijing is a major transportation hub in the national highway, expressway, railway and high-speed rail network. Beijing's Capital International Airport is the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic.
wn.com/Beijing -
Burma
Burma
i/ˈbɜrmə/ BUR-mə, also known as Myanmar i/ˌmjɑːnˈmɑr/ MYAHN--MAR, is a country in South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is bordered by India, Bangladesh, China, Laos and Thailand. One-third of Burma's total perimeter of 1,930 kilometres (1,200 mi) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. At 676,578 km2 (261,227 sq mi), it is the 40th largest country in the world and the second largest country in Southeast Asia. Burma is also the 24th most populous country in the world with over 60.28 million people.
Burma is home to some of the early civilizations of Southeast Asia including the Pyu and the Mon. In the 9th century, the Burmans of the Kingdom of Nanzhao, entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Empire in the 1050s, the Burmese language and culture slowly became dominant in the country. During this period, Theravada Buddhism gradually became the predominant religion of the country. The Pagan Empire fell due to the Mongol invasions (1277–1301), and several warring states emerged. In the second half of the 16th century, the country was reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty which for a brief period was the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Burma as well as Manipur and Assam. The country was colonized by Britain following three Anglo-Burmese Wars (1824–1885).
wn.com/Burma -
Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
wn.com/Canada -
Chicago
Chicago (i/ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ or /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/) is the largest city in the US state of Illinois and the third most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles. The city has around 2.7 million residents. Its metropolitan area, sometimes called "Chicagoland", is the third largest in the United States, with an estimated 9.8 million people. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County, though a small portion also extends into DuPage County.
Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. Today, Chicago is listed as an alpha+ global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and ranks seventh in the world on the 2012 Global Cities Index. The city retains its status as an international hub for finance, industry, telecommunications and infrastructure, with O'Hare International Airport being the second busiest airport in the world in terms of traffic movements. In 2008[update], the city hosted 45.6 million domestic and overseas visitors. Among metropolitan areas, Chicago has the 4th largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the world, ranking just behind Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles. Chicago is one of the most important Worldwide Centers of Commerce and trade.
wn.com/Chicago -
Colorado
Colorado (i/kɒləˈrædoʊ/ or /kɒləˈrɒdoʊ/) is the US state that encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, and the Mountain States. Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 22nd most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,116,796 on July 1, 2011, an increase of +1.74% since the 2010 United States Census.
The state was named for the Colorado River, which early Spanish explorers named the Río Colorado for the red colored (Spanish: colorado) silt the river carried from the mountains. On August 1, 1876, U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed a proclamation admitting Colorado as the 38th state. Colorado is nicknamed the "Centennial State" because it was admitted to the Union in 1876, the centennial year of the United States Declaration of Independence.
wn.com/Colorado -
Communist Party USA
Coordinates: 40°44′40.8″N 73°59′48.5″W / 40.744667°N 73.996806°W / 40.744667; -73.996806
The Communist Party USA (CPUSA) is a Marxist political party in the United States, established in 1919. It has a long, complex history that is closely related to the histories of similar communist parties worldwide and the U.S. labor movement.
For the first half of the 20th century, the CPUSA was the largest and most influential communist party in the United States. It played a very prominent role in the U.S. labor movement from the 1920s through the 1940s, having a major hand in founding most of the country's first industrial unions (which would later use the McCarran Internal Security Act to expel their Communist members) while also becoming known for opposing racism and fighting for integration in workplaces and communities during the height of the Jim Crow period of U.S. racial segregation. Historian Ellen Schrecker concludes that decades of recent scholarship offers a "nuanced portrayal of the party as both a Stalinist sect tied to a vicious regime and the most dynamic organization within the American Left during the 1930s and '40s". In regards to the former charge, the CPUSA, claiming proletarian internationalism (while the U.S. Government called it espionage), sponsored an elaborate intelligence network on behalf of the Soviet Union, involving over 500 members acting as agents. The most prominent example dealt with the Manhattan Project in which the network was accused in giving the blueprints of the atomic bomb to the Soviets; Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were thereafter convicted and executed as the chief architects of this plan. Subsequent examination of the trial record shows the testimony directly tying the Rosenbergs to the atomic blueprints was conflicted and possibly false.
wn.com/Communist_Party_USA -
Creators Syndicate
Creators Syndicate is an independent distributor of comic strips and syndicated columns for daily newspapers. It was founded in 1987 by Richard S. Newcombe, and is based in Los Angeles. Creators was one of the first syndicates to allow its clients to maintain creative control of their material. Since its inception, Creators has become only the second major independent syndicate founded since the 1930s.
Rick Newcombe accomplished what most industry analysts considered impossible: He founded the first successful independent newspaper syndication company in two decades—only the second major independent syndicate started since the 1930s.
When Newcombe left News America Syndicate after it was sold to King Features Syndicate, his new company was quickly given substantial firepower when Ann Landers and Johnny Hart signed on. Within a few months Herblock joined the team.
Creators Syndicate has more Pulitzer Prize winners than any other syndicate. This list includes Steve Benson, Connie Schultz, Steve Breen and two-time winners Mike Luckovich, Michael Ramirez and Paul Szep.
wn.com/Creators_Syndicate -
East Wing
Coordinates: 38°53′51.08″N 77°2′8.30″W / 38.8975222°N 77.035639°W / 38.8975222; -77.035639
The East Wing is a part of the White House Complex. It is a two-story structure on the east side of the White House Executive Residence, the home of the President of the United States. The East Wing also includes the White House theater, the visitor's entrance, and the East Colonnade, a corridor connecting the body of the East Wing to the residence. Social visitors to the White House usually enter in the East Wing.
Visitors touring the White House enter through the wood-paneled lobby, where portraits of presidents and first ladies hang. They go through the Garden Room and along the East Colonnade, which has a view of the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden, past the theater to the Visitors Foyer. They enter the residence at the ground floor.
President Jefferson added colonnaded terraces to the east and west sides of the White House, but no actual wings. Under Jackson in 1834, running water was piped in from a spring and pumped up into the east terrace in metal tubes. These ran through the walls and protruded into the rooms, controlled by spigots. Initially, the water was for washing items, but soon the first bathing rooms were created, in the ground-level east colonnade. Van Buren had shower baths installed here. The East Terrace was removed in 1866. For many years, a greenhouse occupied the east grounds of the White House.
wn.com/East_Wing -
France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] (
listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
wn.com/France -
Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
wn.com/Germany -
Illinois
Illinois (i/ˌɪlɨˈnɔɪ/ IL-i-NOY) is the 25th most extensive and the 5th most populous of the 50 United States, and is often noted as a microcosm of the entire country. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois, and natural resources like coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a broad economic base. Illinois is a major transportation hub. The Port of Chicago connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes, via the Saint Lawrence Seaway, to the Atlantic Ocean; as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River, via the Illinois River. For decades, O'Hare International Airport has ranked as one of the world's busiest airports. Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics.
Although the state's largest population centers today are in northern Illinois, originally the state's population grew from south to north, with settlers arriving from Kentucky in the 1810s. In 1818, Illinois achieved statehood. Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River, one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan. Railroads and John Deere's invention of the self-scouring steel plow turned Illinois' rich prairie into some of the world's most productive and valuable farmlands, attracting immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden. By 1900, the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars. The Great Migration established a large community of African Americans in Chicago that created the city's famous jazz and blues cultures.
wn.com/Illinois -
India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
wn.com/India -
Indiana
Indiana (i/ɪndiˈænə/) is a US state, admitted to the United States as the 19th on December 11, 1816. It is located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 15th most populous of the 50 United States. Indiana is the least extensive state in the continental US west of the Appalachian Mountains. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis, the second largest of any state capital and largest state capital east of the Mississippi River.
Before it became a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Angel Mounds State Historic Site, one of the best preserved ancient earthwork mound sites in the United States, can be found in Southwestern Indiana near Evansville. Residents of Indiana are known as Hoosiers. The etymology of the word is disputed, but the leading theory as advanced by the Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society has "Hoosier" originating from the upland South region of the U.S. as a derogatory slang term for a rough countryman, a country bumpkin.
wn.com/Indiana -
Iowa
Iowa (i/ˈaɪ.əwə/) is a state located in the Midwestern United States, an area often referred to as the "American Heartland". It derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many American Indian tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa was a part of the French colony of New France. After the Louisiana Purchase, settlers laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is often known as the "Food Capital of the World".
In the latter half of the 20th century, Iowa's agricultural economy transitioned to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing, processing, financial services, biotechnology, and green energy production. Iowa is the 26th most extensive and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city is Des Moines. Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states to live in.
Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east; the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west; the northern boundary is a line along 43 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude. The southern border is the Des Moines River and a not-quite-straight line along approximately 40 degrees 35 minutes north, as decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Missouri v. Iowa after a standoff between Missouri and Iowa known as the Honey War.
wn.com/Iowa -
Iraq
Iraq (/ɪˈræk/ ori/ɪˈrɑːk/; Arabic: العراق al-‘Irāq); officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: 
جمهورية العراق (help·info) Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.
Iraq borders Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the southwest and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country.
Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
Historically, Iraq was the center of the Abbasid Arabic Islamic Empire. Iraq has been known to the west by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing, law and the wheel. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Abbasid empires. It was also part of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.
wn.com/Iraq -
Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
wn.com/Italy -
Japan
Japani/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
wn.com/Japan -
McGill University
McGill University is a public research university located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. McGill University is one of world's most prestigious universities. The university bears the name of James McGill, a prominent Montreal merchant from Glasgow, Scotland and alumnus of Glasgow University, whose bequest formed the beginning of the university. Founded in 1821, McGill was chartered during the British colonial era, 46 years before the Canadian Confederation, making it one of the oldest universities in Canada.
As of 2011, McGill ranked 1st in Canada and 17th in the world in the QS World University Rankings. According to the 2011 Emerging/Trendence global employability ranking, McGill was ranked 19th in the world for popularity among major employers. In the Maclean's 21st Annual University Ranking (2011), McGill was ranked 1st in Canada among all institutions offering medical and doctoral degrees, maintaining this ranking for the seventh year in a row.
With almost 215,000 living alumni worldwide, students and professors at McGill have been recognized in fields ranging from the arts and sciences, to business, politics, and sports. Notable alumni include eleven Nobel Laureates, one hundred and thirty-two Rhodes Scholars, three astronauts, two Canadian prime ministers, eleven justices of the Canadian Supreme Court, three foreign leaders, nine Academy Award winners, three Pulitzer Prize winners, and twenty-eight Olympic medalists.
wn.com/McGill_University -
New Hampshire
New Hampshire (i/njuːˈhæmpʃər/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. New Hampshire is the 5th least extensive and the 9th least populous of the 50 United States.
It became the first post-colonial sovereign nation in the Americas when it broke off from Great Britain in January 1776, and six months later was one of the original thirteen states that founded the United States of America. In June 1788, it became the ninth state to ratify the United States Constitution, bringing that document into effect. New Hampshire was the first U.S. state to have its own state constitution.
It is known internationally for the New Hampshire primary, the first primary in the U.S. presidential election cycle. Concord is the state capital, while Manchester is the largest city in the state. It has no general sales tax, nor is personal income (other than interest and dividends) taxed at either the state or local level.
wn.com/New_Hampshire -
New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] (
listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
wn.com/New_York -
New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. The city is referred to as New York City or The City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York, of which it is a part. As a global power city, New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. The home of the United Nations Headquarters, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural capital of the world.
Located on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each of which comprises a state county. The five boroughs—The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island—were consolidated into a single city in 1898. With a Census-estimated 2011 population of 8,244,910 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles (790 km2), New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. The New York City Metropolitan Area's population is the United States' largest, with 18.9 million people distributed over 6,720 square miles (17,400 km2), and is also part of the most populous combined statistical area in the United States, containing 22.1 million people as of the 2010 Census.
wn.com/New_York_City -
North Carolina
North Carolina (i/ˌnɔrθ kærəˈlaɪnə/) is a state in the Southeastern United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west and Virginia to the north. North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 10th most populous of the 50 United States.
North Carolina is comprised of 100 counties. Its capital is Raleigh, and its largest city is Charlotte. In the past five decades, North Carolina's economy has undergone a transition from heavy reliance upon tobacco and furniture making to a more diversified economy with engineering, biotechnology, and finance sectors.
North Carolina has a wide range of elevations, from sea level on the coast to 6,684 feet (2,037 m) at Mount Mitchell, the highest point in the Eastern US. The climate of the coastal plains is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the state falls in the humid subtropical climate zone. More than 300 miles (500 km) from the coast, the western, mountainous part of the state has a subtropical highland climate.
wn.com/North_Carolina -
Pakistan
Pakistan (i/ˈpækɨstæn/ or i/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
wn.com/Pakistan -
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (i/ˌpɛnsɨlˈveɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a US state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, and the Great Lakes Region. The state borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Ontario, Canada to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.
Pennsylvania is the 33rd most extensive, the 6th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of shoreline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west. Of a total 46,055 square miles (119,282 km2), 44,817 square miles (116,075 km2) are land, 490 square miles (1,269 km2) are inland waters, and 749 square miles (1,940 km2) are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
wn.com/Pennsylvania -
Pennsylvania Avenue
Pennsylvania Avenue is a street in Washington, D.C. that joins the White House and the United States Capitol. Called "America's Main Street", it is the location of official parades and processions, as well as protest marches. Moreover, Pennsylvania Avenue is an important commuter route and is part of the National Highway System.
The avenue runs for a total of 5.8 miles (9.3 km) inside Washington, but the 1.2 miles (1.9 km) of Pennsylvania Avenue from the White House to the United States Capitol building is considered the most important. It continues within the city for 3.5 miles (5.6 km), from the southeast corner of the Capitol grounds through the Capitol Hill neighborhood, and over the Anacostia River on the John Philip Sousa Bridge. Crossing the entire width of Prince George's County, Maryland, it ends 14.5 miles (23.3 km) from the DC line at its junction with MD Route 408 at Waysons Corner near the Patuxent River, for a total length of 20.3 miles (32.7 km). At this point, as a limited-access highway, it becomes Southern Maryland Boulevard. In addition to its street name, in Maryland it is designated as Maryland Route 4. Northwest of the White House, Pennsylvania Avenue runs for 1.4 miles (2.3 km) to its end at M Street NW in Georgetown.
wn.com/Pennsylvania_Avenue -
Princeton University
Princeton University is a private research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States.
It is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League, and one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences and engineering. Princeton does not have schools of medicine, law, divinity, or business, but it does offer professional degrees through the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, the Princeton University School of Engineering and Applied Science and the School of Architecture.
Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth, New Jersey, as the College of New Jersey, the university moved to Newark in 1747, then to Princeton in 1756 and was renamed Princeton University in 1896. The present-day College of New Jersey in nearby Ewing, New Jersey, is an unrelated institution. Princeton was the fourth chartered institution of higher education in the American colonies. Princeton had close ties to the Presbyterian Church, but has never been affiliated with any denomination and today imposes no religious requirements on its students.
wn.com/Princeton_University -
Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
wn.com/Russia -
Sky News
Sky News is a 24-hour British and international satellite television news broadcaster with an emphasis on UK and international news stories.
The service places emphasis on rolling news, including the latest breaking news. Sky News also hosts localised versions of the channel in Australia and in New Zealand, as well as their previously operated version in Ireland. Sky News is also offered in an international version without the British adverts under the name Sky News International available in Europe and Asia.
Based at a news centre in London, Sky News started broadcasting on 5 February 1989 as part of the then four-channel Sky Television service. Sky News provides an hourly news radio service to multiple radio networks in the UK and Ireland. The channel currently has seven UK bases each with their own correspondents, and the channel can also call upon a wide range of resources and global bureaux provided by its parent company News Corporation such as reporters from Fox News Channel and Fox Business Network (its sister news and business channels).
wn.com/Sky_News -
South Carolina
South Carolina (i/ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/) is a state in the Southeastern United States. It is bordered to the north by North Carolina; to the south and west by Georgia, located across the Savannah River; and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Originally part of the Province of Carolina, the Province of South Carolina was one of the 13 colonies that declared independence from the British Crown during the American Revolution. The colony was originally named by King Charles II of England in honor of his father Charles I (Carolus being Latin for Charles). South Carolina was the 8th state to ratify the US Constitution and become a state which it did on May 23, 1788. South Carolina later became the first state to vote to secede from the Union which it did on December 20, 1860. It was readmitted to the United States on June 25, 1868.
South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 24th most populous of the 50 United States. South Carolina comprises 46 counties. The capital and largest city of the state is Columbia.
wn.com/South_Carolina -
Stanford University
Coordinates: 37°26′N 122°10′W / 37.43°N 122.17°W / 37.43; -122.17
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is an American private research university located in Stanford, California on an 8,180-acre (3,310 ha) campus near Palo Alto, California, United States. It is situated in the northwestern Silicon Valley, approximately 20 miles (32 km) northwest of San Jose and 37 miles (60 km) southeast of San Francisco.
Leland Stanford, a Californian railroad tycoon and politician, and his wife Jane Lathrop Stanford founded the university in 1891 in honor of their son, Leland Stanford, Jr., who died of typhoid two months before his 16th birthday. The university was established as a coeducational and nondenominational institution, but struggled financially after the senior Stanford's 1893 death and after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Following World War II, Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would become known as Silicon Valley. By 1970, Stanford was home to a linear accelerator, was one of the original four ARPANET nodes, and had transformed itself into a major research university in computer science, mathematics, natural sciences, and social sciences.
wn.com/Stanford_University -
Switzerland
Switzerland (German: die Schweiz[ˈʃvaɪts]; French: Suisse [sɥis(ə)]; Italian: Svizzera [ˈzvit͡sːɛra]; Romansh: Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ] or [ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ]), in its full name the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western Europe, where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi). While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8 million people is concentrated mostly on the Plateau, where the largest cities are to be found. Among them are the two global cities and economic centres of Zurich and Geneva.
The Swiss Confederation has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002. It pursues, however, an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. Switzerland is also the birthplace of the Red Cross and home to a large number of international organizations, including the second largest UN office. On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association and is part of the Schengen Area – although it is notably not a member of the European Union, nor the European Economic Area.
wn.com/Switzerland -
Texas
Texas (i/ˈtɛksəs/) (Alibamu: Teksi ) is the second most populous and the second most extensive of the 50 United States, and the most extensive state of the 48 contiguous United States. The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in East Texas. Located in the South Central United States, Texas shares an international border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south, and borders the US states of New Mexico to the west, Oklahoma to the north, Arkansas to the northeast, and Louisiana to the east. Texas has an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km2), and a growing population of 25.7 million residents.
During the Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas: La Provincia de Texas. Antonio Margil de Jesús was known to be the first person to use the name in a letter to the Viceroy of Mexico in July 20, 1716. The name was not popularly used in daily speech but often appeared in legal documents until the end of the 1800s.
wn.com/Texas -
The Village Voice
Coordinates: 40°43′42″N 73°59′28″W / 40.7283°N 73.9911°W / 40.7283; -73.9911
The Village Voice is a free weekly newspaper and news and features website in New York City that features investigative articles, analysis of current affairs and culture, arts and music coverage, and events listings for New York City. It is also distributed throughout the United States on a pay basis.
It was the first of the big-city tabloids that came to be known as alternative weeklies.
The Voice was launched by Ed Fancher, Dan Wolf, John Wilcock, and Norman Mailer on October 26, 1955 from a two-bedroom apartment in Greenwich Village, which was its initial coverage area, expanding to other parts of the city by the 1960s. The offices in the 1960s were located at Sheridan Square; they are now at Cooper Square in the East Village.
The Voice has published groundbreaking investigations of New York City politics, as well as reporting on local and national politics, with arts, culture, music, dance, film, and theater reviews. The Voice has received three Pulitzer Prizes, in 1981 (Teresa Carpenter), 1986 (Jules Feiffer) and 2000 (Mark Schoofs). Almost since its inception the paper has recognized alternative theater in New York through its Obie Awards. The paper's "Pazz & Jop" music poll, started by Robert Christgau in the early 1970s, continues to this day and remains a highly influential survey of the nation's music critics. In 1999, film critic J. Hoberman and film section editor Dennis Lim began a similar Village Voice Film Poll for the year's movies. In 2001 the paper sponsored its first Siren Festival music festival, a free annual event every summer held at Coney Island. That event has since been moved to the lower tip of Manhattan and re-christened the "4Knots Music Festival," a reference to the speed of the East River's current.
wn.com/The_Village_Voice -
Tyson Foods
Tyson Foods, Inc. (NYSE: TSN) is a American multinational corporation based in Springdale, Arkansas, that operates in the food industry. The company is the world's second largest processor and marketer of chicken, beef, and pork only behind Brazilian JBS S.A., and annually exports the largest percentage of beef out of the United States. With 2005 sales of US$26 billion, Tyson Foods is the second-largest food production company in the Fortune 500, the largest meat producer in the world, and according to Forbes one of the 100 largest companies in the United States.
The company makes a wide variety of animal-based and prepared products at its 123 food processing plants. Tyson Foods has approximately 107,000 employees, who work at more than 300 facilities in the United States and throughout the world. Tyson works with 6,729 contract chicken growers.
Tyson Foods is one of the largest U.S. marketers of value-added chicken, beef and pork to retail grocers, broad line food service distributors and national fast food and full service restaurant chains; fresh beef and pork; frozen and fully cooked chicken, beef and pork products; case-ready beef and pork; supermarket deli chicken products; meat toppings for the pizza industry and retail frozen pizza; club store chicken, beef and pork; ground beef and flour tortillas. It supplies all Yum! Brands chains that use chicken (including KFC and Taco Bell), as well as McDonald's, Burger King, Wendy's, Wal-Mart, Kroger, IGA, Beef O'Brady's, small restaurant businesses, and prisons.
wn.com/Tyson_Foods -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
wn.com/United_States -
Wellesley College
Coordinates: 42°17′43″N 71°18′24″W / 42.29528°N 71.30667°W / 42.29528; -71.30667
Wellesley College is a private women's liberal-arts college. Its campus is located in Wellesley, Massachusetts, west of Boston.
Pauline Fowle Durant, and her husband, Boston lawyer and lay preacher Henry Fowle Durant, founded the college in 1870; the first students enrolled in 1875. Wellesley is one of the original Seven Sisters Colleges. After the destruction of the central College Hall in 1914, the college adopted a master plan developed by Central Park landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., Arthur Shurcliff, and Ralph Adams Cram in 1921 and expanded into several new buildings. The campus hosted a Naval Reserve Officer training program during the second World War and began to significantly revise its curriculum after the war and through the late 1960s.
Wellesley enrolls approximately 2,400 students, who choose from over 1000 classes offered by 54 different departments and interdepartmental programs. The college also offers research collaborations and cross-registration programs with other Boston-area institutions, including Babson College, Olin College, MIT, and Brandeis University. Wellesley students have a number of traditions and also participate in 13 varsity sports in the NCAA Division III's New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference.
wn.com/Wellesley_College -
West Wing
The West Wing is the building housing the official offices of the President of the United States of America. It is the part of the White House Complex in which the Oval Office, the Cabinet Room, the Situation Room, and the Roosevelt Room are located. Besides serving as the day-to-day office of the President of the United States, the three floors of the West Wing include offices for senior members of the Executive Office of the President of the United States and their support staff. The West Wing is located directly west of the Executive Residence and is largely concealed from view by trees because its height is lower than that of the main structure.
The West Wing ground floor is also the site of a cafeteria, staffed by Naval culinary specialists and called the White House mess. It is located underneath the Oval Office, and was established by President Truman on June 11, 1951. As of 2009, the mess is open daily from 7 am to 8 pm.
In 1999, The West Wing television series brought greater public attention to the workings of the Presidential staff, as well as to the location of those working in the West Wing. The show followed the working lives of a fictional Democratic American President, Josiah Bartlet, and his senior staff. When asked whether the show accurately captured the working environment in 2003, Press Secretary Scott McClellan commented that the show portrayed more foot traffic and larger rooms than in the real wing.
wn.com/West_Wing -
White House
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades that were meant to conceal stables and storage.
In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior. Reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed house in October 1817. Construction continued with the addition of the South Portico in 1824 and the North in 1829. Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office which was eventually moved as the section was expanded. The third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as a reception area for social events; Jefferson's colonnades connected the new wings. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space. By 1948, the house's load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the interior rooms were completely dismantled and a new internal load-bearing steel frame constructed inside the walls. Once this work was completed, the interior rooms were rebuilt.
wn.com/White_House -
World Trade Center
The original World Trade Center was a complex with seven buildings featuring landmark twin towers in Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. The complex opened on April 4, 1973, and was destroyed in 2001 in the September 11 attacks. The site is being rebuilt with five new skyscrapers and a memorial to the casualties of the attacks. As of November 2011[update], only one skyscraper has been completed; the other four are expected to be completed before 2020. One World Trade Center will be the lead building for the new complex, reaching more than 100 stories at its completion. It became the tallest building in New York City on April 30, 2012, and is expected to be finished by 2013. A sixth tower is awaiting confirmation.
At the time of their completion, the original 1 World Trade Center (the North Tower) and 2 World Trade Center (the South Tower), known collectively as the Twin Towers, were the tallest buildings in the world. The other buildings included 3 WTC (the Marriott World Trade Center), 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC (which housed United States Customs), and 7 WTC. All of these buildings were built between 1975 and 1985.
wn.com/World_Trade_Center -
World Wide Web
The World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3, commonly known as the Web, or the "Information Superhighway"), is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia, and navigate between them via hyperlinks.
Using concepts from his earlier hypertext systems like ENQUIRE, British engineer and computer scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee, now Director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), wrote a proposal in March 1989 for what would eventually become the World Wide Web. At CERN, a European research organization near Geneva situated on Swiss and French soil, Berners-Lee and Belgian computer scientist Robert Cailliau proposed in 1990 to use hypertext "... to link and access information of various kinds as a web of nodes in which the user can browse at will", and they publicly introduced the project in December.
In the May 1970 issue of Popular Science magazine Arthur C. Clarke was reported to have predicted that satellites would one day "bring the accumulated knowledge of the world to your fingertips" using a console that would combine the functionality of the Xerox, telephone, television and a small computer, allowing data transfer and video conferencing around the globe. Clarke also determined that geosyncronous orbit would be possible at the altitude of 22,000 miles, which is why that region is called the Clarke Belt.
wn.com/World_Wide_Web
-
Aaron Burr
Aaron Burr, Jr. (February 6, 1756 – September 14, 1836) was the third Vice President of the United States under President Thomas Jefferson.
After serving as a Continental Army officer in the Revolutionary War, Burr became a successful lawyer and politician. He was elected twice to the New York State Assembly (1784–1785, 1798–1799), was appointed New York State Attorney General (1789–1791), was chosen as a United States Senator (1791–1797) from the state of New York, and reached the apex of his career as Vice President of the United States (1801–1805).
The highlight of Burr's tenure as President of the Senate (one of his few official duties as Vice President) was the Senate's first impeachment trial, of Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase. In 1804, the last full year of his single term as Vice President, Burr killed his political rival Alexander Hamilton in a duel. Burr was never tried for the illegal duel and all charges against him were eventually dropped. The death of Hamilton, however, ended Burr's political career. President Jefferson dropped him from the ticket for the 1804 presidential election, and he never held office again.
wn.com/Aaron_Burr -
Abigail Adams
Abigail Adams (née Smith; November 22 [O.S. November 11] 1744 – October 28, 1818) was the wife of John Adams, who was the second President of the United States, and the mother of John Quincy Adams, the sixth. She was the first Second Lady of the United States, and the second First Lady of the United States.
Adams is remembered for the many letters she wrote to her husband while he stayed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, during the Continental Congresses. John frequently sought the advice of Abigail on many matters, and their letters are filled with intellectual discussions on government and politics. The letters serve as eyewitness accounts of the American Revolutionary War home front.
Abigail Adams was born in the North Parish Congregational Church in Weymouth, Massachusetts, to the Reverend William Smith and Elizabeth (née Quincy) Smith. On her mother's side she was descended from the Quincy family, a well-known political family in the Massachusetts colony. Through her mother she was a cousin of Dorothy Quincy, wife of John Hancock. Adams was also the great-granddaughter of the Rev. John Norton, founding pastor of Old Ship Church in Hingham, Massachusetts, the only remaining 17th-century Puritan meetinghouse in Massachusetts.
wn.com/Abigail_Adams -
Abigail Fillmore
Abigail Powers Fillmore (March 13, 1798 – March 30, 1853), wife of Millard Fillmore, was First Lady of the United States from 1850 to 1853.
Abigail was born in Stillwater, New York, 1798, in Saratoga County, New York. She was the daughter of the Reverend Lemuel Powers, a Baptist minister, and Abigail Newland-Powers, Abigail grew up in Moravia, New York, not far from the Fillmore farm. Her father died shortly after her birth. Her mother moved the family westward, thinking her scanty funds would go further in a less settled region, and ably educated her small son and daughter beyond the usual frontier level with the help of her husband's library.
In 1819, she took a teaching post at the new academy in New Hope, where her oldest pupil was 19-year-old Millard Fillmore. The world of knowledge and Fillmore's steady progress in it drew them together, and gradually the relationship of teacher and student evolved into romantic attachment.
After a long courtship, Millard, aged 26, and Abigail, aged 27, were married on February 5, 1826, by the Reverend Orasius H. Smith at the home of the bride's brother Judge Powers in Moravia, New York. Without a honeymoon, they settled at East Aurora, New York. Mrs. Fillmore continued to teach school until the birth of her first son and maintained a lifelong interest in education. She shared her husband's love of books and helped build their personal library.
wn.com/Abigail_Fillmore -
Adam Nagourney
Adam Nagourney (born October 10, 1954 in New York City) is an American journalist covering U.S. politics for The New York Times.
Nagourney was the chief national political correspondent for The New York Times from 2002 to 2010, when he was appointed Los Angeles Bureau Chief for the Times. He graduated with a B.A. in economics from the State University of New York at Purchase in 1977. Prior to joining the Times in 1996, he worked for the Gannett Westchester Newspaper (1977–83), including serving as a reporter in the Putnam County, White Plains, and Northern Westchester editions of the White Plains "Reporter Dispatch," before joining the New York Daily News (1983–90), and USA Today (1990–1993), where he covered Bill Clinton's 1992 presidential campaign and the first year of the Clinton White House.
After joining The Times, Nagourney was assigned to cover the campaign of Bob Dole. After the 1996 presidential race, he went to New York as the paper's metropolitan political correspondent. He was appointed The Times' chief political correspondent in 2002, and covered the 2004 reelection of President George W. Bush and the 2008 election of Barack Obama.
wn.com/Adam_Nagourney -
Ahmed Rashid
Ahmed Rashid (Urdu:احمد رشید) (b. 1948 in Rawalpindi) is a former Pakistani revolutionary, a journalist and best-selling author of several books about Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Central Asia.
Rashid attended Malvern College, England, Government College Lahore, and Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge.
After graduating, Rashid spent ten years in the hills of Balochistan, western Pakistan attempting to organise an uprising against the Pakistani military dictatorships of Ayub Khan and Yahya Khan. He ended his guerrilla fighting days frustrated and defeated and turned his attentions to writing about his homeland.
He has been the Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia Correspondent for the Daily Telegraph for more than 20 years and a correspondent for Far Eastern Economic Review. He also writes for the Wall Street Journal, The Nation, Daily Times (Pakistan) and academic journals. He appears regularly on international TV and radio networks such as CNN and BBC World.
He is a well known and vocal critic of the Bush administration in relation to the Iraq war its alleged neglect of the Taliban issue. Rashid's 2000 book, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, was a New York Times bestseller for five weeks, translated into 22 languages, and has sold 1.5 million copies since the September 11, 2001 attacks. The book was used extensively by American analysts in the wake of the 9/11 attacks[citation needed].
wn.com/Ahmed_Rashid -
Al Gore
Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr. (born March 31, 1948) served as the 45th Vice President of the United States (1993–2001), under President Bill Clinton. He was the Democratic Party's nominee for President and won the popular vote in the 2000 U.S. presidential election.
Gore is currently an author and environmental activist. He has founded a number of non-profit organizations, including the Alliance for Climate Protection, and has received a Nobel Peace Prize for his work in climate change activism.
Gore was previously an elected official for 24 years, representing Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives (1977–85), and later in the U.S. Senate (1985–93), and finally becoming Vice President in 1993. In the 2000 presidential election, Gore won the popular vote by a margin of more than 500,000 votes. However, he ultimately lost the Electoral College to Republican George W. Bush when the U.S. Supreme Court settled the legal controversy over the Florida vote recount by ruling 5-4 in favor of Bush. It was the only time in history that the Supreme Court has determined the outcome of a presidential election.
wn.com/Al_Gore -
Alan Keyes
Alan Lee Keyes (born August 7, 1950) is an American conservative political activist, author, former diplomat, and perennial candidate for public office. A doctoral graduate of Harvard University, Keyes began his diplomatic career in the U.S. Foreign Service in 1979 at the United States consulate in Bombay, India, and later in the American embassy in Zimbabwe.
He ran for President of the United States in 1996, 2000, and 2008, and was a Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate in 1988, 1992, and 2004. Keyes was appointed Ambassador to the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations by President Ronald Reagan, and served as Reagan's Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs from 1985 to 1987; in his capacities as a UN ambassador, among Keyes's accomplishments was contributing to the Mexico City Policy.
Keyes also hosted a radio talk show, The Alan Keyes Show: America's Wake-Up Call, and a television commentary show on the MSNBC cable network, Alan Keyes Is Making Sense.
wn.com/Alan_Keyes -
Alan Schechter
Alan Schechter (born 1936 in a Jewish family) is a Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Wellesley College in Massachusetts. He was educated at Amherst College, where he received his AB, and at Columbia University, where he earned his PhD. He is a distinguished and award-winning political scientist. He was also Hillary Rodham's advisor during her years at Wellesley College and supervised her senior thesis; Susan Estrich's book The Case for Hillary Clinton mentions her experience also writing an honors thesis for Professor Schechter (at a different time). He remains involved with the college, running the Wellesley in Washington internship program, in which Rodham participated as a student and which continues to send approximately twenty women to Washington for internships each summer. Professor Schechter is the former Chairman, Vice-Chairman, and member of the J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board (Fulbright Program), a Presidential appointment.
wn.com/Alan_Schechter -
Alberto Gonzales
Alberto R. Gonzales (born August 4, 1955) was the 80th, and the first Hispanic United States Attorney General, appointed in February of 2005 by President George W. Bush, becoming the highest-ranking Hispanic in government to date. Prior to his elevation, he was the first Hispanic White House General Counsel, and earlier he had been Bush's General Counsel during his governorship of Texas. In Texas Gonzales had also served as Secretary of State of Texas and then as a Texas Supreme Court Justice. Gonzales's tenure as US Attorney General was marked by several conflicts with Congress. Following bipartisan calls for his removal, Gonzales resigned from the office without explanation. Democrats were particularly opposed to Gonzales for his role in the firing of several US District Attorneys which they believe had politicized his office.
Alberto Gonzales was born to a Catholic family in San Antonio, Texas, and raised in Humble, a town outside of Houston. Of Mexican descent, he was the second of eight children born to Pablo and Maria Gonzales. His father, who died in 1982, was a migrant worker and then a construction worker with a second grade education. His mother worked at home raising eight children and had a sixth grade education. Gonzales and his family of ten lived in a small, two-bedroom home built by his father and uncles with no telephone and no hot running water. According to Gonzales, he is unaware whether immigration documentation exists for three of his grandparents who were born in Mexico and who, like Gonzales and his family, were poor and uneducated and thus they may have entered and resided in the United States illegally from Mexico or they may have entered and resided legally.
wn.com/Alberto_Gonzales -
Alexander Haig
Alexander Meigs Haig, Jr. (December 2, 1924 – February 20, 2010) was a United States Army general who served as the United States Secretary of State under President Ronald Reagan and White House Chief of Staff under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. He also served as Vice Chief of Staff of the Army, the second-highest ranking officer in the Army, and as Supreme Allied Commander Europe commanding all US and NATO forces in Europe.
A veteran of the Korean War and Vietnam War, Haig was a recipient of the Distinguished Service Cross, the Silver Star with oak leaf cluster, and the Purple Heart.
Haig was born in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania. He was the middle of three children of Alexander Meigs Haig, Sr., a Republican lawyer, and his wife Regina Anne Murphy. When Haig was 10, his father, aged 38, died of cancer. His Irish American mother raised her children in the Catholic Church. He attended Saint Joseph's Preparatory School in North Philadelphia. He then studied at the University of Notre Dame for two years, before transferring to the United States Military Academy, where he graduated in 1947. Haig later earned a Master of Business Administration degree from Columbia Business School in 1955 and a Master of Arts degree in international relations from Georgetown University in 1961. His thesis examined the role of military officers in making national policy.
wn.com/Alexander_Haig -
Alyson Kennedy
Alyson Kennedy is an American politician, a member of the Socialist Workers Party (SWP) and was the party's candidate for vice president in the 2008 United States presidential election. The ticket campaigned for young voters especially. At the head of the ticket were two different candidates, Roger Calero and James Harris; Harris was an alternate in some states because Calero was Constitutionally ineligible because he is a lawful permanent resident of the United States (holding a green card), and not a US Citizen. They were the first pair to qualify for the ballot in Louisiana Calero/Kennedy won 5,127 votes and Harris/Kennedy 2,424.
Originally from Indianapolis, Kennedy joined the socialist movement in 1973 in Louisville, Kentucky. She has worked in coal mines in Alabama, Colorado, Utah, and West Virginia. In 1977 she ran as the SWP candidate for mayor of Cleveland, Ohio against incumbent Republican Ralph Perk, garnering 1,225 votes and losing by a wide margin to Dennis Kucinich. She first joined the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) in 1981, and was one of the leaders of a strike in Utah 2004, also being involved in litigation. In 2000, she ran for United States Senate as a certified write-in candidate in a race prompted by the death of candidate and former Governor of Missouri Mel Carnahan. Kennedy is currently employed as a garment worker.
wn.com/Alyson_Kennedy -
Ana Marie Cox
Ana Marie Cox (born 23 September 1972) is an American author and blogger. The founding editor of the political blog Wonkette, she is currently the Washington correspondent for GQ and is lead blogger on US politics for The Guardian. She previously worked at Air America Media.
Cox was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico. She attended high school at Lincoln Southeast High School in Lincoln, Nebraska, where she wrote for the school's newspaper, The Clarion. She graduated from the University of Chicago with an AB in History in 1994. She began graduate school at the University of California, Berkeley, where she was studying American history, but left school and instead became an editorial assistant at the publishing company Alfred A. Knopf.
Cox was an editor of the progressive online magazine Bad Subjects. Later, she was an executive editor of Suck.com, where she wrote under the pen name 'Ann O'Tate' (wordplay on annotate).
In 2004, Cox became the founding editor of political blog Wonkette. Under her tenure, Wonkette was a sportive commentary on Capitol Hill Washington politics, as well as more serious matters of politics and policy. Cox and Wonkette gained notoriety in the political world for publicizing the story of Jessica Cutler, also known as "Washingtonienne", a staff assistant to Senator Mike DeWine (R.-Ohio), who accepted money from a George W. Bush administration official and others in exchange for sexual favors. On January 5, 2006, she officially announced her retirement as the blog's editor and her imminent transition to "Wonkette Emerita".
wn.com/Ana_Marie_Cox -
Anna Freud
Anna Freud (3 December 1895 – 9 October 1982) was the sixth and last child of Sigmund and Martha Freud. Born in Vienna, she followed the path of her father and contributed to the newly born field of psychoanalysis. Alongside Melanie Klein, she may be considered the founder of psychoanalytic child psychology: as her father put it, child analysis 'had received a powerful impetus through "the work of Frau Melanie Klein and of my daughter, Anna Freud"'. Compared to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego and its ability to be trained socially.
Anna Freud appears to have had a comparatively unhappy childhood, in which she 'never made a close or pleasureable relationship with her mother, and was really nurtured by their Catholic nurse Josephine'. She had difficulties getting along with her siblings, specifically with her sister Sophie Freud (as well as troubles with her cousin Sonja Trierweiler, a "bad influence" on her). Her sister, Sophie, who was the more attractive child, represented a threat in the struggle for the affection of their father: 'the two young Freuds developed their version of a common sisterly division of territories: "beauty" and "brains"', and their father once spoke of her 'age-old jealousy of Sophie'.
wn.com/Anna_Freud -
Anna Harrison
Anna Tuthill Symmes Harrison (July 25, 1775 - February 25, 1864), wife of President William Henry Harrison and grandmother of President Benjamin Harrison, was nominally First Lady of the United States during her husband's one-month term in 1841, but she never entered the White House.
Anna was born at her father's estate Solitude, just outside Morristown, New Jersey (present day Wheatsheaf Farms subdivision off Sussex Avenue in Morris Township, New Jersey ) on July 25, 1775 to Judge John Cleves Symmes and Anna Tuthill Symmes of Long Island. Her father was a Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court and later became a prominent landowner in southwestern Ohio. When her mother died in 1776 her father disguised himself as a British soldier to carry her on horseback through the British lines to her grandparents on Long Island, who cared for her during the war. Her father was also a New Jersey delegate to the Continental Congress and the Chairman of the Sussex County Committee of Safety.
She grew up in Long Island, receiving an unusually broad education for a woman of the times. She attended Clinton Academy at Easthampton, Long Island, and the private school of Isabella Graham in New York City.
wn.com/Anna_Harrison -
Anne Kornblut
Anne Elise Kornblut (born February 25, 1973) is an American journalist. She is currently a staff writer for the Washington Post.
Kornblut was raised in McLean, Virginia, the daughter of Jane Kornblut and the late Arthur T. Kornblut, a lawyer with a practice in Washington, D.C. Her sister Emily is a human rights educator. She was a National Merit Program semifinalist in 1989. She graduated from Holton-Arms School private school in Bethesda, Maryland in 1990. She is a 1994 graduate of Columbia University.
Kornblut formerly worked at the New York Daily News, at which she served as an intern, and at the Boston Globe, for which she also covered national politics. A veteran of the 2000 and 2004 presidential races, her political reportage has included stories on the reelection campaign of George W. Bush and the Jack Abramoff lobbying scandal.
Kornblut joined the New York Times in 2005. One of her assignments was to cover the political career and reelection campaign of Senator Hillary Clinton; she thereafter became one of the paper's national political correspondents.
wn.com/Anne_Kornblut -
Anne Wexler
Anne L. Wexler (February 10, 1930 – August 7, 2009) was an American influential Democratic political consultant, public policy advisor and later, the first woman to head a leading lobbying firm in Washington.
She was born as Anne Levy on February 10, 1930, in Manhattan, the daughter of Leon R. Levy, a prominent architect who designed the New York Coliseum. Her first involvement in politics was ringing doorbells for Harry S. Truman as a history major at Skidmore College.
She married ophthalmologist Richard Wexler two weeks after her 1951 graduation. As a housewife in Westport, Connecticut, she described herself as having "all the Jewish princess stuff — a lovely home, a full-time maid, lots of vacations" before she started becoming involved in politics.
In 1966, Wexler began her political career by helping John Fitzgerald organize a Congressional campaign against the pro-Vietnam war Democrat incumbent Donald J. Irwin. She organized the Connecticut effort for Eugene McCarthy's 1968 presidential campaign, and served on the rules committee at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, where she was the primary author of the committee's minority report, whose recommendations on reforms in choosing delegates were later accepted.
wn.com/Anne_Wexler -
Arne Duncan
Arne Duncan (born November 6, 1964) is an American education administrator and currently United States Secretary of Education. Duncan previously served as CEO of the Chicago Public Schools.
Duncan was raised in Hyde Park, a Chicago neighborhood encompassing the University of Chicago. He is the son of Susan Goodrich (née Morton) and Starkey Davis Duncan, Jr. His father was a psychology professor at the university and his mother runs the Sue Duncan Children's Center, an after-school program primarily serving African-American youth in the nearby Kenwood neighborhood. His ancestry includes Norwegian, Scottish, German, Swedish, and English; his great-great-great-grandfather was U.S. Representative Milo Goodrich. While growing up, Duncan spent much of his free time at his mother's center tutoring or playing with students there. Some of his childhood friends were John W. Rogers, Jr., CEO of Ariel Capital Management (now Ariel Investments) and founder of the Ariel Community Academy, Illinois State Senator Kwame Raoul, actor Michael Clarke Duncan, singer R. Kelly and award winning martial artist Michelle Gordon.[citation needed]
wn.com/Arne_Duncan -
Aung San Suu Kyi
Aung San Suu Kyi MP AC (Burmese:
; MLCTS: aung hcan: cu. krany, IPA: [ʔàʊɴ sʰáɴ sṵ tɕì]; born 19 June 1945) is a Burmese opposition politician and General Secretary of the National League for Democracy (NLD) in Burma. In the 1990 general election, the NLD won 59% of the national votes and 81% (392 of 485) of the seats in Parliament. She had, however, already been detained under house arrest before the elections. She remained under house arrest in Burma for almost 15 of the 21 years from 20 July 1989 until her most recent release on 13 November 2010, becoming one of the world's most prominent (now former) political prisoners.
Suu Kyi received the Rafto Prize and the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought in 1990 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991. In 1992 she was awarded the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding by the government of India and the International Simón Bolívar Prize from the government of Venezuela. In 2007, the Government of Canada made her an honorary citizen of that country; at the time, she was one of only four people ever to receive the honor. In 2011, she was awarded the Wallenberg Medal.
wn.com/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi -
Austan Goolsbee
Austan Dean Goolsbee (born August 18, 1969) is an American economist and the Robert P. Gwinn Professor of Economics at The University of Chicago's Booth School of Business. Goolsbee formerly served as the Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers and was the youngest member of the cabinet of President Barack Obama.
Goolsbee served on the three-member Council from the start of the Obama Administration. He advised President Obama during his 2004 U.S. Senate race and was senior economic policy adviser during the 2008 Obama Presidential Campaign. He took over in September 2010 as the Council's Chairman, replacing Christina Romer, who had left to return to a teaching position at the University of California at Berkeley. On June 6, 2011, he announced that he was departing the administration and returning to the University of Chicago.
Goolsbee was born in Waco, Texas, the son of Linda Catherine (née Dean) and Arthur Leon Goolsbee. He was raised primarily in Whittier, California.
He graduated from Milton Academy and received both his B.A. summa cum laude and M.A. in economics from Yale University in 1991 and went on to receive his Ph.D. in economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1995. He was an Alfred P. Sloan Fellow (2000–02) and Fulbright Scholar (2006–07).
wn.com/Austan_Goolsbee -
Bainbridge Colby
Bainbridge Colby (December 22, 1869 – April 11, 1950) was an American lawyer, a founder of the United States Progressive Party and Woodrow Wilson's last Secretary of State.
Born in St. Louis, Missouri, Colby graduated from Williams College (where he was admitted to Phi Beta Kappa), then attended Columbia Law School and New York Law School (1892). He was admitted to the New York bar. He was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1901 to 1902. In 1914, he ran on the Progressive ticket for U.S. Senator from New York, but was defeated by Republican James W. Wadsworth, Jr. In 1916, he ran again, this time on the Progressive and Independence League tickets, but was defeated by Republican William M. Calder.
Colby was a special assistant to the United States Attorney General in an anti-trust action in 1917, and represented the U.S. at the Inter-Allied Conference at Paris the same year. Wilson appointed him Secretary of State from March 23, 1920 and served until March 4, 1921. He supported the President's policies firmly (his predecessor Robert Lansing had not) while the President suffered from severe side effects of a series of strokes. He supported the League of Nations and established a precedent for not recognizing newly Communist Russia which remained in place until 1933. He was a partner in Wilson's law firm from 1921 until 1923 and continued with the law for the remainder of his career.
wn.com/Bainbridge_Colby -
Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (i/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. In January 2005, Obama was sworn in as a U.S. Senator in the state of Illinois. He would hold this office until November 2008, when he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.
Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.
Following an unsuccessful bid against the Democratic incumbent for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2000, Obama ran for the United States Senate in 2004. Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign, including his victory in the March 2004 Illinois Democratic primary for the Senate election and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in Illinois in November 2004. His presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 presidential election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain, and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In April 2011, he announced that he would be running for re-election in 2012.
wn.com/Barack_Obama -
Barbara Bush
Barbara Pierce Bush (born June 8, 1925) is the wife of the 41st President of the United States George H. W. Bush, and served as First Lady of the United States from 1989 to 1993. She is the mother of the 43rd President George W. Bush and of the 43rd Governor of Florida Jeb Bush. Previously she had served as Second Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989.
Barbara Pierce was born in Flushing, New York attended Rye Country Day School from 1931 to 1937, and is an alumna of Ashley Hall School in Charleston, South Carolina. She met George Herbert Walker Bush at age 16, and the two married in 1945, while he was on leave during his deployment as a Naval officer in World War II. They would have six children together. The Bush family soon moved to Midland, Texas; as George Bush entered political life, Barbara raised their children.
As wife of the Vice President and then President, Barbara Bush has supported and worked to advance the cause of universal literacy. She founded the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy while First Lady. Since leaving the White House, she has continued to advance this cause.
wn.com/Barbara_Bush -
Barbara Olson
Barbara Olson (December 27, 1955 – September 11, 2001) was a lawyer and conservative American television commentator who worked for CNN, Fox News Channel, and several other outlets. She was a passenger on American Airlines Flight 77 en route to a taping of Bill Maher's television show Politically Incorrect when it was flown into the Pentagon in the September 11 attacks.
Olson was born Barbara Kay Bracher in Houston, Texas. (Her older sister, Toni Bracher-Lawrence, has been a member of the Houston City Council since 2004.) She graduated from Waltrip High School and earned a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Saint Thomas in Houston. She earned a Juris Doctor degree from Yeshiva University's Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law.
As a newcomer, she achieved a surprising measure of success, working for HBO and Stacey Keach Productions.[when?] In the early 1990s, she worked as an associate at the Washington, D.C.-based law firm of Wilmer Cutler & Pickering where she did civil litigation for several years before becoming an Assistant U.S. Attorney.
wn.com/Barbara_Olson -
Barry Goldwater
Barry Morris Goldwater (January 2, 1909 – May 29, 1998) was a five-term United States Senator from Arizona (1953–1965, 1969–1987) and the Republican Party's nominee for President in the 1964 election. An articulate and charismatic figure during the first half of the 1960s, he was known as "Mr. Conservative".
Goldwater is the politician most often credited for sparking the resurgence of the American conservative political movement in the 1960s. He also had a substantial impact on the libertarian movement.
Goldwater rejected the legacy of the New Deal and fought through the conservative coalition to defeat the New Deal coalition. He mobilized a large conservative constituency to win the hard-fought Republican primaries. Goldwater's right-wing campaign platform ultimately failed to gain the support of the electorate and he lost the 1964 presidential election to incumbent Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson by one of the largest landslides in history, bringing down many Republican candidates as well. The Johnson campaign and other critics painted him as a reactionary, while supporters praised his crusades against the Soviet Union, labor unions, and the welfare state. His defeat allowed Johnson and the Democrats in Congress to pass the Great Society programs, but the defeat of so many older Republicans in 1964 also cleared the way for a younger generation of American conservatives to mobilize. Goldwater was much less active as a national leader of conservatives after 1964; his supporters mostly rallied behind Ronald Reagan, who became governor of California in 1967 and the 40th President of the United States in 1981.
wn.com/Barry_Goldwater -
Benjamin Netanyahu
Benjamin "Bibi" Netanyahu (Hebrew: בִּנְיָמִין "בִּיבִּי" נְתַנְיָהוּ (help·info); born 21 October 1949) is the current Prime Minister of Israel. He serves also as the Chairman of the Likud Party, as a Knesset member, as the Health Minister of Israel, as the Pensioner Affairs Minister of Israel and as the Economic Strategy Minister of Israel.
Netanyahu is the first Israeli prime minister born in Israel after the founding of the state. Netanyahu joined the Israeli Defense Forces during the 1967 Six-Day War, and became a team leader in the Sayeret Matkal special forces unit. He took part in many missions, including Operation Gift and Operation Isotope, during which he was shot in the shoulder. He fought on the front lines in the Yom Kippur War in 1973, taking part in special forces raids along the Suez Canal, and then leading a commando assault deep into Syrian territory. He achieved the rank of captain before being discharged. Netanyahu served as the Israeli ambassador to the United Nations from 1984 to 1988, member of the Likud Party, and was Prime Minister from June 1996 to July 1999.
wn.com/Benjamin_Netanyahu -
Bess Truman
Bess Truman (née Elizabeth Virginia Wallace) (February 13, 1885 – October 18, 1982), was the wife of Harry S. Truman and First Lady of the United States from 1945 to 1953.
She had known her future husband since they attended the same school in Independence, Missouri. As First Lady, she did not enjoy big social events, and was relieved to quit Washington. Dying at 97, she remains the longest-lived First Lady.
Elizabeth Virginia Wallace was born to David Willock Wallace (1860–1903) and his wife, the former Margaret Elizabeth Gates (1862–1952), in Independence, Missouri, and was known as Bessie during her childhood. She was the eldest of four; three brothers: Frank Gates Wallace, (4 March 1887 - 12 August 1960), George Porterfield Wallace, (1 May 1892 - 24 May 1963), David Frederick Wallace, (7 January 1900 - 30 September 1957).
Harry Truman, whose family moved to town in 1890, always kept his first impression of when he saw her at Sunday school: "Golden curls" and "the most beautiful blue eyes." A relative said, "there never was but one girl in the world" for him. They attended the same schools from fifth grade through high school.
wn.com/Bess_Truman -
Betsey Wright
Betsey Ross Wright (b. July 4, 1943) is an American lobbyist, activist, and political consultant who worked more than a decade for Bill Clinton in Arkansas. She served as chief of staff to Governor Clinton for seven years. As deputy chair of the 1992 Clinton presidential campaign, Wright established the rapid response system that was responsible for defending Clinton's record in Arkansas and promptly answering all personal attacks on the candidate. During the 1992 campaign, Wright coined the term "bimbo eruptions" to describe rumors alleging extramarital affairs by Clinton. In the 1990s, Wright was an executive for The Wexler Group, a lobbying firm in Washington, D.C. She currently resides in Rogers, Arkansas.
Wright was born July 4, 1943 in Alpine, Texas. She attended Alpine High School and received her higher education at the University of Texas at Austin, graduating with a bachelor of arts in 1967.
Wright worked for George McGovern's unsuccessful 1972 presidential campaign. It was during this campaign when she met Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham. Wright became close friends with Rodham, a woman she thought had the potential to become a U.S. senator or America's first female president. In 1973, Wright moved to Washington, D.C. and began working for the National Women's Political Caucus, hoping the job would further Rodham's political viability. During Clinton's unsuccessful run for the House of Representatives in 1974, Wright commuted on the weekends to Arkansas to assist his campaign.
wn.com/Betsey_Wright -
Betty Ford
Elizabeth Ann Bloomer Warren Ford (April 8, 1918 – July 8, 2011), better known as Betty Ford, was First Lady of the United States from 1974 to 1977 during the presidency of her husband Gerald Ford. As First Lady, she was active in social policy and created precedents as a politically active presidential wife.
Throughout her husband's term in office, she maintained high approval ratings despite opposition from some conservative Republicans who objected to her more moderate and liberal positions on social issues. Ford was noted for raising breast cancer awareness following her 1974 mastectomy and was a passionate supporter of, and activist for, the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). Pro-choice on abortion and a leader in the Women's Movement, she gained fame as one of the most candid first ladies in history, commenting on every hot-button issue of the time, including feminism, equal pay, the ERA, sex, drugs, abortion, and gun control. She also raised awareness of addiction when she announced her long-running battle with alcoholism in the 1970s.
wn.com/Betty_Ford -
Betty Friedan
Betty Friedan (February 4, 1921 - February 4, 2006) was an American writer, activist, and feminist.
A leading figure in the Women's Movement in the United States, her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique is often credited with sparking the "second wave" of American feminism in the 20th century. In 1966, Friedan founded and was elected the first president of the National Organization for Women, which aimed to bring women "into the mainstream of American society now [in] fully equal partnership with men".
In 1970, after stepping down as NOW's first president, Friedan organized the nation-wide Women's Strike for Equality on August 26, the 50th anniversary of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution granting women the right to vote. The national strike was successful beyond expectations in broadening the feminist movement; the march led by Friedan in New York City alone attracted over 50,000 women and men. In 1971, Friedan joined other leading feminists to establish the National Women's Political Caucus. Friedan was also a strong supporter of the proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution that passed the United States House of Representatives (by a vote of 354-24) and Senate (84-8) following intense pressure by women's groups led by NOW in the early 1970s. Following Congressional passage of the amendment Friedan advocated for ratification of the amendment in the states and supported other women's rights reforms. Friedan founded the National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws but was later critical of the abortion-centered, politicized tactics of many liberal and radical feminists.
wn.com/Betty_Friedan -
Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Inaugurated at age 46, he was the third-youngest president. He took office at the end of the Cold War, and was the first president of the baby boomer generation. Clinton has been described as a New Democrat. Many of his policies have been attributed to a centrist Third Way philosophy of governance.
Born and raised in Arkansas, Clinton became both a student leader and a skilled musician. He is an alumnus of Georgetown University where he was Phi Beta Kappa and earned a Rhodes Scholarship to attend the University of Oxford. He is married to Hillary Rodham Clinton, who has served as the United States Secretary of State since 2009 and was a Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009. Both Clintons received law degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the state's education system, and served as Chair of the National Governors Association.
wn.com/Bill_Clinton -
Bill Dedman
Bill Dedman, an American journalist, is an investigative reporter for news site msnbc.com and a recipient of the Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting.
In 1989, Dedman received the Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting for The Color of Money, a series of articles in Bill Kovach's Atlanta Journal-Constitution on racial discrimination by mortgage lenders in middle-income neighborhoods.
Born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, Dedman grew up in Red Bank, Tennessee. He graduated from the Baylor School in Chattanooga, and attended Washington University in St. Louis.
He started in journalism at age 16 as a copy boy at The Chattanooga Times. He was a newspaper reporter for the The Daily Star-Journal in Warrensburg, Missouri; newspapers in Chattanooga and Knoxville; and for the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, The Washington Post, and The Boston Globe. He was the first director of computer-assisted reporting for The Associated Press, and has written for The New York Times.
In 2006 he joined msnbc.com, where he has written about topics including firefighter deaths, interrogations at the Guantanamo detention facility, and the reclusive heiress Huguette Clark. He is also the moderator of the Open Channel investigative blog for NBC News and msnbc.com.
wn.com/Bill_Dedman -
Bill Richardson
William Blaine "Bill" Richardson III (born November 15, 1947) is an American politician, who served as the 30th Governor of New Mexico from 2003 to 2011. Before being elected governor, Richardson served in the Clinton administration as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and Energy Secretary. Richardson has also served as a U.S. Congressman, chairman of the 2004 Democratic National Convention, and chairman of the Democratic Governors Association. On December 3, 2008, then-President-elect Barack Obama designated Richardson for appointment to the cabinet-level position of Commerce Secretary. On January 4, 2009, Richardson announced his decision to withdraw his nomination because of an investigation into possibly improper business dealings in New Mexico. In August 2009, federal prosecutors dropped the pending investigation against the governor, and there was speculation in the media regarding Richardson's career, as his second and final term as New Mexico governor concluded.
wn.com/Bill_Richardson -
Bob Barr
Robert Laurence "Bob" Barr, Jr. (born November 5, 1948) is a former federal prosecutor and a former member of the United States House of Representatives. He represented Georgia's 7th congressional district as a Republican from 1995 to 2003. Barr attained national prominence as one of the leaders of the impeachment of President Bill Clinton. Barr joined the Libertarian Party in 2006, and served on its National Committee. He was the Libertarian Party nominee for President of the United States in the 2008 election. He is noted for his austere demeanour.
Barr was born on November 5, 1948, in Iowa City, Iowa, to Bob and Beatrice Barr. His father, a West Point soldier, moved the family to various locations around the world while pursuing his career in civil engineering. The second of six children, Bob Jr. spent his boyhood in Malaysia, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Baghdad in Iraq, and finally Tehran, Iran, where he graduated from Community High School in 1966.
Barr returned to the United States, attending the University of Southern California and joining the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity in 1967 (where as of 2011[update] he holds the position of Grand Epiprytanis on the fraternity's Grand Council). Barr also joined the Young Democrats of America and rallied against the Vietnam War. His parents disapproved, and threatened to cut off financial support if he continued his "flaming liberal" activities. During this time, Barr's mother introduced him to the work of Ayn Rand. This fostered a new-found appreciation for conservatism and prompted Barr to join the Young Trojan Republican Club. Barr completed his B.A., cum laude, from University of Southern California in 1970. Barr married his first wife while still in college. They divorced in 1976.
wn.com/Bob_Barr -
Bob Woodward
Robert Upshur "Bob" Woodward (born March 26, 1943) is an American investigative journalist and non-fiction author. He has worked for The Washington Post since 1971 as a reporter, and is currently an associate editor of the Post.
While a young reporter for The Washington Post in 1972, Woodward was teamed up with Carl Bernstein; the two did much of the original news reporting on the Watergate scandal. These scandals led to numerous government investigations and the eventual resignation of President Richard Nixon. Gene Roberts, the former executive editor of The Philadelphia Inquirer and former managing editor of The New York Times, has called the work of Woodward and Bernstein "maybe the single greatest reporting effort of all time."
Woodward continued to work for The Washington Post after his reporting on Watergate. He has since written over a dozen books on American politics, most of which have topped bestsellers lists.
Woodward was born to Jane (née Upshur) and Alfred Woodward in Geneva, Illinois. He was a resident of Wheaton, Illinois. He enrolled in Yale University with an NROTC scholarship, and studied history and English literature. While at Yale, Woodward joined the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity. He received his B.A. degree in 1965, and began a five-year tour of duty in the U.S. Navy. After being discharged as a lieutenant in August, 1970, Woodward considered attending law school but applied for a job as a reporter for The Washington Post, while taking graduate courses at The George Washington University. Harry M. Rosenfeld, the Post's metropolitan editor, gave him a two-week trial but did not hire him because of his lack of journalistic experience. After a year at the Montgomery Sentinel, a weekly newspaper in the Washington, D.C. suburbs, Woodward was hired as a Post reporter in September, 1971.[citation needed]
wn.com/Bob_Woodward -
Book Bill Clinton
wn.com/Book_Bill_Clinton -
Bradford Lyttle
Bradford Lyttle is a prominent pacifist and peace activist, and organizer with the Committee for Non-Violent Action of several major campaigns against militarism, including "Omaha Action", against land-based nuclear missiles (1959); "Polaris Action" against submarine-based nuclear missiles (1960); the San Francisco to Moscow Peace Walk (1961); and the Quebec-Washington-Guantanamo Peace Walk (1963).
Among his theoretical works are a 1958 pamphlet presenting the case for nonviolent national defense against aggression; and a mathematical formula called "The Apocalypse Equation", which argues that, over time, the probability of nuclear missiles being used approaches 100%.
He is also the founder and perennial candidate for the office of President of the United States of the United States Pacifist Party. He ran as a write-in candidate in the 1984, 1996, and 2000 elections, and on the ballot in the state of Colorado in 2008. In 2008 Lyttle came in second to last of sixteen candidates in Colorado for which he received 110 votes, beating only Gene Amondson of the Prohibition Party. In Colorado, Amondson came in last place among all candidates with ballot access (though Amondson won enough votes elsewhere to surpass Lyttle's total nationally).
wn.com/Bradford_Lyttle -
Brian Rohrbough
Brian Rohrbough (c. 1961) was the 2008 vice presidential candidate of America's Independent Party in the 2008 United States presidential election, running on the ticket with presidential candidate Alan Keyes.
Rohrbough was raised in Littleton, Colorado.
Rohrbough dropped out of high school at age 16 and later founded a car stereo business in Englewood, Colorado. His son, Daniel, was the second murder victim in the Columbine High School massacre in 1999, being wounded by Eric Harris, then fatally shot in the back by Dylan Klebold. This event profoundly affected Rohrbough's life. Afterward, he led efforts to examine the sociological reasons for this event, ultimately concluding that America's so-called "culture of death", specifically legalized abortion, and the removal of all vestiges of religion from public school classrooms, were root causes. Since then he has become involved in the anti-abortion movement, and served as president of Colorado Right to Life.
Today he is the president of the splinter anti-abortion group American Right to Life. This local Colorado organization is dedicated to prohibiting abortion. He has appeared on numerous local and national television programs across the country.
wn.com/Brian_Rohrbough -
Bruce Bartlett
Bruce Reeves Bartlett (b. October 11, 1951, in Ann Arbor, Michigan) is an American historian whose area of expertise is supply-side economics. He served as a domestic policy adviser to President Ronald Reagan and as a Treasury official under President George H. W. Bush.
Bartlett has written several books and magazine articles critical of the Bush Administration, whose economic policies he believes significantly depart from traditional conservative principles.
Bartlett was educated at Rutgers University (B.A., 1973) and Georgetown University (M.A., 1976). He originally studied American diplomatic history under Lloyd Gardner at Rutgers and Jules Davids at Georgetown. He did much work on the origins of the Pearl Harbor attack, doing a master's thesis on the topic at Georgetown, the substance of which was later published as "Coverup: The Politics of Pearl Harbor, 1941-1946". He was closely advised by Percy Greaves, who had been Republican counsel to the congressional committee investigating the Pearl Harbor attack in 1946.
wn.com/Bruce_Bartlett -
Candy Crowley
Candy Alt Crowley (born 1948) is an American news anchor currently employed as CNN's Chief Political Correspondent, specializing in U.S. presidential, gubernatorial, and Senate elections. She is based in CNN's Washington bureau. She has covered elections for over two decades.
Candy Alt Crowley was born in Michigan on 26 December 1948. She attended Principia College in Elsah, Illinois for 2 years, before transferring to Randolph-Macon Woman's College in Lynchburg, Virginia where she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English.
Crowley started her career as a newsroom assistant with the Washington, D.C.-based radio station WASH-FM. She moved from NBC to CNN in 1987. She hosted Inside Politics in place of Judy Woodruff before the show was replaced with The Situation Room. On 31 January 2010 it was announced that Crowley would replace John King as the anchor of the Sunday-morning political talk show State of the Union, which she began hosting in February. She was featured twice in 2009 on the tenth anniversary edition of the popular game show Who Wants to be a Millionaire? as the expert for the "Ask the Expert" lifeline.
wn.com/Candy_Crowley -
Carl Bernstein
Carl Bernstein ( /ˈbɜrnstiːn/ BURN-steen; born February 14, 1944) is an American investigative journalist who, at The Washington Post, teamed up with Bob Woodward; the two did the majority of the most important news reporting on the Watergate scandal. These scandals led to numerous government investigations, the indictment of a vast number of White House Officials such as H.R. Haldeman, John Ehrlichman, Charles Colson, and John Mitchell, and the eventual resignation of President Richard Nixon. For his role in breaking the scandal, Bernstein received many awards; his work helped earn the Post a Pulitzer Prize for Public Service in 1973.
In a 1977 Rolling Stone article, Bernstein revealed that over 400 US journalists had been employed by the Central Intelligence Agency (Operation Mockingbird), secretly carrying out assignments and publishing news stories for them.
Bernstein began working for The Washington Post in 1966 and played an integral role in his partnership with Bob Woodward during the Watergate scandal. Bernstein was the first to suspect that Nixon played a part, and Bernstein found the laundered check that linked Nixon to the burglary.
wn.com/Carl_Bernstein -
Caroline Harrison
Caroline Lavinia Scott Harrison (October 1, 1832 – October 25, 1892), wife of Benjamin Harrison, was first lady of the United States from 1889 until her death.
Caroline Scott was born in Oxford, Ohio, the second daughter of the Reverend Dr. John Witherspoon Scott, a Presbyterian minister and professor of science and math at Miami University, and Mary Potts Neal. Although the family was not well-off, Caroline's father made sure that his children were well-educated. Wherever they lived, he always filled the house with books, art, and music. Religion, too, played a large part in his and the family's life.
In 1845, Dr. Scott, along with several other professors, were fired from their positions after a dispute with the university president, George Junkin, over slavery; Scott opposed it, Junkin supported it. After his dismissal, the entire family moved to College Hill, near Cincinnati, where Scott had accepted a job teaching chemistry and physics at Farmer's College. It was in Cincinnati that young Caroline met one of her father's students and her future husband, Benjamin Harrison. The two began a courtship that would last nearly a decade before their marriage in 1853.
wn.com/Caroline_Harrison -
Catherine Ashton
Catherine Ashton, Baroness Ashton of Upholland, PC (born 20 March 1956) is a British Labour politician who in 2009 became the European Union's High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. Under the Treaty of Lisbon this post is combined with the post of Vice-President of the European Commission.
Her political career began in 1999 when she was created a Life Peer (Baroness Ashton of Upholland) by the Labour Government under which she took on a ministerial position (Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State) in the Department for Education and Skills in 2001, and subsequently in the Department for Constitutional Affairs and Ministry of Justice. She became a Privy Councillor PC in May 2006.
Catherine Ashton was appointed Leader of the House of Lords and Lord President of the Queen's Privy Council in Gordon Brown’s first Cabinet in June 2007. As well as Leader of the Lords, she held responsibility in the House of Lords for equalities issues, and she was instrumental in steering the EU's Treaty of Lisbon through the UK's upper chamber. In 2008, she succeeded Peter Mandelson as Commissioner for Trade in the European Commission.
wn.com/Catherine_Ashton -
Charles Evans Hughes
Charles Evans Hughes, Sr. (April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) was an American statesman, lawyer and Republican politician from New York. He served as the 36th Governor of New York (1907–1910), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1910–1916), United States Secretary of State (1921–1925), a judge on the Court of International Justice (1928–1930), and the 11th Chief Justice of the United States (1930–1941). He was the Republican candidate in the 1916 U.S. Presidential election, losing narrowly to Woodrow Wilson.
Hughes was a professor in the 1890s, a staunch supporter of Britain's New Liberalism, an important leader of the progressive movement of the 20th century, a leading diplomat and New York lawyer in the days of Harding and Coolidge, and was known for being swing voter when dealing with cases related to the New Deal in the 1930s. Historian Clinton Rossiter has hailed him as a leading American conservative.
Charles Evans Hughes was born in Glens Falls, New York. He was active in the Northern Baptist church, a Mainline Protestant denomination.
wn.com/Charles_Evans_Hughes -
Charles Goodell
Charles Ellsworth Goodell (March 16, 1926 – January 21, 1987) was a U.S. Representative and a Senator from New York, notable for coming into both offices under special circumstances following the deaths of his predecessors.
Goodell attended the public schools of Jamestown and graduated from Williams College in 1948. He served in the United States Navy as a seaman second class from 1944 to 1946, and in the United States Air Force as a first lieutenant from 1952 to 1953, during the Korean War.
Goodell graduated from Yale Law School in 1951, and also received a graduate degree from Yale University Graduate School of Government in 1952; he was a teacher at Quinnipiac College in New Haven, Connecticut in 1952 as well. He was admitted to the Connecticut bar in 1951, the New York bar in 1954, and began his law practice in Jamestown.
Goodell was a congressional liaison assistant for the Department of Justice in 1954–1955. He won a special election on May 26, 1959, as a Republican to the 86th United States Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Daniel A. Reed. In NY District 43, Goodell polled 27,454 votes (65 percent) to the Democrat Robert E. McCaffery's 14,250 ballots (33.8 percent).[citation needed]
wn.com/Charles_Goodell -
Charles Jay
Charles Jay (born 1960) was the Presidential nominee of the United States Boston Tea Party in the 2008 United States presidential election. He was the presidential nominee of the Personal Choice Party in the 2004 election, achieving ballot status in Utah, and received 946 votes in the general election, coming in third from last.
Jay has a B.A. in business from the University of Miami, and has worked in the sport of boxing as a manager and spokesman, among other positions.
A former member of the U.S. Libertarian Party, he stepped down from the race for the Vice Presidential nomination to the 2004 ballot to run as for President under the Personal Choice Party banner. His vice presidential candidate was Marilyn Chambers, a porn star famous from the 1970s. The Jay/Chambers ticket received 946 votes in the general election.
On Monday, June 16, 2008, Jay won the Boston Tea Party's presidential nomination at its nomination convention that was held on the national party's website online and will again be the candidate of the Personal Choice Party. His running mate was blogger and online magazine editor Thomas L. Knapp.
wn.com/Charles_Jay -
Chauncey Depew
Chauncey Mitchell Depew (April 23, 1834 – April 5, 1928) was an attorney for Cornelius Vanderbilt's railroad interests, president of the New York Central Railroad System, and a United States Senator from New York from 1899 to 1911.
He was born on April 23, 1834. He attended Peekskill Military Academy for 12 years. He then attended Yale University from 1852 to 1856. He had second dispute appointments Junior and Senior years; speaker at Junior Exhibition and Commencement; member of the Thulia Boat Club, Linonia (third president), Kappa Sigma Epsilon, Kappa Sigma Theta, Psi Upsilon, and Skull and Bones.
Following his graduation from Yale, Depew entered the office of Edward Wells, a lawyer in Peekskill, as a student. Depew read law with William Nelson of Peekskill, New York from 1856–58; was admitted to the bar in March, 1858; opened an office and practiced in Peekskill until 1861; later engaged in the brokerage business in New York City as member of firm of Depew & Potter for a few months; then resumed his law practice in Peekskill, but shortly afterwards moved to New York City; in 1865 appointed and confirmed United States Minister to Japan, but declined the appointment to pursue his railroad career.
wn.com/Chauncey_Depew -
Chelsea Clinton
Chelsea Victoria Clinton (born February 27, 1980) is the only child of former U.S. President William Jefferson (Bill) Clinton and current U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton. She is a Special Correspondent for NBC News, and works with the Clinton Foundation and Clinton Global Initiative.
Clinton was born in Little Rock, Arkansas during her father's first term as Governor of Arkansas. She attended public schools there until her father's election to the Presidency of the United States at which time she attended and graduated from the private Sidwell Friends School in Washington, D.C. She pursued her undergraduate education at Stanford University and also earned master's degrees from University College, Oxford, and Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health. She is currently pursuing a doctoral degree at University of Oxford. She has worked for McKinsey & Company, Avenue Capital Group, New York University and serves on the board of the School of American Ballet, Clinton Health Access Initiative, Clinton Foundation, Clinton Global Initiative, Common Sense Media, Shakespeare Theatre Company, Weill Cornell Medical College and IAC/InterActiveCorp.
wn.com/Chelsea_Clinton -
Chester Ashley
Chester Ashley (June 1, 1790 – April 29, 1848) was an American politician who represented Arkansas in the U.S. Senate from 1844 until his death.
Ashley was born in Amherst, Massachusetts in 1790; while a child he moved with his parents to Hudson, New York. He was a graduate, with honors, of Williams College; following this, he took a course in law in Litchfield, Connecticut. Ashley moved west upon completion of his education, going first to Illinois, and thence to Missouri. In 1820 he arrived in Little Rock, Arkansas, soon becoming one of the best and most prominent lawyers in the Arkansas Territory; for a time, his partner in practice was Robert Crittenden. Together, Ashley and Crittenden founded Rose Law Firm.
For some twenty years Ashley's practice was the largest in the state, and he became a wealthy man. This led him to try his hand at politics; in 1844 he canvassed the state campaigning for James K. Polk for president; the Democrats were victorious, and Ashley was elected by the state legislature to fill a vacancy in the Senate. Soon after entering, he was made the Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee; in 1846, he was reelected to the Senate. Two years later he was taken suddenly ill in the Senate Chamber and died not long after.
wn.com/Chester_Ashley -
Chidanand Rajghatta
Chidanand Rajghatta is an Indian-born journalist based in Washington, D.C. He is the present foreign editor and the United States correspondent for the Times of India. He did his masters in Mass Communication from Bangalore University, Bangalore.
His works mainly consist of reports on politics, diplomacy and strategic affairs. He often writes about arts, literature, sports and issues relating to science and technology. He is the author of The Horse That Flew: How India's Silicon Gurus Spread Their Wings, published by Harper Collins.
wn.com/Chidanand_Rajghatta -
Chris Dodd
Christopher John "Chris" Dodd (born May 27, 1944) is an American lawyer, lobbyist, and Democratic Party politician who served as a United States Senator from Connecticut for a thirty-year period ending with the 111th United States Congress.
Dodd is a Connecticut native and a graduate of Georgetown Preparatory School in Bethesda, Maryland, and Providence College. His father, Thomas J. Dodd, was one of Connecticut's United States Senators from 1959-1971. Chris Dodd served in the Peace Corps for two years prior to entering law school at the University of Louisville, and during law school concurrently served in the United States Army Reserve.
Dodd returned to Connecticut, winning election in 1974 to the United States House of Representatives from Connecticut's 2nd congressional district and was reelected in 1976 and 1978. He was elected United States Senator in the elections of 1980, and was the longest-serving senator in Connecticut's history.
Dodd served as general chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1995 to 1997. He served as Chairman of the Senate Banking Committee until his retirement. In 2006, Dodd decided to run for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States, but eventually withdrew after running behind several other competitors. In January 2010, Dodd announced that he would not run for re-election in the 2010 midterm elections. Dodd was succeeded by Richard Blumenthal. On March 1, 2011, the Motion Picture Association of America announced that Dodd will head that organization.
wn.com/Chris_Dodd -
Christian Herter
Christian Archibald Herter (March 28, 1895 – December 30, 1966) was an American politician and statesman; 59th governor of Massachusetts from 1953 to 1957, and United States Secretary of State from 1959 to 1961.
Herter was born in Paris, France, to American artist and expatriate parents, Albert Herter and Adele McGinnis, and attended the École Alsacienne there (1901–1904) before moving to New York City, where he attended the Browning School (1904–1911). He graduated from Harvard University in 1915 and did graduate work in architecture and interior design before joining the diplomatic corps in the following year.
Herter married the wealthy heiress Mary Caroline Pratt (1895–1980) in 1917. She was the daughter of Frederic B. Pratt, longtime head of the Pratt Institute and granddaughter of Standard Oil magnate Charles Pratt. They had three sons and one daughter, including Christian A. Herter, Jr., who was active in international relations.
He was made attaché to the U.S. Embassy in Berlin, and he was briefly arrested while in Mainz as a possible spy. He was part of the U.S. delegation to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, where he helped draft the Covenant of the League of Nations. Later, he was the assistant to Herbert Hoover when he was instrumental in providing starvation relief to post–World War I Europe and was later Commerce Secretary. Herter also participated in the 1919 meeting that resulted in the U.S. Council on Foreign Relations.
wn.com/Christian_Herter -
Christina Romer
Christina D. Romer (née Duckworth; born December 25, 1958) is the Class of 1957 Garff B. Wilson Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley and a former Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers in the Obama administration. She resigned from her role on the Council of Economic Advisers on September 3, 2010.
After her nomination and before the Obama administration took office, Romer worked with economist Jared Bernstein to co-author the administration's plan for recovery from the 2008 recession. In a January 2009 video presentation, she discussed details of the job-creation package that the Obama administration submitted to Congress.
Romer was born in Alton, Illinois. She graduated from Glen Oak High School in Canton, Ohio, in June 1977. She obtained her bachelor's degree in economics from The College of William & Mary in 1981, and her Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1985. Upon completion of her doctorate, she started working as an assistant professor at Princeton University. In 1988 she moved to the University of California, Berkeley and was promoted to full professor in 1993.
wn.com/Christina_Romer -
Christopher Ruddy
Christopher Ruddy is an American conservative journalist. He is currently the CEO of Newsmax Media which publishes Newsmax.com, one of the top ranked websites for conservative political news in the United States. In April 2010, Folio Magazine, a small literary magazine based at the United Methodist Church-sponsored, American University, named Ruddy to its "FOLIO 40" - described as "Our annual list of magazine industry influencers and innovators".
Ruddy grew up on Long Island, New York, where his father was a police officer in Nassau County. He graduated from Chaminade High School in Mineola, NY before graduating summa cum laude with a degree in history from the Roman Catholic, St. John's University in Queens, NY in 1987. He then earned a master's degree in public policy from the London School of Economics and also studied at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.[citation needed] He worked briefly as a high school social studies teacher in the Bronx, New York City.
Early in his career, Ruddy was editor-in-chief of a conservative monthly periodical known as the New York Guardian. While with the Guardian, Ruddy gained notice for debunking a story in the PBS documentary Liberators: Fighting on Two Fronts in World War II that an all-black army unit had liberated the Buchenwald and Dachau concentration camps. He called the documentary an example of "how the media can manipulate facts and narratives to create a revised history both believable and untrue". PBS subsequently withdrew its support for the documentary, following an independent investigation by the American Jewish Committee.[citation needed] Ruddy then moved into more mainstream journalism with the New York Post, which he joined as an investigative reporter late in the summer of 1993. After initially writing about abuse of Social Security disability benefits, he focused on the Vincent Foster case, the subject of an ongoing investigation after Foster had died earlier that year.
wn.com/Christopher_Ruddy -
Chuck Baldwin
Charles Obadiah "Chuck" Baldwin (born May 3, 1952) is an American politician and founder-pastor of Crossroad Baptist Church in Pensacola, Florida. He was the presidential nominee of the Constitution Party for the 2008 U.S. presidential election and had previously been its nominee for U.S. vice president in 2004. He hosts a daily one-hour radio program, Chuck Baldwin Live, and writes a daily editorial column carried on its website, on News with Views, and on VDare.
As a Republican Party member, Baldwin was state chairman of the Florida Moral Majority in the 1980s. However, during the 2000 campaign of Republican George W. Bush for U.S. President, Baldwin left the party and began a long period of criticism of Bush. Baldwin endorsed U.S. Representative Ron Paul for the 2008 Republican nomination for president, and Paul in turn endorsed Baldwin for the presidency in the 2008 general election.
Baldwin supports ending U.S. involvement in the United Nations, reducing U.S. income taxes, and repeal of the Patriot Act. He would withdraw troops from Iraq and seek to end illegal immigration by enforcing immigration laws. He supports the gold standard, the right to keep and bear arms, homeschooling, and the proposed Sanctity of Life Act, which would define "human life" and legal personhood as beginning at conception, and prevent federal courts from hearing cases on abortion-related legislation.
wn.com/Chuck_Baldwin -
Chuck Schumer
Charles Ellis "Chuck" Schumer (/ˈʃuːmər/; born November 23, 1950) is the senior United States Senator from New York and a member of the Democratic Party. First elected in 1998, he defeated three-term Republican incumbent Al D'Amato by a margin of 55%–44%. He was easily re-elected in 2004 by a margin of 71%–24% and in 2010 by a margin of 66%–33%.
Before his election to the U.S. Senate, Schumer served in the United States House of Representatives from 1981 to 1999. He represented New York's 16th congressional district, which was later redistricted to the 10th congressional district in 1983 and to the 9th congressional district in 1993. A native of Brooklyn and graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Law School, he was a three-term member of the New York State Assembly, serving from 1975 to 1980.
Schumer was chairman of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee from 2005 to 2009, in which post he oversaw a total of 14 Democratic gains in the Senate in the 2006 and 2008 elections. Elected Vice Chairman of the Democratic Caucus in the Senate, in 2006, he is the third-ranking Democrat in the Senate, behind Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and Senate Majority Whip Dick Durbin. In November 2010, he was also chosen to hold the additional role of chairman of the Senate Democratic Policy Committee starting at the opening of the 112th Congress.
wn.com/Chuck_Schumer -
Claudia Rosett
Claudia Rosett is an American writer and journalist. She is journalist-in-residence at the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies, a policy institute based in Washington, D.C. A former staff writer for The Wall Street Journal, she writes a weekly column for Forbes, blogs for Pajamas Media, and makes guest appearances on television and radio.
Rosett earned a B.A. in English at Yale University in 1976, an M.A. in English at Columbia University in 1979, and an MBA at the University of Chicago in 1981.
She joined The Wall Street Journal in 1984, becoming the editorial page editor at The Asian Wall Street Journal in 1986. In 1992 she moved to India and then on to Moscow in 1993, first as a reporter for the Journal, then as Moscow Bureau Chief, before taking leave in 1996. In 1997 she returned to New York where she served on the editorial board of the Journal until 2002. She wrote a regular column called "The Real World" for The Wall Street Journal Europe and OpinionJournal.com from July 2000 to December 2005.
wn.com/Claudia_Rosett -
Colin Powell
Colin Luther Powell ( /ˈkoʊlɨn/; born April 5, 1937) is an American statesman and a retired four-star general in the United States Army. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State, serving under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005. He was the first African American to serve in that position. During his military career, Powell also served as National Security Advisor (1987–1989), as Commander of the U.S. Army Forces Command (1989) and as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), holding the latter position during the Gulf War. He was the first, and so far the only, African American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Colin Luther Powell was born on April 5, 1937 in Harlem, a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, to Jamaican immigrant parents Maud Arial (née McKoy) and Luther Theophilus Powell. He also has Scottish ancestry. Powell was raised in the South Bronx and attended Morris High School, a former public school in the Bronx, from which he graduated in 1954. While at school, he worked at a local baby furniture store where he picked up Yiddish from the shopkeepers and some of the customers. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in geology from the City College of New York in 1958 and was a self-admitted C average student. He was later able to earn a Master of Business Administration degree from the George Washington University in 1971, after his second tour in Vietnam.
wn.com/Colin_Powell -
Condoleezza Rice
Condoleezza Rice ( /ˌkɒndəˈliːzə/; born November 14, 1954) is an American political scientist and diplomat. She served as the 66th United States Secretary of State, and was the second person to hold that office in the administration of President George W. Bush. Rice was the first female African-American secretary of state, as well as the second African American (after Colin Powell), and the second woman (after Madeleine Albright). Rice was President Bush's National Security Advisor during his first term, making her the first woman to serve in that position. Before joining the Bush administration, she was a professor of political science at Stanford University where she served as Provost from 1993 to 1999. Rice also served on the National Security Council as the Soviet and East European Affairs Advisor to President George H.W. Bush during the dissolution of the Soviet Union and German reunification.
Following her confirmation as Secretary of State, Rice pioneered the policy of Transformational Diplomacy, with a focus on democracy in the Greater Middle East. Her emphasis on supporting democratically elected governments faced challenges as Hamas captured a popular majority in Palestinian elections, and influential countries including Saudi Arabia and Egypt maintained authoritarian systems with U.S. support. While Secretary of State, she chaired the Millennium Challenge Corporation's board of directors.
wn.com/Condoleezza_Rice -
Cordell Hull
Cordell Hull (October 2, 1871 – July 23, 1955) was an American politician from the U.S. state of Tennessee. He is best known as the longest-serving Secretary of State, holding the position for 11 years (1933–1944) in the administration of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt during much of World War II. Hull received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 for his role in establishing the United Nations, and was referred to by President Roosevelt as the "Father of the United Nations".
Hull was born in a log cabin in Olympus, which is now part of Pickett County, Tennessee, but was then part of Overton County. He became the elected chairman of the Clay County Democratic Party at the age of 19.
In 1891, Hull graduated from Cumberland School of Law at Cumberland University and was admitted to the bar. He served in the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1893 to 1897. During the Spanish-American War, he served in Cuba as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Tennessee Volunteer Infantry.
Hull served 11 terms in the United States House of Representatives (1907–1921 and 1923–1931) and authored the federal income tax laws of 1913 and 1916 and the inheritance tax of 1916. After an electoral defeat in 1920, Hull served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee. He was elected to the Senate in 1930, but resigned upon being named Secretary of State in 1933.
wn.com/Cordell_Hull -
Cynthia McKinney
Cynthia Ann McKinney (born March 17, 1955) is an American politician and activist. McKinney was a member of the United States House of Representatives as a member of the Democratic Party, she served six terms as a member of the United States House of Representatives. In 2008, the Green Party of the United States nominated McKinney for President of the United States. She was the first African-American woman to have represented Georgia in the House.
In the 1992 election, McKinney was elected in the newly re-created 11th District, and was re-elected in 1994. When her district was redrawn and renumbered due to the Supreme Court of the United States ruling in Miller v. Johnson, McKinney was easily elected from the new 4th District in the 1996 election, and was re-elected twice without substantive opposition.
McKinney was defeated by Denise Majette in the 2002 Democratic primary. Some people believe she was defeated because of Republican crossover voting in Georgia's open primary election, which permits anyone from any party to vote in any party primary and "usually rewards moderate candidates and penalizes those outside the mainstream." Others believe that her defeat was due to her "her controversial profile, which included support for Arab causes and a suggestion that Bush knew in advance of the September 11 attacks."
wn.com/Cynthia_McKinney -
Cyrus Vance
Cyrus Roberts Vance (March 27, 1917 – January 12, 2002) was an American lawyer and United States Secretary of State under President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1980. Prior to that position he was the Secretary of the Army and the Deputy Secretary of Defense.
As Secretary of State, Vance approached foreign policy with an emphasis on negotiation over conflict and a special interest in arms reduction. In April 1980, Vance resigned in protest of Operation Eagle Claw, the secret mission to rescue American hostages in Iran. He was succeeded by Edmund Muskie.
Vance was the cousin (and adoptive son) of 1924 Democratic presidential candidate and lawyer John W. Davis. He was the father of Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance, Jr.
Vance was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia. He graduated from Kent School in 1935 and earned a bachelor's degree in 1939 from Yale University, where he was a member of the secret society Scroll and Key. He also earned three varsity letters in ice hockey at Yale. He graduated from Yale Law School in 1942.
wn.com/Cyrus_Vance -
Dan Balz
Daniel J. Balz is a journalist at The Washington Post, where he has been a political correspondent since 1978. Balz has served as National Editor, Political Editor, White House correspondent and as the Washington Post’s Texas-based Southwest correspondent. Balz sometimes appears on the news show Meet the Press and frequently appears on the PBS program Washington Week. In April 2011 the White House Correspondents' Association honored Balz with the prestigious Merriman Smith Award for excellence in presidential coverage under deadline pressure.
Balz is co-author, with Ronald Brownstein of the Los Angeles Times, of the 1996 book Storming the Gates: Protest Politics and the Republican Revival. In 1999, Balz received the American Political Science Association award for political coverage.
Balz's latest work, co-written with Pulitzer Prize winner Haynes Johnson in 2009, is The Battle for America 2008: The Story of an Extraordinary Election" about the 2008 campaign, is based on two years of reporting, and includes exclusive interviews with President Obama, Senator John McCain and many of the top advisers to the major candidates in the 2008 election.
wn.com/Dan_Balz -
Daniel Imperato
Daniel Imperato (b. March 9, 1958, Boston, Massachusetts) is an American businessman, and was an unsuccessful candidate for the Libertarian Party nomination for President of the United States in 2008. Imperato has also unsuccessfully sought the Green Party, Reform Party, and Constitution Party nominations. A resident of West Palm Beach, Florida, the 2008 election was Imperato's first run for political office. Imperato's campaign literature describes him as an "independent Libertarian" and an "alternative candidate" for the Presidency.
Imperato grew up in Revere, Massachusetts. Daniel is the son of Paul "Sonny" Imperato and the late Mary C. Imperato. The Imperatos were originally immigrants from Italy. When promoting The Red Worm (a film he supposedly produced), Imperato claimed his family was descended from the Roman Emperor Nero.
Imperato is currently a Papal Knight [2] and a Knight of Malta [3].
Imperato was a board member and headed up the Palm Beach, Florida branch office of the African Center Foundation. Imperato's website claims the organization is a United Nations non-governmental organization [4] but in reality only works with the United Nations Economic and Social Council [5]. Imperato also is a Chaplain for the Latin/African American Chaplain's Association [6].
wn.com/Daniel_Imperato -
Daniel Inouye
Daniel Ken "Dan" Inouye (/ɨˈnoʊweɪ/; Japanese: 井上 建, Inoue Ken; born September 7, 1924) is the senior United States Senator from Hawaii, a member of the Democratic Party, and the President pro tempore of the United States Senate making him the highest-ranking Asian American politician in American history. Inouye is the chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Appropriations.
A senator since 1963, Inouye is the most senior senator. He is also the second longest serving U.S. Senator in history after Robert Byrd. Inouye has continuously represented Hawaii in the U.S. Congress since it achieved statehood in 1959, serving as Hawaii's first U.S. Representative and later a senator. Inouye was the first Japanese-American to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives and later the first in the U.S. Senate. At age 87, Inouye is the second-oldest current senator, after 88 year-old Frank Lautenberg of New Jersey. He is also a recipient of the United States Medal of Honor, as well as other military awards.
wn.com/Daniel_Inouye -
Daniel Schorr
Daniel Louis Schorr (August 31, 1916 – July 23, 2010) was an American journalist who covered world news for more than 60 years. He was most recently a Senior News Analyst for National Public Radio (NPR). Schorr won three Emmy Awards for his television journalism.
Schorr was born in the Bronx, New York, the son of Russian Jewish immigrants Tillie Godiner and Gedaliah Tchornemoretz. He began his journalism career at the age of 13, when he came upon a woman who had jumped or fallen from the roof of his apartment building. After calling the police, he phoned the Bronx Home News and was paid $5 for his information.
He attended DeWitt Clinton High School in the West Bronx, where he worked on the Clinton News, the school paper. He graduated from City College of New York in 1939 while working for the Jewish Daily Bulletin. During World War II, Schorr served in Army Intelligence at Fort Polk, Louisiana, and at Fort Sam Houston, Texas.
In January 1967, he married Lisbeth Bamberger, a graduate of the University of California, Berkeley.
wn.com/Daniel_Schorr -
Daniel Wattenberg
Daniel Eli Wattenberg (born 1959) is an American journalist and musician. He was raised in Bethesda, Maryland. His father is the pundit Ben Wattenberg and his aunt is the actress Rebecca Schull. He received his BA degree from Columbia University in 1983.
Daniel Wattenberg was a singer and songwriter with several punk rock bands, and made several dozen appearances at CBGB.[citation needed] His best-known band, the Casuals, released an underground hit single in the summer of 1980: "Tokens of Love" backed with "(Don't) Ripple My Lake".[citation needed] The A-side was a safe sex anthem written at the beginning of the AIDS epidemic.
Wattenberg retired from music in 1983 to join the US State Department. He was first assigned to the embassy in Paris before being called back to Foggy Bottom to serve as a speechwriter for Elliott Abrams. After the Iran-Contra scandal, he left public service to work as a journalist. He joined the staff of The Washington Times, and became one of the founding staffers of its spinoff, Insight on the News.
wn.com/Daniel_Wattenberg -
Daniel Webster
Daniel Webster (January 18, 1782 – October 24, 1852) was a leading American statesman and senator from Massachusetts during the period leading up to the Civil War. He first rose to regional prominence through his defense of New England shipping interests. Webster's increasingly nationalistic views, and his effectiveness as a speaker, made him one of the most famous orators and influential Whig leaders of the Second Party System. He was one of the nation's most prominent conservatives, leading opposition to Democrat Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party. He was a spokesman for modernization, banking and industry, but not for the common people who composed the base of his enemies in Jacksonian Democracy. "He was a thoroughgoing elitist, and he reveled in it," says biographer Remini. During his 40 years in national politics, Webster served in the House of Representatives for 10 years (representing New Hampshire), in the Senate for 19 years (representing Massachusetts), and was appointed the Secretary of State under three presidents.
wn.com/Daniel_Webster -
Darrell Castle
Darrell Castle (born 1948) is an American political figure, activist and attorney from Memphis, Tennessee, and was the vice presidential candidate of the Constitution Party in the 2008 United States presidential election.
Castle grew up in northeastern Tennessee in a small town near Kingsport. He attended Ketron High School and East Tennessee State University, graduating from each in 1966 and 1970, respectively. At ETSU, he earned a B.S., double-majoring in political science and history.
Castle was then commissioned as an officer in the United States Marine Corps, serving for four years and attaining the rank of First Lieutenant. He cites his military service as fostering his belief that war should not be entered into capriciously nor without congressional approval. After his discharge, he returned to ETSU and began his graduate study of history. He then attended the law school at University of Memphis, then known as Memphis State University, and earned his Juris Doctor in 1979.
Upon receiving his J.D. in Memphis, Castle became an attorney. In 1984, he opened a private firm which later grew into Darrell Castle and Associates. Since then, Castle has opened firms in Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Detroit, Michigan; and Kansas City, Missouri. His firms focus on consumer bankruptcy and personal injury, but also represent clients in the areas of social security/disability and workers' compensation.
wn.com/Darrell_Castle -
David Brock
David Brock (born November 2, 1962) is an American journalist and author, the founder of the media group, Media Matters for America, and a Democratic political operative. He was a conservative journalist during the 1990s gaining notoriety for his book The Real Anita Hill and authoring the Troopergate story, which led to Paula Jones filing a lawsuit against Bill Clinton. At the start of the Presidency of George W. Bush his views shifted significantly towards the left. He founded Media Matters for America, a non-profit organization that describes itself as a "progressive research and information center dedicated to comprehensively monitoring, analyzing and correcting conservative misinformation in the U.S. media."
Brock was born in Washington, D.C., and adopted by Dorothea and Raymond Brock. He has a younger sister, Regina. Brock's family was Catholic and his father held strong conservative beliefs.
Brock grew up in Wood-Ridge, New Jersey, where he went to Our Lady of the Assumption School, and later attended Paramus Catholic High School in Paramus, New Jersey. He then attended the University of California, Berkeley, where he worked as a reporter and editor for The Daily Californian, the campus newspaper, sometimes expressing conservative views. He was an intern at The Wall Street Journal. He graduated from Berkeley with a B.A. in history in 1985.
wn.com/David_Brock -
David Gergen
David Richmond Gergen (born May 9, 1942) is an American political consultant and former presidential advisor who served during the administrations of Nixon, Ford, Reagan, and Clinton. He is currently Director of the Center for Public Leadership and a professor of public service at Harvard Kennedy School. Gergen is the Editor-at-large for U.S. News and World Report and the Senior Political Analyst for CNN.
David Gergen was born in Durham, North Carolina. He is the youngest of four children of Aubigne Munger (née Lermond) and Dr. John Jay Gergen, who once chaired Duke University's mathematics department. His brother, Kenneth J. Gergen, is a psychologist and professor at Swarthmore College.
Gergen served in the U.S. Navy for three-and-a-half years, serving on a ship home-ported in Japan. Gergen earned his bachelor's degree from Yale University in 1963 and was a member of Manuscript Society. In 1967, he received his law degree from Harvard Law School. In 1967, Gergen married Anne Gergen of England. She is a family therapist; they live in Cambridge, Massachusetts. They have two children, Christopher and Katherine, and four grandchildren.
wn.com/David_Gergen -
David Maraniss
David Maraniss (born 1949) is an American journalist and author, currently serving as an associate-editor for The Washington Post. He received a Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting in 1993 for his coverage of then-candidate Bill Clinton during the 1992 United States presidential election.
Maraniss began his journalism career as a high school student in Madison, Wisconsin, where he covered antiwar protests and high school football for a local daily newspaper. He joined the Washington Post in 1977 and has served it in various capacities since.
Maraniss's 2008 book was Rome 1960: The Olympics that Changed the World. He also published in 2006 Clemente: The Passion and Grace of Baseball's Last Hero, about Roberto Clemente. In 2004 he was awarded the J. Anthony Lukas Book Prize forThey Marched into Sunlight: War and Peace, Vietnam and America, October 1967. Previous books include First in His Class: A Biography of Bill Clinton, Tell Newt To Shut Up (co-authored with Michael Weisskopf), The Clinton Enigma, and When Pride Still Mattered: A Life of Vince Lombardi. The Post assigned him the job of biographer for their coverage of 2008 presidential candidate Barack Obama.
wn.com/David_Maraniss -
David Petraeus
David Howell Petraeus (pronunciation: /pɨˈtreɪ.əs/; born November 7, 1952) is the current Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. He was sworn in on September 6, 2011. Prior to his assuming the directorship of the CIA, Petraeus was a four-star general serving over 37 years in the United States Army. His last assignments in the Army were as commander of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and Commander, U.S. Forces Afghanistan (USFOR-A) from July 4, 2010 to July 18, 2011. His other four-star assignments include serving as the 10th Commander, U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM) from October 13, 2008, to June 30, 2010, and as Commanding General, Multi-National Force - Iraq (MNF-I) from February 10, 2007, to September 16, 2008. As commander of MNF-I, Petraeus oversaw all coalition forces in Iraq.
Petraeus has a B.S. degree from the United States Military Academy from which he graduated in 1974 as a distinguished cadet (top 5% of his class). He was the General George C. Marshall Award winner as the top graduate of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College class of 1983. He subsequently earned an M.P.A. in 1985 and a Ph.D. degree in International Relations in 1987 from the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University. He later served as Assistant Professor of International Relations at the United States Military Academy and also completed a fellowship at Georgetown University.
wn.com/David_Petraeus -
Dean Acheson
Dean Gooderham Acheson (April 11, 1893 – October 12, 1971) was an American statesman and lawyer. As United States Secretary of State in the administration of President Harry S. Truman from 1949 to 1953, he played a central role in defining American foreign policy during the Cold War. Acheson helped design the Marshall Plan and played a central role in the development of the Truman Doctrine and creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
Acheson's most famous decision was convincing President Truman to intervene in the Korean War in June 1950. He also persuaded Truman to dispatch aid and advisors to French forces in Indochina, though in 1968 he finally counseled President Lyndon B. Johnson to negotiate for peace with North Vietnam. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, President John F. Kennedy called upon Acheson for advice, bringing him into the executive committee (ExComm), a strategic advisory group.
In the late 1940s Acheson came under heavy attack over Truman's policy toward China, and for Acheson's defense of State Department employees (such as Alger Hiss) accused during the anti-Communist Red Scare investigations of Senator Joseph McCarthy and others.
wn.com/Dean_Acheson -
Dean Rusk
David Dean Rusk (February 9, 1909 – December 20, 1994) was the United States Secretary of State from 1961 to 1969 under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Rusk is the second-longest serving U.S. Secretary of State of all time, behind only Cordell Hull.
Dean Rusk was born in a rural district of Cherokee County, Georgia, the son of Robert Hugh and Frances Elizabeth (Clotfelter) Rusk. He was educated in Atlanta's public schools, graduated from Boys High School in 1925, and spent two years working for an Atlanta lawyer before working his way through Davidson College. Rusk was coached in football by William "Monk" Younger and was a member of the Kappa Alpha Order Sigma chapter, becoming a Cadet Lieutenant Colonel commanding the Reserve Officers' Training Corps battalion. He graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1931. While studying in England as a Rhodes Scholar at St. John's College, Oxford, he received the Cecil Peace Prize in 1933.
Rusk taught at Mills College in Oakland, California from 1934 to 1949 and earned a law degree at the University of California, Berkeley in 1940. He married Virginia Foisie (October 5, 1915 – February 24, 1996) on June 9, 1937 and they had three children.
wn.com/Dean_Rusk -
Debbie Stabenow
Deborah Ann "Debbie" Greer Stabenow (born April 29, 1950) is the junior United States Senator from Michigan and a member of the Democratic Party. Before her election to the U.S. Senate, she was a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Michigan's 8th congressional district from 1997 to 2001. She previously served as a member of the Ingham County Board of Commissioners, Michigan House of Representatives, and Michigan Senate.
Stabenow defeated first-term Republican incumbent Spencer Abraham in the 2000 U.S. Senate election, becoming the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate from Michigan. She and Maria Cantwell were the first women to defeat incumbent Senators in a general election. Stabenow was re-elected easily in 2006, receiving 57% of the vote.
Stabenow currently serves as Chairwoman of the Senate Agriculture Committee. Her current Senate term ends in January 2013 and she is seeking re-election to the seat in November 2012.
Stabenow was born in Gladwin, Michigan, the daughter of Anna Merle (née Hallmark) and Robert Lee Greer. She grew up in Clare, Michigan, where her father and grandfather owned an auto dealership. She graduated from Clare High School. She received a B.A. from Michigan State University in 1972 and a M.S.W. magna cum laude from Michigan State University in 1975.
wn.com/Debbie_Stabenow -
Dennis Kucinich
Dennis John Kucinich ( /kuːˈsɪnɪtʃ/; born October 8, 1946) is the U.S. Representative for Ohio's 10th congressional district, serving since 1997. He was furthermore a candidate for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in the 2004 and 2008 presidential elections.
The district includes most of western Cleveland as well as suburbs such as Parma and Lakewood. He is a member of the House Committee on Education and the Workforce.
From 1977 to 1979, Kucinich served as the 53rd mayor of Cleveland, Ohio, a tumultuous term in which he survived a recall election and was successful in a battle against selling the municipal electric utility before being defeated for reelection by George Voinovich.
Through his various governmental positions and campaigns, Kucinich has attracted attention for consistently delivering "the strongest liberal" perspective. This perspective has been shown by his actions, such as bringing articles of impeachment against President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney, and being the only Democratic candidate in the 2008 election to have voted against invading Iraq, although eventual nominee Barack Obama had also opposed the Iraq War at the time it was started, even though he had not been in Congress at the time.
wn.com/Dennis_Kucinich -
DeWitt Clinton
DeWitt Clinton (March 2, 1769 – February 11, 1828) was an early American politician and naturalist who served as United States Senator and the sixth Governor of New York. In this last capacity he was largely responsible for the construction of the Erie Canal. Clinton was the leader of New York's People’s Party, and was a major rival of Martin van Buren, who was attorney general of New York during Clinton's governorship. According to Daniel Walker Howe (2007) Clinton is an authentic but largely forgotten hero of American democracy. Howe explains, "The infrastructure he worked to create would transform American life, enhancing economic opportunity, political participation, and intellectual awareness."
DeWitt Clinton was the second son born to James Clinton and his wife Mary DeWitt (1737–1795, aunt of Simeon De Witt), and was educated at King's College, what is now Columbia University. He became the secretary to his uncle, George Clinton, who was then governor of New York. Soon after he became a member of the Democratic-Republican Party. He was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1798, and of the New York State Senate from the Southern District from 1798 to 1802, and from 1806 to 1811. He was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention in 1801. He was a member of the Council of Appointments in 1801–1802 and 1806–1807.
wn.com/DeWitt_Clinton -
Diane Beall Templin
Diane Beall Templin (born May 23, 1947, Buffalo, New York) was a third-party candidate for President of the United States in the 1996 election, the 2004 election, and the 2008 election.
In 1996 her running mate was Gary Van Horn; that year she was on the ballot in Utah representing the Independent American Party (IAP), where she received 1,290 votes; in Colorado she represented the American Party and received 557 votes. The 2000 ticket of the American Party, Don Rogers and Albert B. "Al" Moore, promised that if elected they would nominate Templin to head the Environmental Protection Agency and to the United States Supreme Court. When she ran again in 2004, her Vice Presidential nominee was Al Moore; they were not on the ballot in any state. They replaced the brief American Party ticket of Robert Boyd[disambiguation needed
] and Walter Thompson[disambiguation needed ], who chose to withdraw.
Templin was one of 135 candidates who ran for governor in the 2003 California gubernatorial recall election, receiving 1,067 votes. The San Diego described her as a "swing dance enthusiast." During the recall campaign, Templin appeared on a statewide PBS news program as she was dipped by a dance partner while declaring that California was "upside down." She has also run for California Attorney General in 1998 and 2002 as a candidate of the American Independent Party of California and has been a perennial candidate for Congress in California's 50th and 51st district in 2004.
wn.com/Diane_Beall_Templin -
Dolley Madison
Dolley Payne Todd Madison (May 20, 1768 – July 12, 1849) was the spouse of the fourth President of the United States, James Madison, and was First Lady of the United States from 1809 to 1817. She was notable for her social gifts and helped define the role of the First Lady. Her success as a hostess contributed to increasing the popularity of Madison as president.
During the previous administration of Thomas Jefferson, a widower and their friend, she occasionally acted as First Lady for him to fulfill the ceremonial functions more usually associated with the President's wife. She also aided in the completion and furnishing the interior of the newly constructed White House.
In the past, biographers and others stated that her given name was Dorothea after her aunt, or Dorothy, and that Dolly was a nickname. But, her birth was registered with the New Garden Friends Meeting as Dolley, and her will of 1841 states "I, Dolly P. Madison". Based on manuscript evidence and the scholarship of recent biographers, Dollie, spelled with an "i", appears to have been her given name at birth. Spelling was more variable in those years. Historians have settled on using Dolley as the spelling of her given name.
wn.com/Dolley_Madison -
Doug Stanhope
Douglas Gene "Doug" Stanhope (born March 25, 1967) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, and author known for his on-stage drinking and abrasive comedy routines.
Stanhope quit high school after his freshman year. His comedy career began in 1990 in Las Vegas.
Stanhope has made appearances at several major comedy festivals, including the Montreal Just For Laughs, US Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen, Colorado, the Chicago Comedy Festival and the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in Scotland, where he won the Strathmore Press Award in 2002.
Stanhope was the winner of the 1995 San Francisco International Comedy Competition where he edged out notable comedic actor Dane Cook in a three-week contest. He's appeared in dozens of national and international standup comedy television specials. He claims that his appearance on the BBC television show, Live Floor Show, (broadcast March 20, 2003) was fueled by "ecstasy". According to Stanhope, "TV is just for the money; live performance is where it’s at."
In 2003 and 2004, Stanhope co-hosted the fifth and sixth seasons of The Man Show with Joe Rogan.
wn.com/Doug_Stanhope -
Duncan Hunter
Duncan Lee Hunter (born May 31, 1948) is an American politician. He was a Republican member of the House of Representatives from California's 52nd, 45th and 42nd districts from 1981 to 2009.
Hunter was the chairman of the House Armed Services Committee during the 108th and 109th Congress. Hunter sought the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States for 2008, but his campaign failed to attract significant voters or delegates in early primary and caucus states, and he dropped out after the Nevada Republican caucuses.
He was succeeded as Representative for the 52nd district by his son, Duncan D. Hunter.
Hunter was born in Riverside, California to Lola L. (née Young) and Robert Olin Hunter. He graduated from Rubidoux High School in Riverside in 1966. He attended the University of Montana from 1966 to 1967, and then briefly the University of California, Santa Barbara, before being commissioned into the United States Army in 1969.
He served in South Vietnam from 1970 to 1971 during the Vietnam War in the Army Rangers' 75th Ranger Regiment, attached to the 173rd Airborne Brigade. He participated in 24 helicopter assaults as well as in a small-number of night-time reconnaissance patrols. He held the rank of First Lieutenant, and was awarded the Bronze Star,Air Medal, and service ribbons such as the Vietnam Service Medal. He has said, "I didn't do anything special in the U.S. Army, but I served with very special soldiers I will never forget."
wn.com/Duncan_Hunter -
Earl Dodge
Earl Farwell Dodge, Jr. (December 24, 1932 – November 7, 2007) was a long-time temperance movement leader and a politician of the Prohibition Party, from the U.S. state of Colorado.
Dodge was born in Revere, Massachusetts on December 24, 1932., and joined the Prohibition Party at age 19. He was appointed Chairman of the Prohibition Party in 1979 while the party was operating under the name of the National Statesmen Party; the party name was re-instated following the 1980 election.
In addition to his work with the Prohibition Party, Dodge was active in various other temperance organizations, as well as the Right to Life movement, and in several political memorabilia collecting organizations. In his later years, Dodge began to make a living producing political items.
The following is a list of his candidacies:
Dodge was waiting to board a flight en route from Denver International Airport to Pennsylvania, when he suddenly collapsed. Doctors confirmed it was cardiac arrhythmia. He died on November 7, 2007.
wn.com/Earl_Dodge -
Edith Roosevelt
Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt (August 6, 1861 – September 30, 1948) was the second wife of Theodore Roosevelt and served as First Lady of the United States during his presidency from 1901 to 1909.
Born in Norwich, Connecticut, the daughter of Charles Carow (1825–1883), a merchant, and the former Gertrude Elizabeth Tyler (1836–1895) and a granddaughter of Daniel Tyler who was a general in the American Civil War, Edith grew up next door to Theodore "T.R." Roosevelt in New York and was best friends with his younger sister Corinne. She was T.R.'s first real playmate outside his immediate family.
She and her sister Emily Tyler Carow (1865–1939) were brought up in an environment of comfort and tradition. An infant brother, Kermit (b. February 1860; d. August 1860) died one year before her birth.
At Miss Comstock's school, Edith acquired the proper finishing touch for a young lady of that era. A quiet girl who loved books, she was often T.R.'s companion for summer outings at Oyster Bay, Long Island; but this ended when he entered Harvard College. Although she attended his wedding to Alice Hathaway Lee in 1880, their lives ran separately until 1885.
wn.com/Edith_Roosevelt -
Edmund Hillary
Sir Edmund Percival Hillary KG ONZ KBE (20 July 1919 – 11 January 2008) was a New Zealand mountaineer, explorer and philanthropist. On 29 May 1953, Hillary and Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer Tenzing Norgay became the first climbers confirmed as having reached the summit of Mount Everest – see Timeline of climbing Mount Everest. They were part of the ninth British expedition to Everest, led by John Hunt. He was named by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century.
Hillary became interested in mountaineering while in secondary school, making his first major climb in 1939, reaching the summit of Mount Ollivier. He served in the Royal New Zealand Air Force as a navigator during World War II. Prior to the 1953 Everest expedition, he had been part of the British reconnaissance expedition to the mountain in 1951, as well as an unsuccessful attempt to climb Cho Oyu in 1952. As part of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition he reached the South Pole overland in 1958. Subsequently, he also travelled to the North Pole.
wn.com/Edmund_Hillary -
Edmund Muskie
Edmund Sixtus "Ed" Muskie (March 28, 1914 – March 26, 1996) was an American politician from Rumford, Maine. He served as Governor of Maine from 1955 to 1959, as a member of the United States Senate from 1959 to 1980, and as Secretary of State under Jimmy Carter from 1980 to 1981. Muskie was the Democratic nominee for Vice President in the 1968 presidential election, and was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for President in 1972.
Muskie held the highest office (Secretary of State) held by a Polish American in U.S. history, and also is the only Polish American ever nominated by a major party for Vice President.
Muskie was born in Rumford, Maine. His father, Stephen Marciszewski (mar-chih-SHEF-ski) immigrated to the United States in 1903 and changed his name to Muskie. His mother Josephine (née Czarnecki) was born in Buffalo, New York, to Polish immigrants. His parents, Roman Catholics, had seven children, of whom six survived.
Muskie attended Bates College in Lewiston, Maine, where he majored in history and government. While at Bates, Muskie was a successful member of the debating team, participated in several sports, and was elected to student government. He also worked during the school year as a waiter, and during the summers at a hotel in Kennebunk, Maine, to supplement the scholarship that allowed him to attend the college. He graduated from Bates in 1936, and from Cornell Law School in 1939.
wn.com/Edmund_Muskie -
Edmund Randolph
Edmund Jennings Randolph (August 10, 1753 – September 12, 1813) was an American attorney, the seventh Governor of Virginia, the second Secretary of State, and the first United States Attorney General.
Randolph was born on August 10, 1753 to the influential Randolph family in Williamsburg, Virginia. He was educated at the College of William and Mary. After graduation he began reading law with his father John Randolph and uncle, Peyton Randolph. In 1775, with the start of the American Revolution, Randolph's father remained a Loyalist and returned to Britain; Edmund Randolph remained in America where he joined the Continental Army as aide-de-camp to General George Washington.
Upon the death of his uncle Peyton Randolph in October 1775 Randolph returned to Virginia to act as executor of the estate, and while there was elected as a representative to the Virginia Convention. He would go on to serve as mayor of Williamsburg, and then as the first Attorney General of the United States under the newly-formed government. He was married on August 29, 1776 to Elizabeth Nicholas (daughter of Robert C. Nicholas), and had a total of six children, including Peyton Randolph, Governor of Virginia from 1811 to 1812.
wn.com/Edmund_Randolph -
Edward Brooke
Edward William Brooke III (born October 26, 1919) is an American politician and was elected to the United States Senate as a Republican from Massachusetts in 1966, defeating his Democratic opponent, former Massachusetts governor, Endicott Peabody in a landslide. He served for two terms, and was defeated by Paul Tsongas in the 1978 senate election. He was the first African American popularly elected to the Senate. Brooke would remain the only person of African heritage sent to the Senate in the 20th century until Democrat Carol Moseley Braun of Illinois in 1993, and was the last Republican Senator elected from Massachusetts until the 2010 election of Scott Brown. He is also the only African American reelected to the Senate. Since the death of Charles H. Percy on September 17, 2011, Brooke is the oldest living Republican Senator and the second oldest overall.
Brooke was born in Washington, D.C., in 1919 and attended Dunbar High School. Upon his graduation from Howard University in 1941, he spent five years as an officer in the Army and saw combat in Italy during World War II as a member of the segregated 366th Infantry Regiment, earning a Bronze Star. In Italy Brooke met his future wife Remigia Ferrari-Scacco, with whom he had two daughters, Remi and Edwina. Following his discharge, Brooke graduated from the Boston University School of Law in 1948. In 1950 he ran for a seat in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, but lost. Brooke then made two more tries for office, including one for secretary of state, but lost both races.
wn.com/Edward_Brooke -
Edward Everett
Edward Everett (April 11, 1794 – January 15, 1865) was an American politician and educator from Massachusetts. Everett, a Whig, served as U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator, the 15th Governor of Massachusetts, Minister to Great Britain, and United States Secretary of State. He also taught at Harvard University and served as president of Harvard.
Everett was one of the great American orators of the ante-bellum and Civil War era. He is often remembered today as the featured orator at the dedication ceremony of the National Cemetery in Gettysburg in 1863, where he spoke for over two hours — immediately before President Abraham Lincoln delivered his famous, two-minute Gettysburg Address.
Everett was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to the Rev. Oliver Everett, a 1779 graduate of Harvard College, and Lucy Hill, the daughter of Alexander S. Hill of Philadelphia. He was a direct descendant of Richard Everett and first cousin to Congressman Horace Everett. He attended Boston Latin School and Phillips Exeter Academy and, at the age of 13, he was admitted to Harvard University. In 1811, at age 17, he graduated as the valedictorian of his class. He studied theology under the urging of the Rev. Joseph Stevens Buckminster, and was ordained pastor of the Brattle Street Church in Boston in 1814. But he soon gave up the pulpit for further studies and a post as professor of Greek literature.
wn.com/Edward_Everett -
Edward Livingston
Edward Livingston (May 28, 1764 – May 23, 1836) was an American jurist and statesman. He was an influential figure in the drafting of the Louisiana Civil Code of 1825, a civil code based largely on the Napoleonic Code. He represented both New York, and later Louisiana in Congress and he served as the U.S. Secretary of State from 1831 to 1833.
Livingston was born in Clermont, Columbia County, New York. He was the youngest son of Robert Livingston and a member of the prestigious Livingston family. He graduated from Princeton University in 1781, was admitted to the bar in 1785, and began to practice law in New York City, rapidly rising to distinction. From 1795 to 1801 Livingson was a Democratic-Republican U.S. Representative in the United States Congress from the state of New York, where he was one of the leaders of the opposition to Jay's Treaty, and introduced the resolution calling upon President George Washington to furnish Congress with the details of the negotiations of the peace treaty with the Kingdom of Great Britain, which the President refused to share. At the close of Washington’s administration he voted with Andrew Jackson and other radicals against the address to the president.
wn.com/Edward_Livingston -
Elaine Brown
Elaine Brown (born March 2, 1943 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American prison activist, writer, singer, and former Black Panther leader who is based in Oakland, California. She is a former chairperson of the Black Panther Party. Brown briefly ran for the Green Party presidential nomination in 2008. She currently lives in Atlanta, Georgia, and is a founder of Mothers Advocating Juvenile Justice.
On December 28, 2007, Elaine Brown renounced her affiliation with the Green Party and her bid for Presidency.
Brown grew up in the ghetto of North Philadelphia, with a single, working mother and an absent father. Despite desperate poverty, Brown’s mother worked to provide for Elaine’s private schooling, music lessons, and nice clothing. As a young woman, Elaine had few African-American friends but spent most of her time with her white friends. After graduating from Philadelphia High School for Girls, she studied at Temple University for less than a semester. After withdrawing from Temple Brown moved to Los Angeles, California to try being a professional songwriter.
wn.com/Elaine_Brown -
Eleanor Roosevelt
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (/ˈɛlɨnɔr ˈroʊzəvɛlt/; October 11, 1884 – November 7, 1962) was the First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. She supported the New Deal policies of her husband, distant cousin Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and became an advocate for civil rights. After her husband's death in 1945, Roosevelt continued to be an international author, speaker, politician, and activist for the New Deal coalition. She worked to enhance the status of working women, although she opposed the Equal Rights Amendment because she believed it would adversely affect women.
In the 1940s, Roosevelt was one of the co-founders of Freedom House and supported the formation of the United Nations. Roosevelt founded the UN Association of the United States in 1943 to advance support for the formation of the UN. She was a delegate to the UN General Assembly from 1945 and 1952, a job for which she was appointed by President Harry S. Truman and confirmed by the United States Senate. During her time at the United Nations she chaired the committee that drafted and approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. President Truman called her the "First Lady of the World" in tribute to her human rights achievements.
wn.com/Eleanor_Roosevelt -
Elihu Root
Elihu Root (February 15, 1845 – February 7, 1937) was an American lawyer and statesman and the 1912 recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. He was the prototype of the 20th century "wise man", who shuttled between high-level government positions in Washington, D.C. and private-sector legal practice in New York City.
Root was born in Clinton, New York, to Oren Root I and Nancy Whitney Buttrick. His father was professor of mathematics at Hamilton College, where Elihu attended college; there he joined the Sigma Phi Society, and was elected to the Phi Beta Kappa Society After graduation, Root taught for one year at the Rome (N.Y.) Free Academy. In 1867, Root graduated from the New York University School of Law. He went into private practice as a lawyer. While mainly practicing corporate law, Root was a junior defense counsel during the corruption trial of William "Boss" Tweed. Root also had private clients including Jay Gould, Chester A. Arthur, Charles Anderson Dana, William C. Whitney, Thomas Fortune Ryan, and E. H. Harriman.
wn.com/Elihu_Root -
Elizabeth Monroe
Elizabeth Kortright Monroe (June 30, 1768 – September 23, 1830) was First Lady of the United States from 1817 to 1825, as the wife of James Monroe, fifth President of the United States, who held the office for two terms.
Born in New York in 1768, Elizabeth was the daughter of Lawrence Kortright, an officer in the British army who had made a fortune privateering during the French and Indian War, and Hannah Aspinwall. She acquired social grace and elegance at an early age. A gown in the collection of the James Monroe Museum indicates she was a petite woman, not taller than 5 feet. She first caught Monroe's attention in 1785 while he was in New York serving as a member of the Continental Congress. James, age twenty-seven, married Elizabeth, age seventeen, on February 16, 1786, in New York City. After a brief honeymoon on Long Island, the newlyweds returned to New York to live with her father until Congress adjourned.Their first child, Eliza, was born in late 1786 or early 1787 in Virginia.
In 1794, James was appointed United States Minister to France by President George Washington. In Paris, as wife of the American Minister during the Reign of Terror, she helped secure the release of Madame La Fayette, wife of the Marquis de Lafayette when she learned of her imprisonment and threatened death by guillotine. The Monroes also provided support and shelter to the American citizen Thomas Paine in Paris, after he was arrested for his opposition to the execution of Louis XVI. While in France, the Monroes' daughter Eliza became friends with Hortense de Beauharnais, step-daughter of Napoleon, and both girls received their education in the school of Madame Jeanne Campan, who had been an advisor on court etiquette to Marie Antoinette. This association led to a friendship between the family of Napoleon Bonaparte and the Monroes.
wn.com/Elizabeth_Monroe -
Ellen Axson Wilson
Ellen Axson Wilson (May 15, 1860 – August 6, 1914), first wife of Woodrow Wilson, was First Lady of the United States from 1913 until her death.
Born Ellen Louise Axson in Savannah, Georgia, the daughter of the Reverend Samuel Edward Axson, a Presbyterian minister, and Margaret Jane (née Hoyt) Axson, Ellen was a lady of refined tastes with a fondness for art, music and literature.
Thomas Woodrow Wilson first saw her when he was about three and she was only a baby. In April 1883, Woodrow visited his cousin Jesse Woodrow Wilson in Rome, Georgia and met Ellen again—she was now keeping house for her widowed father. He thought, "what splendid laughing eyes!"[citation needed]. They were engaged five months later but postponed the wedding, while he did postgraduate work at Johns Hopkins University and she nursed her ailing father.
Wilson, aged 28, married Ellen, aged 25, on June 24, 1885, at the home of the bride's paternal grandfather in Savannah, Georgia. The wedding was performed jointly by his father, the Reverend Joseph R. Wilson, and her grandfather, the Reverend Isaac Stockton Keith Axson. They honeymooned at Waynesville, a mountain resort in western North Carolina.
wn.com/Ellen_Axson_Wilson -
Emily Donelson
Emily Donelson (June 1, 1807 – December 19, 1836) was the niece of U.S. President Andrew Jackson. She served as White House hostess and unofficial First Lady of the United States. Born on June 1st, 1908, her father was John Donelson the brother of her aunt, Rachel Donelson. Emily married her cousin, A.J Donelson on September 16, 1824. After her aunt's divorce with Lewis Robards in 1773 and marriage with military fighter, Andrew Jackson on 1741. Her big problem with not creating a legal divorce, having to separate from Jackson, legally divorced Mr. Robards, and remarried Jackson on 1794. At that point the problem was solved, but during the election of 1828, Republicans and supporters to John Quincy Adams found out the whole thing, and blamed Rachel for a bigamist. Even after Emily's uncle won election, 3 weeks later Rachel died of a deadly heart attack. Emily proudly served as hostess until the Peggy Eaton Affair took place, Emily meanly insulted the scandal's subject, Peggy Eaton, the whole thing leaded to Emily quitting job of hostess, so Ms. Donelson was replaced by Sarah Yorke Jackson. Suffering with tuberculosis during working as hostess, she stayed at her mothers house until Emily's died on December 19, 1836 of her tuberculosis.
wn.com/Emily_Donelson -
English people
The English (from Old English: Englisc) are a nation and ethnic group native to England, who speak English. The English identity is of early mediaeval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Anglecynn. England is now a country of the United Kingdom, and the majority of English people in England are British Citizens. Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, a Germanic people originally from Northern Germany who migrated to Britain.
Historically, the English population is descended from several genetically similar peoples—the earlier Britons (or Brythons), the Germanic tribes that settled in the area, including Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons, who founded what was to become England (from the Old English Englaland), and the later Danes, Normans and other groups. Following the Act of Union in 1707, in which the Kingdom of England became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain, English customs and identity became closely aligned with British customs and identity.
wn.com/English_people -
Eric Chester
Eric Thomas Chester (born 6 August 1943) is an American author, socialist political activist, and former economics professor.
Born in New York City, he is the son of Harry (a UAW economist) and Alice (a psychiatrist née Fried) Chester. Both parents were active socialists from Vienna, opposing the rise of fascism and nazism.
Chester was a member of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) while at the University of Michigan in the 1960s, when he opposed the war in Vietnam. In the spring of 1965 he was among those answering the call of the southern civil rights movement, going to Alabama to demonstrate against the federal government's support of Alabama's segregationist policies. Later that summer he once again answered the call, going to Jackson, Mississippi in support of people struggling against the segregationist policies of Mississippi and the federal government. He spent 10 days in the Hinds County, Mssissippi jail. In October, 1965 he was arrested in Ann Arbor, Michigan as part of one of the first acts of civil disobedience against the American government's warfare against the people of Viet Nam. He was a member of New American Movement in the 1970s, and has been a member of the Socialist Party USA since 1980. He helped organize the faculty union while teaching at the University of Massachusetts Boston. He is currently a member of the National Writers Union (UAW), an active member in the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), the Socialist Party of Massachusetts, and the Socialist Party USA, and was the Socialist Party USA’s candidate for Vice President in 1996. The 1996 Socialist Party USA presidential ticket of Mary Cal Hollis and Chester received 4,765 votes. He campaigned for the SP's Presidential nomination for the 2000, 2004 and 2008 elections, but lost to David McReynolds, Walt Brown and Brian Moore, respectively. He twice ran for Congress from Massachusetts's First Congressional District, in 2002 and 2006.
wn.com/Eric_Chester -
Eric Holder
Eric Himpton Holder, Jr. (born January 21, 1951) is the 82nd and current Attorney General of the United States and the first black American to hold the position, serving under President Barack Obama.
Holder previously served as a judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia and a United States Attorney. In that office he prosecuted Congressman Dan Rostenkowski (Democrat, Illinois) for corruption charges related to his role in the Congressional Post Office scandal. Later, he was Deputy Attorney General of the United States and worked at the law firm of Covington & Burling in Washington, D.C. He was senior legal advisor to then-Senator Barack Obama during Obama's presidential campaign and one of three members of Obama's vice-presidential selection committee.
Eric Himpton Holder, Jr. was born in the Bronx, New York, to parents with roots in Barbados.[dead link] Holder's father, Eric Himpton Holder, Sr. (1905–1970) was born in Saint Joseph, Barbados and arrived in the United States at the age of 11. He later became a real estate broker. His mother, Miriam, was born in New Jersey, while his maternal grandparents were immigrants from Saint Philip, Barbados. Holder grew up in East Elmhurst, Queens, and attended public school until the age of 10. When entering the 4th grade he was selected to participate in a program for intellectually gifted students. In 1969, he graduated from Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan and attended Columbia University, where he played freshman basketball and was co-captain of his team. He earned a A.B. degree in American history in 1973. Holder received his Juris Doctor from Columbia Law School, graduating in 1976. He worked for the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund during his first summer and the United States Attorney during his second summer.
wn.com/Eric_Holder -
Eric Shinseki
Eric Ken "Rick" Shinseki (/ʃɨnˈsɛki/; born November 28, 1942) is a retired United States Army four-star general who is currently serving as the 7th United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs. His final U.S. Army post was as the 34th Chief of Staff of the Army (1999–2003). He is a veteran of combat in Vietnam, where he sustained a foot injury.
Shinseki was born in Lihue, Kauai in the then Territory of Hawaii, to an American family of Japanese ancestry. His grandparents immigrated from Hiroshima to Hawaii in 1901. He grew up in a sugar plantation community on Kaua'i and graduated from Kaua'i High and Intermediate School in 1960. After high school, he attended the United States Military Academy and graduated in 1965 with a Bachelor of Science degree and a commission as a second lieutenant. He earned a Master of Arts degree in English Literature from Duke University. He was also educated at the Armor Officer Advanced Course, the United States Army Command and General Staff College, and the National War College.
wn.com/Eric_Shinseki -
Eugene McCarthy
Eugene Joseph "Gene" McCarthy (March 29, 1916 – December 10, 2005) was an American politician, poet, and a long-time member of the United States Congress from Minnesota. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1949 to 1959 and the U.S. Senate from 1959 to 1971.
In the 1968 presidential election, McCarthy was the first candidate to challenge incumbent Lyndon B. Johnson for the Democratic nomination for president of the United States, running on an anti-Vietnam War platform. The unexpected vote total he achieved in the New Hampshire primary and his strong polling in the upcoming Wisconsin primary led Johnson to withdraw from the race, and lured Robert F. Kennedy into the contest. Fellow Minnesotan US Vice-President Hubert Humphrey also entered the race after Johnson's withdrawal. McCarthy would unsuccessfully seek the presidency five times altogether.
McCarthy was the son of a deeply religious mother of German descent, Anna (née Baden), and strong-willed father of Irish descent, Michael J. McCarthy, who was a postmaster and cattle buyer known for his earthy wit. McCarthy grew up in Watkins, Minnesota, as one of four children, and attended St. Anthony's Catholic School in Watkins. A bright student who spent hours reading his aunt's Harvard Classics, he was deeply influenced by the monks at nearby St. John's Abbey and University. McCarthy spent nine months as a novice before he left the monastery, causing a fellow novice to say, "It was like losing a 20-game winner."
wn.com/Eugene_McCarthy -
Eugene Puryear
Eugene Puryear (born February 28, 1986 in Charlottesville, Virginia) is an American activist who was the vice presidential nominee of the Party for Socialism and Liberation (PSL) in the 2008 United States presidential election.
Puryear studied at Howard University as well as a leading activist with the anti-war ANSWER coalition and has helped organize large protests against the Israeli blockade of Gaza. He also writes for the PSL's newspaper and journal. Puryear and the ANSWER coalition were involved in the campaign to free the Jena 6. As a freshman at Howard in 2005, Puryear was interviewed by the Washington Post as an "activist-in-training" and cited his engagement with activism against gentrification, racism, the US occupation of Iraq and other issues. In November 2010, RT interviewed Puryear regarding socialism in the United States.
In 2008, Puryear ran on the Party for Socialism and Liberation's ticket alongside presidential nominee Gloria La Riva. The La Riva/Puryear slate was on the ballot in six states and received 6,818 total votes.
wn.com/Eugene_Puryear -
Evan Bayh
Birch Evans "Evan" Bayh III (pronounced /ˈbaɪ/ BY; born December 26, 1955) is a lawyer, advisor and former Democratic politician who served as the junior U.S. Senator from Indiana from 1999 to 2011. He earlier served as the 46th Governor of Indiana from 1989 to 1997.
Bayh first held public office as the Secretary of State of Indiana, elected in 1986. He held the position for only two years before being elected Governor where he successfully advocated for state welfare reform, tax cuts, and fiscal discipline. He left his office after completing two terms and briefly took a job lecturing at Indiana University Kelley School of Business, before being elected to the U.S. Senate seat once held by his father, Birch Bayh.
On February 15, 2010, Bayh announced he would not seek reelection to the Senate in 2010. After leaving the Senate, he became a partner with the law firm McGuireWoods in the firm's Washington, D.C., office. He also serves as a senior adviser with Apollo Global Management. He was hired as a Fox News contributor in March 2011.
wn.com/Evan_Bayh -
Florence Harding
Florence Mabel Kling "Flossie" Harding (previously DeWolfe; August 15, 1860, Marion, Ohio – November 21, 1924), wife of President Warren G. Harding, was the First Lady of the United States from 1921 to 1923.
She married the somewhat-younger Harding when he was a newspaper publisher in Ohio, and she was acknowledged as the brains behind the business. Known as The Duchess, she adapted well to the White House, where she gave notably elegant parties.
She was born Florence Kling, the daughter of Amos Kling, a prominent Marion, Ohio banker, and Louisa Bouton Kling.
Pregnant at age 19, Florence eloped with Henry "Pete" Athenton DeWolfe, her childhood friend and neighbor, in 1880. To date, scholastic researchers have been unable to locate official documentation or a legal marriage license for the couple, leading to the belief that DeWolfe and Harding were never civilly married, but instead declared common law marriage as allowed at the time in Ohio. DeWolfe proved a spendthrift and a heavy drinker. Shortly after the birth of their son Marshall Eugene DeWolfe (also known as Marshall Eugene Kling) in 1880, Florence left her husband and returned to Marion. She divorced DeWolfe in 1886 and resumed her maiden name; he died in 1894 at age 35.
wn.com/Florence_Harding -
Francis Kernan
Francis Kernan (January 14, 1816 – September 7, 1892) was an American lawyer and politician from New York. He was a U.S. Senator (D-NY) from 1875 to 1881.
Kernan's son, Michael Kernan, became a stockbroker and New York State Senator. His grandson, Michael Kernan, Jr. (1927–2005) was a journalist with the Washington Post.
Kernan was the son of Gen. William Kernan, who came to America from County Cavan, Ireland, in 1800, and Rose Anna (Stubbs) Kernan. He graduated from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., in 1836, then studied law, and removed to Utica, New York in 1839. He was admitted to the bar in July 1840, and then practiced law with Joshua A. Spencer. In 1843, he married Hannah A. Devereux, daughter of Nicholas Devereux, of Utica, with whom he had ten children.
Kernan was school commissioner of Utica, manager of the New York State Hospital, Reporter of the New York Court of Appeals from 1854 to 1857, a member of the New York State Assembly from 1860 to 1862, and a regent of the University of the State of New York from 1870 until his death.
wn.com/Francis_Kernan -
Francis Wheen
Francis James Baird Wheen (born 22 January 1957) is a British journalist, writer and broadcaster.
Wheen was born into an army family and educated at two independent schools: Copthorne Preparatory School near Crawley, West Sussex and Harrow School in north west London.
Running away from Harrow at 16 "to join the alternative society," Wheen had early periods as a "dogsbody" at The Guardian and the New Statesman and attended Royal Holloway College, University of London after a period as a crammer. At Harrow, he was a contemporary of Mark Thatcher who has been a recurring subject of his journalism.[citation needed]
In April 2012, Wheen suffered the loss of his entire book collection, his "life's work", and an unfinished novel, in a garden shed fire.
Wheen is the author of several books, including a biography of Karl Marx which won the Deutscher Memorial Prize in 1999, and has been translated into twenty languages. He followed the biography of Karl Marx with a "biography" of Das Kapital, which follows the creation and publication of the first volume of Marx's major work as well as other incomplete volumes. Wheen had a column in The Guardian for several years. He writes for Private Eye and is currently the magazine's deputy editor. His collected journalism – Hoo-hahs and Passing Frenzies won him the Orwell Prize in 2003. He has also been a regular columnist for the London Evening Standard.
wn.com/Francis_Wheen -
Frank Hiscock
Frank Hiscock (September 6, 1834 – June 18, 1914) was a U.S. Representative and Senator from New York.
Hiscock was born in Pompey, Onondaga County, New York, September 6, 1834. He graduated from Pompey Academy and studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1855 and commenced practice in Tully, Onondaga County, New York
Hiscock was district attorney of Onondaga County from 1860 to 1863. He was a member of the State constitutional convention in 1867. He was elected as a Republican to the Forty-fifth and to the four succeeding Congresses and served from March 4, 1877, until his resignation on March 4, 1887, at the close of the Forty-ninth Congress, having been elected Senator. He was chairman of the Committee on Appropriations (Forty-seventh Congress). He was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1887, to March 4, 1893. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection. He served as the chairman of the Committee on Organization, Conduct, and Expenditures of Executive Departments (Fifty-first and Fifty-second Congresses).
wn.com/Frank_Hiscock -
Frank Lautenberg
Frank Raleigh Lautenberg (/ˈlɔːtənbɜrɡ/; born January 23, 1924) is the senior United States Senator from New Jersey and a member of the Democratic Party. He first served in the United States Senate from 1982 to 2001; after a brief retirement, he was re-elected to the Senate and has served since 2003. At age 88, Lautenberg is the oldest current senator. Before entering politics, he was the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Automatic Data Processing, Inc.
Lautenberg was born in Paterson, New Jersey, to Sam and Mollie Lautenberg, impoverished Jewish immigrants from Poland and Russia who had arrived in the United States as infants. When Lautenberg was 19, his father, Sam, who worked in silk mills, sold coal, farmed and once ran a tavern, died of cancer. Frank Lautenberg had no formal Jewish education as a child; the family could not afford to join a synagogue and did not live very long in any single place.
Lautenberg served overseas in the United States Army Signal Corps in World War II after graduating from Nutley High School. Then, financed by the GI Bill, he attended and graduated from Columbia Business School in 1949 with a degree in economics. He was the first salesman at successful Automatic Data Processing, Inc. (ADP) and was its chairman and CEO. He was the executive commissioner of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey from 1978 to 1982.
wn.com/Frank_Lautenberg -
Frank McEnulty
Frank Edward McEnulty (born 1956) is an American businessperson and politician. In the 2008 presidential election, he was both the Vice Presidential nominee of the Reform Party of the United States of America and the presidential nominee of the New American Independent Party. His running mate was Bobby Klingler. In total, he received 833 votes in the presidential election for his Presidential candidacy and 481 for his Vice-Presidential candidacy. [1]
McEnulty is the President and Chief Financial Officer of Our Castle Homes, a residential building company which develops neighborhoods.
McEnulty is also President of I Made A Movie, Inc, www.imadeamovie.com and the President of more than a dozen other small, entrepreneurial enterprises.
McEnulty is Catholic and a Fourth Degree member of the Knights of Columbus.
In 2010, McEnulty resurfaced to criticize Barack Obama, saying: “By the time the election was over, many people were viewing him as the second coming and no one can live up to those expectations. Unfortunately, he has also failed to live up to even more down to earth expectations as well, which is why I believe so many people are becoming more and more disenchanted with him.”
wn.com/Frank_McEnulty -
Fred Thompson
Fred Dalton Thompson (born Freddie Dalton Thompson; August 19, 1942), is an American politician, actor, attorney, lobbyist, columnist, and radio host. Thompson, a Republican, served in the United States Senate representing Tennessee from 1994 to 2003.
Thompson served as chairman of the International Security Advisory Board at the United States Department of State, was a member of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and is a Visiting Fellow with the American Enterprise Institute, specializing in national security and intelligence.
As an actor, Thompson has appeared in a large number of movies and television shows. He has frequently portrayed governmental figures. In the final months of his U.S. Senate term in 2002, Thompson joined the cast of the long-running NBC television series Law & Order, playing Manhattan District Attorney Arthur Branch.
In May 2007 he took a break from acting in order to run for the Republican nomination for president in the 2008 election, winning 11 delegates before dropping out of the race in January 2008. In 2009 he returned to acting with a guest appearance on the ABC television series Life on Mars and in the movie Alleged, about the Scopes Trial.
wn.com/Fred_Thompson -
French Canadian
French Canadian or Francophone Canadian (also Canadien in Canadian English or in French) generally refers to the descendents of French colonists who arrived in New France (Canada) in the 17th and 18th centuries. Today, French Canadians constitute the main French-speaking population of Canada.
During the mid-18th century, Canadian colonists born in French Canada expanded across North America and colonized various regions, cities, and towns. Today, the majority of French Canadians live across North America, including the United States and Canada. The province of Quebec has the largest population of French Canadian descent, although smaller communities of French Canadians exist throughout Canada and in the American region of New England, where between 1840 and 1930, roughly 900,000 French Canadians emigrated to the United States and New England, in particular.
Other terms for French Canadians that continue to reside in the province of Quebec, are Quebeckers or Québécois. French Canadians constitute the second largest ethnic group in Canada, after English Canadians and before Scottish Canadians and Irish Canadians.
wn.com/French_Canadian -
French people
The French (French: Français) are a nation that share a common French culture and speak the French language as a mother tongue. Historically, the French population are descended from peoples of Celtic, Latin and Germanic origin, and are today a mixture of several ethnic groups. Within France, the French are defined by citizenship, regardless of ancestry or country of residence.
However, the word can also refer to people of French descent who are found in other countries, with significant French-speaking population groups or not, such as Argentina (French Argentines), Brazil (French Brazilians), French West Indies (the French Caribbean people), Canada (French Canadians) and the United States (French Americans), and some of them have a French cultural identity. The United Kingdom also has a large French population, mainly in England, and due to historic relations and immigration.
To be French, according to the first article of the Constitution, is to be a citizen of France, regardless of one's origin, race, or religion (sans distinction d'origine, de race ou de religion). According to its principles, France has devoted herself to the destiny of a proposition nation, a generic territory where people are bounded only by the French language and the assumed willingness to live together, as defined by Ernest Renan's "plébiscite de tous les jours" ("daily referendum" on the willingness to live together, in Renan's 1882 essay "Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?").
wn.com/French_people -
Garry Wills
Garry Wills (born May 22, 1934) is a prolific Pulitzer Prize-winning author, journalist, and historian, specializing in American history, politics, and religion, as well as the history of the Roman Catholic Church.
Wills has written nearly forty books and since 1973 has been a frequent reviewer for the New York Review of Books. He joined the faculty of the history department at Northwestern University in 1980, where he is currently an Emeritus Professor of History.
Wills was born in Atlanta, Georgia and grew up in Michigan and Wisconsin, graduating from Campion High School, a Jesuit institution, in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin in 1951. He entered and then left the Jesuit order.
He earned a B.A. in philosophy from Saint Louis University in 1957 and an M.A. from Xavier University in 1958. Both his B.A. and his M.A. were in philosophy. William F. Buckley, Jr. hired him as a drama critic for National Review magazine at the age of 23. He received his PhD in classics from Yale University in 1961, and taught history at Johns Hopkins University from 1962 to 1980.
wn.com/Garry_Wills -
Gary Jacobson
Gary C. Jacobson is a professor of political science and the Director of Undergraduate Studies at the University of California, San Diego, where he has been since 1979.
He was born in Santa Ana and raised in the Los Angeles area, graduating from Culver City High School. He received his A.B. from Stanford University in 1966 and his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1972. From 1970 to 1979 he taught at Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut. He has also taught at the University of California, Riverside (1968), Yale University (1973) and Stanford University (1986-87). During 1990-91 he was a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences.
He has served on the Board of Overseers of National Elections Studies (1985-93), the Council of the American Political Science Association (APSA) (1993-94), the APSA’s Committee on Research Support, and as Treasurer of the APSA (1996-97).
He is recognized as one of the premier scholars in the study of Congressional Campaigns and Election, publishing numerous books and articles on the subject. He is also a frequent commentator for news programs and radio commentary such as NPR.
wn.com/Gary_Jacobson -
Gary Locke
Gary Faye Locke (Traditional Chinese:駱家輝) is an American politician and the current United States Ambassador to China.
Locke was the 21st Governor of Washington, serving from 1997 to 2005. He was the first governor of a state in the Continental United States of Asian descent, and is the only Chinese American ever to serve as a governor. He was then appointed by President Barack Obama as United States Secretary of Commerce which he served as until August 1, 2011, when President Obama appointed Locke Ambassador to China.
Locke was born on January 21, 1950, in Seattle, Washington. A third-generation American with paternal ancestry from Taishan, Guangdong, China, Locke is the second of five children of James Locke, who served as a staff sergeant in the US Fifth Armored Division during World War II, and his wife Julie, who is from Hong Kong, which at that time was a British crown colony. He did not learn to speak English until he was five years old and entered school. Locke spent his early years living with his family in the widely-lauded Yesler Terrace public housing project in Seattle.
wn.com/Gary_Locke -
Gene Amondson
Gene Amondson, (October 15, 1943– July 20, 2009) was a landscape painter, woodcarver, Christian minister and prohibition activist who was the 2004 US presidential candidate for one faction of the Prohibition Party (Concerns of People Party) and the nominee of the unified party in 2008.
Amondson was known for his anti-Alcohol activism and reenactments of sermons by preacher Billy Sunday. He was an active member in the community of Vashon Island, Washington, and was described as a "colorful" character. During press inquiries, he often repeated such prohibition slogans as: "Prohibition was America's greatest 13 years" and "drinking responsibly is like teaching a pig to eat with a spoon. Can't happen." He died in 2009 after suffering a stroke.
wn.com/Gene_Amondson -
Gennifer Flowers
Gennifer Flowers (born January 24, 1950) is a model and actress who allegedly had a sexual relationship with former U.S. President Bill Clinton. Prior to Bill Clinton's presidency, she also posed nude for Penthouse magazine and was an actress in two films and one TV show. After becoming a celebrity, she acted as herself in two films and guest starred as herself in various TV shows.
Gennifer Flowers came forward during Bill Clinton's 1992 Presidential election campaign, alleging that she had had a 12-year relationship with him. Flowers at first denied that she had an affair with Clinton, but later changed her story.
After Bill Clinton denied having a relationship with Flowers on 60 Minutes, she held a press conference in which she played tape recordings she had secretly recorded of phone calls with Clinton. Clinton subsequently apologized publicly to Mario Cuomo for remarks he made about the then-Governor of New York on the tapes. However, news reports at the time speculated that the taped phone conversations between Flowers and Clinton could have been doctored. Clinton aides James Carville and George Stephanopoulos also backed this claim as well.George Stephanopoulos later claimed in a 2000 interview with journalist Tim Russert that "Oh, it was absolutely his voice, but they were selectively edited in a way to - to create some - some impression."
wn.com/Gennifer_Flowers -
George Marshall
George Catlett Marshall (December 31, 1880 – October 16, 1959) was an American military leader, Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of State, and the third Secretary of Defense. Once noted as the "organizer of victory" by Winston Churchill for his leadership of the Allied victory in World War II, Marshall served as the United States Army Chief of Staff during the war and as the chief military adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. As Secretary of State, his name was given to the Marshall Plan, for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953.
George Catlett Marshall was born into a middle-class family in Uniontown, Pennsylvania, the son of George Catlett Marshall, Sr. and Laura Emily (Bradford) Marshall. Marshall was a scion of an old Virginia family, as well as a distant relative of former Chief Justice John Marshall. Marshall graduated from the Virginia Military Institute (VMI), where he was initiated into the Kappa Alpha Order, in 1901.
Following graduation from VMI, Marshall was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. Until World War I, he was posted to various positions in the US and the Philippines. He served as an infantry platoon leader and company commander in the Phillipines during the Phillipine-American War and several other guerilla uprisings. He was schooled and trained in modern warfare. His pre-war service included a tour at Fort Leavenworth, KS from 1906 to 1910 as both a student and an instructor.
wn.com/George_Marshall -
George McGovern
George Stanley McGovern (born July 19, 1922) is a historian, author, and former U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator, and the Democratic Party nominee in the 1972 presidential election.
McGovern grew up in Mitchell, South Dakota, where he was a renowned debater. He volunteered for the U.S. Army Air Forces upon the country's entry into World War II and as a B-24 Liberator pilot flew 35 missions over German-occupied Europe. Among the medals awarded him was a Distinguished Flying Cross for making a hazardous emergency landing of his damaged plane and saving his crew. After the war he gained degrees from Dakota Wesleyan University and Northwestern University, culminating in a Ph.D, and was a history professor. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1956 and re-elected in 1958. After a failed bid for the U.S. Senate in 1960, he was elected there in 1962.
As a senator, McGovern was an exemplar of modern American liberalism. He became most known for his outspoken opposition to the growing U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. He staged a brief nomination run in the 1968 presidential election as a stand-in for the assassinated Robert F. Kennedy. The subsequent McGovern–Fraser Commission fundamentally altered the Democratic presidential nominating process, by greatly increasing the number of caucuses and primaries and reducing the influence of party insiders. The McGovern–Hatfield Amendment sought to end the Vietnam War by legislative means but was defeated in 1970 and 1971. McGovern's long-shot, grassroots-based 1972 presidential campaign found triumph in gaining the Democratic nomination but left the party badly split ideologically, and the failed vice-presidential pick of Thomas Eagleton undermined McGovern's credibility. In the general election McGovern lost to incumbent Richard Nixon in one of the biggest landslides in American history. Re-elected Senator in 1968 and 1974, McGovern was defeated in a bid for a fourth term in 1980.
wn.com/George_McGovern -
Gil Troy
Gil Troy is an American academic teaching at McGill University in Montreal since 1990.
Troy is a native of Queens, New York. He received his bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees from Harvard University. After receiving his Ph.D in History in 1988, he taught History and Literature at Harvard for two years.
Professor Troy serves on advisory panel of scholars for the History News Network, an independent non-profit corporation hosted by George Mason University, including also other academic historians Pauline Maier and Joyce Appleby.
wn.com/Gil_Troy -
Gloria La Riva
Gloria Estela La Riva (born August 13, 1954, in Albuquerque, New Mexico) is an American politician associated with the Party for Socialism and Liberation. She was the party's 2008 presidential candidate, and was also vying for the nomination of the Peace and Freedom Party in California, but lost the bid to Ralph Nader. La Riva launched her presidential campaign in January 2008, with Eugene Puryear running for vice president.
La Riva was first a third-party candidate for President of the United States in the United States presidential election, 1992, representing the Workers World Party, although this was an unofficial run as basically a placeholder on a few state ballots. She had also been the Workers World vice-presidential candidate in the elections of 1984, 1988, 1996, and 2000. She joined the Party for Socialism and Liberation in its split from the Workers World Party in 2004.
La Riva was also the Peace and Freedom Party candidate for Governor of California in 1994, receiving 72,774 votes (0.9%). She ran again in the 1998 gubernatorial election, capturing 59,218 votes (0.71%).
wn.com/Gloria_La_Riva -
Gouverneur Morris
Gouverneur Morris (January 31, 1752 – November 6, 1816) was an American statesman, a Founding Father of the United States, and a native of New York City who represented Pennsylvania in the Constitutional Convention of 1787. He was a signatory to the Articles of Confederation. Morris was also an author of large sections of the Constitution of the United States and one of its signers. He is widely credited as the author of the document's preamble, and has been called the "Penman of the Constitution." In an era when most Americans thought of themselves as citizens of their respective states, Morris advanced the idea of being a citizen of a single union of states.
A gifted scholar, Morris enrolled in 1764, at age 12, at King's College, now Columbia College of Columbia University in New York City. He graduated in 1768 and received a Master's degree in 1771.
On 8 May 1775, Morris was elected to represent his family estate in southern Westchester County (now Bronx County), in the New York Provincial Congress. As a member of the congress, he, along with most of his fellow delegates, concentrated on turning the colony into an independent state. However, his advocacy of independence brought him into conflict with his family, as well as with his mentor, William Smith, who had abandoned the patriot cause when it pressed toward independence. Morris was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1777-78.
wn.com/Gouverneur_Morris -
Grace Coolidge
Grace Anna Goodhue Coolidge (January 3, 1879 – July 8, 1957) was the wife of Calvin Coolidge and First Lady of the United States from 1923 to 1929.
She contributed greatly to her husband's rise to office, balancing his natural shyness with her own outgoing style, though he never discussed politics with her. She proved an exceptionally popular White House hostess.
Born in Burlington, Vermont, the only child of Andrew Issaclar Goodhue (1848–1923), a mechanical engineer and steamboat inspector, and Lemira Barrett Goodhue (1849–1929), Grace graduated from the University of Vermont in 1902, where she was a founding member of the Beta chapter of Pi Beta Phi sorority. She then joined the faculty of the Clarke School for the Deaf in Northampton, Massachusetts, as a lip reading instructor.
While watering flowers outside the school one day in 1903, she happened to look up at the open window of Robert N. Weir's boardinghouse and caught a glimpse of Calvin Coolidge shaving in front of a mirror with nothing on but long underwear and a hat. She burst out laughing at the sight; he heard the noise and turned to look at her. It was their first meeting. After a more formal introduction sometime later, the two were quickly attracted to each other.
wn.com/Grace_Coolidge -
Guido Westerwelle
Guido Westerwelle (German pronunciation: [ˈɡiːdo ˈvɛstɐˌvɛlə]; born December 27, 1961) is a German liberal politician, who, since 28 October 2009, has been serving as the Foreign Minister in the second cabinet of Chancellor Angela Merkel, and who was Vice Chancellor of Germany from 2009 to 2011. He is the first openly gay person to hold either of those positions. He has been the chairman of the Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP) since May 2001, but stepped down in 2011. A lawyer by profession, he has been a member of the Bundestag since 1996.
Guido Westerwelle was born in Bad Honnef in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. He graduated from Ernst Moritz Arndt Gymnasium in 1980 after academic struggles resulted in his departure from previous institutions where he was considered an average student at best, but substandard otherwise. He studied law at the University of Bonn from 1980 to 1987. Following the First and Second State Law Examinations in 1987 and 1991 respectively, he began practicing as an attorney in Bonn in 1991. In 1994, he earned a doctoral degree in law from FernUniversität Hagen.
wn.com/Guido_Westerwelle -
Hamilton Fish
Hamilton Fish (August 3, 1808 – September 7, 1893) was an American statesman and politician who served as the 16th Governor of New York, United States Senator and United States Secretary of State. Fish has been considered one of the best Secretaries of State in the United States history; known for his judiciousness and reform efforts during the Grant Administration. Fish settled the controversial Alabama Claims with Great Britain through his development of the concept of international arbitration. Fish kept the United States out of war with Spain over Cuban independence by coolly handling the volatile Virginius Incident. In 1875, Fish initiated the process for Hawaiian statehood, by having negotiated a reciprocal trade treaty for the island nation's abundant sugar supply. Fish organized a peace conference and treaty in Washington D.C. between South American countries and Spain. Fish worked with James Milton Turner, America's first African American consul, to settle the Liberian-Grebo civil war. President Grant stated that Hamilton Fish, above all, was the person whom he most trusted for political advice.
wn.com/Hamilton_Fish -
Harriet Lane
Harriet Rebecca Lane Johnston (May 9, 1830 – July 3, 1903), niece of lifelong bachelor United States President James Buchanan, acted as First Lady of the United States from 1857 to 1861. She was one of the few women to hold the position of First Lady while not being married to the President.
Harriet Lane's family was from Franklin County, Pennsylvania. She was the youngest child of Elliott Tole Lane, a merchant, and Jane Ann Buchanan Lane. An orphan after the death of her father when she was 11 years old (her mother had died two years earlier), she requested that her favorite uncle, James Buchanan, be appointed her legal guardian. Buchanan, an unmarried Democratic senator from Pennsylvania, indulged his niece and her sister, enrolling them in boarding schools in Charleston, Virginia (later West Virginia), and then for two years at the Academy of the Visitation Convent in the Georgetown section of Washington, D.C. By this time, Buchanan was Secretary of State, and he introduced her to fashionable circles as he had promised.
wn.com/Harriet_Lane -
Harry Reid
Harry Mason Reid (born December 2, 1939) is the senior United States Senator from Nevada, serving since 1987. A member of the Democratic Party, he has been the Senate Majority Leader since January 2007, having previously served as Minority Leader and Minority and Majority Whip.
Previously, Reid was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, representing Nevada's 1st congressional district, and served in Nevada local and state government as city attorney of Henderson, a state legislator, the 25th Lieutenant Governor, and chairman of the Nevada Gaming Commission.
As Senate Majority Leader and a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Harry Reid has achieved a more senior elected position in the United States government than any Mormon in history.
Reid was born in Searchlight, Nevada, the third of the four sons of Inez Orena (née Jaynes), a laundress, and Harry Vincent Reid, a miner. His paternal grandmother was an English immigrant from Darlston, Staffordshire. Reid's boyhood home had no indoor toilet, hot water or telephone. Searchlight had no high school, so Reid boarded with relatives 40 miles away in Henderson, Nevada to attend Basic High School where he played football, and was an amateur boxer. While at Basic High he met future Nevada governor Mike O'Callaghan, who was a teacher there. Reid attended Southern Utah University and graduated from Utah State University where he double majored in political science and history. Reid also minored in economics from the Jon M. Huntsman School of Business. He then went to George Washington University Law School earning a J.D. while working for the United States Capitol Police.
wn.com/Harry_Reid -
Helen Herron Taft
Helen Louise Herron "Nellie" Taft (June 2, 1861 – May 22, 1943) was the wife of William Howard Taft and First Lady of the United States from 1909 to 1913.
Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, the fourth child of Judge John Williamson Herron (1827–1912), a law partner of Rutherford B. Hayes, and Harriet Collins (1833–1902), Nellie graduated from the Cincinnati College of Music and taught school briefly before her marriage. With her parents, she attended the twenty-fifth wedding anniversary celebration of President and Mrs. Rutherford B. Hayes at the White House in 1877. Her grandfather, Ela Collins and uncle William Collins were both members of Congress.
Two years later, she met William Howard Taft at a bobsledding party in Cincinnati; he was 22 years old, she was 18. He asked her out for the first time in February 1880, but they did not date regularly until 1882. He proposed in April 1885, and she accepted in May.
Taft married Nellie on June 19, 1886, at the home of the bride's parents in Cincinnati. The wedding was performed by the Reverend D.N.A. Hoge of Zanesville, Ohio. Taft's younger brother Horace Taft was best man. The couple honeymooned one day in New York City and four days at Sea Bright, New Jersey, before setting off on a three-month tour of Europe.
wn.com/Helen_Herron_Taft -
Henry Clay
Henry Clay, Sr. (April 12, 1777 – June 29, 1852), was a lawyer, politician and skilled orator who represented Kentucky separately in both the Senate and in the House of Representatives. He served three different terms as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives and was also Secretary of State from 1825 to 1829.
Clay was a dominant figure in both the First and Second Party systems. As a leading war hawk, he favored war with Britain and played a significant role in leading the nation to war in 1812. Later he was involved in the "Corrupt Bargain" of 1824, after which he was appointed Secretary of State by newly elected President John Quincy Adams, earning the scorn of Andrew Jackson. He was the foremost proponent of the American System, fighting for an increase in tariffs to foster industry in the United States, the use of federal funding to build and maintain infrastructure, and a strong national bank. He opposed the annexation of Texas, fearing it would inject the slavery issue into politics. Clay also opposed the Mexican-American War and the "Manifest Destiny" policy of Democrats, which cost him votes in the close 1844 election.
wn.com/Henry_Clay -
Henry Kissinger
Heinz Alfred "Henry" Kissinger ( /ˈkɪsɪndʒər/; born May 27, 1923) is a German-born American writer, political scientist, diplomat, and businessman. A recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, he served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as Secretary of State in the administrations of Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. After his term, his opinion was still sought by many subsequent presidents and many world leaders.
A proponent of Realpolitik, Kissinger played a dominant role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977. During this period, he pioneered the policy of détente with the Soviet Union, orchestrated the opening of relations with the People's Republic of China, and negotiated the Paris Peace Accords, ending American involvement in the Vietnam War. Various American policies of that era, including the bombing of Cambodia, remain controversial to many.
Kissinger is still a controversial figure today. He is the founder and chairman of Kissinger Associates, an international consulting firm.
wn.com/Henry_Kissinger -
Hilda Solis
Hilda Lucia Solis (pronounced /sɵˈliːs/; born October 20, 1957) is the 25th United States Secretary of Labor, serving in the Obama administration. She is a member of the Democratic Party and served in the United States House of Representatives from 2001 to 2009, representing the 31st and 32nd congressional districts of California that include East Los Angeles and the San Gabriel Valley.
Solis was raised in La Puente, California by immigrant parents from Nicaragua and Mexico. She gained degrees from the California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona) and the University of Southern California (USC) and worked for two federal agencies in Washington, D.C. Returning to her native state, she was elected to the Rio Hondo Community College Board of Trustees in 1985, the California State Assembly in 1992, and the California State Senate in 1994. She was the first Hispanic woman to serve in the State Senate, and was reelected there in 1998. She became known for her work toward environmental justice and was the first female recipient of the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award in 2000.
wn.com/Hilda_Solis -
Hosni Mubarak
Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak (Arabic: محمد حسني السيد مبارك, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mæˈħæmːæd ˈħosni ˈsæjjed moˈbɑːɾˤɑk], Muḥammad Ḥusnī Sayyid Mubārak; born 4 May 1928) is a former Egyptian politician and military commander. He served as the fourth President of Egypt from 1981 to 2011.
Mubarak was appointed Vice President of Egypt in 1975, and assumed the presidency on 14 October 1981, following the assassination of President Anwar El Sadat. His almost thirty-year presidency made him Egypt's longest-serving ruler since Muhammad Ali Pasha. Before he entered politics, Mubarak was a career officer in the Egyptian Air Force, serving as its commander from 1972 to 1975 and rising to the rank of air chief marshal.
Mubarak was ousted after 18 days of demonstrations during the 2011 Egyptian revolution when, on 11 February, Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that Mubarak had resigned as president and transferred authority to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. On 13 April, a prosecutor[which?] ordered Mubarak and both his sons to be detained for 15 days of questioning about allegations of corruption and abuse of power. He was then ordered to stand trial on charges of premeditated murder of peaceful protestors during the revolution. These trials officially began on 3 August 2011. Egypt’s military prosecutors then also proclaimed that they are investigating Mubarak's role in the assassination of his predecessor Anwar Sadat.
wn.com/Hosni_Mubarak -
Howard Kurtz
Howard "Howie" Alan Kurtz (born August 1, 1953) is an American journalist and author with a special focus on the media. He is host of CNN's Reliable Sources program, and Washington bureau chief for The Daily Beast. He is the former media writer for The Washington Post. He has written five books about the media. He has been described as the nation's "most influential media reporter".
Kurtz was born in Brooklyn, New York in the Sheepshead Bay neighborhood. He is a graduate of the University at Buffalo (SUNY). In college he worked on a student newspaper, the "Spectrum", becoming the editor in his senior year. He then attended the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. After Columbia he went to work for the Bergen Record in New Jersey. He left New Jersey to move to Washington D.C. and to work as a reporter for syndicated columnist Jack Anderson. Kurtz left Anderson to join the Washington Star, an afternoon newspaper. When that newspaper closed in 1981 Kurtz was hired at the Washington Post by Bob Woodward, then the Metro editor. Kurtz has written for The New Republic, The Washington Monthly, and New York magazine.
wn.com/Howard_Kurtz -
Hugh Rodham
Hugh Edwin Rodham (born 26 May 1950) is an American lawyer, businessman and Democratic Party politician who is the brother of former New York Senator and First Lady and current Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton. Rodham made one run for political office, winning the 1994 Democratic nomination for the United States Senate seat from Florida, but losing the general election to incumbent Senator Connie Mack III.
Rodham is the son of Hugh Ellsworth Rodham, a Chicago textile wholesaler, and Dorothy Emma Howell. He has one younger brother, Tony Rodham. Like Hillary, he was born in Chicago but grew up in suburban Park Ridge, Illinois. He graduated from Maine South High School in 1968, playing on the football, wrestling, and baseball teams. Like his father, Rodham attended Pennsylvania State University, graduating in 1972 with a Bachelor of Science degree from the College of Health and Human Development. While attending Penn State he was backup quarterback on the Penn State Nittany Lions football team. Rodham was also an active member of the Sigma Triton charge of Theta Delta Chi fraternity at Penn State. He served in the Peace Corps in Colombia for over a year, training teachers; he later called it the most rewarding experience of his life. He then gained advanced degrees in education and law at the University of Arkansas, the latter occurring while Bill Clinton was governor of the state.
wn.com/Hugh_Rodham -
Ida Saxton McKinley
Ida Saxton McKinley (June 8, 1847 – May 26, 1907), wife of William McKinley, was First Lady of the United States from 1897 to 1901.
Ida was born in Canton, Ohio, the elder daughter of James Saxton, prominent Canton banker, and Katherine DeWalt. Her grandfather, John Saxton, in 1815 founded The Repository, the city's first and now its only newspaper. A graduate of Brook Hall Seminary, a finishing school in Media, Pennsylvania, Ida was refined, charming, and strikingly attractive when she met William "Bill" McKinley at a picnic in 1867. They did not begin courting until after she returned from a European tour in 1869. While single, she worked for a time as a cashier in her father's bank, a position then usually reserved for men.
William McKinley, aged 27, married Ida Saxton, aged 23, on January 25th, 1871, at the First Presbyterian Church in Canton, then still under construction. Following the wedding, performed by the Reverend E. Buckingham and the Reverend Dr. Endsley, the couple attended a reception at the home of the bride's parents and left on an eastern wedding trip.
wn.com/Ida_Saxton_McKinley -
Ira Harris
Ira Harris (May 31, 1802 – December 2, 1875) was an American jurist and senator from New York. He was also a friend of Abraham Lincoln's.
Harris grew up on a farm, and graduated from Union College in 1824. Then he studied law in Albany, and in 1828 was admitted to the bar.
He was a Whig/Anti-Rent member of the New York State Assembly (Albany Co.) in 1845 and 1846. He was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1846. He was a member of the New York State Senate (3rd D.) in 1847.
He was a justice of the New York Supreme Court (3rd D.) from 1847 to 1859, and was ex officio a judge of the New York Court of Appeals in 1850 and 1858.
In February 1861, Harris was elected a U.S. Senator from New York to succeed William H. Seward who did not seek re-election, but would be appointed U.S. Secretary of State by Abraham Lincoln. In the U.S. Senate, Harris served on the Committees on Foreign Relations, and the Judiciary, and the Select Joint Committee on the Southern States. Although he supported the administration in the main, he did not fear to express his opposition to all measures, however popular at the time, that did not appear to him either wise or just. He visited Lincoln at the White House often and grew a friendship with him. He was also a good friend of his predecessor in the senate William H. Seward.
wn.com/Ira_Harris -
Irv Kupcinet
Irv Kupcinet (July 31, 1912 – November 10, 2003) was an American newspaper columnist for the Chicago Sun-Times and a broadcast personality based in Chicago, Illinois. He was popularly known by the nickname "Kup".
His daily Kup's Column was launched in 1943 and remained a fixture in the Sun-Times for the next six decades.
Kupcinet was youngest of four children born to Russian immigrants in the North Lawndale section of Chicago. While attending high school, he became editor of the school newspaper and the senior class president. He eventually won a football scholarship to Northwestern University, but a scuffle with another student led to his transferring to the University of North Dakota. Upon graduating college, Kupcinet was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles in 1935. His football career was cut short due to a shoulder injury, which led him to take a job as a sports writer for the Chicago Daily Times (now known as the Chicago Sun-Times) in 1935.
While writing his sports column, Kupcinet also wrote a short "People" section which became officially known as "Kup's Column" in 1948 after The Chicago Sun and the Daily Times merged to form the Chicago Sun-Times. "Kup's Column" chronicled the nightlife of Chicago along with celebrity and political gossip. The column would eventually be distributed to more than 100 newspapers around the world.
wn.com/Irv_Kupcinet -
Irving Ives
Irving McNeil Ives (January 24, 1896 – February 24, 1962) was an American politician. A member of the Republican Party, he served as a United States Senator from New York from 1947 to 1959. He was previously a member of the New York State Assembly for sixteen years, serving as Minority Leader (1935), Speaker (1936), and Majority Leader (1937–1946). A moderate Republican, he was known as a specialist in labor and civil rights legislation.
Irving Ives was born in Bainbridge, New York, to George Albert and Lucie Hough (née Keeler) Ives. His ancestors came from England to the United States, where they settled in Boston, Massachusetts in 1635; they later helped found Quinnipiac Colony in 1638, and lived in Vermont before moving to New York in 1795. His father worked in the coal and feed business. He received his early education at public schools in Bainbridge and Oneonta, graduating from Oneonta High School in 1914.
Ives attended Hamilton College for two years before enlisting in the U.S. Army following the entry of the United States into World War I in 1917. During the war, he served with the American Expeditionary Forces in France and Germany, participating in the Meuse-Argonne and Saint-Mihiel campaigns. He was honorably discharged as a first lieutenant of the Infantry at the war's end in 1919. He then resumed his studies at Hamilton, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1920 and graduated as a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society.
wn.com/Irving_Ives -
Jack Hitt
Jack Hitt is an American author. He is a contributing editor to The New York Times Magazine, Harper's, and This American Life. He served previously as a contributing editor to the now-defunct magazine Lingua Franca. He also frequently appears in places like Rolling Stone, Wired, and Outside Magazine. In 1990, he received the Livingston Award for national coverage. More recently, a piece on the anthropology of white Indians was selected for "Best American Science Writing," and another piece about dying languages appeared in "Best American Travel Writing." Another piece on the existential life of a superfund site was included in 2007 in Ira Glass’s “The New Kings of Nonfiction."
Hitt was born and raised in Charleston, South Carolina, where he attended the Porter-Gaud School. He got his start in journalism as editor of the "Paper Clip," the literary magazine of Porter-Gaud's first through fifth grades. According to his biography, he published "some of the finest haiku penned by well-off pre-teens in all of South Carolina's lowcountry".
wn.com/Jack_Hitt -
Jacob Lew
Jacob Joseph "Jack" Lew (born August 29, 1955) is the 25th and current White House Chief of Staff. Previously, he was the Director of the Office of Management and Budget from 1998 to 2001 and from 2010 to 2012.
Lew was born in New York City. He attended New York City public schools, graduating from Forest Hills High School. His father was a lawyer and rare-book dealer who came to the United States from Poland as a child. Lew attended Carleton College in Minnesota where his faculty adviser was Paul Wellstone, who eventually represented Minnesota in the U.S. Senate. He graduated from Harvard College in 1978 and the Georgetown University Law Center in 1983.
He worked as an aide to Rep. Joe Moakley (D-Mass.) from 1974 to 1975. He then was a senior policy adviser to House Speaker Tip O'Neill. Under O'Neill he served at the House Democratic Steering and Policy Committee as Assistant Director and then Executive Director, and was responsible for work on domestic and economic issues including Social Security, Medicare, budget, tax, trade, appropriations, and energy issues.
wn.com/Jacob_Lew -
Jake Tapper
Jacob Paul "Jake" Tapper (born March 12, 1969) is an American print and television journalist, currently the senior White House correspondent for ABC News in Washington, D.C. He was named to that position the day after election day 2008, having covered then-senator Barack Obama's presidential campaign.
He last interviewed Obama in July 2009 in Moscow, in an interview where the president expressed confidence that his foreign policy approach was starting to work and said regarding the stimulus package, "there's nothing that we would have done differently." That January, Tapper had broken the story of the tax troubles of then-Health and Human Services secretary nominee and former Senate majority leader Tom Daschle (D-SD), troubles that ultimately derailed Daschle's nomination.
From March through July 2010, Tapper was interim anchor of ABC's This Week, hosting the program until Christiane Amanpour became This Week's anchor.
Tapper was born in New York City and was raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His mother, Anne Tapper, retired as a psychiatric nurse at Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center. His father, Theodore S. "Ted" Tapper, a Dartmouth graduate, was a president of South Philadelphia Pediatrics, a group medical practice, and is an associate clinical professor of pediatrics at Jefferson Medical College, both in Philadelphia.
wn.com/Jake_Tapper -
James Baker
James Addison Baker, III (born April 28, 1930) is an American attorney, politician and political advisor.
Baker served as the Chief of Staff in President Ronald Reagan's first administration and in the final year of the administration of President George H. W. Bush. Baker also served as Secretary of the Treasury from 1985–1988 in the second Reagan administration, and Secretary of State in the George H. W. Bush administration. He is also the honorary chair of the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University in Houston, Texas.
James Addison Baker was born in Houston, Texas at 1216 Bissonnet, to James A. Baker, Jr. (1892–1973) and Ethel Bonner (born Means) Baker (August 6, 1894 – April 26, 1991). His father was a partner of Houston law firm Baker Botts. Baker has a sister, Bonner Baker Moffitt.
Baker attended The Hill School, a boarding school in Pottstown, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Princeton University in 1952. Afterwards, he earned a J.D. (1957) from The University of Texas at Austin and began to practice law in Texas.
wn.com/James_Baker -
James Bennet
James Douglas Bennet (born March 28, 1966) is an American journalist. Since 2006, he has been the editor-in-chief of The Atlantic.
James Bennet was born in Boston, Massachusetts to Susanne Bennet née Klejman (of Polish-Jewish descent) and Douglas J. Bennet. He has a brother and sister. When his father went to work on the staff of Senator Thomas F. Eagleton, the family moved to Washington, D.C. There James attended the St. Albans School. He studied at Yale University, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree.
Susanne Bennet taught English as a second language at Language ETC, a non-profit organization in Washington. Douglas Bennet was appointed as a political official in the Carter and Clinton administrations, served as the president of National Public Radio from 1983 to 1992 and as the president of Wesleyan University from 1995 to 2007.
Bennet's older brother Michael is the junior United States Senator from Colorado.
Bennet began his journalism career as an intern for The News & Observer, and later, The New Republic. From 1989 to 1991, he held an editing post at The Washington Monthly. He joined The New York Times in 1991. He rose to serve as a White House correspondent and the Jerusalem bureau chief for the paper. Upon his return from Jerusalem, he wrote a memorandum on the proper usage of the terms "terrorist" and "terrorism", which is often cited by editors of The Times.
wn.com/James_Bennet -
James Buchanan
James Buchanan, Jr. (April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868, English pronunciation: /bjuːˈkænən/) was the 15th President of the United States (1857–1861). He is the only president from Pennsylvania and the only president who remained a lifelong bachelor. His niece Harriet Lane played the role as lady of the house.
Buchanan (often called Buck-anan by his contemporaries) was a popular and experienced state politician and a successful attorney before his presidency. He represented Pennsylvania in the U.S. House of Representatives and later the Senate, and served as Minister to Russia under President Andrew Jackson. He was also Secretary of State under President James K. Polk. After he turned down an offer for an appointment to the Supreme Court, President Franklin Pierce appointed him Minister to the United Kingdom, in which capacity he helped draft the controversial Ostend Manifesto.
Buchanan was nominated in the 1856 election. Throughout most of Franklin Pierce's term he was stationed in London as a Minister to the Court of St. James's and therefore was not caught up in the crossfire of sectional politics that dominated the country. Buchanan was viewed by many as a compromise between the two sides of the slavery question. His subsequent election victory took place in a three-man race with John C. Frémont and Millard Fillmore. As President, he was often called a "doughface", a Northerner with Southern sympathies, who battled with Stephen A. Douglas for the control of the Democratic Party. Buchanan's efforts to maintain peace between the North and the South alienated both sides, and the Southern states declared their secession in the prologue to the American Civil War. Buchanan's view of record was that secession was illegal, but that going to war to stop it was also illegal. Buchanan, first and foremost an attorney, was noted for his mantra, "I acknowledge no master but the law."
wn.com/James_Buchanan -
James Madison
James Madison, Jr. (March 16, 1751 (O.S. March 5) – June 28, 1836) was an American statesman and political theorist, the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817). He is hailed as the “Father of the Constitution” for being instrumental in the drafting of the United States Constitution and as the key champion and author of the United States Bill of Rights. He served as a politician much of his adult life. Like other Virginia statesmen in the slave society, he was a slaveholder and part of the élite; he inherited his plantation known as Montpelier, and owned hundreds of slaves during his lifetime to cultivate tobacco and other crops.
After the constitution had been drafted, Madison became one of the leaders in the movement to ratify it. His collaboration with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay produced the Federalist Papers (1788). Circulated only in New York at the time, they would later be considered among the most important polemics in support of the Constitution. He was also a delegate to the Virginia constitutional ratifying convention, and was instrumental to the successful ratification effort in Virginia. Like most of his contemporaries, Madison changed his political views during his life. During the drafting and ratification of the constitution, he favored a strong national government, though later he grew to favor stronger state governments, before settling between the two extremes late in his life.
wn.com/James_Madison -
James Monroe
James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825). Monroe was the last president who was a Founding Father of the United States, and the last president from the Virginia dynasty and the Republican Generation. His presidency was marked both by an "Era of Good Feelings" – a period of relatively little partisan strife – and later by the Panic of 1819 and a fierce national debate over the admission of the Missouri Territory. Monroe is most noted for his proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, which stated that the United States would not tolerate further European intervention in the Americas.
Born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Monroe fought in the American Revolutionary War. He was injured in the Battle of Trenton with a musket ball to his shoulder. After studying law under Thomas Jefferson from 1780 to 1783, he served as a delegate in the Continental Congress. As an anti-federalist delegate to the Virginia convention that considered ratification of the United States Constitution, Monroe opposed ratification, claiming it gave too much power to the central government. Nonetheless, Monroe took an active part in the new government and in 1790 he was elected to the Senate of the first United States Congress, where he joined the Jeffersonians. He gained experience as an executive as the Governor of Virginia and rose to national prominence when as a diplomat in France he helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Monroe was of French and Scottish descent.
wn.com/James_Monroe -
James Steinberg
James Braidy "Jim" Steinberg (born July 5, 1953) is an American academic and political advisor, and former Deputy Secretary of State. He is currently Dean and Professor of Social Science, International Affairs, and Law at the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University.
He was educated at Phillips Academy (1970), Harvard College (1973), and Yale Law School (1978). His previous positions included a senior fellowship for US Strategic Policy at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, UK (1985–1987), and senior analyst at RAND Corporation (1989–1993).
During the national elections which brought US President Jimmy Carter into office, Steinberg worked on the presidential campaign of the Carter-Mondale ticket.
Steinberg served as US State Department Director of Policy Planning (1994–1996), then Deputy National Security Advisor (December 1996–2001) to US President Bill Clinton. He also served on the Project on National Security Reform's Guiding Coalition.
wn.com/James_Steinberg -
Jane Irwin Harrison
Jane Irwin Harrison (Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, July 23, 1804–May 11, 1846), wife of William Henry Harrison, Jr., and daughter-in-law of William Henry Harrison, ninth President of the United States. Her grandfather was James Ramsey, who owned Millmont Farm at Montgomery Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania.
President Harrison's wife, Anna Harrison, was too ill to travel when her husband left Ohio for his inauguration. William Henry Harrison, Jr. died in 1838, but assisted by her aunt, Jane Irwin Findlay (her father's sister, who was then seventy-three), Jane Irwin Harrison acted as official hostess during President Harrison's brief tenure in office, which lasted for 32 days in 1841.
Her sister, Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin (1810-1850), married John Scott Harrison in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1831—another son of William Henry Harrison—and was mother of US President Benjamin Harrison.
Jane Irwin Harrison died May 11, 1846 at age 41.
wn.com/Jane_Irwin_Harrison -
Jane Pierce
Jane Means Appleton Pierce (March 12, 1806 – December 2, 1863), wife of U.S. President Franklin Pierce, was First Lady of the United States from 1853 to 1857.
Born in Hampton, New Hampshire, the daughter of Reverend Jesse Appleton, a Congregationalist minister, and Elizabeth Means-Appleton, Jane was a petite, frail, shy, melancholy figure. After the death of her father, who had served as president of Bowdoin College not long before Franklin enrolled there, she at age 13 moved into the mansion of her wealthy maternal grandparents in Amherst.
How she met Pierce, a young lawyer with political ambitions, is unknown, but her brother-in-law Alpheus S. Packard was one of Pierce's instructors at Bowdoin. Franklin, aged almost 30, married Jane, aged 28, on November 19, 1834, at the home of the bride's maternal grandparents in Amherst, New Hampshire. Theirs was a small wedding, conducted by a brother-in-law of Jane, the Reverend Silas Aiken. The couple honeymooned six days at the boardinghouse of Sophia Southurt near Washington, D.C..
wn.com/Jane_Pierce -
Janet Napolitano
Janet Napolitano (/nəpɒlɨˈtænoʊ/; born November 29, 1957) is the third and current United States Secretary of Homeland Security, serving in the administration of President Barack Obama. She is the fourth person (including an acting Secretary) to hold the position, which was created after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. A member of the Democratic Party, she was the 21st Governor of Arizona from 2003 to 2009. She was Arizona's third female governor, and the first woman to win re-election. Prior to her election as governor, she served as Attorney General of Arizona from 1999 to 2002. She was the first woman and the 23rd person to serve in that office. Napolitano is the 1977 Truman Scholar from New Mexico. Forbes ranked her as the world's 15th most powerful woman in 2011.
Janet Napolitano was born on November 29, 1957, in New York City, the daughter of Jane Marie (née Winer) and Leonard Michael Napolitano, who was the dean of the University of New Mexico School of Medicine. She is of half Italian ancestry and is a Methodist. She was the eldest of three children; she has a younger brother and sister. She was raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Albuquerque, New Mexico, where she graduated from Sandia High School in Albuquerque in 1975 and was voted Most Likely to Succeed. She graduated from Santa Clara University in Santa Clara, California, where she won a Truman Scholarship, and was valedictorian. In 1978, she studied for a term at the London School of Economics as part of the Santa Clara's exchange programme through IES Abroad. She then received her Juris Doctor (J.D.) from the University of Virginia School of Law. After law school she served as a law clerk for Judge Mary M. Schroeder of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, and then joined Schroeder's former firm, the Phoenix law firm Lewis and Roca.
wn.com/Janet_Napolitano -
Janet Reno
Janet Wood Reno (born July 21, 1938) is a former Attorney General of the United States (1993–2001). She was nominated by President Bill Clinton on February 11, 1993, and confirmed on March 11. She was the first female Attorney General and the second longest serving Attorney General after William Wirt.
Reno was born in Miami, Florida. Reno's father, Henry Olaf Reno (original surname Rasmussen), emigrated to the United States from Denmark and for forty-three years was a police reporter for the Miami Herald. Jane Wallace (née Wood), Reno's mother, raised her children and then became an investigative reporter for the Miami News. Janet Reno has three younger siblings.
Reno attended public school in Miami-Dade County, Florida, where she was a debating champion and was valedictorian at Coral Gables High School. In 1956, Reno enrolled at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, where she majored in chemistry, lived in Balch Hall, became president of the Women's Self-Government Association, and earned her room and board.
wn.com/Janet_Reno -
Jean Houston
Jean Houston (born 10 May 1937) is an American scholar, lecturer, author and philosopher who has helped pioneer and motivate the human potentials movement. As a teacher and visionary thinker, Houston holds conferences and seminars with social leaders, educational institutions and business organizations worldwide. She has worked in over 40 cultures and 100 countries, helping leaders maintain cultural uniqueness as their countries become part of the global community. As an author, Houston has written or co-written nearly 30 books. She has been an advisor to political leaders and to UNICEF and, since 2003, has worked with The United Nations Development Group training leaders in the new field of Social Artistry.
Houston was born May 10, 1937, in New York City, to Mary Todaro Houston, of Sicilian American descent, and Jack Houston, descended from Sam Houston of Texas. Jack Houston was a comedy writer who developed material for stage, television and the movies. His work required him to move frequently, and the young Houston experienced life in many places, attending over 20 schools by the time she was 12. She also met many celebrities through her father. After the breakup of her parents' marriage, she spent her teen years in New York City.
wn.com/Jean_Houston -
Jeanine Pirro
Jeanine Ferris Pirro (born June 2, 1951) is a former prosecutor, judge, and elected official from the state of New York, who is currently a legal analyst and television personality. A Republican from Westchester County, Pirro served as a county court judge before serving as the elected District Attorney of Westchester County for 12 years. As a district attorney she gained considerable visibility, especially in cases regarding domestic abuse and crimes against the elderly. She was the first female judge on the Westchester County Court bench.
Pirro was the Republican nominee for New York State Attorney General in 2006, losing to Democrat Andrew Cuomo (a fellow Albany Law alumnus). She also held the nominations of the New York Conservative and Independence Parties. She previously sought the nominations of her party for the offices of New York State Lieutenant Governor and United States Senator and withdrew her name in each case. She was a regular contributor to The Morning Show with Mike and Juliet. She is currently contributing to Today, Fox NY Good Day New York, is a Fox News legal analyst appearing on various shows, and has guest hosted shows such as Larry King Live, The Joy Behar Show and Geraldo at Large. She is a frequent guest on Fox's late-night satire show Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld, and also currently hosts a television program entitled Judge Jeanine Pirro. In May 2010, the show received its first Emmy nomination. Pirro is also the host of Fox News Channel's Justice with Judge Jeanine which premiered in January 2011. In 2011, Judge Pirro received the daytime Emmy Award for her TV court show "Judge Pirro."
wn.com/Jeanine_Pirro -
Jeff Dwire
George Jefferson "Jeff" Dwire (June 6, 1923 – August, 1974) was an Arkansas small businessman and the third husband of Virginia Clinton Kelley, and a stepfather of former United States President Bill Clinton and of Roger Clinton.
He was born in Bodcaw, Arkansas. A veteran of World War II, Dwire was injured during a parachute jump and had later worked as a carpenter. He had worked his way through college as a hairdresser. Other occupations and avocations included playing football, teaching judo, building homes, and selling oil-well equipment and securities.
Dwire, who had three daughters from a previous marriage, met Kelley when she patronized the beauty salon he owned. They married on 3 January 1969 in Hope, Arkansas; the ceremony was performed by the Rev. John Miles, and Bill Clinton served as the best man. He also played and sang at the reception and earlier watched the Chicago Democratic convention on television with Dwire. Family and friends of the bride discouraged the union because Dwire was an ex-convict, having served nine months in prison in 1962 for stock fraud.
wn.com/Jeff_Dwire -
Jeff Gerth
Jeff Gerth is a former investigative reporter for The New York Times who has written lengthy, probing stories that drew both praise and criticism. He shared a Pulitzer Prize in 1999 for his coverage of how American firms gave the Chinese access to sensitive technology related to satellite launches. He came under fire for stories about the Whitewater controversy and Chinese scientist Wen Ho Lee.
Gerth attended affluent Shaker Heights High School in Ohio in the 1960s, where he was a member of the Junior Council on World Affairs and captain of the golf team. He was a varsity golfer at Northwestern University where he got a degree in business administration. Gerth began his career not in newspapers but in the marketing department of Standard Oil of Ohio; he was assigned to write down license plates of vehicles pulling in and out of gas stations to find out why drivers were choosing Standard Oil's rivals.
Gerth worked for the 1972 George McGovern presidential campaign, investigating some aspects of the Watergate scandal. Then he did some freelance journalism, including an expose of the La Costa resort's ties to organized crime that ran in Penthouse. Gerth, and his co-author, Lowell Bergman, were sued, along with Penthouse, by the founders of the resort for more than half a billion dollars. Before trial, Gerth and Bergman both settled and apologized. Gerth also collaborated with Seymour Hersh of The New York Times, who recommended that the Times hire him. Gerth joined the Times in 1976 and spent most of his career in the newspaper's Washington, D.C. bureau.
wn.com/Jeff_Gerth -
Jeffrey Zients
Jeffrey "Jeff" D. Zients (born c. 1966) is an American CEO, management consultant and entrepreneur. On January 17, 2012, he was named acting director of the Office of Management & Budget and assumed office on January 27, 2012. This is his second turn as acting director and White House aides have said it is likely he will serve in this capacity through the end of President Obama's first term. In 2009, President Obama appointed him to the new position of United States Chief Performance Officer and was confirmed by the Senate to be Deputy Director for Management of the Office of Management and Budget in the federal government of the United States.
Zients is a native of Kensington, Maryland and lives in the Washington, D.C. area. He and his wife Mary have four children Sasha, Matt, Josh, and Jonny
He graduated in 1984 from St. Albans School and earned a bachelor's of science degree at Duke University summa cum laude. Zients worked in management consulting for Mercer Management Consulting and Bain & Company and then was chief operating officer of DGB Enterprises, a holding company for the Advisory Board Company, Corporate Executive Board, and Atlantic Media Company .
wn.com/Jeffrey_Zients -
Jerry Falwell
Jerry Lamon Falwell, Sr. (August 11, 1933 – May 15, 2007) was an evangelical fundamentalist Southern Baptist pastor, televangelist, and a conservative commentator from the United States. He was the founding pastor of the Thomas Road Baptist Church, a megachurch in Lynchburg, Virginia. He founded Lynchburg Christian Academy (now Liberty Christian Academy) in 1967, Liberty University in 1971, and cofounded the Moral Majority in 1979.
Falwell and twin brother Gene were born in the Farview Heights region of Lynchburg, Virginia, the son of Helen and Carey Hezekiah Falwell. His father was an entrepreneur and onetime bootlegger who was agnostic. His grandfather was a staunch atheist. Jerry Falwell married the former Macel Pate on April 12, 1958. The couple had two sons and a daughter (Jerry Falwell, Jr., a lawyer; Jonathan Falwell, a pastor; Jeannie, a surgeon).
He graduated from Brookville High School in Lynchburg, Va., and from Baptist Bible College in Springfield, Missouri in 1956. This Bible college was unaccredited until 2001. Falwell was eventually awarded three honorary doctoral degrees, and he sometimes used the title "doctor". The honorary doctorates were Doctor of Divinity from Tennessee Temple Theological Seminary, Doctor of Letters from California Graduate School of Theology, and Doctor of Laws from Central University in Seoul, South Korea.
wn.com/Jerry_Falwell -
Jessica Mitford
Jessica Lucy Freeman-Mitford (11 September 1917 – 22 July 1996) was an English author, journalist and political campaigner, who was one of the Mitford sisters. She became an American citizen in 1944.
Mitford, the sixth of seven children, was the daughter of David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale and his wife Sydney (daughter of politician and publisher Thomas Bowles), and grew up in a series of her father's country houses. She had little formal education, since her mother did not believe in sending girls to school, but was nevertheless widely read. Though her sisters Unity and Diana were well-known British supporters of Hitler and her father was described as being "one of nature's fascists," Jessica (always known as "Decca") renounced her privileged background at an early age and became an adherent of communism. She was known as the "red sheep" of the family.
At age 19, Mitford met her second cousin Esmond Romilly, who was recuperating from dysentery caught during a stint with the International Brigades defending Madrid during the Spanish Civil War. Romilly was a nephew (by marriage) of Winston Churchill. The cousins fell in love immediately and decided to elope to Spain, where Romilly picked up work as a reporter for the News Chronicle covering the conflict. After some legal difficulties caused by their relatives' opposition, they married. They moved to London and lived in the East End, then mostly a poor industrial area. Attended by doctor and nurse, Mitford gave birth at home to a daughter, Julia Decca Romilly, on 20 December 1937. The baby died in a measles epidemic the following May. Jessica Mitford rarely spoke of Julia in later life and she is not referred to by name in Mitford's autobiographical novel, Hons and Rebels.[citation needed]
wn.com/Jessica_Mitford -
Jim Gilmore
James Stuart "Jim" Gilmore III (born October 6, 1949) is an American politician from the Commonwealth of Virginia, former 68th Governor of Virginia, and a member of the Republican Party. A native Virginian, Gilmore studied at the University of Virginia, and then served in the U.S. Army as a counterintelligence agent. He later was elected to public office as a county prosecutor, as the Attorney General of Virginia from 1994 to 1998, and as the 68th Governor of Virginia from 1998 to 2002.
Gilmore campaigned for the 2008 Republican presidential nomination until July 2007, when he became the first major Republican candidate to leave the race. Gilmore was nominated as the Republican candidate for Virginia's United States Senate seat being vacated by John Warner. In the November 2008 election, Gilmore lost to his Democratic opponent Mark Warner.
Gilmore was born in Richmond, Virginia to Margaret Evelyn (née Kandle), a church secretary, and James Stuart Gilmore, Jr., a grocery store butcher. He graduated from John Randolph Tucker High School and received an undergraduate degree from the University of Virginia in 1971. Gilmore associated himself with the University's College Republicans chapter, and the Jefferson Literary & Debating Society.
wn.com/Jim_Gilmore -
Jim McDougal
James B. "Jim" McDougal (August 25, 1940 – March 8, 1998), a native of White County, Arkansas, and his wife, Susan McDougal (the former Susan Carol Henley), were financial partners with Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham Clinton in the real estate venture that led to the Whitewater political scandal of the 1990s. Starting in 1982, McDougal operated Madison Guaranty Savings and Loan.
On April 14, 1997, James McDougal was convicted of eighteen felony counts of fraud and conspiracy charges. The counts had to do with bad loans made by Madison in the late 1980s. As his savings and loan was federally-insured, the $68 million was paid by taxpayers. During the McDougal case, special prosecutor Kenneth Starr requested a reduced sentence for McDougal because of McDougal's assistance in the investigation.
He joined with his wife, from whom he was later divorced, and the Clintons to borrow $203,000 to buy land in the Ozark Mountains for vacation homes. When the development failed, he attempted to cover the losses with S&L funds. McDougal was prosecuted for fraud in 1984 and hired the Rose Law Firm which Hillary Clinton was a partner of to defend him. McDougal held a fundraiser that paid off Clinton's then campaign debt of $50,000. Madison cashier's checks accounted for $12,000 of the funds raised.
wn.com/Jim_McDougal -
Jimmy Carter
James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States (1977–1981) and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Before he became President, Carter served as a U.S. Naval officer, was a peanut farmer, served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia (1971–1975).
During Carter's term as President, two new cabinet-level departments were created: the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. He established a national energy policy that included conservation, price control, and new technology. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II), and returned the Panama Canal Zone to Panama. Throughout his career, Carter strongly emphasized human rights. He took office during a period of international stagflation, which persisted throughout his term. The end of his presidential tenure was marked by the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (at the end of 1979), 1980 Summer Olympics boycott by the United States of the Moscow Olympics and the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.
wn.com/Jimmy_Carter -
Jodi Kantor
Jodi Kantor (born April 21, 1975) is a The New York Times correspondent and author of the best-selling book The Obamas, published by Little Brown in January 2012. She has been writing about Barack and Michelle Obama, along with numerous other political figures, since 2007.
After growing up in New York City, Kantor moved to Holmdel Township, New Jersey where she graduated from Holmdel High School. Kantor graduated magna cum laude from Columbia University in 1996. She was selected for and participated on the prestigious Dorot Fellowship in Israel from 1996-97 and later served as a New York City Urban Fellow. Later, she attended Harvard Law School for one semester, taking a leave to work at Slate, where she became an editor. After corresponding with New York Times columnist Frank Rich about how that paper could improve its arts coverage, she was brought on as editor of the Arts and Leisure section by Howell Raines. She is thought to be the youngest person to edit a section of the New York Times.[citation needed] Under the guidance of Rich and others, she remade the section to include a more visual approach, new features and more ambitious reporting.
wn.com/Jodi_Kantor -
Joe Biden
Joseph Robinette "Joe" Biden, Jr. (pronunciation: /ˈdʒoʊsɨf rɒbɨˈnɛt ˈbaɪdən/; born November 20, 1942) is the 47th and current Vice President of the United States, serving under President Barack Obama. A Democrat, he was a United States Senator from Delaware from January 3, 1973 until his resignation on January 15, 2009, following his election to the Vice Presidency.
Biden was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania and lived there for ten years before moving to Delaware. He became an attorney in 1969, and was elected to a county council in 1970. Biden was first elected to the Senate in 1972 and became the sixth-youngest senator in U.S. history. He was re-elected to the Senate six times, was the fourth most senior senator at the time of his resignation, and is the 15th-longest serving Senator in history. Biden was a long-time member and former chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee. His strong advocacy helped bring about U.S. military assistance and intervention during the Bosnian War. He opposed the Gulf War in 1991. He voted in favor of the Iraq War Resolution in 2002, but later proposed resolutions to alter U.S. strategy there. He has also served as chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, dealing with issues related to drug policy, crime prevention, and civil liberties, and led creation of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act and Violence Against Women Act. He chaired the Judiciary Committee during the contentious U.S. Supreme Court nominations of Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas.
wn.com/Joe_Biden -
Joe Klein
Joe Klein (born September 7, 1946) is a longtime Washington, D.C. and New York journalist and columnist, known for his novel Primary Colors, an anonymously written roman à clef portraying Bill Clinton's first presidential campaign. Klein is currently a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and is a former Guggenheim Fellow. Since 2003 he has been a contributor at the current affairs Time news group. In April 2006, he published Politics Lost, a book on what he calls the "pollster-consultant industrial complex". He has also written articles and book reviews for The New Republic, The New York Times, The Washington Post, LIFE and Rolling Stone.
Klein graduated from the Hackley School and the University of Pennsylvania with a degree in American civilization. In 1969, Klein began reporting for the Essex County Newspapers, and The Peabody Times in Peabody, Massachusetts In 1972, he reported for Boston's WGBH, and until 1974 he was also the news editor for The Real Paper in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was a contributing editor for Rolling Stone from 1975 to 1980, and Washington bureau chief from 1975 to 1977. He became friends with actor-director Tom Laughlin after interviewing him for Rolling Stone and appeared briefly as a reporter in Laughlin's 1977 film Billy Jack Goes to Washington.
wn.com/Joe_Klein -
Joe Lieberman
Joseph Isadore "Joe" Lieberman (born February 24, 1942) is the senior United States Senator from Connecticut. A former member of the Democratic Party, he was the party's nominee for Vice President in the 2000 election. Currently an independent, he remains closely affiliated with the party.
Born in Stamford, Connecticut, Lieberman is a graduate of Yale University and Yale Law School. He was elected as a "reform Democrat" in 1970 to the Connecticut Senate, where he served three terms as Majority Leader. After an unsuccessful bid for the U.S. House of Representatives in 1980, he served as state Attorney General from 1983 to 1989. Lieberman defeated moderate Republican Lowell Weicker in 1988 to win election to the United States Senate and was re-elected in 1994 and 2000. In the 2000 United States presidential election, Lieberman was the Democratic nominee for Vice President, running with presidential nominee Al Gore, becoming the first Jewish candidate on a major American political party presidential ticket. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in the 2004 presidential election.
wn.com/Joe_Lieberman -
Joe Schriner
Joe Schriner (born March 3, 1955) is an American politician and journalist. He has run as an independent candidate for President of the United States in four consecutive election cycles. He ran in 2000,2004,2008, and is running in 2012.
Schriner and his family have traveled some 82,000 campaign miles. Since 1991, he has done extensive cross-country research for an expansive set of position papers. Schriner has been featured in some 2,000 newspapers, 175 regional network TV news shows, and hundreds of radio shows. He has written three books: Back Road to the White House, America's Best Town and America's Best Town 2. Schriner bills himself as an "average Joe concerned parent from the Midwest."
wn.com/Joe_Schriner -
John Adams Dix
John Adams Dix (July 24, 1798 – April 21, 1879) was an American politician from New York. He served as Secretary of the Treasury, U.S. Senator, and the 24th Governor of New York. He was also a Union major general during the Civil War.
Dix was born in Boscawen, New Hampshire. He joined the Artillery as a military cadet at the age of 14. He served in the United States Army until 1828, and attained the rank of captain.
In 1826, Dix married Catherine Morgan, the adopted daughter of Congressman John J. Morgan, who gave Dix a job overseeing his upstate New York land holdings in Cooperstown. Dix and his wife moved to Cooperstown in 1828, and he practiced law in addition to overseeing the land holdings. In 1830, he was appointed by Governor Enos T. Throop as Adjutant General of the New York State Militia, and moved to Albany, New York. He was Secretary of State of New York from 1833 to 1839, and a member of the New York State Assembly (Albany Co.) in 1842.
Dix was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Silas Wright, Jr., and held office from 1845 to 1849. In November 1848, he was the Barnburner/Free-Soil candidate for Governor of New York, but was defeated by Whig Hamilton Fish. In February 1849, he ran for re-election to the U.S. Senate as the Barnburner's candidate, but the Whig majority of the State Legislature elected William H. Seward.
wn.com/John_Adams_Dix -
John Bryson
John E. Bryson (born July 24, 1943) is the 37th Secretary of Commerce. The Senate confirmed him by a 74–26 vote on October 20, 2011. He was sworn in on October 21, 2011. He is the former Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President of Edison International, the parent company of Southern California Edison.
Bryson graduated from Cleveland High School in Portland, Oregon, in 1961. He received his bachelor's degree from Stanford University in 1965 and his Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree from Yale Law School in 1969.
In 1970, with other recent Yale Law graduates, Bryson helped found and served as legal counsel for the Natural Resources Defense Council.
From 1976 to 1979, Bryson served as chairman of the California State Water Resources Control Board, and from 1979 to 1982, he served as president of the California Public Utilities Commission.
Bryson led Edison International from 1990 until his retirement on July 31, 2008, and was succeeded by Ted Craver.
Bryson was a director of The Boeing Company, W. M. Keck Foundation, and The Walt Disney Company, and a former Director/Trustee for three Western Asset Management funds at Legg Mason. He serves or has served on a number of educational, environmental and other nonprofit boards, including chairman of the California Business Roundtable, a trustee of Stanford University, a trustee of California Institute of Technology, co-chairman of the Pacific Council on International Policy, and chairman of the Public Policy Institute of California.
wn.com/John_Bryson -
John Doar
John Michael Doar (born December 3, 1921, in Minneapolis, Minnesota) is an American lawyer and currently senior counsel with the law firm Doar Rieck Kaley & Mack in New York.
He served as First Assistant and then Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights in the U.S. Dept. of Justice, from 1960 to 1967, during which time he was involved in several of the most significant events of the American civil rights movement. In 1962, Doar confronted Ross Barnett over Barnett's attempts to prevent James Meredith from entering the then-segregated University of Mississippi. He also prosecuted and convicted Collie Leroy Wilkins for federal civil rights violations in the murder of Viola Liuzzo, before an all-white jury in Alabama. As a federal prosecutor Doar could not prosecute someone for murder, which was a state offense. In 1963, Doar confronted and calmed an angry mob after the murder of Medgar Evers.
He prosecuted the federal case for civil rights violations against the people who were accused of lynching Andrew Goodman, James Chaney and Michael Schwerner, in events which were later depicted in the movie Mississippi Burning. Doar later contributed to drafting the Civil Rights Act of 1965, which Lyndon Johnson signed in an attempt to solve some of the problems that he had observed in the deep south.
wn.com/John_Doar -
John Edwards
Johnny Reid "John" Edwards (born June 10, 1953) is an American politician, who served as a U.S. Senator from North Carolina. He was the Democratic nominee for Vice President in 2004, and was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2004 and 2008.
He defeated incumbent Republican Lauch Faircloth in North Carolina's 1998 Senate election. Towards the end of his single six-year term, he sought the Democratic Party's nomination in the 2004 presidential election. He eventually became the 2004 Democratic candidate for vice-president, the running mate of presidential nominee Senator John Kerry of Massachusetts.
Following Kerry's loss to incumbent President George W. Bush, Edwards began working full-time at the One America Committee, a political action committee he established in 2001, and was appointed director of the Center on Poverty, Work and Opportunity at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Law. He was also a consultant for Fortress Investment Group LLC. Edwards launched a second bid for the Democratic nomination during the 2008 presidential campaign.
wn.com/John_Edwards -
John Foster Dulles
John Foster Dulles (February 25, 1888 – May 24, 1959) served as U.S. Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against communism throughout the world. He advocated support of the French in their war against the Viet Minh in Indochina and it is widely believed that he refused to shake the hand of Zhou Enlai at the Geneva Conference in 1954. He also played a major role in the Central Intelligence Agency operation to overthrow the democratic Mossadegh government of Iran in 1953 (Operation Ajax) and the democratic Arbenz government of Guatemala in 1954 (Operation PBSUCCESS).
Born in Washington, D.C., he was one of five children and the eldest son born to Presbyterian minister Allen Macy Dulles and his wife Edith (Foster). His paternal grandfather, John Welsh Dulles, had been a Presbyterian missionary in India. He attended public schools in Watertown, New York. After graduating from Princeton University (Phi Beta Kappa, 1908), where he competed on the American Whig-Cliosophic Society debate team, and graduating from The George Washington University Law School, he joined the New York City law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell, where he specialized in international law. He tried to join the United States Army during World War I but was rejected because of poor eyesight. Instead, Dulles received an Army commission as Major on the War Industries Board.
wn.com/John_Foster_Dulles -
John Hay
John Milton Hay (October 8, 1838 – July 1, 1905) was an American statesman, diplomat, author, journalist, and private secretary and assistant to Abraham Lincoln. Hay's highest office was serving as United States Secretary of State under Presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt.
Hay was born in Salem, Indiana, of Scottish ancestry, the third son of Dr. Charles Hay and Helen Leonard from Middleborough, Massachusetts, who had come to Salem to live with her sister. He was raised in Warsaw, Illinois, and educated first at the private school of the Reverend Stephen Childs, an Episcopal clergyman. In 1851 John went to an academy at Pittsfield in Pike County, where he met an older student, John G. Nicolay, with whom he would later work as private secretary to Abraham Lincoln. In 1852 John Hay went to the college at Springfield, and in 1855 was sent to Brown University, where he joined Theta Delta Chi. At Brown, he developed an interest in poetry, and Hay became a part of Providence's literary circle which included Sarah Helen Whitman and Nora Perry. As a salutation to each issue of Benjamin Tucker's Liberty (1881-1908), these lines of poetry by Hay were printed: For always in thine eyes, O Liberty!/ Shines that high light whereby the world is saved;/ And though thou slay us, we will trust in thee. When he graduated, he was named Class Poet. He left Brown in 1858 before receiving his diploma and went home to Warsaw to study law with his uncle, Milton Hay.
wn.com/John_Hay -
John Heilemann
John Arthur Heilemann (born January 23, 1966) is an American journalist for New York magazine, where he mainly covers US politics. He previously was a staff writer for The New Yorker, Wired, and The Economist. He is the coauthor of the No. 1 New York Times bestseller Game Change, about the 2008 presidential campaign, and the author of a previous book, Pride Before the Fall, about the Microsoft antitrust case. He was the host of a four-part documentary series for Discovery called Download: the True Story of the Internet, about the rise of the World Wide Web, which first aired in 2008. Heilemann is also an MSNBC political analyst.
wn.com/John_Heilemann -
John Jay
John Jay (December 12, 1745 – May 17, 1829) was an American statesman, Patriot, diplomat, a Founding Father of the United States, and the first Chief Justice of the United States (1789–95).
Jay was born into a wealthy family of merchants and government officials in New York City. He became a lawyer and joined the New York Committee of Correspondence, and organized opposition to British rule. He joined a conservative political faction that, fearing "mob rule", sought to protect property rights and maintain the "rule of law" while resisting British violations of human rights.
Jay served as the President of the Continental Congress from 1778 to 1779. During and after the American Revolution, Jay was a minister (ambassador) to Spain and France, helping to fashion United States foreign policy. His major diplomatic achievement was to negotiate favorable trade terms with Great Britain in the Jay Treaty of 1794.
Jay, a proponent of strong, centralized government, worked to ratify the new Constitution in New York in 1788 by anonymously writing a few of the Federalist Papers, along with the main authors Alexander Hamilton and James Madison.
wn.com/John_Jay -
John Laurance
John Laurance (1750 – November 11, 1810) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.
He emigrated to the United States in 1767 and settled in New York City where he read law and entered private practice in 1772. At the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, he was a warm adherent of the revolutionaries. He received an officer's commission in the First New York regiment of the Continental Army in 1775, serving under his father-in-law Gen. Alexander MacDougall. He was Judge Advocate General from 1777 to 1782. He was a member of the board that convicted Maj. John André of spying and sentenced André to be executed by hanging.
He was a member from Westchester County of the New York State Assembly in 1782–83, and from New York County in 1784-85. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1785 to 1787. He was an ardent supporter of the constitution proposed by the Federalists, and lost his seat in 1788 to an anti-Federalist. He was a member of the New York State Senate (Southern District) from 1788 to 1790, but vacated his seat after the Legislature enacted in January 1790 a law that made it impossible to be a member of Congress and the State Legislature at the same time.
wn.com/John_Laurance -
John Lindsay
John Vliet Lindsay (November 24, 1921 – December 19, 2000) was an American politician, lawyer and broadcaster who was a U.S. Congressman, Mayor of New York City, candidate for U.S. President and regular guest host of Good Morning America.
During his political career, he served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1959 to 1965 and as mayor of New York City from 1966 to 1973. He switched from the Republican to the Democratic Party in 1971, and launched a brief but unsuccessful bid for the 1972 Democratic presidential nomination as well as the 1980 Democratic nomination for Senator from New York. He died from Parkinson's disease and pneumonia on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, December 19, 2000.
Lindsay was born in New York City on West End Avenue to George Nelson Lindsay and the former Florence Eleanor Vliet. Contrary to popular assumptions, John Lindsay was neither a blue-blood nor very wealthy by birth,[page needed] although he did grow up in an upper middle class family of English and Dutch extraction. Lindsay's paternal grandfather migrated to the United States in the 1880s from the Isle of Wight, and his mother was from an upper-middle class family that had been in New York since the 1660s. John's father was a successful lawyer and investment banker, and was able to send his son to the Buckley School, St. Paul's School and Yale, where he was admitted to the class of 1944 and joined Scroll and Key.
wn.com/John_Lindsay -
John Marshall
John Marshall (September 24, 1755 – July 6, 1835) was the Chief Justice of the United States (1801–1835) whose court opinions helped lay the basis for American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches. Previously, Marshall had been a leader of the Federalist Party in Virginia and served in the United States House of Representatives from 1799 to 1800. He was Secretary of State under President John Adams from 1800 to 1801.
The longest-serving Chief Justice of the United States, Marshall dominated the Court for over three decades and played a significant role in the development of the American legal system. Most notably, he reinforced the principle that federal courts are obligated to exercise judicial review, by disregarding purported laws if they violate the Constitution. Thus, Marshall cemented the position of the American judiciary as an independent and influential branch of government. Furthermore, the Marshall Court made several important decisions relating to federalism, affecting the balance of power between the federal government and the states during the early years of the republic. In particular, he repeatedly confirmed the supremacy of federal law over state law, and supported an expansive reading of the enumerated powers.
wn.com/John_Marshall -
John McCain
John Sidney McCain III (born August 29, 1936) is the senior United States Senator from Arizona. He was the Republican presidential nominee in the 2008 United States election.
McCain followed his father and grandfather, both four-star admirals, into the United States Navy, graduating from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1958. He became a naval aviator, flying ground-attack aircraft from aircraft carriers. During the Vietnam War, he was almost killed in the 1967 USS Forrestal fire. In October 1967, while on a bombing mission over Hanoi, he was shot down, seriously injured, and captured by the North Vietnamese. He was a prisoner of war until 1973. McCain experienced episodes of torture, and refused an out-of-sequence early repatriation offer. His war wounds left him with lifelong physical limitations.
He retired from the Navy as a captain in 1981 and moved to Arizona, where he entered politics. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1982, he served two terms, and was then elected to the U.S. Senate in 1986, winning re-election easily four times, most recently in 2010. While generally adhering to conservative principles, McCain at times has had a media reputation as a "maverick" for his willingness to disagree with his party on certain issues. After being investigated and largely exonerated in a political influence scandal of the 1980s as a member of the Keating Five, he made campaign finance reform one of his signature concerns, which eventually led to the passage of the McCain-Feingold Act in 2002. He is also known for his work towards restoring diplomatic relations with Vietnam in the 1990s, and for his belief that the war in Iraq should be fought to a successful conclusion. McCain has chaired the Senate Commerce Committee, opposed spending that he considered to be pork barrel, and played a key role in alleviating a crisis over judicial nominations.
wn.com/John_McCain -
John Podesta
John David Podesta (born January 8, 1949) was the fourth and final White House Chief of Staff under President Bill Clinton, from 1998 until 2001. He is the former president and now Chair and Counselor of the Center for American Progress, a liberal think tank in Washington, D.C., and is also a Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center. Podesta was a co-chairman of the Obama-Biden Transition Project.
Podesta spent most of his early years in Chicago, where he was born, growing up in the neighborhood of Jefferson Park on the city's Northwest Side. His mother, Mary (née Kokoris), was Greek-American, and his father, John David Podesta, Sr., was Italian-American. He has a brother, Tony. In 1967, he graduated from Lane Technical High School in Chicago. In 1971, Podesta graduated from Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois. He attended the Georgetown University Law Center and graduated in 1976. Podesta worked as a trial attorney for the Department of Justice's Honors Program in the Land and Natural Resources Division (1976–1977), and as a Special Assistant to the Director of ACTION, the Federal volunteer agency (1978–1979).
wn.com/John_Podesta -
John Quincy Adams
John Quincy Adamsi/ˈkwɪnzi/ (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was the sixth President of the United States (1825–1829). He served as an American diplomat, Senator, and Congressional representative. He was a member of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, and later Anti-Masonic and Whig parties. Adams was the son of former President John Adams and Abigail Adams. As a diplomat, Adams played an important role in negotiating many international treaties, most notably the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812. As Secretary of State, he negotiated with the United Kingdom over America's northern border with Canada, negotiated with Spain the annexation of Florida, and authored the Monroe Doctrine. Historians agree he was one of the greatest diplomats and secretaries of state in American history.
As president, he sought to modernize the American economy and promoted education. Adams enacted a part of his agenda and paid off much of the national debt. He was stymied by a Congress controlled by his enemies, and his lack of patronage networks helped politicians eager to undercut him. He lost his 1828 bid for re-election to Andrew Jackson. In doing so, he became the first President since his father to serve a single term.
wn.com/John_Quincy_Adams -
John Sherman
John Sherman, nicknamed "The Ohio Icicle" (May 10, 1823 – October 22, 1900), was a U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from Ohio during the Civil War and into the late nineteenth century. He served as both Secretary of the Treasury and Secretary of State and was the principal author of the Sherman Antitrust Act. His older brothers were Charles Taylor Sherman, a federal judge in Ohio, and General William Tecumseh Sherman of Civil War fame. His younger brother was banker Hoyt Sherman.
Sherman was born in Lancaster, Ohio, to Mary Hoyt Sherman and Charles Robert Sherman, a justice in the Ohio Supreme Court. When he died in 1829, John's mother was left with eleven children to take care of. His brother, William, went to live with Maria and Thomas Ewing who were friends of the Shermans.
Sherman was educated at common schools as well as an academy in Ohio, but left early to work as an engineer on canal projects. He later began studying law and was admitted to the bar in 1844. He became partners with his brother the same year and practiced out of Mansfield, Ohio. He married Cecilia Margaret Stewart in 1848, the daughter of an Ohio judge.
wn.com/John_Sherman -
John Sloss Hobart
John Sloss Hobart (May 6, 1738 – February 4, 1805) was an American jurist and politician. He was a member of the Federalist Party who served as United States Senator from New York, and later as a United States federal judge.
Born in Fairfield, Connecticut to Noah Hobart and Ellen Sloss, Hobart graduated from Yale College in 1757 where he studied law. He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in New York. On June 22, 1764 he married Mary Greenill, they had no children.
Hobart was member of the Committee of Correspondence in 1774. He was a Deputy to the Provincial Convention of New York in 1775, was also a delegate to the Provincial Congress from 1775 to 1777, and was a member of the council of safety in 1777. He was a Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of the State of New York from 1777 to 1798, member of the Hartford convention in 1780, and member of the State convention in 1788 which ratified the United States Constitution.
Hobart was elected to the United States Senate as a Federalist to fill the vacancy caused by Philip Schuyler's resignation for health reasons, serving from January 11, 1798 to April 16, 1798, until his own resignation to accept an appointment to the federal court system. He was nominated to the federal bench by John Adams on April 11, 1798, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of New York vacated by Robert Troup. Hobart was confirmed by the Senate on April 12, 1798, and received his commission the same day. He served on the bench until his death.
wn.com/John_Sloss_Hobart -
John Thune
John Randolph Thune (born January 7, 1961) is the junior United States Senator from South Dakota and a member of the Republican Party. He previously served as a United States Representative for South Dakota's At-large congressional district.
Thune was born in the small town of Murdo, South Dakota, the son of Yvonne Patricia (née Bodine) and Harold Richard Thune. Thune's paternal grandfather was an immigrant from Norway who partnered with his brother to start Thune Hardware stores in Mitchell and Murdo, South Dakota. His maternal grandfather was from Ontario in Canada. Thune was a star athlete in high school, taking his basketball team near a state championship, and also played college basketball at Biola University.
Thune, who identifies as an evangelical Christian, graduated from Biola University, California in 1983 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Business. Thune received the degree of Master of Public Administration from the University of South Dakota in 1984.
Thune worked as a legislative aide for U.S. Senator James Abdnor from 1985 to 1987. In 1980, Abdnor defeated U.S. Senator George McGovern, succeeding him. When Abdnor was defeated in 1986 by Tom Daschle, Thune followed Abdnor to the Small Business Administration under the Reagan Administration. In 1989, he returned to South Dakota, where he served as executive director of the Republican Party for two years.
wn.com/John_Thune -
Jon Meacham
Jon Meacham (born May 20, 1969) is executive editor and executive vice president at Random House. A former editor of Newsweek and a Pulitzer Prize winning bestselling author and a commentator on politics, history, and religious faith in America, he is a contributing editor to Time magazine and editor-at-large of WNET Public Media, the New York public television station.
Born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, Meacham attended St. Nicholas School, the McCallie School and the University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee, graduating summa cum laude in English Literature; he was salutatorian and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He is an initiate of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity and member of the Sewanee class of 1991.
An only child, Meacham spent his high school years living with his grandfather, Judge Ellis K. Meacham. A legendary figure in Chattanooga and author of three Napoleonic-era maritime novels about the Bombay Marine of the East India Company, Judge Meacham is credited with giving Meacham his interest in history, literature, and politics.
wn.com/Jon_Meacham -
Jonathan Tasini
Jonathan Yoav Tasini (born 1956 in Houston, Texas) is a strategist, organizer, activist, commentator and writer, primarily focusing his energies on the topics of work, labor and the economy. On June 11, 2009, he announced that he would challenge New York U.S. Senator Kirsten Gillibrand in the Democratic primary for the 2010 U.S. Senate special election in New York. However, Tasini later decided to run instead for a seat in the House of Representatives in 2010.
He was the president of the National Writers Union from 1990 to 2003. In 2006, he unsuccessfully challenged incumbent U.S. Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton in the Democratic primary.
He is currently president of the Economic Future Group, a national consulting group in the United States. He also writes frequently for a labor and economy blog Working Life.
Tasini was born in Houston, though he would spend much of his late childhood in Israel. Tasini's late father, Betsalel Tasini, was a computer scientist who was born in Palestine and fought in the Haganah, Israel's pre-state army, and its strike force, the Palmach. Tasini lived with his father and stepmother in Israel for 7 years and speaks fluent Hebrew. He completed high school in Israel and continued his studies there at Tel Aviv University. While there, he was also involved in the powerful labor movement in Israel, Histadrut. He also holds a degree in political sciences from UCLA.
wn.com/Jonathan_Tasini -
Jonathon Sharkey
Jonathon (originally John) Albert "The Impaler" Sharkey (born April 2, 1964) is an American professional wrestler and perennial candidate. He resides in Florida and initially attempted to run for President as a Republican in 2012. On August 24, 2011, he formally ended his presidential campaign, but states that he has "all intentions of running in 2020."
He formerly lived in Minnesota but moved to Florida in 2010. Sharkey has three living children, and a fourth child who is now deceased. He also has a grandson. Sharkey says that he has never dated anyone over 19 years old since 2006. Sharkey drinks his girlfriends' blood and one of his former girlfriends, Audrianna Foster, has claimed to be a vampire herself.
Sharkey began wrestling in 1988. He began his career with Larry Sharpe's WWA promotion, facing "Diamond Jim" Brady in a boxer vs. wrestler match. Following this, he worked with a number of other wrestling promoters including Rocky Johnson, father of Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson. He cites his greatest wrestling influences as Ric Flair and Ricky Steamboat.
wn.com/Jonathon_Sharkey -
Joseph Duffey
Joseph Daniel Duffey (born July 1, 1932) is an American academic, educator and political appointee.
Duffey was born in Huntington, West Virginia. He received an A.B. from Marshall University in 1954, a B.D. from Andover Theological School in 1957, an S.T.M. from Yale University in 1963, and a Ph.D. from Hartford Seminary Foundation in 1969. From 1960 to 1970, Duffey was an assistant professor, then acting dean and associate professor, at Hartford Seminary. He was also founder and director of the Center for Urban Studies there. In 1971 he was a fellow at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government.
Duffey was an adjunct professor at Yale University and a fellow at Calhoon College from 1971 to 1973. From 1974 to 1976, he was chief administrative officer and spokesman for the American Association of University Professors. He worked on the Carter-Mondale transition team in 1976 and 1977 and has been Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs since early 1977.
Dr. Duffey was the former chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities (1977–1982), and former assistant Secretary of State for education and cultural affairs, and served as director of the United States Information Agency from 1993 to 1999. Before that, he was president of American University (1991–1993) and chancellor of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (1982–1991).
wn.com/Joseph_Duffey -
Joseph Palermo
Dr Joseph A. Palermo (born 1959) is an Associate Professor of History at Sacramento State University, an author and a commentator.
He received his undergraduate degree in Sociology and Anthropology from UC Santa Cruz, a Masters degree in History from San Jose State University and a Masters and Doctorate in American History from Cornell University. For four years after receiving his doctorate he taught at both Cornell and Colgate University, both of which are in upstate New York. However, since 2002 he has been teaching classes on the 1960s, the Vietnam War, foreign relations, historiography, and the history and politics of the 20th century at Sacramento State University in Sacramento, California.
Palermo makes frequent contributions to the Huffington Post and the LA Progressive, an online social justice magazine. His articles have been primarily liberal in outlook and critical of former American President George W. Bush. In print, he has written two books on Robert F. Kennedy: Robert F. Kennedy and the Death of American Idealism and In His Own Right: The Political Odyssey of Robert Kennedy.
wn.com/Joseph_Palermo -
Joshua Green
Joshua Green (born 1972) is an American journalist who writes primarily on United States politics. He is currently senior national correspondent at Bloomberg Businessweek and a weekly columnist for the Boston Globe.
Green graduated from Connecticut College in 1994 and earned a graduate degree from Northwestern University's Medill School of Journalism in 1998.
Green began his journalism career in 1995 as an editor at the satirical weekly The Onion. From 2000 to 2001, he was a staff writer at The American Prospect. He then joined The Washington Monthly, where he worked as an editor from 2001 to 2003. Green has also contributed articles to Slate and The New Yorker.
Green was with The Atlantic from September 2003 to July 1011. During that time his work has been anthologized in collections ranging from Best American Political Writing 2009 to The Bob Marley Reader. Among his more notable writings for The Atlantic are a November 2006 cover story on Hillary Rodham Clinton and a November 2004 story on George W. Bush presidential adviser Karl Rove. Green also wrote an article for The Atlantic in October 2007 exploring the feasibility of the announced presidential campaign of the comedian Stephen Colbert.
wn.com/Joshua_Green -
Julia Gardiner Tyler
Julia Gardiner Tyler (May 4, 1820 or July 29, 1820 – July 10, 1889) was the second wife of John Tyler, the tenth president of the United States, and served as First Lady of the United States from June 26, 1844, to March 4, 1845.
Julia Gardiner Tyler was born in 1820 on Gardiner's Island off the eastern tip of Long Island, New York. She was the daughter of Juliana McLachlan-Gardiner and David Gardiner, a prominent landowner and New York State Senator from 1824 to 1828. Julia was raised in the New York town of East Hampton as well as in the small hamlet of Bay Shore, Long Island. At the age of 19, she shocked polite society by posing for a department store advertisement that billed her as the "Rose of Long Island".
In early 1842, Julia was introduced to US President John Tyler at a White House reception. They began seeing each other in January 1843 a few months after the death of First Lady Letitia Tyler.
Julia, her sister Margaret, and her father joined a presidential excursion on the new steam frigate Princeton. David Gardiner, along with a number of others, lost his life in the explosion of a huge naval gun. Tyler comforted Julia in her grief and won her consent to a secret engagement, proposing in 1843 at the George Washington Ball. Because of the circumstances surrounding her father's death, the couple agreed to marry with a minimum of celebration. Thus on June 26, 1844, the president slipped into New York City, where the nuptials were performed by the Right Reverend Benjamin Treadwell Onderdonk, fourth bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New York, at the Church of the Ascension. President Tyler was aged 54; Julia just 24.
wn.com/Julia_Gardiner_Tyler -
Julia Grant
Julia Boggs Dent Grant (January 26, 1826 – December 14, 1902), was the wife of the 18th President of the United States, Ulysses S. Grant, and was First Lady of the United States from 1869 to 1877.
Born Julia Boggs Dent at White Haven plantation west of St. Louis, Missouri, the daughter of Colonel Frederick Dent, a slaveholding planter and merchant, and Ellen Wrenshall-Dent, Julia was rather plain in appearance[citation needed] and squinted through crossed eyes. In memoirs prepared late in life—unpublished until 1975—she pictured her girlhood as an idyll: "one long summer of sunshine, flowers, and smiles".
She attended the Misses Mauros' boarding school in St. Louis for seven years among the daughters of other affluent parents. She excelled in art and voice. A social favorite in that circle, she met "Ulys" at her home, where her family welcomed him as a West Point classmate of her brother Frederick; soon she felt lonely without him, dreamed of him, and agreed to wear his West Point ring.
Grant proposed several times before Julia finally accepted. When she did, they were sitting on the front steps of her beloved childhood home, a picturesque plantation called White Haven. In 1844 the couple embarked on a four-year engagement, delayed by the Mexican-American War, during which they saw each other only once.
wn.com/Julia_Grant -
Karen Mills
Karen Gordon Mills is the 23rd administrator of the Small Business Administration (SBA), a federal agency which provides small businesses with access to capital and government contracts, counseling and training, and disaster relief. She was nominated by President-elect Barack Obama on December 19, 2008, confirmed unanimously by the Senate on April 2, 2009, and sworn in on April 6, 2009. She was elevated to the rank of Cabinet-level officer on January 13, 2012.
Mills is the daughter of Mr. Melvin and Ellen Gordon, the CEO and President of Tootsie Roll Industries, respectively. She is married to Barry Mills, the president of Bowdoin College, and has three sons. She has a B.A. in economics from Harvard University, and an MBA from Harvard Business School.
Mills has extensive experience in managing and investing in small businesses. During the 1980s and 1990s, Mills worked with and managed several small manufacturing firms throughout the country, including producers of hardwood flooring, refrigerator motors, and plastic injection molding.
wn.com/Karen_Mills -
Kat Swift
Kat Swift (born June 6, 1973) is a United States political activist, former co-chair of the Green Party of Texas, and spokesperson for the Green Party's National Women’s Caucus. Swift announced her intention to seek the 2008 Presidential nomination of the US Green Party at the 2004 Green Party National Convention in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. She was one of the youngest candidates to seek the office in 2008, meeting the age requirement of 35-years-old only months before Election Day in 2008. In 2007, she ran for City Council, District 1 in San Antonio, Texas finishing second of three candidates with 1,630 votes for 29.48% of the total vote. On July 12, 2008 she finished third on the single ballot for the party's presidential nomination with 38 out of 532 delegate votes cast. She later endorsed the winner of the presidential nomination Cynthia McKinney. Swift was later a 2010 candidate for Bexar County Commissioner in Precinct 2.
Swift is a critic of electronic voting machines, and during a 2008 interview said: "The people must have precedence over corporations and political machines! Think about who is counting [votes] and paying for the candidates to run for office. Are they people who are acting out of duty for an egalitarian society, justice, and liberty...or are they in it for other reasons?”
wn.com/Kat_Swift -
Kathleen Sebelius
Kathleen Sebelius (pronounced /sɨˈbiːliəs/; née Gilligan, born May 15, 1948) is an American politician currently serving as the 21st Secretary of Health and Human Services. She was the second female Governor of Kansas from 2003 to 2009, the Democratic respondent to the 2008 State of the Union address, and chair-emerita of the Democratic Governors Association.
Sebelius was born and raised in a Roman Catholic family in Cincinnati, Ohio. She attended the Summit Country Day School in Cincinnati and graduated from Trinity Washington University in Washington, D.C. with a B.A. in political science. She later earned a Master of Public Administration degree from the University of Kansas. She moved to Kansas in 1974, where she served for eight years as a representative in the Kansas Legislature and eight years as Insurance Commissioner before being elected governor.
Sebelius is the daughter of former Democratic Ohio Governor John J. Gilligan, and thus they became the first father/daughter governor pair in the United States after her election. Following passage of the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, she pointed out another father-daughter connection: her father had been in the House of Representatives when Medicare was originally passed in 1965.
wn.com/Kathleen_Sebelius -
Ken Salazar
Kenneth Lee "Ken" Salazar (pronounced /ˈsæləzɑr/; born March 2, 1955) is the current United States Secretary of the Interior, in the administration of President Barack Obama. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as a United States Senator from Colorado from 2005 to 2009. He and Mel Martinez (R-Florida) were the first Hispanic U.S. Senators since 1977; they were joined by Bob Menendez (D-New Jersey) in January 2006. Prior to his election to the U.S. Senate, he served as Attorney General of Colorado from 1999 to 2005.
On December 17, 2008, President-elect Obama announced he would nominate Salazar as U.S. Secretary of the Interior. The environmentalist movement's reaction to this nomination was mixed. Previously, Salazar supported the nomination of Gale Norton to Secretary of the Interior, President George W. Bush's first appointee who preceded Salazar as Colorado Attorney General. On January 20, 2009, Salazar was confirmed by unanimous consent in the Senate.
Ken Salazar was born in Alamosa, Colorado, the son of Emma M. and Henry (Enrique) S. Salazar. He grew up near Manassa, in the community of Los Rincones in the San Luis Valley area of south-central Colorado. Salazar attended St. Francis Seminary and Centauri High School in La Jara, graduating in 1973. He later attended Colorado College, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science in 1977, and received his Juris Doctor (J.D.) from the University of Michigan Law School in 1981. Later Salazar was awarded honorary degrees (Doctor of Laws) from Colorado College (1993) and the University of Denver (1999). After graduating, Salazar started private law practice.
wn.com/Ken_Salazar -
Kenneth Keating
Kenneth Barnard Keating (May 18, 1900 – May 5, 1975), was a United States Representative and a U.S. Senator from New York, and in later life, an appellate judge and a diplomat representing the United States as ambassador to India and later to Israel.
He attended public school and was graduated from Genesee Wesleyan Seminary in 1915. He then attended the University of Rochester, which he was graduated from in 1919, while there he joined The Delta Upsilon Fraternity, and from Harvard Law School in 1923. He was admitted to the bar in 1923 and commenced practice in Rochester. During the First World War he served as a sergeant in the United States Army and during the Second World War served overseas and was promoted to brigadier general in 1948. On returning to the United States he resumed his law practice.
Keating was elected to the House of Representatives as a Republican to the 80th, 81st, 82nd, 83rd, 84th and 85th United States Congresses, and served from January 3, 1947, to January 3, 1959. In 1958 he defeated New York County District Attorney Frank Hogan for the U.S. Senate seat of the retiring Irving M. Ives, and served from January 3, 1959, to January 3, 1965. Before the Cuban Missile Crisis, Senator Keating accused the Soviets and Cuba of building IRBMs in Cuba, and urged President John F. Kennedy to take action. Keating was a moderate, like many prominent New York Republicans of his era. When he was running for re-election in 1964 Keating refused to endorse his party's Presidential nominee, the conservative Senator Barry Goldwater, who was highly unpopular in New York. Keating did run far ahead of Goldwater in New York, but was still defeated for re-election in 1964 by Democrat Robert F. Kennedy, after a campaign in which Keating labelled Kennedy, who had only spent part of his childhood in New York, as a "carpetbagger." Keating's campaign slogan was "Keep Keating."
wn.com/Kenneth_Keating -
Kent Mesplay
Kent Mesplay (born July 19, 1962) is the California delegate to the Green National Committee and unsuccessfully sought the 2004 Green Party Presidential nomination which he lost again in 2008.
Mesplay was born and raised in Papua New Guinea to Lutheran Missionary parents. He graduated Valedictorian from Mira Mesa High School in 1980. In college, he studied Western and non-Western medicine, earning a Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering from Northwestern University and he obtained an undergrad degree in Engineering from Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California. After graduate school, Mesplay suffered through a long period of unemployment as he worked to develop a funded position for himself at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, in Long Beach, California, before moving to La Mesa and teaching mathematics in the Grossmont Union High School District. He currently works as an Air Quality Inspector at the Air Pollution Control District, in San Diego.
Mesplay became a Green Party of California delegate to the Green National Committee in 2004 [1]. Previously, he was elected Treasurer of the Green Party County Council, San Diego, which he served as from 1996-1997. During the same period, he was the co-chair of the Communications Committee, Green Party County Council, San Diego.
wn.com/Kent_Mesplay -
Kevin Rudd
Kevin Michael Rudd (born 21 September 1957) is an Australian politician who was the 26th Prime Minister of Australia from 2007 to 2010. He also served as the Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2010 to 2012. A member of the Australian Labor Party, Rudd has served in the House of Representatives since the 1998 federal election, representing Griffith, Queensland.
Rudd was born in Queensland and grew up on a dairy farm. He joined the Australian Labor Party at the age of 15 and was dux of Nambour State High School in 1974. He studied an arts degree in Asian studies at the Australian National University, majoring in Chinese language and Chinese history. In 1981, he married Thérèse Rein and they have three children. He worked for the Department of Foreign Affairs from 1981 and from 1988 he was Chief of Staff to the Queensland Labor Opposition Leader and later Premier, Wayne Goss. After the Goss government lost office in 1995, Rudd was hired as a Senior China Consultant by the accounting firm KPMG Australia.
wn.com/Kevin_Rudd -
Kirsten Gillibrand
Kirsten Elizabeth Rutnik Gillibrand (/ˈkɪərstən ˈdʒɪlɨbrænd/ KEER-stən JIL-ə-brand; born December 9, 1966) is an attorney and the junior United States Senator from the state of New York and a member of the Democratic Party. Prior to being appointed to the Senate by New York Governor David Paterson in 2009, she was twice elected to the United States House of Representatives, from New York's 20th congressional district.
Gillibrand was born and raised in the Albany area. She is a 1988 graduate of Dartmouth College, where she majored in Asian studies. She received her Juris Doctor from UCLA Law School in 1991 and passed the bar the same year. She was an associate in the law firm of Davis Polk & Wardwell in Manhattan before becoming a partner at Boies, Schiller & Flexner in Albany.
Gillibrand won an upset congressional election in November 2006, beating four-term incumbent John E. Sweeney 53% to 47%. Her reelection campaign in 2008 against Sandy Treadwell was significantly easier, winning 62% to 38%. In December 2008, then President-elect Barack Obama nominated Hillary Rodham Clinton as Secretary of State, leaving an empty seat in the New York senate delegation. After two months and many potential names considered, Governor David Paterson appointed Gillibrand to fill the seat. Gillibrand was required to run in a special election in 2010, which she easily won with 63% of the vote. Her term ends in 2013 and she is currently running for reelection in 2012.
wn.com/Kirsten_Gillibrand -
Lady Bird Johnson
Claudia Alta "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson (December 22, 1912 – July 11, 2007) was First Lady of the United States (1963-69) during the presidency of her husband Lyndon B. Johnson.
Notably well educated for her time, she proved a capable manager and a shrewd investor. After marrying LBJ in 1934, when he was a political hopeful in Austin, Texas, she used a modest inheritance to bankroll his congressional campaign, and then ran his office while he was serving in the Navy. Next, she bought a radio station and then a TV station, which would soon make them millionaires. As First Lady, she broke new ground by liaising directly with Congress, employing her own press secretary, and making a solo electioneering tour.
Johnson was a lifelong advocate for beautifying the nation's cities and highways ("Where flowers bloom, so does hope") and the Highway Beautification Act was informally known as Lady Bird's Bill. She was a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest US civilian honors.
wn.com/Lady_Bird_Johnson -
Lady Macbeth
Lady Macbeth is a fictional character in Shakespeare's Macbeth (c.1603–1607). She is the wife to the play's protagonist, Macbeth, a Scottish nobleman. After goading him into committing regicide, she becomes Queen of Scotland, but later suffers pangs of guilt for her part in the crime. She dies off-stage in the last act, an apparent suicide.
The character's origins lie in the accounts of Kings Duff and Duncan in Holinshed's Chronicles (1587), a history of Britain familiar to Shakespeare. Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth appears to be a composite of two separate and distinct personages in Holinshed's work: Donwald's nagging, murderous wife in the account of King Duff, and Macbeth's ambitious wife in the account of King Duncan.
Lady Macbeth is a powerful presence in the play, most notably in the first two acts. Following the murder of King Duncan, however, her role in the plot diminishes. She becomes an uninvolved spectator to Macbeth's plotting, and a nervous hostess at a banquet dominated by her husband's hallucinations. Her fifth act sleepwalking scene is a turning point in the play, and her line, "Out, damned spot!," has become a phrase familiar to most speakers of the English language. The report of her death late in the fifth act provides the inspiration for Macbeth's "Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow" speech.
wn.com/Lady_Macbeth -
Lanny Davis
Lanny J. Davis (born 1945) is an American lawyer, consultant, author, and television commentator. From 1996 to 1998, he served as a special counsel to President Bill Clinton, and was a spokesperson for the President and the White House on matters concerning campaign-finance investigations and other legal issues. In 2005 President George W. Bush appointed Davis to serve on the five-member Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board, created by the U.S. Congress as part of the 2005 Intelligence Reform Act. Davis's clients have included Porton Group, National Women's History Museum, National Black Chamber of Commerce, eHealth, Sofitel Hotels, Trent Lott, Gene Upshaw, Dan Snyder, Martha Stewart and the Office of the President at Penn State University. Davis is currently a Fox News Contributor and has a column called "Purple Nation" that appears regularly in The Hill, the Huffington Post, FoxNews.com, The Daily Caller, and Newsmax. He is a graduate of Yale Law School, where he won the Thurman Arnold Moot Court prize and served on the Yale Law Journal. As a Yale undergraduate, Davis served as chairman of the Yale Daily News.
wn.com/Lanny_Davis -
Laura Bush
Laura Lane Welch Bush (born November 4, 1946) is the wife of the 43rd President of the United States, George W. Bush. She was the First Lady from January 20, 2001, to January 20, 2009. She graduated from Southern Methodist University in 1968 with a bachelor's degree in education and soon took a job as a second grade teacher. After attaining her Master's degree in Library Science at the University of Texas at Austin, she was employed as a librarian. She met George Walker Bush in 1977, and they were married later that year. The couple had twin daughters in 1981.
Bush's political involvement began with her marriage. She campaigned during her husband's unsuccessful 1978 run for the United States Congress and later his successful Texas gubernatorial campaign. As First Lady of Texas, Bush implemented many initiatives focused on health, education, and literacy. In 1999, she aided her husband in campaigning for the presidency in a number of ways, most notably delivering a keynote address at the 2000 Republican National Convention, which gained her national attention. She became first lady after her husband defeated Democrat Al Gore in the 2000 election.
wn.com/Laura_Bush -
Laurent Fabius
Laurent Fabius (French pronunciation: [loʁɑ̃ fabjys]; born 20 August 1946) is a French Socialist politician. He served as Prime Minister from 17 July 1984 to 20 March 1986. He was 37 years old when he was appointed and is, so far, the youngest Prime Minister of the Fifth Republic. He is now Foreign Minister since 16 May 2012.
Fabius was born in Paris, the son of Louise (née Strasburger-Mortimer; 1911–2010) and André Fabius (1908–1984). His parents were Jewish and converted to Catholicism, and Fabius was raised an assimilated Catholic. His secondary education was at the Lycée Janson de Sailly and Lycée Louis-le-Grand. He was a graduate of institutions that are training grounds for academics (École Normale Supérieure), senior civil servants (École Nationale d'Administration) and future leaders (Sciences Po).
After his studies, he became an auditor for the Council of State. Member of the Socialist Party (PS) since 1974, he was first elected to the National Assembly in 1978 for the fourth constituency of Seine Maritime département. He quickly gained entry to the circle of François Mitterrand, the leader of the party.
wn.com/Laurent_Fabius -
Lawrence Eagleburger
Lawrence Sidney Eagleburger (August 1, 1930 – June 4, 2011) was an American statesman and former career diplomat, who served briefly as the Secretary of State under President George H. W. Bush. Previously, he had served in lesser capacities under Presidents Richard Nixon, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and as Deputy Secretary of State under George H. W. Bush.
Eagleburger is the only career Foreign Service Officer to have served as Secretary of State.
Eagleburger was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the son of Helen (née Van Ornum), an elementary school teacher, and Leon Sidney Eagleburger, a physician. He graduated from P J Jacobs High School in Stevens Point, Wisconsin, then attended Stevens Point State College (now the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point), before earning his Bachelor's and Master's degrees from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. During his time at Wisconsin, he joined Alpha Sigma Phi Fraternity. On May 6, 1995, he delivered the commencement address to the 1995 graduating class of James Madison University.
wn.com/Lawrence_Eagleburger -
Leon Panetta
Leon Edward Panetta (born June 28, 1938) is the 23rd and current United States Secretary of Defense, serving in the administration of President Barack Obama since 2011. Prior to taking office, he served as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. An Italian-American Democratic politician, lawyer, and professor, Panetta served as President Bill Clinton's White House Chief of Staff from 1994 to 1997, Director of the Office of Management and Budget from 1993–1994, and was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1977 to 1993. He is the founder of the Panetta Institute for Public Policy, served as Distinguished Scholar to Chancellor Charles B. Reed of the California State University System and professor of public policy at Santa Clara University.
In January 2009, President Obama nominated Panetta for the post of CIA Director. Panetta was confirmed by the full Senate in February 2009. As director of the CIA, Panetta oversaw the U.S. military operation that led to Osama bin Laden's death.
wn.com/Leon_Panetta -
Lewis Cass
Lewis Cass (October 9, 1782 – June 17, 1866) was an American military officer and politician. During his long political career, Cass served as a governor of the Michigan Territory, an American ambassador, a U.S. Senator representing Michigan, and co-founder as well as first Masonic Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Michigan. He was the losing nominee of the Democratic Party for president in 1848. Cass was nationally famous as a leading spokesman for the controversial Doctrine of Popular Sovereignty, which would have allowed voters in the territories to determine whether to make slavery legal instead of having Congress decide.
Cass was born in Exeter, New Hampshire, where he attended Phillips Exeter Academy. His parents were Major Jonathan Cass and Molly Gilman. In 1800 he moved with his family to Marietta, Ohio. On May 26, 1806, he married the former Elizabeth Spencer. Interested in "passing knowledge forward" Cass joined the Freemasons on May 7, 1804 and was later elected as the third Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Ohio on January 4, 1808. Later he went on to co-found the Grand Lodge of Michigan being elected as its first Grand Master on July 21, 1826.
wn.com/Lewis_Cass -
Linda Tripp
Linda Rose Tripp (née Carotenuto; born November 24, 1949) is a former civil servant who became a central figure in the Lewinsky scandal of 1998 and 1999 that led to the impeachment and subsequent acquittal of U.S. President Bill Clinton.
Tripp was born in Jersey City, New Jersey. She graduated in 1968 from Hanover Park High School in East Hanover, New Jersey.
Tripp was an Army Intelligence secretary at Fort Meade before being transferred to the Pentagon in 1987. Two years later she became an assistant for Delta Force.
Tripp was a White House employee in the George H. W. Bush administration, and kept her job when Bill Clinton took over in 1993. During the summer of 1994, senior White House aides wanted Tripp out, so they arranged a job for her in the public affairs office in the Pentagon which gave her a raise of $20,000 per year.
Tripp became a close confidante of another former White House employee, Monica Lewinsky, while they both worked in the Pentagon's public affairs office. According to Tripp, who is about 24 years older than Lewinsky, they knew one another for a year and a half before the scandal began to reach its critical stage. After Lewinsky revealed to Tripp that she had been in a physical relationship with President Clinton, Tripp, acting on the advice of Lucianne Goldberg, began to secretly record phone conversations with Lewinsky while encouraging Lewinsky to document details of her relationship with the president.
wn.com/Linda_Tripp -
Lou Henry Hoover
Lou Henry Hoover (March 29, 1874 – January 7, 1944) was the wife of President of the United States Herbert Hoover and First Lady, 1929-1933.
Marrying her engineer husband in 1899, she travelled widely with him and became a cultivated scholar and linguist. During World War I, Mrs. Hoover helped him in providing relief for Belgian refugees. As First Lady, she oversaw construction of the presidential retreat at Rapidan Camp in Virginia. She was the first First Lady to make regular radio broadcasts to the Nation. She was president of the Girl Scouts of the USA in 1922-1925 and 1935-1937.
Lou Henry was born in Waterloo, Iowa to Charles Delano Henry, a banker, and Florence Ida Weed, his wife. Lou grew up something of a tomboy in Waterloo, Whittier, California and Monterey, California. Charles Henry took his daughter on camping trips in the hills—her greatest pleasures in her early teens. Lou became a fine horsewoman; she hunted, and preserved specimens with the skill of a taxidermist; she developed an enthusiasm for rocks, minerals, and mining. She attended San Jose Normal School and in 1894 enrolled at Stanford University as the school's only female geology major. That year she met Herbert Hoover, then a senior.
wn.com/Lou_Henry_Hoover -
Louis McLane
Louis McLane (May 28, 1786 – October 7, 1857) was an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware, and Baltimore, Maryland. He was a veteran of the War of 1812 and a member of the Federalist Party and later the Democratic Party. He served as the U.S. Representative from Delaware, U.S. Senator from Delaware, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, U.S. Secretary of State, Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Kingdom, and President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
Named for the King of France, McLane was born in Smyrna, Delaware, son of Allen and Rebecca Wells McLane. Allen McLane was a veteran of the American Revolution and long time tax collector for the port of Wilmington. He was well-known and a fervently loyal Federalist. As such he received the strong backing of James A. Bayard, who managed to see that the elder McLane was able to keep his lucrative position in spite of the accession of Thomas Jefferson to the Presidency in 1801. In fact, he held the office until the administration of Andrew Jackson. Much of his income came from the seizure of contraband and Louis McLane inherited much of this wealth, along with legal issues that lasted well beyond the death of his father.
wn.com/Louis_McLane -
Louisa Adams
Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, born Louisa Catherine Johnson (February 12, 1775 – May 15, 1852), wife of John Quincy Adams, was First Lady of the United States from 1825 to 1829.
Born in London, she was the only First Lady born outside of the United States. She was the daughter of Joshua Johnson, an American merchant, and Catherine Nuth-Johnson, an Englishwoman. Her father was originally from Maryland and served as United States consul general in London after 1790. She had six sisters: Ann, Caroline, Harriet, Catherine, Elizabeth, and Adelaide, and a brother, Thomas. Louisa grew up in London and Nantes, France, where the family took refuge during the American Revolution. It was in Nantes that four-year-old Louisa first met her future husband, who at 12 was traveling through France with his father.
She again met Adams, this time in London, where her father had been appointed American consul. Adams at first showed interest in her older sister but soon settled on Louisa. John Quincy Adams, aged 30, married Louisa, aged 22, on July 26, 1797, at All Hallows Barking parish in London, England. Adams' father, John Adams, then President of the United States, overcame his initial objections to his son marrying a person born in another country and welcomed his daughter-in-law into the family.
wn.com/Louisa_Adams -
Lucianne Goldberg
Lucianne S. Goldberg (born Lucianne Steinberger; April 29, 1935), also known as Lucianne Cummings, is an American literary agent, author and the publisher of the website Lucianne.com. An avowed critic of U.S. President Bill Clinton, she helped bring the Lewinsky scandal to light, which triggered impeachment proceedings that nearly removed Clinton from office.
She was born Lucianne Steinberger in Boston, Massachusetts, to Dr. Raymond Leonard and Lucy Jane (Moseley) von Steinberger. She grew up in Alexandria, Virginia, outside of Washington, D.C., where her father was employed as a government physicist, and her mother was a physiotherapist. She attended high school in Alexandria, leaving at age 16 to begin working. She married her high school sweetheart, William Cummings; the couple separated after three years of marriage and later divorced.
She worked as a general clerk in the promotion department of the Washington Post from 1957 to mid-1960, quitting to take a job as a press aide in Lyndon Johnson's unsuccessful 1960 campaign for president. After John F. Kennedy won the Democratic nomination, she got a position at the Democratic National Committee followed by a spot on Kennedy's Inaugural Committee. She has said she served on Kennedy's White House staff, but according to the Washington Post, her name does not appear on any staff records. In response, she explained that she worked in the Old Executive Office Building doing opposition research, then worked out of the National Press Club building in public relations.
wn.com/Lucianne_Goldberg -
Lucretia Garfield
Lucretia Rudolph-Garfield (April 19, 1832 – March 14, 1918), wife of James A. Garfield, was First Lady of the United States in 1881.
Born in Hiram, Ohio, the daughter of Zebulon Rudolph, a farmer and co-founder of the Eclectic Institute at Hiram, and Arabella Mason-Rudolph, Lucretia "Crete" Rudolph was a devout member of the Churches of Christ.
She first met James Garfield in 1849 when they were classmates at Geauga Seminary in Chester, Ohio, and followed him to the Eclectic Institute, where they began dating. She was somewhat plain in appearance, but Garfield was attracted to her keen intellect and appetite for knowledge. While Garfield went on to Williams College, she taught school in Cleveland, Ohio and Bayou, Ohio. They had planned to marry on his graduation in 1856, but decided to postpone the wedding for a couple of years until he was earning more money.
Both James and Crete were 26-years when they married on November 11, 1858 at the home of the bride's parents in Hiram. Although both were members of the churches of Christ, the nuptials were performed by Henry Hitchcock, a Presbyterian minister. The newlyweds did not take a honeymoon but instead set up housekeeping immediately in Hiram.
wn.com/Lucretia_Garfield -
Lucy Webb Hayes
Lucy Ware Webb Hayes (28 August 1831 – 25 June 1889) was a First Lady of the United States and the wife of President Rutherford B. Hayes.
Historians have christened her "Lemonade Lucy" due to her staunch support of the temperance movement; however, contrary to popular belief, she was never referred to by that nickname while living, and it was her husband who banned alcohol from the White House.
Born in Chillicothe, Ohio, the daughter of James Webb, a doctor, and Maria Cook-Webb, Lucy was descended from seven veterans of the American Revolution. Her father died when she was a child. With her mother, she moved to Ohio where in 1847 she met Rutherford B. Hayes. Later that year, she enrolled at Wesleyan Women’s College (now Ohio Wesleyan University) (class of 1850); she was the first first lady to have graduated from college and was a member of Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority. Hayes was by this time practicing law in Cincinnati, and the two began dating seriously. He proposed in June 1851.
Rutherford Hayes, aged 30, married Lucy Webb, aged 21, on December 30, 1852, at the home of the bride’s mother in Cincinnati, Ohio. After the wedding, performed by Dr. L.D. McCabe of Delaware, the couple honeymooned at the home of the groom’s sister and brother-in-law in Columbus, Ohio.
wn.com/Lucy_Webb_Hayes -
Madeleine Albright
Madeleine Korbelová Albright (born May 15, 1937) was the first woman to become the United States Secretary of State. She was appointed by US President Bill Clinton on December 5, 1996, and was unanimously confirmed by a U.S. Senate vote of 99–0. She was sworn in on January 23, 1997.
Albright currently serves as a Professor of International Relations at Georgetown University's Walsh School of Foreign Service. She holds a PhD from Columbia University. She holds honorary degrees from Brandeis University (1996); the University of Washington (2002); Smith College (2003); University of Winnipeg (2005); the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (2007), and Knox College (2008). In May 2012, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by US President Barack Obama. Secretary Albright also serves as a Director on the Board of the Council on Foreign Relations.
Albright is fluent in English, French, Russian, and Czech; she speaks and reads Polish and Serbo-Croatian as well.
Albright was born Marie Jana Korbelová (Czech pronunciation: [ˈmarɪjɛ ˈjana ˈkorbɛlovaː]) in the Smíchov district of Prague, Czechoslovakia. At the time of her birth, Czechoslovakia had been independent for less than twenty years, having gained independence from Austria after World War I. Her father, Josef Korbel, was a Czech Jewish diplomat and supporter of the early Czech democrats, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and Edvard Beneš. She was his first child with his Jewish wife, Anna (née Spieglová), who later also had another daughter Katherine (a schoolteacher) and son John (an economist).
wn.com/Madeleine_Albright -
Mamie Eisenhower
Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower (November 14, 1896 – November 1, 1979) was the wife of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and First Lady of the United States from 1953 to 1961.
Mamie married Dwight Eisenhower in 1916, the young couple moved frequently between military quarters in many postings, from Panama to the Philippines. As First Lady, she entertained a wide range of foreign dignitaries, who reacted well to her confident style and splendid costumes. On leaving the White House, she made clear her disapproval of the incoming Kennedys.
Mamie Eisenhower spent her retirement and widowhood at the family farm at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Hollywood star Mamie Van Doren was so named by Universal Studios in her honor.
Born in Boone, Iowa and named, in part, after the popular song Lovely Lake Geneva, Mamie Geneva Doud was the second child born to John Sheldon Doud, a meatpacking executive, and his wife, the former Elivera Mathilde Carlson. She grew up in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Colorado Springs, Colorado, Denver, Colorado, and the Doud winter home in San Antonio, Texas. Her father, who retired at age 36, ran a meatpacking company founded by his father, Doud & Montgomery ("Buyers of Live Hogs"), and had investments in Illinois and Iowa stockyards. Her mother was a daughter of Swedish immigrants. She had three sisters: Eleanor Carlson Doud, Eda Mae Doud, and Mabel Frances "Mike" Doud.
wn.com/Mamie_Eisenhower -
Margaret Taylor
Margaret Mackall Smith "Peggy" Taylor (September 21, 1788 – August 14, 1852), wife of Zachary Taylor, was First Lady of the United States from 1849 to 1850.
Born in Calvert County, Maryland, on September 21, 1788, the daughter of Walter Smith, a prosperous Maryland planter and veteran officer of the American Revolution, and Ann Mackall-Smith, "Peggy" was raised amid refinement and wealth.
While visiting her sister in Kentucky in 1809, she was introduced to Lieutenant Zachary Taylor, then home on leave, by Dr. Alexander Duke.
Taylor, aged 25, married Peggy Smith, aged 21, on June 21, 1810, at the home of the bride's sister, Mrs. Mary Chew near Louisville, Kentucky. Their marriage appears to have been a happy one. A devout Episcopalian, Mrs. Taylor prayed regularly for her soldier husband. She became somewhat reclusive because, it is said, she had promised God to give up the pleasures of society if her husband returned safely from war.
The Taylors' surviving children were:
With the rise in Taylor's political career, she literally prayed for his defeat, for she dreaded the personal consequences of his becoming president. By the time she became First Lady, the hardships of following her husband from fort to fort and the birth of several children had taken their toll. A semi-invalid, she remained in seclusion on the second floor of the White House, leaving the duties of official hostess to her daughter Mary Elizabeth "Betty" Taylor.
wn.com/Margaret_Taylor -
Mark Halperin
Mark Evan Halperin (born January 11, 1965) is the senior political analyst for Time magazine, Time.com, and MSNBC and serves as a board member on the New Hampshire Institute of Politics at Saint Anselm College. He is the co-author (with John Heilemann) of Game Change.
Mark Halperin is the son of Morton Halperin and Ina Young. He has two brothers, David and Gary. He was born in Bethesda, Maryland, or Cambridge, Massachusetts, and raised in Bethesda, where he attended Walt Whitman High School. Halperin received his college degree from Harvard University in 1987.
In 1988 Halperin started out as a desk assistant for ABC News and a researcher for World News Tonight. He then worked in the investigative unit of World News Tonight and as a general assignment reporter in Washington. In 1992 he worked full time as an off-air producer covering Bill Clinton. In 1994 Halperin became a producer with ABC's special events unit in New York and later an editorial producer.
In 1997 he was named the political director for ABC News. As director, Halperin appeared frequently as a correspondent and political analyst for ABC News television and radio programs. He also founded and edited The Note, which appears daily on ABCNews.com. In October 2006, Halperin, along with John F. Harris, released their book, The Way to Win: Clinton, Bush, Rove, and How to Take the White House in 2008 (ISBN 1-4000-6447-3).
wn.com/Mark_Halperin -
Mark Warner
Mark Robert Warner (born December 15, 1954) is an American politician and businessman, currently serving as the junior United States Senator from the Commonwealth of Virginia. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Warner was the 69th governor of Virginia from 2002 to 2006 and is the honorary chairman of the Forward Together PAC. Warner delivered the keynote address before the nation at the 2008 Democratic National Convention. Mark Warner's experience as a congressional staffer and Democratic Party fundraiser in the 1980s prompted his involvement in telecommunications venture capital; he founded the firm Columbia Capital.
In 2006 he was widely expected to pursue the Democratic nomination in the 2008 U.S. presidential elections; however, he announced in October 2006 that he would not run, citing a desire not to disrupt his family life. Warner was considered to be a potential vice presidential candidate, but upon receiving the Democratic nomination for the U.S. Senate, he announced that he "will not accept any other opportunity." He is expected to become the state's senior senator when Jim Webb retires from the Senate in January 2013.
wn.com/Mark_Warner -
Martha Washington
Martha Dandridge Custis Washington (June 2, 1731 – May 22, 1802) was the wife of George Washington, the first president of the United States. Although the title was not coined until after her death, Martha Washington is considered to be the first First Lady of the United States. During her lifetime, she was known as "Lady Washington".
Widowed at 25, Custis had had four children with her late husband; two survived to young adulthood. She brought great wealth to her second marriage with Washington, which enabled him to buy much land and many slaves to add to his personal estate. She also brought nearly 100 "dower slaves" for her use during her lifetime; they and their descendants reverted to her late husband's estate at her death and were inherited by their heirs. She and Washington did not have children but they reared two children of her late son John Custis, who died during the Revolutionary War, as well as helping both of their extended families.
Martha Dandridge was born on June 21, 1731 on her parents' plantation Chestnut Grove in the English colony, Province of Virginia. She was the oldest daughter of John Dandridge (1700–1756), a Virginia planter and English immigrant, and Frances Jones (1710–1785) of English and Welsh descent. Martha had three brothers and four sisters: John (1733–1749), William (1734–1776), Bartholomew (1737–1785), Anna Marie "Fanny" Dandridge Bassett (1739–1777), Frances (1744–1757), Elizabeth Dandridge Aylet Henley (1749–1800), and Mary Dandridge (1756–1763).
wn.com/Martha_Washington -
Martin Van Buren
Martin Van Buren (Dutch: Maarten van Buren; December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862) was the eighth President of the United States (1837–1841). Before his presidency, he was the eighth Vice President (1833–1837) and the tenth Secretary of State, under Andrew Jackson (1829–1831).
Van Buren was a key organizer of the Democratic Party, a dominant figure in the Second Party System, and the first president not of British or Irish descent—his family was Dutch. He was the first president to be born an American citizen, his predecessors having been born British subjects before the American Revolution. He is also the only president not to have spoken English as his first language, having grown up speaking Dutch, and the first president from New York.
As Andrew Jackson's Secretary of State and then Vice President, Van Buren was a key figure in building the organizational structure for Jacksonian democracy, particularly in New York State. As president, he did not want the United States to annex Texas, an act which John Tyler would achieve eight years after Van Buren's initial rejection. Between the bloodless Aroostook War and the Caroline Affair, relations with Britain and its colonies in Canada also proved to be strained.
wn.com/Martin_Van_Buren -
Mary Arthur McElroy
Mary Arthur McElroy (July 5, 1841 – January 8, 1917) was the sister of 21st President of the United States, Chester A. Arthur, and served as a hostess for his administration (1881-1885). She assumed the role because Arthur's wife, Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur, had died only a year and a half earlier.
Mary Arthur was born in Greenwich, New York to William and Malvina S. Arthur. She was the last of nine children. She attended the Emma Willard School Seminary in Troy, New York and later married insurance salesman John McElroy (in 1851). They lived in Albany, New York and had four children.
In November 1880, McElroy's brother Chester Arthur was elected vice president. In July 1881, President James Garfield was fatally wounded and died on September 19, 1881. Arthur succeeded him, and asked McElroy to care for his young daughter Ellen and act as "Mistress of the White House." Because she had her own family in Albany, McElroy lived in Washington, D.C. only during the busy winter social season. Although Arthur never officially granted her the protocol of a formal position, she proved to be a popular and competent hostess. The procedures she and her brother developed for the social functions were used by future First Ladies for decades.
wn.com/Mary_Arthur_McElroy -
Mary Harrison McKee
Mary Scott Harrison McKee (April 3, 1858 – October 28, 1930) was the first lady to her father President Benjamin Harrison, when her mother, Caroline Harrison, was seriously ill and then died.
She was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. Mary Harrison married James Robert McKee, one of the founders of the General Electric company, in November 1884. They had two children, Benjamin Harrison McKee (known as Baby McKee), and Mary Lodge McKee.
Following her mother's death in October, 1892 and after her father's defeat for reelection, Mrs. McKee and the former president became estranged over his romantic involvement with her cousin, Mary Lord Dimmick, the former first lady's niece. Upon Harrison's marriage to Dimmick in 1896, Mrs. McKee and the president did not speak again. She tried to return to Indianapolis to be by his side when he died in March, 1901, but arrived several hours after his death.
She died at the age of 72 and was buried at Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis, Indiana.
She is the most recent first lady of the United States not to be the wife of a President.
wn.com/Mary_Harrison_McKee -
Mary Ruwart
Mary J. Ruwart, Ph. D. (born October 16, 1949) is a research scientist and libertarian speaker, writer, and activist. She was a leading candidate for the 2008 Libertarian Party presidential nomination and is the author of the award-winning international bestseller "Healing Our World."
Born in Detroit, Ruwart holds an undergraduate degree in biochemistry (B.S., 1970), and a graduate degree in biophysics (Ph.D., 1974) from Michigan State University. After a brief term as an Assistant Professor of Surgery at St. Louis University Medical School, Ruwart spent 19 years as a pharmaceutical research scientist for Upjohn Pharmaceuticals, and has written extensively on the subjects of government regulation of the drug industry and on libertarian communication.
In 1992, Ruwart published her best-selling book Healing Our World: The Other Piece of the Puzzle (ISBN 0-9632336-2-9); in 2003, the third edition was published, retitled Healing Our World in an Age of Aggression (ISBN 0-9632336-6-1). In the afterword of the third edition of Healing Our World, Ruwart describes the experience of her sister's death, an assisted suicide facilitated by Jack Kevorkian.
wn.com/Mary_Ruwart -
Mary Todd Lincoln
Mary Ann (née Todd) Lincoln (December 13, 1818 – July 16, 1882) was the wife of the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, and was First Lady of the United States from 1861 to 1865.
A member of a large, wealthy Kentucky family, Mary was well educated. After living in the Todd House and a finishing school during her teens, she then moved to Springfield, Illinois and lived with her sister, Elizabeth. Mary was courted by Stephen Douglas, against whom her later husband notably debated. She and Abraham had four sons, only one of whom outlived her. Their home of about 15 years still stands in Springfield.
Lincoln suffered from headaches and other illness through much of her adult life. She supported her husband throughout his presidency, and was witness to his assassination.
Born in Lexington, Kentucky, the daughter of Robert Smith Todd, a banker, and Elizabeth Parker Todd, Mary was raised in comfort and refinement. When Mary was six, her mother died; her father married Elizabeth "Betsy" Humphreys Todd in 1826. Mary had a difficult relationship with her stepmother. From 1832, Mary lived in what is now known as the Mary Todd Lincoln House, an elegant 14-room residence in Lexington. From her father's two marriages, Mary had a total of 14 siblings.
wn.com/Mary_Todd_Lincoln -
Matt Gonzalez
Matthew Edward Gonzalez (born June 4, 1965) is an American politician, lawyer, and activist prominent in San Francisco politics. He currently serves as chief attorney in the San Francisco Public Defender's office.
Gonzalez was a member and president of San Francisco County's Board of Supervisors. He was also one of the first Green Party candidates elected to public office in the San Francisco Bay area. In 2003, Gonzalez ran for mayor of San Francisco but lost in a close race to Democrat Gavin Newsom. In the 2008 presidential election, Gonzalez ran for vice president as the running mate of candidate Ralph Nader.
Matthew Edward Gonzalez was born in McAllen, Texas, to a Mexican mother, Oralia, and Mexican-American father, Mateo. Gonzalez spent his first four years in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The Gonzalez family moved to New Orleans, Louisiana; Baltimore, Maryland; and Louisville, Kentucky, before the family returned to McAllen when Gonzalez was 11 years old.
In an interview with the editorial board of the San Francisco Chronicle, Gonzalez described his father as a salesman who initially started out selling "cigarettes from the back of his car in south Texas" in the late 1950s or early 1960s, and later started an import/export business selling medical and dental supplies. A profile in the San Francisco Chronicle reported that Gonzalez's father was a division chief for the international tobacco company Brown & Williamson.
wn.com/Matt_Gonzalez -
Maureen Dowd
Maureen Bridgid Dowd (born January 14, 1952) is a Washington D.C.-based columnist for The New York Times and best-selling author. During the 1970s and the early 1980s, she worked for Time magazine and the Washington Star, where she covered news as well as sports and wrote feature articles. Dowd joined the Times in 1983 as a metropolitan reporter and eventually became an Op-Ed writer for the newspaper in 1995. In 1999, she was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for her series of columns on the Monica Lewinsky scandal in the Clinton administration.
Dowd was born the youngest of five children in Washington, D.C. Her father, Mike, worked as a D.C. police inspector while her mother, Peggy, was a homemaker. Dowd graduated from Immaculata High School in 1969. She received a B.A. in English in 1973 from Catholic University in Washington, D.C.
Dowd began her career in 1974 as an editorial assistant for the Washington Star, where she later became a sports columnist, metropolitan reporter, and feature writer. When the newspaper closed in 1981, she went to work at Time. In 1983, she joined The New York Times, initially as a metropolitan reporter. She began serving as correspondent in the Times Washington bureau in 1986.
wn.com/Maureen_Dowd -
Michael Bloomberg
Michael Rubens Bloomberg (born February 14, 1942) is an American businessman and politician who is currently Mayor of New York City. With a net worth of $22 billion in 2012, he is also the 11th-richest person in the United States. He is the founder and 88% owner of Bloomberg L.P., a financial data-services firm.
A Democrat before seeking elective office, Bloomberg switched his registration in 2001 and ran for mayor as a Republican, winning the election that year and a second term in 2005. Bloomberg left the Republican Party over policy and philosophical disagreements with national party leadership in 2007 and ran for his third term in 2009 as an independent candidate on the Republican ballot line. He was frequently mentioned as a possible independent candidate for the 2008 presidential election, which fueled further speculation when he left the Republican Party. There was also speculation that he would run as a vice-presidential candidate. Bloomberg did not, however, seek the presidency nor was he selected as a running mate by any of the presidential candidates.
wn.com/Michael_Bloomberg -
Michael Jingozian
Michael Paul Jingozian (born April 30, 1961) is an American entrepreneur and political activist who served as vice chairman of the Libertarian Party from 2008 to 2010. He was a candidate for the presidential nomination of the Libertarian Party. Jingozian currently serves on the board of directors of the Free and Equal Elections Foundation, a non-partisan, nonprofit public policy advocacy group committed to election reform and protecting ballot-access laws in the U.S. He is also the founder and CEO of AngelVision Technologies, a marketing and sales promotion company, headquartered in Portland, Oregon. In 2011, the American Marketing Association of Oregon honored Jingozian as Marketer of the Year and presented him with the organization’s Lifetime Achievement Award.
Jingozian declared his candidacy for the Libertarian Party presidential nomination in October 2006. Although he had never held public office, Jingozian sought to leverage his skills as a successful marketing-communications entrepreneur to deliver his campaign messages. An article in CNN Money magazine cited his effectiveness at getting through to the masses. Jingozian’s campaign proposals included reorganizing the U.S. military, reforming election laws and drug laws, eliminating the Department of Homeland Security, abolishing the Patriot Act, and establishing greater transparency and accountability in government. One of his recurring campaign themes was that practical and viable measures existed to solve America’s problems, but such solutions were blocked at every turn by professional politicians and bureaucrats.
wn.com/Michael_Jingozian -
Michelle Obama
Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama (born January 17, 1964) is the wife of the 44th and incumbent President of the United States, Barack Obama, and is the first African-American First Lady of the United States. Raised on the South Side of Chicago, Obama attended Princeton University and Harvard Law School before returning to Chicago and to work at the law firm Sidley Austin, where she met her future husband. Subsequently, she worked as part of the staff of Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley, and for the University of Chicago Medical Center.
Throughout 2007 and 2008, she helped campaign for her husband's presidential bid and delivered a keynote address at the 2008 Democratic National Convention. She is the mother of two daughters, Malia and Sasha, and is the sister of Craig Robinson, men's basketball coach at Oregon State University. As the wife of a Senator, and later the First Lady, she has become a fashion icon and role model for women, and an advocate for poverty awareness, nutrition and healthy eating.
wn.com/Michelle_Obama -
Mike Gravel
Maurice Robert "Mike" Gravel ( /ɡrəˈvɛl/; born May 13, 1930) is a former Democratic United States Senator from Alaska, who served two terms from 1969 to 1981, and a former candidate in the 2008 presidential election.
Born and raised in Springfield, Massachusetts to French-Canadian immigrant parents, Gravel served in the United States Army in West Germany and graduated from Columbia University. He moved to Alaska in the late 1950s, becoming a real estate developer and entering politics. He served in the Alaska House of Representatives from 1963 to 1966 and became its Speaker of the House. Gravel was elected to the United States Senate in 1968.
As Senator, Gravel became nationally known for his forceful but unsuccessful attempts to end the draft during the Vietnam War and for putting the Pentagon Papers into the public record in 1971 at risk to himself. He conducted an unusual campaign for the Democratic nomination for Vice President of the United States in 1972, and then played a crucial role in getting Congressional approval for the Trans-Alaska pipeline in 1973. He was re-elected to the Senate in 1974, but gradually alienated most of his Alaskan constituencies and his bid for a third term was defeated in a primary election in 1980.
wn.com/Mike_Gravel -
Mike Huckabee
Michael Dale "Mike" Huckabee (born August 24, 1955) is an American politician who served as the 44th Governor of Arkansas from 1996 to 2007. He was a candidate in the 2008 United States Republican presidential primaries, finishing second in delegate count and third in both popular vote and number of states won (behind both John McCain and Mitt Romney). He won the Iowa Republican caucuses. Huckabee exited the race as McCain became the presumptive Republican nominee after winning the delegate-rich winner-take-all states of Florida, California, and New York.
Huckabee is the author of several best selling books, an ordained Southern Baptistminister, musician and a public speaker. He is also an ABC Radio political commentator. He and his wife, Janet, have been married for over 37 years and have three grown children: John Mark, David, and Sarah. Janet Huckabee was an unsuccessful candidate for Arkansas Secretary of State in 2002.
Huckabee currently hosts the Fox News Channel talk show Huckabee. Starting April 2, 2012 he will host The Mike Huckabee Show from noon until 3 pm weekdays for Cumulus Media Networks.
wn.com/Mike_Huckabee -
Mitt Romney
Willard Mitt Romney (born March 12, 1947) is an American businessman and the presumptive nominee of the Republican Party for President of the United States in the 2012 election. He was the 70th Governor of Massachusetts (2003–07).
The son of Lenore and George W. Romney (Governor of Michigan, 1963–69), he was raised in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. In 1966, after one year at Stanford University, he left the United States to spend thirty months in France as a Mormon missionary. In 1969, he married Ann Davies, and the couple had five children together. In 1971, he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Brigham Young University and, in 1975, a joint Juris Doctor and Master of Business Administration from Harvard University as a Baker Scholar. He entered the management consulting industry, which in 1977, led to a position at Bain & Company. Later serving as Chief Executive Officer, he helped bring the company out of financial crisis. In 1984, he co-founded the spin-off Bain Capital, a private equity investment firm that became highly profitable and one of the largest such firms in the nation. His net worth is estimated at $190–250 million, wealth that has helped fund his political campaigns. Active in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, he served as Ward Bishop and later Stake President in his area near Boston. He ran as the Republican candidate in the 1994 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts, losing to long-time incumbent Ted Kennedy. In 1999, he was hired as President and CEO of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the 2002 Winter Olympics and Paralympics; and he helped turn the fiscally troubled games into a success.
wn.com/Mitt_Romney -
Monica Lewinsky
Monica Samille Lewinsky (born July 23, 1973) is an American woman with whom United States President Bill Clinton admitted to having had an "improper relationship" while she worked at the White House in 1995 and 1996. The affair and its repercussions (which included Clinton's impeachment) became known as the Lewinsky scandal.
Monica Samille Lewinsky was born in San Francisco, California, and grew up in an affluent family in Southern California in the Westside Brentwood area of Los Angeles and in Beverly Hills. Her father is Bernard Lewinsky, an oncologist, who is the son of German Jews who escaped Nazi Germany and emigrated to El Salvador and later the United States. Her mother, born Marcia Kaye Vilensky, the daughter of a Lithuanian Jewish father and a Russian-Romanian Jewish mother; is an author who uses the name Marcia Lewis. Monica's parents' acrimonious separation and divorce during 1987 and 1988 had a significant effect on her. (Her father later married his wife, Barbara; her mother later married R. Peter Straus, a media executive.)
wn.com/Monica_Lewinsky -
Nancy Reagan
Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins; July 6, 1921) is the widow of former United States President Ronald Reagan and was First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989.
Nancy was born in New York City; her parents divorced soon after her birth and she grew up in Maryland, living with an aunt and uncle while her mother pursued acting jobs. As Nancy Davis, she was an actress in Hollywood in the 1940s and 1950s, starring in films such as Donovan's Brain, Night into Morning, and Hellcats of the Navy. In 1952 she married Ronald Reagan, who was then president of the Screen Actors Guild, and they had two children. Nancy was the First Lady of California when her husband was Governor from 1967 to 1975. In that capacity, she began work with the Foster Grandparents Program.
Nancy Reagan became First Lady of the United States in January 1981 following her husband's election. She was criticized early in his first term largely due to her decision to replace the White House china, despite it being paid for by private donations. Nancy restored a Kennedy-esque glamor to the White House following years of lax formality, and her interest in high-end fashion garnered much attention, as well as criticism. She championed recreational drug prevention causes by founding the "Just Say No" drug awareness campaign, which was considered her major initiative as first lady. Always protective of her husband, more controversy ensued when it was revealed in 1988 that she had consulted an astrologer to assist in planning the president's schedule after the 1981 assassination attempt on her husband. She had a strong influence on her husband and played a role in a few of his personnel and diplomatic decisions.
wn.com/Nancy_Reagan -
Nate Silver
Nathaniel Read "Nate" Silver (born January 13, 1978) is an American statistician, psephologist, and writer. Silver first gained public recognition for developing PECOTA, a system for forecasting the performance and career development of Major League Baseball players, which he sold to and then managed for Baseball Prospectus from 2003 to 2009.
In 2007, writing under the pseudonym "Poblano," Silver began to publish analyses and predictions related to the 2008 United States presidential election. At first this work appeared on the political blog Daily Kos, but in March 2008 Silver established his own website, FiveThirtyEight.com. By summer of that year, after he revealed his identity to his readers, he began to appear as an electoral and political analyst in national print, online, and cable news media.
The accuracy of his November 2008 presidential election predictions—he correctly predicted the winner of 49 of the 50 states—won Silver further attention and commendation. The only state he missed was Indiana, which went for Barack Obama by 0.9%. He also correctly predicted the winner of all 35 Senate races that year.
wn.com/Nate_Silver -
Nathan Sanford
Nathan Sanford (November 5, 1777 – October 17, 1838) was an American politician.
He was the son of Thomas Sanford and Phebe Sanford, née Baker. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1799, and commenced practice in New York City.
In 1803, he was appointed as United States Attorney for the District of New York, and remained in office until 1815 when the district was split into the Northern and the Southern District of New York.
He was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1808-1809 and 1811. In 1811, he was elected Speaker on January 29, but could not attend the session after February 10 because of ill health. The Assembly moved to elect a new Speaker and proceeded to the election of William Ross. He was a member of the New York State Senate (Southern D.) from 1812 to 1815.
In 1815, he was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1815, to March 4, 1821. He was Chairman of the Committee on Commerce and Manufactures (15th and 16th United States Congresses), and a member of the Committee on Naval Affairs (15th Congress) and the Committee on Finance (16th Congress). In 1821, he ran for re-election as a Clintonian, but was defeated by Bucktail Martin Van Buren.
wn.com/Nathan_Sanford -
Nelson Rockefeller
Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979) was an American businessman, philanthropist, public servant, and politician. He served as the 41st Vice President of the United States (1974–1977), serving under President Gerald Ford, and the 49th Governor of New York (1959–1973). He also served the Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman and Dwight Eisenhower administrations in a variety of positions. A member of the Rockefeller family, he was also a noted art collector.
Rockefeller, a Republican, was politically moderate. In his time, moderates in the Republican party were called "Rockefeller Republicans". As Governor of New York from 1959 to 1973 his achievements included the expansion of the State University of New York, efforts to protect the environment, the building of the Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza in Albany, increased facilities and personnel for medical care, and creation of the New York State Council on the Arts. After unsuccessfully seeking the Republican presidential nomination in 1960, 1964, and 1968, he served as Vice President (under the 25th Amendment) from 1974 to 1977 under President Gerald R. Ford. Ford ascended to the presidency following the August 1974 resignation of Richard Nixon, over the Watergate Scandal, and Ford selected Rockefeller as his own replacement. But Rockefeller did not join the 1976 Republican national ticket with President Ford, marking his retirement from politics.
wn.com/Nelson_Rockefeller -
Newt Gingrich
Newton Leroy "Newt" Gingrich ( /ˈnjuːt ˈɡɪŋɡrɪtʃ/; born Newton Leroy McPherson; June 17, 1943) is an American politician, author, and political consultant. He represented Georgia's 6th congressional district as a Republican from 1979 until his resignation in 1999, and served as the 58th Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1995 to 1999. Gingrich was a candidate for the 2012 Republican Party presidential nomination.
In the 1970s, Gingrich taught history and geography at the University of West Georgia. During this period he ran twice (1974 and 1976) for the United States House of Representatives before winning in November 1978. He served as House Minority Whip from 1989 to 1995.
A co-author and architect of the "Contract with America", Gingrich was a major leader in the Republican victory in the 1994 congressional election. In 1995, Time named him "Man of the Year" for "his role in ending the four-decades-long Democratic majority in the House". While he was House speaker, the House enacted welfare reform, passed a capital gains tax cut in 1997, and in 1998 passed the first balanced budget since 1969. The poor showing by Republicans in the 1998 Congressional election and pressure from Republican colleagues caused Gingrich's resignation from the speakership on November 5, 1998, and then the House on January 3, 1999.
wn.com/Newt_Gingrich -
Obadiah German
Obadiah German (April 22, 1766 – September 24, 1842) was an American lawyer and politician.
He was admitted to the bar in 1792, and commenced practice in Norwich.
He was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1798-99, from 1804 to 1805, from 1807 to 1809.
In 1809, he was elected a U.S. Senator from New York, and served from March 4, 1809, to March 4, 1815. German was known as a critic of the lack of military preparations made in advance of the War of 1812, and voted against the declaration of war. In 1812, German was one of the founding trustees of Hamilton College. He was First Judge of the Chenango County Court from 1814 to 1819. He was also a State militia officer, eventually becoming a major general.
Supporting DeWitt Clinton's canal project, German also took part in the construction of the Erie Canal after being appointed State Commissioner of Public Works in 1817. German returned to the Assembly in 1819 and, as a member of the Clintonian faction of the Democratic-Republican Party, was chosen Speaker. Afterwards he resumed the practice of law. German became a Whig when that party was organized.
wn.com/Obadiah_German -
Orrin Hatch
Orrin Grant Hatch (born March 22, 1934) is the senior United States Senator for Utah and is a member of the Republican Party. Hatch served as the chairman or ranking member of the Senate Judiciary Committee (depending on whether the Republicans controlled the Senate) from 1993 to 2005. He previously served as chairman of the Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee from 1981 to 1987. He currently serves as ranking member of the Senate Finance Committee. Hatch also serves on the Board of Directors for the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
If re-elected, Hatch will be the most senior Republican Senator, and would be elected President pro tempore of the United States Senate if the Republicans take control of the Senate.
Orrin Grant Hatch was born to Jesse Hatch (1904, Vernal, Utah - 1992, Salt Lake City, Utah) and his wife Helen Frances Hatch (née Kamm; 1906, Pekin, Illinois - 1995, Murray, Utah). Both of English descent. His great-grandfather Jeremiah Hatch (1823, Lincoln, Vermont - 1903, Vernal, Utah) was the founder of Vernal, Utah.
wn.com/Orrin_Hatch -
Pat Nixon
Thelma Catherine "Pat" Ryan Nixon (March 16, 1912 – June 22, 1993) was the wife of Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States, and was First Lady of the United States from 1969 to 1974.
Born in Ely, Nevada, she grew up with her two brothers in what is now Cerritos, California, graduating from high school in 1929. She attended Fullerton Junior College and later the University of Southern California. She paid for her schooling by working multiple jobs, including pharmacy manager, typist, X-ray technician, and retail clerk. In 1940, she married lawyer Richard Nixon and they had two daughters. She campaigned for her husband in his successful congressional campaigns of 1946 and 1948. Richard Nixon was elected Vice President in the Eisenhower administration, whereupon Pat undertook many missions of goodwill with her husband and gained favorable media coverage. She assisted her husband in both his unsuccessful 1960 presidential campaign, and later in his successful presidential campaign of 1968.
wn.com/Pat_Nixon -
Philip Schuyler
Philip John Schuyler (November 20, 1733 – November 18, 1804) was a general in the American Revolution and a United States Senator from New York. He is usually known as Philip Schuyler, while his son is usually known as Philip J. Schuyler.
Philip Schuyler was born in Albany, New York, on November 20, 1733, to John (Johannes) Schuyler, Jr. (1697–1741) and Cornelia Van Cortlandt (1698–1762).
Prior to his father's death, on the eve of his eighth birthday, Schuyler attended the public school at Albany. Afterward, he was educated by tutors at the Van Cortlandt family estate at New Rochelle. He joined the British forces in 1755 during the French and Indian War, raised a company, and was commissioned as its Captain by his cousin, Lt. Governor James Delancey. Later in that war, he served as a quartermaster, purchasing supplies and organizing equipment.
From 1761 to 1762, Schuyler made a trip to England to settle accounts from his work as quartermaster. During this time his home in Albany, later called Schuyler Mansion, was built. His country estate at Saratoga (which is now Schuylerville, New York) was also begun. After the war he also expanded his estate at Saratoga, expanding his holdings to tens of thousands of acres, adding slaves, tenant farmers, a store, mills for flour, flax, and lumber. His flax mill for the making of linen was the first one in America. He built several schooners on the Hudson River, and named the first Saratoga.
wn.com/Philip_Schuyler -
Preston King
Preston King (October 14, 1806 – November 12, 1865) was a United States Representative and Senator from New York.
Born in Ogdensburg, New York, he pursued classical studies and graduated from Union College in 1827, where he was an early member of The Kappa Alpha Society. He studied law and was admitted to the bar. He established the St. Lawrence Republican in 1830 and was postmaster of Ogdensburg from 1831 to 1834. He was a member from St. Lawrence County of the New York State Assembly from 1835 to 1838.
King was elected as a Democrat to the 28th and 29th United States Congresses, serving from March 4, 1843, to March 4, 1847. He was Chairman of the U.S. House Committee on Invalid Pensions (29th Congress).
King is generally considered as the principal founder of both the Free Soil and Free Soil Democratic Parties, which ran creditable third party national candidates, and one of the two main organizers of the successor Republican Party.
He was elected as a Free Soiler to the 31st and 32nd United States Congresses, serving from March 4, 1849, to March 4, 1853.
wn.com/Preston_King -
Rahm Emanuel
Rahm Israel Emanuel (pronounced /ˈrɑːm/; born November 29, 1959) is an American politician and the 55th and current Mayor of Chicago. He was formerly White House Chief of Staff to President Barack Obama. He served as senior advisor to President Bill Clinton from 1993 to 1998 and as a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Illinois's 5th congressional district, from 2003 until his resignation in 2009 to take his position in the Obama Administration.
Emanuel was chair of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee during the 2006 mid-term elections and remained a top strategist for House Democrats during the 2008 cycle. After Democrats regained control of the House in 2006, Emanuel was elected chairman of the Democratic Caucus. This made him the fourth-ranking House Democrat, behind Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and Majority Whip Jim Clyburn.
Two days after Obama's election victory, Emanuel was announced as Obama's designee for White House Chief of Staff. He resigned from the House on January 2, 2009, and began his duties as Chief of Staff on January 20, 2009, the day of Obama's inauguration.
wn.com/Rahm_Emanuel -
Ralph Nader
Ralph Nader ( /ˈneɪdər/; born February 27, 1934) is an American political activist, as well as an author, lecturer, and attorney. Areas of particular concern to Nader include consumer protection, humanitarianism, environmentalism, and democratic government.
Nader came to prominence in 1965 with the publication of his book Unsafe at Any Speed, a critique of the safety record of American automobile manufacturers in general, and most famously the Chevrolet Corvair. In 1999, an NYU panel of journalists ranked Unsafe at Any Speed 38th among the top 100 pieces of journalism of the 20th century.
Nader is a six-time candidate for President of the United States, having run as a write-in candidate in the 1992 New Hampshire Democratic primary, as the Green Party nominee in 1996 and 2000, and as an independent candidate in 2004 and 2008. Some people claim that Nader acted as a spoiler in the 2000 U.S. presidential election, while others, including Nader, dispute this claim.
Nader was born in Winsted, Connecticut. His parents, Nathra and Rose (née Bouziane) Nader, were immigrants from Lebanon and members of the Maronite Church. His family's native language is Arabic, and he has spoken it along with English since childhood. His sister, Laura Nader, is an anthropologist. His father worked in a textile mill and later owned a bakery and restaurant where he talked politics with his customers.
wn.com/Ralph_Nader -
Ray LaHood
Raymond H. "Ray" LaHood (born December 6, 1945) is a Republican politician from Illinois who is currently the United States Secretary of Transportation, having served since 2009. Previously, he represented the Illinois's 18th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives for seven terms (1995–2009).
LaHood was born in Peoria, Illinois, to Edward M. LaHood, a Lebanese American who managed a restaurant, and Mary A. LaHood (née Vogel), who was of German ancestry. He graduated from Spalding Institute, worked his way through Canton Junior College and Bradley University in Peoria, earning a Bachelors of Science in education and sociology in 1971.
Following graduation, he taught junior high school social studies at public and Catholic schools, and has said that "teaching kids ... about the constitution and government" stirred his interest in politics.
LaHood was director of the Rock Island County Youth Services Bureau and then district administrative assistant for U.S. congressman Tom Railsback, a Moline, Illinois Republican, from 1977 to 1982. He was appointed in 1982 to fill a vacant seat in the Illinois House of Representatives, serving for nine months, and running for the seat in November 1982, but losing to Democrat Bob DeJaegher. LaHood then became administrative assistant and ultimately the chief of staff to U.S. House minority leader Robert Michel, serving from 1982 until 1994.
wn.com/Ray_LaHood -
Ray McKinney
Raymond Louis "Ray" McKinney (born June 20, 1962) is a mechanical services manager from Savannah, Georgia, and was the Republican nominee for U.S. Congress from Georgia's 12th District in 2010. He was a candidate for U.S. President in the 2008 Republican primary, but withdrew on November 14, 2007.
McKinney was born June 20, 1962 in Brackenridge, Pennsylvania. After graduating from Effingham County Public High School, where he was voted "most likely to become a nuclear scientist", McKinney had two years of Gulfstream Aerospace machinist training, two years Tool and Die, CFS machinist training, and (through 1990) two years at Savannah for Electro-Mechanical Engineering. He has been in the industry for the last 23 years. McKinney is currently a nuclear services manager for Continental Field Systems in Savannah. He and his wife Lisa live in Lyons on the McKinney family farm.
When asked about his educational and work experience, McKinney had this to say about his choice of career:
I think I prefer the term "machinist" above all but my wife thinks I put myself down by saying that. It is the proudest part of my skill set though. Her point is that people respect higher education and by telling people that I am a machinist that they have a lower opinion of who I am. Actually, I am quite proud of it.
wn.com/Ray_McKinney -
Reuben Fenton
Reuben Eaton Fenton (July 4, 1819 – August 25, 1885) was an American merchant and politician from New York.
The son of a farmer, Fenton was elected a colonel of the New York State Militia in 1840. He became a lumber merchant, and entered politics as a Democrat. He was Supervisor of the Town of Carroll from 1843 to 1850.
He was elected as a Democrat to the 33rd United States Congress, and served from March 4, 1853, to March 4, 1855. In his first term in Congress, Fenton strongly opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 and unsuccessfully tried to persuade President Franklin Pierce and U.S. Secretary of State William L. Marcy to oppose the bill. He was defeated for re-election that year. He was again elected, albeit as a Republican, to the 35th, 36th, 37th and 38th United States Congresses, and served from 1857 to 1865.
He was Governor of New York from 1865 to 1868, elected in 1864 and 1866. In 1868, he was among the candidates to be Vice President but the nomination went eventually to Schuyler Colfax. In January 1869, he was elected a U.S. Senator from New York and served from 1869 to 1875. In 1872 he was among the Republicans opposed to President Ulysses S. Grant who joined the short-lived Liberal Republican Party.
wn.com/Reuben_Fenton -
Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. The only president to resign the office, Nixon had previously served as a US representative and senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.
Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate work at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937, and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife, Pat Nixon, moved to Washington to work for the federal government in 1942. He subsequently served in the United States Navy during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950. His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president. He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California in 1962. In 1968, he ran again for the presidency and was elected.
wn.com/Richard_Nixon -
Richard Olney
Richard Olney (September 15, 1835 – April 8, 1917) was an American statesman. He served as both United States Attorney General and Secretary of State under President Grover Cleveland. As attorney general, Olney used injunctions against striking workers in the Pullman strike, setting a precedent, and advised the use of federal troops, when legal means failed to control the strikers. As secretary of state, he raised the status of America in the world by elevating U.S. diplomatic posts to the status of embassy.
Olney was born into a family of means in Oxford, Massachusetts. His father was Wilson Olney, a textiles manufacturer and banker. Shortly after his birth, the family moved to Louisville, Kentucky, until Olney was seven. The family then moved back to Oxford and Olney attended school at the Leicester Academy in Leicester.
After completing his education there, he went to Brown University, where he graduated with high honors as class orator in 1856. He then attended Harvard Law School, where he received a bachelor of laws degree in 1858. In 1859, he passed the bar and began practicing law in Boston, attaining a reputation as an authority on probate, trust and corporate law.
wn.com/Richard_Olney -
Rick Lazio
Enrico Anthony "Rick" Lazio (pronounced /ˈlæzi.oʊ/; born March 13, 1958) is a former U.S. Representative from the state of New York. Lazio became well known nationally when he ran against Hillary Rodham Clinton for the U.S. Senate in New York's 2000 Senate election. Lazio also ran unsuccessfully for the 2010 New York Republican gubernatorial nomination.
Lazio was born into an Italian-American family in Amityville, New York in Suffolk County on Long Island. He graduated from West Islip High School in 1976. He received his A.B. from Vassar College in 1980 and received his Juris Doctor from the Washington College of Law at American University.
Prior to being elected to Congress, Lazio was the executive assistant district attorney for Suffolk County and served in the Suffolk County Legislature from 1990 to 1993. He currently resides in Brightwaters on Long Island, and in New York City.
Lazio represented the New York 2nd Congressional District as a Republican. He was first elected in 1992, defeating the incumbent, Thomas Downey, who had served for eighteen years. Lazio served four terms from 1993 to 2001, winning re-election by the largest margin in the history of the district.[citation needed]
wn.com/Rick_Lazio -
Robert Bacon
Robert Bacon (July 5, 1860 – May 29, 1919) was an American statesman and diplomat. He served as United States Secretary of State from January to March 1909.
Born in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, to William Benjamin Bacon and Emily Crosby Low, he was graduate of Harvard University, where he was a member of the A.D. Club and Delta Kappa Epsilon. He was married on October 10, 1883 to Martha Waldron Cowdin. They had four children: Robert Low Bacon, Gaspar Griswold Bacon, Elliot Cowdin Bacon, and Martha Beatrix Bacon who married George Whitney (1885-1963). Their son Robert was a United States Congressman and Gaspar was the President of the Massachusetts Senate from 1929–32 and Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts from 1933-1935.
He worked in the business world, including partnership with J.P. Morgan & Co. for many years starting in 1894. He acted as J.P. Morgan's chief lieutenant and participated in the formation of the U.S. Steel Corporation and the Northern Securities Company. The pressure of the job shot his nerves, and he left the company in 1903.
wn.com/Robert_Bacon -
Robert Crittenden
Robert Crittenden (January 1, 1797 – December 18, 1834) was Governor of Arkansas Territory and co-founder of Rose Law Firm. Robert Crittenden was born near Versailles, Kentucky.
Crittenden served as Secretary of Arkansas Territory from 1819 to 1829. He served as Governor of Arkansas while James Miller was delayed for an extended period en route to Arkansas. Crittenden called the first legislature into session and took responsibility for organizing the new territory. Crittenden was never officially appointed Governor of the territory but amassed considerable political power. Crittenden was a primary leader in preparing the territory for statehood.
Crittenden served as United States Commissioner for the 1824 Treaty with the Quapaw Indians.
Robert Crittenden was the son of John Crittenden who was a Major in the Continental Army and a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, the brother of United States Senator John Jordan Crittenden, and granduncle of Thomas T. Crittenden, Jr. who was Mayor of Kansas City, Missouri.
wn.com/Robert_Crittenden -
Robert Gates
Robert Michael Gates (born September 25, 1943) is the 24th Chancellor of the College of William and Mary and a retired civil servant and university president who served as the 22nd United States Secretary of Defense from 2006 to 2011. Prior to this, Gates served for 26 years in the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Council, and under President George H. W. Bush as Director of Central Intelligence. Gates was also an officer in the United States Air Force and during the early part of his military career, he was recruited by the CIA. After leaving the CIA, Gates became president of Texas A&M University and was a member of several corporate boards. Gates also served as a member of the Iraq Study Group, the bipartisan commission co-chaired by James A. Baker III and Lee H. Hamilton, that has studied the Iraq War. He was also the first pick to serve as the first Director of National Intelligence (DNI), but he declined the appointment in order to remain President of Texas A&M University.
wn.com/Robert_Gates -
Robert Lansing
Robert Lansing (October 17, 1864 – October 30, 1928) served in the position of Legal Advisor to the State Department at the outbreak of World War I where he vigorously advocated against Britain's policy of blockade and in favor of the principles of freedom of the seas and the rights of neutral nations. He then served as United States Secretary of State under President Woodrow Wilson between 1915 and 1920. He was nominated to the office after William Jennings Bryan's resignation. He negotiated the Lansing-Ishii Agreement with Japan in 1917 and was a member of the American Commission to Negotiate Peace at Paris in 1919.
He was born in Watertown, New York, the son of John Lansing (1832–1907) and Maria Lay (Dodge) Lansing. He graduated from Amherst College in 1886 and was admitted to the bar in 1889. From then until 1907 he was a member of the law firm of Lansing & Lansing at Watertown. An authority on international law, he served as associate counsel for the United States, in the Bering Sea Arbitration in 1892-93, as counsel for the United States Bering Sea Claims Commission in 1896-97, as solicitor for the government before the Alaskan Boundary Tribunal in 1903, as counsel for the North Atlantic Fisheries in the Arbitration at The Hague in 1909-10, and as agent of the United States in the American and British Arbitration in 1912-14. In 1914 Lansing was appointed by President Wilson counselor to the State Department.
wn.com/Robert_Lansing -
Ron Kirk
Ronald "Ron" Kirk (born June 27, 1954) is the 16th United States Trade Representative, serving in the Obama administration. He served as mayor of Dallas, Texas from 1995 to 2002; he also ran for the United States Senate in 2002.
Born in Austin, Texas, Kirk is the youngest of four children; his father was a U.S. postal worker and the family was politically active. He grew up in a predominantly black community, and attended Austin's public schools. He was a leader in high school, and was elected student council president in his senior year at John H. Reagan High School (Austin, Texas).
Kirk attended Austin College, graduating with a degree in both political science and sociology in 1976. He then went to the University of Texas School of Law. Upon receiving his Juris Doctor in 1979, he practiced law until 1981 when he left to work in the office of then-Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen. In 1983, Kirk returned to Texas to lobby the state legislature in Austin, first as an attorney with the city of Dallas, and later with a law firm.
wn.com/Ron_Kirk -
Ron Paul
Ronald Ernest "Ron" Paul (born August 20, 1935) is an American politician who has been the U.S. Representative for Texas's 14th congressional district, which includes Galveston, since 1997, and a three-time candidate for President of the United States, as a Libertarian in 1988 and as a Republican in 2008 and currently 2012. He is an outspoken critic of American foreign and monetary policies, including the Military–industrial complex and the Federal Reserve, and is known for his libertarian-leaning views, often differing from his own party on certain issues.
A native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Paul is a graduate of Gettysburg College and Duke University School of Medicine, where he earned his medical degree. He served as a medical officer in the United States Air Force from 1963 until 1968. He worked as an obstetrician-gynecologist from the 1960s to the 1980s, delivering more than 4,000 babies. He became the first Representative in history to serve concurrently with a child in the Senate when his son Rand Paul was elected to the United States Senate for Kentucky in 2010.
wn.com/Ron_Paul -
Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan ( /ˈrɒnəld ˈwɪlsən ˈreɪɡən/; February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States, serving from 1981 to 1989. Prior to that, he was the 33rd Governor of California from 1967 to 1975 and a radio, film and television actor.
Born in Tampico, Illinois and raised in Dixon, Reagan was educated at Eureka College, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and sociology. After his graduation, Reagan moved first to Iowa to work as a radio broadcaster and then in to Los Angeles in 1937 where he began a career as an actor, first in films and later television. Some of his most notable films include Knute Rockne, All American, Kings Row, and Bedtime for Bonzo. Reagan served as president of the Screen Actors Guild, and later as a spokesman for General Electric (GE); his start in politics occurred during his work for GE. Originally a member of the Democratic Party, his positions began shifting rightward in the late 1950s, and he switched to the Republican Party in 1962. After delivering a rousing speech in support of Barry Goldwater's presidential candidacy in 1964, he was persuaded to seek the California governorship, winning two years later and again in 1970. He was defeated in his run for the Republican presidential nomination in 1968 as well as 1976, but won both the nomination and general election in 1980, defeating incumbent Jimmy Carter.
wn.com/Ronald_Reagan -
Rosa Clemente
Rosa Alicia Clemente (born April 18, 1972) is a United States community organizer, independent journalist and hip-hop activist. She was the vice presidential running mate of 2008 Green Party Presidential candidate Cynthia McKinney in the 2008 U.S. Presidential election.
Clemente was born and raised in South Bronx, New York. She is a graduate of the University of Albany and Cornell University. Clemente has been delivering workshops, presentations and commentary for over ten years.
Clemente's academic work has focused on research of national liberation struggles within the United States, with a specific focus on the Young Lords Party and the Black Liberation Army. While a student at SUNY Albany, she was President of the Albany State University Black Alliance (ASUBA) and Director of Multicultural Affairs for the Student Association. At Cornell she was a founding member of La Voz Boriken, a social/political organization dedicated to supporting Puerto Rican political prisoners and the independence of Puerto Rico.
wn.com/Rosa_Clemente -
Rosalynn Carter
Eleanor Rosalynn Carter (born Eleanor Rosalynn Smith; August 18, 1927) is the wife of the former President of the United States Jimmy Carter and in that capacity served as the First Lady of the United States from 1977 to 1981. As First Lady and after, she has been a leading advocate for numerous causes, perhaps most prominently for mental health research. She was politically active in her White House years as her husband's closest adviser and sat in on Cabinet and policy meetings. She also served as an envoy abroad, most notably to Latin America.
Carter was born in Plains, Georgia, the eldest of the four children of Allie M. Smith (1905–2000), a dressmaker, and Wilburn Edgar Smith (1896–1940), an automobile mechanic and farmer. Her brothers were William Jerrold "Jerry" Smith (engineer, 1929–2003) and Murray Lee Smith (teacher and minister, 1932–2003) and her sister is Lillian Allethea Smith Wall (born 1936).
Her father died of leukemia when she was 13 and she helped her mother to raise her younger siblings, as well as to assist in the dressmaking business in order to meet the family's financial obligations. Carter graduated as valedictorian of Plains High School and then attended Georgia Southwestern College.
wn.com/Rosalynn_Carter -
Roscoe Conkling
Roscoe Conkling (October 30, 1829 – April 18, 1888) was a politician from New York who served both as a member of the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party, the first Republican senator from New York to be elected for three terms, and the last person to refuse a U.S. Supreme Court appointment after he had already been confirmed by the U.S. Senate.
Conkling was born in 1829 in Albany, New York to Alfred Conkling, a U.S. Representative and federal judge and his wife Eliza Cockburn. At 17, Roscoe began the study of law in the offices of Spencer and Kernan in Utica, New York. He married Julia Catherine Seymour, sister of the Democratic politician and Governor of New York Horatio Seymour. His first political endeavor came in 1848, when he made campaign speeches in behalf of Taylor and Fillmore. He was admitted to the bar in 1850, and in the same year became district attorney of Oneida County by appointment of Governor Fish.
wn.com/Roscoe_Conkling -
Rose Cleveland
Rose Elizabeth Cleveland (June 13, 1846 - November 22, 1918), was the First Lady of the United States from 1885 to 1886, during the first of her brother U.S. President Grover Cleveland's two administrations.
wn.com/Rose_Cleveland -
Rudy Giuliani
Rudolph William Louis "Rudy" Giuliani ( /ˈruːdi ˌdʒuːliˈɑːni/; born May 28, 1944) is an American lawyer, businessman, and politician from New York. He served as Mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001.
A Democrat and Independent in the 1970s, and a Republican since the 1980s, Giuliani served in the United States Attorney's Office, for the Southern District of New York, eventually becoming U.S. Attorney. He prosecuted a number of high-profile cases, including ones against organized crime and Wall Street financiers.
Giuliani served two terms as Mayor of New York City, having run on the Republican and Liberal lines. He was credited with initiating improvements and with a reduction in crime pressing the city's quality of life initiatives. He ran for the United States Senate in 2000 but withdrew due to being diagnosed with prostate cancer and revelations about his personal life. Giuliani gained international attention for his leadership during and after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center. For those actions, he received an honorary knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II in 2002.
wn.com/Rudy_Giuliani -
Rufus King
Rufus King (March 24, 1755 – April 29, 1827) was an American lawyer, politician, and diplomat. He was a delegate for Massachusetts to the Continental Congress. He also attended the Constitutional Convention and was one of the signers of the United States Constitution on September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He represented New York in the United States Senate, served as Minister to Britain, and was the Federalist candidate for both Vice President (1804, 1808) and President of the United States (1816).
He was born on March 24, 1755 at Scarborough which was then a part of Massachusetts but is now in the state of Maine. He was a son of Sabilla Blagden and Richard King, a prosperous farmer-merchant, who had settled at Dunstan Landing in Scarborough, near Portland, Maine, and had made a modest fortune by 1755, the year Rufus was born.
His financial success aroused the jealousy of his neighbors, and when the Stamp Act 1765 was imposed, and rioting became almost respectable, a mob ransacked his house and destroyed most of the furniture. Nobody was punished, and the next year the mob burned down his barn. It was not surprising that Richard King became a loyalist. All of his sons, however, became patriots in the American War of Independence.
wn.com/Rufus_King -
Róger Calero
Róger Calero (born 1969 in Nicaragua) is a Nicaraguan American journalist and one of the leaders of the Socialist Workers Party. He was SWP candidate for President of the United States in 2004 and 2008, and for the United States Senate in New York in 2006.
Calero was born in Nicaragua in 1969. He and his family fled via Los Angeles, California in 1985. Calero has been a lawful permanent resident of the United States (holding a green card) since 1990. While in Los Angeles, Calero joined a socialist movement and helped mobilize support against Proposition 187 in the early 90s.
Calero, a former meat packer, has been associate editor of Perspectiva Mundial (official Spanish language newspaper of the SWP) and a staff writer for The Militant (official English language newspaper of the SWP).
He now lives in Newark, New Jersey.
Calero was convicted of felony sale of marijuana in 1988. In December 2002, immigration police arrested Calero upon his return to the United States at the George Bush Intercontinental Airport from reporting assignments at a conference held in Havana, Cuba, protesting the Free Trade Area of the Americas. He was threatened with deportation in 2002 as a result of his previous conviction in 1988.
wn.com/Róger_Calero -
Sally Bedell Smith
Sally Bedell Smith (born 1948) is an American historian and best selling author specializing in the history of American broadcasting and American political figures. She is married to former U.S. News & World Report editor Stephen G. Smith.
Sally Bedell Smith spent her early career working at Time magazine, TV Guide, and The New York Times. She won the Sigma Delta Chi Distinguished Service Award in 1982, and became a fellow at the Freedom Forum Media Studies Center in 1986. In 1996, Smith joined Vanity Fair as contributing editor, where she remains as of October 2009.
She graduated from Radnor High School in 1966, and was inducted into the school's Hall of Fame in November 2008. She had been all-around student and athlete participating in field hockey, lacrosse, and cheerleading there. She received her B.A. from Wheaton College and her M.S. from Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.
wn.com/Sally_Bedell_Smith -
Sam Brownback
Samuel Dale "Sam" Brownback (born September 12, 1956) is an American politician who has been the 46th Governor of Kansas since January 2011. A member of the Republican Party, he served as a U.S. Representative for Kansas's 2nd congressional district from 1995 to 1996 and then as a U.S. Senator from Kansas from 1996 to 2011. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination in the 2008 presidential election, withdrawing before the primaries.
Sam Brownback was born in Garnett, Kansas, the son of Nancy and Glenn Robert Brownback. He was raised in a farming family in Parker, Kansas; his distant ancestors, of German descent, settled in Kansas after leaving Pennsylvania following the Civil War. Brownback was state president of the Kansas FFA Association, and was one of the national vice presidents of the National FFA Organization from 1976 to 1977. While at Kansas State University, he was elected student body president and was a member of Alpha Gamma Rho. He received his J.D. from the University of Kansas in 1982.
wn.com/Sam_Brownback -
Sam Walton
Samuel Moore "Sam" Walton (March 29, 1918 – April 5, 1992) was a businessman and entrepreneur born in Kingfisher, Oklahoma best known for founding the retailers Walmart and Sam's Club.
Sam Walton was born to Thomas Gibson Walton and Nancy Lee in Kingfisher, Oklahoma. There, he lived with his parents on their farm until 1923. Sam's father decided farming did not generate enough income on which to raise a family, so he decided to go back to a previous profession of a mortgage man.[clarification needed] ;) He and his family (now with another son, James, born in 1921) moved from Oklahoma to Chesterfield, Missouri. There they moved from one small town to another for several years. While attending eighth grade in Shelbina, Sam became the youngest Eagle Scout in the state's history. In adult life, Walton became a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America.
Eventually the family landed in Columbia, Missouri. Growing up during the Great Depression, Walton had numerous chores to help make financial ends meet for his family as was common at the time. He milked the family cow, bottled the surplus, and drove it to customers. Afterwards, he would deliver Columbia Daily Tribune newspapers on a paper route. In addition, he also sold magazine subscriptions. Upon graduating from David H. Hickman High School in Columbia, he was voted "Most Versatile Boy".
wn.com/Sam_Walton -
Samuel Alito
Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr. (pronounced /əˈliːtoʊ/; born April 1, 1950) is an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. He was nominated by President George W. Bush and has served on the court since January 31, 2006.
Raised in Hamilton Township, New Jersey and educated at Princeton University and Yale Law School, Alito served as U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey and a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit prior to joining the Supreme Court. He is the 110th justice, the second Italian American and the eleventh Roman Catholic to serve on the court. Alito has been described by the Cato Institute as a conservative jurist with a libertarian streak.
Alito was born in Trenton, New Jersey, to Italian American parents: Italian immigrant Samuel A. Alito, Sr., and the former Rose Fradusco. Alito's father, now deceased, was a high school teacher and then became the first Director of the New Jersey Office of Legislative Services, a position he held from 1952 to 1984. Alito's mother is a retired schoolteacher.
wn.com/Samuel_Alito -
Sarah Childress Polk
Sarah Childress Polk (September 4, 1803 – August 14, 1891) was the wife of the 11th President of the United States, James Polk, and the 12th woman to serve as First Lady.
Sarah Childress was born in 1803 to Joel Childress, a prominent planter, merchant, and land speculator, and Elizabeth Whitsitt Childress—the third of their six children. Sarah was well educated for a woman of her time and place, attending the exclusive Moravians' "female academy" at Salem, North Carolina. She was then schooled at what is now Salem College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina in 1817, one of the few institutions of higher learning available to women in the early 19th century.
Sarah met James Polk while both were receiving instruction from Samuel P. Black in Murfreesboro, Tennessee; he was 19, she was 12. Several years later James began courting her, and in 1823 the two became engaged. Sarah Childress, aged 20, married James Polk, aged 28, on January 1, 1824, at the plantation home of the bride's parents near Murfreesboro. The Polks had no children of their own, but raised a nephew, Marshall Tate Polk (1831–1884) as their personal ward. After her husband's death, Mrs. Polk assumed guardianship of an orphaned niece, Sarah Polk Jetton (1847–1924), and raised the girl as her own.
wn.com/Sarah_Childress_Polk -
Sarah Palin
Sarah Louise Palini/ˈpeɪlɨn/ (née Heath; born February 11, 1964) is an American politician, commentator and author. As the Republican Party nominee for Vice President in the 2008 presidential election, she was the first Alaskan on the national ticket of a major party and first Republican woman nominated for the vice presidency. Her book Going Rogue has sold more than two million copies. Since January 2010, she has provided political commentary for Fox News, and hosted a television show, Sarah Palin's Alaska. Five million viewers tuned in for the first episode, a record for The Learning Channel.
She was elected to Wasilla City Council in 1992 and became mayor of Wasilla in 1996. In 2003, after an unsuccessful run for lieutenant governor, she was appointed Chairman of the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, responsible for overseeing the state's oil and gas fields for safety and efficiency. The youngest person and first woman to be elected Governor of Alaska, Palin held the office from December 2006 until her resignation in July 2009. She has since endorsed and campaigned for the Tea Party movement, as well as several candidates in the 2010 midterm elections. From the time of her Vice Presidential nomination in 2008, Palin was considered a potential candidate for the 2012 presidential election until she announced in October 2011 that she would not run.
wn.com/Sarah_Palin -
Sarah Yorke Jackson
Sarah Yorke Jackson (July 16, 1803 – August 23, 1887) was the daughter-in-law of U.S. President Andrew Jackson. She served as White House hostess and unofficial First Lady of the United States from November 26, 1834 to March 4, 1837.
Sarah was born on July 16, 1803 into a wealthy family in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her father Peter Yorke, a sea captain and successful merchant, died in 1815. Her mother Mary Haines Yorke died during a trip to New Orleans in 1820 leaving Sarah and her two sisters orphaned. She was raised by two aunts.
Sarah married Andrew Jackson, Jr., the adopted son of Andrew Jackson, in Philadelphia on November 24, 1831. After an extended honeymoon at the White House, the new couple left for The Hermitage, Jackson's plantation in Tennessee. The couple remained at the Hermitage managing the plantation until a fire destroyed much of the main house in 1834. The couple and their two young children went to Washington to live with President Jackson at the White House. Later she was an artist for 15 years.
wn.com/Sarah_Yorke_Jackson -
Saul Alinsky
Saul David Alinsky (January 30, 1909 – June 12, 1972) was an American community organizer and writer. He is generally considered to be the founder of modern community organizing, and has been compared to Thomas Paine as being "one of the great American leaders of the nonsocialist left." He is often noted for his book Rules for Radicals.
In the course of nearly four decades of political organizing, Alinsky received much criticism, but also gained praise from many public figures. His organizing skills were focused on improving the living conditions of poor communities across North America. In the 1950s, he began turning his attention to improving conditions of the African-American ghettos, beginning with Chicago's and later traveling to other ghettos in California, Michigan, New York City, and a dozen other "trouble spots".
His ideas were later adapted by some U.S. college students and other young organizers in the late 1960s and formed part of their strategies for organizing on campus and beyond.Time magazine once wrote that "American democracy is being altered by Alinsky's ideas," and conservative author William F. Buckley said he was "very close to being an organizational genius."
wn.com/Saul_Alinsky -
Scottish people
The Scottish people (Scots Gaelic: Albannaich), or Scots, are a nation and ethnic group native to Scotland. Historically they emerged from an amalgamation of the Picts and Gaels, incorporating neighbouring Britons to the south as well as invading Germanic peoples such as the Anglo-Saxons and the Norse. Later the Normans also had some influence.
In modern use, "Scottish people" or "Scots" is used to refer to anyone whose linguistic, cultural, family ancestral or genetic origins are from within Scotland. The Latin word Scotti originally applied to a particular, 5th century, Goidelic tribe that inhabited Ireland. Though sometimes considered archaic or pejorative, the term Scotch has also been used for the Scottish people, though this usage is current primarily outside Scotland.
There are people of Scottish descent in many countries other than Scotland. Emigration, influenced by factors such as the Highland and Lowland Clearances, Scottish participation in the British Empire, and latterly industrial decline and unemployment, resulted in Scottish people being found throughout the world. Large populations of Scottish people settled the new-world lands of North and South America, Australia and New Zealand. There is a Scottish presence at a particularly high rate in Canada, which has the second largest population of descended Scots ancestry, after the United States. They took with them their Scottish languages and culture.
wn.com/Scottish_people -
Sergey Lavrov
Sergey Viktorovich Lavrov (Russian: Серге́й Ви́кторович Лавро́в, born 21 March 1950) is a Russian diplomat who has been the Foreign Minister of Russia since 2004. His nomination to the Foreign Minister office were approved by two Russian presidents: (in 2008 by Medvedev, and in 2012 by Putin).
Prior to that, Lavrov was a Soviet diplomat and Russia's ambassador to the United Nations from 1994 to 2004. Lavrov speaks Russian, English, French and Sinhala.
Lavrov was born in Moscow to an Armenian father from Tbilisi and Russian mother from Georgia. He graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO) in 1972. Lavrov was sent as a Soviet diplomat to Sri Lanka, where he worked until 1976. He then returned to Moscow and worked in the Department of International Organizations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
In 1981, he was sent as a senior adviser to the Soviet mission at the United Nations in New York City, and worked there until 1988. He worked for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs until 1994, when he returned to work in the United Nations, this time as the Permanent Representative of Russia. While in the latter position, he was President of the United Nations Security Council in December 1995, June 1997, July 1998, October 1999, December 2000, April 2002, and June 2003.
wn.com/Sergey_Lavrov -
Shaun Donovan
Shaun L.S. Donovan (born January 24, 1966) is the United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, serving in the cabinet of President Barack Obama. Prior to this he headed the New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development. On December 13, 2008, in his weekly national radio address, President-elect Barack Obama announced that he would appoint Donovan to his cabinet. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate through unanimous consent on January 22, 2009 and sworn-in on January 26.
Born in New York, Donovan earned undergraduate and graduate degrees from Harvard University, graduating from Harvard College in 1987, and earning a Master of Public Administration from the John F. Kennedy School of Government and a Master of Architecture from the Graduate School of Design in 1995.
During the Clinton administration and the transition to the Bush administration, Donovan was Deputy Assistant Secretary for Multifamily Housing at HUD, and was acting FHA commissioner. He became Commissioner of the New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development in 2004.
wn.com/Shaun_Donovan -
Shirley Chisholm
Shirley Anita St. Hill Chisholm (November 30, 1924 – January 1, 2005) was an American politician, educator, and author. She was a Congresswoman, representing New York's 12th Congressional District for seven terms from 1969 to 1983. In 1968, she became the first African American woman elected to Congress. On January 25, 1972, she became the first major-party black candidate for President of the United States and the first woman to run for the Democratic presidential nomination (Margaret Chase Smith had previously run for the Republican presidential nomination). She received 152 first-ballot votes at the 1972 Democratic National Convention.
Shirley Anita St. Hill was born in Brooklyn, New York, of immigrant parents. Her father, Charles Christopher St. Hill, was born in British Guiana and arrived in the United States via Antilla, Cuba, on April 10, 1923 aboard the S.S. Munamar in New York City. Her mother, Ruby Seale, was born in Christ Church, Barbados, and arrived in New York City aboard the S.S. Pocone on March 8, 1921. At age three, Chisholm was sent to Barbados to live with her maternal grandmother, Emaline Seale, in Christ Church; where she attended the Vauxhall Primary School. She did not return until roughly seven years later when she arrived in New York City on May 19, 1934 aboard the S.S. Narissa. In her 1970 autobiography Unbought and Unbossed, she wrote: "Years later I would know what an important gift my parents had given me by seeing to it that I had my early education in the strict, traditional, British-style schools of Barbados. If I speak and write easily now, that early education is the main reason."
wn.com/Shirley_Chisholm -
Silas Wright
Silas Wright, Jr. (May 24, 1795 – August 27, 1847) was an American Democratic politician. Wright was born in Amherst, Massachusetts and moved with his father to Weybridge, Vermont in 1796. He graduated from Middlebury College in 1815 and moved to Sandy Hill, New York, the next year, where he studied law, being admitted to the bar in 1819. Wright commenced practice in Canton, New York. He served as surrogate of St. Lawrence County 1821-1824 and then as a member of the New York State senate from 1824 to 1827. Wright was appointed brigadier general of the state militia in 1827.
In 1826, he was elected to the Twentieth Congress and served from March 4, 1827, to February 16, 1829, when he resigned. He successfully contested the election of George Fisher to the Twenty-first Congress, but declined to qualify. Wright served as Comptroller of the State of New York from 1829 to 1833, in which post he became a prominent follower of Martin Van Buren and a member of the Albany Regency that ran the state for the Democratic Party in this period. Wright was elected to the United States Senate in 1833 as a Democrat to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of William L. Marcy. He was reelected in 1837 and served from January 4, 1833, to November 26, 1844. In the Senate, he served as Chairman of the Finance Committee from 1836 to 1841.
wn.com/Silas_Wright -
Steve Kubby
Steven Wynn "Steve" Kubby (born December 28, 1946) is a Libertarian Party activist who played a key role in the drafting and passage of California Proposition 215. The proposition was a ballot initiative to legalize medical marijuana which was approved by voters in 1996. Kubby himself is well-known as a cancer patient who relies on medical cannabis. He has authored two books on drug policy reform: The Politics of Consciousness, and Why Marijuana Should Be Legal. He was the Libertarian Party of California candidate for Governor of California in 1998 receiving 0.9% of the vote. In 2008, he declared his candidacy for the Libertarian Party's 2008 presidential nomination and received significant support for the nomination, but was eliminated after the second ballot. Although various media reports have described him as a "felon" and "fugitive", Kubby's legal status was resolved on July 3, 2008, when California Superior Court Judge, David Nelson, dismissed all charges against Kubby, clearing his name and record of any criminal activity.
wn.com/Steve_Kubby -
Steven Chu
Steven Chu (Chinese: 朱棣文; pinyin: Zhū Dìwén) is an American physicist and the 12th United States Secretary of Energy. Chu is known for his research at Bell Labs in cooling and trapping of atoms with laser light, which won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997, along with his scientific colleagues Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William Daniel Phillips. At the time of his appointment as Energy Secretary, he was a professor of physics and molecular and cellular biology at the University of California, Berkeley and the director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where his research was concerned primarily with the study of biological systems at the single molecule level. Previously, he had been a professor of physics at Stanford University. He is a vocal advocate for more research into renewable energy and nuclear power, arguing that a shift away from fossil fuels is essential to combating climate change. For example, he has conceived of a global "glucose economy", a form of a low-carbon economy, in which glucose from tropical plants is shipped around like oil is today.
wn.com/Steven_Chu -
Stewart Alexander
Stewart Alexis Alexander (born 1 October 1951) is an American democratic socialist politician, presidential nominee for the Socialist Party USA in the 2012 election, and former SPUSA nominee for Vice President of the United States in the 2008 election.
A resident of California, Alexander was the Peace and Freedom Party candidate for Lieutenant Governor in 2006. He received 43,319 votes, 0.5% of the total. In August 2010, Alexander declared his candidacy for the President of the United States with the Socialist Party and Green Party. In January 2011, Alexander also declared his candidacy for the presidential nomination of the Peace and Freedom Party.
Stewart Alexis Alexander was born to a brick mason and minister, Stewart Alexander and Ann E. McClenney, a nurse and housewife, in the Mary Immaculate Hospital on the banks of the James River, near the Newport News Ship Building and Dry Dock Company, in Newport News, Virginia. Because the facility was then a segregated hospital, young Stewart and his mother were quickly relocated to a basement room.
wn.com/Stewart_Alexander -
Susan Estrich
Susan Estrich (born December 16, 1952) is an American lawyer, professor, author, political operative, feminist advocate, and political commentator for Fox News.
Estrich was born in Lynn, Massachusetts, and grew up in Marblehead on the Massachusetts North Shore, where she attended the Eveleth School.
Estrich graduated from Wellesley College in 1974, and received her J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1977. In 1976, Estrich was elected the first female president/editor-in-chief of the Harvard Law Review.
Estrich served as a law clerk for Judge J. Skelly Wright of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia and Justice John Paul Stevens of the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1988, she was the campaign manager for Michael Dukakis' 1988 presidential run, even though she had never before managed a political campaign.
Estrich appears frequently on Fox News as a legal and political analyst, and has also substituted for Alan Colmes on the debate show Hannity & Colmes. She writes regular articles for the conservative website NewsMax, for which she is a pundit. She is also on the Board of Editorial Contributors for USA Today. She is currently a law professor at the University of Southern California Law School and a political science professor at its affiliated undergraduate school. Before joining the USC faculty in 1989, she was Professor of Law at Harvard University, where she was the youngest woman to receive tenure. On January 10, 2008, Estrich joined Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, LLP, a law firm based in Los Angeles, where she chairs their Public Strategy in High Profile Litigation: Media Relations practice area.
wn.com/Susan_Estrich -
Susan McDougal
Susan McDougal (born 1955, Heidelberg, Germany) is one of the few people who served prison time as a result of the Whitewater controversy although fifteen individuals were convicted of various federal charges. Her refusal to answer "three questions" for a grand jury about whether President Bill Clinton lied in his testimony during her Whitewater trial led her to receive a jail sentence of 18 months for contempt of court. This comprised most of the total 22 months she spent in incarceration. McDougal received a full Presidential pardon from outgoing President Clinton in the final hours of his presidency in 2001.
McDougal was born as Susan Carol Henley, the daughter of James B. Henley and Laurette (Mathieu) Henley. Susan McDougal was married from 1976 until 1990 to the late James B. McDougal, also of Little Rock, Arkansas. The McDougals were partners with Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham Clinton in the failed Whitewater real estate venture in the 1980s.
McDougal separated from Jim McDougal in the late 1980s and moved to Los Angeles, where, from 1989 until 1992, she worked in Los Angeles as a personal assistant to former actress Nancy Kovack, the wife of conductor Zubin Mehta. In late 1993, McDougal was charged with embezzling money from the Mehtas, and began preparing her successful defense against the charges.
wn.com/Susan_McDougal -
Susan Rice
Susan Elizabeth Rice (born November 17, 1964) is an American diplomat, former think tank fellow, and civil servant. She is an American foreign policy advisor and United States Ambassador to the United Nations. Rice served on the staff of the National Security Council and as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs during President Bill Clinton's second term. Rice was confirmed as UN Ambassador by the U.S. Senate by unanimous consent on January 22, 2009.
Rice was born in Washington, D.C. Her father, Emmett J. Rice (1919–2011), was a Cornell University economics professor and governor of the Federal Reserve System. Her mother is education policy scholar Lois Dickson Fitt, currently at the Brookings Institution. Her brother, John Rice, received an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School and is the founder of Management Leadership for Tomorrow (an organization committed to developing top minority talent for leadership roles in the business and non-profit sector). She is not related to Condoleezza Rice.
wn.com/Susan_Rice -
Tammy Wynette
Virginia Wynette Pugh, known professionally as Tammy Wynette, (May 5, 1942 – April 6, 1998) was an American country music singer-songwriter and one of the genre's best-known artists and biggest-selling woman singers.
Wynette was sometimes called the "First Lady of Country Music", and her best-known song, Stand by Your Man, was one of the best-selling hit singles by a woman in the history of the country music genre. Many of Wynette's hits dealt with classic themes of loneliness, divorce, and the difficulties of man-woman relationships. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Wynette ranked high in the country sales charts with 17 number-one songs. Along with Loretta Lynn, Lynn Anderson, and Dolly Parton, Wynette defined the role of women in country music during the 1970s.
Wynette's marriage to the country singer George Jones in 1969, which end in divorce in 1975, created a country music "couple", following the earlier success of Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash. Jones and Wynette recorded a sequence of duet albums and single records that hit the charts throughout the 1970s.
wn.com/Tammy_Wynette -
Ted Kennedy
Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy (February 22, 1932 – August 25, 2009) was a United States Senator from Massachusetts and a member of the Democratic Party. Serving almost 47 years, he was the second most senior member of the Senate when he died and is the fourth-longest-serving senator in United States history. For many years the most prominent living member of the Kennedy family, he was the last surviving son of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.; the youngest brother of President John F. Kennedy and Senator Robert F. Kennedy, both victims of assassination, and Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., killed in action in World War II; and the father of Congressman Patrick J. Kennedy.
Kennedy entered the Senate in a November 1962 special election to fill the seat once held by his brother John. He was elected to a full six-year term in 1964 and was reelected seven more times before his death. The controversial Chappaquiddick incident on July 18, 1969, resulted in the death of his automobile passenger Mary Jo Kopechne; Kennedy pleaded guilty to a charge of leaving the scene of an accident, and the incident significantly damaged his chances of ever becoming President of the United States. His one attempt, in the 1980 presidential election, resulted in a Democratic primary campaign loss to incumbent President Jimmy Carter.
wn.com/Ted_Kennedy -
Ted Weill
Theodore "Ted" Weill (July 25, 1925 – November 20, 2009) was the nominee for President of the United States of the Reform Party of the United States of America in the 2008 election. He was nominated at the party's national convention on July 20, 2008 in Dallas, Texas. During a 2009 interview with Monmouth University's school newspaper, Weill expressed interest in running again in 2012, but he died at his home on November 20, 2009.
Weill, a graduate of Michigan State University, was also a decorated World War II veteran, who earned four Battle Stars and served aboard the USS Pennsylvania. He was also a Boy Scout instructor. He was invited to the White House Conference on Small Business three times; in 1980, 1985, and 1990.
In the 1990s, Weill founded the Independent Party of Mississippi. In 1997, the Independent Party of Mississippi became the official state affiliate of the national Reform Party and renamed itself the Mississippi Reform Party.
Weill was the chairman of the Mississippi Reform Party and a Reform Party National Committeeman.
wn.com/Ted_Weill -
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 (April 2, 1743 O.S.) – July 4, 1826) was an American Founding Father, the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence (1776) and the third President of the United States (1801–1809). At the beginning of the American Revolution, Jefferson served in the Continental Congress, representing Virginia. He then served as a wartime Governor of Virginia (1779–1781). Just after the war ended, from mid-1784 Jefferson served as a diplomat, stationed in Paris, initially as a commissioner to help negotiate commercial treaties. In May 1785, he became the United States Minister to France. He was the first United States Secretary of State (1790–1793) during the administration of President George Washington. Upon resigning his office, with his close friend James Madison he organized the Democratic-Republican Party. Elected Vice-President in 1796, under his opponent John Adams, Jefferson with Madison secretly wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which attempted to nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts.
wn.com/Thomas_Jefferson -
Timothy Geithner
Timothy Franz Geithner ( /ˈɡaɪtnər/; born August 18, 1961) is an American economist, central banker, and civil servant. He is the 75th and current United States Secretary of the Treasury, serving under President Barack Obama. He was previously the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
Geithner's position includes a large role in directing the Federal Government's spending on the late-2000s financial crisis, including allocation of $350 billion of funds from the Troubled Asset Relief Program enacted during the previous administration. At the end of his first year in office, he continued to deal with multiple high visibility issues, including administration efforts to restructure the regulation of the nation's financial system, attempts to spur recovery of both the mortgage market and the automobile industry, demands for protectionism, President Obama's tax changes, and negotiations with foreign governments on approaches to worldwide financial issues.
Geithner was born in Brooklyn, New York City, the son of Deborah (née Moore) and Peter Franz Geithner. His father was the director of the Asia program at the Ford Foundation in New York in the 1990s. Geithner's father is of German descent, and Geithner's paternal grandfather, Paul Herman Geithner (1902–1972), emigrated with his parents from the Thuringian town of Zeulenroda to Philadelphia in 1908. Geithner's mother, a Mayflower descendant, is from a New England family. Geithner's maternal grandfather, Charles Frederick Moore, Jr., was an adviser to President Dwight D. Eisenhower and served as Vice President of Public Relations from 1952 to 1964 for Ford Motor Company.
wn.com/Timothy_Geithner -
Timothy Pickering
Timothy Pickering (July 17, 1745 – January 29, 1829) was a politician from Massachusetts who served in a variety of roles, most notably as the third United States Secretary of State, serving in that office from 1795 to 1800 under Presidents George Washington and John Adams.
Pickering had previously served in the Massachusetts militia and Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He is often remembered for his Anglophile attitudes, and pushed for pro-British policies during his political career. Pickering famously describing the country as "The World's last hope - Britain's Fast-anchored Isle" during the Napoleonic Wars. He later became involved with the Hartford Convention, and along with many other Federalists opposed the War of 1812.
Pickering was born in Salem, Massachusetts to Deacon Timothy and Mary Wingate Pickering. He was one of nine children and the younger brother of John Pickering (not to be confused with the New Hampshire judge) who would eventually serve as Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. He attended grammar school in Salem and graduated from Harvard University in 1763. Salem minister William Bentley noted on Pickering: "From his youth his townsmen proclaim him assuming, turbulent, & headstrong."
wn.com/Timothy_Pickering -
Todd Purdum
Todd Stanley Purdum is a national editor and political correspondent for Vanity Fair magazine.
Purdum is a son of Jerry S. Purdum, a Macomb, Illinois insurance broker, investor, and realtor, and Connie Purdum. He was graduated from St. Paul's School in 1978 and from Princeton University in 1982
Until late 2005, Todd Purdum was a reporter and the Los Angeles bureau chief for the New York Times. From 1994 to 1997, Purdum was a White House correspondent for the Times. Purdum is now the national editor for Vanity Fair magazine.
For the July 2008 issue of Vanity Fair, Purdum wrote a scathing article about former President of the United States Bill Clinton entitled "The Comeback Id." The article analyzes Clinton's post-presidency business dealings, behavior, and possible personal indiscretions, citing several anonymous current and former Clinton aides. When asked about the article by Huffington Post writer Mayhill Fowler, Clinton said (in reference to Purdum): "He's a really dishonest reporter...and I haven't read (the article). There's just five or six blatant lies in there. But he's a real slimy guy." When Fowler reminded Clinton that Purdum is married to his former press secretary, he responded: "That's all right - he's still a scumbag" and later added "He's just a dishonest guy - can't help it." Clinton went on to observe: "It's all politics. It's all about the bias of the media for Obama. Don't think anything about it. But I'm telling ya, all it's doing is driving her supporters further and further away - because they know exactly what it is - this has been the most rigged coverage in modern history - and the guy ought to be ashamed of himself. But he has no shame. It isn't the first dishonest piece he's written about me or her." The following day, Jay Carson - a spokesman for Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign - stated that Clinton regretted those remarks, though their factual content remains unchallenged.
wn.com/Todd_Purdum -
Tom Tancredo
Thomas Gerard "Tom" Tancredo (pronounced /tæŋˈkreɪdoʊ/; born December 20, 1945) is an American politician from Colorado, who represented the state's sixth congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1999 to 2009, as a Republican. He ran for President of the United States during the 2008 election, and was the Constitution Party's unsuccessful nominee for Governor of Colorado in 2010.
Tancredo was initially elected to the Colorado House of Representatives in 1976 and served two terms. After working in the United States Department of Education during the Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush Administrations, he was elected to the United States Congress, and served five terms. He decided to not seek re-election in 2008. Tancredo ran for the Republican Party nomination for President in 2007, centering his campaign on the issues of illegal immigration and terrorism. He dropped out of the race in December 2007 to assist former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney in his campaign for the nomination.
wn.com/Tom_Tancredo -
Tom Vilsack
Thomas James "Tom" Vilsack (/ˈvɪlsæk/; born December 13, 1950) is an American politician, a member of the Democratic Party, and presently the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture. He served as the 40th Governor of the state of Iowa. He was first elected in 1998 and re-elected to a second four-year term in 2002. On November 30, 2006, he formally launched his candidacy for the Democratic Party's nomination for President of the United States in the 2008 election, but ended his bid on February 23, 2007.
Barack Obama announced Vilsack's selection to be the United States Secretary of Agriculture under his administration on December 17, 2008. Vilsack's nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate by unanimous consent on January 20, 2009.
Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Tom Vilsack was abandoned at birth and placed in a Roman Catholic orphanage. He was adopted in 1951 by Bud and Dolly Vilsack, who raised him in the Roman Catholic faith. His adoptive father was a real-estate agent and insurance salesman, and his adoptive mother was a homemaker.
wn.com/Tom_Vilsack -
Tommy Thompson
Tommy George Thompson (born November 19, 1941), a United States Republican politician, was the 42nd Governor of Wisconsin, after which he served as U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services. Thompson was a candidate for the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election, but dropped out early after a poor performance in polls. He is currently running for the United States Senate election in 2012.
Thompson was born in Elroy, Wisconsin, where his father, Allan, owned and ran a gas station and country grocery store, and his mother, Julia, was a teacher. He is a former captain in the United States Army and United States Army Reserve, and holds a law degree from the University of Wisconsin Law School.
Thompson was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1966; he became the Assembly's assistant minority leader in 1973 and minority leader in 1981. He was famous for aggressively utilizing parliamentary procedure to give his minority party some limited say in the legislative process. Since this use of procedure was invariably one of delay and obstruction, he soon received the nickname "Dr. No" by the frustrated majority.[neutrality is disputed]
wn.com/Tommy_Thompson -
Tony Rodham
Anthony Dean Rodham (born 8 Aug 1954)) is an American consultant who is the youngest brother of former First Lady and Senator and current Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton.
Rodham is the younger son of Hugh Ellsworth Rodham, a Chicago textile wholesaler, and Dorothy Howell Rodham. He has one other sibling in addition to Hillary, older brother Hugh Edwin Rodham.
He attended Iowa Wesleyan College and the University of Arkansas, although he never received a degree from either school.
He did work for future brother-in-law Bill Clinton's 1974 nomination campaign for Congress. He then worked at a metal equipment company in Texas, did insurance sales in Chicago, acted as a repo man in Chicago (where shots were fired at him in the infamous Cabrini–Green housing project), and worked as a prison guard, before moving to South Florida in 1983. There he shared a condominium with his brother Hugh, and worked as a process server and private detective until 1992. In 1992, during Bill Clinton's first presidential campaign, Rodham began working for the Democratic National Committee, coordinating constituency outreach.
wn.com/Tony_Rodham -
Vince Foster
Vincent Walker Foster, Jr. (January 15, 1945 – July 20, 1993) was a Deputy White House Counsel during the first few months of President Bill Clinton's administration, and also a law partner and friend of Hillary Rodham Clinton. His death was ruled a suicide by multiple official investigations, but remains a subject of interest among conspiracy theorists.
Foster was born in Hope, Arkansas, to Alice Mae and Vincent W. Foster. His father was in real estate sales, and he had two sisters, Sheila and Sharon. He was a childhood neighbor and friend of Bill Clinton for the first eight years of his life, until Clinton moved away. He graduated from Hope High School in 1963 as president of his class.
Foster attended Davidson College, graduating in 1967. His father wanted him to go into the family real estate business, but he chose law instead.
After starting at Vanderbilt University Law School, he joined the Arkansas National Guard during the height of the Vietnam War. In order to be closer to his guard responsibilities, he transferred to the University of Arkansas School of Law, where he was managing editor of the law review and received his Juris Doctor (J.D.) in 1971, graduating first in his class. Additionally he scored the highest in his class on the Arkansas bar exam.
wn.com/Vince_Foster -
Virginia Postrel
Virginia I. Postrel (born 14 January 1960) is a US political and cultural writer of broadly libertarian, or classical liberal, views. She is best known for her two non-fiction books, The Future and Its Enemies and The Substance of Style. In the former she explains her philosophy, "dynamism," a forward-looking and change-seeking philosophy that generally favors unregulated organization through "spontaneous order". She contrasts it with "stasis," a philosophy that favors top-down control and regulation and is marked by desire to maintain the present state of affairs.
Virginia Postrel was editor of Reason from July 1989 to January 2000, and remained on the masthead as editor-at-large through 2001. Prior to that, she was a reporter for Inc. and The Wall Street Journal. She currently serves on the Board of Directors of the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE). From 2000 to 2006, she wrote an economics column for The New York Times and from 2006 to 2009 she wrote the "Commerce and Culture" column for "The Atlantic". (She also appeared on the last episode of the third season of Penn and Teller's Bullshit!.)
wn.com/Virginia_Postrel -
Walter Kirn
Walter Kirn (born 1962) is an American novelist, literary critic, and essayist. His latest book is the 2009 memoir Lost in the Meritocracy: The Undereducation of an Overachiever.
A 1983 graduate of Princeton University, he has published a collection of short stories and several novels, including Thumbsucker, which was made into a 2005 film featuring Keanu Reeves and Vince Vaughn; Up in the Air, a feature film directed by Jason Reitman; and Mission to America. In 2005, he took over weblogger Andrew Sullivan's publication for a few weeks while Sullivan was on vacation. He has also written The Unbinding, an Internet-only novel that was published in Slate magazine.
He has also reviewed books for New York Magazine and has written for The New York Times Book Review and New York Times Sunday Magazine, and is a contributing editor of Time, where he has received popularity for his entertaining and sometimes humorous first-person essays among other articles of interest. He also served as an American cultural correspondent for the BBC.
wn.com/Walter_Kirn -
Walter Mondale
Walter Frederick "Fritz" Mondale (born January 5, 1928) is an American Democratic Party politician who served as the 42nd Vice President of the United States (1977–1981) under President Jimmy Carter, and as a United States Senator from Minnesota (1964–1976). He was the Democratic Party's presidential candidate in the United States presidential election of 1984.
Mondale was born in Ceylon, Minnesota and graduated from the University of Minnesota in 1951. He then served in the US Army in the Korean War before earning a law degree in 1956. He married Joan Adams in 1955. Working as a lawyer in Minneapolis, Mondale was elected to the position of attorney general in 1960. He was appointed US Senator in late 1964 as a member of the Democratic Party upon the resignation of Hubert Humphrey, and held that post until 1976. In the Senate, he supported fair housing, tax reform and the desegregation of schools.[not verified in body] He opposed United States involvement in the Vietnam War.[not verified in body]
wn.com/Walter_Mondale -
Warner Miller
Warner Miller (August 12, 1838 – March 21, 1918) was a Representative and a United States Senator from New York.
Miller was born in Hannibal, Oswego County, New York on August 12, 1838. He attended the common schools and the Charlottesville Academy. Fefe He graduated from Union College, Schenectady, New York, in 1860.
He became a professor of Latin and Greek in the Fort Edward Collegiate Institute. During the American Civil War, he enlisted as a private in the Fifth Regiment, New York Volunteer Cavalry in 1861. He was promoted to the rank of sergeant major and lieutenant. He was taken prisoner at the Battle of Winchester. He was exchanged and honorably discharged. He engaged in agricultural pursuits and was the founder of a wood-pulp business. He developed new techniques for paper production and was president of the American Paper & Pulp Association.
Miller was a member of the New York State assembly from 1873 to 1876. He was elected as a Republican to the Forty-sixth and Forty-seventh Congresses and served from March 4, 1879 until his resignation on July 26, 1881. He was elected as a Republican in 1881 to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Thomas C. Platt and served from July 27, 1881, to March 4, 1887. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1887. He was chairman of the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry (Forty-eighth and Forty-ninth Congresses). He was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of New York in 1888. He was the chairman of the Special Tax Commission of the State of New York 1906.
wn.com/Warner_Miller -
Warren Christopher
Warren Minor Christopher (October 27, 1925 – March 18, 2011) was an American lawyer, diplomat and politician. During Bill Clinton's first term as President, Christopher served as the 63rd Secretary of State. He also served as Deputy Attorney General in the Lyndon Johnson Administration, and as Deputy Secretary of State in the Carter Administration. At the time of his death, he was a Senior Partner at O'Melveny & Myers in the firm's Century City, California, office. He also served as a professor in the College Honors Program at the University of California at Los Angeles. At the behest of Al Gore, Christopher oversaw the Vice President's Florida recount effort in the aftermath of the disputed United States Presidential election, 2000.
Born in Scranton, North Dakota, the son of Ernest Christopher, a bank manager, and his wife Catherine, Christopher graduated from Hollywood High School, and attended the University of Redlands, before transferring to the University of Southern California. He was a member of the college fraternity Kappa Sigma Sigma. He graduated magna cum laude from the University of Southern California in February 1945. From July 1943 to September 1946, he served in the United States Naval Reserve, with active duty as an ensign in the Pacific Theater. He attended Stanford Law School from 1946–1949, where he was the founder and President of the Stanford Law Review and was elected to the Order of the Coif.
wn.com/Warren_Christopher -
Wayne Allyn Root
Wayne Allyn Root (born July 20, 1961) is an American politician, entrepreneur, television and radio personality, author and political commentator. He was the 2008 Libertarian Party vice-presidential nominee. Root began his career as a professional sports handicapper, based in Las Vegas, Nevada.
His political talk radio show,W.A.R: The Wayne Allyn Root Showis broadcast in New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago. Root is a frequent guest on several nationally syndicated radio shows such as Savage Nation, The Jerry Doyle Show, and Mancow's Morning Madhouse. He has also made numerous appearances on various programs on the Fox News Channel. He is a frequent speaker at Tea Party events across the United States.
Root's political columns appear in the Las Vegas Review Journal and at Newsmax.com.
At the 2008 Libertarian National Convention, Root was eliminated on the fifth ballot in a bid for the presidential nomination, and subsequently became the vice presidential candidate alongside Libertarian nominee Bob Barr. Root lost a bid to become National Chair of the Libertarian Party at the party's 2010 Convention.
wn.com/Wayne_Allyn_Root -
Webster Hubbell
Webster Lee "Web" Hubbell (born 1949), is a former Arkansas lawyer and politician. He was a lawyer in Pulaski County before serving as Mayor of Little Rock from 1979 until he resigned in 1981. He was appointed by Bill Clinton as chief justice of Arkansas State Supreme Court in 1983. When Clinton became President, Hubbell was appointed as Associate Attorney General, which is the third most powerful person in the Justice Department. His wife is Suzanna "Suzy" Hubbell (née Ward).
In December 1994, Hubbell pled guilty to federal mail fraud and tax evasion charges in connection with his handling of billing at the Rose Law Firm, a firm with partners that once included Hillary Clinton and Vince Foster. Hubbell admitted he had defrauded former clients and former partners out of $482,410.83. On June 28, 1995, Judge George Howard sentenced Hubbell to 21 months' imprisonment.
After the 1992 election, Hubbell was one of the Clinton Administration transition's senior officials responsible for vetting appointments to the Cabinet and other top positions, including George Stephanopoulos.
wn.com/Webster_Hubbell -
Welsh people
The Welsh people (Welsh: Cymry) are an ethnic group and nation native to Wales and associated with the Welsh language. Welsh people historically spoke the Welsh language; however, in recent years English has predominated in most of Wales.
John Davies argues that the origin of the "Welsh nation" can be traced to the late 4th and early 5th centuries, following the Roman departure from Britain, although Brythonic Celtic languages seem to have been spoken in Wales far longer. The term Welsh people applies to people from Wales and people of Welsh ancestry perceiving themselves or being perceived as sharing a cultural heritage and shared ancestral origins. Today Wales is a country of the United Kingdom, and the majority of people living in Wales are British citizens.
An analysis of the geography of Welsh surnames commissioned by the Welsh Government found that 718,000 people, or nearly 35% of the Welsh population, have a family name of Welsh origin, compared with 5.3% in the rest of the United Kingdom, 4.7% in New Zealand, 4.1% in Australia, and 3.8% in the United States, with an estimated 16.3 million people in the countries studied having Welsh ancestry.
wn.com/Welsh_people -
Wikipedia Persondata
wn.com/Wikipedia_Persondata -
William Hague
William Jefferson Hague MP FRSL (born 26 March 1961) is a British politician, who is the current Foreign Secretary and First Secretary of State. He served as Leader of the Conservative Party from June 1997 to September 2001. In Parliament, he has represented the constituency of Richmond (Yorks) since 1989.
Educated at Wath-upon-Dearne Grammar School, a state grammar school, then the University of Oxford (graduating with First Class Honours in Philosophy, Politics and Economics) and INSEAD, Hague was first elected to the House of Commons in a by-election in 1989. Hague rose through the ranks of John Major's government and entered the Cabinet in 1995 as the Secretary of State for Wales. Following the Conservatives' defeat in the 1997 general election, he was elected as leader of the Conservative Party. He resigned as party leader after the 2001 general election following a landslide defeat to the Labour Party. He was the first leader of the Conservatives not to have become Prime Minister since Austen Chamberlain in the early 1920s.
wn.com/William_Hague -
William Joseph Burns
William J. Burns (born April 4, 1956), an American diplomat, is the current Deputy Secretary of State and the highest ranked Foreign Service Officer in the United States. He is only the second serving career diplomat in U.S. history to become Deputy Secretary. Burns was United States Ambassador to Russia from 2005 to 2008.
Born at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, Burns earned a B.A. in History from La Salle University and M.Phil. and D.Phil. degrees in International Relations from Oxford University, where he studied as a Marshall Scholar. He is the recipient of three honorary doctoral degrees. Ambassador Burns is the author of Economic Aid and American Policy Toward Egypt, 1955-1981 (State University of New York Press, 1985). He speaks Russian, Arabic, and French, and is the recipient of two Presidential Distinguished Service Awards and a number of Department of State awards, including two Distinguished Honor Awards, the 2006 Charles E. Cobb, Jr. Ambassadorial Award for Initiative and Success in Trade Development, the 2005 Robert C. Frasure Memorial Award, the James Clement Dunn Award, and five Superior Honor Awards. In 1994, he was named to TIME Magazine's list of the "50 Most Promising American Leaders Under Age 40, and to TIME's list of 100 Young Global Leaders.
wn.com/William_Joseph_Burns -
William North
William North (1755 – January 3, 1836) was an American soldier and politician.
He was the son of John North, who commanded Fort Frederick in 1751, and Fort St. George in Thomaston, Maine, in 1758. He moved with his mother, Elizabeth North, to Boston, Massachusetts.
He entered the Continental Army in 1775, and served under Benedict Arnold in the unfortunate expedition to Canada in that year. He was appointed in May 1777 as captain in Henry Jackson's 16th Massachusetts Regiment, with which he participated in the Battle of Monmouth. In 1779 he became aide-de-camp to Baron Steuben, whom he greatly aided in introducing his system of discipline in the Continental Army. Later he accompanied Steuben to Virginia, and was present at the surrender of Cornwallis.
According to historian William Benemann, it is likely that North was romantically involved with Steuben and another male companion, Captain Benjamin Walker. However, based on the limited historical record, Benemann said his research is not entirely conclusive, writing that "it is impossible to prove the nature of the relationships."
wn.com/William_North
Clinton, Hillary Rodham Filmography
- Follow the Leader: Young, American and Right (2012)
- Disconnect: Cell Phones & Cancer (2012)
- MAKERS: Women Who Make America Video Archive (2012)
- Top Priority: The Terror Within (2012)
- The Dictator (2012)
- The After Party: The Last Party 3 (2012)
- Stories from Tahrir (2012)
- Kriegsversprechen II - Terrormanagement im 21. Jahrhundert (2012)
- Sing Your Song (2011)
- Reagan (2011)
- Obama Likes Spending (2011)
- Toxic Soup (2010)
- Spirit of America (2010)
- Obama in NC: The Path to History (2010)
- By the People: The Election of Barack Obama (2009)
- Mile High: How to Win... and Lose... the White House (2009)
- Do As I Say (2009)
- Young Guns (2009)
- President Obama: The Inauguration (2009)
- 'Hick' Town (2009)
- Saturday Night Live: The Best of Amy Poehler (2009)
- The Best Government Money Can Buy? (2009)
- Life on the Edge of a Bubble (2009)
- Studs Terkel: Listening to America (2009)
- Streisand: Live in Concert (2009)
- Convention (2009)
- 9th Annual State of the Black Union: Building Blocks for America (2008)
- 9th Annual State of the Black Union: Breaking New Ground (2008)
- 9th Annual State of the Black Union: Memorable Moments (2008)
- Dean and Me: Roadshow of an American Primary (2008)
- Democratic National Convention (2008)
- Electile Dysfunction: Inside the Business of American Campaigns (2008)
- Hillary! Uncensored: Banned by the Media (2008)
- Hillary: The Movie (2008)
- Hype: The Obama Effect (2008)
- Mike Gravel's Alternative Debate (2008)
- President Hollywood (2008)
- Saturday Night Live Presidential Bash '08 (2008)
- Secrets of Body Language (2008)
- Shine a Light (2008)
- Swing State (2008)
- Teleflora Presents America's Favorite Mom (2008)
- The California Democratic Debate (2008)
- The Return of the War Room (2008)
- W. (2008)
- Who Is the Real Bill Ayers? (2008)
- Den næste præsident (2008)
- Dying for Change (2007)
- Darfur Now (2007)
- Conversations with Carlos Watson (2007)
- Sicko (2007)
- The Real Cherie (2007)
- The Visible Vote '08- A Presidential Forum (2007)
- Dare to Dream: The Story of the U.S. Women's Soccer Team (2007)
- Unborn in the USA: Inside the War on Abortion (2007)
- CNN/YouTube US Presidential Democratic Candidates Debate (2007)
- 14 Women (2007)
- CNN Nevada Democratic Party Presidential Primary Debate (2007)
- All-American Presidential Forums on PBS Moderated by Tavis Smiley (2007)
- New York 360º Presents: The 2007 Matrix Awards (2007)
- Outspoken: Los Angeles (2007)
- Endgame: Blueprint for Global Enslavement (2007)
- Al Franken: God Spoke (2006)
- Mr. Conservative: Goldwater on Goldwater (2006)
- Saint of 9/11 (2006)
- Hillarys Reise zum Mond (2006)
- 9/11 Memorial from Ground Zero (2005)
- Finding Neverland: On the Red Carpet (2005)
- The Hunting of the President (2004)
- Bill Clinton: His Life (2004)
- Diary of a Political Tourist (2004)
- Road to the Presidency (2004)
- Inside the U.S. Secret Service (2004)
- Between the Lines (2004)
- Shake Hands with the Devil: The Journey of Roméo Dallaire (2004)
- Celsius 41.11: The Temperature at Which the Brain... Begins to Die (2004)
- White House Christmas Memories (2003)
- Restore America Honors (2003)
- Hillary Clinton's Journey: Public, Private, Personal with Barbara Walters (2003)
- The Rosa Parks Story (2002)
- The Concert for New York City (2001)
- VH1/Vogue Fashion Awards (2001)
- Koenigs Kugel - Der deutsche Bildhauer Fritz Koenig im Trümmerfeld von Ground Zero (2001)
- Princess Diana: The Uncrowned Queen (2001)
- Last Party 2000 (2001)
- Democracy Now! (2001)
- Saturday Night Live: The Best of Molly Shannon (2001)
- White House Christmas 2000 (2000)
- 2000 Essence Awards (2000)
- Saturday Night Live: Presidential Bash 2000 (2000)
- The Final Days (2000)
- Hillary 2000 (NY Primary) (2000)
- Hillary's New York Adventure (2000)
- Biography of the Millennium: 100 People - 1000 Years (1999)
- The Kennedy Center Honors: A Celebration of the Performing Arts (1999)
- ABC 2000: The Millennium (1999)
- Christmas in Washington (1999)
- Get Bruce (1999)
- An American Celebration at Ford's Theater (1999)
- Diana (1998)
- Divas Live: An Honors Concert for VH1 Save the Music (1998)
- Christmas in Washington (1998)
- The Kennedy Center Honors: A Celebration of the Performing Arts (1998)
- In Performance at the White House (1998)
- Tony Bennett Live by Request: An All-Star Tribute (1998)
- The 53rd Presidential Inaugural Gala: An American Journey (1997)
- I Am Your Child (1997)
- The Kennedy Center Honors: A Celebration of the Performing Arts (1997)
- Remembering Diana Princess of Wales (1997)
- Christmas in Washington (1997)
- Cronkite Remembers (1997)
- Henry VIII (1997)
- Walt Disney World's 25th Anniversary Party (1997)
- A Place Called America (1996)
- The Kennedy Center Honors: A Celebration of the Performing Arts (1996)
- The Most Fascinating Women of 1996 (1996)
- Noel's Christmas Presents (1996)
- Christmas in Washington (1996)
- People Yearbook '95 (1995)
- The Death of Vince Foster: What Really Happened? (1995)
- Susan B. Anthony Slept Here (1995)
- Nixon (1995)
- The Kennedy Center Honors: A Celebration of the Performing Arts (1995)
- Spin (1995)
- The Death of Yugoslavia (1995)
- Walt Disney World Very Merry Christmas Parade (1994)
- A Gala for the President at Ford's Theatre (1994)
- The Clinton Chronicles (1994)
- The Holocaust: In Memory of Millions (1994)
- The Kennedy Center Honors: A Celebration of the Performing Arts (1994)
- A Century of Women (1994)
- The 52nd Presidential Inaugural Gala (1993)
- Presidential Inaugural Celebration for Children (1993)
- The Kennedy Center Honors: A Celebration of the Performing Arts (1993)
- A Gala for the President at Ford's Theatre (1993)
- A Day in the Life of Country Music (1993)
- The War Room (1993)
- The Last Party (1993)
- Convention '92 (1992)
- Feed (1992)
Famous quotes by Hillary Clinton:
"The American people are tired of liars and people who pretend to be something they're not."
"If I want to knock a story off the front page, I just change my hairstyle."
"The challenge is to practice politics as the art of making what appears to be impossible, possible."
"You show people what you're willing to fight for when you fight your friends."
"Voting is the most precious right of every citizen, and we have a moral obligation to ensure the integrity of our voting process."
"In the Bible it says they asked Jesus how many times you should forgive, and he said 70 times 7. Well, I want you all to know that I'm keeping a chart."
"Don't confuse having a career with having a life"
"Probably my worst quality is that I get very passionate about what I think is right."
"What we have to do... is to find a way to celebrate our diversity and debate our differences without fracturing our communities."
"All of us have to recognize that we owe our children more than we have been giving them."
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Secretary Clinton Says Farewell to State Department Employees
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:14
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton says farewell to State Department employees at the US Department of State in Washington, DC on February 1, 2013. A text transcript can be found at www.state.gov
http://wn.com/Secretary_Clinton_Says_Farewell_to_State_Department_Employees
US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton says farewell to State Department employees at the US Department of State in Washington, DC on February 1, 2013. A text transcript can be found at www.state.gov
Hillary Clinton's Fiery Moment at Benghazi Hearing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
Secretary of state says Susan Rice did not mislead the Americans about the attack.
http://wn.com/Hillary_Clinton's_Fiery_Moment_at_Benghazi_Hearing
Secretary of state says Susan Rice did not mislead the Americans about the attack.
- published: 23 Jan 2013
- views: 161417
- author: ABCNews
Hillary Clinton on Barbara Walters' 10 Most Fascinating People of 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:06
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
ABC's Barbara Walters interviews Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.
http://wn.com/Hillary_Clinton_on_Barbara_Walters'_10_Most_Fascinating_People_of_2012
ABC's Barbara Walters interviews Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.
- published: 13 Dec 2012
- views: 33751
- author: ABCNews
Women in the World 2012: Meryl Streep's Tribute to Hillary Clinton
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:59
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
Meryl Streep introduces Secretary of State Hillary Clinton at Women in the World.
http://wn.com/Women_in_the_World_2012_Meryl_Streep's_Tribute_to_Hillary_Clinton
Meryl Streep introduces Secretary of State Hillary Clinton at Women in the World.
- published: 10 Mar 2012
- views: 169427
- author: TheDailyBeastVideo
Hillary Clinton Testifies to Congress on Benghazi Consulate Attack, State Department Security
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:01
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
In her opening statement to Congress, Sec. of State Clinton addresses security procedures leading up to Sept. 11th attack in Libya.
http://wn.com/Hillary_Clinton_Testifies_to_Congress_on_Benghazi_Consulate_Attack,_State_Department_Security
In her opening statement to Congress, Sec. of State Clinton addresses security procedures leading up to Sept. 11th attack in Libya.
- published: 23 Jan 2013
- views: 51922
- author: ABCNews
Sen. John McCain to Hillary Clinton: American 'People Deserve to Know' Truth About Benghazi Attack
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:22
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
Sen. John McCain grills Secretary of State Clinton about events surrounding Benghazi attack.
http://wn.com/Sen_John_McCain_to_Hillary_Clinton_American_'People_Deserve_to_Know'_Truth_About_Benghazi_Attack
Sen. John McCain grills Secretary of State Clinton about events surrounding Benghazi attack.
- published: 23 Jan 2013
- views: 135661
- author: ABCNews
Secretary Clinton: "Tomorrow Will Be Better"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:34
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton delivers a message to the LGBT community that "Tomorrow Will Be Better," at the US Department of State in Washington, DC, October 19, 2010. [Go to www.state.gov for more video and text transcript.]
http://wn.com/Secretary_Clinton_Tomorrow_Will_Be_Better
US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton delivers a message to the LGBT community that "Tomorrow Will Be Better," at the US Department of State in Washington, DC, October 19, 2010. [Go to www.state.gov for more video and text transcript.]
- published: 19 Oct 2010
- views: 581254
- author: statevideo
Fox News Suggests Hillary Clinton Got Facelift
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
--Fox News and Steve Doocy speculate that Hillary Clinton had a facelift. --On the Bonus Show: Reality TV show faked, abolishing the patent system, the world's busiest airports, more... If you liked this clip of The David Pakman Show, please do us a big favor and share it with your friends... and hit that "like" button! www.davidpakman.com Become a Member www.davidpakman.com Like Us on Facebook: www.facebook.com Follow Us on Twitter: www.twitter.com Get TDPS Gear: www.davidpakman.com 24/7 Voicemail Line: (219)-2DAVIDP Subscribe to The David Pakman Show for more: www.youtube.com Broadcast on February 7, 2013
http://wn.com/Fox_News_Suggests_Hillary_Clinton_Got_Facelift
--Fox News and Steve Doocy speculate that Hillary Clinton had a facelift. --On the Bonus Show: Reality TV show faked, abolishing the patent system, the world's busiest airports, more... If you liked this clip of The David Pakman Show, please do us a big favor and share it with your friends... and hit that "like" button! www.davidpakman.com Become a Member www.davidpakman.com Like Us on Facebook: www.facebook.com Follow Us on Twitter: www.twitter.com Get TDPS Gear: www.davidpakman.com 24/7 Voicemail Line: (219)-2DAVIDP Subscribe to The David Pakman Show for more: www.youtube.com Broadcast on February 7, 2013
- published: 08 Feb 2013
- views: 2933
- author: MidweekPolitics
Hillary Clinton Office on What Difference Does it Make to LIVs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:26
- Updated: 11 Feb 2013
Go to polisat.com . Hillary Clinton and her HillaryClintonOffice.Com (Hillary Clinton Office) take comfort that LIV's (aka Low Information Voters) don't know, and will never ask, "What difference does what make?" whenever they hear any reference to her Senate testimony on the 9-11-2012 terrorist attack on American diplomatic soil in Benghazi, Libya.
http://wn.com/Hillary_Clinton_Office_on_What_Difference_Does_it_Make_to_LIVs
Go to polisat.com . Hillary Clinton and her HillaryClintonOffice.Com (Hillary Clinton Office) take comfort that LIV's (aka Low Information Voters) don't know, and will never ask, "What difference does what make?" whenever they hear any reference to her Senate testimony on the 9-11-2012 terrorist attack on American diplomatic soil in Benghazi, Libya.
- published: 11 Feb 2013
- views: 15
- author: PoliticalXray
Hillary Clinton Erupts At Ron Johnson Over Benghazi Attack
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:01
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
more at c-span.org
http://wn.com/Hillary_Clinton_Erupts_At_Ron_Johnson_Over_Benghazi_Attack
Hilary Clinton Hits Back at Brutal Benghazi Hearing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:46
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
"Hillary Clinton faced accusations of incompetence, evasion and obfuscation by angry members of Congress at two hearing into the deaths of the US ambassador to Libya and three other Americans in Benghazi last year. Although the US secretary of state was roundly praised for her "extraordinary" work as she prepares to leave office, she came under strong criticism over her handling of the attack on the US consulate in Benghazi on September 11."* Republicans hit Hilary Clinton hard at Benghazi Hearings, blaming her squarely and calling her incompetent. But...they would have handled the situation better, right? This wouldn't have anything to do with a major future election, would it? Cenk Uygur breaks down the brusque hearings and the ridiculous over-posturing. *Read more from Chris McGreal and Tom McCarthy/ Guardian: www.guardian.co.uk Support The Young Turks by Subscribing bit.ly Like Us on Facebook: www.fb.com Follow Us on Twitter: bit.ly Buy TYT Merch: theyoungturks.spreadshirt.com
http://wn.com/Hilary_Clinton_Hits_Back_at_Brutal_Benghazi_Hearing
"Hillary Clinton faced accusations of incompetence, evasion and obfuscation by angry members of Congress at two hearing into the deaths of the US ambassador to Libya and three other Americans in Benghazi last year. Although the US secretary of state was roundly praised for her "extraordinary" work as she prepares to leave office, she came under strong criticism over her handling of the attack on the US consulate in Benghazi on September 11."* Republicans hit Hilary Clinton hard at Benghazi Hearings, blaming her squarely and calling her incompetent. But...they would have handled the situation better, right? This wouldn't have anything to do with a major future election, would it? Cenk Uygur breaks down the brusque hearings and the ridiculous over-posturing. *Read more from Chris McGreal and Tom McCarthy/ Guardian: www.guardian.co.uk Support The Young Turks by Subscribing bit.ly Like Us on Facebook: www.fb.com Follow Us on Twitter: bit.ly Buy TYT Merch: theyoungturks.spreadshirt.com
- published: 25 Jan 2013
- views: 63107
- author: TheYoungTurks
Hillary Clinton's First 2016 Campaign Ad? (Nov. 30, 2012 - CSPAN)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:07
- Updated: 11 Feb 2013
Aired: November 30, 2012 on C-SPAN. The Saban Forum 2012 (which focuses on Middle East issues as related to US foreign policy) kicked off with a keynote speech by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. Clinton's remarks were immediately preceded by a tribute video to her career in service of the United States. President Barack Obama, Senator John McCain, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair and others are featured offering praise for Secretary Clinton's life, career, and good works.
http://wn.com/Hillary_Clinton's_First_2016_Campaign_Ad?_Nov_30,_2012_CSPAN
Aired: November 30, 2012 on C-SPAN. The Saban Forum 2012 (which focuses on Middle East issues as related to US foreign policy) kicked off with a keynote speech by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. Clinton's remarks were immediately preceded by a tribute video to her career in service of the United States. President Barack Obama, Senator John McCain, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair and others are featured offering praise for Secretary Clinton's life, career, and good works.
- published: 03 Dec 2012
- views: 82526
- author: HenryBloggit
![[HIGHLIGHTS] Hillary Clinton Testifies On Libya Benghazi Attack [FULL]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130212194344im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/iIee0IY-HBk/default.jpg "[HIGHLIGHTS] Hillary Clinton Testifies On Libya Benghazi Attack [FULL]")
[HIGHLIGHTS] Hillary Clinton Testifies On Libya Benghazi Attack [FULL]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 34:49
- Updated: 11 Feb 2013
Clinton Faces GOP on Benghazi: 'The Fact Is, We Had Four Dead Americans' Republicans confronted Secretary of State Hillary Clinton today over the deadly attack on a US mission in Libya, saying that she failed to bolster security before the assault and shared blame for the Obama administration's initial, erroneous account of what happened. "I would have relieved you of your post" for failure of leadership and "culpability" in the loss of four American lives, Republican Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky told Clinton during her testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. "I believe in taking responsibility, and I have done so," Clinton responded, saying she is moving quickly to correct security shortcomings. Clinton's two and a half hours of testimony before the Senate panel were to be followed by an afternoon appearance before the House Foreign Affairs Committee. The sessions gave lawmakers their first opportunity to question the top US diplomat in public on her department's response to the Sept. 11 attack in Benghazi in which Ambassador Chris Stevens and three other Americans were killed. While Democrats on the Senate panel praised Clinton's performance as secretary of state and her efforts to remedy security weaknesses, Republicans didn't shy away from taking on one of the most popular figures in Washington and a potential 2016 Democratic presidential candidate. Senator John McCain of Arizona told Clinton her responses to the panel were "not satisfactory to me ...
http://wn.com/_HIGHLIGHTS_Hillary_Clinton_Testifies_On_Libya_Benghazi_Attack_FULL_
Clinton Faces GOP on Benghazi: 'The Fact Is, We Had Four Dead Americans' Republicans confronted Secretary of State Hillary Clinton today over the deadly attack on a US mission in Libya, saying that she failed to bolster security before the assault and shared blame for the Obama administration's initial, erroneous account of what happened. "I would have relieved you of your post" for failure of leadership and "culpability" in the loss of four American lives, Republican Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky told Clinton during her testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. "I believe in taking responsibility, and I have done so," Clinton responded, saying she is moving quickly to correct security shortcomings. Clinton's two and a half hours of testimony before the Senate panel were to be followed by an afternoon appearance before the House Foreign Affairs Committee. The sessions gave lawmakers their first opportunity to question the top US diplomat in public on her department's response to the Sept. 11 attack in Benghazi in which Ambassador Chris Stevens and three other Americans were killed. While Democrats on the Senate panel praised Clinton's performance as secretary of state and her efforts to remedy security weaknesses, Republicans didn't shy away from taking on one of the most popular figures in Washington and a potential 2016 Democratic presidential candidate. Senator John McCain of Arizona told Clinton her responses to the panel were "not satisfactory to me ...
- published: 23 Jan 2013
- views: 26475
- author: inversePWNED
John McCain vs Hillary Clinton On Benghazi: Your Answers 'Are Not Satisfactory'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:50
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
hillary clinton benghazi.mccain hillary clinton benghazi hearing mccain "It's wonderful to see you in good health and as combative as ever," Sen. John McCain(Grumpy Old Man) (R-AZ) greeted Secretary of State Hillary Clinton during the Senate hearing on the Benghazi attack on Wednesday. Citing questions he still had, the senator noted that Clinton's answers were inadequate. "There are many questions that are unanswered, and the answers that you've given this morning are not satisfactory to me," McCain said, particularly pointing to the security at the US consulate. "The American people deserve to know answers. And they certainly don't deserve false answers." And what UN Ambassador Susan Rice said following the attack was false information, he said, further questioning why "the administration still refuses to provide the full text of the e-mails regarding the deletion of references to Al Qaeda and terrorism in the talking points." "You ought to have your facts straight," McCain told Clinton. "Here we are, four months later, and we still don't have the basic information." Clinton said she understood McCain's "very strong" feelings. "We just have disagreement," she said. "We have a disagreement about what did happen and when it happened with respect to explaining the sequence of events." Clinton also pointed to congressional holds on bilateral security assistance and other aid. "We got to get our act together between the administration and the Congress," she said. "If this is ...
http://wn.com/John_McCain_vs_Hillary_Clinton_On_Benghazi_Your_Answers_'Are_Not_Satisfactory'
hillary clinton benghazi.mccain hillary clinton benghazi hearing mccain "It's wonderful to see you in good health and as combative as ever," Sen. John McCain(Grumpy Old Man) (R-AZ) greeted Secretary of State Hillary Clinton during the Senate hearing on the Benghazi attack on Wednesday. Citing questions he still had, the senator noted that Clinton's answers were inadequate. "There are many questions that are unanswered, and the answers that you've given this morning are not satisfactory to me," McCain said, particularly pointing to the security at the US consulate. "The American people deserve to know answers. And they certainly don't deserve false answers." And what UN Ambassador Susan Rice said following the attack was false information, he said, further questioning why "the administration still refuses to provide the full text of the e-mails regarding the deletion of references to Al Qaeda and terrorism in the talking points." "You ought to have your facts straight," McCain told Clinton. "Here we are, four months later, and we still don't have the basic information." Clinton said she understood McCain's "very strong" feelings. "We just have disagreement," she said. "We have a disagreement about what did happen and when it happened with respect to explaining the sequence of events." Clinton also pointed to congressional holds on bilateral security assistance and other aid. "We got to get our act together between the administration and the Congress," she said. "If this is ...
- published: 23 Jan 2013
- views: 20975
- author: ONEINDACHAMBER187
Secretary Clinton's Historic Speech on LGBT Human Rights - "Gay rights are human rights"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:08
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
"FREE AND EQUAL IN DIGNITY AND RIGHTS" Delivered by Secretary Clinton Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland =================================== On Tuesday, December 6, 2011, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton gave a historic speech at the United Nations in Geneva declaring that LGBT rights are human rights and human rights are LGBT rights. The full transcript of the speech can be found here: www.state.gov
http://wn.com/Secretary_Clinton's_Historic_Speech_on_LGBT_Human_Rights_Gay_rights_are_human_rights
"FREE AND EQUAL IN DIGNITY AND RIGHTS" Delivered by Secretary Clinton Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland =================================== On Tuesday, December 6, 2011, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton gave a historic speech at the United Nations in Geneva declaring that LGBT rights are human rights and human rights are LGBT rights. The full transcript of the speech can be found here: www.state.gov
- published: 07 Dec 2011
- views: 177012
- author: MarcinCalifornia
President Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on 60 Minutes - Jan 27, 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:51
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
Or should I say Ex-Secretary of State.
http://wn.com/President_Obama_and_Secretary_of_State_Hillary_Clinton_on_60_Minutes_Jan_27,_2013
Marco Rubio Grills Hillary Clinton About Benghazi (Testimony)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:40
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
Marco Rubio Grills Hillary Clinton About Benghazi (Testimony) video. hillary clinton benghazi hearing During Wednesday's Capitol Hill testimony by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton regarding the deadly September 11, 2012, attack on an American consulate in Libya, Sen. Marco Rubio (R-FL) grilled her about her knowledge of the security situation in Benghazi prior to the attack. Clinton acknowledged that she had held discussions about the security situation in Libya prior to the attack, but that these discussions did not relate to specific threats. "Were you ever asked to participate in any sort of internal or interagency meeting before this attack with regards to the deteriorating security situation in Libya," Rubio asked. "With specific security requests, they didn't come to me -- I had no knowledge of them," Clinton replied. "With regard to the situation in Libya -- not just Eastern Libya, across Libya -- there were a number of conversations and meetings to try to see what we could do while Libya went through this transition from transitional government, to interim government, to elections to try to get in there and help them with security." Clinton said the State Department sent both military and civilian teams to Libya prior to the attack to advise and consult on security Rubio then asked if diplomatic security for various American missions came up in any of the security-related meetings. Clinton replied that she did not receive specific information about threats to ...
http://wn.com/Marco_Rubio_Grills_Hillary_Clinton_About_Benghazi_Testimony
Marco Rubio Grills Hillary Clinton About Benghazi (Testimony) video. hillary clinton benghazi hearing During Wednesday's Capitol Hill testimony by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton regarding the deadly September 11, 2012, attack on an American consulate in Libya, Sen. Marco Rubio (R-FL) grilled her about her knowledge of the security situation in Benghazi prior to the attack. Clinton acknowledged that she had held discussions about the security situation in Libya prior to the attack, but that these discussions did not relate to specific threats. "Were you ever asked to participate in any sort of internal or interagency meeting before this attack with regards to the deteriorating security situation in Libya," Rubio asked. "With specific security requests, they didn't come to me -- I had no knowledge of them," Clinton replied. "With regard to the situation in Libya -- not just Eastern Libya, across Libya -- there were a number of conversations and meetings to try to see what we could do while Libya went through this transition from transitional government, to interim government, to elections to try to get in there and help them with security." Clinton said the State Department sent both military and civilian teams to Libya prior to the attack to advise and consult on security Rubio then asked if diplomatic security for various American missions came up in any of the security-related meetings. Clinton replied that she did not receive specific information about threats to ...
- published: 23 Jan 2013
- views: 10527
- author: Les Grossman
Webster Tarpley on Hillary Clinton's disastrous legacy in the State Department
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:23
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
A Turkish guard and a visiting Turkish journalist were killed in a suicide bomber attack on the American embassy in Ankara. The Obama Administration called what happened an act of terror and the Turkey's Interior Minister says the bomber was a known member of a leftist radical group and the motives might be different than motives of Islamic militants. This comes the same day Secretary Clinton steps down from her post and just days after the contentious Capitol Hill hearings dealing with the attack on the US consulate in Benghazi. All that while the US is still largerly seen in unfavorable light in the Muslim World. To talk more about Secretary Clinton's legacy and that of the US in the Muslim World Dr. Webster Tarpley an author and historian joins RT's Meghan Lopez. Find RT America in your area: rt.com Or watch us online: rt.com Like us on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter twitter.com
http://wn.com/Webster_Tarpley_on_Hillary_Clinton's_disastrous_legacy_in_the_State_Department
A Turkish guard and a visiting Turkish journalist were killed in a suicide bomber attack on the American embassy in Ankara. The Obama Administration called what happened an act of terror and the Turkey's Interior Minister says the bomber was a known member of a leftist radical group and the motives might be different than motives of Islamic militants. This comes the same day Secretary Clinton steps down from her post and just days after the contentious Capitol Hill hearings dealing with the attack on the US consulate in Benghazi. All that while the US is still largerly seen in unfavorable light in the Muslim World. To talk more about Secretary Clinton's legacy and that of the US in the Muslim World Dr. Webster Tarpley an author and historian joins RT's Meghan Lopez. Find RT America in your area: rt.com Or watch us online: rt.com Like us on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter twitter.com
- published: 02 Feb 2013
- views: 10679
- author: RTAmerica
Christina Aguilera's Moment with Hillary Clinton
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:50
- Updated: 11 Feb 2013
Christina brought a photo of a recent run-in with the Secretary of State, who seems to be checking out the goods. The singer also told Ellen about judging on "The Voice" and how she loved one of Ellen's bad holiday sweaters!
http://wn.com/Christina_Aguilera's_Moment_with_Hillary_Clinton
Christina brought a photo of a recent run-in with the Secretary of State, who seems to be checking out the goods. The singer also told Ellen about judging on "The Voice" and how she loved one of Ellen's bad holiday sweaters!
- published: 07 Dec 2012
- views: 618806
- author: TheEllenShow
Secretary Clinton Delivers Remarks at the 2012 Women in the World Summit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:39
- Updated: 06 Feb 2013
US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton delivers remarks at the 2012 Women in the World Summit in New York City, New York on March 10, 2012. [Go to video.state.gov for more video and text transcript.]
http://wn.com/Secretary_Clinton_Delivers_Remarks_at_the_2012_Women_in_the_World_Summit
US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton delivers remarks at the 2012 Women in the World Summit in New York City, New York on March 10, 2012. [Go to video.state.gov for more video and text transcript.]
- published: 12 Mar 2012
- views: 48302
- author: statevideo
Secretary Clinton Holds Global Town Hall
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 71:41
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton holds a Townterview at the Newseum in Washington, DC on January 29, 2013 at 9:30 AM. A "Townterview" is a mix of a town hall and a television interview. The concept was first introduced by the Secretary when she entered office as a way to broaden People to People engagement. This is her 59th town hall and an opportunity to engage with young people around the world in advance of her last day as Secretary of State on Friday, February 1st. A text transcript can be found at www.state.gov
http://wn.com/Secretary_Clinton_Holds_Global_Town_Hall
US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton holds a Townterview at the Newseum in Washington, DC on January 29, 2013 at 9:30 AM. A "Townterview" is a mix of a town hall and a television interview. The concept was first introduced by the Secretary when she entered office as a way to broaden People to People engagement. This is her 59th town hall and an opportunity to engage with young people around the world in advance of her last day as Secretary of State on Friday, February 1st. A text transcript can be found at www.state.gov
- published: 29 Jan 2013
- views: 17521
- author: statevideo
Rand Paul To Hillary Clinton: I Would Have Fired You
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
rand paul hillary clinton benghazi, hillary clinton benghazi rand paul Rand Paul Brutalizes Hillary Clinton: 'Had I Been President' I Would Have Fired You. During Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's Congressional testimony regarding what she knew about the attack on an American consulate in Benghazi last year, Sen. Rand Paul (R-KY) took the opportunity of his question to bluntly attack Clinton's negligence in the months preceding the attack. Paul thanked Clinton for taking culpability for "the worst tragedy since 9/11," but noted that, if he had been President of the United States at the time of the attack and had learned that Clinton failed to read some key diplomatic cables before that event, he would have relieved her of her post. RELATED: Hillary Clinton Chokes Up Speaking About Benghazi Victims During Testimony Paul's opening statement prior to his question for Sec. Clinton consisted of a savage rebuke of her leadership of the State Department leading up to the attack in Benghazi: One of the things that disappointed me most about the original 9/11 is that no one was fired. We spent trillions of dollars, but there were a lot of human errors. These are judgment errors and the people who make judgment errors need to be replaced, fired, and no longer in the position of making these judgment calls. So, we have a review board -- review board finds 64 different things that we can change. A lot of them are common sense and should be done, but the question is it's a failure ...
http://wn.com/Rand_Paul_To_Hillary_Clinton_I_Would_Have_Fired_You
rand paul hillary clinton benghazi, hillary clinton benghazi rand paul Rand Paul Brutalizes Hillary Clinton: 'Had I Been President' I Would Have Fired You. During Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's Congressional testimony regarding what she knew about the attack on an American consulate in Benghazi last year, Sen. Rand Paul (R-KY) took the opportunity of his question to bluntly attack Clinton's negligence in the months preceding the attack. Paul thanked Clinton for taking culpability for "the worst tragedy since 9/11," but noted that, if he had been President of the United States at the time of the attack and had learned that Clinton failed to read some key diplomatic cables before that event, he would have relieved her of her post. RELATED: Hillary Clinton Chokes Up Speaking About Benghazi Victims During Testimony Paul's opening statement prior to his question for Sec. Clinton consisted of a savage rebuke of her leadership of the State Department leading up to the attack in Benghazi: One of the things that disappointed me most about the original 9/11 is that no one was fired. We spent trillions of dollars, but there were a lot of human errors. These are judgment errors and the people who make judgment errors need to be replaced, fired, and no longer in the position of making these judgment calls. So, we have a review board -- review board finds 64 different things that we can change. A lot of them are common sense and should be done, but the question is it's a failure ...
- published: 23 Jan 2013
- views: 12432
- author: Ace Ventura
Asking Hillary Clinton the big questions!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:30
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
Today we crossed live to Hillary Clinton for a chat during her global broadcast from Washington, DC. As she prepares to step down as US Secretary of State, we wanted to ask her the big questions, enquire about Andy taking her job and suggest some great new title options for when she's no longer Madam Secretary.
http://wn.com/Asking_Hillary_Clinton_the_big_questions!
Today we crossed live to Hillary Clinton for a chat during her global broadcast from Washington, DC. As she prepares to step down as US Secretary of State, we wanted to ask her the big questions, enquire about Andy taking her job and suggest some great new title options for when she's no longer Madam Secretary.
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- views: 13427
- author: hamishandyofficial
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Secretary Clinton: "Tomorrow Will Be Better"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:34
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton delivers a message to the LGBT community that "Tomorrow Will Be Better," at the US Department of State in Washington, DC, October 19, 2010. [Go to www.state.gov for more video and text transcript.]
http://wn.com/Secretary_Clinton_Tomorrow_Will_Be_Better
US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton delivers a message to the LGBT community that "Tomorrow Will Be Better," at the US Department of State in Washington, DC, October 19, 2010. [Go to www.state.gov for more video and text transcript.]
- published: 19 Oct 2010
- views: 578063
- author: statevideo
Women in the World 2012: Meryl Streep's Tribute to Hillary Clinton
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:59
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Meryl Streep introduces Secretary of State Hillary Clinton at Women in the World.
http://wn.com/Women_in_the_World_2012_Meryl_Streep's_Tribute_to_Hillary_Clinton
Meryl Streep introduces Secretary of State Hillary Clinton at Women in the World.
- published: 10 Mar 2012
- views: 163539
- author: TheDailyBeastVideo
Secretary Clinton Delivers Remarks at the 2012 Women in the World Summit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:39
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton delivers remarks at the 2012 Women in the World Summit in New York City, New York on March 10, 2012. [Go to video.state.gov for more video and text transcript.]
http://wn.com/Secretary_Clinton_Delivers_Remarks_at_the_2012_Women_in_the_World_Summit
US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton delivers remarks at the 2012 Women in the World Summit in New York City, New York on March 10, 2012. [Go to video.state.gov for more video and text transcript.]
- published: 12 Mar 2012
- views: 44314
- author: statevideo
Hamish and Andy interview Hillary Clinton - The 7pm Project (Australia) : funny
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Hamish and Andy in a sit down interview with the US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton for The 7pm Project (Australia). Official: 7pmProject.com.au | http | HamishAndAndy.com.au Keywords Hamish and Andy's special edition gravy chips, gift acceptance, assassination attempt joke, Australian airspace, negotiation skills, Bill Clinton take away options, America perception, wrestling and wearing bikini stereotype, intrusive questions. Democratic. TRANSCRIPT: state.gov Radio Karate | Roving Enterprises | Austero Network - Hamish Blake, Andy Lee, Dave Hughes, Charlie Pickering, George Negus. Broadcast date: 8th November, 2010 - No copyright infringement intended. Uploaded by unofficial Rove McManus site: RoveOnline.com | http | twitter.com Clinton has been in Australia on a three-day visit as part of the AUSMIN (Australia-United States Ministerial) meeting, attended by Australian foreign and defense ministers, and the US secretaries of state and defense held in Melbourne. RADIO duo Hamish Blake and Andy Lee have turned cultural ambassadors, talking about the big issues with Hillary Clinton. Blake and Lee, dressed in dapper black suits and bow ties, met the US Secretary of State at Melbourne University yesterday. The radio stars put considerable thought into what sort of present they could give Clinton to welcome her to Melbourne. They were determined to avoid the cliches of a stufffed koala, an Akubra hat or a Driza-Bone. Instead, Lee presented her with a precious, uniquely ...
http://wn.com/Hamish_and_Andy_interview_Hillary_Clinton_The_7pm_Project_Australia_funny
Hamish and Andy in a sit down interview with the US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton for The 7pm Project (Australia). Official: 7pmProject.com.au | http | HamishAndAndy.com.au Keywords Hamish and Andy's special edition gravy chips, gift acceptance, assassination attempt joke, Australian airspace, negotiation skills, Bill Clinton take away options, America perception, wrestling and wearing bikini stereotype, intrusive questions. Democratic. TRANSCRIPT: state.gov Radio Karate | Roving Enterprises | Austero Network - Hamish Blake, Andy Lee, Dave Hughes, Charlie Pickering, George Negus. Broadcast date: 8th November, 2010 - No copyright infringement intended. Uploaded by unofficial Rove McManus site: RoveOnline.com | http | twitter.com Clinton has been in Australia on a three-day visit as part of the AUSMIN (Australia-United States Ministerial) meeting, attended by Australian foreign and defense ministers, and the US secretaries of state and defense held in Melbourne. RADIO duo Hamish Blake and Andy Lee have turned cultural ambassadors, talking about the big issues with Hillary Clinton. Blake and Lee, dressed in dapper black suits and bow ties, met the US Secretary of State at Melbourne University yesterday. The radio stars put considerable thought into what sort of present they could give Clinton to welcome her to Melbourne. They were determined to avoid the cliches of a stufffed koala, an Akubra hat or a Driza-Bone. Instead, Lee presented her with a precious, uniquely ...
- published: 09 Nov 2010
- views: 140372
- author: RoveOnlineClips
Barack Obama Hillary Clinton interview together
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:06
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Nightline, their first interview together.
http://wn.com/Barack_Obama_Hillary_Clinton_interview_together
Hillary Clinton's First 2016 Campaign Ad? (Nov. 30, 2012 - CSPAN)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:07
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
Aired: November 30, 2012 on C-SPAN. The Saban Forum 2012 (which focuses on Middle East issues as related to US foreign policy) kicked off with a keynote speech by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. Clinton's remarks were immediately preceded by a tribute video to her career in service of the United States. President Barack Obama, Senator John McCain, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair and others are featured offering praise for Secretary Clinton's life, career, and good works.
http://wn.com/Hillary_Clinton's_First_2016_Campaign_Ad?_Nov_30,_2012_CSPAN
Aired: November 30, 2012 on C-SPAN. The Saban Forum 2012 (which focuses on Middle East issues as related to US foreign policy) kicked off with a keynote speech by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. Clinton's remarks were immediately preceded by a tribute video to her career in service of the United States. President Barack Obama, Senator John McCain, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair and others are featured offering praise for Secretary Clinton's life, career, and good works.
- published: 03 Dec 2012
- views: 78387
- author: HenryBloggit
Secretary Clinton's Historic Speech on LGBT Human Rights - "Gay rights are human rights"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:08
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
"FREE AND EQUAL IN DIGNITY AND RIGHTS" Delivered by Secretary Clinton Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland =================================== On Tuesday, December 6, 2011, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton gave a historic speech at the United Nations in Geneva declaring that LGBT rights are human rights and human rights are LGBT rights. The full transcript of the speech can be found here: www.state.gov
http://wn.com/Secretary_Clinton's_Historic_Speech_on_LGBT_Human_Rights_Gay_rights_are_human_rights
"FREE AND EQUAL IN DIGNITY AND RIGHTS" Delivered by Secretary Clinton Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland =================================== On Tuesday, December 6, 2011, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton gave a historic speech at the United Nations in Geneva declaring that LGBT rights are human rights and human rights are LGBT rights. The full transcript of the speech can be found here: www.state.gov
- published: 07 Dec 2011
- views: 173638
- author: MarcinCalifornia
President Obama and Secretary Clinton Deliver Remarks at Andrews Air Force Base
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 32:12
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
President Barack Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton deliver remarks at the Transfer of Remains Ceremony marking the return to the United States of the remains of the four Americans killed this week in Benghazi, Libya, at Andrews Air Force Base on September 14, 2012. [Go to video.state.gov for more video and text transcript.]
http://wn.com/President_Obama_and_Secretary_Clinton_Deliver_Remarks_at_Andrews_Air_Force_Base
President Barack Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton deliver remarks at the Transfer of Remains Ceremony marking the return to the United States of the remains of the four Americans killed this week in Benghazi, Libya, at Andrews Air Force Base on September 14, 2012. [Go to video.state.gov for more video and text transcript.]
- published: 14 Sep 2012
- views: 16285
- author: statevideo
Christina Aguilera's Moment with Hillary Clinton
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:50
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Christina brought a photo of a recent run-in with the Secretary of State, who seems to be checking out the goods. The singer also told Ellen about judging on "The Voice" and how she loved one of Ellen's bad holiday sweaters!
http://wn.com/Christina_Aguilera's_Moment_with_Hillary_Clinton
Christina brought a photo of a recent run-in with the Secretary of State, who seems to be checking out the goods. The singer also told Ellen about judging on "The Voice" and how she loved one of Ellen's bad holiday sweaters!
- published: 07 Dec 2012
- views: 596946
- author: TheEllenShow
Hillary Clinton on FOX Bill O'Reilly Interview 4.30.08 Pt. 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:21
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Hillary '08! Bill O'Reilly interviews Hillary Clinton on Fox News
http://wn.com/Hillary_Clinton_on_FOX_Bill_O'Reilly_Interview_43008_Pt_1
Hillary '08! Bill O'Reilly interviews Hillary Clinton on Fox News
- published: 01 May 2008
- views: 36730
- author: hdrc2008
Hillary Clinton Faints, Suffers Concussion
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:36
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
The State Department says Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, who skipped an overseas trip this past week because of a stomach virus, sustained a concussion after fainting. (Dec. 15)
http://wn.com/Hillary_Clinton_Faints,_Suffers_Concussion
The State Department says Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, who skipped an overseas trip this past week because of a stomach virus, sustained a concussion after fainting. (Dec. 15)
- published: 15 Dec 2012
- views: 28851
- author: AssociatedPress
Hillary Clinton, 20/20 - 1996, Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:59
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
Hillary Rodham Clinton confesses all to Barbara Walters in a 30 minutes exclusive interview, January 12, 1996.
http://wn.com/Hillary_Clinton,_20_20_1996,_Part_1
Hillary Rodham Clinton confesses all to Barbara Walters in a 30 minutes exclusive interview, January 12, 1996.
- published: 01 Aug 2010
- views: 45260
- author: dacarc
Hillary Clinton Discusses Political Future: 'There Are Many Ways to Serve'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:51
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
The secretary of state talks with Barbara Walters in exclusive interview.
http://wn.com/Hillary_Clinton_Discusses_Political_Future_'There_Are_Many_Ways_to_Serve'
The secretary of state talks with Barbara Walters in exclusive interview.
- published: 13 Dec 2012
- views: 11827
- author: ABCNews
Tyra Interview Hillary Clinton First Date
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:46
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Tyra_Interview_Hillary_Clinton_First_Date
Hillary Clinton at the 2008 DNC
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:56
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
You should be with us in 2012, join now: my.barackobama.com Hillary Clinton spoke at the 2008 Democratic National Convention on August 26, in Denver, CO.
http://wn.com/Hillary_Clinton_at_the_2008_DNC
You should be with us in 2012, join now: my.barackobama.com Hillary Clinton spoke at the 2008 Democratic National Convention on August 26, in Denver, CO.
- published: 27 Aug 2008
- views: 227224
- author: BarackObamadotcom
Secretary Clinton Delivers a Video Message for Pride Month
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton delivers a video message for Pride Month. A text transcript can be found at www.state.gov
http://wn.com/Secretary_Clinton_Delivers_a_Video_Message_for_Pride_Month
US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton delivers a video message for Pride Month. A text transcript can be found at www.state.gov
- published: 12 Jun 2012
- views: 35118
- author: statevideo
McGovern Interview on His Being Bloodied and Jailed for Silent Protest at a Clinton Speech.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:47
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
After being shamelessly distorted by the major media as an incident of "heckling," Ray McGovern, 27-year CIA veteran who has served under seven presidents, gave this interview to PressTV after the assault on him which left him bruised and bleeding in jail. He had been standing silently with his back turned at a Clinton speech, wearing a Veterans for Peace T-shirt. . McGovern, whose duties in the CIA included delivering morning intelligence briefings to the president, is now a leading opponent of the wars. He is 72 years old.
http://wn.com/McGovern_Interview_on_His_Being_Bloodied_and_Jailed_for_Silent_Protest_at_a_Clinton_Speech
After being shamelessly distorted by the major media as an incident of "heckling," Ray McGovern, 27-year CIA veteran who has served under seven presidents, gave this interview to PressTV after the assault on him which left him bruised and bleeding in jail. He had been standing silently with his back turned at a Clinton speech, wearing a Veterans for Peace T-shirt. . McGovern, whose duties in the CIA included delivering morning intelligence briefings to the president, is now a leading opponent of the wars. He is 72 years old.
- published: 18 Feb 2011
- views: 9932
- author: ralphlopez
Hillary Clinton's Visit to India, BBC World Newsday, Interview with Dr. Sara Vakhshouri
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Hillary_Clinton's_Visit_to_India,_BBC_World_Newsday,_Interview_with_Dr_Sara_Vakhshouri
Hillary Clinton with Hamish & Andy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Hamish & Andy catch up with US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton.
http://wn.com/Hillary_Clinton_with_Hamish_Andy
Hamish & Andy catch up with US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton.
- published: 10 Nov 2010
- views: 22630
- author: hamishandyofficial
Interview with a 2-Year-Old (JLo and Hillary Clinton)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:27
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Jose Luis thinks he can hook up with Jennifer Lopez. Full Contest Results Video (Link Here): www.youtube.com Buy T-shirts: www.districtlines.com Follow me on twitter: twitter.com Facebook Fan Page: www.facebook.com Check out Mrs. Nancy Trejo's latest: www.youtube.com Check out last week's Trejo Tursday: www.youtube.com Check out Richard Hagen who redesigned my channel page: www.artbyhagen.com; or on youtube at http Contact him at CrazyRealArt@gmail.com. See my new channel design! www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Interview_with_a_2-Year-Old_JLo_and_Hillary_Clinton
Jose Luis thinks he can hook up with Jennifer Lopez. Full Contest Results Video (Link Here): www.youtube.com Buy T-shirts: www.districtlines.com Follow me on twitter: twitter.com Facebook Fan Page: www.facebook.com Check out Mrs. Nancy Trejo's latest: www.youtube.com Check out last week's Trejo Tursday: www.youtube.com Check out Richard Hagen who redesigned my channel page: www.artbyhagen.com; or on youtube at http Contact him at CrazyRealArt@gmail.com. See my new channel design! www.youtube.com
- published: 21 Jul 2011
- views: 515840
- author: MrArturoTrejo
Global National - Hillary Clinton's next move?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
Wed, Dec 26: What is Hillary Clinton's next move? Can her popularity take her to the White House in 2016? Robin Stickley reports. For more info, please go to www.globalnews.ca
http://wn.com/Global_National_Hillary_Clinton's_next_move?
Wed, Dec 26: What is Hillary Clinton's next move? Can her popularity take her to the White House in 2016? Robin Stickley reports. For more info, please go to www.globalnews.ca
- published: 27 Dec 2012
- views: 152
- author: GlobalToronto
Jon Stewart in Conversation with Terry Gross
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:21
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
92Y Lectures: www.92y.org September 29, 2010 at the 92nd Street Y From his anchor chair on Comedy Central's The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, he is considered one of America's top social and comedic voices. Jon Stewart has interviewed such luminaries as former President Bill Clinton and President Barack Obama, Senators Hillary Rodham Clinton, John Kerry, John McCain, John Edwards and Bob Dole and such celebrity icons as Tom Cruise, Tom Hanks and Bruce Willis. His new book is Earth (The Book): A Visitor's Guide to the Human Race.
http://wn.com/Jon_Stewart_in_Conversation_with_Terry_Gross
92Y Lectures: www.92y.org September 29, 2010 at the 92nd Street Y From his anchor chair on Comedy Central's The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, he is considered one of America's top social and comedic voices. Jon Stewart has interviewed such luminaries as former President Bill Clinton and President Barack Obama, Senators Hillary Rodham Clinton, John Kerry, John McCain, John Edwards and Bob Dole and such celebrity icons as Tom Cruise, Tom Hanks and Bruce Willis. His new book is Earth (The Book): A Visitor's Guide to the Human Race.
- published: 14 Oct 2010
- views: 87444
- author: 92ndStreetY
Clinton Kicks the Crap out of Fox News Part 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:37
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
He wiped the smirk off their faces.
http://wn.com/Clinton_Kicks_the_Crap_out_of_Fox_News_Part_2
2:34
Secretary Clinton: "Tomorrow Will Be Better"
US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton delivers a message to the LGBT community that...
published: 19 Oct 2010
author: statevideo
Secretary Clinton: "Tomorrow Will Be Better"
US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton delivers a message to the LGBT community that "Tomorrow Will Be Better," at the US Department of State in Washington, DC, October 19, 2010. [Go to www.state.gov for more video and text transcript.]
- published: 19 Oct 2010
- views: 578063
- author: statevideo
13:59
Women in the World 2012: Meryl Streep's Tribute to Hillary Clinton
Meryl Streep introduces Secretary of State Hillary Clinton at Women in the World....
published: 10 Mar 2012
author: TheDailyBeastVideo
Women in the World 2012: Meryl Streep's Tribute to Hillary Clinton
Meryl Streep introduces Secretary of State Hillary Clinton at Women in the World.
- published: 10 Mar 2012
- views: 163539
- author: TheDailyBeastVideo
26:39
Secretary Clinton Delivers Remarks at the 2012 Women in the World Summit
US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton delivers remarks at the 2012 Women in the Wor...
published: 12 Mar 2012
author: statevideo
Secretary Clinton Delivers Remarks at the 2012 Women in the World Summit
US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton delivers remarks at the 2012 Women in the World Summit in New York City, New York on March 10, 2012. [Go to video.state.gov for more video and text transcript.]
- published: 12 Mar 2012
- views: 44314
- author: statevideo
3:54
Hamish and Andy interview Hillary Clinton - The 7pm Project (Australia) : funny
Hamish and Andy in a sit down interview with the US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton fo...
published: 09 Nov 2010
author: RoveOnlineClips
Hamish and Andy interview Hillary Clinton - The 7pm Project (Australia) : funny
Hamish and Andy in a sit down interview with the US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton for The 7pm Project (Australia). Official: 7pmProject.com.au | http | HamishAndAndy.com.au Keywords Hamish and Andy's special edition gravy chips, gift acceptance, assassination attempt joke, Australian airspace, negotiation skills, Bill Clinton take away options, America perception, wrestling and wearing bikini stereotype, intrusive questions. Democratic. TRANSCRIPT: state.gov Radio Karate | Roving Enterprises | Austero Network - Hamish Blake, Andy Lee, Dave Hughes, Charlie Pickering, George Negus. Broadcast date: 8th November, 2010 - No copyright infringement intended. Uploaded by unofficial Rove McManus site: RoveOnline.com | http | twitter.com Clinton has been in Australia on a three-day visit as part of the AUSMIN (Australia-United States Ministerial) meeting, attended by Australian foreign and defense ministers, and the US secretaries of state and defense held in Melbourne. RADIO duo Hamish Blake and Andy Lee have turned cultural ambassadors, talking about the big issues with Hillary Clinton. Blake and Lee, dressed in dapper black suits and bow ties, met the US Secretary of State at Melbourne University yesterday. The radio stars put considerable thought into what sort of present they could give Clinton to welcome her to Melbourne. They were determined to avoid the cliches of a stufffed koala, an Akubra hat or a Driza-Bone. Instead, Lee presented her with a precious, uniquely ...
- published: 09 Nov 2010
- views: 140372
- author: RoveOnlineClips
6:06
Barack Obama Hillary Clinton interview together
Nightline, their first interview together....
published: 21 Oct 2008
author: Jamal Boone
Barack Obama Hillary Clinton interview together
Nightline, their first interview together.
- published: 21 Oct 2008
- views: 10844
- author: Jamal Boone
8:07
Hillary Clinton's First 2016 Campaign Ad? (Nov. 30, 2012 - CSPAN)
Aired: November 30, 2012 on C-SPAN. The Saban Forum 2012 (which focuses on Middle East iss...
published: 03 Dec 2012
author: HenryBloggit
Hillary Clinton's First 2016 Campaign Ad? (Nov. 30, 2012 - CSPAN)
Aired: November 30, 2012 on C-SPAN. The Saban Forum 2012 (which focuses on Middle East issues as related to US foreign policy) kicked off with a keynote speech by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. Clinton's remarks were immediately preceded by a tribute video to her career in service of the United States. President Barack Obama, Senator John McCain, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair and others are featured offering praise for Secretary Clinton's life, career, and good works.
- published: 03 Dec 2012
- views: 78387
- author: HenryBloggit
30:08
Secretary Clinton's Historic Speech on LGBT Human Rights - "Gay rights are human rights"
"FREE AND EQUAL IN DIGNITY AND RIGHTS" Delivered by Secretary Clinton Palais des Nations, ...
published: 07 Dec 2011
author: MarcinCalifornia
Secretary Clinton's Historic Speech on LGBT Human Rights - "Gay rights are human rights"
"FREE AND EQUAL IN DIGNITY AND RIGHTS" Delivered by Secretary Clinton Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland =================================== On Tuesday, December 6, 2011, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton gave a historic speech at the United Nations in Geneva declaring that LGBT rights are human rights and human rights are LGBT rights. The full transcript of the speech can be found here: www.state.gov
- published: 07 Dec 2011
- views: 173638
- author: MarcinCalifornia
32:12
President Obama and Secretary Clinton Deliver Remarks at Andrews Air Force Base
President Barack Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton deliver remarks at the Trans...
published: 14 Sep 2012
author: statevideo
President Obama and Secretary Clinton Deliver Remarks at Andrews Air Force Base
President Barack Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton deliver remarks at the Transfer of Remains Ceremony marking the return to the United States of the remains of the four Americans killed this week in Benghazi, Libya, at Andrews Air Force Base on September 14, 2012. [Go to video.state.gov for more video and text transcript.]
- published: 14 Sep 2012
- views: 16285
- author: statevideo
4:50
Christina Aguilera's Moment with Hillary Clinton
Christina brought a photo of a recent run-in with the Secretary of State, who seems to be ...
published: 07 Dec 2012
author: TheEllenShow
Christina Aguilera's Moment with Hillary Clinton
Christina brought a photo of a recent run-in with the Secretary of State, who seems to be checking out the goods. The singer also told Ellen about judging on "The Voice" and how she loved one of Ellen's bad holiday sweaters!
- published: 07 Dec 2012
- views: 596946
- author: TheEllenShow
8:21
Hillary Clinton on FOX Bill O'Reilly Interview 4.30.08 Pt. 1
Hillary '08! Bill O'Reilly interviews Hillary Clinton on Fox News...
published: 01 May 2008
author: hdrc2008
Hillary Clinton on FOX Bill O'Reilly Interview 4.30.08 Pt. 1
Hillary '08! Bill O'Reilly interviews Hillary Clinton on Fox News
- published: 01 May 2008
- views: 36730
- author: hdrc2008
0:36
Hillary Clinton Faints, Suffers Concussion
The State Department says Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, who skipped an overse...
published: 15 Dec 2012
author: AssociatedPress
Hillary Clinton Faints, Suffers Concussion
The State Department says Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, who skipped an overseas trip this past week because of a stomach virus, sustained a concussion after fainting. (Dec. 15)
- published: 15 Dec 2012
- views: 28851
- author: AssociatedPress
13:59
Hillary Clinton, 20/20 - 1996, Part 1
Hillary Rodham Clinton confesses all to Barbara Walters in a 30 minutes exclusive intervie...
published: 01 Aug 2010
author: dacarc
Hillary Clinton, 20/20 - 1996, Part 1
Hillary Rodham Clinton confesses all to Barbara Walters in a 30 minutes exclusive interview, January 12, 1996.
- published: 01 Aug 2010
- views: 45260
- author: dacarc
2:51
Hillary Clinton Discusses Political Future: 'There Are Many Ways to Serve'
The secretary of state talks with Barbara Walters in exclusive interview....
published: 13 Dec 2012
author: ABCNews
Hillary Clinton Discusses Political Future: 'There Are Many Ways to Serve'
The secretary of state talks with Barbara Walters in exclusive interview.
- published: 13 Dec 2012
- views: 11827
- author: ABCNews
9:46
Tyra Interview Hillary Clinton First Date
...
published: 01 Sep 2009
author: tellhertonightx
Tyra Interview Hillary Clinton First Date
- published: 01 Sep 2009
- views: 9104
- author: tellhertonightx
Vimeo results:
9:35
Físico español afirma que Juan Carlos Borbón es reptiliano
Conrado, investigador de la fusión fría y la energía punto cero en centros estadounidenses...
published: 31 Jul 2009
author: Rafael Palacios
Físico español afirma que Juan Carlos Borbón es reptiliano
Conrado, investigador de la fusión fría y la energía punto cero en centros estadounidenses, conoció en primera persona a la programadora iluminati, Cisco Wheeler, que afirma haber visto a Juan Carlos Borbón mutar a reptiliano. También confirma que Hillary Clinton lo es.
Mas sobre la programadora Iluminati, aquí.
http://www.illuminati-news.com/Marrs041906.htm
2:28
Biden on Internet Freedom = Anti-SOPA
http://americancensorship.org
Joe Biden filled in for Hillary Clinton at the London Confe...
published: 15 Nov 2011
author: Center For Rights
Biden on Internet Freedom = Anti-SOPA
http://americancensorship.org
Joe Biden filled in for Hillary Clinton at the London Conference on Cyberspace (LCC) on November 1st, giving a speech on the importance of freedom in cyberspace and talking up the importance of freedom on the internet and not regulating the internet. Meanwhile, the Obama Administration stands with congress in full support of H.R 3261, the Stop Online Piracy Act, which would give copyright holders the ability to censor websites on the net. We need to stand up now and let Congress know that they shouldn't mess with the Internet!
0:17
Hillary Clinton
"And on behalf of the shared interests and security and in democracy that formed the unbre...
published: 23 Jun 2011
author: AIPAC
Hillary Clinton
"And on behalf of the shared interests and security and in democracy that formed the unbreakable bond between our two nations, I thank you for supporting AIPAC, because as active citizens you are serving an essential function. When you advocate, when you lobby, when you speak out for issues that matter to the Jewish community and to Israel, you are speaking also on behalf of issues that are important to the larger community of Americans. That's because the bond shared between the United States and Israel is based on shared interests but is rooted in the strength we derive from our shared values."
0:40
Hillary Clinton
"We have shared interests; we have shared ideals and values and these are not just common ...
published: 22 Jun 2011
author: AIPAC
Hillary Clinton
"We have shared interests; we have shared ideals and values and these are not just common values. They are core values--freedom, democracy, human rights, women's rights, and a robust civil society. We stand with Israel because Israel demonstrates that democracy can flourish in the most difficult conditions because it's very existence is a stinging rebuke to hatred and the Holocaust; because in defending against and defeating terror, Israel's cause is our cause."
Youtube results:
22:56
Hillary Clinton at the 2008 DNC
You should be with us in 2012, join now: my.barackobama.com Hillary Clinton spoke at the 2...
published: 27 Aug 2008
author: BarackObamadotcom
Hillary Clinton at the 2008 DNC
You should be with us in 2012, join now: my.barackobama.com Hillary Clinton spoke at the 2008 Democratic National Convention on August 26, in Denver, CO.
- published: 27 Aug 2008
- views: 227224
- author: BarackObamadotcom
2:29
Secretary Clinton Delivers a Video Message for Pride Month
US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton delivers a video message for Pride Month. A t...
published: 12 Jun 2012
author: statevideo
Secretary Clinton Delivers a Video Message for Pride Month
US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton delivers a video message for Pride Month. A text transcript can be found at www.state.gov
- published: 12 Jun 2012
- views: 35118
- author: statevideo
8:47
McGovern Interview on His Being Bloodied and Jailed for Silent Protest at a Clinton Speech.
After being shamelessly distorted by the major media as an incident of "heckling," Ray McG...
published: 18 Feb 2011
author: ralphlopez
McGovern Interview on His Being Bloodied and Jailed for Silent Protest at a Clinton Speech.
After being shamelessly distorted by the major media as an incident of "heckling," Ray McGovern, 27-year CIA veteran who has served under seven presidents, gave this interview to PressTV after the assault on him which left him bruised and bleeding in jail. He had been standing silently with his back turned at a Clinton speech, wearing a Veterans for Peace T-shirt. . McGovern, whose duties in the CIA included delivering morning intelligence briefings to the president, is now a leading opponent of the wars. He is 72 years old.
- published: 18 Feb 2011
- views: 9932
- author: ralphlopez
3:31
Hillary Clinton's Visit to India, BBC World Newsday, Interview with Dr. Sara Vakhshouri
...
published: 08 May 2012
author: Dorsa Dorin
Hillary Clinton's Visit to India, BBC World Newsday, Interview with Dr. Sara Vakhshouri
- published: 08 May 2012
- views: 523
- author: Dorsa Dorin
photo: AP / Los Angeles Police Department
11 Feb 2013
A San Bernardino County sheriff's deputy searches a home for Christopher Dorner, a former police officer, on Sunday in Big Bear Lake, Calif. (Jae C. Hong, The Associated Press) ... "We will not tolerate anyone undermining the security of the community," Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa said at a news conference. "We will not tolerate this reign of terror." ... "He has targeted those we entrust to protect the public." ... Copyright 2012 The Denver Post ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
photo: AP / Lee Jin-man
12 Feb 2013
A magnitude 5.1 “artificial earthquake” was reported near a nuclear test site in North Korea on Tuesday morning, with South Korean Defence Ministry officials telling local media that the seismic activity was the result of a third nuclear test conducted by the reclusive state ... The reported test has, however, not yet been confirmed by North Korean State media ... The move is set to heighten regional tensions ... Keywords....(size: 3.4Kb)
photo: AP / Kevin Frayer
11 Feb 2013
ALLAHABAD, India (Reuters) - A stampede at a railway station in northern India killed at least 36 Hindu pilgrims on Sunday, the busiest day of the world's largest religious festival at which some 30 million had gathered to wash away their sins in the sacred Ganges river. Twenty-seven of the dead were women, mostly elderly and poor. An eight-year-old girl was also crushed to death ... Daily Press Eyewitness ... M ... ....(size: 5.2Kb)
photo: AP / L'Osservatore Romano
11 Feb 2013
Pope Benedict XVI has announced that he will resign the papacy because of ill health, according to the Italian news agency ANSA. The decision will send shockwaves through the global Catholic community. It is extremely rare for a Pope to give up the papacy and is unheard of in modern times. The vast majority serve until they die, even when struck down by ill health....(size: 1.9Kb)
photo: AP / Riccardo De Luca
12 Feb 2013
Pope Benedict XVI will not interfere in choosing his successor after his shock decision to resign at the end of the month, the pontiff's brother has said. Georg Ratzinger told the BBC the Pope would only "make himself available" if he were needed. Benedict said on Monday he would resign after nearly eight years as the head of the Catholic Church because he was too old to continue at the age of 85 ... But resignation is extremely rare....(size: 3.8Kb)
Syracuse
12 Feb 2013
Although Hillary Clinton recently left the State Department, her new website indicates that she might not be leaving the public eye just yet ... See Poe's column on Hillary Clinton's new website ... Hillary Clinton doesn't need to say anything ... » Hillary Clinton Exits Politics ... The Political Career of Hillary Rodham Clinton (Slideshow)....(size: 4.9Kb)
Huffington Post
12 Feb 2013
Steve Doocy on Hillary Clinton ... Steve Doocy speculated that Hillary Clinton recently had a face lift ... She was discussing Hillary Clinton's reference to RFK's assassination when defending her decision to stay in the race until June 2008 ... Hillary Clinton Has "Diplomatic Illness" ... ambassador and Fox News contributor, alleged that Hillary Clinton was <a ......(size: 14.6Kb)
Stars and Stripes
12 Feb 2013
Then, he enlisted high-powered Cabinet members such as Hillary Rodham Clinton for the State Department and Bob Gates at Defense ... Tom Vilsack; or CIA Director and later Defense Secretary Leon Panetta, a former California congressman; or Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius, a former Kansas governor; or Clinton had occasionally been at the table ... “Other than Hillary Clinton, nobody knows them.”....(size: 5.5Kb)
WorldNetDaily
12 Feb 2013
Many days after his leftist-tinged screed was released, I’m still waiting for some of his heroes to do just that – people like CNN’s Anderson Cooper, CNN’s Piers Morgan, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Sen ... Dorner also lauded the Obamas, Hillary Clinton, Dianne Feinstein, Colin Powell, Cooper and Morgan, among many others ... Not so with the Obamas, Clinton, Feinstein, Powell, Cooper and Morgan....(size: 6.5Kb)
The State
12 Feb 2013
5 letter, “Obama, Clinton failed America,” implied that President Obama’s ... How much experience does one need? The writer further lambasted the president and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton for not being prepared for the 3 a.m....(size: 1.3Kb)
The Examiner
12 Feb 2013
Now, it is worth noting that, not two weeks ago, then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton testified before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, of which Senator Graham is a member ... ambassador Susan Rice…then thought to be a leading candidate for replacing Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State…for things she’d said on Sunday morning talk shows in the wake of the Benghazi attacks....(size: 7.4Kb)
STL Today
12 Feb 2013
Could Stevens have been saved? Was Washington doing all in its drone-loving power to intervene? And, finally, as now-retired Secretary of State Hillary Clinton fired back to congressional questioners during her recent appearance on Capitol Hill ... Clinton’s huffy response during testimony that was otherwise measured and cool was likely intended to put a lid on this can of worms.....(size: 4.5Kb)
The Columbus Dispatch
12 Feb 2013
Could Stevens have been saved? Was Washington doing all in its drone-loving power to intervene? And, finally, as now-retired Secretary of State Hillary Clinton fired back to congressional questioners during her recent appearance on Capitol Hill ... Clinton’s huffy response during testimony that was otherwise measured and cool was likely intended to put a lid on this can of worms.....(size: 7.4Kb)
CounterPunch
12 Feb 2013
... the Vice-President of the United States and the outgoing Secretary of state confess so publicly to serial international crimes against a civilian population?” The confessions and the crimes, she correctly enumerated to her audience, were those admitted to by US Vice-President Joe Biden and outgoing Secretary of State Hillary Clinton this past week....(size: 11.1Kb)
New Yorker
12 Feb 2013
Bill Clinton likes to say that Presidential elections are about the future, not the past ... Clinton won in 1992 and 1996 and remains a major force. He was a critical figure in President Obama’s reëlection last year and is, of course, known today as Hillary Clinton’s husband—and she is the most popular politician in America, as well as the front-runner in the 2016 race....(size: 4.6Kb)
New York Magazine
12 Feb 2013
It's pretty well known at this point that a majority of people who publicly claim not to be Muslim are actually Muslim. Here are ten prominent examples. 1. Barack Obama. The world's most famous secret Muslim. There's so much proof this one barely even counts as a secret anymore. 2. Michelle Obama ... 3. John Brennan ... 4 ... 5 ... 6. Hillary Clinton. Clinton revealed her Muslimness in this photo taken at the grave of Pakistani poet Muhammad Iqbal in 2009. 7....(size: 2.5Kb)
CNBC
12 Feb 2013
"We have a standoff on these fiscal issues and the impending sequester deadline," Axelrod in an interview at the new Institute of Politics he has founded at the University of Chicago ... He added ... Looking forward at politics beyond Obama, the first African-American president, Axelrod said Hillary Clinton or some other female candidate would soon break that glass ceiling, as well ... "Hillary certainly has the capacity to do that if she runs ... ....(size: 4.2Kb)
The Washington Times
12 Feb 2013
Facebook. Follow @washtimes ... View results ... Ms ... Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Labor Secretary Hilda Solis and Environmental Protection Agency administrator Lisa Jackson have all resigned, Politico reported. Ms ... ....(size: 1.0Kb)
| Hillary Rodham Clinton | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 67th United States Secretary of State | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 21, 2009 |
|
| President | Barack Obama |
| Deputy | William Burns (2011-present) James Steinberg (2009-2011) |
| Preceded by | Condoleezza Rice |
| United States Senator from New York |
|
| In office January 3, 2001 – January 21, 2009 |
|
| Preceded by | Daniel Patrick Moynihan |
| Succeeded by | Kirsten Gillibrand |
| First Lady of the United States | |
| In office January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001 |
|
| Preceded by | Barbara Bush |
| Succeeded by | Laura Bush |
| First Lady of Arkansas | |
| In office January 11, 1983 – December 12, 1992 |
|
| Preceded by | Gay Daniels White |
| Succeeded by | Betty Tucker |
| In office January 9, 1979 – January 19, 1981 |
|
| Preceded by | Barbara Pryor |
| Succeeded by | Gay Daniels White |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Hillary Diane Rodham (1947-10-26) October 26, 1947 (age 64) Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic Party (1968–present) |
| Other political affiliations |
Republican Party (before 1968) |
| Spouse(s) | Bill Clinton |
| Children | Chelsea Clinton |
| Residence | Chappaqua, New York |
| Alma mater | Wellesley College Yale Law School |
| Profession | Lawyer |
| Religion | Methodist |
| Signature |  |
| Website | Official website |
|
Tenure as Secretary of State, 2009– |
|
Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton ( /ˈhɪləri daɪˈæn ˈrɒdəm ˈklɪntən/; born October 26, 1947) is the 67th United States Secretary of State, serving in the administration of President Barack Obama. She was a United States Senator for New York from 2001 to 2009. As the wife of the 42nd President of the United States, Bill Clinton, she was the First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001. In the 2008 election, Clinton was a leading candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination.
A native of Illinois, Hillary Rodham first attracted national attention in 1969 for her remarks as the first student commencement speaker at Wellesley College. She embarked on a career in law after graduating from Yale Law School in 1973. Following a stint as a Congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas in 1974 and married Bill Clinton in 1975. Rodham cofounded the Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families in 1977 and became the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978. Named the first female partner at Rose Law Firm in 1979, she was twice listed as one of the 100 most influential lawyers in America. First Lady of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and 1983 to 1992 with husband Bill as Governor, she successfully led a task force to reform Arkansas's education system. She sat on the board of directors of Wal-Mart Stores and several other corporations.
In 1994, as First Lady of the United States, her major initiative, the Clinton health care plan, failed to gain approval from the U.S. Congress. However, in 1997 and 1999, Clinton played a role in advocating the creation of the State Children's Health Insurance Program, the Adoption and Safe Families Act, and the Foster Care Independence Act. Her years as First Lady drew a polarized response from the American public. The only First Lady to have been subpoenaed, she testified before a federal grand jury in 1996 due to the Whitewater controversy, but was never charged with wrongdoing in this or several other investigations during her husband's administration. The state of her marriage was the subject of considerable speculation following the Lewinsky scandal in 1998.
After moving to the state of New York, Clinton was elected as a U.S. Senator in 2000. That election marked the first time an American First Lady had run for public office; Clinton was also the first female senator to represent the state. In the Senate, she initially supported the Bush administration on some foreign policy issues, including a vote for the Iraq War Resolution. She subsequently opposed the administration on its conduct of the war in Iraq and on most domestic issues. Senator Clinton was reelected by a wide margin in 2006. In the 2008 presidential nomination race, Hillary Clinton won more primaries and delegates than any other female candidate in American history, but narrowly lost to Illinois Senator Barack Obama.
Obama went on to win the election and appoint Clinton as Secretary of State; Clinton became the first former First Lady to serve in a president's cabinet. She has put into place institutional changes seeking to maximize departmental effectiveness and promote the empowerment of women worldwide, and has set records for most-traveled secretary for time in office. She has been at the forefront of the U.S. response to the Arab Spring, including advocating for the military intervention in Libya. She has used "smart power" as the strategy for asserting U.S. leadership and values in the world and has championed the use of social media in getting the U.S. message out.
Early life and education[link]
Early life[link]
Hillary Diane Rodham[nb 1] was born at Edgewater Hospital in Chicago, Illinois.[1][2] She was raised in a United Methodist family, first in Chicago and then, from the age of three, in suburban Park Ridge, Illinois.[3] Her father, Hugh Ellsworth Rodham (1911–1993), was the son of Welsh and English immigrants;[4] he managed a successful small business in the textile industry.[5] Her mother, Dorothy Emma Howell (1919–2011), was a homemaker of English, Scottish, French, French Canadian, and Welsh descent.[4][6] Hillary grew up with two younger brothers, Hugh and Tony.
File:HRCEarlyYearsExhibitClintonPresidentialCenter.jpg
Mementos of Hillary Rodham's early life are shown at the William J. Clinton Presidential Center.
As a child, Hillary Rodham was a teacher's favorite at her public schools in Park Ridge.[7][8] She participated in swimming, baseball, and other sports.[7][8] She also earned numerous awards as a Brownie and Girl Scout.[8] She attended Maine East High School, where she participated in student council, the school newspaper, and was selected for National Honor Society.[1][9] For her senior year, she was redistricted to Maine South High School, where she was a National Merit Finalist and graduated in the top five percent of her class of 1965.[9][10] Her mother wanted her to have an independent, professional career,[6] and her father, otherwise a traditionalist, was of the opinion that his daughter's abilities and opportunities should not be limited by gender.[11]
Raised in a politically conservative household,[6] at age thirteen Rodham helped canvass South Side Chicago following the very close 1960 U.S. presidential election, where she found evidence of electoral fraud against Republican candidate Richard Nixon.[12] She then volunteered to campaign for Republican candidate Barry Goldwater in the U.S. presidential election of 1964.[13] Rodham's early political development was shaped most by her high school history teacher (like her father, a fervent anticommunist), who introduced her to Goldwater's classic The Conscience of a Conservative,[14] and by her Methodist youth minister (like her mother, concerned with issues of social justice), with whom she saw and met civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., in Chicago in 1962.[15]
Wellesley College years[link]
In 1965, Rodham enrolled at Wellesley College, where she majored in political science.[16] During her freshman year, she served as president of the Wellesley Young Republicans;[17][18] with this Rockefeller Republican-oriented group,[19] she supported the elections of John Lindsay and Edward Brooke.[20] She later stepped down from this position, as her views changed regarding the American Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War.[17] In a letter to her youth minister at this time, she described herself as "a mind conservative and a heart liberal."[21] In contrast to the 1960s current that advocated radical actions against the political system, she sought to work for change within it.[22] In her junior year, Rodham became a supporter of the antiwar presidential nomination campaign of Democrat Eugene McCarthy.[23] Following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., Rodham organized a two-day student strike and worked with Wellesley's black students to recruit more black students and faculty.[23] In early 1968, she was elected president of the Wellesley College Government Association and served through early 1969;[22][24] she was instrumental in keeping Wellesley from being embroiled in the student disruptions common to other colleges.[22] A number of her fellow students thought she might some day become the first woman President of the United States.[22] So she could better understand her changing political views, Professor Alan Schechter assigned Rodham to intern at the House Republican Conference, and she attended the "Wellesley in Washington" summer program.[23] Rodham was invited by moderate New York Republican Representative Charles Goodell to help Governor Nelson Rockefeller's late-entry campaign for the Republican nomination.[23] Rodham attended the 1968 Republican National Convention in Miami. However, she was upset by how Richard Nixon's campaign portrayed Rockefeller and by what she perceived as the convention's "veiled" racist messages, and left the Republican Party for good.[23]
Main article: Hillary Rodham senior thesis
Rodham wrote her senior thesis, a critique of the tactics of radical community organizer Saul Alinsky, under Professor Schechter.[25] (Years later, while she was First Lady, access to the thesis was restricted at the request of the White House and it became the subject of some speculation.)[25]
In 1969, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts,[26] with departmental honors in political science.[25] Following pressure from some fellow students,[27] she became the first student in Wellesley College history to deliver its commencement address.[24] Her speech received a standing ovation lasting seven minutes.[22][28][29] She was featured in an article published in Life magazine,[30] due to the response to a part of her speech that criticized Senator Edward Brooke, who had spoken before her at the commencement.[27] She also appeared on Irv Kupcinet's nationally syndicated television talk show as well as in Illinois and New England newspapers.[31] That summer, she worked her way across Alaska, washing dishes in Mount McKinley National Park and sliming salmon in a fish processing cannery in Valdez (which fired her and shut down overnight when she complained about unhealthy conditions).[32]
Yale Law School and postgraduate studies[link]
Rodham then entered Yale Law School, where she served on the editorial board of the Yale Review of Law and Social Action.[33] During her second year, she worked at the Yale Child Study Center,[34] learning about new research on early childhood brain development and working as a research assistant on the seminal work, Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973).[35][36] She also took on cases of child abuse at Yale-New Haven Hospital[35] and volunteered at New Haven Legal Services to provide free legal advice for the poor.[34] In the summer of 1970, she was awarded a grant to work at Marian Wright Edelman's Washington Research Project, where she was assigned to Senator Walter Mondale's Subcommittee on Migratory Labor. There she researched migrant workers' problems in housing, sanitation, health and education.[37] Edelman later became a significant mentor.[38] Rodham was recruited by political advisor Anne Wexler to work on the 1970 campaign of Connecticut U.S. Senate candidate Joseph Duffey, with Rodham later crediting Wexler with providing her first job in politics.[39]
In the late spring of 1971, she began dating Bill Clinton, also a law student at Yale. That summer, she interned at the Oakland, California, law firm of Treuhaft, Walker and Burnstein.[40] The firm was well known for its support of constitutional rights, civil liberties, and radical causes (two of its four partners were current or former Communist Party members);[40] Rodham worked on child custody and other cases.[nb 2] Clinton canceled his original summer plans, in order to live with her in California;[41] the couple continued living together in New Haven when they returned to law school.[42] The following summer, Rodham and Clinton campaigned in Texas for unsuccessful 1972 Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern.[43] She received a Juris Doctor degree from Yale in 1973,[26] having stayed on an extra year to be with Clinton.[44] Clinton first proposed marriage to her following graduation, but she declined.[44]
Rodham began a year of postgraduate study on children and medicine at the Yale Child Study Center.[45] Her first scholarly article, "Children Under the Law", was published in the Harvard Educational Review in late 1973.[46] Discussing the new children's rights movement, it stated that "child citizens" were "powerless individuals"[47] and argued that children should not be considered equally incompetent from birth to attaining legal age, but that instead courts should presume competence except when there is evidence otherwise, on a case-by-case basis.[48] The article became frequently cited in the field.[49]
Marriage and family, law career and First Lady of Arkansas[link]
From the East Coast to Arkansas[link]
During her postgraduate study, Rodham served as staff attorney for Edelman's newly founded Children's Defense Fund in Cambridge, Massachusetts,[50] and as a consultant to the Carnegie Council on Children.[51] In 1974 she was a member of the impeachment inquiry staff in Washington, D.C., advising the House Committee on the Judiciary during the Watergate scandal.[52] Under the guidance of Chief Counsel John Doar and senior member Bernard Nussbaum,[35] Rodham helped research procedures of impeachment and the historical grounds and standards for impeachment.[52] The committee's work culminated in the resignation of President Richard Nixon in August 1974.[52]
By then, Rodham was viewed as someone with a bright political future; Democratic political organizer and consultant Betsey Wright had moved from Texas to Washington the previous year to help guide her career;[53] Wright thought Rodham had the potential to become a future senator or president.[54] Meanwhile, Clinton had repeatedly asked her to marry him, and she continued to demur.[55] However, after failing the District of Columbia bar exam[56] and passing the Arkansas exam, Rodham came to a key decision. As she later wrote, "I chose to follow my heart instead of my head".[57] She thus followed Bill Clinton to Arkansas, rather than staying in Washington where career prospects were brighter. He was then teaching law and running for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in his home state. In August 1974, Rodham moved to Fayetteville, Arkansas, and became one of only two female faculty members in the School of Law at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.[58][59] She gave classes in criminal law, where she was considered a rigorous teacher and tough grader, and was the first director of the school's legal aid clinic.[60] She still harbored doubts about marriage, concerned that her separate identity would be lost and that her accomplishments would be viewed in the light of someone else's.[61]
Early Arkansas years[link]
File:HillaryRodhamBillClintonLittleRockHouse1adjusted.jpg
Hillary Rodham and Bill Clinton lived in this 980 square feet (91 m2) house in the Hillcrest neighborhood of Little Rock from 1977 to 1979 while he was Arkansas Attorney General.[62]
Hillary Rodham and Bill Clinton bought a house in Fayetteville in the summer of 1975, and Hillary finally agreed to marry.[63] Their wedding took place on October 11, 1975, in a Methodist ceremony in their living room.[64] She announced she was keeping the name Hillary Rodham,[64] to keep their professional lives separate and avoid apparent conflicts of interest and because "it showed that I was still me,"[65] although her decision upset their mothers.[66] Bill Clinton had lost the congressional race in 1974, but in November 1976 was elected Arkansas Attorney General, and so the couple moved to the state capital of Little Rock.[67] There, in February 1977, Rodham joined the venerable Rose Law Firm, a bastion of Arkansan political and economic influence.[68] She specialized in patent infringement and intellectual property law[33] while also working pro bono in child advocacy;[69] she rarely performed litigation work in court.[70]
Rodham maintained her interest in children's law and family policy, publishing the scholarly articles "Children's Policies: Abandonment and Neglect" in 1977[71] and "Children's Rights: A Legal Perspective" in 1979.[72] The latter continued her argument that children's legal competence depended upon their age and other circumstances and that in serious medical rights cases, judicial intervention was sometimes warranted.[48] An American Bar Association chair later said, "Her articles were important, not because they were radically new but because they helped formulate something that had been inchoate."[48] Historian Garry Wills would later describe her as "one of the more important scholar-activists of the last two decades",[73] while conservatives said her theories would usurp traditional parental authority,[74] allow children to file frivolous lawsuits against their parents,[48] and argued that her work was legal "crit" theory run amok.[75]
In 1977, Rodham cofounded the Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families, a state-level alliance with the Children's Defense Fund.[33][76] Later that year, President Jimmy Carter (for whom Rodham had been the 1976 campaign director of field operations in Indiana)[77] appointed her to the board of directors of the Legal Services Corporation,[78] and she served in that capacity from 1978 until the end of 1981.[79] From mid-1978 to mid-1980,[nb 3] she served as the chair of that board, the first woman to do so.[80] During her time as chair, funding for the Corporation was expanded from $90 million to $300 million; subsequently she successfully fought President Ronald Reagan's attempts to reduce the funding and change the nature of the organization.[69]
Following her husband's November 1978 election as Governor of Arkansas, Rodham became First Lady of Arkansas in January 1979, her title for twelve years (1979–1981, 1983–1992). Clinton appointed her chair of the Rural Health Advisory Committee the same year,[81] where she secured federal funds to expand medical facilities in Arkansas's poorest areas without affecting doctors' fees.[82]
In 1979, Rodham became the first woman to be made a full partner of Rose Law Firm.[83] From 1978 until they entered the White House, she had a higher salary than that of her husband.[84] During 1978 and 1979, while looking to supplement their income, Rodham made a spectacular profit from trading cattle futures contracts;[85] an initial $1,000 investment generated nearly $100,000 when she stopped trading after ten months.[86] The couple also began their ill-fated investment in the Whitewater Development Corporation real estate venture with Jim and Susan McDougal at this time.[85]
On February 27, 1980, Rodham gave birth to a daughter, Chelsea, her only child. In November 1980, Bill Clinton was defeated in his bid for reelection.
Later Arkansas years[link]
Bill Clinton returned to the governor's office two years later by winning the election of 1982. During her husband's campaign, Rodham began to use the name Hillary Clinton, or sometimes "Mrs. Bill Clinton", to assuage the concerns of Arkansas voters;[nb 4] she also took a leave of absence from Rose Law to campaign for him full-time.[87] As First Lady of Arkansas, Hillary Clinton was named chair of the Arkansas Educational Standards Committee in 1983, where she sought to reform the state's court-sanctioned public education system.[88][89] In one of the Clinton governorship's most important initiatives, she fought a prolonged but ultimately successful battle against the Arkansas Education Association, to establish mandatory teacher testing and state standards for curriculum and classroom size.[81][88] In 1985, she also introduced Arkansas's Home Instruction Program for Preschool Youth, a program that helps parents work with their children in preschool preparedness and literacy.[90] She was named Arkansas Woman of the Year in 1983 and Arkansas Mother of the Year in 1984.[91][92]
Clinton continued to practice law with the Rose Law Firm while she was First Lady of Arkansas. She earned less than the other partners, as she billed fewer hours,[93] but still made more than $200,000 in her final year there.[94] She seldom did trial work,[94] but the firm considered her a "rainmaker" because she brought in clients, partly thanks to the prestige she lent the firm and to her corporate board connections.[94] She was also very influential in the appointment of state judges.[94] Bill Clinton's Republican opponent in his 1986 gubernatorial reelection campaign accused the Clintons of conflict of interest, because Rose Law did state business; the Clintons deflected the charge by saying that state fees were walled off by the firm before her profits were calculated.[95]
From 1982 to 1988, Clinton was on the board of directors, sometimes as chair, of the New World Foundation,[96] which funded a variety of New Left interest groups.[97] From 1987 to 1991, she chaired the American Bar Association's Commission on Women in the Profession,[98] which addressed gender bias in the law profession and induced the association to adopt measures to combat it.[98] She was twice named by the National Law Journal as one of the 100 most influential lawyers in America: in 1988 and in 1991.[99] When Bill Clinton thought about not running again for governor in 1990, Hillary considered running, but private polls were unfavorable and, in the end, he ran and was reelected for the final time.[100]
Clinton served on the boards of the Arkansas Children's Hospital Legal Services (1988–1992)[101] and the Children's Defense Fund (as chair, 1986–1992).[1][102] In addition to her positions with nonprofit organizations, she also held positions on the corporate board of directors of TCBY (1985–1992),[103] Wal-Mart Stores (1986–1992)[104] and Lafarge (1990–1992).[105] TCBY and Wal-Mart were Arkansas-based companies that were also clients of Rose Law.[94][106] Clinton was the first female member on Wal-Mart's board, added following pressure on chairman Sam Walton to name a woman to the board.[106] Once there, she pushed successfully for Wal-Mart to adopt more environmentally friendly practices, was largely unsuccessful in a campaign for more women to be added to the company's management, and was silent about the company's famously anti-labor union practices.[104][106][107]
Bill Clinton presidential campaign of 1992[link]
Hillary Clinton received sustained national attention for the first time when her husband became a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination of 1992. Before the New Hampshire primary, tabloid publications printed claims that Bill Clinton had had an extramarital affair with Arkansas lounge singer Gennifer Flowers.[108] In response, the Clintons appeared together on 60 Minutes, where Bill Clinton denied the affair but acknowledged "causing pain in my marriage."[109] This joint appearance was credited with rescuing his campaign.[110] During the campaign, Hillary Clinton made culturally disparaging remarks about Tammy Wynette and her outlook on marriage,[nb 5] and about women staying home and baking cookies and having teas,[nb 6] that were ill-considered by her own admission. Bill Clinton said that in electing him, the nation would "get two for the price of one", referring to the prominent role his wife would assume.[111] Beginning with Daniel Wattenberg's August 1992 The American Spectator article "The Lady Macbeth of Little Rock", Hillary Clinton's own past ideological and ethical record came under conservative attack.[74] At least twenty other articles in major publications also drew comparisons between her and Lady Macbeth.[112]
First Lady of the United States[link]
Role as First Lady[link]
When Bill Clinton took office as president in January 1993, Hillary Rodham Clinton became the First Lady of the United States, and announced that she would be using that form of her name.[113] She was the first First Lady to hold a postgraduate degree[114] and to have her own professional career up to the time of entering the White House.[114] She was also the first to have an office in the West Wing of the White House in addition to the usual First Lady offices in the East Wing.[45][115] She was part of the innermost circle vetting appointments to the new administration, and her choices filled at least eleven top-level positions and dozens more lower-level ones.[116] She is regarded as the most openly empowered presidential wife in American history, save for Eleanor Roosevelt.[117][118]
Some critics called it inappropriate for the First Lady to play a central role in matters of public policy. Supporters pointed out that Clinton's role in policy was no different from that of other White House advisors and that voters were well aware that she would play an active role in her husband's presidency.[119] Bill Clinton's campaign promise of "two for the price of one" led opponents to refer derisively to the Clintons as "co-presidents",[120] or sometimes the Arkansas label "Billary".[81][121] The pressures of conflicting ideas about the role of a First Lady were enough to send Clinton into "imaginary discussions" with the also-politically-active Eleanor Roosevelt.[nb 7] From the time she came to Washington, she also found refuge in a prayer group of The Fellowship that featured many wives of conservative Washington figures.[122][123] Triggered in part by the death of her father in April 1993, she publicly sought to find a synthesis of Methodist teachings, liberal religious political philosophy, and Tikkun editor Michael Lerner's "politics of meaning" to overcome what she saw as America's "sleeping sickness of the soul" and that would lead to a willingness "to remold society by redefining what it means to be a human being in the twentieth century, moving into a new millennium."[124][125] Other segments of the public focused on her appearance, which had evolved over time from inattention to fashion during her days in Arkansas,[126] to a popular site in the early days of the World Wide Web devoted to showing her many different, and frequently analyzed, hairstyles as First Lady,[127][128] to an appearance on the cover of Vogue magazine in 1998.[129]
Health care and other policy initiatives[link]
See also: Clinton health care plan of 1993
favorable
unfavorable
no opinion
In January 1993, Bill Clinton appointed Hillary Clinton to head the Task Force on National Health Care Reform, hoping to replicate the success she had in leading the effort for Arkansas education reform.[131] She privately urged that passage of health care reform be given higher priority than the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (which she was also unenthusiastic about the merits of).[132][133] The recommendation of the task force became known as the Clinton health care plan, a comprehensive proposal that would require employers to provide health coverage to their employees through individual health maintenance organizations. Its opponents quickly derided the plan as "Hillarycare"; some protesters against it became vitriolic, and during a July 1994 bus tour to rally support for the plan, she was forced to wear a bulletproof vest at times.[134][135]
The plan did not receive enough support for a floor vote in either the House or the Senate, although Democrats controlled both chambers, and the proposal was abandoned in September 1994.[134] Clinton later acknowledged in her book, Living History, that her political inexperience partly contributed to the defeat, but mentioned that many other factors were also responsible. The First Lady's approval ratings, which had generally been in the high-50s percent range during her first year, fell to 44 percent in April 1994 and 35 percent by September 1994.[136] Republicans made the Clinton health care plan a major campaign issue of the 1994 midterm elections,[137] which saw a net Republican gain of fifty-three seats in the House election and seven in the Senate election, winning control of both; many analysts and pollsters found the plan to be a major factor in the Democrats' defeat, especially among independent voters.[138] The White House subsequently sought to downplay Hillary Clinton's role in shaping policy.[139] Opponents of universal health care would continue to use "Hillarycare" as a pejorative label for similar plans by others.[140]
Along with Senators Ted Kennedy and Orrin Hatch, she was a force behind the passage of the State Children's Health Insurance Program in 1997, a federal effort that provided state support for children whose parents could not provide them with health coverage, and conducted outreach efforts on behalf of enrolling children in the program once it became law.[141] She promoted nationwide immunization against childhood illnesses and encouraged older women to seek a mammogram to detect breast cancer, with coverage provided by Medicare.[142] She successfully sought to increase research funding for prostate cancer and childhood asthma at the National Institutes of Health.[45] The First Lady worked to investigate reports of an illness that affected veterans of the Gulf War, which became known as the Gulf War syndrome.[45] Together with Attorney General Janet Reno, Clinton helped create the Office on Violence Against Women at the Department of Justice.[45] In 1997, she initiated and shepherded the Adoption and Safe Families Act, which she regarded as her greatest accomplishment as First Lady.[45][143] In 1999, she was instrumental in the passage of the Foster Care Independence Act, which doubled federal monies for teenagers aging out of foster care.[143] As First Lady, Clinton hosted numerous White House conferences, including ones on Child Care (1997),[144] on Early Childhood Development and Learning (1997),[145] and on Children and Adolescents (2000).[146] She also hosted the first-ever White House Conference on Teenagers (2000)[147] and the first-ever White House Conference on Philanthropy (1999).[148]
Clinton traveled to 79 countries during this time,[149] breaking the mark for most-traveled First Lady held by Pat Nixon.[150] She did not hold a security clearance or attend National Security Council meetings, but played a soft power role in U.S. diplomacy.[151] A March 1995 five-nation trip to South Asia, on behest of the U.S. State Department and without her husband, sought to improve relations with India and Pakistan.[152] Clinton was troubled by the plight of women she encountered, but found a warm response from the people of the countries she visited and a gained better relationship with the American press corps.[152][153] The trip was a transformative experience for her and presaged her eventual career in diplomacy.[154] In a September 1995 speech before the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, Clinton argued very forcefully against practices that abused women around the world and in the People's Republic of China itself,[155] declaring "that it is no longer acceptable to discuss women's rights as separate from human rights".[155] Delegates from over 180 countries heard her say: "If there is one message that echoes forth from this conference, let it be that human rights are women's rights and women's rights are human rights, once and for all."[156] In doing so, she resisted both internal administration and Chinese pressure to soften her remarks.[149][156] She was one of the most prominent international figures during the late 1990s to speak out against the treatment of Afghan women by the Islamist fundamentalist Taliban.[157][158] She helped create Vital Voices, an international initiative sponsored by the United States to promote the participation of women in the political processes of their countries.[159] It and Clinton's own visits encouraged women to make themselves heard in the Northern Ireland peace process.[160]
Whitewater and other investigations[link]
For more details on these investigations, see Whitewater controversy, Travelgate, Filegate, and Hillary Rodham cattle futures controversy.
First Lady Clinton was a subject of several investigations by the United States Office of the Independent Counsel, the independent prosecutor of the United States Congress, and others. Some believed the Independent Counsels were politically motivated.[161][162]
The Whitewater controversy was the focus of media attention from the publication of a New York Times report during the 1992 presidential campaign,[163] and throughout her time as First Lady. The Clintons had lost their late-1970s investment in the Whitewater Development Corporation;[164] at the same time, their partners in that investment, Jim and Susan McDougal, operated Madison Guaranty, a savings and loan institution that retained the legal services of Rose Law Firm[164] and may have been improperly subsidizing Whitewater losses.[163] Madison Guaranty later failed, and Clinton's work at Rose was scrutinized for a possible conflict of interest in representing the bank before state regulators that her husband had appointed;[163] she claimed she had done minimal work for the bank.[165] Independent counsels Robert Fiske and Kenneth Starr subpoenaed Clinton's legal billing records; she said she did not know where they were.[166][167] The records were found in the First Lady's White House book room after a two-year search, and delivered to investigators in early 1996.[167] The delayed appearance of the records sparked intense interest and another investigation about how they surfaced and where they had been;[167] Clinton's staff attributed the problem to continual changes in White House storage areas since the move from the Arkansas Governor's Mansion.[168] After the discovery of the records, on January 26, 1996, Clinton became the first First Lady to be subpoenaed to testify before a Federal grand jury.[166] After several Independent Counsels had investigated, a final report was issued in 2000 that stated there was insufficient evidence that either Clinton had engaged in criminal wrongdoing.[169]
Scrutiny of the May 1993 firings of the White House Travel Office employees, an affair that became known as "Travelgate", began with charges that the White House had used audited financial irregularities in the Travel Office operation as an excuse to replace the staff with friends from Arkansas.[170] The 1996 discovery of a two-year-old White House memo caused the investigation to focus more on whether Hillary Clinton had orchestrated the firings and whether the statements she made to investigators about her role in the firings were true.[171][172] The 2000 final Independent Counsel report concluded she was involved in the firings and that she had made "factually false" statements, but that there was insufficient evidence that she knew the statements were false, or knew that her actions would lead to firings, to prosecute her.[173]
Following deputy White House counsel Vince Foster's July 1993 suicide, allegations were made that Hillary Clinton had ordered the removal of potentially damaging files (related to Whitewater or other matters) from Foster's office on the night of his death.[174] Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr investigated this, and by 1999, Starr was reported to be holding the investigation open, despite his staff having told him there was no case to be made.[175] When Starr's successor Robert Ray issued his final Whitewater reports in 2000, no claims were made against Hillary Clinton regarding this.[169]
An outgrowth of the Travelgate investigation was the June 1996 discovery of improper White House access to hundreds of FBI background reports on former Republican White House employees, an affair that some called "Filegate".[176] Accusations were made that Hillary Clinton had requested these files and that she had recommended hiring an unqualified individual to head the White House Security Office.[177] The 2000 final Independent Counsel report found no substantial or credible evidence that Hillary Clinton had any role or showed any misconduct in the matter.[176]
In March 1994, newspaper reports revealed her spectacular profits from cattle futures trading in 1978–1979;[178] allegations were made in the press of conflict of interest and disguised bribery,[179] and several individuals analyzed her trading records, but no formal investigation was made and she was never charged with any wrongdoing.[179]
Lewinsky scandal[link]
favorable
unfavorable
no opinion
In 1998, the Clintons' relationship became the subject of much speculation when investigations revealed that the President had had extramarital relations with White House intern Monica Lewinsky.[180] Events surrounding the Lewinsky scandal eventually led to the impeachment of Bill Clinton by the House of Representatives. When the allegations against her husband were first made public, Hillary Clinton stated that they were the result of a "vast right-wing conspiracy",[181] characterizing the Lewinsky charges as the latest in a long, organized, collaborative series of charges by Bill Clinton's political enemies[nb 8] rather than any wrongdoing by her husband. She later said that she had been misled by her husband's initial claims that no affair had taken place.[182] After the evidence of President Clinton's encounters with Lewinsky became incontrovertible, she issued a public statement reaffirming her commitment to their marriage,[183] but privately was reported to be furious at him[184] and was unsure if she wanted to stay in the marriage.[185]
There was a variety of public reactions to Hillary Clinton after this: some women admired her strength and poise in private matters made public, some sympathized with her as a victim of her husband's insensitive behavior, others criticized her as being an enabler to her husband's indiscretions, while still others accused her of cynically staying in a failed marriage as a way of keeping or even fostering her own political influence.[186] Her public approval ratings in the wake of the revelations shot upward to around 70 percent, the highest they had ever been.[186] In her 2003 memoir, she would attribute her decision to stay married to "a love that has persisted for decades" and add: "No one understands me better and no one can make me laugh the way Bill does. Even after all these years, he is still the most interesting, energizing and fully alive person I have ever met."[187]
Traditional duties[link]
Clinton initiated and was Founding Chair of the Save America's Treasures program, a national effort that matched federal funds to private donations to preserve and restore historic items and sites,[188] including the flag that inspired "The Star-Spangled Banner" and the First Ladies Historic Site in Canton, Ohio.[45] She was head of the White House Millennium Council,[189] and hosted Millennium Evenings,[190] a series of lectures that discussed futures studies, one of which became the first live simultaneous webcast from the White House.[45] Clinton also created the first White House Sculpture Garden, located in the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden, which displayed large contemporary American works of art loaned from museums.[191]
In the White House, Clinton placed donated handicrafts of contemporary American artisans, such as pottery and glassware, on rotating display in the state rooms.[45] She oversaw the restoration of the Blue Room to be historically authentic to the period of James Monroe,[192] the redecoration of the Treaty Room into the presidential study along 19th century lines,[193] and the redecoration of the Map Room to how it looked during World War II.[193] Clinton hosted many large-scale events at the White House, such as a Saint Patrick's Day reception, a state dinner for visiting Chinese dignitaries, a contemporary music concert that raised funds for music education in public schools, a New Year's Eve celebration at the turn of the 21st century, and a state dinner honoring the bicentennial of the White House in November 2000.[45]
Senate election of 2000[link]
Main article: United States Senate election in New York, 2000
When the long-serving United States Senator from New York, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, announced his retirement in November 1998, several prominent Democratic figures, including Representative Charles B. Rangel of New York, urged Clinton to run for Moynihan's open seat in the United States Senate election of 2000.[194] Once she decided to run, the Clintons purchased a home in Chappaqua, New York, north of New York City, in September 1999.[195] She became the first First Lady of the United States to be a candidate for elected office.[196] Initially, Clinton expected to face Rudy Giuliani, the Mayor of New York City, as her Republican opponent in the election. However, Giuliani withdrew from the race in May 2000 after being diagnosed with prostate cancer and having developments in his personal life become very public, and Clinton instead faced Rick Lazio, a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives representing New York's 2nd congressional district. Throughout the campaign, opponents accused Clinton of carpetbagging, as she had never resided in New York nor participated in the state's politics before this race. Clinton began her campaign by visiting every county in the state, in a "listening tour" of small-group settings.[197] During the campaign, she devoted considerable time in traditionally Republican Upstate New York regions.[198] Clinton vowed to improve the economic situation in those areas, promising to deliver 200,000 jobs to the state over her term. Her plan included tax credits to reward job creation and encourage business investment, especially in the high-tech sector. She called for personal tax cuts for college tuition and long-term care.[198]
The contest drew national attention. Lazio blundered during a September debate by seeming to invade Clinton's personal space trying to get her to sign a fundraising agreement.[199] The campaigns of Clinton and Lazio, along with Giuliani's initial effort, spent a record combined $90 million.[200] Clinton won the election on November 7, 2000, with 55 percent of the vote to Lazio's 43 percent.[199] She was sworn in as United States Senator on January 3, 2001.
United States Senator[link]
Main article: Senate career of Hillary Rodham Clinton
First term[link]
Upon entering the Senate, Clinton maintained a low public profile and built relationships with senators from both parties.[201] She forged alliances with religiously inclined senators by becoming a regular participant in the Senate Prayer Breakfast.[122][202]
Clinton served on five Senate committees: Committee on Budget (2001–2002),[203] Committee on Armed Services (since 2003),[204] Committee on Environment and Public Works (since 2001),[203] Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions (since 2001)[203] and Special Committee on Aging.[205] She was also a Commissioner of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe[206] (since 2001).[207]
Following the September 11, 2001, attacks, Clinton sought to obtain funding for the recovery efforts in New York City and security improvements in her state. Working with New York's senior senator, Charles Schumer, she was instrumental in quickly securing $21 billion in funding for the World Trade Center site's redevelopment.[202][208] She subsequently took a leading role in investigating the health issues faced by 9/11 first responders.[209] Clinton voted for the USA Patriot Act in October 2001. In 2005, when the act was up for renewal, she worked to address some of the civil liberties concerns with it,[210] before voting in favor of a compromise renewed act in March 2006 that gained large majority support.[211]
Clinton strongly supported the 2001 U.S. military action in Afghanistan, saying it was a chance to combat terrorism while improving the lives of Afghan women who suffered under the Taliban government.[212] Clinton voted in favor of the October 2002 Iraq War Resolution, which authorized United States President George W. Bush to use military force against Iraq, should such action be required to enforce a United Nations Security Council Resolution after pursuing with diplomatic efforts.
After the Iraq War began, Clinton made trips to Iraq and Afghanistan to visit American troops stationed there. On a visit to Iraq in February 2005, Clinton noted that the insurgency had failed to disrupt the democratic elections held earlier, and that parts of the country were functioning well.[213] Noting that war deployments were draining regular and reserve forces, she cointroduced legislation to increase the size of the regular United States Army by 80,000 soldiers to ease the strain.[214] In late 2005, Clinton said that while immediate withdrawal from Iraq would be a mistake, Bush's pledge to stay "until the job is done" was also misguided, as it gave Iraqis "an open-ended invitation not to take care of themselves."[215] Her stance caused frustration among those in the Democratic Party who favored immediate withdrawal.[216] Clinton supported retaining and improving health benefits for veterans, and lobbied against the closure of several military bases.[217]
favorable
unfavorable
no opinion
Senator Clinton voted against President Bush's two major tax cut packages, the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 and the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003.[218] Clinton voted against the 2005 confirmation of John G. Roberts as Chief Justice of the United States and the 2006 confirmation of Samuel Alito to the United States Supreme Court.[219]
In 2005, Clinton called for the Federal Trade Commission to investigate how hidden sex scenes showed up in the controversial video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas.[220] Along with Senators Joe Lieberman and Evan Bayh, she introduced the Family Entertainment Protection Act, intended to protect children from inappropriate content found in video games. In 2004 and 2006, Clinton voted against the Federal Marriage Amendment that sought to prohibit same-sex marriage.[218][221]
Looking to establish a "progressive infrastructure" to rival that of American conservatism, Clinton played a formative role in conversations that led to the 2003 founding of former Clinton administration chief of staff John Podesta's Center for American Progress, shared aides with Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, founded in 2003, and advised the Clintons' former antagonist David Brock's Media Matters for America, created in 2004.[222] Following the 2004 Senate elections, she successfully pushed new Democratic Senate leader Harry Reid to create a Senate war room to handle daily political messaging.[223]
Reelection campaign of 2006[link]
Main article: United States Senate election in New York, 2006
In November 2004, Clinton announced that she would seek a second Senate term. The early frontrunner for the Republican nomination, Westchester County District Attorney Jeanine Pirro, withdrew from the contest after several months of poor campaign performance.[224] Clinton easily won the Democratic nomination over opposition from antiwar activist Jonathan Tasini.[225] Clinton's eventual opponents in the general election were Republican candidate John Spencer, a former mayor of Yonkers, along with several third-party candidates. She won the election on November 7, 2006, with 67 percent of the vote to Spencer's 31 percent,[226] carrying all but four of New York's sixty-two counties.[227] Clinton spent $36 million for her reelection, more than any other candidate for Senate in the 2006 elections did. Some Democrats criticized her for spending too much in a one-sided contest, while some supporters were concerned she did not leave more funds for a potential presidential bid in 2008.[228] In the following months, she transferred $10 million of her Senate funds toward her presidential campaign.[229]
Second term[link]
Clinton opposed the Iraq War troop surge of 2007.[230] In March 2007, she voted in favor of a war-spending bill that required President Bush to begin withdrawing troops from Iraq by a deadline; it passed almost completely along party lines[231] but was subsequently vetoed by President Bush. In May 2007, a compromise war funding bill that removed withdrawal deadlines but tied funding to progress benchmarks for the Iraqi government passed the Senate by a vote of 80–14 and would be signed by Bush; Clinton was one of those who voted against it.[232] Clinton responded to General David Petraeus's September 2007 Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq by saying, "I think that the reports that you provide to us really require a willing suspension of disbelief."[233]
In March 2007, in response to the dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy, Clinton called on Attorney General Alberto Gonzales to resign.[234] In May and June 2007, regarding the high-profile, hotly debated comprehensive immigration reform bill known as the Secure Borders, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Reform Act of 2007, Clinton cast several votes in support of the bill, which eventually failed to gain cloture.[235]
As the financial crisis of 2007–2008 reached a peak with the liquidity crisis of September 2008, Clinton supported the proposed bailout of United States financial system, voting in favor of the $700 billion Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, saying that it represented the interests of the American people.[236] It passed the Senate 74–25.
Presidential campaign of 2008[link]
Main article: Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2008
Clinton had been preparing for a potential candidacy for United States President since at least early 2003.[237] On January 20, 2007, Clinton announced via her web site the formation of a presidential exploratory committee for the United States presidential election of 2008; she stated, "I'm in, and I'm in to win."[238] No woman had ever been nominated by a major party for President of the United States. In April 2007, the Clintons liquidated a blind trust, that had been established when Bill Clinton became president in 1993, to avoid the possibility of ethical conflicts or political embarrassments in the trust as Hillary Clinton undertook her presidential race.[239] Later disclosure statements revealed that the couple's worth was now upwards of $50 million,[239] and that they had earned over $100 million since 2000, with most of it coming from Bill Clinton's books, speaking engagements, and other activities.[240]
Clinton led candidates competing for the Democratic nomination in opinion polls for the election throughout the first half of 2007. Most polls placed Senator Barack Obama of Illinois and former Senator John Edwards of North Carolina as Clinton's closest competitors.[241] Clinton and Obama both set records for early fundraising, swapping the money lead each quarter.[242] By September 2007, polling in the first six states holding Democratic primaries or caucuses showed that Clinton was leading in all of them, with the races being closest in Iowa and South Carolina. By the following month, national polls showed Clinton far ahead of Democratic competitors.[243] At the end of October, Clinton suffered a rare poor debate performance against Obama, Edwards, and her other opponents.[244][245][246] Obama's message of "change" began to resonate with the Democratic electorate better than Clinton's message of "experience".[247] The race tightened considerably, especially in the early caucus and primary states of Iowa, New Hampshire, and South Carolina, with Clinton losing her lead in some polls by December.[248]
In the first vote of 2008, she placed third in the January 3 Iowa Democratic caucus to Obama and Edwards.[249] Obama gained ground in national polling in the next few days, with all polls predicting a victory for him in the New Hampshire primary.[250][251] However, Clinton gained a surprise win there on January 8, defeating Obama narrowly.[252] Explanations for her New Hampshire comeback varied but often centered on her being seen more sympathetically, especially by women, after her eyes welled with tears and her voice broke while responding to a voter's question the day before the election.[252][253]
The nature of the contest fractured in the next few days. Several remarks by Bill Clinton and other surrogates,[254] and a remark by Hillary Clinton concerning Martin Luther King, Jr., and Lyndon B. Johnson,[nb 9] were perceived by many as, accidentally or intentionally, limiting Obama as a racially oriented candidate or otherwise denying the post-racial significance and accomplishments of his campaign.[255] Despite attempts by both Hillary Clinton and Obama to downplay the issue, Democratic voting became more polarized as a result, with Clinton losing much of her support among African Americans.[254][256] She lost by a two-to-one margin to Obama in the January 26 South Carolina primary,[257] setting up, with Edwards soon dropping out, an intense two-person contest for the twenty-two February 5 Super Tuesday states. Bill Clinton had made more statements attracting criticism for their perceived racial implications late in the South Carolina campaign, and his role was seen as damaging enough to her that a wave of supporters within and outside of the campaign said the former President "needs to stop."[258]
On Super Tuesday, Clinton won the largest states, such as California, New York, New Jersey and Massachusetts, while Obama won more states; they almost evenly split the total popular vote.[259][260] But Obama was gaining more pledged delegates for his share of the popular vote due to better exploitation of the Democratic proportional allocation rules.[261]
The Clinton campaign had counted on winning the nomination by Super Tuesday, and was unprepared financially and logistically for a prolonged effort; lagging in Internet fundraising, Clinton began loaning her campaign money.[247][262] There was continuous turmoil within the campaign staff and she made several top-level personnel changes.[262][263] Obama won the next eleven February caucuses and primaries across the country, often by large margins, and took a significant pledged delegate lead over Clinton.[261][262] On March 4, Clinton broke the string of losses by winning in Ohio among other places,[262] where her criticism of NAFTA, a major legacy of her husband's presidency, had been a key issue.[264] Throughout the campaign, Obama dominated caucuses, which the Clinton campaign largely ignored organizing for.[247][261][265] Obama did well in primaries where African Americans or younger, college-educated, or more affluent voters were heavily represented; Clinton did well in primaries where Hispanics or older, non-college-educated, or working-class white voters predominated.[266][267] Some Democratic party leaders expressed concern that the drawn-out campaign between the two could damage the winner in the general election contest against Republican presumptive nominee John McCain, especially if an eventual triumph for Clinton was won via party-appointed superdelegates.[268]
Clinton's admission in late March, that her repeated campaign statements about having been under hostile fire from snipers during a 1996 visit to U.S. troops at Tuzla Air Base in Bosnia-Herzegovina were not true, attracted considerable media attention and risked undermining both her credibility and her claims of foreign policy expertise as First Lady.[269]
On April 22, she won the Pennsylvania primary, and kept her campaign alive.[270] However, on May 6, a narrower-than-expected win in the Indiana primary coupled with a large loss in the North Carolina primary ended any realistic chance she had of winning the nomination.[270] She vowed to stay on through the remaining primaries, but stopped attacks against Obama; as one advisor stated, "She could accept losing. She could not accept quitting."[270] She won some of the remaining contests, and indeed, over the last three months of the campaign she won more delegates, states, and votes than Obama, but she failed to overcome Obama's lead.[262]
Following the final primaries on June 3, 2008, Obama had gained enough delegates to become the presumptive nominee.[271] In a speech before her supporters on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama, declaring, "The way to continue our fight now to accomplish the goals for which we stand is to take our energy, our passion, our strength and do all we can to help elect Barack Obama."[272] By campaign's end, Clinton had won 1,640 pledged delegates to Obama's 1,763;[273] at the time of the clinching, Clinton had 286 superdelegates to Obama's 395,[274] with those numbers widening to 256 versus 438 once Obama was acknowledged the winner.[273] Clinton and Obama each received over 17 million votes during the nomination process,[nb 10] with both breaking the previous record.[275] Clinton also eclipsed, by a very large margin, Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm's 1972 mark for most primaries and delegates won by a woman.[276] Clinton gave a passionate speech supporting Obama at the 2008 Democratic National Convention and campaigned frequently for him in Fall 2008, which concluded with his victory over McCain in the general election on November 4.[277] Clinton's campaign ended up severely in debt; she owed millions of dollars to outside vendors and wrote off the $13 million that she lent it herself.[278]
Secretary of State[link]
Main article: Hillary Rodham Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State
Nomination and confirmation[link]
 |
Wikinews has related news: Hillary Clinton nominated as US Secretary of State |
In mid-November 2008, President-elect Obama and Clinton discussed the possibility of her serving as U.S. Secretary of State in his administration,[279] and on November 21, reports indicated that she had accepted the position.[280] On December 1, President-elect Obama formally announced that Clinton would be his nominee for Secretary of State.[281] Clinton said she was reluctant to leave the Senate, but that the new position represented a "difficult and exciting adventure".[281] As part of the nomination and in order to relieve concerns of conflict of interest, Bill Clinton agreed to accept several conditions and restrictions regarding his ongoing activities and fundraising efforts for the Clinton Presidential Center and Clinton Global Initiative.[282]
The appointment required a Saxbe fix, passed and signed into law in December 2008.[283] Confirmation hearings before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee began on January 13, 2009, a week before the Obama inauguration; two days later, the Committee voted 16–1 to approve Clinton.[284] By this time, her public approval rating had reached 65 percent, the highest point since the Lewinsky scandal.[285] On January 21, 2009, Clinton was confirmed in the full Senate by a vote of 94–2.[286] Clinton took the oath of office of Secretary of State and resigned from the Senate that same day.[287] She became the first former First Lady to serve in the United States Cabinet.[288]
Tenure[link]
Clinton spent her initial days as Secretary of State telephoning dozens of world leaders and indicating that U.S. foreign policy would change direction: "We have a lot of damage to repair."[289] She advocated an expanded role in global economic issues for the State Department and cited the need for an increased U.S. diplomatic presence, especially in Iraq where the Defense Department had conducted diplomatic missions.[290] She pushed for a larger international affairs budget;[290] the Obama administration's proposed 2010 budget contained a 7 percent increase for the State Department and other international programs.[291] In March 2009, Clinton prevailed over Vice President Joe Biden on an internal debate to send an additional 20,000 troops to the war in Afghanistan.[292] An elbow fracture and subsequent painful recuperation caused Clinton to miss two foreign trips in June 2009.[292][293]
Clinton announced the most ambitious of her departmental reforms, the Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review, which establishes specific objectives for the State Department's diplomatic missions abroad; it is modeled after a similar process in the Defense Department that she was familiar with from her time on the Senate Armed Services Committee.[294] (The first such review was issued in late 2010 and called for the U.S. leading through "civilian power" as a cost-effective way of responding to international challenges and defusing crises.[295] It also sought to institutionalize goals of empowering women throughout the world.[156]) In September, Clinton unveiled the Global Hunger and Food Security Initiative at the annual meeting of her husband's Clinton Global Initiative.[296] The new initiative seeks to battle hunger worldwide as a strategic part of U.S. foreign policy, rather than just react to food shortage emergencies as they occur, and emphasizes the role of women farmers.[296] In October, on a trip to Switzerland, Clinton's intervention overcame last-minute snags and saved the signing of an historic Turkish–Armenian accord that established diplomatic relations and opened the border between the two long-hostile nations.[297][298] In Pakistan, she engaged in several unusually blunt discussions with students, talk show hosts, and tribal elders, in an attempt to repair the Pakistani image of the U.S.[154]
In a major speech in January 2010, Clinton drew analogies between the Iron Curtain and the free and unfree Internet.[299] Chinese officials reacted negatively towards it, and it garnered attention as the first time a senior American official had clearly defined the Internet as a key element of American foreign policy.[300] By mid-2010, Clinton and Obama had forged a good working relationship; she was a team player within the administration and a defender of it to the outside, and was careful that neither she nor her husband would upstage him.[301] She met with him weekly, but did not have the close, daily relationship that some of her predecessors had had with their presidents.[301] In July 2010, Secretary Clinton visited Korea, Vietnam, Pakistan and Afghanistan, all the while preparing for the July 31 wedding of daughter Chelsea amid much media attention.[302] In late November 2010, Clinton led the U.S. damage control effort after WikiLeaks released confidential State Department cables containing blunt statements and assessments by U.S. and foreign diplomats.[303][304] A few of the cables released by WikiLeaks concerned Clinton directly: they revealed that directions to members of the foreign service, written by the CIA, had gone out in 2009 under her (systematically attached) name to gather biometric and other personal details on foreign diplomats, including officials of the United Nations and U.S. allies.[305][306][307]
The 2011 Egyptian protests posed the biggest foreign policy crisis for the administration yet.[308] Clinton was in the forefront of U.S. public response to it, quickly evolving from an early assessment that the government of Hosni Mubarak was "stable" to a stance that there needed to be an "orderly transition [to] a democratic participatory government" to a condemnation of violence against the protesters.[309][310] Obama also came to rely upon Clinton's advice, organization, and personal connections in the behind-the-scenes response to developments.[308] As protests spread throughout the region, Clinton was at the forefront of a U.S. response that she recognized was sometimes contradictory, backing some regimes while supporting protesters against others.[311] As the 2011 Libyan civil war took place, Clinton's shift in favor of military intervention was a key turning point in overcoming internal administration opposition and gaining the backing for, and Arab and U.N. approval of, the 2011 military intervention in Libya.[311][312][313] She later used U.S. allies and what she called "convening power" to help keep the Libyan rebels unified as they eventually overthrew the Gaddafi regime.[313] Following the successful May 2011 U.S. mission to kill Osama bin Laden, Clinton played a key role in the administration's decision not to release photographs of the dead al-Qaeda leader.[314] In a December 2011 speech before the United Nations Human Rights Council, she said that the U.S. would advocate for gay rights abroad and that "Gay rights are human rights" and that "It should never be a crime to be gay."[315] The same month saw her conclude the first visit to Burma by a U.S. secretary of state since 1955, as she met with Burmese leaders as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi and sought to support the 2011 Burmese democratic reforms.[316]
Throughout her tenure, Clinton has looked towards "smart power" as the strategy for asserting U.S. leadership and values, combining military strength with U.S. capacities in global economics, development aid, and technology.[313] She has also greatly expanded the State Department's use of social media, including Facebook and Twitter, both to get its message out and to help empower people vis à via their rulers.[313] And in the Mideast turmoil, Clinton particularly saw an opportunity to advance one of the central themes of her tenure, the empowerment and welfare of women and girls worldwide.[156] By now Clinton had set the record for most-traveled Secretary of State for a comparable period of time, logging 465,000 miles (748,000 km) and visiting 79 countries.[156] (Time magazine wrote that "Clinton's endurance is legendary."[313]) Throughout her term, Clinton had indicated she had no interest in running for president again[317] or in holding any other office. In March 2011, she expanded upon that by saying she was not interested in serving a second term as Secretary of State should Obama be re-elected in 2012.[312][318]
Political positions[link]
Main article: Political positions of Hillary Rodham Clinton
In a Gallup poll conducted during May 2005, 54 percent of respondents considered Clinton a liberal, 30 percent considered her a moderate, and 9 percent considered her a conservative.[319]
Several organizations attempted to measure Clinton's place on the political spectrum scientifically using her Senate votes. National Journal's 2004 study of roll-call votes assigned Clinton a rating of 30 in the political spectrum, relative to the then-current Senate, with a rating of 1 being most liberal and 100 being most conservative.[320] National Journal's subsequent rankings placed her as the 32nd-most liberal senator in 2006 and 16th-most liberal senator in 2007.[321] A 2004 analysis by political scientists Joshua D. Clinton of Princeton University, Simon Jackman and Doug Rivers of Stanford University found her to be likely the sixth-to-eighth-most liberal Senator.[322] The Almanac of American Politics, edited by Michael Barone and Richard E. Cohen, rated her votes from 2003 through 2006 as liberal or conservative, with 100 as the highest rating, in three areas: Economic, Social, and Foreign; averaged for the four years, the ratings are: Economic = 75 liberal, 23 conservative; Social = 83 liberal, 6 conservative; Foreign = 66 liberal, 30 conservative. Average = 75 liberal, 20 conservative.[nb 11]
Interest groups also gave Clinton scores based on how well her Senate votes aligned with the positions of the group. Through 2008, she had an average lifetime 90 percent "Liberal Quotient" from Americans for Democratic Action[323] and a lifetime 8 percent rating from the American Conservative Union.[324]
Writings and recordings[link]
As First Lady of the United States, Clinton published a weekly syndicated newspaper column titled "Talking It Over" from 1995 to 2000, distributed by Creators Syndicate.[325] It focused on her experiences and those of women, children and families she met during her travels around the world.[1]
In 1996, Clinton presented a vision for the children of America in the book It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us. The book made the New York Times Best Seller list and Clinton received the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 1997 for the book's audio recording.[326]
Other books released by Clinton when she was First Lady include Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids' Letters to the First Pets (1998) and An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History (2000). In 2001, she wrote an afterword to the children's book Beatrice's Goat.[327]
In 2003, Clinton released a 562-page autobiography, Living History. In anticipation of high sales, publisher Simon & Schuster paid Clinton a near-record advance of $8 million.[328] The book set a first-week sales record for a nonfiction work,[329] went on to sell more than one million copies in the first month following publication,[330] and was translated into twelve foreign languages.[331] Clinton's audio recording of the book earned her a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album.[332]
Cultural and political image[link]
Hillary Clinton has frequently been featured in the media and popular culture from a wide spectrum of perspectives. In 1995, New York Times writer Todd Purdum labeled Clinton "the First Lady as Rorschach test",[333] an assessment echoed at the time by feminist writer and activist Betty Friedan, who said, "Coverage of Hillary Clinton is a massive Rorschach test of the evolution of women in our society."[334]
Clinton has often been described in the popular media as a polarizing figure,[333][335][336][337][338][339] with some arguing otherwise.[339][340] James Madison University political science professor Valerie Sulfaro's 2007 study used the American National Election Studies' "feeling thermometer" polls, which measure the degree of opinion about a political figure, to find that such polls during Clinton's First Lady years confirm the "conventional wisdom that Hillary Clinton is a polarizing figure", with the added insight that "affect towards Mrs. Clinton as first lady tended to be very positive or very negative, with a fairly constant one fourth of respondents feeling ambivalent or neutral."[341] University of California, San Diego political science professor Gary Jacobson's 2006 study of partisan polarization found that in a state-by-state survey of job approval ratings of the state's senators, Clinton had the fourth-largest partisan difference of any senator, with a 50 percentage point difference in approval between New York's Democrats and Republicans.[342]
Northern Illinois University political science professor Barbara Burrell's 2000 study found that Clinton's Gallup poll favorability numbers broke sharply along partisan lines throughout her time as First Lady, with 70 to 90 percent of Democrats typically viewing her favorably while 20 to 40 percent of Republicans did not.[343] University of Wisconsin–Madison political science professor Charles Franklin analyzed her record of favorable versus unfavorable ratings in public opinion polls, and found that there was more variation in them during her First Lady years than her Senate years.[344] The Senate years showed favorable ratings around 50 percent and unfavorable ratings in the mid-40 percent range; Franklin noted that, "This sharp split is, of course, one of the more widely remarked aspects of Sen. Clinton's public image."[344] McGill University professor of history Gil Troy titled his 2006 biography of her Hillary Rodham Clinton: Polarizing First Lady, and wrote that after the 1992 campaign, Clinton "was a polarizing figure, with 42 percent [of the public] saying she came closer to their values and lifestyle than previous first ladies and 41 percent disagreeing."[345] Troy further wrote that Hillary Clinton "has been uniquely controversial and contradictory since she first appeared on the national radar screen in 1992"[346] and that she "has alternately fascinated, bedeviled, bewitched, and appalled Americans."[346]
File:RoseLawFirmRear2008.jpg
Clinton worked at Rose Law Firm for fifteen years. Her professional career and political involvement set the stage for public reaction to her as First Lady.
Burrell's study found women consistently rating Clinton more favorably than men by about ten percentage points during her First Lady years.[343] Jacobson's study found a positive correlation across all senators between being women and receiving a partisan-polarized response.[342] Colorado State University communication studies professor Karrin Vasby Anderson describes the First Lady position as a "site" for American womanhood, one ready made for the symbolic negotiation of female identity.[347] In particular, Anderson states there has been a cultural bias towards traditional first ladies and a cultural prohibition against modern first ladies; by the time of Clinton, the First Lady position had become a site of heterogeneity and paradox.[347] Burrell, as well as biographers Jeff Gerth and Don Van Natta, Jr., note that Clinton achieved her highest approval ratings as First Lady late in 1998, not for professional or political achievements of her own, but for being seen as the victim of her husband's very public infidelity.[186][343] University of Pennsylvania communications professor Kathleen Hall Jamieson saw Hillary Clinton as an exemplar of the double bind, who though able to live in a "both-and" world of both career and family, nevertheless "became a surrogate on whom we projected our attitudes about attributes once thought incompatible", leading to her being placed in a variety of no-win situations.[334] Quinnipiac University media studies professor Lisa Burns found press accounts frequently framing Clinton both as an exemplar of the modern professional working mother and as a political interloper interested in usurping power for herself.[348] University of Indianapolis English professor Charlotte Templin found political cartoonists using a variety of stereotypes – such as gender reversal, radical feminist as emasculator, and the wife the husband wants to get rid of – to portray Hillary Clinton as violating gender norms.[349]
Over fifty books and scholarly works have been written about Hillary Clinton, from many different perspectives. A 2006 survey by The New York Observer found "a virtual cottage industry" of "anti-Clinton literature",[350] put out by Regnery Publishing and other conservative imprints,[350] with titles such as Madame Hillary: The Dark Road to the White House, Hillary's Scheme: Inside the Next Clinton's Ruthless Agenda to Take the White House, and Can She Be Stopped? : Hillary Clinton Will Be the Next President of the United States Unless .... Books praising Clinton did not sell nearly as well[350] (other than the memoirs written by her and her husband). When she ran for Senate in 2000, a number of fundraising groups such as Save Our Senate and the Emergency Committee to Stop Hillary Rodham Clinton sprang up to oppose her.[351] Van Natta, Jr., found that Republican and conservative groups viewed her as a reliable "bogeyman" to mention in fundraising letters,[352] on a par with Ted Kennedy and the equivalent of Democratic and liberal appeals mentioning Newt Gingrich.[352]
Going into the early stages of her presidential campaign for 2008, a Time magazine cover showed a large picture of her, with two checkboxes labeled "Love Her", "Hate Her",[353] while Mother Jones titled its profile of her "Harpy, Hero, Heretic: Hillary".[354] Democratic netroots activists consistently rated Clinton very low in polls of their desired candidates,[355] while some conservative figures such as Bruce Bartlett and Christopher Ruddy were declaring a Hillary Clinton presidency not so bad after all[356][357] and an October 2007 cover of The American Conservative magazine was titled "The Waning Power of Hillary Hate".[358] By December 2007, communications professor Jamieson observed that there was a large amount of misogyny present about Clinton on the Internet,[359] up to and including Facebook and other sites devoted to depictions reducing Clinton to sexual humiliation.[359] She noted that, in response to widespread comments on Clinton's laugh,[360] that "We know that there's language to condemn female speech that doesn't exist for male speech. We call women's speech shrill and strident. And Hillary Clinton's laugh was being described as a cackle."[359] Use of the "bitch" epithet, which taken place against Clinton going back to her First Lady days and was seen by Karrin Vasby Anderson as a tool of containment against women in American politics,[361] flourished during the campaign, especially on the Internet but via conventional media as well.[362] Following Clinton's "choked up moment" and related incidents before the January 2008 New Hampshire primary, both The New York Times and Newsweek found that discussion of gender's role in the campaign had moved into the national political discourse.[363][364] Newsweek editor Jon Meacham summed the relationship between Clinton and the American public by saying that the New Hampshire events, "brought an odd truth to light: though Hillary Rodham Clinton has been on the periphery or in the middle of national life for decades ... she is one of the most recognizable but least understood figures in American politics."[364]
Once she became Secretary of State, Clinton's image seemed to dramatically improve among the American public and become one of a respected world figure.[365] She gained consistently high approval ratings (by 2011, the highest of her career except for during the Lewinsky scandal),[366] and her favorable-unfavorable ratings during 2010 and 2011 were easily the highest of any active, nationally prominent American political figure.[365][367][368] She continued to do well in Gallup's most admired man and woman poll; in 2011 she was named the most admired woman by Americans for the tenth straight time and the sixteenth time overall.[369]
Awards and honors[link]
Main article: Hillary Rodham Clinton awards and honors
Clinton has received many awards and honors during her career from American and international organizations for her activities concerning health, women, and children.
Electoral history[link]
Main article: Electoral history of Hillary Rodham Clinton
| New York United States Senate election, 2000 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Democratic | Hillary Rodham Clinton | 3,747,310 | 55.3 | ||
| Republican | Rick Lazio | 2,915,730 | 43.0 | ||
| New York United States Senate election, 2006 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Democratic | Hillary Rodham Clinton | 3,008,428 | 67.0 | +11.7 | |
| Republican | John Spencer | 1,392,189 | 31.0 | -12.0 | |
Notes[link]
- ^ In 1995, Hillary Clinton said her mother had named her after Sir Edmund Hillary, who, with Sherpa Tenzing, was the first mountaineer to scale Mount Everest, and that was the reason for the unusual "two L's" spelling of her name. However, the Everest climb did not take place until 1953, more than five years after she was born. In October 2006, a Clinton spokeswoman said she was not named after the mountain climber. Instead, this account of her name's origin "was a sweet family story her mother shared to inspire greatness in her daughter, to great results I might add." See Hakim, Danny (October 17, 2006). "Hillary, Not as in the Mount Everest Guy". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/17/nyregion/17hillary.html. Retrieved April 25, 2008.
- ^ Gerstein, Josh (November 26, 2007). "Hillary Clinton's Radical Summer". The New York Sun. http://www.nysun.com/national/hillary-clintons-radical-summer/66933/. Retrieved May 9, 2009. Gerstein finds it is unclear exactly which cases beyond child custody ones Rodham worked on at the Treuhaft firm. Anti-Clinton writers such as Barbara Olson would later charge Hillary Clinton with never repudiating Treuhaft's ideology, and for retaining social and political ties with his wife and fellow communist Jessica Mitford. (Olson 1999, pp. 56–57) Research by The New York Sun in 2007 revealed that Mitford and Hillary Clinton were not close, and had a falling out over a 1980 Arkansas prisoner case. See Gerstein, Josh (November 27, 2007). "Hillary Clinton's Left Hook". The New York Sun. http://www.nysun.com/national/hillary-clintons-left-hook/67002/. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
- ^ For the start date, see Brock 1996, p. 96. Secondary sources give inconsistent dates as to when her time as chair ended. Primary sources indicate that sometime between about April 1980 and September 1980, Rodham was replaced as chair by F. William McCalpin. See Subcommittee On The Departments Of State, United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations; Justice,; Commerce,; Judiciary, the; Agencies, Related (1980). House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Departments of State, Justice, Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations. U.S. House of Representatives. http://books.google.com/?id=KWRBPOdZCdAC&q=%22legal+services+corporation%22+rodham+baby&dq=%22legal+services+corporation%22+rodham+baby. Rodham is still chair after having given birth "a few weeks ago"; Chelsea Clinton was born on February 27, 1980. And see "Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice, of the Committee of the Judiciary, House of Representatives". Background release, Legal Services Corporation, September 1980. U.S. House of Representatives. September 21, 27, 1979. http://lawlibrary.rutgers.edu/cgi-bin/lib/hearing.cgi?file=81601609%20page=0001. pp. 388–403, exact reference p. 398, which shows McCalpin as chair in September 1980.
- ^ Bill Clinton's advisers thought her use of her maiden name to be one of the reasons for his 1980 gubernatorial reelection loss. During the following winter, Vernon Jordan, Jr. suggested to Hillary Rodham that she start using the name Clinton, and she began to do so publicly with her husband's February 1982 campaign announcement. She later wrote that "I learned the hard way that some voters in Arkansas were seriously offended by the fact that I kept my maiden name" (Clinton 2003, pp. 91–93; see also Morris 1996, p. 282).
- ^ During the political damage control over the Gennifer Flowers episode during the 1992 campaign, Hillary Clinton said in the joint 60 Minutes interview, "I'm not sitting here as some little woman 'standing by my man' like Tammy Wynette. I'm sitting here because I love him and I respect him, and I honor what he's been through and what we've been through together." The seemingly sneering reference to country music provoked immediate criticism that Clinton was culturally tone-deaf, and Tammy Wynette herself did not like the remark because her classic song "Stand by Your Man" is not written in the first person. See "2000: Hillary Clinton is first First Lady in Senate". BBC News Online. November 7, 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/7/newsid_4385000/4385582.stm. Retrieved October 1, 2007. Wynette added that Clinton had "offended every true country music fan and every person who has 'made it on their own' with no one to take them to a White House." See Troy 2006, p. 42. A few days later, on Prime Time Live, Hillary Clinton apologized to Wynette. Clinton would later write that she had been careless in her choice of words and that "the fallout from my reference to Tammy Wynette was instant – as it deserved to be – and brutal." See Clinton 2003, p. 108. The two women later resolved their differences, with Wynette appearing at a Clinton fund raiser.
- ^ Less than two months after the Tammy Wynette remarks, Hillary Clinton was facing questions about whether she could have avoided possible conflicts of interest between her governor husband and work given to the Rose Law Firm, when she remarked, "I've done the best I can to lead my life ... You know, I suppose I could have stayed home and baked cookies and had teas, but what I decided to do was fulfill my profession, which I entered before my husband was in public life" (Clinton 2003, p. 109). The "cookies and teas" part of this statement prompted even more culture-based criticism of Clinton's apparent distaste for women who had chosen to be homemakers; the remark became a recurring campaign liability (Bernstein 2007, pp. 205–206). Clinton subsequently offered up some cookie recipes as a way of making amends, and would later write of her chagrin: "Besides, I've done quite a lot of cookie baking in my life, and tea-pouring too!" (Clinton 2003, p. 109).
- ^ The Eleanor Roosevelt "discussions" were first reported in 1996 by Washington Post writer Bob Woodward; they had begun from the start of Hillary Clinton's time as First Lady. See Clines, Francis X. (June 25, 1996). "Mrs. Clinton Calls Sessions Intellectual, Not Spiritual". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/25/us/mrs-clinton-calls-sessions-intellectual-not-spiritual.html. Following the Democrats' loss of congressional control in the 1994 elections, Clinton had engaged the services of human potential expert Jean Houston. Houston encouraged Clinton to pursue the Roosevelt connection, and while no psychic techniques were used with Clinton, critics and comics immediately suggested that Clinton was holding séances with Eleanor Roosevelt. The White House stated that this was merely a brainstorming exercise, and a private poll later indicated that most of the public believed these were indeed just imaginary conversations, with the remainder believing that communication with the dead was actually possible. See Wheen, Francis (July 26, 2000). "Never mind the pollsters". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Column/0,5673,347240,00.html. Retrieved October 2, 2007. In her 2003 autobiography, Clinton titled an entire chapter "Conversations with Eleanor", and stated that holding "imaginary conversations [is] actually a useful mental exercise to help analyze problems, provided you choose the right person to visualize. Eleanor Roosevelt was ideal [as a trail-blazer and controversial First Lady]." (Clinton 2003, pp. 258–259)
- ^ Clinton was referring to the Arkansas Project and its funder Richard Mellon Scaife, Kenneth Starr's connections to Scaife, Regnery Publishing and its connections to Lucianne Goldberg and Linda Tripp, Jerry Falwell, and others. See Kirn, Walter (February 9, 1998). "Persecuted or Paranoid? A look at the motley characters behind Hillary Clinton's 'vast right-wing conspiracy'". Time. http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/02/02/time/kirn.html.
- ^ Hillary Clinton said to a news correspondent asking for reaction to an Obama remark earlier in the day about his possibly representing false hope: "I would point to the fact that Dr. King's dream began to be realized when President Johnson passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, when he was able to get through Congress something that President Kennedy was hopeful to do, the President before had not even tried, but it took a president to get it done. That dream became a reality, the power of that dream became real in people's lives because we had a president who said we are going to do it, and actually got it accomplished." See for transcript: Hulse, Carl; Healy, Patrick (January 11, 2008). "Bill Clinton Tries to Tamp Down 'Fairy-Tale' Remark About Obama". The New York Times. http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/11/bill-clinton-tries-to-tamp-down-fairy-tale-remark-about-obama/. Retrieved January 28, 2008. See for actual interview: Garrett, Major (January 7, 2008). "Clinton's Candid Assessment". Fox News. http://bourbonroom.blogs.foxnews.com/2008/01/07/clintons-candid-assessment/. Retrieved January 28, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "2008 Democratic Popular Vote". RealClearPolitics. http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/democratic_vote_count.html. Retrieved July 8, 2008. The popular vote count for a nomination process is unofficial, and meaningless in determining the nominee. It is difficult to come up with precise totals due to some caucus states not reporting popular vote totals and thus having to be estimated. It is further difficult to compare Clinton and Obama's totals, due to only her name having been on the ballot in the Michigan primary.
- ^ See Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2008). The Almanac of American Politics. National Journal. p. 1126. And 2006 edition of same, 1152. The scores for individual years are [highest rating 100, format: liberal, (conservative)]: 2003: Economic = 90 (7), Social = 85 (0), Foreign = 79 (14). Average = 85 (7). 2004: Economic = 63 (36), Social = 82 (0), Foreign = 58 (41). Average = 68 (26). 2005: Economic = 84 (15), Social = 83 (10), Foreign = 66 (29). Average = 78 (18). 2006: Economic = 63 (35), Social = 80 (14), Foreign = 62 (35). Average = 68 (28).
References[link]
- ^ a b c d "Hillary Rodham Clinton". The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/firstladies/hc42.html. Retrieved August 22, 2006.
- ^ O'Laughlin, Dania (Summer 2003). "Edgewater Hospital 1929–2001". Edgewater Historical Society. http://www.edgewaterhistory.org/articles/index.html?v14-3-4.html. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 18, 34
- ^ a b Roberts, Gary Boyd. "Notes on the Ancestry of Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton". New England Historic Genealogical Society. http://www.newenglandancestors.org/research/services/articles_ancestry_hillary_clinton.asp. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 17–18
- ^ a b c Brock 1996, p. 4. Her father was an outspoken Republican, while her mother kept quiet but was "basically a Democrat." See also Bernstein 2007, p. 16
- ^ a b Morris 1996, p. 113.
- ^ a b c Bernstein 2007, p. 29
- ^ a b Bernstein 2007, pp. 30–31
- ^ Maraniss 1995, p. 255. She was also voted "most likely to succeed".
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 13
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 19.
- ^ Middendorf, J. William (2006). Glorious Disaster: Barry Goldwater's Presidential Campaign And the Origins of the Conservative Movement. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-04573-1. p. 266.
- ^ Troy 2006, p. 15.
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 18–21. The teacher, Paul Carlson, and the minister, Donald Jones, came into conflict in Park Ridge; Clinton would later see that "as an early indication of the cultural, political and religious fault lines that developed across America in the [next] forty years" (Clinton 2003, p. 23).
- ^ Clinton, Hillary Rodham (May 29, 1992). "Hillary Rodham Clinton Remarks to Wellesley College Class of 1992". Wellesley College. http://www.wellesley.edu/PublicAffairs/Commencement/1992/speecheshrc.html. Retrieved June 1, 2007.
- ^ a b Clinton 2003, p. 31.
- ^ "Wellesley College Republicans: History and Purpose". Wellesley College. May 16, 2007. http://www.wellesley.edu/Activities/homepage/gop/history.html. Retrieved June 2, 2007. Gives organization's prior name.
- ^ Milton, Joyce (1999). The First Partner: Hillary Rodham Clinton. William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-15501-4. pp. 27–28
- ^ Brock 1996, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 50. Bernstein states she believed this combination was possible and that no equation better describes the adult Hillary Clinton.
- ^ a b c d e Kenney, Charles (January 12, 1993). "Hillary: The Wellesley Years: The woman who will live in the White House was a sharp-witted activist in the class of '69" (fee required). The Boston Globe. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8210491.html. Retrieved February 7, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e Leibovich, Mark (September 7, 2007). "In Turmoil of '68, Clinton Found a New Voice". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/05/us/politics/05clinton.html. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
- ^ a b Rodham, Hillary (May 31, 1969). "Wellesley College 1969 Student Commencement Speech". Wellesley College. http://www.wellesley.edu/PublicAffairs/Commencement/1969/053169hillary.html. Retrieved August 22, 2006.
- ^ a b c Dedman, Bill (updated May 9, 2007). "Reading Hillary Rodham's hidden thesis". msnbc.com. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17388372/. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
- ^ a b Cooper, Helene. "Hillary Rodham Clinton". The New York Times. http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/c/hillary_rodham_clinton/index.html. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
- ^ a b Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 34–36.
- ^ "Brooke Speech Challenged by Graduate". Fitchburg Sentinel. June 2, 1969.
- ^ "Brooke Speech Draws Reply". Nevada State Journal. June 2, 1969.
- ^ "The Class of '69". Life. June 20, 1969. The article features Rodham and two student commencement speakers from other schools, with photos and excerpts from their speeches.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 70
- ^ Morris 1996, p. 139; Bernstein 2007, p. 105. Clinton would later write, and repeat on the Late Show with David Letterman, that sliming fish was the best preparation she would ever have for living in Washington. Clinton 2003, pp. 42–43.
- ^ a b c "Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (1947–)". The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2744. Retrieved April 8, 2007.
- ^ a b Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 42–43.
- ^ a b c Bernstein 2007, p. 75
- ^ The authors of Beyond the Best Interests of the Child were Center director Al Solnit, Yale Law professor Joe Goldstein, and Anna Freud.
- ^ Morris 1996, pp. 142–143.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 71–74
- ^ Weil, Martin (August 8, 2009). "Anne Wexler, Political Adviser and Lobbyist, Dies at 79". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/08/AR2009080800058.html. Retrieved August 20, 2009.
- ^ a b Bernstein 2007, pp. 82–83
- ^ Gerstein, Josh (November 26, 2007). "The Clintons' Berkeley Summer of Love". The New York Sun. http://www.nysun.com/national/clintons-berkeley-summer-of-love/66982/. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
- ^ Gerstein, Josh (November 26, 2007). "Hillary Clinton's Radical Summer". The New York Sun. http://www.nysun.com/national/hillary-clintons-radical-summer/66933/. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 48–49.
- ^ a b Bernstein 2007, p. 89
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "First Lady Biography: Hillary Clinton". National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=43. Retrieved August 22, 2006.
- ^ Rodham, Hillary (1973). "Children Under the Law". Harvard Educational Review 43 (4): 487–514.
- ^ Troy 2006, p. 21.
- ^ a b c d Lewin, Tamar (August 24, 1992). "Legal Scholars See Distortion In Attacks on Hillary Clinton". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/24/us/1992-campaign-issues-women-families-legal-scholars-see-distortion-attacks.html.
- ^ This Google Scholar search result produces nearly one hundred hits showing citations of her paper in academic literature.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 91–92
- ^ "Adults Urge Children's Rights". The Arizona Sentinel. October 4, 1974.
- ^ a b c Bernstein 2007, pp. 94–96, 101–103
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 62
- ^ Maraniss 1995, p. 277.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 90, 120
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 92. Two-thirds (551 of 817) of the candidates had passed, and Rodham did not tell even close friends of the failure until revealing it thirty years later in her autobiography.
- ^ Clinton 2003, p. 69. Excerpted at Clinton, Hillary Rodham (June 8, 2003). "Hillary Unbound". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,457362-2,00.html. Retrieved December 8, 2007.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 92
- ^ Clinton 2003, p. 70. Source for number of female faculty members.
- ^ Maraniss 1995, p. 328.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 62, 90, 117
- ^ Clinton, Bill (2004). My Life. Knopf Publishing Group. p. 244.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 120
- ^ a b Maraniss 1995, pp. 121–122.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 157
- ^ Clinton 2003, pp. 91–92.
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 57.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 128, 103. The firm was called Rose, Nash, Williamson, Carroll, Clay & Giroir, but it simplified its name to Rose Law Firm in 1980.
- ^ a b Bernstein 2007, p. 133
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 131–132
- ^ Rodham, Hillary; Steiner, Gilbert Y. (June 1977). "Children's Policies: Abandonment and Neglect". Yale Law Journal 68 (7): 1522–1531. DOI:10.2307/795794. JSTOR 795794.
- ^ Rodham, Hillary (1979). "Children's Rights: A Legal Perspective". In Patricia A. Vardin, Ilene N. Brody (eds.). Children's Rights: Contemporary Perspectives. New York: Teacher's College Press. pp. 21–36.
- ^ Wills, Garry (March 5, 1992). "H.R. Clinton's Case". The New York Review of Books. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=2999.
- ^ a b Wattenberg, Daniel (August 1992). "The Lady Macbeth of Little Rock". The American Spectator.
- ^ Olson 1999, p. 57.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 154
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 125
- ^ "Jimmy Carter: Nominations Submitted to the Senate, Week Ending Friday, December 16, 1977". American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7026. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
- ^ "Ronald Reagan: Recess Appointment of Three Members of the Board of Directors of the Legal Services Corporation". American Presidency Project. January 22, 1982. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=42598. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
- ^ Morris 1996, p. 225.
- ^ a b c Kelly, Michael (January 20, 1993). "The First Couple: A Union of Mind and Ambition". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/20/us/the-inauguration-the-first-couple-a-union-of-mind-and-ambition.html.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 147
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 60.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 130
- ^ a b Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 66–67.
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 73–76.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 166
- ^ a b Bernstein 2007, pp. 170–175. Bernstein states that "the political battle for education reform ... would be her greatest accomplishment in public life until she was elected to the U.S. Senate."
- ^ "Hillary Clinton Guides Movement to Change Public Education in Arkansas". Old State House Museum. Spring 1993. Archived from the original on January 4, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060104114405/http://www.oldstatehouse.com/educational_programs/classroom/arkansas_news/detail.asp?id=528&issue_id=29&page=1. Retrieved August 22, 2006.
- ^ Kearney, Janis F. (2006). Conversations: William Jefferson Clinton, from Hope to Harlem. Writing Our World Press. ISBN 0-9762058-1-5. p. 295.
- ^ Morris 1996, p. 330.
- ^ Brock 1996, pp. 176–177.
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 63.
- ^ a b c d e Labaton, Stephen (February 26, 1994). "Rose Law Firm, Arkansas Power, Slips as It Steps Onto a Bigger Stage". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/26/us/rose-law-firm-arkansas-power-slips-as-it-steps-onto-a-bigger-stage.html.
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 80–81.
- ^ "Limbaugh Responds to FAIR". FAIR. June 28, 1994. http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1906. Retrieved May 9, 2008.
- ^ Troy 2006, p. 29.
- ^ a b Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 82–84.
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 87–88.
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 85; Bernstein 2007, pp. 187–189
- ^ "Hon. Hillary Rodham Clinton". FindLaw. http://pview.findlaw.com/view/1708556_1. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
- ^ "Board of Directors Emeritus". Children's Defense Fund. Archived from the original on February 10, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070210055628/http://www.childrensdefense.org/site/PageNavigator/People_Board_Emeritus. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
- ^ "Hillary Rodham Clinton". The Washington Post. http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/hillary-clinton/. Retrieved May 30, 2007. Bio entry.
- ^ a b Harkavy, Ward (May 24, 2000). "Wal-Mart's First Lady". The Village Voice. http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0021,harkavy,15052,5.html. Retrieved August 22, 2006.
- ^ Picard, Ken (May 4, 2005). "Vermonters to Hillary: Don't Tread on Us". Seven Days. http://www.7dvt.com/2005/vermonters-hillary-dont-tread-us. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ a b c Barbaro, Michael (May 20, 2007). "As a Director, Clinton Moved Wal-Mart Board, but Only So Far". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/20/us/politics/20walmart.html. Retrieved September 23, 2007.
- ^ Ross, Brian; Sauer, Maddy; Schwartz, Rhonda (January 31, 2008). "Clinton Remained Silent As Wal-Mart Fought Unions". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/Story?id=4218509. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ "Clintons to Rebut Rumors on "60 Minutes"". The New York Times. January 25, 1992. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/25/us/the-1992-campaign-clintons-to-rebut-rumors-on-60-minutes.html.
- ^ "In 1992, Clinton Conceded Marital 'Wrongdoing'". The Washington Post. January 26, 1992. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/flowers012792.htm.
- ^ Troy 2006, pp. 39–42; Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 94–96.
- ^ Burns 2008, p. 140.
- ^ Burns 2008, p. 142.
- ^ York, Anthony (July 8, 1999). "On her own". Salon. http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/07/08/hillary/print.html. Retrieved July 14, 2007. Her announcement was parodied by the May 1993 film spoof Hot Shots! Part Deux, in which all the female characters were given the middle name "Rodham"; see IMDB entry.
- ^ a b Williams, Jasim K (October 30, 2006). "Hillary Rodham Clinton". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/seven/10302006/news/cextra/hillary_rodham_clinton_cextra_jasim_k__williams.htm. Retrieved April 27, 2008. [dead link] Clinton had the first postgraduate degree through regular study and scholarly work. Eleanor Roosevelt had been previously awarded a postgraduate honorary degree. Clinton's successor Laura Bush became the second First Lady with a postgraduate degree.[dead link]
- ^ Troy 2006, p. 71.
- ^ Troy 2006, p. 68.
- ^ Troy 2006, p. xii.
- ^ Rajghatta, Chidanand (January—February 2004). "First Lady President?". Verve.
- ^ Peart, Karen N. "The First Lady: Homemaker or Policy-Maker?". Scholastic Press. http://www2.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=4647. Retrieved August 22, 2006.
- ^ Greenberg, Paul (July 15, 1999). "Israel's new friend: Hillary, born-again Zionist". Jewish World Review. http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/greenberg071599.asp. Retrieved August 22, 2006.
- ^ Zimmer, Benjamin (November 1, 2005). "A perilous portmanteau?". Language Log. http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002610.html. Retrieved August 22, 2006.
- ^ a b Joyce, Kathryn; Sharlet, Jeff (September/October 2007). "Hillary's Prayer: Hillary Clinton's Religion and Politics". Mother Jones. http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2007/09/hillarys-prayer.html. Retrieved October 10, 2007.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 313–314
- ^ Kelly, Michael (May 23, 1993). "St. Hillary". The New York Times Magazine.
- ^ Painton, Priscilla (May 31, 1993). "The Politics of What?". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978625,00.html.
- ^ Maraniss 1995, p. 317.
- ^ Postrel, Virginia (2004). The Substance of Style: How the Rise of Aesthetic Value Is Remaking Commerce, Culture, and Consciousness. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-093385-2. pp. 72–73.
- ^ "Forget the Primaries: Vote for Hillary's Hair". Associated Press. March 2, 1996. http://archive.southcoasttoday.com/daily/03-96/03-02-96/1hair.htm. Retrieved September 25, 2007.
- ^ Troy 2006, p. 1.
- ^ a b c Data for table is from "Favorability: People in the News: Hillary Clinton". The Gallup Organization. 2009. http://www.gallup.com/poll/1618/Favorability-People-News.aspx. Retrieved April 6, 2009. See also Franklin, Charles H. (January 21, 2007). "Hillary Clinton, Favorable/Unfavorable, 1993–2007". Political Arithmetik. http://politicalarithmetik.blogspot.com/2007/01/hillary-clinton-favorableunfavorable.html. Retrieved January 26, 2008. for confirmation of trend line and historical interpretation.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 170–175
- ^ Smith, Sally Bedell (2007). For Love of Politics: Inside the Clinton White House. Random House. p. 117. ISBN 1-4000-6324-8.
- ^ Gergen, David (2000). Eyewitness to Power: The Essence of Leadership Nixon to Clinton. Simon & Schuster. p. 280.
- ^ a b Bernstein 2007, pp. 400–402
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 139–140.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 240, 380, 530. The Whitewater investigations were also a factor in her decline.
- ^ "A Detailed Timeline of the Healthcare Debate portrayed in 'The System'". Online NewsHour (PBS). May 1996. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/forum/may96/background/health_debate_page3.html. Retrieved September 25, 2007.
- ^ Carney, James (December 12, 1994). "The Once and Future Hillary". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981987-2,00.html.
- ^ Burns 2008, p. 141.
- ^ Klein, Joe (December 4, 2005). "The Republican Who Thinks Big on Health Care". Time. http://www.time.com/time/columnist/klein/article/0,9565,1137628,00.html. Retrieved August 22, 2006.
- ^ Jackson, Brooks (March 18, 2008). "Giving Hillary Credit for SCHIP". FactCheck.org. http://www.factcheck.org/elections-2008/giving_hillary_credit_for_schip.html. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
- ^ Clinton, Hillary Rodham (May 1, 1995). "Remarks by First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton at Medicare Mammography Awareness Campaign Kick-off". The White House. http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/First_Lady/html/generalspeeches/1995/5-1-95.html. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
- ^ a b Sengupta, Somini (October 29, 2000). "Campaigns Soft-Pedal On Children and the Poor". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/29/nyregion/campaigns-soft-pedal-on-children-and-the-poor.html. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
- ^ Clinton, Hillary Rodham (October 23, 1997). Clinton, Hillary Rodham: Address to the White House Conference on Child Care. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-75994. Retrieved September 25, 2007.
- ^ Clinton, Hillary Rodham (April 17, 1997). "Remarks by the President and the First Lady at White House Conference on Early Child Development and Learning". U.S. Department of Education. http://www.ed.gov/PressReleases/04-1997/970417d.html. Retrieved September 26, 2007.
- ^ "White House Conference on Children and Adolescents". American Psychological Association. April 26, 2000. http://www.apa.org/ppo/issues/pfirstlady.html. Retrieved September 26, 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "White House convenes conference on teen-agers". CNN. May 2, 2000. Archived from the original on January 6, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070106133613/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/05/02/teen.summit/index.html. [dead link]
- ^ Clinton, Hillary Rodham (October 27, 1999). "Talking It Over". Creators Syndicate. http://www.creators.com/opinion/hillary-clinton/talking-it-over-1999-10-27.html. Retrieved September 25, 2007.
- ^ a b Healy, Patrick (December 26, 2007). "The Résumé Factor: Those 8 Years as First Lady". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/26/us/politics/26clinton.html. Retrieved December 28, 2007.
- ^ "First Lady Biography: Pat Nixon". National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=38. Retrieved October 18, 2007.
- ^ Healy, Patrick (December 26, 2007). "The Résumé Factor: Those 2 Terms as First Lady". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/26/us/politics/26clinton.html. Retrieved January 14, 2009.
- ^ a b Bernstein 2007, pp. 419–421
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 149–151.
- ^ a b Klein, Joe (November 5, 2009). "The State of Hillary: A Mixed Record on the Job". Time. http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1934843,00.html. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
- ^ a b Tyler, Patrick (September 6, 1995). "Hillary Clinton, In China, Details Abuse of Women". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/06/world/hillary-clinton-in-china-details-abuse-of-women.html.
- ^ a b c d e Lemmon, Gayle Tzemach (March 6, 2011). "The Hillary Doctrine". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/2011/03/06/the-hillary-doctrine.html. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
- ^ Rashid, Ahmed (2002). Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-830-4. pp. 70, 182.
- ^ "Feminist Majority Joins European Parliament's Call to End Gender Apartheid in Afghanistan". Feminist Majority. Spring 1998. Archived from the original on August 30, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070830042222/http://www.feminist.org/research/report/94_toc.html. Retrieved September 26, 2007.
- ^ "Vital Voices – Our History". Vital Voices. 2000. Archived from the original on December 31, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061231214756/http://www.vitalvoices.org/desktopdefault.aspx?page_id=8. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
- ^ Dobbs, Michael (January 10, 2008). "Clinton and Northern Ireland". The Washington Post. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2008/01/clinton_and_northern_ireland.html. Retrieved January 14, 2009.
- ^ Bennet, James. "News leaks prompt lawyer to seek sanctions against Starr's Office". The New York Times.
- ^ Palermo, Joseph A. (March 28, 2008). "The Starr Report: How To Impeach A President (Repeat)". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joseph-a-palermo/the-starr-report-how-to-_b_71821.html. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
- ^ a b c Gerth, Jeff (March 8, 1992). "Clintons Joined S.& L. Operator In an Ozark Real-Estate Venture". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/08/us/1992-campaign-personal-finances-clintons-joined-s-l-operator-ozark-real-estate.html.
- ^ a b Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 72–73.
- ^ "Whitewater started as 'sweetheart' deal". CNN. May 6, 1996. http://www.cnn.com/US/9604/13/whitewater.background/index.html. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
- ^ a b "Rose Law Firm Billing Records". Once Upon a Time in Arkansas (Frontline). October 7, 1997. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/arkansas/docs/recs.html. Retrieved September 26, 2007.
- ^ a b c Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 158–160.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 441–442
- ^ a b "Statement by Independent Counsel on Conclusions in Whitewater Investigation". The New York Times. September 21, 2000. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/21/us/statement-by-independent-counsel-on-conclusions-in-whitewater-investigation.html. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 327–328
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 439–444
- ^ Johnson, David (January 5, 1996). "Memo Places Hillary Clinton At Core of Travel Office Case". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/05/us/memo-places-hillary-clinton-at-core-of-travel-office-case.html.
- ^ Hughes, Jane (June 23, 2000). "Hillary escapes 'Travelgate' charges". BBC News Online. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/802335.stm. Retrieved August 16, 2007.
- ^ "Opening the Flood Gates?". Online NewsHour (PBS). June 18, 1996. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/whitewater/june96/senate_report_6-18.html. Retrieved September 26, 2007.
- ^ Woodward, Bob (June 15, 1999). "A Prosecutor Bound by Duty". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/shadow061599.htm.
- ^ a b "Independent counsel: No evidence to warrant prosecution against first lady in 'filegate'". CNN. July 28, 2000. http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/07/28/clinton.filegate/. Retrieved September 26, 2007.
- ^ "'Filegate' Depositions Sought From White House Aides". CNN. April 1, 1998. http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/04/01/filegate/index.html. Retrieved September 26, 2007.
- ^ Gerth, Jeff; and others (March 18, 1994). "Top Arkansas Lawyer Helped Hillary Clinton Turn Big Profit". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/18/us/top-arkansas-lawyer-helped-hillary-clinton-turn-big-profit.html.
- ^ a b Rosett, Claudia (October 26, 2000). "Hillary's Bull Market". The Wall Street Journal. http://www.opinionjournal.com/columnists/cRosett/?id=65000476. Retrieved July 14, 2007.
- ^ Troy 2006, pp. 176–177.
- ^ Troy 2006, p. 183.
- ^ Troy 2006, p. 187.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 517
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 512, 518
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 521
- ^ a b c Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 195.
- ^ Clinton 2003, p. 75
- ^ "Save America's Treasures – About Us". Save America's Treasures. http://www.saveamericastreasures.org/about.htm. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
- ^ "Clinton toasts 2000 at White House VIP dinner". CNN. December 31, 1999. http://archives.cnn.com/1999/ALLPOLITICS/stories/12/31/clinton.kickoff.02/. Retrieved September 26, 2007.
- ^ "Millennium Evenings". White House Millennium Council. http://clinton4.nara.gov/Initiatives/Millennium/evenings.html. Retrieved June 20, 2008.
- ^ "Remarks By First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton at The Sculpture Garden Reception". The White House. January 5, 1996. http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/First_Lady/html/generalspeeches/1996/1-5-96.html. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
- ^ Graff, Henry Franklin (2002). The Presidents: A Reference History. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-31226-3. p. liii.
- ^ a b Lindsay, Rae (2001). The Presidents' First Ladies. R & R Writers/Agents. ISBN 0-9653753-3-1. pp. 248–249.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 530
- ^ Nagourney, Adam (September 3, 1999). "With Some Help, Clintons Purchase a White House". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/03/nyregion/with-some-help-clintons-purchase-a-white-house.html.
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 204.
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 210.
- ^ a b "Hillary Rodham Clinton scores historic win in New York". CNN. November 8, 2000. http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/11/07/senate.ny/. Retrieved August 22, 2006.
- ^ a b Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 212–213.
- ^ Levy, Clifford J (December 13, 2000). "Lazio Sets Spending Mark for a Losing Senate Bid". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/13/nyregion/lazio-sets-spending-mark-for-a-losing-senate-bid.html. Retrieved February 22, 2008.
- ^ Chaddock, Gail Russell (March 10, 2003). "Clinton's quiet path to power". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0310/p01s01-uspo.html. Retrieved August 22, 2006.
- ^ a b Bernstein 2007, p. 548
- ^ a b c "Senate Temporary Committee Chairs". University of Michigan Documents Center. May 24, 2001. Archived from the original on July 7, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070707064827/http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/congress/sncom012.html. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
- ^ Gerth, Jeff; Van Natta Jr., Don (May 29, 2007). "Hillary's War". The New York Times Magazine. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/29/magazine/03Hillary-t.html. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
- ^ "Committees". Official Senate web site. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011195718/http://clinton.senate.gov/senate/committees/index.cfm.
- ^ "About the Commission: Commissioners". Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. http://www.csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=AboutCommission.Commissioners&CFID=3874739&CFTOKEN=75235387. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
- ^ "Senate, House appoint Helsinki commissioners". The Ukrainian Weekly. May 20, 2001. http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2001/200109.shtml. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 231–232.
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 238–239.
- ^ "Statement of Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton on the USA Patriot Act Reauthorization Conference Report". Official Senate web site. December 16, 2005. Archived from the original on February 14, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080214165103/http://www.senate.gov/~clinton/news/statements/details.cfm?id=249895.
- ^ "U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 109th Congress – 2nd Session ... On the Conference Report (H.R. 3199 Conference Report)". United States Senate. March 2, 2006. http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=2&vote=00029. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- ^ Clinton, Hillary (November 24, 2001). "New Hope For Afghanistan's Women". Time. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,185643,00.html. Retrieved August 22, 2006.
- ^ "Clinton says insurgency is failing". USA Today. Associated Press. February 19, 2005. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2005-02-19-iraq-senators_x.htm. Retrieved August 29, 2006.
- ^ Turner, Douglas (July 14, 2005). "Clinton wants increase in size of regular Army". The Buffalo News. (no longer free)
- ^ Fitzgerald, Jim (November 21, 2005). "Hillary Clinton says immediate withdrawal from Iraq would be 'a big mistake'". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Associated Press. http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/iraq/20051121-1341-hillaryclinton-iraq.html. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
- ^ Balz, Dan (December 12, 2005). "Hillary Clinton Crafts Centrist Stance on War". The Washington Post: p. A01. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/11/AR2005121100846.html. Retrieved August 22, 2006.
- ^ Meadows, Susannah (December 12, 2005). "Hillary's Military Offensive". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/51434. Retrieved August 22, 2006.
- ^ a b "Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton – Voting Record". Project Vote Smart. http://www.votesmart.org/voting_category.php?can_id=55463. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
- ^ Lewis, Neil A. (May 28, 2008). "Stark Contrasts Between McCain and Obama in Judicial Wars". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/28/us/politics/28judges.html. Retrieved November 30, 2008.
- ^ "Clinton wades into GTA sex storm". BBC News Online. July 14, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4682533.stm. Retrieved August 29, 2006.
- ^ "Gay marriage ban defeated in Senate vote". Associated Press. msnbc.com. June 7, 2006. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13181735/. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 267–269, 313, 401.
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 267–269
- ^ Hirschkorn, Phil (December 21, 2005). "Sen. Clinton's GOP challenger quits race". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/12/21/ny.pirro/index.html. Retrieved August 22, 2006.
- ^ "GOP Primary Turnout Was Lowest In More Than 30 Years". Newsday. September 17, 2006.
- ^ "New York State Board of Elections, General Election Results" (PDF). New York State. December 14, 2006. http://www.elections.state.ny.us/NYSBOE/elections/2006/general/2006_ussen.pdf. Retrieved December 16, 2006.
- ^ "Is America Ready?". Newsweek. December 25, 2006. http://www.newsweek.com/id/44273. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
- ^ Kornblut, Anne E.; Zeleny, Jeff (November 21, 2006). "Clinton Won Easily, but Bankroll Shows the Toll". The New York Times. page A1.
- ^ "Record millions roll in for Clinton White House bid". CNN. April 1, 2007. http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/04/01/clinton.money/index.html. Retrieved April 2, 2007.
- ^ "Senate GOP foils debate on Iraq surge". Associated Press. CBS News. February 17, 2007. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/18/ap/politics/mainD8NBQ8H80.shtml. Retrieved April 27, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Bush Repeats Veto Threat on Spending Bill That Includes Iraq Withdrawal Timetable". Fox News. March 28, 2007. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,262042,00.html. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ "House, Senate pass war funding bill". CNN. May 25, 2007. http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/05/24/iraq.funding/index.html. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
- ^ Lake, Eli (September 12, 2007). "Clinton Spars With Petraeus on Credibility". The New York Sun. http://www.nysun.com/national/clinton-spars-with-petraeus-on-credibility/62426/. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
- ^ "Hillary Clinton Calls for Gonzales' Resignation". ABC News. March 13, 2007. http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=2948538&page=1. Retrieved March 24, 2007.
- ^ "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Motion to Proceed to Consider S.1639)". U.S. Senate. June 26, 2007. http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=110&session=1&vote=00228. Retrieved April 22, 2008.
- ^ "Senate Passes Economic Rescue Package". NY1 News. October 1, 2008. http://www.ny1.com/content/features/86538/senate-passes-economic-rescue-package/Default.aspx. Retrieved October 2, 2008.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 550–552
- ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 5.
- ^ a b Middleton, Tim (September 4, 2007). "Hillary Clinton: Midas touch at work". msnbc.com. http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Investing/MutualFunds/HillaryClintonMidasTouchAtWork.aspx?page=1. Retrieved September 19, 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "Clintons' earnings exceed $100m". BBC News Online. April 5, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7331834.stm. Retrieved April 5, 2008.
- ^ Langer, Gary; Craighill, Peyton M (January 21, 2007). "Clinton Leads '08 Dems; No Bounce for Obama". ABC News. http://www.abcnews.go.com/Politics/PollVault/story?id=2810376. Retrieved February 5, 2007.
- ^ "Clinton outpaces Obama in fundraising for third quarter". CNN. October 2, 2007. http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/10/02/campaign.cash/. Retrieved May 12, 2008.
- ^ "Hillary Clinton Leaps Ahead In Latest Democratic Poll". Fox News. October 3, 2007. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,299146,00.html. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
- ^ Kornblut, Anne E.; Balz, Dan (November 1, 2007). "Clinton Regroups As Rivals Pounce". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/31/AR2007103103093.html. Retrieved November 2, 2007.
- ^ Tapper, Jake (October 31, 2007). "Hillary Gets Poor Grades at Drexel Debate". ABC News. http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2007/10/hillary-gets-po.html. Retrieved November 2, 2007.
- ^ Simon, Roger (October 31, 2007). "Obama, Edwards attack; Clinton bombs debate". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1007/6634.html. Retrieved November 2, 2007.
- ^ a b c Tumulty, Karen (May 8, 2008). "The Five Mistakes Clinton Made". Time. http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1738331,00.html. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
- ^ "Clinton shouldn't worry just about IA". msnbc.com. December 9, 2007. http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/12/09/506446.aspx. Retrieved December 10, 2007.
- ^ "Iowa Democratic Party Caucus Results". Iowa Democratic Party. http://www.iowacaucusresults.com/. Retrieved January 23, 2008.
- ^ Meyer, Dick (January 8, 2008). "Analysis: Mrs. Comeback Kid & Obama's Wave". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/01/08/politics/main3689550.shtml. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
- ^ "New Hampshire Democratic Primary". RealClearPolitics. January 8, 2008. http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/nh/new_hampshire_democratic_primary-194.html. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ a b "Clinton's stunning victory". Chicago Tribune. January 8, 2008. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-070108dems,0,7354989.story?coll=chi-newsnationworld-hed. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
- ^ Decker, Cathleen; Barabak, Mark Z (January 10, 2008). "Clinton had voters' sympathy – and a message they liked". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2008/01/10/news/na-newhamp10. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- ^ a b Ververs, Vaughn (January 26, 2008). "Analysis: Bill Clinton's Lost Legacy". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/01/26/politics/main3755521.shtml. Retrieved January 28, 2008.
- ^ Hulse, Carl; Healy, Patrick (January 11, 2008). "Bill Clinton Tries to Tamp Down 'Fairy-Tale' Remark About Obama". The New York Times. http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/11/bill-clinton-tries-to-tamp-down-fairy-tale-remark-about-obama/. Retrieved January 28, 2008.
- ^ Luce, Edward (January 17, 2008). "'Truce' has little impact on black vote". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e706e626-c49e-11dc-a474-0000779fd2ac.html. Retrieved January 18, 2008.
- ^ "Obama claims big win in South Carolina". CNN. January 26, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/01/26/sc.primary/index.html. Retrieved January 26, 2008.
- ^ Crowley, Candy (January 28, 2008). "Clinton campaign advisers: Bill Clinton 'needs to stop'". CNN. Archived from the original on January 30, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080130201618/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/01/28/clinton-campaign-advisers-bill-clinton-needs-to-stop/#more-4808. Retrieved January 28, 2008.
- ^ "Results: February 5 – Super Tuesday". CNN. February 25, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/primaries/results/dates/index.html#val=20080205. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
- ^ Tumulty, Karen (February 6, 2008). "Super Tuesday: The Most Interesting Number of All". Time. http://www.time-blog.com/swampland/2008/02/super_tuesday_the_most_interes.html. Retrieved February 7, 2008.
- ^ a b c Sizemore, Justin M. (June 5, 2008). "How Obama Did It". Center for Politics at the University of Virginia. Archived from the original on June 7, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080607220913/http://www.centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/article.php?id=JMS2008060501. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e Baker, Peter and Rutenberg, Jim (June 8, 2008). "The Long Road to a Clinton Exit". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
- ^ Green, Joshua (September 2008). "The Front-Runner's Fall". The Atlantic Monthly. http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200809/hillary-clinton-campaign. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
- ^ Weisman, Jonathan (March 20, 2008). "Obama Campaign Harshly Critical of Clinton's NAFTA Role". The Washington Post. http://blog.washingtonpost.com/44/2008/03/20/obama_campaign_harshly_critica.html.
- ^ Calmes, Jackie (June 4, 2008). "Clinton's Road to Second Place". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB121252558317842545.html. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
- ^ Phillips, Matt (March 18, 2008). "Pennsylvania Pitch: Can Obama Connect With Lower-Income Whites?". The Wall Street Journal. http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2008/03/18/pennsylvania-pitch-can-obama-connect-with-lower-income-whites/. Retrieved April 22, 2008.
- ^ Seelye, Katherine Q. (April 22, 2008). "In Clinton vs. Obama, Age Is a Great Predictor". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/22/us/politics/22age.html. Retrieved April 22, 2008.
- ^ Nagourney, Adam; Zeleny, Jeff (March 16, 2008). "For Democrats, Increased Fears of a Long Fight". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/us/politics/16delegates.html. Retrieved March 17, 2008.
- ^ Strange, Hannah (March 25, 2008). "Hillary Clinton backtracks over 'misleading' Bosnia sniper story". London: Times Online. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article3617816.ece. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
- ^ a b c Kornblut, Anne E. and Balz, Dan (June 5, 2008). "'She Could Accept Losing. She Could Not Accept Quitting.'". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/04/AR2008060404312_pf.html. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
- ^ "Obama: I will be the Democratic nominee". CNN. June 3, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/06/03/election.democrats/index.html. Retrieved June 3, 2008.
- ^ "Clinton ends historic bid, endorses Obama". Associated Press. msnbc.com. June 7, 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24993082/. Retrieved June 7, 2008.
- ^ a b "Election Center 2008: Delegate Scorecard". CNN. June 4, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/primaries/results/scorecard/#D. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
- ^ Kleefeld, Eric (June 4, 2008). "The Final Math". Talking Points Memo. http://tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com/2008/06/election_stats.php. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
- ^ Cillizza, Chris (June 1, 2008). "Clinton Puts Up Popular Vote Ad". The Washington Post. http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thefix/2008/06/clinton_puts_up_popular_vote_a.html. Retrieved July 8, 2008.
- ^ Nichols, John (June 7, 2008). "Hillary Clinton Versus Shirley Chisholm". The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/blogs/thebeat/327528/hillary_clinton_versus_shirley_chisholm. Retrieved July 8, 2008. In 1972, Chisholm won 152 delegates and one no-delegates "beauty contest" primary.
- ^ Bumiller, Elisabeth (November 22, 2008). "Clinton-Obama Détente: From Top Rival to Top Aide". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/23/us/politics/23hillary.html. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
- ^ Falcone, Michael (December 22, 2008). "Clinton Is Out $13 Million She Lent Campaign". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/23/us/politics/23clintons.html. Retrieved December 23, 2008.
- ^ Holland, Steve (November 15, 2008). "Obama, Clinton discussed secretary of state job". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/articlePrint?articleId=USTRE4AD04820081114. Retrieved November 18, 2008.
- ^ "Obama Set On Key Cabinet Nominees". NPR. November 21, 2008. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97327730. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
- ^ a b "Obama Confirms Hillary In Top Job". Sky News. December 1, 2008. http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Barack-Obama-Makes-Hillary-Clinton-Secretary-Of-State-And-Unveils-Defence-Team/Article/200812115168344?lpos=World_News_First_World_News_Article_Teaser_Region_3&lid=ARTICLE_15168344_Barack_Obama_Makes_Hillary_Clinton_Secretary_Of_State_And_Unveils_Defence_Team. Retrieved December 1, 2008.
- ^ Baker, Peter (November 29, 2008). "Bill Clinton to Name Donors as Part of Obama Deal". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/washington/30clinton.html. Retrieved December 1, 2008.
- ^ Falcone, Michael (December 19, 2008). "Bush Approves Bill Reducing Secretary of State's Pay". The New York Times. http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/19/bush-approves-bill-reducing-secretary-of-states-pay/. Retrieved December 19, 2008.
- ^ "Senate panel backs Clinton as secretary of state". Associated press. msnbc.com. January 15, 2009. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28624112/. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
- ^ Jones, Jeffrey M. (January 13, 2009). "As Senate Hearings Begin, Hillary Clinton's Image Soars". The Gallup Organization. http://www.gallup.com/poll/113740/Senate-Hearings-Begin-Hillary-Clintons-Image-Soars.aspx. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
- ^ Phillips, Kate (January 21, 2009). "Senate Confirms Clinton as Secretary of State". The New York Times. http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/21/senate-debates-clinton-confirmation/. Retrieved May 10, 2009.
- ^ Tumulty, Brian (January 21, 2009). "Clinton sworn in at State Dept. and then resigns Senate". The Journal News. http://polhudson.lohudblogs.com/2009/01/21/clinton-has-resigned-the-senate-sworn-in-at-state-dept/. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
- ^ Rudin, Ken (December 1, 2008). "Obama Brings Hillary to Cabinet, GOP to Ariz. State House". NPR. http://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2008/12/obama_brings_hillary_to_cabine.html. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
- ^ Richter, Paul (January 28, 2009). "World breathes sigh of relief, Hillary Clinton says". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-fg-clinton28-2009jan28,0,5875432.story. Retrieved January 30, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ a b Landler, Mark; Cooper, Helene (December 22, 2008). "Clinton Moves to Widen Role of State Dept.". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/23/us/politics/23diplo.html. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
- ^ Clinton, Hillary Rodham (May 20, 2009). "FY 2010 Budget for the Department of State". U.S. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2009a/05/123679.htm. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
- ^ a b Dilanian, Ken (June 11, 2009). "In a supporting role, Clinton takes a low-key approach at State Dept.". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/printedition/news/20090611/1aclinton11_cv.art.htm. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
- ^ Landler, Mark (July 15, 2009). "For Clinton, '09 Campaign Is for Her Turf". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/us/politics/16clinton.html. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
- ^ Wolfson, Charles (July 17, 2009). "Hillary Clinton's 6-Month Checkup". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/07/17/opinion/diplomatic/main5169849.shtml. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
- ^ LaFranchi, Howard (December 15, 2010). "Hillary Clinton's vision for foreign policy on a tight budget". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2010/1215/Hillary-Clinton-s-vision-for-foreign-policy-on-a-tight-budget. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
- ^ a b "Clinton unveils US food security initiative". Agence France-Presse. September 25, 2009. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jvW_Cw0mHaP8QNmbccjJk62ZCT3Q. Retrieved November 9, 2009.
- ^ Lee, Matthew (October 10, 2009). "Turkey, Armenia Sign Historic Accord". Time. Associated Press. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1929584,00.html. Retrieved October 14, 2009.
- ^ Landler, Mark (September 4, 2010). "In Middle East Peace Talks, Clinton Faces a Crucial Test". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/05/world/middleeast/05clinton.html.
- ^ Richter, Paul; Pierson, David (January 23, 2010). "Sino-U.S. ties hit new snag over Internet issues". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/nation-and-world/la-fg-google-china23-2010jan23,0,3919601.story.
- ^ Landler, Mark; Wong, Edward (January 22, 2010). "China Rebuffs Clinton on Internet Warning". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/23/world/asia/23china.html.
- ^ a b Landler, Mark; Cooper, Helene (March 19, 2010). "From Bitter Campaign to Strong Alliance". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/19/us/politics/19policy.html.
- ^ Noveck, Jocelyn (July 24, 2010). "New role for Clintons: parents of the bride". Chicago Sun-Times. http://www.suntimes.com/news/nation/2530514,CST-NWS-clinton25.article.
- ^ Sheridan, Mary Beth (November 30, 2010). "Clinton treads carefully in leading massive damage-control campaign". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/29/AR2010112906258.html.
- ^ Dougherty, Jill; Labott, Elise (December 16, 2010). "WikiLeaks stirs anarchy online". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/12/15/sweep.wikileaks/index.html.
- ^ Booth, Roger; Borger, Julian (November 28, 2010). "US diplomats spied on UN leadership". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/28/us-embassy-cables-spying-un.
- ^ MacAskill, Ewen; Booth, Robert (December 2, 2010). "CIA drew up UN spying wishlist for diplomats". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/02/wikileaks-cables-cia-united-nations.
- ^ Tandon, Shaun (December 2, 2010). "Arrest Warrant for WikiLeaks Chief as Chaos Spreads". The China Post. Agence France-Presse. http://www.chinapost.com.tw/international/americas/2010/12/02/282146/Arrest-warrant.htm.
- ^ a b Thrush, Glenn (February 2, 2011). "Hillary Clinton plays key role in dance with Hosni Mubarak". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0211/48658.html. Retrieved February 5, 2011.
- ^ "Factbox – Evolution of U.S. stance on Egypt". Reuters. February 2, 2011. http://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFN0219913120110202?sp=true. Retrieved February 4, 2011.
- ^ "Hillary urges probe into new Cairo violence". The Nation. February 4, 2011. http://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/International/04-Feb-2011/Hillary-urges-probe-into-new-Cairo-violence.
- ^ a b Cooper, Helene; Myers, Steven Lee (March 18, 2011). "Obama Takes Hard Line With Libya After Shift by Clinton". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/19/world/africa/19policy.html. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
- ^ a b Thrush, Glenn (March 17, 2011). "Day after saying no second term, a big win for Hillary Clinton". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0311/51515.html. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Calabresi, Massimo (November 7, 2011). "Hillary Clinton and the Rise of Smart Power". Time: pp. 26–31.
- ^ Ambinder, Marc; Cooper, Matthew (May 4, 2011). "Why Obama Nixed the Photo Release". National Journal. http://www.nationaljournal.com/whitehouse/why-obama-nixed-the-photo-release-20110504.
- ^ "Hillary Clinton declares 'gay rights are human rights'". BBC News Online. December 7, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16062937.
- ^ Burke, Jason (November 30, 2011). "Hillary Clinton begins Burma visit". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/nov/30/hillary-clinton-burma-visit-reform-hopes.
- ^ Barr, Andy (October 14, 2009). "Hillary Clinton: I'd have hired Barack Obama". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1009/28278.html. Retrieved October 14, 2009.
- ^ "Clinton says no to second term". CNN. March 16, 2011. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/16/clinton-running-for-president/. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
- ^ "Poll: Mixed messages for Hillary Clinton". CNN. May 26, 2005. http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/05/26/hillary.clinton/index.html. Retrieved February 5, 2007.
- ^ Curry, Tom (July 14, 2005). "Clinton burnishes hawkish image". msnbc.com. http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8573139/. Retrieved August 23, 2006.
- ^ Friel, Brian; Cohen, Richard E.; Victor, Kirk (January 31, 2008). "Obama: Most Liberal Senator In 2007". National Journal. http://nj.nationaljournal.com/voteratings/. Retrieved April 25, 2008.
- ^ Clinton, Joshua D.; Jackman, Simon; Rivers, Doug (October 2004). ""The Most Liberal Senator"? Analyzing and Interpreting Congressional Roll Calls" (PDF). Political Science & Politics: 805–811. http://www.apsanet.org/imgtest/TheMostLiberalSenator-Clinton.pdf.
- ^ "Voting Records". Americans for Democratic Action. http://www.adaction.org/pages/publications/voting-records.php. Retrieved March 21, 2009. Average consists of a 95 in 2001 through 2004 and 2006, a 100 in 2005, a 75 in 2007, and a 70 in 2008 (the decline in the final two years was due to missed votes while campaigning for president).
- ^ "2008 U.S. Senate Votes". American Conservative Union. http://www.acuratings.org/2008senate.htm. Retrieved March 21, 2009. [dead link] Lifetime rating is given.[dead link]
- ^ "Hillary Rodham Clinton – Talking It Over". Creators Syndicate. http://www.creators.com/opinion/hillary-clinton.html. Retrieved August 24, 2007.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 446
- ^ Apuzzo, Matt (November 16, 2005). "Read a Book, Buy a Goat". The Day. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eyAiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rHIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2745,3345580.
- ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 544
- ^ Donahue, Deirdre (June 17, 2003). "Clinton memoir tops Best-Selling Books list". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2003-06-17-hillary-list_x.htm. Retrieved January 11, 2008.
- ^ "Clinton's Book Sales Top 1 Million". Associated Press. July 9, 2003. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-75361570.html. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
- ^ "Hillary Rodham Clinton". William J. Clinton Presidential Center. http://www.clintonpresidentialcenter.org/the-administration/hillary-rodham-clinton. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
- ^ "Gorbachev and Clinton win Grammy". BBC News Online. February 9, 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3472495.stm. Retrieved January 10, 2008.
- ^ a b Purdum, Todd S (July 24, 1995). "The First Lady's Newest Role: Newspaper Columnist". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/24/us/the-first-lady-s-newest-role-newspaper-columnist.html.
- ^ a b Jamieson, Kathleen Hall (1995). "Hillary Clinton as Rorschach Test". Beyond the Double Bind: Women and Leadership. Oxford University Press. pp. 22–25. ISBN 0-19-508940-5.
- ^ Dowd, Maureen (May 18, 1992). "Hillary Clinton as Aspiring First Lady: Role Model, or a 'Hall Monitor' Type?". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/18/us/1992-campaign-candidate-s-wife-hillary-clinton-aspiring-first-lady-role-model.html.
- ^ Sullivan, Amy (July/August 2005). "Hillary in 2008?". Washington Monthly. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2005/0507.sullivan1.html. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
- ^ Daniel Schorr (July 16, 2006). Hillary Clinton's Polarizing Force as a Candidate (audio). National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5560786. Retrieved February 5, 2007.
- ^ Cox, Ana Marie (August 19, 2006). "How Americans View Hillary: Popular but Polarizing". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1229053,00.html. Retrieved February 5, 2007.
- ^ a b Davis, Lanny (October 10, 2007). "Hillary Clinton: Not Polarizing and Highly Electable". The Hill. http://pundits.thehill.com/2007/10/10/hillary-clinton-not-polarizing-and-highly-electable/. Retrieved March 3, 2008.
- ^ Estrich, Susan (2005). The Case for Hillary Clinton. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-083988-0. pp. 66–68.
- ^ Sulfaro, Valerie A. (September 2007). "Affective evaluations of first ladies: a comparison of Hillary Clinton and Laura Bush" (Fee or registration required). Presidential Studies Quarterly 37 (3): 486–514. DOI:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2007.02608.x. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-33219066_ITM.
- ^ a b Jacobson, Gary (August 2006) (Proceedings). Partisan Differences in Job Approval Ratings of George W. Bush and U.S. Senators in the States: An Exploration. Annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.
- ^ a b c Burrell, Barbara (October 2000). "Hillary Rodham Clinton as first lady: the people's perspective". The Social Science Journal 37 (4): 529–546. DOI:10.1016/S0362-3319(00)00094-X.
- ^ a b Franklin, Charles H (January 21, 2007). "Hillary Clinton, Favorable/Unfavorable, 1993–2007". Political Arithmetik. http://politicalarithmetik.blogspot.com/2007/01/hillary-clinton-favorableunfavorable.html. Retrieved January 26, 2008.
- ^ Troy 2006, p. 60.
- ^ a b Troy 2006, p. 4.
- ^ a b Anderson, Karrin Vasby (2003). "The First Lady: A Site of 'American Womanhood'". In Molly Meijer Wertheimer. Inventing a Voice: The Rhetoric of American First Ladies of the Twentieth Century. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 21. ISBN 0-7425-2971-1.
- ^ Burns 2008, pp. 135–136, 140–141.
- ^ Templin, Charlotte (1999). "Hillary Clinton as Threat to Gender Norms: Cartoon Images of the First Lady". Journal of Communication Inquiry 23 (1): 20–36. DOI:10.1177/0196859999023001002.
- ^ a b c Smith, Ben (March 12, 2006). "Da Hillary Code". The New York Observer. http://www.observer.com/node/38532. Retrieved October 3, 2007.
- ^ Levy, Clifford J (October 27, 2000). "Clinton Rivals Raise Little Besides Rage". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/27/nyregion/clinton-rivals-raise-little-besides-rage.html. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
- ^ a b Van Natta Jr., Don (July 10, 1999). "Hillary Clinton's Campaign Spurs A Wave of G.O.P. Fund-Raising". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/10/us/hillary-clinton-s-campaign-spurs-a-wave-of-gop-fund-raising.html.
- ^ "The Presidential Ambitions of Hillary Clinton". Time. August 26, 2006. http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,20060828,00.html. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
- ^ Hitt, Jack (January/February 2007). "Harpy, Hero, Heretic: Hillary". Mother Jones. http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2007/01/harpy_hero_heretic_hillary.html. Retrieved October 7, 2007.
- ^ Brooks, David (September 25, 2007). "The Center Holds". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/25/opinion/25brooks.html. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
- ^ Bartlett, Bruce (May 1, 2007). "Get Ready for Hillary". Creators Syndicate. http://www.creators.com/opinion/bruce-bartlett/conservatives-for-hillary.html. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (February 19, 2007). "As Clinton Runs, Some Old Foes Stay on Sideline". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/19/us/politics/19clinton.html. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
- ^ "Contents: October 22, 2007 Issue". The American Conservative. October 22, 2007. Archived from the original on October 26, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071026051323/http://www.amconmag.com/2007/2007_10_22/index1.html. Retrieved October 29, 2007.
- ^ a b c "Transcript: December 7, 2007". Bill Moyers Journal (PBS). December 7, 2007. http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/12072007/transcript1.html. Retrieved December 10, 2007.
- ^ Kurtz, Howard (October 3, 2007). "Hillary Chuckles; Pundits Snort". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/02/AR2007100201940.html. Retrieved December 10, 2007.
- ^ Anderson, Karrin Vasby (1999). "'Rhymes with rich': 'Bitch' as a tool of containment in contemporary American politics". Rhetoric & Public Affairs 2 (4): 599–623. DOI:10.1353/rap.2010.0082.
- ^ Falk, Erika (2007). Women for President: Media Bias in Eight Campaigns. University of Illinois Press. pp. 161–163. ISBN 0-252-07511-0.
- ^ Kantor, Jodi (January 10, 2008). "Women's Support for Clinton Rises in Wake of Perceived Sexism". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/10/us/politics/10women.html. Retrieved January 13, 2008.
- ^ a b Meacham, Jon (January 21, 2008). "Letting Hillary Be Hillary". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/91795. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
- ^ a b Torregrossa, Luisita Lopez (October 12, 2010). "Hillary Clinton Leads the Pack in Bloomberg Popularity Poll". Politics Daily. http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/10/12/hillary-clinton-leads-the-pack-in-bloomberg-popularity-poll/.
- ^ Saad, Lydia (March 30, 2011). "Hillary Clinton Favorable Near Her All-Time High". Gallup Organization. http://www.gallup.com/poll/146891/Hillary-Clinton-Favorable-Near-Time-High.aspx. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
- ^ [[Nate Silver |Silver, Nate]] (November 17, 2010). "Is Pelosi America's Most Unpopular Politician?". The New York Times. http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/11/17/is-pelosi-americas-most-unpopular-politician/.
- ^ Bailey, Holly (September 16, 2011). "Poll: A third of Americans believe Clinton would've been a better president". Yahoo! News. http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/ticket/poll-third-americans-believe-clinton-ve-better-president-152358495.html.
- ^ "Gallup: Obama, Hillary Clinton are most admired, again and again". Los Angeles Times. December 28, 2011. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/nationnow/2011/12/gallup-poll-obama-and-hillary-clinton-top-most-admired-list-again.html.
Bibliography[link]
- Bernstein, Carl (2007). A Woman in Charge: The Life of Hillary Rodham Clinton. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-40766-9.
- Brock, David (1996). The Seduction of Hillary Rodham. New York: The Free Press. ISBN 0-684-83451-0.
- Burns, Lisa M. (2008). First Ladies and the Fourth Estate: Press Framing of Presidential Wives. DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0-87580-391-1.
- Clinton, Hillary Rodham (2003). Living History. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-2224-5.
- Gerth, Jeff; Van Natta, Jr., Don (2007). Her Way: The Hopes and Ambitions of Hillary Rodham Clinton. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-01742-6.
- Heilemann, John; Halperin, Mark (2010). Game Change: Obama and the Clintons, McCain and Palin, and the Race of a Lifetime. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-173363-6.
- Kornblut, Anne E. (2009). Notes from the Cracked Ceiling: Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, and What It Will Take for a Woman to Win. New York: Crown Books. ISBN 0-307-46425-3.
- Maraniss, David (1995). First in His Class: A Biography of Bill Clinton. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-87109-9.
- Morris, Roger (1996). Partners in Power: The Clintons and Their America. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-2804-8.
- Olson, Barbara (1999). Hell to Pay: The Unfolding Story of Hillary Rodham Clinton. Washington: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 0-89526-197-9.
- Troy, Gil (2006). Hillary Rodham Clinton: Polarizing First Lady. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-1488-5.
Further reading[link]
Main article: List of books by or about Hillary Rodham Clinton
External links[link]
| Find more about Hillary Rodham Clinton on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
 |
Images and media from Commons |
 |
News stories from Wikinews |
 |
Quotations from Wikiquote |
 |
Source texts from Wikisource |
- "Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton". U.S. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/secretary/.
- "Hillary Clinton.com – Friends of Hillary". http://www.hillaryclinton.com.
- "Hillary Rodham Clinton". The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/first-ladies/hillaryclinton. Official Biography of First Lady Clinton
- Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
- Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
- Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
- Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
- Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Appearances on Charlie Rose
- Appearances at the Internet Movie Database
- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Works by or about Hillary Rodham Clinton in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton at the Open Directory Project
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Clinton, Hillary Rodham |
| Alternative names | Rodham, Hillary Diane |
| Short description | U.S. Secretary of State, U.S. Senator, U.S. First Lady |
| Date of birth | 1947-10-26 |
| Place of birth | Chicago, Illinois, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Hillary_Rodham_Clinton
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Hillary Clinton
http://es.wn.com/Hillary Rodham Clinton
http://ru.wn.com/Клинтон, Хиллари
http://cs.wn.com/Hillary Clintonová
http://pt.wn.com/Hillary Clinton
http://pl.wn.com/Hillary Rodham Clinton
http://hi.wn.com/हिलेरी रोढम क्लिंटन
http://it.wn.com/Hillary Clinton
http://id.wn.com/Hillary Clinton
http://nl.wn.com/Hillary Clinton
http://fr.wn.com/Hillary Rodham Clinton
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Rodham_Clinton
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Barbara Walters | |
|---|---|
 Barbara Walters in New York City, June 2011 |
|
| Born | Barbara Jill Walters (1929-09-25) September 25, 1929 (age 82) Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Occupation | Journalist |
| Years active | 1961–present |
| Notable credit(s) | Co-anchor and contributor of ABC Evening News and ABC World News Today show anchor (1961–1976) Not For Women Only host (1971–1976) ABC Evening News anchor (1976–1978) 20/20 host (1984–2004) The View creator/co-host (1997–present) |
| Salary | $12 million (2007)[1] |
| Spouse | Robert Henry Katz (m.1955–1958; annulled) Lee Guber (m.1963–1976; divorced) Merv Adelson (m.1981–1984; divorced) Merv Adelson (m.1986–1992; divorced) |
| Children | 1 |
Barbara Jill Walters[2] (born September 25, 1929) is an American broadcast journalist, author, and television personality. She has hosted morning television shows (Today and The View), the television news magazine (20/20), former co-anchor of the ABC World News, and current contributor to ABC News.
Walters was first known as a popular TV morning news anchor for over 10 years on NBC's Today, where she worked with Hugh Downs and later hosts Frank McGee and Jim Hartz. Walters later spent 25 years as co-host of ABC's news magazine 20/20. She was the first female co-anchor of network evening news, working with Harry Reasoner on the ABC Evening News, and continuing as a contributor to the network news division and its flagship program, ABC World News.
In 1996, Walters was ranked #34 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time.[3]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Walters was born in 1929 in Boston, the daughter of Dena (née Seletsky) and Louis "Lou" Walters (born Louis Warmwater).[4] Her parents were both Jewish[5] and descendants of refugees from the former Russian Empire, now Eastern Europe.[6] Walters' paternal grandfather, Abraham Isaac, was from what is now Łódź, Poland, and first immigrated to England, changing his name first to Warmwater and later to Abraham Walters (the original family surname was Waremwasser).[6][7][8] Walters' father was born there c. 1894, and moved to the United States with his family in 1900.[9] In 1937, her father opened the New York version of the Latin Quarter; he also worked as a Broadway producer (he produced the Ziegfeld Follies of 1943).[10][11] He also was the Entertainment Director for the Tropicana Resort and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada, where he imported the "Folies Bergere" stage show from Paris to the resort's main showroom.[12] Walters' brother, Burton, died in 1932 of pneumonia.[13] Walters' elder sister, Jacqueline, was born mentally disabled[14] and died of ovarian cancer in 1985. She has another half sister, Walda Walters Anderson, born to a different mother.[citation needed]
According to Walters, being surrounded by celebrities when she was young kept her from being "in awe" of them.[14] When she was a young woman, Walters' father lost his nightclubs and the family's penthouse on Central Park West. As Walters recalled, "He had a breakdown. He went down to live in our house in Florida, and then the Government took the house, and they took the car, and they took the furniture." Of her mother, she said, "My mother should have married the way her friends did, to a man who was a doctor or who was in the dress business."[15]
After attending Ethical Culture Fieldston School and Birch Wathen Lenox School[16][17] private schools in New York City,[13] Walters graduated from Miami Beach High School in 1947. In 1951 she received a B.A. in English from Sarah Lawrence College.[18]
Career and accolades[link]
After a brief period as a publicist with Tex McCrary Inc. and a job as a writer at CBS News, Walters joined NBC's The Today Show as a writer and researcher in 1961.[14] She moved up to become that show's regular "Today Girl", handling lighter assignments and the weather. In her autobiography, she describes this era before the Women's Movement as a time when it was believed that nobody would take a woman seriously reporting "hard news". Previous "Today Girls" (whom Walters called "tea pourers") included Florence Henderson, Helen O'Connell, Estelle Parsons and Lee Meriwether.[19] Within a year she had become a reporter-at-large developing, writing, and editing her own reports and interviews.[14] When Frank McGee was named host, he refused to do joint interviews with Walters unless he was given the first four questions. She was not named co-host of the show until McGee's death in 1974, when NBC officially designated Walters as the program's first female co-host.
Walters has seldom minced words when describing the visible, on-the-air disdain her co-anchor, Harry Reasoner, displayed for her when she was teamed up with him on the ABC Evening News in 1976–78. Reasoner had a difficult relationship with Walters because he disliked having a co-anchor, even though he worked with former CBS colleague Howard K. Smith nightly on ABC for several years. In 1981, five years after the start of their short-lived ABC partnership and well after Reasoner returned to CBS News, Walters and her former co-anchor had a memorable (and cordial) 20/20 interview on the occasion of Reasoner's new book release.[citation needed]
Walters is also known for her years on the ABC newsmagazine 20/20 where she joined host Hugh Downs in 1979.[14] Throughout her career at ABC, Walters has appeared on ABC news specials as a commentator, including presidential inaugurations and the coverage of 9/11. She was also chosen to be the moderator for the third and final debate between candidates Jimmy Carter and Gerald Ford, held on the campus of the College of William and Mary at Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall in Williamsburg, Virginia, during the 1976 Presidential Election.[20] In 1984, she moderated a Presidential debate held at the Dana Center for the Humanities at Saint Anselm College in Goffstown, New Hampshire.[21] Many of her regular and special programs are syndicated around the world. As of 2004, she is in semi-retirement as a broadcast journalist, but remains a correspondent for ABC News as well as a host of ABC's special programs.
Awards[link]
On June 14, 2007, Walters received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. She has won Daytime and Prime Time Emmy Awards, a Women in Film Lucy Award, and a GLAAD Excellence in Media award. Her impact on the popular culture is illustrated by Gilda Radner's "Baba Wawa" impersonation of her on Saturday Night Live,[14] featuring her idiosyncratic speech with its rounded "R". In 2008, she was honored with the Disney Legends award, an award given to those who made an outstanding contribution to The Walt Disney Company, which owns the network ABC. That same year, she received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the New York Women's Agenda. On September 21, 2009, Walters was honored with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 30th Annual News and Documentary Emmy Awards at New York City's Lincoln Center.
Interviews[link]
On March 7, 2010, Barbara Walters announced she would no longer hold Oscar interviews, but will still be working with ABC and on her show, The View.[22]
In a November 2010 episode of The View, while interviewing Larry King on his retirement from CNN, Walters alluded to her impending retirement, stating, "I know when my time's coming."
Walters is known for "personality journalism" and her "scoop" interviews.[14] In November 1977, she achieved a joint interview with Egypt's President, Anwar Al Sadat, and Israel's Prime Minister, Menachem Begin. Her interviews with world leaders from all walks of life are a chronicle of the latter part of the 20th century.[14] They include the Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and his wife the Empress Farah Pahlavi; Russia's Boris Yeltsin; China's Jiang Zemin; the UK's Margaret Thatcher; Cuba's Fidel Castro, as well as India's Indira Gandhi, Václav Havel, Muammar al-Gaddafi, King Hussein of Jordan, King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez, Bashar al-Assad president of Syria among many others. Other interviews with influential people include pop icon Michael Jackson, Katharine Hepburn, Anna Wintour, and in 1980 Laurence Olivier. Walters considered Dr. Robert Smithdas, a deaf-blind man who spent his life improving the life of other individuals who are deaf-blind, as her most inspirational interview.
Walters was widely lampooned in 1981 (and often since) for having posed the question, during an interview with actress Katharine Hepburn: "If you were a tree, what kind would you be?" But as she has often pointed out (and the video clips confirm) Hepburn initiated the discussion by saying that she would like to be a tree, and Walters merely followed up with the question, "What kind of a tree?"[14][23]
During a story about Cuban leader Fidel Castro, Walters claimed that "for Castro, freedom begins with education." Some critics[who?] point to her characterization of Castro as freedom-loving and argue that it painted an inaccurate picture of his government.[citation needed]
On March 3, 1999, her interview of Monica Lewinsky was seen by a record 74 million viewers, the highest rating ever for a journalist's interview. Walters asked Lewinsky, "What will you tell your children about this matter?" and Lewinsky replied, "I guess Mommy made some mistakes," at which point Walters brought the program to a dramatic conclusion, turning to the viewers, saying, "And that is the understatement of the year."
[edit] The View
Main article: The View (U.S. TV series)
Walters is a part-time host of the daytime talk show The View, of which she is also co-creator and co-executive producer with her business partner Bill Geddie.[14] Walters described the show in its original opening credits as a forum for women of "different generations, backgrounds, and views." She added, "Be careful what you wish for..." The show's current co-hosts are Whoopi Goldberg, Joy Behar, Elisabeth Hasselbeck and Sherri Shepherd. Previous co-hosts include Meredith Vieira, Lisa Ling, Rosie O'Donnell, Star Jones, and Debbie Matenopoulos.
In 2007 Barbara defended co-host O'Donnell about remarks the latter made against Donald Trump and the winner of the Miss USA pageant. Trump firmly responded by saying, "Barbara is off the list..."[24]
Personal life[link]
Walters has been married four times to three different men. "I'm convinced that you stay married when the sex is bad, only because you really want to be," she told The New York Times in 1996. "But I always had an out. I had this job, and this life and enough money. I didn't have to fight the bad days."[15] Her husbands were:
- Robert Henry Katz, a business executive and former Navy lieutenant. They married on June 20, 1955, at The Plaza Hotel in New York City. The marriage was reportedly annulled in 1958.[2][25]
- Lee Guber, theatrical producer and theater owner. They married on December 8, 1963, and divorced in 1976. They have one daughter, Jacqueline Dena Guber (born 1968, adopted the same year).
- Merv Adelson, the CEO of Lorimar Television. They married in 1981 and divorced in 1984 and were married again on May 10, 1986, and divorced in 1992.
She dated gay lawyer[26][27] Roy Cohn in college, and the lawyer said that he proposed marriage to Walters the night before her wedding to Lee Guber, but Walters denied this.[13] She explained her lifelong devotion to Cohn as gratitude for his help in her adoption of her daughter, Jacqueline.[28] In her autobiography, Walters says that Cohn got her father's warrant for "failure to appear" dismissed.[29]
Walters dated future U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan in the 1970s,[30] and was linked romantically to United States Senator John Warner in the 1990s.[31]
In Walters's autobiography, Audition, she claimed that she had an affair in the 1970s with Edward Brooke, then a married United States Senator from Massachusetts. It is not clear whether Walters also was married at the time. Walters said that the affair ended to protect their careers from scandal.[32]
She announced on the May 10, 2010 episode of The View, that she would be undergoing open heart surgery to replace a faulty aortic valve. Walters added that she knew for quite a while that she was suffering from aortic valve stenosis, even though she was symptom-free. The procedure to fix the faulty heart valve "went well, and the doctors are very pleased with the outcome," Walters' spokeswoman, Cindi Berger, said in a statement on May 14, 2010.[33]
On July 9, 2010, it was announced that Walters would return to The View and her Sirius XM satellite show Here's Barbara in September 2010.[34][35]
Walters has been close friends with Fox News head Roger Ailes since the late 1960s.[36]
Books[link]
In the late 1960s, Walters wrote a magazine article, How to Talk to Practically Anyone About Practically Anything, which drew upon the kinds of things people said to her, which were often mistakes.[37] Shortly after the article appeared, she received a letter from Doubleday expressing interest in expanding it into a book. Walters felt that it would help "tongue-tied, socially awkward people — the many people who worry that they can't think of the right thing to say to start a conversation."[37] She published the book in 1970, with the assistance of ghostwriter June Callwood.[38] To Walters' great surprise, the book was a phenomenon. As of 2008, it had gone through eight printings, sold hundreds of thousands of copies worldwide, and had been translated into at least 6 different languages.[37]
In 2008, she published her autobiography, Audition: A Memoir.
Awards and nominations[link]
- 1975 Award for Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Talk Show Host (Today)
- 1998 Nomination for Best Talk Show (The View)
- 1998 Nomination for Best Talk Show Host (The View)
- 1999 Nomination for Best Talk Show (The View)
- 1999 Nomination for Best Talk Show Host (The View)
- 2000 Nomination for Best Talk Show (The View)
- 2000 Nomination for Best Talk Show Host (The View)
- 2001 Nomination for Best Talk Show (The View)
- 2001 Nomination for Best Talk Show Host (The View)
- 2002 Nomination for Best Talk Show (The View)
- 2002 Nomination for Best Talk Show Host (The View)
- 2003 Award for Best Talk Show (The View)
- 2003 Nomination for Best Talk Show Host (The View)
- 2004 Nomination for Best Talk Show (The View)
- 2004 Nomination for Best Talk Show Host (The View)
- 2005 Nomination for Best Talk Show (The View)
- 2005 Nomination for Best Talk Show Host (The View)
- 2006 Nomination for Best Talk Show (The View)
- 2006 Nomination for Best Talk Show Host (The View)
- 2007 Nomination for Best Talk Show (The View)
- 2007 Nomination for Best Talk Show Host (The View)
- 2008 Nomination for Best Talk Show (The View)
- 2008 Nomination for Best Talk Show Host (The View)
- 2009 Award for Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Talk Show Host (The View) (with Whoopi Goldberg, Joy Behar, Elisabeth Hasselbeck and Sherri Shepherd)
- 2010 Nomination for Best Talk Show Host (The View)
- 2009 Award for Best Talk Series (The View)
- 2010 Nomination for Best Talk Series
Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Award
- 1998 Lucy Award in recognition of her excellence and innovation in her creative works that have enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television.[39]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Barbara Walters". Forbes.com. 2007. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/53/07celebrities_Barbara-Walters_O4HQ.html. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
- ^ a b "Miss Walters engaged". The New York Times: p. 96. 1955-05-01.
- ^ "Special Collectors' Issue: 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time". TV Guide (December 14–20). 1996.
- ^ Stated on Finding Your Roots, PBS, April 1, 2012
- ^ Quinn, Sally (2006-12-22). "Television Personality Looks Anew At Religion". Washington Post/Newsweek. http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/guestvoices/2006/12/television_personality_looks_a.html. Retrieved 2006-12-22.
- ^ a b Walters, Barbara (2008). Audition: A Memoir. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 7–13. ISBN 978-0-307-26646-0.
- ^ http://www.npr.org/2012/03/23/149222907/helping-celebrities-find-their-roots
- ^ http://sfluxe.com/2012/03/21/owen-tv-celebrities-trace-their-genealogy-on-finding-your-roots/
- ^ Ancestry of Barbara Walters. Genealogy.com (2002-03-22). Retrieved on 2011-10-27.
- ^ "Lou Walters, Nightclub Impresario and Founder of Latin Quarter, Dies". The New York Times. 1977-08-16. p. 36.
- ^ Lou Walters at Internet Broadway Database
- ^ Tropicana – Las Vegas Strip. A2zlasvegas.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-27.
- ^ a b c James Conaway, "How to talk with Barbara Walters about practically anything," The New York Times, 10 September 1972, page SM40, 43–44
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Stated in interview at Inside the Actors Studio
- ^ a b Elisabeth Bumiller, "So Famous, Such Clout, She Could Interview Herself", The New York Times, April 21, 1996, page H1
- ^ Can Barbara Walters's Career Survive Rosie and Donald's War?- New York Magazine. Nymag.com (2007-03-05). Retrieved on 2011-10-27.
- ^ Dowd, Maureen (1990-03-25). "And Now Back To You, Barbara". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE2D71531F936A15750C0A966958260&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
- ^ "WALTERS, BARBARA: U.S. Broadcast Journalist". museum.tv. http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/W/htmlW/waltersbarb/waltersbarb.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
- ^ Audition, pp. 107–114
- ^ CNN: 1976 Presidential Debates. Retrieved on June 14, 2008.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Allen, Nick (2010-03-07). "Barbara Walters to host last Oscars special amid 'overexposure' of stars". Telegraph (London: Telegraph Media Group Limited 2010). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/oscars/7393741/Barbara-Walters-to-host-last-Oscars-special-amid-overexposure-of-stars.html. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
- ^ Kate the Great, The Katharine Hepburn Forum – The Barbara Walters Interview Retrieved 2008-05-10[unreliable source?]
- ^ "Trump Says Barbara's Off "The List"". CBS News. 2007-03-27.
- ^ "Katz—Walters", The New York Times, June 21, 1955, page 36
- ^ Miller, Neil (2005). Out of the Past: Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the Present. Advocate Books. pp. Ch. 18. ISBN 1-55583-870-7. http://www2.english.uiuc.edu/finnegan/English%20256/Miller.htm.
- ^ Wolfe, Tom (April 3, 1988). "Dangerous Obsessions". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE6D9163BF930A35757C0A96E948260&sec=&pagewanted=print.
- ^ Jerry Oppenheimer (1990), Barbara Walters: An Unauthorized Biography, St. Martin's Press
- ^ Wiegand, David (2008-05-05). "Barbara Walters gets personal. This time, she's candid about her own life.". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/05/05/DDTU10H1P9.DTL.
- ^ Terry Keenan (2007-09-23). "LISTEN TO SHILLER, NOT THE TV SHILLS". The New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/seven/09232007/business/listen_to_shiller__not_the_tv_.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
- ^ "Barbara Walters". NNDb. 2007. http://www.nndb.com/people/440/000023371. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
- ^ "Barbara Walters: I had affair with U.S. senator", Associated Press, May 1, 2008
- ^ Associated Press (14 May 2010). "Barbara Walters' heart valve surgery 'went well'". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/ae/tv/articles/2010/05/14/barbara_walters_heart_valve_surgery_went_well/. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
- ^ "Making Moves: Thursday, July 8, 2010". Radio-Info.com. July 8, 2010. http://www.radio-info.com/news/making-moves-thursday-july-8-2010.
- ^ "Barbara Walters Returns to Media Hosting Her Weekly SIRIUS XM Radio Show on July 12". Yahoo! Finance. http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Barbara-Walters-Returns-to-prnews-1477182584.html?x=0&.v=1.
- ^ Fehrman, Craig (2011-01-21) When Roger Ailes was honest about what he does, Salon.com
- ^ a b c Audition: A Memoir, pp. 186–9
- ^ June Callwood interview by Patrick Watson, September 21, 1979 Retrieved 18 October 2009.
- ^ Past Recipients. Wif.org. Retrieved on 2011-10-27.
External links[link]
| Find more about Barbara Walters on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
 |
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
|
Images and media from Commons |
 |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
|
News stories from Wikinews |
|
Quotations from Wikiquote |
|
Source texts from Wikisource |
 |
Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Barbara Walters at the Internet Movie Database
- ABC News' "Time Tunnel" page containing clips of numerous newscasts on which Walters appeared
- Excerpts from 2008 autobiography, Audition: A Memoir
- Barbara Walters Archive of American Television Interview
| Media offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Maureen O'Sullivan |
Today Girl 1964 |
Succeeded by Position abolished Female co-host precedent set by Barbara Walters |
| Preceded by John Chancellor |
Today Show Host June 13, 1966 – June 4, 1976 Hugh Downs and herself 1966–1971 Frank McGee and herself 1971–1974 Jim Hartz and herself 1974–1976 |
Succeeded by Tom Brokaw and Jane Pauley |
| Preceded by Harry Reasoner |
ABC Evening News Anchor Co-anchor with Harry Reasoner 1976–1978 |
Succeeded by Frank Reynolds, Max Robinson, and Peter Jennings |
| Preceded by Hugh Downs As sole host |
20/20 Host 1979–2004 Hugh Downs and herself 1979–1999 Solo 1999–2002 John Miller and herself 1/2002–1/2003 John Stossel and herself 2002–2004 |
Succeeded by Elizabeth Vargas and John Stossel |
| Preceded by None |
The View co-host 1997–present |
Incumbent |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||
|
||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Walters, Barbara Jill |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Journalist, television news anchor and talk show host |
| Date of birth | 1929-09-25 |
| Place of birth | Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Barbara_Walters
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Уолтерс, Барбара
http://fr.wn.com/Barbara Walters
http://nl.wn.com/Barbara Walters
http://pt.wn.com/Barbara Walters
http://de.wn.com/Barbara Walters
http://it.wn.com/Barbara Walters
http://pl.wn.com/Barbara Walters
http://id.wn.com/Barbara Walters
http://es.wn.com/Barbara Walters
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Walters
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Meryl Streep | |
|---|---|
 Meryl Streep in Spain, 2008 |
|
| Born | Mary Louise Streep (1949-06-22) June 22, 1949 (age 63) Summit, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Vassar College; Yale School of Drama |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1971–present |
| Spouse | Don Gummer (m. 1978–present; 4 children) |
| Partner | John Cazale (1975–1978, his death) |
| Children | 4 (including Mamie Gummer and Grace Gummer) |
Mary Louise "Meryl" Streep (born June 22, 1949[1]) is an American actress who has worked in theatre, television, and film. She is widely regarded as one of the most talented actors of all time.[2][3][4]
Streep made her professional stage debut in The Playboy of Seville (1971), before her screen debut in the television movie Deadliest Season (1977). In that same year, she made her film debut with Julia (1977). Both critical and commercial success came quickly with roles in The Deer Hunter (1978) and Kramer vs. Kramer (1979), the former giving Streep her first Academy Award nomination and the latter her first win. She later won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performances in Sophie's Choice (1982) and The Iron Lady (2011).
Streep has received 17 Academy Award nominations, winning three, and 26 Golden Globe nominations, winning eight, more nominations than any other actor in the history of either award. Her work has also earned her two Emmy Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, a Cannes Film Festival award, five New York Film Critics Circle Awards, two BAFTA awards, an Australian Film Institute Award, five Grammy Award nominations, and a Tony Award nomination, amongst others. She was awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award in 2004 and the Kennedy Center Honor in 2009 for her contribution to American culture through performing arts, the youngest actress in each award's history.
Contents |
Early life and background[link]
Streep was born Mary Louise Streep in Summit, New Jersey.[5] Her mother, Mary Wolf (née Wilkinson; 1915-2001), was a commercial artist and former art editor, and her father, Harry William Streep, Jr. (1910-2003), was a pharmaceutical executive.[6][7][8] She has two brothers, Dana David and Harry William III.[9] Her patrilineal ancestry originates in Loffenau, Germany, from where her second great-grandfather, Gottfried Streeb, emigrated to the United States, and where one of her ancestors served as mayor. Another line of her father's family was from Giswil in the canton of Obwalden, a small town in Switzerland. Her maternal ancestry originates in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island, and partly traces back to 17th century immigrants from England.[8] Her eighth great-grandfather, Lawrence Wilkinson, was one of the first Europeans to settle Rhode Island. Streep is also a distant relative of William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, and records show that her family were among the first purchasers of land in the state.[10][11][12]
She was raised a Presbyterian,[13][14] and grew up in Bernardsville, New Jersey, where she attended Bernards High School.[15] She had many school friends who were Catholic, and regularly attended Mass because she loved its rituals.[16] She received her B.A., in Drama at Vassar College in 1971 (where she briefly received instruction from actress Jean Arthur), but also enrolled as an exchange student at Dartmouth College for a quarter before it became coeducational. She subsequently earned an M.F.A. from Yale School of Drama. While at Yale, she played a variety of roles onstage,[17] from the glamorous Helena in A Midsummer Night's Dream to an eighty-year-old woman in a wheelchair in a comedy written by then-unknown playwrights Christopher Durang and Albert Innaurato.[18][19][20]
Career[link]
Early career[link]
Streep performed in several theater productions in New York and New Jersey after graduating from Yale School of Drama,[21] including the New York Shakespeare Festival productions of Henry V, The Taming of the Shrew with Raúl Juliá, and Measure for Measure opposite Sam Waterston and John Cazale. She started a relationship with Cazale, and was to live with him until his death three years later. She starred on Broadway in the Brecht/Weill musical Happy End, and won an Obie for her performance in the all-sung off-Broadway production of Alice at the Palace.
Streep began auditioning for film roles, and later recalled an unsuccessful audition for Dino De Laurentiis for the leading female role in King Kong. De Laurentiis commented to his son in Italian, "She's ugly. Why did you bring me this thing?" and was shocked when Streep replied in fluent Italian.[22] In New York City, she appeared in the 1976 Broadway double bill of Tennessee Williams' 27 Wagons Full of Cotton and Arthur Miller's A Memory of Two Mondays. For the former, she received a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Play. Her other early Broadway credits include Anton Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard and the Bertolt Brecht-Kurt Weill musical Happy End in which she originally appeared off-Broadway at the Chelsea Theater Center. She received Drama Desk Award nominations for both productions.
Streep's first feature film was Julia (1977), in which she played a small but pivotal role during a flashback scene. Streep was living in New York City with Cazale, who had been diagnosed with bone cancer.[23] He was cast in The Deer Hunter (1978), and Streep was delighted to secure a small role because it allowed her to remain with Cazale for the duration of filming. She was not specifically interested in the part, commenting, "They needed a girl between the two guys and I was it."[24]
She played a leading role in the television miniseries Holocaust (1978) as a German woman married to a Jewish artist in Nazi era Germany. She later explained that she had considered the material to be "unrelentingly noble",[24] and had taken the role only because she had needed money.[25] Streep travelled to Germany and Austria for filming while Cazale remained in New York. Upon her return, Streep found that Cazale's illness had progressed, and she nursed him until his death on March 12, 1978. She spoke of her grief and her hope that work would provide a diversion; she accepted a role in The Seduction of Joe Tynan (1979) with Alan Alda, later commenting that she played it on "automatic pilot",[24] and performed the role of Katherine in The Taming of the Shrew for Shakespeare in the Park.[26] With an estimated audience of 109 million, Holocaust brought a degree of public recognition to Streep, who was described in August 1978 as "on the verge of national visibility".[25] She won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie[27] for her performance.
The Deer Hunter (1978) was released a month later, and Streep was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance.
Streep played a supporting role in Manhattan (1979) for Woody Allen, later stating that she had not seen a complete script and was given only the six pages of her own scenes,[28] and that she had not been permitted to improvise a word of her dialogue.[29] Asked to comment on the script for Kramer vs. Kramer (1979), in a meeting with the producer Stan Jaffee, director Robert Benton and star Dustin Hoffman, Streep insisted that the female character was not representative of many real women who faced marriage breakdown and child custody battles, and was written as "too evil".[24] Jaffee, Benton and Hoffman agreed with Streep, and the script was revised.[24] In preparing for the part, Streep spoke to her own mother about her life as a mother and housewife with a career,[30] and frequented the Upper East Side neighborhood in which the film was set.[24] Benton allowed Streep to write her dialogue in two of her key scenes, despite some objection from Hoffman.[31] Jaffee and Hoffman later spoke of Streep's tirelessness, with Hoffman commenting, "She's extraordinarily hardworking, to the extent that she's obsessive. I think that she thinks about nothing else but what she's doing."[32]
Streep drew critical acclaim for her performance in each of her three films released in 1979: the romantic comedy Manhattan, the political drama The Seduction of Joe Tynan and the family drama, Kramer vs. Kramer.[21] She was awarded the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress, National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress and National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress for her collective work in the three films. Among the awards won for Kramer vs. Kramer were the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress.[21]
1980s[link]
After prominent supporting roles in two of the 1970s' most successful films, the consecutive winners of the Academy Award for Best Picture, The Deer Hunter and Kramer vs. Kramer, and praise for her versatility in several supporting roles, Streep progressed to leading roles. Her first was The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981). A story within a story drama, the film paired Streep with Jeremy Irons as contemporary actors, telling their modern story as well as the Victorian era drama they were performing. A New York Magazine article commented that, while many female stars of the past had cultivated a singular identity in their films, Streep was a "chameleon", willing to play any type of role.[33] Streep was awarded a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her work.
Her next film, the psychological thriller, Still of the Night (1982) reunited her with Robert Benton, the director of Kramer vs. Kramer, and co-starred Roy Scheider and Jessica Tandy. Vincent Canby, writing for The New York Times, noted that the film was an homage to the works of Alfred Hitchcock, but that one of its main weaknesses was a lack of chemistry between Streep and Scheider, concluding that Streep "is stunning, but she's not on screen anywhere near long enough".[34]
As the Polish holocaust survivor in Sophie's Choice (1982), Streep's emotional dramatic performance and her apparent mastery of a Polish accent drew praise.[21] William Styron wrote the novel with Ursula Andress in mind for the part of Sophie, but Streep was very determined to get the role. After she obtained a pirated copy of the script, she went to Alan J. Pakula and threw herself on the ground begging him to give her the part. Streep filmed the "choice" scene in one take and refused to do it again, as she found shooting the scene extremely painful and emotionally exhausting.[35] Among several notable acting awards, Streep won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance. Roger Ebert said of her performance, "Streep plays the Brooklyn scenes with an enchanting Polish-American accent (she has the first accent I've ever wanted to hug), and she plays the flashbacks in subtitled German and Polish. There is hardly an emotion that Streep doesn't touch in this movie, and yet we're never aware of her straining. This is one of the most astonishing and yet one of the most unaffected and natural performances I can imagine."
She followed this success with a biographical film, Silkwood (1983), in which she played her first real-life character, the union activist Karen Silkwood. She discussed her preparation for the role in an interview with Roger Ebert and said that she had met with people close to Silkwood to learn more about her, and in doing so realized that each person saw a different aspect of Silkwood.[36] Streep concentrated on the events of Silkwood's life and concluded, "I didn't try to turn myself into Karen. I just tried to look at what she did. I put together every piece of information I could find about her... What I finally did was look at the events in her life, and try to understand her from the inside."[36]
Her next films were a romantic drama, Falling in Love (1984) opposite Robert De Niro, and a British drama, Plenty (1985). Roger Ebert said of Streep's performance in Plenty that she conveyed "great subtlety; it is hard to play an unbalanced, neurotic, self-destructive woman, and do it with such gentleness and charm... Streep creates a whole character around a woman who could have simply been a catalogue of symptoms."[37]
Out of Africa (1985) starred Streep as the Danish writer Karen Blixen and co-starred Robert Redford. A significant critical success, the film received a 63% "fresh" rating from Rotten Tomatoes.[38] Streep co-starred with Jack Nicholson in her next two films, the dramas Heartburn (1986) and Ironweed (1987), in which she sang onscreen for the first time since the television movie, Secret Service, in 1977. In A Cry in the Dark (1988), she played the biographical role of Lindy Chamberlain, an Australian woman who had been convicted of the murder of her infant daughter in which Chamberlain claimed her baby had been taken by a dingo. Filmed in Australia, Streep won the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, a Best Actress at the Cannes Film Festival, the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress and was nominated for several other awards for her portrayal of Chamberlain.
In She-Devil (1989), Streep played her first comedic film role, opposite Roseanne Barr. Richard Corliss, writing for Time, commented that Streep was the "one reason" to see the film and observed that it marked a departure from the type of role for which she had been known, saying, "Surprise! Inside the Greer Garson roles Streep usually plays, a vixenish Carole Lombard is screaming to be cut loose."[39]
1990s[link]
From 1984 to 1990, Streep won six People's Choice Awards for Favorite Motion Picture Actress and, in 1990, was named World Favorite.
In the 1990s, Streep continued to choose a great variety of roles, including a drug-addicted movie actress in a screen adaptation of Carrie Fisher's novel Postcards from the Edge, with Dennis Quaid and Shirley MacLaine. Streep and Goldie Hawn had established a friendship and were interested in making a film together. After considering various projects, they decided upon Thelma and Louise, until Streep's pregnancy coincided with the filming schedule, and the producers decided to proceed with Susan Sarandon and Geena Davis.[22] They subsequently filmed the farcical black comedy, Death Becomes Her, with Bruce Willis as their co-star. Time's Richard Corliss wrote approvingly of Streep's "wicked-witch routine" but dismissed the film as "She-Devil with a make-over".[40]
Biographer Karen Hollinger describes this period as a downturn in the popularity of Streep's films, which reached its nadir with the failure of Death Becomes Her, attributing this partly to a critical perception that her comedies had been an attempt to convey a lighter image following several serious but commercially unsuccessful dramas, and more significantly to the lack of options available to an actress in her forties.[41][clarification needed] Streep commented that she had limited her options by her preference to work in Los Angeles, close to her family,[41] a situation that she had anticipated in a 1981 interview when she commented, "By the time an actress hits her mid-forties, no one's interested in her anymore. And if you want to fit a couple of babies into that schedule as well, you've got to pick your parts with great care."[33]
In 1995, Streep played opposte Clint Eastwood in the love story The Bridges of Madison County (1995). Based on a best-selling novel by Robert James Waller,[42] it relates the story of Robert Kincaid (Eastwood), a photographer working for National Geographic, who has a love affair with a middle-aged Italian farm wife in Iowa named Francesca (Streep). Streep and Eastwood got along famously during production and such was their on-screen chemistry that a number of people believed that the two were having an affair off-camera, although this was denied by both.[43] The film was a hit at the box office and grossed $70 million in the United States.[44] The film, unlike the novel, surprised film critics and was warmly received. Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that Clint had managed to create "a moving, elegiac love story at the heart of Mr. Waller's self-congratulatory overkill", while Joe Morgenstern of the The Wall Street Journal described The Bridges of Madison County as "one of the most pleasurable films in recent memory".[44]
In 1999, Streep portrayed Roberta Guaspari, a real-life New Yorker who found passion and enlightenment teaching violin to inner-city kids in East Harlem, in the music drama Music of the Heart. A departure from director Wes Craven’s previous work on films like A Nightmare on Elm Street and the Scream series, Streep replaced singer Madonna who left the project before filming began due to creative differences with Craven. Required to perform on the violin, Streep went through two months of intense training, four to six hours a day.[45]
In addition, Streep appeared with Glenn Close in the movie version of Isabel Allende's The House of the Spirits; The River Wild; Marvin's Room (with Diane Keaton and Leonardo DiCaprio); and One True Thing.
2000s[link]
Main article: Meryl Streep in the 2000s
Streep entered the 2000s with Steven Spielberg's A.I. Artificial Intelligence, a science fiction film about a child-like android, played by Haley Joel Osment, uniquely programmed with the ability to love, voicing the Blue Fairy.[46] The same year, Streep co-hosted the annual Nobel Peace Prize Concert concert with Liam Neeson which was held in Oslo, Norway on December 11, 2001 in honour of the Nobel Peace Prize laureate, the United Nations and Kofi Annan.[47]
In 2002, Streep returned to the stage for the first time in more than twenty years, playing Arkadina in The Public Theater's revival of Anton Chekhov's The Seagull, directed by Mike Nichols and co-starring Kevin Kline, Natalie Portman, and Philip Seymour Hoffman.[48] The same year, she began work on Spike Jonze's comedy-drama Adaptation (2002), in which she portrayed real-life journalist Susan Orlean. Lauded by critics and viewers alike,[49] the film won Streep her fourth Golden Globe in the Best Supporting Actress category.[50] Also in 2002, Streep appeared alongside Nicole Kidman and Julianne Moore in Stephen Daldry's The Hours, based on the 1999 novel by Michael Cunningham. Focusing on three women of different generations whose lives are interconnected by the novel Mrs. Dalloway by Virginia Woolf, the film was generally well received and won all three leading actresses a Silver Bear for Best Actress the following year.[50]
The following year, Streep had a cameo as herself in the Farrelly brothers comedy Stuck on You (2003) and reunited with Mike Nichols to star with Al Pacino and Emma Thompson in the HBO adaptation of Tony Kushner's six-hour play Angels in America, the story of two couples whose relationships dissolve amidst the backdrop of Reagan Era politics. Streep, who was cast in four roles in the mini-series, received her second Emmy Award and fifth Golden Globe for her performance.[50] In 2004, Streep was awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award by the Board of Directors of the American Film Institute,[50]. She appeared in Jonathan Demme's moderately successful remake of The Manchurian Candidate,[51] co-starring Denzel Washington, playing the role of a woman who is both a U.S. senator and the manipulative, ruthless mother of a vice-presidential candidate.[52] The same year, she played the supporting role of Aunt Josephine in Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events alongside Jim Carrey, based on the first three novels in Snicket's book series. The black comedy received generally favorable reviews from critics,[53] and won the Academy Award for Best Makeup.[54]
Streep was next cast in the 2005 comedy Prime, directed by Ben Younger. In the film, she played Lisa Metzger, the Jewish psychoanalyst of a divorced and lonesome business-woman, played by Uma Thurman, who enters a relationship with Metzger's 23-year-old son (Bryan Greenberg). A modest mainstream success, it eventually grossed US$67.9 million internationally.[55] In August and September 2006, she starred onstage at The Public Theater's production of Mother Courage and Her Children at the Delacorte Theatre in Central Park.[56] The Public Theater production was a new translation by playwright Tony Kushner (Angels in America), with songs in the Weill/Brecht style written by composer Jeanine Tesori (Caroline, or Change); veteran director George C. Wolfe was at the helm. Streep starred alongside Kevin Kline and Austin Pendleton in this three-and-a-half-hour play in which she sang and appeared in almost every scene.
Also in 2006, Streep, along with Lily Tomlin, portrayed the last two members of what was once a popular family country music act in Robert Altman's final film A Prairie Home Companion. A comedic ensemble piece featuring Tommy Lee Jones, Kevin Kline and Woody Harrelson, the film revolves around the behind-the-scenes activities at the long-running public radio show of the same name. The film grossed over US$26 million, the majority of which came from domestic markets.[57] Commercially, Streep fared better with a role in The Devil Wears Prada (2006), a loose screen adaptation of Lauren Weisberger's 2003 novel of the same name. Streep portrayed the powerful and demanding Miranda Priestly, fashion magazine editor (and boss of a recent college graduate played by Anne Hathaway), and her performance drew rave reviews from critics and earned her many award nominations, including her record-setting 14th Oscar bid, as well as another Golden Globe. Upon its commercial release, the film became Streep's biggest commercial success yet, grossing more than US$326.5 million worldwide.[58]
In 2007, Streep was cast in four films. She portrayed a wealthy university patron in Chen Shi-zheng's much-delayed feature drama Dark Matter (2007), a film about a Chinese science graduate student who becomes violent after dealing with academic politics at a U.S. university. Inspired by the events of the 1991 University of Iowa shooting,[59] and initially scheduled for a 2007 release, producers and investors decided to shelve Dark Matter out of respect for the Virginia Tech massacre in April 2007.[60] The drama received negative to mixed reviews upon its limited 2008 release.[61] Streep played a U.S. government official who investigates an Egyptian foreign national suspected of terrorism in the political thriller Rendition (2007), directed by Gavin Hood.[62] Keen to get involved in a thriller film, Streep welcomed the opportunity to star in a film genre for which she was not usually offered scripts and immediately signed on to the project.[63] Upon its release, Rendition was less commercially successful,[64] and received mixed reviews.[65]
Also in 2007, Streep had a short role alongside Vanessa Redgrave, Glenn Close and her eldest daughter Mamie Gummer in Lajos Koltai's drama film Evening, based on the 1998 novel of the same name by Susan Minot. Switching between the present and the past, it tells the story of a bedridden woman, who remembers her tumultuous life in the mid-1950s.[66] The film was released to lukewarm reactions by critics, who called it "beautifully filmed, but decidedly dull [and] a colossal waste of a talented cast."[67][68] Streep's last film of 2007 was Robert Redfords Lions for Lambs, a film about the connection between a platoon of United States soldiers in Afghanistan, a U.S. senator, a reporter, and a California college professor.
In 2008, Streep found major commercial success when she starred in Phyllida Lloyd's Mamma Mia!, a film adaptation of the musical of the same name, based on the songs of Swedish pop group ABBA. Co-starring Amanda Seyfried, Pierce Brosnan, Stellan Skarsgård and Colin Firth, Streep played a single mother and a former backing singer, whose daughter (Seyfried), a bride-to-be who never met her father, invites three likely paternal candidates to her wedding on an idyllic Greek island.[69] An instant box office success, Mamma Mia! became Streep's highest-grossing film to date, with box office receipts of US$602.6 million,[70] also ranking it first among the highest-grossing musical films of all-time.[71] Nominated for another Golden Globe, Streep's performance was generally well received by critics, with Wesley Morris of the Boston Globe commenting "the greatest actor in American movies has finally become a movie star."[72] Streep's other film of 2008 was Doubt featuring Philip Seymour Hoffman, Amy Adams, and Viola Davis. A drama revolving around the stern principal nun (Streep) of a Bronx Catholic school in 1964 who brings charges of pedophilia against a popular priest (Hoffman), the film became a moderate box office success,[73] but was hailed by many critics as one of the best of 2008.[74] The film received five Academy Awards nominations, for its four lead actors and for Shanley's script.[50]
In 2009, Streep played chef Julia Child in Nora Ephron's Julie & Julia, co-starring Amy Adams and Stanley Tucci. The first major motion picture based on a blog, it contrasts the life of Child in the early years of her culinary career with the life of young New Yorker Julie Powell (Adams), who aspires to cook all 524 recipes in Child's cookbook Mastering the Art of French Cooking in 365 days, a challenge she described on her popular blog, The Julie/Julia Project, that would make her a published author. The same year, Streep also starred in Nancy Meyers' romantic comedy It's Complicated, with Alec Baldwin and Steve Martin. She also received nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for both of these films and won the award for the former.[75] Streep later received her 16th Oscar nomination for Julie & Julia.[76] She also lent her voice to Mrs. Felicity Fox in the stop-motion film Fantastic Mr. Fox.
2010s[link]
Streep's first film of the 2010s was Phyllida Lloyd's The Iron Lady (2011), a British biographical film about Margaret Thatcher, which takes a look at the Prime Minister during the Falklands War and her years in retirement.[77] Streep, who sat through a session at the House of Commons to observe British MPs in action in preparation for her role,[78] called her cast "a daunting and exciting challenge," and further added: "I am trying to approach the role with as much zeal, fervour and attention to detail as the real Lady Thatcher possesses – I can only hope my stamina will begin to approach her own."[79] While the film met with mixed critics, Streep's performance got rave reviews, earning her Best Actress awards at the Golden Globes and the BAFTAs as well as a third statuette at the Academy Awards.[80][81][82]
In July 2010, it was announced that Streep will star in an upcoming comedy entitled Mommy & Me alongside Tina Fey who will play her daughter. The film is being directed by Stanley Tucci.[83]
Accents and dialects[link]
Streep is well known for her ability to imitate foreign and domestic accents,[21] from Danish in Out of Africa (1985); to British RP in Plenty (also 1985), The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981) and The Iron Lady (2011); and from Italian in The Bridges of Madison County (1995); to a Minnesota accent in A Prairie Home Companion (2006). In A Cry in the Dark (1988), critics were impressed with Streep's ability to master an Australian accent with shades of New Zealand English.[84] For her role in the film Sophie's Choice (1982), she took language courses to speak both English and German with a Polish accent. In The Iron Lady, she reproduced the vocal style of Margaret Thatcher, from the time before she became Britain's Prime Minister, and after she had taken elocution lessons to change her pitch, pronunciation and delivery. Despite the accolades accorded to her, Streep has emphasised that adopting accents is an element she simply considers an obvious part of creating a character. When asked whether accents helped her get into character, she responded, "I'm always baffled by this question... How could I play that part and talk like me?" When questioned as to how she reproduces different accents, Streep replied, "I listen."[85]
Music[link]
After Streep appeared in Mamma Mia!, her rendition of the song "Mamma Mia" rose to popularity in the Portuguese music charts, where it peaked at #8 in October 2008.[86]
At the 35th People's Choice Awards, her version of Mamma Mia won an award for "Favorite Song From A Soundtrack".[87] In 2008, Streep was nominated for a Grammy Award (her fifth nomination) for her work on the Mamma Mia! soundtrack.
Philanthropy[link]
Streep is the spokesperson for the National Women's History Museum, to which she has donated a significant amount of money (including her fee for The Iron Lady) and hosted numerous events. [88]
Personal life[link]
Streep lived with actor John Cazale for three years until his death in March 1978.[89][90] Streep married sculptor Don Gummer on September 15, 1978.[91] They have four children: Henry "Hank" Wolfe Gummer (born November 13, 1979), Mary Willa "Mamie" Gummer (born August 3, 1983), Grace Jane Gummer (born May 9, 1986), and Louisa Jacobson Gummer (born June 12, 1991). Both Mamie and Grace are actresses.[6] Hank is a musician who performs under the name Henry Wolfe.[92]
When asked if religion plays a part in her life, in an interview in 2009, Streep replied, "I follow no doctrine. I don't belong to a church or a temple or a synagogue or an ashram."[93] Streep does not rule out the possibility that God exists, “I do have a sense of trying to make things better. Where does that come from?”[94]
Awards and nominations[link]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Meryl Streep
In 1999, Streep was awarded The George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film.[95] Streep holds the record for the most Academy Award nominations of any actor, having been nominated 17 times since her first nomination in 1979 for her performance in The Deer Hunter (fourteen for Best Actress and three for Best Supporting Actress) – five more than both Katharine Hepburn and Jack Nicholson, who are tied in second place.[96] With her third Oscar win for her performance as Margaret Thatcher in The Iron Lady (2011) in 2012, Streep became the fifth performer to receive three Academy Awards: Nicholson, Ingrid Bergman and Walter Brennan all earned three, while Hepburn won four.[97]
In 2009, Streep became the most-nominated performer in Golden Globe Awards history when her double lead actress nods for Doubt (2008) and Mamma Mia! (2008) gave her 23 in total, breaking the tie with Jack Lemmon, who had received 22 lead nominations before his death in 2001.[98] The following year, Streep surpassed Jack Nicholson and Angela Lansbury, with six Golden Globe awards wins each, after receiving her seventh Globe for her performance as Julia Child in Julie & Julia (2009).[98] In 2012, she broke her own record when she garnered her 26th nomination and overall eighth win for The Iron Lady at the 69th Golden Globe Awards.
As with both the Oscars and the Golden Globe Awards, Streep holds the BAFTA record for most nominations at 14 in total.[99] She received her second Best Actress award for The Iron Lady at the 65th ceremony in February 2012, following her first win in 1981 for her performance in The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981).[99]
In 1983, Yale University, from which Streep graduated in 1975,[100] was the first university to award her an honorary degree, a Doctorate of Fine Arts.[101] In 1998, Women in Film awarded Streep with the Crystal Award, an honor for outstanding women who, through their endurance and the excellence of their work, have helped to expand the role of women within the entertainment industry.[102] The same year, Streep received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
In 2003, Streep was awarded an honorary César Award by the French Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma. In 2004, at the Moscow International Film Festival, Streep was honored with the Stanislavsky Award for the outstanding achievement in the career of acting and devotion to the principles of Stanislavsky's school. Also in 2004, Streep received the AFI Life Achievement Award. In 2008, Streep was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame.[103] In 2009, she was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts by Princeton University.[104] In 2010, she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters and was awarded an honorary Doctor of Arts degree by Harvard University.[105][106]
On December 4, 2011 (program aired on CBS-TV on December 27, 2011), Streep received the 2011 Kennedy Center Honor (along with Neil Diamond, Yo-Yo Ma, Sonny Rollins, and Barbara Cook). On February 14, 2012, Streep received the Honorary Golden Bear at the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival.[107] She previously won the Berlinale Camera at the 49th Berlin International Film Festival in 1999.[108]
Selected filmography[link]
Main article: Meryl Streep filmography
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1978 | The Deer Hunter | Linda | American Movie Award for Best Supporting Actress National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated - Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated - BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture |
| 1979 | Manhattan | Jill | Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress (also for The Seduction of Joe Tynan and Kramer vs. Kramer) National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress (also for The Seduction of Joe Tynan and Kramer vs. Kramer) National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress (also for The Seduction of Joe Tynan and Kramer vs. Kramer) Nominated - BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role |
| 1979 | Kramer vs. Kramer | Joanna Kramer | Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress (also for The Seduction of Joe Tynan and Manhattan) National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress (also for Manhattan and The Seduction of Joe Tynan) National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress (also for The Seduction of Joe Tynan and Manhattan) New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress (and also The Seduction of Joe Tynan) Nominated - BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role |
| 1981 | The French Lieutenant's Woman | Sarah/Anna | BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actress |
| 1982 | Sophie's Choice | Sophie Zawistowski | Academy Award for Best Actress Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress National Board of Review Award for Best Actress National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress Nominated - BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role |
| 1983 | Silkwood | Karen Silkwood | Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actress Nominated - BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama |
| 1985 | Out of Africa | Karen Blixen | David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actress (Migliore Attrice Straniero) Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actress Nominated - BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama |
| 1987 | Ironweed | Helen Archer | Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actress |
| 1988 | A Cry in the Dark | Lindy Chamberlain | Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress Best Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival) Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actress Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama |
| 1990 | Postcards from the Edge | Suzanne Vale | American Comedy Award for Funniest Actress in a Motion Picture (Leading Role) Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actress Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy |
| 1992 | Death Becomes Her | Madeline Ashton | Nominated - Saturn Award for Best Actress Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy |
| 1995 | The Bridges of Madison County | Francesca Johnson | Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actress Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama Nominated - Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role |
| 1998 | One True Thing | Kate Gulden | Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actress Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama Nominated - Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Nominated - Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role |
| 1999 | Music of the Heart | Roberta Guaspari | Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actress Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama Nominated - Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role |
| 2002 | Adaptation. | Susan Orlean | Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Silver Bear for Best Actress Southeastern Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated - Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated - BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role Nominated - Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated - London Film Critics Circle Award for Actress of the Year Nominated - Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated - Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated - Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast Nominated - Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture |
| 2002 | The Hours | Clarissa Vaughan | Silver Bear for Best Actress in Berlin International Film Festival (with Julianne Moore and Nicole Kidman) Nominated - BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama Nominated - Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress Nominated - Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast Nominated - Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Nominated - Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture |
| 2004 | The Manchurian Candidate | Eleanor Shaw | Nominated - BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture Nominated - Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress |
| 2006 | The Devil Wears Prada | Miranda Priestly | Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy London Film Critics Circle Award for Actress of the Year National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actress Nominated - BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Nominated - Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Nominated - Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Nominated - MTV Movie Award for Best Villain Nominated - Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role |
| 2008 | Mamma Mia! | Donna | Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Nominated - Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nominated - London Film Critics Circle Award for Actress of the Year |
| 2008 | Doubt | Sister Aloysius Beauvier | Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress National Board of Review Award for Best Cast Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actress Nominated - BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Nominated - Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast Nominated - Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama Nominated - London Film Critics Circle Award for Actress of the Year Nominated - Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture |
| 2009 | Julie & Julia | Julia Child | Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Southeastern Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actress Nominated - BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Nominated - Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Nominated - London Film Critics Circle Award for Actress of the Year Nominated - Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role |
| 2009 | It's Complicated | Jane Adler | Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy |
| 2011 | The Iron Lady | Margaret Thatcher | Academy Award for Best Actress AACTA International Award for Best Actress BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Denver Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress New York Film Critics Online Award for Best Actress London Film Critics Circle Award for Actress of the Year Southeastern Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress UK's Annual Regional Film Awards for Best Actress Nominated - Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Best Actress Nominated - Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Actress Defying Age and Ageism Nominated - Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award for Female Icon Award Nominated - Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress (runner-up) Nominated - Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Nominated - Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Nominated - Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Nominated - Detroit Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress Nominated - Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Actres Nominated - Iowa Film Critics Awards for Best Actress Nominated - Irish Film & Television Award for Best International Actress Nominated - National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress Nominated - Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress Nominated - Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Nominated - Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Nominated - St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Nominated - Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress Nominated - Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Nominated - Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role |
| 2012 | Hope Springs | Maeve Soames |
See also[link]
- List of people from New Jersey
- List of American actresses
- List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories
References[link]
- ^ "Happy Birthday, Meryl!". rte.ie. 2011-06-21. http://www.rte.ie/ten/2011/0621/merylstreep.html. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
- ^ Santas, Constantine (2002). Responding to Film. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 187. ISBN 0-8304-1580-7.
- ^ Hollinger, Karen (2006). The Actress: Hollywood Acting and the Female Star. CRS Press. pp. 94–95. ISBN 0-415-97792-4.
- ^ The Middle East. Library Information and Research Service. 2005. p. 204.
- ^ Robert Battle. "Meryl Streep". Ancestry.com. http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~battle/celeb/streep.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
- ^ a b "Meryl Streep Biography (1949–)". Film Reference.com. http://www.filmreference.com/film/65/Meryl-Streep.html. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
- ^ ASSOCIATED PRESS (2001-10-03). "Artist Mary W. Streep, mother of actress Meryl, dies at 86". The Star-Ledger. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/82788043.html?dids=82788043:82788043&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+03%2C+2001&author=THE+ASSOCIATED+PRESS&pub=Newsday+(Combined+editions)&desc=OBITUARIES+%2F+Mary+Wilkinson+Streep%2C+Mother+of+the+Actress&pqatl=google. Retrieved 2009-12-16.
- ^ a b Britten, Nick (2012-02-14). "Baftas: Meryl Streep's British ancestor 'helped start war with Native Americans'". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/baftas/9080244/Baftas-Meryl-Streeps-British-ancestor-helped-start-war-with-Native-Americans.html.
- ^ "Meryl Streep Biography". Yahoo! Movies. http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800018835/bio.
- ^ "Meryl Streep". Faces of America. 2010. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/facesofamerica/profiles/meryl-streep/70/. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
- ^ McKenzie, Joi-Marie (2010-02-04). "Henry Louis Gates Says He Broke Meryl Streep's Heart". Niteside. http://www.nbcwashington.com/blogs/niteside/Henry-Louis-Gates-Explores-Immigrant-Origins-of-Famous-Americans-83509992.html. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
- ^ "Faces of America: Meryl Streep", PBS, Faces of America series, with Professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr., 2010.
- ^ Horowitz, Joy (1991-03-17). "That Madcap Meryl. Really!". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE7DA133BF934A25750C0A967958260. Retrieved 2009-01-13.
- ^ "Press Archive". Simply Streep.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. http://web.archive.org/web/20070929141718/http://simplystreep.com/press/press1992movieline.htm.
- ^ "N.J. Teachers Honor 6 Graduates". The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1983-11-12. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB29697FA2C7F62&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved 2007-07-20. "Streep is a graduate of Bernards High School in Bernardsville..."
- ^ Meryl Streep: Movies, marriage, and turning sixty – Profiles – People. The Independent (2009-01-24). Retrieved on 2011-11-24.
- ^ "Yale library's list of all roles played at Yale by Meryl Streep". http://www.library.yale.edu/humanities/theater/Meryl_Streep's_roles.doc. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
- ^ "1974 New York Times review", reprinted in Mel Gussow's Theatre on the Edge. p. 365.
- ^ Gussow, Mel (1991-01-07). "Critic's Notebook; Luring Actors Back to the Stage They Left Behind". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/07/movies/critic-s-notebook-luring-actors-back-to-the-stage-they-left-behind.html?pagewanted=1. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
- ^ Robert S. Brustein, Letters to a Young Actor, p.61 This book also contains details of her performances at Yale.
- ^ a b c d e "Meryl Streep". Inside the Actors Studio. episode 1. season 5. 1998-11-22. Bravo. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0611276/.
- ^ a b "Information, Considered & Delayed Projects". SimplyStreep.com. http://www.simplystreep.com/site/career/considered/. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
- ^ Gray, Paul (December 3, 1979). "Cinema: A Mother Finds Herself". Time: p. 3. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,948649-3,00.html. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f "Magazines Archive". SimplyStreep.com. http://www.simplystreep.com/site/magazines/197902msmagazine/. Retrieved 2009-08-14. citing "Meryl Streep to the Rescue". Ms. Magazine. February 1979.
- ^ a b "Magazines Archive". SimplyStreep.com. http://www.www.simplystreep.com/magazines/197808horizon.htm. Retrieved 2009-06-07. citing "Star Treks". Horizon Magazine. August 1978.
- ^ "Magazines Archive". SimplyStreep.com. http://www.simplystreep.com/site/career/stage/. Retrieved 2009-06-07. citing "From Homecoming Queen to Holocaust". TV Guide. June 1978.
- ^ Meryl Streep Emmy Award Winner
- ^ "Magazines Archive". SimplyStreep.com. http://www.www.simplystreep.com/magazines/197903lookmagazine.htm. Retrieved 2009-06-07. citing "Streep Year". Look Magazine. March 1979.
- ^ Hollinger, Karen (2006). The Actress: Hollywood Acting and the Female Star. Routledge. p. 76. ISBN 0-415-97792-4. http://books.google.com/?id=89W0QMDjA7gC&pg=PA71&dq=Meryl+Streep#PPA76,M1.
- ^ Hollinger, p. 75
- ^ Hollinger, p. 77
- ^ "Magazines Archive". SimplyStreep.com. http://www.www.simplystreep.com/magazines/197911playgirl.htm. Retrieved 2009-06-07. citing "The Freshest Face in Hollywood". Playgirl Magazine. November 1979.
- ^ a b Denby, David (1981-09-21). "Meryl Streep is Madonna and siren in The French Lieutenant's Woman". New York Magazine: p. 27. http://books.google.com/books?id=-OUCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA26&dq=Meryl+Streep&lr=#PPA26,M1. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
- ^ Canby, Vincent (1985-09-20). "'Still of the Night,' in Hitchcock Manner". The New York Times. http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9C02E2D8123BF93AA25752C1A964948260. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ Skow, John (1981-09-07). "What Makes Meryl Magic". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924815-8,00.html. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
- ^ a b Ebert, Roger; David Bordwell (2006). Awake in the dark: the best of Roger Ebert: forty years of reviews, essays, and interviews. University of Chicago Press. p. 64. ISBN 0-226-18200-2. http://books.google.com/?id=YIU1jlgPjr8C&pg=PA64&dq=Meryl+Streep#PPA64,M1.
- ^ Ebert, Roger (1982-11-19). "'Plenty' review". Chicago Sun Times. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19850920/REVIEWS/509200303/1023. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ "Out of Africa (1985)". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/out_of_africa/. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ Corliss, Richard (1989-12-11). "Warty Worm, "She-Devil" review". Time magazine. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,959340,00.html. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
- ^ Corliss, Richard (1992-08-03). "Beverly Hills Corpse, "Death Becomes Her" review". Time magazine. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,976129,00.html. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
- ^ a b p. 78
- ^ McGilligan, p.492
- ^ McGilligan, p.499
- ^ a b McGilligan, p.503
- ^ http://www.lifewhile.com/news/136587/detail.html
- ^ "A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001)". Box Office Mojo. http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=ai.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
- ^ "Previous Concerts (2001)". Nobelpeaceprize.org. http://nobelpeaceprize.org/concert/history/2001.php. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
- ^ Brantley, Ben (2001-08-31). "Theater Review: Streep Meets Chekhov, Up in Central Park". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/13/theater/theater-review-streep-meets-chekhov-up-in-central-park.html?src=pm. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
- ^ "Adaptation (2002)". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/adaptation/. Retrieved 8 April 2008.
- ^ a b c d e "Awards for Meryl Streep". IMDb.com. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000658/awards. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
- ^ "The Manchurian Candidate (2003)". Box Office Mojo. http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=manchuriancandidate.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
- ^ LaSalle, Mick (July 30, 2004). "Terrorist attacks, corporate control, election controversy: Sound familiar? 'The Manchurian Candidate' has it all.". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 30, 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5q7FcZ2d6. Retrieved May 30, 2010.
- ^ "Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/lemony_snicket/. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
- ^ "Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (2004)". Box Office Mojo. http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lemonysnicket.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
- ^ "Prime (2004)". Box Office Mojo. http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=prime.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
- ^ Brantley, Ben (2006-08-22). "Mother Courage and Her Children". The New York Times. http://theater2.nytimes.com/2006/08/22/theater/reviews/22moth.html. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
- ^ "A Prairie Home Companion (2006)". Box Office Mojo. http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=prairiehomecompanion.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
- ^ "The Devil Wears Prada (2006)". Box Office Mojo. http://www.the-numbers.com/people/MSTRE.php. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
- ^ "Streep Film Delayed Because Of Campus Shooting". Associated Press. MSN. 2008-02-15. http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/23189744/ns/today-entertainment/. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
- ^ Alberge, Dalya (2007-04-26). "Campus Massacre Films Face A Ban". The Times (London). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article1706612.ece/. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
- ^ "Dark Matter (2007)". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dark_matter/. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
- ^ Markon, Jerry (2006-05-19). "Lawsuit Against CIA Is Dismissed". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/18/AR2006051802107.html. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
- ^ "Meryl Streep Plays With Politics". Artisan News Service. YouTube. 2007-11-12. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nerer1qI-zQ. Retrieved 2011-02-19.
- ^ "Rendition (2007)". Box Office Mojo. http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=rendition.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
- ^ "Rendition (2007)". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/rendition/. Retrieved 2011-02-11.
- ^ Jacobs, Jay S. (2007-06-27). "Some Enchanted Evening". Pop Entertainment. http://www.popentertainment.com/danesdancygummer.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
- ^ "Evening (2007)". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/evening/. Retrieved 2011-02-11.
- ^ "Evening (2007)". Box Office Mojo. http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=evening.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
- ^ Mansfield, Paul (2008-07-15). "Mamma Mia! Unfazed By The Fuss In Skopelos". The Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/artsandculture/2229868/Mamma-Mia---Unfazed-by-the-fuss-in-Skopelos.html. Retrieved 2010-05-12.
- ^ "Mamma Mia! (2008)". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=mammamia.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
- ^ "Genres: Musical". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/genres/chart/?id=musical.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
- ^ Morris, Wesley (2008-07-18). "Abba-cadabra". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/movies/display?display=movie&id=10190. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
- ^ "Doubt (2008)". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=doubt.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
- ^ "Film Critic Top Ten List: 2008 Critics' Picks". Metacritic. http://apps.metacritic.com/film/awards/2008/toptens.shtml. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ "Golden Globe Awards 2009". Hollywood Foreign Press Association. http://www.goldenglobes.org/nominations/year/2009/. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
- ^ Gans, Andrew (2010-02-02). "Academy Award Nominations Announced Feb. 2; "Nine" Receives Four Noms". Playbill.com. http://www.playbill.com/news/article/136504-Academy-Award-Nominations-Announced-Feb-2-Nine-Receives-Four-Noms. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
- ^ Peck, Tom (2010-07-02). "Meryl Streep takes on her toughest role: the Iron Lady". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/meryl-streep-takes-on-her-toughest-role-the-iron-lady-2016400.html. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
- ^ Showbiz, Bang (2011-01-12). "Meryl Streep attends parliament for Thatcher research". The Independent (UK). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/meryl-streep-attends-parliament-for-thatcher-research-2189672.html. Retrieved 2012-02-29.
- ^ "Image of Meryl Streep as Margaret Thatcher unveiled". BBC News. 8 February 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12393674. Retrieved 8 February 2011.
- ^ 2012 GOLDEN GLOBES Nominees and Winners - Complete List!
- ^ BAFTA winners announced
- ^ Oscars winners list: 'The Artist,' Jean Dujardin, and Meryl Streep take home top awards
- ^ "Fey and Streep to Play Daughter and Mother in Tucci-Directed Movie". TVGuide.com. http://www.tvguide.com/News/Fey-Streep-Play-1021148.aspx.
- ^ "Trial by fury". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2004-11-23. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/11/22/1100972318463.html.
- ^ Newsletter (20 August 2007) Oscar winner boosts new arts centre plan. Johnston Publishing. Retrieved on: 2011-12-06.
- ^ "Portuguese Music Charts". http://acharts.us/portugal_singles_top_50/2008/43.
- ^ "People Choice Awards Results". People's Choice Awards. http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2009.
- ^ "About". National Women's History Museum. http://www.nwhm.org/about-nwhm/press/featured-press/meryl-streep/. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
- ^ John Cazale’s brief, brilliant career. KansasCity.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-24.
- ^ "Richard Shepard Talks John Cazale Doc, Plus The Trailer For 'I Knew It Was You' ", The Playlist blog. Theplaylist.blogspot.com (2010-01-06). Retrieved on 2011-11-24.
- ^ The Lewiston Daily Sun, October 3, 1978. News.google.com. Retrieved on 2011-11-24.
- ^ Henry Wolfe bio. Henry Wolfe. Retrieved on 2011-11-24.
- ^ "Movies, Marriage, and Turning Sixty'. The Independent. January 24, 2009.
- ^ Dennis, Felix. "Meryl Streep’s struggle with faith". The Week. http://theweek.com/article/index/91777/meryl-streeps-struggle-with-faith. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
- ^ .eastmanhouse
- ^ "Oscars 2012: Meryl Streep extends record tally for most nominations". Guinness World Records. 2010-01-01. http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2012/1/oscars-2012-meryl-streep-extends-record-tally-for-most-nominations/. Retrieved 2012-03-02.
- ^ "Meryl Streep wins 3rd acting Oscar, joining club with Bergman, Brennan, Nicholson and Hepburn". Washington Post. 2012-02-27. http://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/celebrities/meryl-streep-wins-3rd-acting-oscar-joining-club-with-bergman-brennan-nicholson-and-hepburn/2012/02/26/gIQAkPVzcR_story.html. Retrieved 2012-03-02. [dead link]
- ^ a b O'Neil, Tom (2010-01-17). "Meryl Streep breaks record with win No. 7 at Golden Globes". Los Angeles Times. http://goldderby.latimes.com/awards_goldderby/2010/01/meryl-streep-breaks-record-with-win. Retrieved 2012-03-02.
- ^ a b Sheehan, Paul (2012-02-12). "'The Artist' wins 7 BAFTAs including Best Picture". Los Angeles Times. http://www.goldderby.com/films/news/2540/bafta-awards-winners-news-135790864.html. Retrieved 2012-03-02.
- ^ "Yale Alumni Go to the Oscars". Yale University. 2010-05-01. http://news.yale.edu/2010/03/01/yale-alumni-go-oscars. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
- ^ "Yale Honorary Degree Recipients". Yale University. 2011-05-23. http://ris-systech2.its.yale.edu/hondegrees/hondegrees.asp. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
- ^ "Award recipients" WIF.org web site
- ^ The Newark Star Ledger.
- ^ Quiñones, Eric (2009-06-02). "Princeton Awards Five Honorary Degrees". Princeton University. http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S24/39/63E27/index.xml?section=topstories. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
- ^ "Meryl Streep Elected to Elite Arts Academy". BBC News. 2010-04-13. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8617016.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
- ^ "Honorary degrees awarded". Harvard University. 2010-05-27. http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2010/05/honorary-degrees/. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
- ^ "Berlin Film Festival to honour Meryl Streep". BBC. 2012-01-04. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-16389439. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Berlinale: 1999 Prize Winners". berlinale.de. http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1999/03_preistr_ger_1999/03_Preistraeger_1999.html. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
Bibliography[link]
- Napoleon, Davi (1991). Chelsea on the Edge: The Adventures of an American Theater. Includes discussion of Streep's performance in Robert Kalfin's production of Happy End at the Chelsea Theater and on Broadway. Iowa State University Press. ISBN-0-8138-1713-7.
- Finding Herself: The Prime of Meryl Streep by Molly Haskell, Film Comment, May/June 2008.
- Hollinger, Karen (2006). The Actress – Hollywood Acting and the Female Star. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-97792-4. http://books.google.com/?id=89W0QMDjA7gC&pg=PA71&dq=Meryl+Streep#PPA76,M1.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Meryl Streep |
- Official web site
- Meryl Streep at the Internet Broadway Database
- Meryl Streep at the Internet Movie Database
- Meryl Streep at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
- Meryl Streep at the TCM Movie Database
- Meryl Streep at BAFTA forty-minute webcast, January 2009
- Meryl Streep at Emmys.com
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Streep, Meryl |
| Alternative names | Streep, Mary Louise |
| Short description | American actress |
| Date of birth | June 22, 1949 |
| Place of birth | Summit, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Meryl_Streep
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Meryl Streep
http://cs.wn.com/Meryl Streepová
http://id.wn.com/Meryl Streep
http://es.wn.com/Meryl Streep
http://ru.wn.com/Стрип, Мерил
http://nl.wn.com/Meryl Streep
http://pt.wn.com/Meryl Streep
http://pl.wn.com/Meryl Streep
http://fr.wn.com/Meryl Streep
http://de.wn.com/Meryl Streep
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryl_Streep
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the U.S. Senator (born 1936). For other persons and ships of the same name, see John McCain (disambiguation).
| John McCain | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| United States Senator from Arizona |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 3, 1987 Serving with Jon Kyl |
|
| Preceded by | Barry Goldwater |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Arizona's 1st district |
|
| In office January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1987 |
|
| Preceded by | John Jacob Rhodes Jr. |
| Succeeded by | John Jacob Rhodes III |
| Chairman of the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs |
|
| In office January 3, 1995 – January 3, 1997 |
|
| Preceded by | Daniel Inouye |
| Succeeded by | Ben Nighthorse Campbell |
| In office January 3, 2005 – January 3, 2007 |
|
| Preceded by | Ben Nighthorse Campbell |
| Succeeded by | Byron Dorgan |
| Chairman of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation | |
| In office January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2001 |
|
| Preceded by | Larry Pressler |
| Succeeded by | Ernest Hollings |
| In office January 20, 2001 – June 3, 2001 |
|
| Preceded by | Ernest Hollings |
| Succeeded by | Ernest Hollings |
| In office January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2005 |
|
| Preceded by | Ernest Hollings |
| Succeeded by | Ted Stevens |
| Personal details | |
| Born | John Sidney McCain III (1936-08-29) August 29, 1936 (age 75) Coco Solo Naval Air Station, Panama Canal Zone |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Carol Shepp (m. 1965, div. 1980) Cindy Lou Hensley (m. 1980 - present) |
| Relations | John S. McCain, Jr. (father, deceased) Roberta McCain (mother) |
| Children | Douglas (b. 1959, adopted 1966) Andrew (b. 1962, adopted 1966) Sidney (b. 1966) Meghan (b. 1984) John Sidney IV "Jack" (b. 1986) James "Jimmy" (b. 1988) Bridget (b. 1991, adopted 1993) |
| Residence | Phoenix, Arizona |
| Alma mater | U.S. Naval Academy (B.S.) |
| Profession | Naval Aviator, politician |
| Religion | Baptist congregant (Brought up Episcopalian)[1] |
| Signature |  |
| Website | www.mccain.senate.gov |
| Military service | |
| Service/branch |  United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1958–1981 |
| Rank |  Captain |
| Battles/wars | Vietnam War |
|
This article is part of a series about
The life of John McCain |
|
John Sidney McCain III (born August 29, 1936) is the senior United States Senator from Arizona. He was the Republican presidential nominee in the 2008 United States election.
McCain followed his father and grandfather, both four-star admirals, into the United States Navy, graduating from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1958. He became a naval aviator, flying ground-attack aircraft from aircraft carriers. During the Vietnam War, he was almost killed in the 1967 USS Forrestal fire. In October 1967, while on a bombing mission over Hanoi, he was shot down, seriously injured, and captured by the North Vietnamese. He was a prisoner of war until 1973. McCain experienced episodes of torture, and refused an out-of-sequence early repatriation offer. His war wounds left him with lifelong physical limitations.
He retired from the Navy as a captain in 1981 and moved to Arizona, where he entered politics. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1982, he served two terms, and was then elected to the U.S. Senate in 1986, winning re-election easily four times, most recently in 2010. While generally adhering to conservative principles, McCain at times has had a media reputation as a "maverick" for his willingness to disagree with his party on certain issues. After being investigated and largely exonerated in a political influence scandal of the 1980s as a member of the Keating Five, he made campaign finance reform one of his signature concerns, which eventually led to the passage of the McCain-Feingold Act in 2002. He is also known for his work towards restoring diplomatic relations with Vietnam in the 1990s, and for his belief that the war in Iraq should be fought to a successful conclusion. McCain has chaired the Senate Commerce Committee, opposed spending that he considered to be pork barrel, and played a key role in alleviating a crisis over judicial nominations.
McCain ran for the Republican presidential nomination in 2000 but lost a heated primary season contest to George W. Bush. He secured the nomination in 2008 after coming back from early reversals, but lost to Democratic candidate Barack Obama in the general election. He subsequently adopted more orthodox conservative stances and attitudes and largely opposed actions of the Obama administration.
Contents
|
Early life and military career, 1936–1981[link]
Main article: Early life and military career of John McCain
Formative years and education[link]
John McCain was born on August 29, 1936, at Coco Solo Naval Air Station in the Panama Canal Zone, to naval officer John S. McCain, Jr. (1911–1981) and Roberta (Wright) McCain (b. 1912).[2] At that time, the Panama Canal was under U.S. control.[3]
McCain's family tree includes Scots-Irish and English ancestors.[4] His father and his paternal grandfather, John S. McCain, Sr., both became four-star United States Navy admirals.[5] His family, including his older sister Sandy and younger brother Joe,[2] followed his father to various naval postings in the United States and the Pacific.[6] Altogether, he attended about 20 schools.[7]
In 1951, the family settled in Northern Virginia, and McCain attended Episcopal High School, a private preparatory boarding school in Alexandria.[8] He excelled at wrestling and graduated in 1954.[9]
Following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather, McCain entered the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis. There, he was a friend and informal leader for many of his classmates,[10] and sometimes stood up for targets of bullying.[5] He also became a lightweight boxer.[11] McCain came into conflict with higher-ranking personnel, and he did not always obey the rules, which contributed to a low class rank (894 of 899), despite a high IQ.[10][12] He did well in academic subjects that interested him, such as literature and history, but studied only enough to pass subjects he struggled with, such as mathematics.[5][13] McCain graduated in 1958.[10]
Naval training, first marriage, and Vietnam assignment[link]
John McCain's early military career began when he was commissioned an ensign and started two and a half years of training at Pensacola to become a naval aviator.[14] While there, he earned a reputation as a partying man.[7] He completed flight school in 1960, and became a naval pilot of ground-attack aircraft, assigned to A-1 Skyraider squadrons[15] aboard the aircraft carriers USS Intrepid and USS Enterprise[16] in the Caribbean and Mediterranean Seas.[17] McCain began as a sub-par flier[17] who was at times careless and reckless;[18] during the early-to-mid 1960s, the planes he was flying crashed twice and once collided with power lines, but he received no major injuries.[18] His aviation skills improved over time,[17] and he was seen as a good pilot, albeit one who tended to "push the envelope" in his flying.[18]
On July 3, 1965, McCain married Carol Shepp, a model originally from Philadelphia.[19] McCain adopted her two young children Douglas and Andrew.[16][20] He and Carol then had a daughter named Sidney.[21][22]
McCain requested a combat assignment,[23] and was assigned to the aircraft carrier USS Forrestal flying A-4 Skyhawks.[24] His combat duty began when he was 30 years old, in mid-1967, when Forrestal was assigned to a bombing campaign, Operation Rolling Thunder, during the Vietnam War.[19][25] McCain and his fellow pilots became frustrated by micromanagement from Washington, and he would later write that "In all candor, we thought our civilian commanders were complete idiots who didn't have the least notion of what it took to win the war."[25][26]
On July 29, 1967, McCain, by then a lieutenant commander, was near the center of the Forrestal fire. He escaped from his burning jet and was trying to help another pilot escape when a bomb exploded;[27] McCain was struck in the legs and chest by fragments.[28] The ensuing fire killed 134 sailors and took 24 hours to control.[29][30] With the Forrestal out of commission, McCain volunteered for assignment with the USS Oriskany, another aircraft carrier employed in Operation Rolling Thunder.[31] Once there, he would be awarded the Navy Commendation Medal and the Bronze Star for missions flown over North Vietnam.[32]
Prisoner of war[link]
John McCain's capture and subsequent imprisonment began on October 26, 1967. He was flying his 23rd bombing mission over North Vietnam when his A-4E Skyhawk was shot down by a missile over Hanoi.[33][34] McCain fractured both arms and a leg ejecting from the aircraft,[35] and nearly drowned when he parachuted into Truc Bach Lake.[33] Some North Vietnamese pulled him ashore, then others crushed his shoulder with a rifle butt and bayoneted him.[33] McCain was then transported to Hanoi's main Hoa Lo Prison, nicknamed the "Hanoi Hilton".[34]
Although McCain was badly wounded, his captors refused to treat his injuries, beating and interrogating him to get information; he was given medical care only when the North Vietnamese discovered that his father was a top admiral.[36] His status as a prisoner of war (POW) made the front pages of major newspapers.[37][38]
McCain spent six weeks in the hospital while receiving marginal care.[33] By then having lost 50 pounds (23 kg), in a chest cast, and with his hair turned white,[33] McCain was sent to a different camp on the outskirts of Hanoi[39] in December 1967, into a cell with two other Americans who did not expect him to live a week.[40] In March 1968, McCain was put into solitary confinement, where he would remain for two years.[41]
In mid-1968, John S. McCain, Jr. was named commander of all U.S. forces in the Vietnam theater, and the North Vietnamese offered McCain early release[43] because they wanted to appear merciful for propaganda purposes,[44] and also to show other POWs that elite prisoners were willing to be treated preferentially.[43] McCain turned down the offer; he would only accept repatriation if every man taken in before him was released as well. Such early release was prohibited by the POW's interpretation of the military Code of Conduct: To prevent the enemy from using prisoners for propaganda, officers were to agree to be released in the order in which they were captured.[33]
In August 1968, a program of severe torture began on McCain.[45] He was subjected to rope bindings and repeated beatings every two hours, at the same time as he was suffering from dysentery.[33][45] Further injuries led to the beginning of a suicide attempt, stopped by guards.[33] Eventually, McCain made an anti-American propaganda "confession".[33] He has always felt that his statement was dishonorable, but as he later wrote, "I had learned what we all learned over there: Every man has his breaking point. I had reached mine."[46][47] Many American POWs were tortured and maltreated in order to extract "confessions" and propaganda statements;[48] virtually all of them eventually yielded something to their captors.[49] McCain subsequently received two to three beatings weekly because of his continued refusal to sign additional statements.[50]
McCain refused to meet with various anti-war groups seeking peace in Hanoi, wanting to give neither them nor the North Vietnamese a propaganda victory.[51] From late 1969 onward, treatment of McCain and many of the other POWs became more tolerable,[52] while McCain continued actively to resist the camp authorities.[53] McCain and other prisoners cheered the U.S. "Christmas Bombing" campaign of December 1972, viewing it as a forceful measure to push North Vietnam to terms.[47][54]
Altogether, McCain was a prisoner of war in North Vietnam for five and a half years. He was released on March 14, 1973.[55] His wartime injuries left him permanently incapable of raising his arms above his head.[56]
Commanding officer, liaison to Senate, and second marriage[link]
McCain's return to the United States reunited him with his family. His wife Carol had suffered her own crippling ordeal due to an automobile accident in December 1969.[57] McCain became a celebrity of sorts, as a returned POW.[57]
McCain underwent treatment for his injuries, including months of grueling physical therapy,[58] and attended the National War College at Fort McNair in Washington, D.C. during 1973–1974.[59] Having been rehabilitated, by late 1974, McCain had his flight status reinstated, and in 1976 he became commanding officer of a training squadron stationed in Florida.[57][60] He improved the unit's flight readiness and safety records,[61] and won the squadron its first-ever Meritorious Unit Commendation.[60] During this period in Florida, McCain had extramarital affairs, and the McCains' marriage began to falter, for which he later would accept blame.[62][63]
McCain served as the Navy's liaison to the U.S. Senate beginning in 1977.[64] In retrospect, he has said that this represented his "real entry into the world of politics and the beginning of my second career as a public servant."[57] His key behind-the-scenes role gained congressional financing for a new supercarrier against the wishes of the Carter administration.[58][65]
In April 1979,[58] McCain met Cindy Lou Hensley, a teacher from Phoenix, Arizona, whose father had founded a large beer distributorship.[63] They began dating, and he urged his wife Carol to grant him a divorce, which she did in February 1980, with the uncontested divorce taking effect in April 1980.[20][58] The settlement included two houses, and financial support for her ongoing medical treatments due to her 1969 car accident; they would remain on good terms.[63] McCain and Hensley were married on May 17, 1980, with Senators William Cohen and Gary Hart attending as groomsmen.[19][63] McCain's children did not attend, and several years would pass before they reconciled.[22][58] John and Cindy McCain entered into a prenuptial agreement that kept most of her family's assets under her name; they would always keep their finances apart and file separate income tax returns.[66]
McCain decided to leave the Navy. It was doubtful whether he would ever be promoted to the rank of full admiral, as he had poor annual physicals and had been given no major sea command.[67] His chances of being promoted to rear admiral were better, but McCain declined that prospect, as he had already made plans to run for Congress and said he could "do more good there."[68][69] McCain retired from the Navy on April 1, 1981[70] as a captain.[32] He was designated as disabled and awarded a disability pension.[71] Upon leaving the military, he moved to Arizona. His 17 military awards and decorations include the Silver Star, Legion of Merit, Distinguished Flying Cross, Bronze Star and Navy Commendation Medal, for actions before, during, and after his time as a POW.[32]
House and Senate elections and career, 1982–2000[link]
Main article: House and Senate career of John McCain, until 2000
See also: Electoral history of John McCain
U.S. Congressman[link]
McCain set his sights on becoming a Congressman because he was interested in current events, was ready for a new challenge, and had developed political ambitions during his time as Senate liaison.[63][72][73] Living in Phoenix, he went to work for Hensley & Co., his new father-in-law Jim Hensley's large Anheuser-Busch beer distributorship.[63] As Vice President of Public Relations at the distributorship, he gained political support among the local business community, meeting powerful figures such as banker Charles Keating, Jr., real estate developer Fife Symington III and newspaper publisher Darrow "Duke" Tully.[64][74] In 1982, McCain ran as a Republican for an open seat in Arizona's 1st congressional district.[75] A newcomer to the state, McCain was hit with charges of being a carpetbagger.[63] McCain responded to a voter making that charge with what a Phoenix Gazette columnist would later describe as "the most devastating response to a potentially troublesome political issue I've ever heard":[63]
Listen, pal. I spent 22 years in the Navy. My father was in the Navy. My grandfather was in the Navy. We in the military service tend to move a lot. We have to live in all parts of the country, all parts of the world. I wish I could have had the luxury, like you, of growing up and living and spending my entire life in a nice place like the First District of Arizona, but I was doing other things. As a matter of fact, when I think about it now, the place I lived longest in my life was Hanoi.[63][76]
With the assistance of local political endorsements, his Washington connections, as well as money that his wife lent to his campaign,[64] McCain won a highly contested primary election.[63] He then easily won the general election in the heavily Republican district.[63]
In 1983, McCain was elected to lead the incoming group of Republican representatives,[63] and was assigned to the House Committee on Interior Affairs. Also that year, he opposed creation of a federal Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, but admitted in 2008: "I was wrong and eventually realized that, in time to give full support [in 1990] for a state holiday in Arizona."[77][78]
McCain's politics at this point were mainly in line with President Ronald Reagan, including support for Reaganomics, and he was active on Indian Affairs bills.[79] He supported most aspects of the foreign policy of the Reagan administration, including its hardline stance against the Soviet Union and policy towards Central American conflicts, such as backing the Contras in Nicaragua.[79] McCain opposed keeping U.S. Marines deployed in Lebanon citing unattainable objectives, and subsequently criticized President Reagan for pulling out the troops too late; in the interim, the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing killed hundreds.[63][80] McCain won re-election to the House easily in 1984,[63] and gained a spot on the House Foreign Affairs Committee.[81] In 1985, he made his first return trip to Vietnam,[82] and also traveled to Chile where he met with its military junta ruler, General Augusto Pinochet.[83][84][85]
Growing family[link]
In 1984, McCain and Cindy had their first child together, daughter Meghan, followed two years later by son John Sidney (Jack) IV, and in 1988 by son James (Jimmy).[86] In 1991, Cindy McCain brought an abandoned three-month old girl needing medical treatment to the U.S. from a Bangladeshi orphanage run by Mother Teresa.[87] The McCains decided to adopt her and named her Bridget.[88]
First two terms in U.S. Senate[link]
McCain's Senate career began in January 1987, after he defeated his Democratic opponent, former state legislator Richard Kimball, by 20 percentage points in the 1986 election.[64][89] McCain succeeded longtime American conservative icon and Arizona fixture Barry Goldwater upon the latter's retirement as United States Senator from Arizona.[89]
Senator McCain became a member of the Armed Services Committee, with which he had formerly done his Navy liaison work; he also joined the Commerce Committee and the Indian Affairs Committee.[89] McCain continued to support the Native American agenda.[90] As first a House member and then a senator – and as a life-long gambler with close ties to the gambling industry[91] – McCain was one of the main authors of the 1988 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act,[92][93] which codified rules regarding Native American gambling enterprises.[94] McCain was also a strong supporter of the Gramm-Rudman legislation that enforced automatic spending cuts in the case of budget deficits.[95]
McCain soon gained national visibility. He delivered a well-received speech at the 1988 Republican National Convention, was mentioned by the press as a short list vice-presidential running mate for Republican nominee George H. W. Bush, and was named chairman of Veterans for Bush.[89][96]
McCain became enmeshed in a scandal during the 1980s as one of five United States Senators comprising the so-called Keating Five.[97] Between 1982 and 1987, McCain had received $112,000 in lawful[98] political contributions from Charles Keating Jr. and his associates at Lincoln Savings and Loan Association, along with trips on Keating's jets[97] that McCain belatedly repaid in 1989.[99] In 1987, McCain was one of the five senators whom Keating contacted in order to prevent the government's seizure of Lincoln, and McCain met twice with federal regulators to discuss the government's investigation of Lincoln.[97] In 1999, McCain said: "The appearance of it was wrong. It's a wrong appearance when a group of senators appear in a meeting with a group of regulators, because it conveys the impression of undue and improper influence. And it was the wrong thing to do."[100] In the end, McCain was cleared by the Senate Ethics Committee of acting improperly or violating any law or Senate rule, but was mildly rebuked for exercising "poor judgment".[98][100] In his 1992 re-election bid, the Keating Five affair was not a major issue,[101] and he won handily, gaining 56 percent of the vote to defeat Democratic community and civil rights activist Claire Sargent and independent former Governor Evan Mecham.[102]
.jpg)
McCain developed a reputation for independence during the 1990s.[103] He took pride in challenging party leadership and establishment forces, becoming difficult to categorize politically.[103]
As a member of the 1991–1993 Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs, chaired by Democrat and fellow Vietnam War veteran John Kerry, McCain investigated the Vietnam War POW/MIA issue, to determine the fate of U.S. service personnel listed as missing in action during the Vietnam War.[104] The committee's unanimous report stated there was "no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity in Southeast Asia."[105] Helped by McCain's efforts, in 1995 the U.S. normalized diplomatic relations with Vietnam.[106] McCain was vilified by some POW/MIA activists who, unlike the Arizona senator, believed large numbers of Americans were still held against their will in Southeast Asia.[106][107][108] Since January 1993, McCain has been Chairman of the International Republican Institute, an organization partly funded by the U.S. Government that supports the emergence of political democracy worldwide.[109]
In 1993 and 1994, McCain voted to confirm President Clinton's nominees Stephen Breyer and Ruth Bader Ginsburg whom he considered to be qualified for the U.S. Supreme Court. He would later explain that "under our Constitution, it is the president's call to make."[110] McCain had also voted to confirm nominees of Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush, including Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas.[111]
McCain attacked what he saw as the corrupting influence of large political contributions – from corporations, labor unions, other organizations, and wealthy individuals – and he made this his signature issue.[112] Starting in 1994, he worked with Democratic Wisconsin Senator Russ Feingold on campaign finance reform; their McCain-Feingold bill attempted to put limits on "soft money".[112] The efforts of McCain and Feingold were opposed by some of the moneyed interests targeted, by incumbents in both parties, by those who felt spending limits impinged on free political speech and might be unconstitutional as well, and by those who wanted to counterbalance the power of what they saw as media bias.[112][113] Despite sympathetic coverage in the media, initial versions of the McCain-Feingold Act were filibustered and never came to a vote.[114]
The term "maverick Republican" became a label frequently applied to McCain, and he has also used it himself.[112][115][116] In 1993, McCain opposed military operations in Somalia.[117] Another target of his was pork barrel spending by Congress, and he actively supported the Line Item Veto Act of 1996, which gave the president power to veto individual spending items[112] but was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1998.[118]
In the 1996 presidential election, McCain was again on the short list of possible vice-presidential picks, this time for Republican nominee Bob Dole.[101][119] The following year, Time magazine named McCain as one of the "25 Most Influential People in America".[120]
File:FaithOfMyFathers.jpg
McCain's 1999 family memoir
In 1997, McCain became chairman of the powerful Senate Commerce Committee; he was criticized for accepting funds from corporations and businesses under the committee's purview, but in response said the small contributions he received were not part of the big-money nature of the campaign finance problem.[112] McCain took on the tobacco industry in 1998, proposing legislation that would increase cigarette taxes in order to fund anti-smoking campaigns, discourage teenage smokers, increase money for health research studies, and help states pay for smoking-related health care costs.[112][121] Supported by the Clinton administration but opposed by the industry and most Republicans, the bill failed to gain cloture.[121]
Start of third term in the U.S. Senate[link]
McCain won re-election to a third senate term in November 1998, prevailing in a landslide over his Democratic opponent, environmental lawyer Ed Ranger.[112] In the February 1999 Senate trial following the impeachment of Bill Clinton, McCain voted to convict the president on both the perjury and obstruction of justice counts, saying Clinton had violated his sworn oath of office.[122] In March 1999, McCain voted to approve the NATO bombing campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, saying that the ongoing genocide of the Kosovo War must be stopped and criticizing past Clinton administration inaction.[123] Later in 1999, McCain shared the Profile in Courage Award with Feingold for their work in trying to enact their campaign finance reform,[124] although the bill was still failing repeated attempts to gain cloture.[114]
In August 1999, McCain's memoir Faith of My Fathers, co-authored with Mark Salter, was published;[125] a reviewer observed that its appearance "seems to have been timed to the unfolding Presidential campaign."[126] The most successful of his writings, it received positive reviews,[127] became a bestseller,[128] and was later made into a TV film. The book traces McCain's family background and childhood, covers his time at Annapolis and his service before and during the Vietnam War, concluding with his release from captivity in 1973. According to one reviewer, it describes "the kind of challenges that most of us can barely imagine. It's a fascinating history of a remarkable military family."[129]
2000 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: John McCain presidential campaign, 2000
McCain announced his candidacy for president on September 27, 1999 in Nashua, New Hampshire, saying he was staging "a fight to take our government back from the power brokers and special interests, and return it to the people and the noble cause of freedom it was created to serve".[125][130] The leader for the Republican nomination was Texas Governor George W. Bush, who had the political and financial support of most of the party establishment.[131]
McCain focused on the New Hampshire primary, where his message appealed to independents.[132] He traveled on a campaign bus called the Straight Talk Express.[125] He held many town hall meetings, answering every question voters asked, in a successful example of "retail politics", and he used free media to compensate for his lack of funds.[125] One reporter later recounted that, "McCain talked all day long with reporters on his Straight Talk Express bus; he talked so much that sometimes he said things that he shouldn't have, and that's why the media loved him."[133] On February 1, 2000, he won New Hampshire's primary with 49 percent of the vote to Bush's 30 percent. The Bush campaign and the Republican establishment feared that a McCain victory in the crucial South Carolina primary might give his campaign unstoppable momentum.[125][134]
The Arizona Republic would write that the McCain–Bush primary contest in South Carolina "has entered national political lore as a low-water mark in presidential campaigns", while The New York Times called it "a painful symbol of the brutality of American politics".[125][135][136] A variety of interest groups that McCain had challenged in the past ran negative ads.[125][137] Bush borrowed McCain's earlier language of reform,[138] and declined to dissociate himself from a veterans activist who accused McCain (in Bush's presence) of having "abandoned the veterans" on POW/MIA and Agent Orange issues.[125][139]
File:McCainGallupPollRatings.gif
John McCain's Gallup Poll favorable/unfavorable ratings, 1999–2009[140]
Incensed,[139] McCain ran ads accusing Bush of lying and comparing the governor to Bill Clinton, which Bush said was "about as low a blow as you can give in a Republican primary".[125] An anonymous smear campaign began against McCain, delivered by push polls, faxes, e-mails, flyers, and audience plants.[125][141] The smears claimed that McCain had fathered a black child out of wedlock (the McCains' dark-skinned daughter was adopted from Bangladesh), that his wife Cindy was a drug addict, that he was a homosexual, and that he was a "Manchurian Candidate" who was either a traitor or mentally unstable from his North Vietnam POW days.[125][135] The Bush campaign strongly denied any involvement with the attacks.[135]
McCain lost South Carolina on February 19, with 42 percent of the vote to Bush's 53 percent,[142] in part because Bush mobilized the state's evangelical voters[125][143] and outspent McCain.[144] The win allowed Bush to regain lost momentum.[142] McCain would say of the rumor spreaders, "I believe that there is a special place in hell for people like those."[88] According to one report, the South Carolina experience left McCain in a "very dark place".[135]
McCain's campaign never completely recovered from his South Carolina defeat, although he did rebound partially by winning in Arizona and Michigan a few days later.[145] He made a speech in Virginia Beach that criticized Christian leaders, including Pat Robertson and Jerry Falwell, as divisive conservatives,[135] declaring "... we embrace the fine members of the religious conservative community. But that does not mean that we will pander to their self-appointed leaders."[146] McCain lost the Virginia primary on February 29,[147] and on March 7 lost nine of the thirteen primaries on Super Tuesday to Bush.[148] With little hope of overcoming Bush's delegate lead, McCain withdrew from the race on March 9, 2000.[149] He endorsed Bush two months later,[150] and made occasional appearances with the Texas governor during the general election campaign.[125]
Senate career after 2000[link]
Main article: Senate career of John McCain, 2001–present
Remainder of third Senate term[link]
McCain began 2001 by breaking with the new George W. Bush administration on a number of matters, including HMO reform, climate change, and gun legislation; McCain-Feingold was opposed by Bush as well.[114][151] In May 2001, McCain was one of only two Senate Republicans to vote against the Bush tax cuts.[151][152] Besides the differences with Bush on ideological grounds, there was considerable antagonism between the two remaining from the previous year's campaign.[153][154] Later, when Republican Senator Jim Jeffords became an Independent, throwing control of the Senate to the Democrats, McCain defended Jeffords against "self-appointed enforcers of party loyalty".[151] Indeed, there was speculation at the time, and in years since, about McCain himself leaving the Republican Party, but McCain has always adamantly denied that he ever considered doing so.[151][155][156] Beginning in 2001, McCain used political capital gained from his presidential run, as well as improved legislative skills and relationships with other members, to become one of the Senate's most influential members.[157]
After the September 11, 2001 attacks, McCain supported Bush and the U.S.-led war in Afghanistan.[151][158] He and Democratic Senator Joe Lieberman wrote the legislation that created the 9/11 Commission,[159] while he and Democratic Senator Fritz Hollings co-sponsored the Aviation and Transportation Security Act that federalized airport security.[160]
In March 2002, McCain-Feingold passed in both Houses of Congress and was signed into law by President Bush.[114][151] Seven years in the making, it was McCain's greatest legislative achievement.[151][161]
Meanwhile, in discussions over proposed U.S. action against Iraq, McCain was a strong supporter of the Bush administration's position.[151] He stated that Iraq was "a clear and present danger to the United States of America", and voted accordingly for the Iraq War Resolution in October 2002.[151] He predicted that U.S. forces would be treated as liberators by a large number of the Iraqi people.[162] In May 2003, McCain voted against the second round of Bush tax cuts, saying it was unwise at a time of war.[152] By November 2003, after a trip to Iraq, he was publicly questioning Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, saying that more U.S. troops were needed; the following year, McCain announced that he had lost confidence in Rumsfeld.[163][164]
In October 2003, McCain and Lieberman co-sponsored the Climate Stewardship Act that would have introduced a cap and trade system aimed at returning greenhouse gas emissions to 2000 levels; the bill was defeated with 55 votes to 43 in the Senate.[165] They reintroduced modified versions of the Act two additional times, most recently in January 2007 with the co-sponsorship of Barack Obama, among others.[166]
In the 2004 U.S. presidential election campaign, McCain was once again frequently mentioned for the vice-presidential slot, only this time as part of the Democratic ticket under nominee John Kerry.[167][168][169] McCain said that Kerry had never formally offered him the position and that he would not have accepted it if he had.[168][169][170] At the 2004 Republican National Convention, McCain supported Bush for re-election, praising Bush's management of the War on Terror since the September 11 attacks.[171] At the same time, the Senator defended Kerry's Vietnam war record.[172] By August 2004, McCain had the best favorable-to-unfavorable rating (55 percent to 19 percent) of any national politician;[171] he campaigned for Bush much more than he had four years previously, though the two remained situational allies rather than friends.[153]
McCain was also up for re-election as Senator in 2004. He defeated little-known Democratic schoolteacher Stuart Starky with his biggest margin of victory, garnering 77 percent of the vote.[173]
Start of fourth Senate term[link]
In May 2005, McCain led the so-called Gang of 14 in the Senate, which established a compromise that preserved the ability of senators to filibuster judicial nominees, but only in "extraordinary circumstances".[174] The compromise took the steam out of the filibuster movement, but some Republicans remained disappointed that the compromise did not eliminate filibusters of judicial nominees in all circumstances.[175] McCain subsequently cast Supreme Court confirmation votes in favor of John Roberts and Samuel Alito, calling them "two of the finest justices ever appointed to the United States Supreme Court."[111]
Breaking from his 2001 and 2003 votes, McCain supported the Bush tax cut extension in May 2006, saying not to do so would amount to a tax increase.[152] Working with Democratic Senator Ted Kennedy, McCain was a strong proponent of comprehensive immigration reform, which would involve legalization, guest worker programs, and border enforcement components. The Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act was never voted on in 2005, while the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006 passed the Senate in May 2006 but failed in the House.[164] In June 2007, President Bush, McCain, and others made the strongest push yet for such a bill, the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007, but it aroused intense grassroots opposition among talk radio listeners and others, some of whom furiously characterized the proposal as an "amnesty" program,[176] and the bill twice failed to gain cloture in the Senate.[177]
By the middle of the 2000s (decade), the increased Indian gaming that McCain had helped bring about was a $23 billion industry.[93] He was twice chairman of the Senate Indian Affairs Committee, in 1995–1997 and 2005–2007, and his Committee helped expose the Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal.[178][179] By 2005 and 2006, McCain was pushing for amendments to the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act that would limit creation of off-reservation casinos,[93] as well as limiting the movement of tribes across state lines to build casinos.[180]
Owing to his time as a POW, McCain has been recognized for his sensitivity to the detention and interrogation of detainees in the War on Terror. In October 2005, McCain introduced the McCain Detainee Amendment to the Defense Appropriations bill for 2005, and the Senate voted 90–9 to support the amendment.[181] It prohibits inhumane treatment of prisoners, including prisoners at Guantanamo Bay, by confining military interrogations to the techniques in the U.S. Army Field Manual on Interrogation. Although Bush had threatened to veto the bill if McCain's amendment was included,[182] the President announced in December 2005 that he accepted McCain's terms and would "make it clear to the world that this government does not torture and that we adhere to the international convention of torture, whether it be here at home or abroad".[183] This stance, among others, led to McCain being named by Time magazine in 2006 as one of America's 10 Best Senators.[184] McCain voted in February 2008 against a bill containing a ban on waterboarding,[185] which provision was later narrowly passed and vetoed by Bush. However, the bill in question contained other provisions to which McCain objected, and his spokesman stated: "This wasn't a vote on waterboarding. This was a vote on applying the standards of the [Army] field manual to CIA personnel."[185]
Meanwhile, McCain continued questioning the progress of the war in Iraq. In September 2005, he remarked upon Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Richard Myers' optimistic outlook on the war's progress: "Things have not gone as well as we had planned or expected, nor as we were told by you, General Myers."[186] In August 2006, he criticized the administration for continually understating the effectiveness of the insurgency: "We [have] not told the American people how tough and difficult this could be."[164] From the beginning, McCain strongly supported the Iraq troop surge of 2007.[187] The strategy's opponents labeled it "McCain's plan"[188] and University of Virginia political science professor Larry Sabato said, "McCain owns Iraq just as much as Bush does now."[164] The surge and the war were unpopular during most of the year, even within the Republican Party,[189] as McCain's presidential campaign was underway; faced with the consequences, McCain frequently responded, "I would much rather lose a campaign than a war."[190] In March 2008, McCain credited the surge strategy with reducing violence in Iraq, as he made his eighth trip to that country since the war began.[191]
2008 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: John McCain presidential campaign, 2008
John McCain formally announced his intention to run for President of the United States on April 25, 2007 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.[192] He stated that: "I'm not running for President to be somebody, but to do something; to do the hard but necessary things not the easy and needless things."[193]
McCain's oft-cited strengths as a presidential candidate for 2008 included national name recognition, sponsorship of major lobbying and campaign finance reform initiatives, his ability to reach across the aisle, his well-known military service and experience as a POW, his experience from the 2000 presidential campaign, and an expectation that he would capture Bush's top fundraisers.[194] During the 2006 election cycle, McCain had attended 346 events[56] and helped raise more than $10.5 million on behalf of Republican candidates. McCain also became more willing to ask business and industry for campaign contributions, while maintaining that such contributions would not affect any official decisions he would make.[195] Despite being considered the front-runner for the nomination by pundits as 2007 began,[196] McCain was in second place behind former Mayor of New York City Rudy Giuliani in national Republican polls as the year progressed.
McCain had fundraising problems in the first half of 2007, due in part to his support for the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007, which was unpopular among the Republican base electorate.[197][198] Large-scale campaign staff downsizing took place in early July, but McCain said that he was not considering dropping out of the race.[198] Later that month, the candidate's campaign manager and campaign chief strategist both departed.[199] McCain slumped badly in national polls, often running third or fourth with 15 percent or less support.
The Arizona senator subsequently resumed his familiar position as a political underdog,[200] riding the Straight Talk Express and taking advantage of free media such as debates and sponsored events.[201] By December 2007, the Republican race was unsettled, with none of the top-tier candidates dominating the race and all of them possessing major vulnerabilities with different elements of the Republican base electorate.[202] McCain was showing a resurgence, in particular with renewed strength in New Hampshire – the scene of his 2000 triumph – and was bolstered further by the endorsements of The Boston Globe, the New Hampshire Union Leader, and almost two dozen other state newspapers,[203] as well as from Senator Lieberman (now an Independent Democrat).[204][205] McCain decided not to campaign significantly in the January 3, 2008, Iowa caucuses, which saw a win by former Governor of Arkansas Mike Huckabee.
McCain's comeback plan paid off when he won the New Hampshire primary on January 8, defeating former Governor of Massachusetts Mitt Romney in a close contest, to once again become one of the front-runners in the race.[206] In mid-January, McCain placed first in the South Carolina primary, narrowly defeating Mike Huckabee.[207] Pundits credited the third-place finisher, Tennessee's former U.S. Senator Fred Thompson, with drawing votes from Huckabee in South Carolina, thereby giving a narrow win to McCain.[208] A week later, McCain won the Florida primary,[209] beating Romney again in a close contest; Giuliani then dropped out and endorsed McCain.[210]
On February 5, McCain won both the majority of states and delegates in the Super Tuesday Republican primaries, giving him a commanding lead toward the Republican nomination. Romney departed from the race on February 7.[211] McCain's wins in the March 4 primaries clinched a majority of the delegates, and he became the presumptive Republican nominee.[212]
McCain, having been born in the (Panama) Canal Zone, if elected would have become the first president who was born outside the current 50 states. This raised a potential legal issue, since the United States Constitution requires the president to be a natural-born citizen of the United States. A bipartisan legal review[213] and a unanimous but non-binding Senate resolution[214] both concluded that he is a natural-born citizen. Also, if inaugurated in 2009 at age 72 years and 144 days, he would have been the oldest U.S. president upon ascension to the presidency,[215] and the second-oldest president to be inaugurated.[216]
McCain has addressed concerns about his age and past health concerns, stating in 2005 that his health was "excellent".[217] He has been treated for a type of skin cancer called melanoma, and an operation in 2000 for that condition left a noticeable mark on the left side of his face.[218] McCain's prognosis appears favorable, according to independent experts, especially because he has already survived without a recurrence for more than seven years.[218] In May 2008, McCain's campaign briefly let the press review his medical records, and he was described as appearing cancer-free, having a strong heart and in general good health.[219]
Upon clinching enough delegates for the nomination, McCain's focus shifted toward the general election, while Barack Obama and Hillary Rodham Clinton fought a prolonged battle for the Democratic nomination.[220] McCain introduced various policy proposals, and sought to improve his fundraising.[221][222] Cindy McCain, who accounts for most of the couple's wealth with an estimated net worth of $100 million,[66] made part of her tax returns public in May.[223] After facing criticism about lobbyists on staff, the McCain campaign issued new rules in May 2008 to avoid conflicts of interest, causing five top aides to leave.[224][225]
When Obama became the Democrats' presumptive nominee in early June, McCain proposed joint town hall meetings, but Obama instead requested more traditional debates for the fall.[226] In July, a staff shake-up put Steve Schmidt in full operational control of the McCain campaign.[227] Throughout these summer months, Obama typically led McCain in national polls by single-digit margins,[228] and also led in several key swing states.[229] McCain reprised his familiar underdog role, which was due at least in part to the overall challenges Republicans faced in the election year.[200][229] McCain accepted public financing for the general election campaign, and the restrictions that go with it, while criticizing his Democratic opponent for becoming the first major party candidate to opt out of such financing for the general election since the system was implemented in 1976.[230][231] The Republican's broad campaign theme focused on his experience and ability to lead, compared to Obama's.[232]
Alaska Governor Sarah Palin was revealed as McCain's surprise choice for running mate on August 29, 2008.[233] McCain was only the second U.S. major-party presidential nominee to select a woman for running mate and the first Republican to do so; Palin would have become the first female Vice President of the United States if she had been elected. On September 3, 2008, McCain and Palin became the Republican Party's Presidential and Vice Presidential nominees, respectively, at the 2008 Republican National Convention in Saint Paul, Minnesota. McCain surged ahead of Obama in national polls following the convention, as the Palin pick energized core Republican voters who had previously been wary of him.[234] However, by the campaign's own later admission, the rollout of Palin to the national media went poorly,[235] and voter reactions to Palin grew increasingly negative, especially among independents and other voters concerned about her qualifications.[236]
On September 24, McCain said he was suspending his campaign, called on Obama to join him, and proposed delaying the first of the general election debates with Obama, in order to work on the proposed U.S. financial system bailout before Congress, which was targeted at addressing the subprime mortgage crisis and liquidity crisis.[237][238] McCain's intervention helped to give dissatisfied House Republicans an opportunity to propose changes to the plan that was otherwise close to agreement.[239][240] After Obama declined McCain's suspension suggestion, McCain went ahead with the debate on September 26.[241] On October 1, McCain voted in favor of a revised $700 billion rescue plan.[242] Another debate was held on October 7; like the first one, polls afterward suggested that Obama had won it.[243] A final presidential debate occurred on October 15.[244] During and after it, McCain compared Obama's proposed policies to socialism and often invoked "Joe the Plumber" as a symbol of American small business dreams that would be thwarted by an Obama presidency.[245][246] McCain barred using the Jeremiah Wright controversy in ads against Obama,[247] but the campaign did frequently criticize Obama regarding his purported relationship with Bill Ayers.[248] Down the stretch, McCain was outspent by Obama by a four-to-one margin.[249]
The election took place on November 4, and Barack Obama was projected the winner at about 11:00 pm Eastern Standard Time; McCain delivered his concession speech in Phoenix, Arizona about twenty minutes later.[250] In it, he noted the historic and special significance of Obama becoming the nation's first African American president.[250] In the end, McCain won 173 electoral college votes to Obama's 365;[251] McCain failed to win most of the battleground states and lost some traditionally Republican ones.[252] McCain gained 46 percent of the nationwide popular vote, compared to Obama's 53 percent.[252]
Senate career after 2008[link]
Remainder of fourth Senate term[link]
Following his defeat, McCain returned to the Senate amid varying views about what role he might play there.[253] In mid-November 2008 he met with President-elect Obama, and the two discussed issues they had commonality on.[254] Around the same time, McCain indicated that he intended to run for re-election to his Senate seat in 2010.[255] As the inauguration neared, Obama consulted with McCain on a variety of matters, to an extent rarely seen between a president-elect and his defeated rival,[256] and President Obama's inauguration speech contained an allusion to McCain's theme of finding a purpose greater than oneself.[257]
Nevertheless, McCain emerged as a leader of the Republican opposition to the Obama economic stimulus package of 2009, saying it had too much spending for too little stimulative effect.[258] McCain also voted against Obama's Supreme Court nomination of Sonia Sotomayor – saying that while undeniably qualified, "I do not believe that she shares my belief in judicial restraint"[259] – and by August 2009 was siding more often with his Republican Party on closely divided votes than ever before in his senatorial career.[260] McCain reasserted that the Afghanistan War was winnable[261] and criticized Obama for a slow process in deciding whether to send additional U.S. troops there.[262] McCain also harshly criticized Obama for scrapping construction of the U.S. missile defense complex in Poland, declined to enter negotiations over climate change legislation similar to what he had proposed in the past, and strongly opposed the Obama health care plan.[262][263] McCain led a successful filibuster of a measure that would allow repeal of the military's "Don't ask, don't tell" policy towards gays.[264] Factors involved in McCain's new direction included Senate staffers leaving, a renewed concern over national debt levels and the scope of federal government, a possible Republican primary challenge from conservatives in 2010, and McCain's campaign edge being slow to wear off.[262][263] As one longtime McCain advisor said, "A lot of people, including me, thought he might be the Republican building bridges to the Obama Administration. But he's been more like the guy blowing up the bridges."[262]
In early 2010, a primary challenge from radio talk show host and former U.S. Congressman J. D. Hayworth materialized in the 2010 U.S. Senate election in Arizona and drew support from some but not all elements of the Tea Party movement.[265][266] With Hayworth using the campaign slogan "The Consistent Conservative", McCain said (despite his own past use of the term),[266] "I never considered myself a maverick. I consider myself a person who serves the people of Arizona to the best of his abilities."[267] The primary challenge coincided with McCain reversing or muting his stance on some issues such as the bank bailouts, closing of the Guantánamo Bay detention facility, campaign finance restrictions, and gays in the military.[265] When the health care plan, now called the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, passed Congress and became law in March 2010, McCain strongly opposed the landmark legislation not only on its merits but also on the way it had been handled in Congress. As a consequence, he warned that congressional Republicans would not be working with Democrats on anything else: "There will be no cooperation for the rest of the year. They have poisoned the well in what they've done and how they've done it."[268] McCain became a vocal defender of Arizona SB 1070, the April 2010 tough anti-illegal immigration state law that aroused national controversy, saying that the state had been forced to take action given the federal government's inability to control the border.[266][269] In the August 24 primary, McCain beat Hayworth by a 56 to 32 percent margin.[270] McCain proceeded to easily defeat Democratic city councilman Rodney Glassman in the general election.[271]
In the lame duck session of the 111th Congress, McCain voted for the compromise Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010, but against the DREAM Act (which he had once sponsored) and the New START Treaty. Most prominently, he continued to lead the eventually losing fight against "Don't ask, don't tell" repeal, with his opposition .[272] In his opposition, he sometimes fell into anger or hostility on the Senate floor, and called its passage "a very sad day" that would compromise the battle effectiveness of the military.[272]
Start of fifth Senate term[link]
While control of the House of Representatives went over to the Republicans in the 112th Congress, the Senate stayed Democratic and McCain continued to be the ranking member of the Senate Armed Services Committee. As the 2011 Middle East and North Africa protests took center stage, McCain urged that embattled Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak step down and thought the U.S. should push for democratic reforms in the region despite the associated risks of religious extremists gaining power.[273] McCain was an especially vocal supporter of the 2011 military intervention in Libya. In April of that year he visited the Anti-Gaddafi forces and National Transitional Council in Benghazi, the highest-ranking American to do so, and said that the rebel forces were "my heroes".[274] In August, McCain voted for the Budget Control Act of 2011 that resolved the U.S. debt ceiling crisis.[275] In November, McCain and Senator Carl Levin were leaders in efforts to codify in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 that terrorism suspects, no matter where captured, could be detained by the U.S. military and its tribunal system; following objections by civil libertarians, some Democrats, and the White House, McCain and Levin agreed to language making it clear that the bill would not pertain to U.S. citizens.[276][277]
In the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries, McCain endorsed former 2008 rival Mitt Romney and campaigned for him, but compared the contest to a Greek tragedy due to its drawn-out nature with massive Super PAC-funded attack ads damaging all the contenders.[278]
Caucus memberships[link]
- International Conservation Caucus
- Senate Diabetes Caucus
- Senate National Security Caucus (Co-Chair)
- Sportsmen's Caucus
- Senate Wilderness and Public Lands Caucus
Political positions[link]
Main articles: Political positions of John McCain and Comparison of United States presidential candidates, 2008
Various advocacy groups have given Senator McCain scores or grades as to how well his votes align with the positions of each group.[280] The American Conservative Union awarded McCain a lifetime rating of 83 percent through 2010, while McCain has an average lifetime 12 percent "Liberal Quotient" from Americans for Democratic Action through 2010.[281]
The non-partisan National Journal rates a Senator's votes by what percentage of the Senate voted more liberally than he or she, and what percentage more conservatively, in three policy areas: economic, social, and foreign. For 2005–2006 (as reported in the 2008 Almanac of American Politics), McCain's average ratings were as follows: economic policy: 59 percent conservative and 41 percent liberal; social policy: 54 percent conservative / 38 percent liberal;, and foreign policy: 56 percent conservative / 43 percent liberal.[282]
Columnists such as Robert Robb and Matthew Continetti have used a formulation devised by William F. Buckley, Jr. to describe McCain as "conservative" but not "a conservative", meaning that while McCain usually tends towards conservative positions, he is not "anchored by the philosophical tenets of modern American conservatism."[283][284] Following his 2008 presidential election loss, McCain began adopting more orthodox conservative views; National Journal magazine rated McCain along with seven of his colleagues as the "most conservative" Senators for 2010[285] and he achieved his first 100 percent rating from the American Conservative Union for that year.[279]
From the late 1990s until 2008, McCain was a board member of Project Vote Smart (PVS) which was set up by Richard Kimball, his 1986 Senate opponent.[286] PVS provides non-partisan information about the political positions of McCain[287] and other candidates for political office. Additionally, McCain uses his Senate web site to describe his political positions.[288]
McCain is a signer of Americans for Tax Reform's Taxpayer Protection Pledge.[289]
Cultural and political image[link]
Main article: Cultural and political image of John McCain
John McCain's personal character has been a dominant feature of his public image.[290] This image includes the military service of both himself and his family,[291] his maverick political persona,[112] his temper,[292] his admitted problem of occasional ill-considered remarks,[89] and his close ties to his children from both his marriages.[22]
McCain's political appeal has been more nonpartisan and less ideological compared to many other national politicians.[293] His stature and reputation stem partly from his service in the Vietnam War.[294] He also carries physical vestiges of his war wounds, as well as his melanoma surgery.[295] When campaigning, he quips: "I am older than dirt and have more scars than Frankenstein."[296]
Writers often extolled McCain for his courage not just in war but in politics, and wrote sympathetically about him.[56][290][294][297] McCain's shift of political stances and attitudes during and especially after the 2008 presidential campaign, including his self-repudiation of the maverick label, left many writers expressing sadness and wondering what had happened to the McCain they thought they had known.[298][299][300][301]
In his own estimation, the Arizona senator is straightforward and direct, but impatient.[302] Other traits include a penchant for lucky charms,[303] a fondness for hiking,[304] and a sense of humor that has sometimes backfired spectacularly, as when he made a joke in 1998 about the Clintons widely deemed not fit to print in newspapers: "Do you know why Chelsea Clinton is so ugly? — Because Janet Reno is her father."[305][306] McCain subsequently apologized profusely,[307] and the Clinton White House accepted his apology.[308] McCain has not shied away from addressing his shortcomings, and apologizing for them.[89][309] He is known for sometimes being prickly[310] and hot-tempered[311] with Senate colleagues, but his relations with his own Senate staff have been more cordial, and have inspired loyalty towards him.[312][313]
McCain acknowledges having said intemperate things in years past,[314] though he also says that many stories have been exaggerated.[315] One psychoanalytic comparison suggests that McCain was not the first presidential candidate to have a temper,[316] and cultural critic Julia Keller argues that voters want leaders who are passionate, engaged, fiery, and feisty.[292] McCain has employed both profanity[317] and shouting on occasion, although such incidents have become less frequent over the years.[318][319] Senator Lieberman has made this observation: "It is not the kind of anger that is a loss of control. He is a very controlled person."[318] Senator Thad Cochran, who has known McCain for decades and has battled him over earmarks,[320][321] expressed concern about a McCain presidency: "He is erratic. He is hotheaded. He loses his temper and he worries me."[318] Ultimately Cochran decided to support McCain for president, after it was clear he would win the nomination.[322]
All of John McCain's family members are on good terms with him,[22] and he has defended them against some of the negative consequences of his high-profile political lifestyle.[323][324] His family's military tradition extends to the latest generation: son John Sidney IV ("Jack") graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 2009, becoming the fourth generation John S. McCain to do so, and is a helicopter pilot; son James served two tours with the Marines in the Iraq War; and son Doug flew jets in the Navy.[22][325][326] His daughter Meghan became a blogging and Twittering presence in the debate about the future of the Republican Party following the 2008 elections, and showed some of his maverick tendencies.[327][328]
Writings by McCain[link]
Books[link]
- Faith of My Fathers by John McCain, Mark Salter (Random House, August 1999) ISBN 0-375-50191-6 (later made into the 2005 television film Faith of My Fathers)
- Worth the Fighting For by John McCain, Mark Salter (Random House, September 2002) ISBN 0-375-50542-3
- Why Courage Matters: The Way to a Braver Life by John McCain, Mark Salter (Random House, April 2004) ISBN 1-4000-6030-3
- Character Is Destiny: Inspiring Stories Every Young Person Should Know and Every Adult Should Remember by John McCain, Mark Salter (Random House, October 2005) ISBN 1-4000-6412-0
- Hard Call: Great Decisions and the Extraordinary People Who Made Them by John McCain, Mark Salter (Hachette, August 2007) ISBN 978-0-446-58040-3
Articles and forewords[link]
- "How the POW's Fought Back", by John S. McCain III, Lieut. Commander, U.S. Navy, U.S. News & World Report, May 14, 1973 (reprinted for web under different title in 2008). Reprinted in Reporting Vietnam, Part Two: American Journalism 1969–1975 (The Library of America, 1998) ISBN 1-883011-59-0
- "The Code of Conduct and the Vietnam Prisoners of War", by John S. McCain, Commander USN, National War College, April 8, 1974 (actual paper)
- Foreword by John McCain to A Code to Keep: The True Story of America's Longest-Held Civilian POW in Vietnam by Ernest C. Brace (St. Martin's Press, 1988) ISBN 0-7090-3560-8
- Speeches of John McCain, 1988–2000
- Foreword by John McCain to Glory Denied: The Saga of Jim Thompson, America's Longest-held Prisoner by Tom Philpott (W. W. Norton, 2001) ISBN 0-393-02012-6
- Foreword by John McCain to The Best and the Brightest by David Halberstam (Random House, 2001 edition) ISBN 1-58836-098-9
- Foreword by John S. McCain to Unfinished Business: Afghanistan, the Middle East and Beyond – Defusing the Dangers That Threaten America's Security by Harlan Ullman (Citadel Press, June 2002) ISBN 0-8065-2431-6
- Foreword by John McCain and Max Cleland to Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming by Jonathan Shay (Scribner, November 2002) ISBN 0-7432-1156-1
- Foreword by John McCain to Debunking 9/11 Myths: Why Conspiracy Theories Can't Stand Up to the Facts by the Editors of Popular Mechanics (Hearst, August 2006) ISBN 1-58816-635-X
- Introduction by John McCain to Pearl Harbor, the Day of Infamy, an Illustrated History by Dan van der Vat (Black Walnut Books, 2007) ISBN 1-897330-28-6
- "An Enduring Peace Built on Freedom: Securing America's Future" by John McCain Foreign Affairs, November/December 2007
References[link]
- ^ McCain was christened and raised Episcopalian. See Nichols, Hans. "McCain Keeps His Faith to Himself, at Church and in Campaign", Bloomberg (April 25, 2008). He now identifies as a Baptist, although he has not been baptized as an adult, and is not an official member of the church he attends. See Warner, Greg. "McCain's faith: Pastor describes senator as devout, but low-key", Associated Baptist Press (April 8, 2008). Retrieved September 6, 2008. Also see Hornick, Ed. "McCain and Obama cite moral failures", CNN, (August 16, 2008): "McCain, who was raised an Episcopalian and now identifies himself as Baptist, rarely discusses his faith." Retrieved August 16, 2008. Also see Reston, Maeve and Mehta, Seema. "Barack Obama and John McCain to Meet at Saddleback Church", Los Angeles Times, (August 16, 2008): "McCain [is] an Episcopalian who attends a Baptist church in Phoenix..." Retrieved August 16, 2008.
- ^ a b Timberg, American Odyssey, 17–34 (subscription only link).
- ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot. The Two-Ocean War: A Short History of the United States Navy in the Second World War (Naval Institute Press 2007), 119.
- ^ Roberts, Gary. "On the Ancestry, Royal Descent, and English and American Notable Kin of Senator John Sidney McCain IV", New England Historic Genealogical Society (April 1, 2008). Retrieved May 19, 2008.
- ^ a b c Nowicki, Dan & Muller, Bill. "John McCain Report: At the Naval Academy", The Arizona Republic (March 1, 2007). Retrieved November 10, 2007. According to The Arizona Republic, "'McCain: The life story of Arizona's maverick senator' as written by reporter Bill Muller originally appeared in The Arizona Republic and on azcentral.com on October 3, 1999. Reporter Dan Nowicki updated and revised the biography with additional material in January 2007." See "How the biography was put together", The Arizona Republic (March 1, 2007). Retrieved June 18, 2008. Regarding McCain's time at the Naval Academy, "McCain's grades were good in the subjects he enjoyed, such as literature and history. Gamboa said McCain would rather read a history book than do his math homework. He did just enough to pass the classes he didn't find stimulating. 'He stood low in his class,' Gamboa said. 'But that was by choice, not design.'"
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 19.
- ^ a b Woodward, Calvin. "McCain's WMD Is A Mouth That Won't Quit", Associated Press via USA Today (November 4, 2007). Retrieved November 10, 2007.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 22.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 28. See also: "Episcopal fetes a favorite son", Alexandria Times (June 12, 2007). Retrieved March 19, 2012.
- ^ a b c Timberg, Nightingale's Song, Chapter 1, 31–35
- ^ Bailey, Holly. "John McCain: 'I Learned How to Take Hard Blows'", Newsweek (May 14, 2007). Retrieved December 19, 2007.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 207. McCain scored 128 and then 133 on IQ tests.
- ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, 134.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 32.
- ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, 156.
- ^ a b Feinberg, Barbara. John McCain: Serving His Country, 18 (Millbrook Press 2000). ISBN 0-7613-1974-3.
- ^ a b c Timberg, American Odyssey, 66–68.
- ^ a b c Vartabedian, Ralph and Serrano, Richard A. "Mishaps mark John McCain's record as naval aviator", Los Angeles Times (October 6, 2008). Retrieved October 6, 2008.
- ^ a b c "John McCain", Iowa Caucuses '08, The Des Moines Register. Retrieved November 8, 2007.
- ^ a b Alexander, Man of the People, 92.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 33.
- ^ a b c d e Steinhauer, Jennifer. "Bridging 4 Decades, a Large, Close-Knit Brood", The New York Times (December 27, 2007). Retrieved December 27, 2007.
- ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, 167–168.
- ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, 172–173.
- ^ a b McCain, Faith of My Fathers, 185–186.
- ^ Karaagac, John. John McCain: An Essay in Military and Political History, 81–82 (Lexington Books 2000). ISBN 0-7391-0171-4.
- ^ Weinraub, Bernard. "Start of Tragedy: Pilot Hears a Blast As He Checks Plane", The New York Times (July 31, 1967). Retrieved March 28, 2008.
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 72–74.
- ^ McCain, Faith of My Fathers, 177–179.
- ^ US Navy Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships – Forrestal. States either Aircraft No. 405 piloted by LCDR Fred D. White or No. 416 piloted by LCDR John McCain was struck by the Zuni.
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 75.
- ^ a b c Kuhnhenn, Jim. "Navy releases McCain's military record", Associated Press via The Boston Globe (May 7, 2008). Retrieved May 25, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Nowicki, Dan & Muller, Bill. "John McCain Report: Prisoner of War", The Arizona Republic (March 1, 2007). Retrieved November 10, 2007.
- ^ a b Hubbell, P.O.W., 363.
- ^ Dobbs, Michael. "In Ordeal as Captive, Character Was Shaped", Washington Post (October 5, 2008)
- ^ Hubbell, P.O.W., 364.
- ^ Apple Jr., R. W. "Adm. McCain's son, Forrestal Survivor, Is Missing in Raid", The New York Times (October 28, 1967). Retrieved November 11, 2007.
- ^ "Admiral's Son Captured in Hanoi Raid", Associated Press via The Washington Post (October 28, 1967). Retrieved February 9, 2008 (fee required for full text).
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 83.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 54.
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 89.
- ^ "John McCain (center) being captured by Vietnamese civilians in Truc Bach Lake near Hanoi Vietnam", Library of Congress (May 26, 2004). Retrieved December 28, 2007.
- ^ a b Hubbell, P.O.W., 450–451.
- ^ Rochester and Kiley, Honor Bound, 363.
- ^ a b Hubbell, P.O.W., 452–454.
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 95, 118.
- ^ a b McCain, John. "How the POW's Fought Back", U.S. News & World Report (May 14, 1973), reposted in 2008 under title "John McCain, Prisoner of War: A First-Person Account". Retrieved January 29, 2008. Reprinted in Reporting Vietnam, Part Two: American Journalism 1969–1975, The Library of America, 434–463 (1998). ISBN 1-883011-59-0.
- ^ Hubbell, P.O.W., 288–306.
- ^ Hubbell, P.O.W., 548–549.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 60.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 64.
- ^ Rochester and Kiley, Honor Bound, 489–491.
- ^ Rochester and Kiley, Honor Bound, 510, 537.
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 106–107.
- ^ Sterba, James. "P.O.W. Commander Among 108 Freed", The New York Times (March 15, 1973). Retrieved March 28, 2008.
- ^ a b c Purdum, Todd. "Prisoner of Conscience", Vanity Fair, February 2007. Retrieved January 19, 2008.
- ^ a b c d Nowicki, Dan and Muller, Bill. "John McCain Report: Back in the USA", The Arizona Republic (March 1, 2007). Retrieved November 10, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e Kristof, Nicholas. "P.O.W. to Power Broker, A Chapter Most Telling", The New York Times (February 27, 2000). Retrieved April 22, 2007.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 81.
- ^ a b Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons, Volume 1, Naval Historical Center. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
- ^ Vartabedian, Ralph. "McCain has long relied on his grit", Los Angeles Times (April 14, 2008). Retrieved September 2, 2008.
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 123–124.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Nowicki, Dan and Muller, Bill. "John McCain Report: Arizona, the early years", The Arizona Republic (March 1, 2007). Regarding his first marriage, McCain said that he "had not shown the same determination to rebuild (his) personal life" as he had shown in his military career, and that "marriages can be hard to recover after great time and distance have separated a husband and wife. We are different people when we reunite... But my marriage's collapse was attributable to my own selfishness and immaturity more than it was to Vietnam, and I cannot escape blame by pointing a finger at the war. The blame was entirely mine." Retrieved November 21, 2007.
- ^ a b c d Frantz, Douglas, "The 2000 Campaign: The Arizona Ties; A Beer Baron and a Powerful Publisher Put McCain on a Political Path", The New York Times, A14 (February 21, 2000). Retrieved November 29, 2006. Archived October 14, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 132–134.
- ^ a b "McCain Releases His Tax Returns", Associated Press for CBS News (April 18, 2008). Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 135.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, David. "Senate's Power and Allure Drew McCain From Military ", The New York Times (May 29, 2008). Retrieved May 29, 2008.
- ^ Leahy, Michael. "Seeing White House From a Cell in Hanoi", The Washington Post (October 13, 2008). Retrieved October 17, 2008.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 93.
- ^ Vartabedian, Ralph. "John McCain gets tax-free disability pension", Los Angeles Times (April 22, 2008).
- ^ Gilbertson, Dawn. "McCain, his wealth tied to wife's family beer business", The Arizona Republic (January 23, 2007). Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 139.
- ^ Symington would become Governor of Arizona in 1991.
- ^ Thornton, Mary. "Arizona 1st District John McCain", The Washington Post (December 16, 1982). Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 143–144.
- ^ "McCain, Clinton Head to Memphis for MLK Anniversary", Washington Wire (blog), The Wall Street Journal (April 3, 2008). Retrieved April 17, 2008.
- ^ "McCain Remarks on Dr. King and Civil Rights", The Washington Post (April 4, 2008): "We can be slow as well to give greatness its due, a mistake I made myself long ago when I voted against a federal holiday in memory of Dr. King. I was wrong and eventually realized that, in time to give full support for a state holiday in Arizona." Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ a b Alexander, Man of the People, 98–99, 104.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 100.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 100–101.
- ^ Tapper, Jake. "McCain returns to the past", Salon (April 27, 2000). Retrieved November 21, 2007.
- ^ Reinhard, Beth. "Blog: McCain met with Pinochet", Naked Politics, Miami Herald (October 24, 2008). Retrieved November 1, 2008.
- ^ Dinges, John. "CIPER Chile » Blog Archive » La desconocida cita entre John McCain y Pinochet", Centro de Investigación e Información Periodística (October 24, 2008). Retrieved October 24, 2008. This source is in the Spanish language.
- ^ "Revelan inédita cita entre McCain y Pinochet en 1985", Los Tiempos (October 25, 2008). Retrieved October 25, 2008. This source is in Spanish.
- ^ "John McCain", The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2008.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 147.
- ^ a b Strong, Morgan. "Senator John McCain talks about the challenges of fatherhood", Dadmag.com (June 4, 2000). Retrieved December 19, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f Nowicki, Dan and Muller, Bill. "John McCain Report: The Senate calls", The Arizona Republic (March 1, 2007). Retrieved November 23, 2007.
- ^ Barone, Michael; Ujifusa, Grant; Cohen, Richard E. The Almanac of American Politics, 2000 (National Journal 1999), 112. ISBN 0-8129-3194-7.
- ^ Becker, Jo; Van Natta, Don. "For McCain and Team, a Host of Ties to Gambling", The New York Times (September 27, 2008). Retrieved September 29, 2008.
- ^ Johnson, Tadd. "Regulatory Issues and Impacts of Gaming in Indian Country", Increasing Understanding of Public Problems and Policies: Proceedings of the 1998 National Public Policy Education Conference, 140–144 (September 1998).
- ^ a b c Sweeney, James. "New rules on Indian gaming face longer odds", The San Diego Union-Tribune (September 11, 2006). Retrieved July 1, 2008.
- ^ Mason, W. Dale. Indian Gaming: Tribal Sovereignty and American Politics (University of Oklahoma Press 2000), 60–64. ISBN 0-8061-3260-4.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 112.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 115–120.
- ^ a b c Abramson, Jill; Mitchell, Alison. "Senate Inquiry In Keating Case Tested McCain", The New York Times (November 21, 1999). Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ a b "Excerpts of Statement By Senate Ethics Panel", The New York Times (February 28, 1991). Retrieved April 19, 2008.
- ^ Rasky, Susan. "To Senator McCain, the Savings and Loan Affair Is Now a Personal Demon", The New York Times (December 22, 1989). Retrieved April 19, 2008.
- ^ a b Nowicki, Dan and Muller, Bill. "John McCain Report: The Keating Five", The Arizona Republic (March 1, 2007). Retrieval date November 23, 2007.
- ^ a b Nowicki, Dan and Muller, Bill. "John McCain Report: Overcoming scandal, moving on", The Arizona Republic (March 1, 2007). Retrieved November 23, 2007.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 150–151.
- ^ a b Dan Balz, "McCain Weighs Options Amid Setbacks", The Washington Post (July 5, 1998) Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 152–154.
- ^ Report of the Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs, U.S. Senate (January 13, 1993). Retrieved January 3, 2008.
- ^ a b Walsh, James. "Good Morning, Vietnam", Time (July 24, 1995). Retrieved January 5, 2008.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 170–171.
- ^ Farrell, John. "At the center of power, seeking the summit", The Boston Globe (June 21, 2003). Retrieved January 5, 2008.
- ^ McIntire, Mike. "Democracy Group Gives Donors Access to McCain", The New York Times (July 28, 2008). Retrieved August 16, 2008.
- ^ Eilperin, Juliet. "McCain Sees Roberts, Alito as Examples", The Trail; A Daily Diary of Campaign 2008, via washingtonpost.com (May 6, 2008). Retrieved July 26, 2008.
- ^ a b Curry, Tom. "McCain takes grim message to South Carolina", MSNBC (April 26, 2007). Retrieved December 27, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Nowicki, Dan and Muller, Bill. "John McCain Report: McCain becomes the 'maverick'", The Arizona Republic (March 1, 2007). Retrieved December 19, 2007.
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 190.
- ^ a b c d Maisel, Louis and Buckley, Kara. Parties and Elections in America: The Electoral Process, 163–166 (Rowman & Littlefield 2004). ISBN 0-7425-2670-4.
- ^ Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. The Almanac of American Politics, 2006 (National Journal 2005), 93–98. ISBN 0-89234-112-2.
- ^ McCain, Worth the Fighting For, 327
- ^ Jackson, David. "McCain: Life shaped judgment on use of force", USA Today (March 25, 2008).
- ^ Clinton v. City of New York, 524 U.S. 417 (1998).
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 176–180.
- ^ "Bio: Sen. John McCain", Fox News (January 23, 2003). Retrieved August 11, 2008.
- ^ a b Alexander, Man of the People, 184–187.
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 194–195.
- ^ McDonald, Greg. "NATO trains sights on Serb targets: Senate OKs use of force in Balkans", Houston Chronicle (March 24, 1999). Retrieved March 5, 2008.
- ^ "U.S. Senators John McCain and Russell Feingold Share 10th John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award", John F. Kennedy Library Foundation (May 24, 1999). Retrieved December 27, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Nowicki, Dan and Muller, Bill. "John McCain Report: The 'maverick' runs", The Arizona Republic (March 1, 2007). Retrieved December 27, 2007.
- ^ Bernstein, Richard. "Books of the Times; Standing Humbly Before a Noble Family Tradition", The New York Times (October 1, 1999). Retrieved August 11, 2008.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 194–195.
- ^ "Faith of My Fathers (1999)" (IE only), Books and Authors. Retrieved May 26, 2008.
- ^ Knickerbocker, Brad. "From a Vietnam Prison to the United States Senate", The Christian Science Monitor (September 16, 1999). Retrieved May 27, 2008.
- ^ "McCain formally kicks off campaign", CNN (September 27, 1999). Retrieved December 27, 2007.
- ^ Bruni, Frank. "Quayle, Outspent by Bush, Will Quit Race, Aide Says", The New York Times (September 27, 2000). Retrieved December 27, 2007.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 188–189.
- ^ Harpaz, Beth. The Girls in the Van: Covering Hillary, 86 (St. Martin's Press 2001). ISBN 0-312-30271-1.
- ^ Corn, David. "The McCain Insurgency", The Nation (February 10, 2000). Retrieved January 1, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e Steinhauer, Jennifer. "Confronting Ghosts of 2000 in South Carolina", The New York Times (October 19, 2007). Retrieved January 7, 2008.
- ^ "Dirty Politics 2008", NOW, PBS (January 4, 2008). Retrieved January 6, 2008.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 254–255, 262–263.
- ^ Mitchell, Alison. "Bush and McCain Exchange Sharp Words Over Fund-Raising", The New York Times (February 10, 2000). Retrieved January 7, 2008.
- ^ a b Alexander, Man of the People, 250–251.
- ^ Data for table is from "Favorability: People in the News: John McCain", The Gallup Organization, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 263–266.
- ^ a b Knowlton, Brian. "McCain Licks Wounds After South Carolina Rejects His Candidacy", International Herald Tribune (February 21, 2000). Retrieved January 1, 2008.
- ^ Barone, Michael and Cohen, Richard. The Almanac of American Politics, 2008, 96 (National Journal 2008). ISBN 0-89234-117-3.
- ^ Mitchell, Alison. "McCain Catches Mud, Then Parades It", The New York Times (February 16, 2000). Retrieved January 1, 2008.
- ^ McCaleb, Ian Christopher. "McCain recovers from South Carolina disappointment, wins in Arizona, Michigan", CNN (February 22, 2000). Retrieved December 30, 2007. Archived February 5, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Excerpt From McCain's Speech on Religious Conservatives", The New York Times (February 29, 2000). Retrieved December 30, 2007.
- ^ Rothernberg, Stuart. "Stuart Rothernberg: Bush Roars Back; McCain's Hopes Dim", CNN (March 1, 2000). Retrieved December 30, 2007.
- ^ McCaleb, Ian Christopher. "Gore, Bush post impressive Super Tuesday victories", CNN (March 8, 2000). Retrieved December 30, 2007.
- ^ McCaleb, Ian Christopher. "Bradley, McCain bow out of party races", CNN (March 9, 2000). Retrieved December 30, 2007.
- ^ Marks, Peter. "A Ringing Endorsement for Bush", The New York Times (May 14, 2000). Retrieved March 1, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Nowicki, Dan and Muller, Bill. "John McCain Report: The 'maverick' and President Bush", The Arizona Republic (March 1, 2007). Retrieved December 27, 2007.
- ^ a b c Holan, Angie. "McCain switched on tax cuts", Politifact, St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
- ^ a b Carney, James. "Frenemies: The McCain-Bush Dance", Time (July 16, 2008). Retrieved August 11, 2008.
- ^ Drew, Citizen McCain, 5.
- ^ Edsall, Thomas and Milbank, Dana. "McCain Is Considering Leaving GOP: Arizona Senator Might Launch a Third-Party Challenge to Bush in 2004", The Washington Post (June 2, 2001). Retrieved May 10, 2008. Archived March 8, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Cusack, Bob. "Democrats say McCain nearly abandoned GOP", The Hill (March 28, 2007). Retrieved January 17, 2008.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. "After 2000 Run, McCain Learned to Work Levers of Power", The New York Times (July 21, 2008). Retrieved August 11, 2008.
- ^ McCain, John. "No Substitute for Victory: War is hell. Let's get on with it", The Wall Street Journal (October 26, 2001). Retrieved January 17, 2008.
- ^ "Senate bill would implement 9/11 panel proposals", CNN (September 8, 2004). Retrieved January 17, 2008.
- ^ "Senate Approves Aviation Security, Anti-Terrorism Bills", Online NewsHour, PBS (October 12, 2001). Retrieved January 17, 2008.
- ^ Alexander, Man of the People, 168.
- ^ "Sen. McCain's Interview With Chris Matthews", Hardball with Chris Matthews, MSNBC (March 12, 2003). Via McCain's Senate web site and archive.org. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
- ^ "Newsmaker: Sen. McCain", PBS, NewsHour (November 6, 2003). Retrieved January 17, 2008.
- ^ a b c d Nowicki, Dan and Muller, Bill. "John McCain Report: The 'maverick' goes establishment", The Arizona Republic (March 1, 2007). Retrieved December 23, 2007.
- ^ "Summary of the Lieberman-McCain Climate Stewardship Act", Pew Center on Global Climate Change. Retrieved April 24, 2008. Archived April 11, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Lieberman, McCain Reintroduce Climate Stewardship and Innovation Act", Lieberman Senate web site (January 12, 2007). Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- ^ "McCain: I'd 'entertain' Democratic VP slot", Associated Press for USA Today (March 10, 2004). Retrieved May 6, 2008.
- ^ a b Halbfinger, David. "McCain Is Said To Tell Kerry He Won't Join", The New York Times (June 12, 2004). Retrieved January 3, 2008.
- ^ a b Balz, Dan and VandeHei, Jim. "McCain's Resistance Doesn't Stop Talk of Kerry Dream Ticket", The Washington Post (June 12, 2004). Retrieved January 18, 2008.
- ^ "Kerry wants to boost child-care credit", Associated Press via MSNBC (June 16, 2004). Retrieved March 8, 2008.
- ^ a b Loughlin, Sean. "McCain praises Bush as 'tested'", CNN (August 30, 2004). Retrieved November 14, 2007.
- ^ Coile, Zachary. "Vets group attacks Kerry; McCain defends Democrat", San Francisco Chronicle (August 6, 2004). Retrieved August 15, 2006.
- ^ "Election 2004: U.S. Senate – Arizona – Exit Poll", CNN. Retrieved December 23, 2007.
- ^ "Senators compromise on filibusters; Bipartisan group agrees to vote to end debate on 3 nominees", CNN (May 24, 2005). Retrieved March 16, 2008.
- ^ Hulse, Carl. "Distrust of McCain Lingers Over '05 Deal on Judges", The New York Times (February 25, 2008). Retrieved March 16, 2008.
- ^ Preston, Julia. "Grass Roots Roared and Immigration Plan Collapsed", The New York Times (July 10, 2007). Retrieved July 27, 2008.
- ^ "Why the Senate Immigration Bill Failed", Rasmussen Reports (June 8, 2007). Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ Schmidt, Susan; Grimaldi, James. "Panel Says Abramoff Laundered Tribal Funds; McCain Cites Possible Fraud by Lobbyist", The Washington Post (June 23, 2005). Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ Anderson, John. Follow the Money (Simon and Schuster 2007), 254. ISBN 0-7432-8643-X.
- ^ Butterfield, Fox. "Indians' Wish List: Big-City Sites for Casinos", The New York Times (April 8, 2005).
- ^ "Roll Call Votes 109th Congress – 1st Session on the Amendment (McCain Amdt. No. 1977)", United States Senate (October 5, 2005). Retrieved August 15, 2006.
- ^ "Senate ignores veto threat in limiting detainee treatment", CNN (October 6, 2005). Retrieved January 2, 2008.
- ^ "McCain, Bush agree on torture ban", CNN (December 15, 2005). Retrieved August 16, 2006.
- ^ Calabresi, Massimo and Bacon Jr., Perry. "America's 10 Best Senators", "John McCain: The Mainstreamer", Time (April 16, 2006). Retrieved August 14, 2008.
- ^ a b Eggen, Dan and Shear, Michael. "Vote Against Waterboarding Bill Called Consistent", The Washington Post (February 16, 2008): "[T]he aide said, there are noncoercive interrogation techniques not used by the Army that could be useful to the CIA." Retrieved June 9, 2008.
- ^ Ricks, Thomas. Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq 412 (Penguin Press 2006). ISBN 1-59420-103-X.
- ^ Baldor, Lolita. "McCain Defends Bush's Iraq Strategy"[dead link], Associated Press via CBS News (January 12, 2007). Retrieved January 13, 2007. Archived at Wayback Machine.
- ^ Giroux, Greg. "'Move On' Takes Aim at McCain's Iraq Stance", The New York Times (January 17, 2007). Retrieved January 18, 2008.
- ^ Carney, James. "The Resurrection of John McCain", Time (January 23, 2008). Retrieved February 1, 2008.
- ^ Crawford, Jamie. "Iraq won't change McCain", CNN (July 28, 2007). Retrieved January 18, 2008.
- ^ "McCain arrives in Baghdad", CNN (March 16, 2008). Retrieved March 16, 2008.
- ^ "McCain launches White House bid", BBC News (April 25, 2007). Retrieved May 15, 2008.
- ^ "Remarks as Prepared for Delivery: Senator McCain's Announcement Speech", USA Today (April 25, 2007). Retrieved May 18, 2008.
- ^ Balz, Dan. "For Possible '08 Run, McCain Is Courting Bush Loyalists", The Washington Post (February 12, 2006). Retrieved August 15, 2006.
- ^ Birnbaum, Jeffrey and Solomon, John. "McCain's Unlikely Ties to K Street", The Washington Post (December 31, 2007). Retrieved January 3, 2008.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. and Pilhofer, Aron. "McCain Lags in Income, but Excels in Spending", The New York Times (April 15, 2007). Retrieved August 11, 2008.
- ^ "McCain lags in fundraising, cuts staff", CNN (July 2, 2007). Retrieved July 6, 2007.
- ^ a b "Lagging in Fundraising, McCain Reorganizes Staff", NPR (July 2, 2007). Retrieved July 6, 2007.
- ^ Sidoti, Liz. "McCain Campaign Suffers Key Shakeups", Associated Press via Breitbart.com (July 10, 2007). Retrieved July 15, 2007.
- ^ a b Boshart, Rod. "McCain says he's underdog in Iowa during State Fair visit", The Gazette (August 8, 2008). Retrieved August 11, 2008.[dead link]
- ^ Martin, Jonathan. "McCain's comeback plan", The Politico (July 19, 2007). Retrieved December 12, 2007.
- ^ Witosky, Tom. "McCain sees resurgence in his run for president", The Des Moines Register (December 17, 2007). Retrieved December 29, 2007.
- ^ Sinderbrand, Rebecca. "McCain, Clinton win Concord Monitor endorsements", CNN (December 29, 2007). Retrieved December 29, 2007.
- ^ "Lieberman: McCain can reunite our country", CNN (December 17, 2007). Retrieved June 26, 2008.
- ^ Lieberman, Joseph. "Joe Lieberman: McCain for President", New York Post (February 3, 2008): "Joe Lieberman is an independent Democratic senator from Connecticut." Retrieved June 26, 2008.
- ^ "CNN: McCain wins New Hampshire GOP primary", CNN (January 8, 2008). Retrieved January 8, 2008.
- ^ Jones, Tim; Anderson, Lisa. "Moderates flock to McCain in S.C.; 2nd-place finish deals blow for Huckabee", Chicago Tribune (January 20, 2008). Retrieved November 2, 2008.
- ^ "Thompson Quits US Presidential Race", Reuters (January 22, 2008). Retrieved June 2, 2008.
- ^ "McCain wins Florida, Giuliani expected to drop out", CNN (January 29, 2008). Retrieved January 29, 2008.
- ^ Holland, Steve. "Giuliani, Edwards quit White House Race", Reuters (January 30, 2008). Retrieved January 30, 2008.
- ^ Sidoti, Liz. "Romney Suspends Presidential Campaign", Associated Press via Breitbart.com (February 7, 2008). Retrieved May 19, 2008.
- ^ "McCain wins key primaries, CNN projects; McCain clinches nod", CNN (March 4, 2008). Retrieved March 4, 2008.
- ^ "Lawyers Conclude McCain Is "Natural Born", Associated Press via CBS News (March 28, 2008). Retrieved May 23, 2008.
- ^ Dobbs, Michael. "McCain's Birth Abroad Stirs Legal Debate", The Washington Post (May 2, 2008). Retrieved October 24, 2008.
- ^ Bash, Dana. "With McCain, 72 is the new... 69?", CNN (September 4, 2006). Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ "Presidential Inaugural Facts", The Miami Herald (January 20, 1985). Excerpt via Google News. Retrieved March 30, 2008. Ronald Reagan was 73 years and 350 days old at his second inauguration.
- ^ McCain, John. Interview transcript. Meet the Press via MSNBC (June 19, 2005). Retrieved November 14, 2006.
- ^ a b Altman, Lawrence. "On the Campaign Trail, Few Mentions of McCain's Bout With Melanoma", The New York Times (March 9, 2008). Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ "Medical records show McCain is in good health" International Herald Tribune (May 23, 2008). Retrieved on May 23, 2008.
- ^ Page, Susan. "McCain runs strong as Democrats battle on" USA Today (April 28, 2008). Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ "McCain tells his story to voters" CNN (March 31, 2008). Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ Luo, Michael and Palmer, Griff. "McCain Faces Test in Wooing Elite Donors", The New York Times (March 31, 2008). Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ Kuhnhenn, Jim. "Cindy McCain had $6 million income in 2006", Associated Press via USA Today (May 24, 2008). Retrieved May 24, 2008.
- ^ Shear, Michael. "A Fifth Top Aide To McCain Resigns", The Washington Post (May 19, 2008). Retrieved June 4, 2008.
- ^ Kammer, Jerry. "Lobbyists on John McCain's Team Facing Some New Rules", The Arizona Republic (May 26, 2008). Retrieved June 4, 2008.
- ^ Pickler, Nedra. "McCain, Obama fail to agree on town halls"[dead link], Associated Press via ABC News (June 13, 2008). Retrieved June 16, 2008.
- ^ Balz, Dan and Shear, Michael D. "McCain Puts New Strategist Atop Campaign", The Washington Post (July 3, 2008). Retrieved August 11, 2008.
- ^ "General Election: McCain vs. Obama", Real Clear Politics. Retrieved August 11, 2008.
- ^ a b "McCain Predicts 'Underdog' Win in Final 48 Hours", Fox News (June 27, 2008). Retrieved August 11, 2008. Archived August 3, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Wayne, Leslie. "McCain Raised $27 Million in July", The New York Times (August 15, 2008). Retrieved August 16, 2008.
- ^ Barr, Andy. "Obama passes 2 million donors", The Hill (August 14, 2008). Retrieved August 16, 2008.
- ^ Kuhnhenn, Jim. "Analysis: McCain tries to sow doubts about Obama", Associated Press for USA Today (July 31, 2008). Retrieved August 11, 2008.
- ^ "McCain taps Alaska Gov. Palin as vice president pick", CNN (August 29, 2008). Retrieved August 29, 2008.
- ^ Berman, Russell. "McCain-Palin Surging in the Polls", The New York Sun (September 9, 2008). Retrieved December 31, 2008.
- ^ Nagourney, Adam. "In Election's Wake, Campaigns Offer a Peek at What Really Happened", The New York Times (December 9, 2008). Retrieved December 31, 2008.
- ^ Cohen, Jon and Agiesta, Jennifer. "Perceptions of Palin Grow Increasingly Negative, Poll Says", The Washington Post (October 25, 2008). Retrieved December 31, 2008.
- ^ Fouhy, Beth. "Obama rejects McCain's call to delay debate", Associated Press for The Times-Tribune (Scranton) (September 24, 2008). Retrieved September 24, 2008.[dead link]
- ^ "John McCain Statement: 'Suspending' His Campaign", ABC News (September 24, 2008).
- ^ Weisman, Jonathan. "How McCain Stirred a Simmering Pot", The Washington Post (September 27, 2008). Retrieved September 27, 2008. "In truth, McCain's dramatic announcement Wednesday that he would suspend his campaign and come to Washington for the bailout talks had wide repercussions."
- ^ Stolberg, Cheryl Gay and Bumiller, Elisabeth. "A Balancing Act as McCain Faces a Divided Party and a Skeptical Public", The New York Times (September 26, 2008). Retrieved September 27, 2008. "His greatest contribution," Mr. Bachus said, "was returning to Washington and standing up for Republicans who were refusing to be stampeded."
- ^ "McCain To Attend Debate, Resume Campaign", RTTNews (September 26, 2008). Retrieved September 26, 2008.
- ^ "Senate Passes Economic Rescue Package", NY1 News (October 1, 2008). Retrieved October 2, 2008.
- ^ Steinhauser, Paul. "Obama picks up second debate win, poll says", CNN (October 8, 2008). Retrieved October 12, 2008.
- ^ Daniel, Douglass. "Obama backs away from McCain's debate challenge", Associated Press via Houston Chronicle (August 2, 2008). Retrieved August 11, 2008.
- ^ Drogin, Bob and Barabak, Mark Z. "John McCain compares Barack Obama's policies to socialism", Los Angeles Times (October 18, 2008). Retrieved December 31, 2008.
- ^ Bumiller, Elisabeth. "In Ohio, McCain Is Everywhere Even if Joe the Plumber Isn't", The New York Times (October 30, 2008). Retrieved December 31, 2008.
- ^ Smith, Ben. "McCain pollster: Wright wouldn't have worked", Politico (December 11, 2008). Retrieved December 30, 2008.
- ^ Johnson, Alex. "McCain hammers Obama on Ayers ties", MSNBC (October 23, 2008). Retrieved January 1, 2009.
- ^ Rutenberg, Jim. "Nearing Record, Obama's Ad Effort Swamps McCain", The New York Times (October 17, 2008). Retrieved December 30, 2008.
- ^ a b "Transcript: McCain concedes presidency", CNN (November 4, 2008).
- ^ Franke-Ruta, Garance. "McCain Takes Missouri", The Washington Post (November 19, 2008). Retrieved November 19, 2008.
- ^ a b "President – Election Center 2008", CNN. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
- ^ Mooney, Alexander. "McCain may face bumpy shift from White House run", CNN (November 18, 2008). Retrieved November 21, 2008.
- ^ Tapper, Jake. "Obama, McCain Meet While Bill Speaks About Hillary", ABC News (November 17, 2008). Retrieved November 21, 2008.
- ^ Cillizza, Chris. "McCain's Next Step: Re-Election in 2010", The Washington Post (November 19, 2008). Retrieved November 21, 2008.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. "Obama Reaches Out for McCain's Counsel", The New York Times (January 19, 2009). Retrieved January 20, 2009.
- ^ Brune, Tom. "Obama speech strong but anti-climatic", Newsday (January 20, 2009). Retrieved January 20, 2009.
- ^ Hulse, Carl and Herszenhorn, David M. "Senators Reach Deal on Stimulus Plan as Jobs Vanish", The New York Times (February 6, 2009). Retrieved February 7, 2009.
- ^ O'Donnell, Kelly and Montanaro, Domenico. "McCain to vote against Sotomayor", NBC News (August 3, 2009). Retrieved August 22, 2009.
- ^ Giroux, Greg. "McCain: Maverick No More?", CQ Politics (August 19, 2009). Retrieved August 22, 2009.
- ^ McCain, John and others. "Only Decisive Force Can Prevail in Afghanistan", The Wall Street Journal (September 13, 2009). Retrieved November 17, 2009.
- ^ a b c d Newton-Small, Jay. "John McCain: Can He Mend Fences with the Right?", Time (October 8, 2009). Retrieved November 20, 2009. In print magazine as "Voice in the Wilderness", October 19, 2009.
- ^ a b Lerer, Lisa. "John McCain slams 'horrendous' climate bill", Politico (November 19, 2009). Retrieved November 20, 2009.
- ^ Shane, Leo, III, "'Don't ask, don't tell' reversal measure falters in Senate", Stars and Stripes, September 21, 2010. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
- ^ a b Steinhauer, Jennifer. "From Right of Radio Dial, Challenge to McCain", The New York Times (February 9, 2010). Retrieved February 13, 2010.
- ^ a b c Slevin, Peter. "Hard line on immigration marks GOP race in Arizona", The Washington Post (May 22, 2010). Retrieved May 22, 2010.
- ^ Margolick, David. "The McCain Mutiny", Newsweek (April 3, 2010). Retrieved April 6, 2010.
- ^ O'Brien, Michael. "McCain: Don't expect GOP cooperation on legislation for the rest of this year", The Hill (March 22, 2010). Retrieved March 28, 2010.
- ^ Good, Chris. "McCain Defends Arizona's Immigration Law", The Atlantic (April 26, 2010). Retrieved May 22, 2010.
- ^ "The 2010 Results Map – Senate – 2010 – AZ", Politico (August 25, 2010). Retrieved August 25, 2010.
- ^ "McCain, Republicans sweep statewides", Phoenix Business Journal (November 3, 2010). Retrieved November 3, 2010.
- ^ a b Milbank, Dana. "John McCain at his fieriest before 'don't ask, don't tell' vote", The Washington Post (December 18, 2010). Retrieved December 26, 2010.
- ^ "McCain Says the Time for Mubarak to Leave Has Come", Associated Press, ABC News (February 3, 2011). Retrieved May 22, 2011.
- ^ "McCain: Libyan rebels are 'my heroes'", CBS News (April 22, 2011). Retrieved May 11, 2011.
- ^ "McCain says he's worried about Pentagon budget, but will 'swallow hard' and vote for debt deal", Associated Press, The Washington Post (August 1, 2011). Retrieved August 7, 2011.
- ^ Barett, Ted. "Senate passes defense bill with detainee policy compromise", CNN (December 2, 2011). Retrieved December 3, 2011.
- ^ Gerstein, Josh. "Defense bill revised in bid to avoid veto", Politico (December 12, 2011). Retrieved December 26, 2011.
- ^ Chabot, Hillary. "John McCain: Close curtain on GOP 'Greek tragedy'", Boston Herald (February 28, 2012). Retrieved March 7, 2012.
- ^ a b Chart is built from current year and past year ratings found at the ratings sections of the websites of the American Conservative Union and Americans for Democratic Action.
- ^ Mayer, William. "Kerry's Record Rings a Bell", The Washington Post (March 28, 2004). Retrieved May 12, 2008: "The question of how to measure a senator's or representative's ideology is one that political scientists regularly need to answer. For more than 30 years, the standard method for gauging ideology has been to use the annual ratings of lawmakers' votes by various interest groups, notably the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) and the American Conservative Union (ACU)."
- ^ "2010 U.S. Senate Votes", American Conservative Union. Retrieved May 21, 2011. Lifetime rating is given."The ADA 2010 Voting Record", Americans for Democratic Action. Retrieved May 21, 2011. Average includes all years beginning with 1983 in House, collected from various parts of ADA website and calculated on spreadsheet.
- ^ Barone, Michael and Cohen, Richard. The Almanac of American Politics, 2008 (Washington, D.C.: National Journal group, 2008, ISBN 0-89234-117-3), page 95. (National Journal's methodology and criteria are explained in the "Guide to Usage on pages 15-16.) In 2005, the economic ratings were 52 percent conservative and 47 percent liberal, the social ratings 64% conservative and 23% liberal, and the foreign ratings 54 / 45. In 2006, the economic ratings were 64 / 35, the social 46 / 53, and the foreign 58 / 40.
- ^ Robb, Robert. "Is McCain a conservative?", RealClearPolitics (February 1, 2008). Retrieved June 18, 2008.
- ^ Continetti, Matthew. "Not your dad's Republicans"[dead link], Los Angeles Times (March 6, 2008). Retrieved June 18, 2008.
- ^ Condon, Stephanie. "John McCain ranked most conservative senator in 2010" CBS News (February 24, 2011). Retrieved February 26, 2011.
- ^ Kimball, Richard. "Program History", Project Vote Smart. Retrieved May 20, 2008. Also see Nintzel, Jim. "Test Study: Why are politicians like John McCain suddenly so afraid of Project Vote Smart?", Tucson Weekly (April 17, 2008). Retrieved May 21, 2008. Also see Stein, Jonathan. "Senator Straight Talk Won't Go on the Record with Project Vote Smart", Mother Jones (April 7, 2008). Retrieved May 21, 2008.
- ^ "Senator John Sidney McCain III (AZ)", Project Vote Smart. Retrieved May 20, 2008. Non-partisan information about McCain's issue positions is also provided online by other sources. See, e.g., "John McCain on the Issues", OnTheIssues. Retrieved May 18, 2008.
- ^ "Issues", McCain's official Senate web site. Retrieved May 21, 2008.
- ^ "The Taxpayer Protection Pledge Signers 112th Congressional List". Americans for Tax Reform. http://s3.amazonaws.com/atrfiles/files/files/091411-federalpledgesigners.pdf. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
- ^ a b Brooks, David. "The Character Factor", The New York Times (November 13, 2007). Retrieved December 19, 2007.
- ^ Mitchell, Josh. "Military Veterans step up for John McCain", The Baltimore Sun (February 5, 2008). Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ a b Keller, Julia. "Me? A bad temper? Why, I oughta ...", Chicago Tribune (May 1, 2008): "Anecdotes about McCain's short fuse—dashing off nasty letters, manhandling colleagues when they oppose him—have popped up in recent profiles. Conversely, though, we also want people in public life to be passionate and engaged. We want them to be fiery and feisty. We like them to care enough to blow their stacks every once in a while. Otherwise, we question the sincerity of their convictions." Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ Jacobson, Gary. "Partisan Differences in Job Approval Ratings of George W. Bush and U.S. Senators in the States: An Exploration", Paper presented at annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, August 2006.
- ^ a b Hunt, Albert. "John McCain and Russell Feingold" in Profiles in Courage for Our Time, 256 (Kennedy, Caroline ed., Hyperion 2003): "The hero is indispensable to the McCain persona." ISBN 0-7868-8678-1.
- ^ Purdum, Todd. "Prisoner of Conscience", Vanity Fair, February 2007. Retrieved January 19, 2008. The surgery took place in 2000.
- ^ Simon, Roger. "McCain's Health and Age Present Campaign Challenge", The Politico (January 27, 2007). Retrieved November 23, 2007.
- ^ Lewis, Michael, "I Liked a Pol", The New York Times Magazine (November 21, 1999) Retrieved July 2, 2008.
- ^ Margolick, David, "The McCain Mutiny", Newsweek (April 2, 2010). Retrieved September 12, 2010.
- ^ Fallows, James, "The Mystery of John McCain", The Atlantic (December 3, 2010). Retrieved May 21, 2011.
- ^ O'Dowd, Niall, "John McCain a sad figure as he loses all that made him great and an American original", Irish Central (December 18, 2010). Retrieved May 21, 2011.
- ^ Purdum, Todd S., "The Man Who Never Was", Vanity Fair (November 2010). Retrieved May 21, 2011.
- ^ McCain, Worth the Fighting For, xvii: "God has given me heart enough for my ambitions, but too little forbearance to pursue them by routes other than a straight line."
- ^ Milbank, Dana. "A Candidate's Lucky Charms", The Washington Post (February 19, 2000). Retrieved April 8, 2006.
- ^ Campanille, Carl. "'Like to Hike' McC Loves Uphill Climb, Stays Fit in Ariz. Outdoors", New York Post (March 10, 2008). Retrieved May 19, 2008.
- ^ Corn, David. "A joke too bad to print?", Salon.com (June 25, 1998). Retrieved August 16, 2006. Chelsea Clinton is the daughter of Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton. In 1998, Janet Reno was the Attorney General of the United States.
- ^ Pilkington, Ed. "The joke that should have sunk McCain", The Guardian (September 2, 2008). Retrieved September 3, 2008.
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 194.
- ^ Gerhart, Ann; Groer, Annie. "The Reliable Source", The Washington Post (June 16, 1998). Retrieved May 24, 2008.
- ^ Dowd, Maureen. "The Joke's On Him", The New York Times (June 21, 1998). Retrieved April 2, 2008.
- ^ Drew, Citizen McCain, 23.
- ^ "Best and Worst of Congress", Washingtonian, September 2006. Retrieved January 19, 2008.
- ^ Drew, Citizen McCain, 21–22.
- ^ Zengerle, Jason. "Papa John", The New Republic (April 23, 2008). Retrieved April 11, 2008.
- ^ "A Conversation About What's Worth the Fight", Newsweek (March 29, 2008): "I have — although certainly not in recent years — lost my temper and said intemperate things... I feel passionately about issues, and the day that passion goes away is the day I will go down to the old soldiers' home and find my rocking chair." Retrieved May 10, 2008. Archived April 5, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "On The Hustings – April 21, 2008", The New York Sun (April 21, 2008): "I am very happy to be a passionate man... many times I deal passionately when I find things that are not in the best interests of the American people. And so, look, 20, 25 years ago, 15 years ago, that's fine, and those stories here are either totally untrue or grossly exaggerated." Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ Renshon, Stanley. "The Comparative Psychoanalytic Study of Political Leaders: John McCain and the Limits of Trait Psychology" in Profiling Political Leaders: Cross-cultural Studies of Personality and Behavior, 245 (Feldman and Valenty eds., Greenwood Publishing 2001): "McCain was not the only candidate or leader to have a temper." ISBN 0-275-97036-1.
- ^ Coleman, Michael. "Domenici Knows McCain Temper", Albuquerque Journal, Online Edition (April 27, 2008). Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ a b c Kranish, Michael. "Famed McCain temper is tamed", The Boston Globe (January 27, 2008). Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- ^ Kane, Paul. "GOP Senators Reassess Views About McCain", The Washington Post (February 4, 2008): "the past few years have seen fewer McCain outbursts, prompting some senators and aides to suggest privately that he is working to control his temper." Retrieved May 10, 2008.
- ^ Novak, Robert. "A Pork Baron Strikes Back", The Washington Post (February 7, 2008). Retrieved May 4, 2008.
- ^ Leahy, Michael. "McCain: A Question of Temperament", The Washington Post (April 20, 2008). ("Cornyn is now a McCain supporter, as is Republican Sen. Thad Cochran of Mississippi, himself a past target of McCain's sharp tongue, especially over what McCain regarded as Cochran's hunger for pork-barrel projects in his state. Cochran landed in newspapers early during the campaign after declaring that the thought of McCain in the Oval Office 'sends a cold chill down my spine.'") Retrieved April 28, 2008. McCain aide Mark Salter challenged the accuracy of some other elements of Leahy's article; see "McCain's Temper, Ctd.", National Review Online (April 20, 2008). Retrieved May 4, 2008.
- ^ Raju, Manu. "McCain reaches out to GOP senators with weekly meetings", The Hill (April 30, 2008). Retrieved May 4, 2008
- ^ Timberg, American Odyssey, 144–145.
- ^ Bumiller, Elisabeth. "Two McCain Moments, Rarely Mentioned", The New York Times (March 24, 2008). Retrieved March 24, 2008.
- ^ Tilghman, Andrew. "McCain win might stop sons from deploying", Navy Times (March 10, 2008). Retrieved March 28, 2008.
- ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay. "Obama Is Embraced at Annapolis", The New York Times (May 23, 2009). Retrieved May 25, 2009.
- ^ Parker, Kathleen. "Another McCain Throws Down a Challenge", The Washington Post (March 25, 2009). Retrieved May 25, 2009.
- ^ Tobin, Frances. "Is Meghan McCain, Miss Maverick, Undermining Her Daddy?", Politics Daily (February 10, 2010). Retrieved February 27, 2010.
Bibliography[link]
 |
This article is part of a series about the life of John McCain |
John McCain
 |
|---|---|---|
| Early life and military career House and Senate career until 2000 2000 Presidential primaries campaign Senate career, 2001–present 2008 McCain-Palin campaign Cultural and political image Political positions |
||
- Alexander, Paul. Man of the People: The Life of John McCain (John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey 2002). ISBN 0-471-22829-X.
- Brock, David and Waldman, Paul. Free Ride: John McCain and the Media (Anchor Books 2008). ISBN 0-307-27940-5.
- Drew, Elizabeth. Citizen McCain (Simon & Schuster 2002). ISBN 0-641-57240-9.
- Feinberg, Barbara. John McCain: Serving His Country (Millbrook Press 2000). ISBN 0-7613-1974-3.
- Hubbell, John G. P.O.W.: A Definitive History of the American Prisoner-Of-War Experience in Vietnam, 1964–1973 (Reader's Digest Press, New York 1976). ISBN 0-88349-091-9.
- Karaagac, John. John McCain: An Essay in Military and Political History (Lexington Books 2000). ISBN 0-7391-0171-4.
- McCain, John and Salter, Mark, Faith of My Fathers (Random House, New York 1999). ISBN 0-375-50191-6.
- McCain, John and Salter, Mark. Worth the Fighting For (Random House, New York 2002). ISBN 0-375-50542-3.
- Rochester, Stuart I. and Kiley, Frederick. Honor Bound: American Prisoners of War in Southeast Asia, 1961–1973 (Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland 1999). ISBN 1-55750-694-9.
- Schecter, Cliff. The Real McCain: Why Conservatives Don't Trust Him and Why Independents Shouldn't (PoliPoint Press 2008). ISBN 0-9794822-9-1.
- Timberg, Robert. John McCain: An American Odyssey (Touchstone Books, New York 1999). ISBN 0-684-86794-X. Chapter 1 available online.
- Timberg, Robert. The Nightingale's Song (Simon & Schuster, New York 1996). ISBN 0-684-80301-1. Chapter 1 available online.
- Welch, Matt. McCain: The Myth of a Maverick (Palgrave Macmillan 2007). ISBN 0-230-60396-3.
External links[link]
| Find more about John McCain on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
|
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
|
Images and media from Commons |
|
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
|
News stories from Wikinews |
|
Quotations from Wikiquote |
|
Source texts from Wikisource |
|
Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Senator John McCain official U.S. Senate site
- John McCain for Senate official campaign site
- John McCain at Twitter
- Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
- Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
- Congressional profile at GovTrack
- Congressional profile at OpenCongress
- Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
- Current Bills Sponsored at StateSurge.com
- Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
- Staff salaries, trips and personal finance at LegiStorm.com
- Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Appearances on Charlie Rose
- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Works by or about John McCain in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- John McCain's Navy Records some of his records released by the United States Navy
- John McCain at the Open Directory Project
| United States House of Representatives | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by John Jacob Rhodes |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Arizona's 1st congressional district 1983–1987 |
Succeeded by John Jacob Rhodes III |
| United States Senate | ||
| Preceded by Barry Goldwater |
United States Senator (Class 3) from Arizona 1987–present Served alongside: Dennis DeConcini, Jon Kyl |
Incumbent |
| Preceded by Daniel Inouye D-Hawaii |
Chairman of the Senate Indian Affairs Committee 1995–1997 |
Succeeded by Ben Nighthorse Campbell R-Colorado |
| Preceded by Larry Pressler R-South Dakota |
Chairman of the Senate Commerce Committee 1997–2001 |
Succeeded by Ernest Hollings D-South Carolina |
| Preceded by Ernest Hollings D-South Carolina |
Chairman of the Senate Commerce Committee 2003–2005 |
Succeeded by Ted Stevens R-Alaska |
| Preceded by Ben Nighthorse Campbell R-Colorado |
Chairman of the Senate Indian Affairs Committee 2005–2007 |
Succeeded by Byron Dorgan D-North Dakota |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by George W. Bush |
Republican Party presidential candidate 2008 |
Succeeded by Mitt Romney Presumptive nominee |
| Preceded by Barry Goldwater |
Republican Party nominee for United States Senator from Arizona (Class 3) 1986, 1992, 1998, 2004, 2010 |
Most recent |
| United States order of precedence | ||
| Preceded by Richard Shelby R-Alabama |
United States Senators by seniority 16th |
Succeeded by Harry Reid D-Nevada |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||
| Representatives to the 98th–112th United States Congresses from Arizona (ordered by seniority) | ||
|---|---|---|
| 98th | Senate: B. Goldwater | D. DeConcini | House: M. Udall | E. Rudd | B. Stump | J. McCain | J. McNulty |
| 99th | Senate: B. Goldwater | D. DeConcini | House: M. Udall | E. Rudd | B. Stump | J. McCain | J. Kolbe |
| 100th | Senate: D. DeConcini | J. McCain | House: M. Udall | B. Stump | J. Kolbe | J. Kyl | J. J. Rhodes III |
| 101st | Senate: D. DeConcini | J. McCain | House: M. Udall | B. Stump | J. Kolbe | J. Kyl | J. J. Rhodes III |
| 102nd | Senate: D. DeConcini | J. McCain | House: B. Stump | J. Kolbe | J. Kyl | J. J. Rhodes III | E. Pastor |
| 103rd | Senate: D. DeConcini | J. McCain | House: B. Stump | J. Kolbe | J. Kyl | E. Pastor | S. Coppersmith | K. English |
| 104th | Senate: J. McCain | J. Kyl | House: B. Stump | J. Kolbe | E. Pastor | J. D. Hayworth | M. Salmon | J. Shadegg |
| 105th | Senate: J. McCain | J. Kyl | House: B. Stump | J. Kolbe | E. Pastor | J. D. Hayworth | M. Salmon | J. Shadegg |
| 106th | Senate: J. McCain | J. Kyl | House: B. Stump | J. Kolbe | E. Pastor | J. D. Hayworth | M. Salmon | J. Shadegg |
| 107th | Senate: J. McCain | J. Kyl | House: B. Stump | J. Kolbe | E. Pastor | J. D. Hayworth | J. Shadegg | J. Flake |
| 108th | Senate: J. McCain | J. Kyl | House: J. Kolbe | E. Pastor | J. D. Hayworth | J. Shadegg | J. Flake | T. Franks | R. Grijalva | R. Renzi |
| 109th | Senate: J. McCain | J. Kyl | House: J. Kolbe | E. Pastor | J. D. Hayworth | J. Shadegg | J. Flake | T. Franks | R. Grijalva | R. Renzi |
| 110th | Senate: J. McCain | J. Kyl | House: E. Pastor | J. Shadegg | J. Flake | T. Franks | R. Grijalva | R. Renzi | G. Giffords | H. Mitchell |
| 111th | Senate: J. McCain | J. Kyl | House: E. Pastor | J. Shadegg | J. Flake | T. Franks | R. Grijalva | G. Giffords | H. Mitchell | A. Kirkpatrick |
| 112th | Senate: J. McCain | J. Kyl | House: E. Pastor | J. Flake | T. Franks | R. Grijalva | G. Giffords | P. Gosar | B. Quayle | D. Schweikert |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | McCain, John |
| Alternative names | McCain, John Sidney, III (full name) |
| Short description | U.S. Senator from Arizona; 2008 Republican Presidential nominee |
| Date of birth | 1936-08-29 |
| Place of birth | U.S. Panama Canal Zone |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/John_McCain
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/John McCain
http://es.wn.com/John McCain
http://ru.wn.com/Маккейн, Джон
http://cs.wn.com/John McCain
http://pt.wn.com/John McCain
http://pl.wn.com/John McCain
http://it.wn.com/John McCain
http://id.wn.com/John McCain
http://nl.wn.com/John McCain
http://fr.wn.com/John McCain
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Marco Rubio | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| United States Senator from Florida |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 3, 2011 Serving with Bill Nelson |
|
| Preceded by | George LeMieux |
| Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives | |
| In office January 2, 2007 – January 2, 2009 |
|
| Preceded by | Allan Bense |
| Succeeded by | Ray Sansom |
| Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 111th District |
|
| In office January 25, 2000 – January 2, 2009 |
|
| Preceded by | Carlos Valdes |
| Succeeded by | Erik Fresen |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Marco Antonio Rubio (1971-05-28) May 28, 1971 (age 41) Miami, Florida |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Jeanette Dousdebes |
| Children | 4 |
| Alma mater | University of Florida (B.A.) University of Miami (J.D.) |
| Profession | Lawyer |
| Religion | Roman Catholic[1] |
| Website | www.rubio.senate.gov |
Marco Antonio Rubio (born May 28, 1971) is the junior United States Senator from Florida, serving since January 2011. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives (2007–2009).
Born to Cuban immigrants, Rubio was raised in Miami, Florida, and Las Vegas, Nevada. He attended Tarkio College and Santa Fe Community College before graduating from the University of Florida. He earned his J.D. from the University of Miami School of Law in 1996 while interning for U.S. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen. In the late 1990s he served as a City Commissioner for West Miami. Rubio was elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 2000, representing the 111th House district. He was elected Speaker in November 2006.
Rubio announced a run for U.S. Senate in May 2009 after incumbent Republican Mel Martinez resigned. Initially trailing by double-digits against the incumbent Republican Governor Charlie Crist, Rubio eventually surpassed him in polling for the Republican nomination. Rubio won the Republican nomination after Crist opted instead for an independent run. In a three-way split against Crist and Democratic candidate Kendrick Meek, Rubio won the general election in November 2010 by a 19-point margin.
Rubio has been called the "crown prince" of the Tea Party movement.[2][3] He has been mentioned as a potential choice for the Republican vice presidential nomination in 2012 but has said he is not interested.[4]
Contents |
Early life, education, and early political career[link]
Rubio was born in Miami, Florida,[5] the second son and third child of Mario Rubio and Oria Garcia. His parents were Cubans who had emigrated to the United States in 1956 and were later naturalized as U.S. citizens in 1975.[6] Rubio's family was Catholic, but from age 8 to age 11, he and his family attended The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while they lived in Las Vegas. He received his first communion as a Catholic in 1984, before moving back to Miami with his family a year later. He was confirmed and married in the Catholic Church.[7][1][8][9][10]
Rubio attended South Miami Senior High School and graduated in 1989. He then attended Tarkio College for one year on a football scholarship from 1989 to 1990, before enrolling at Santa Fe Community College (now Santa Fe College). He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Florida in 1993, and his J.D. degree cum laude from the University of Miami School of Law in 1996.[11]
While studying law, he interned for U.S. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen.[12] Marco Rubio served as a City Commissioner for West Miami before being elected to the Florida legislature.[13]
Florida House of Representatives (2000–2009)[link]
Rubio was elected to the Florida House of Representatives for the 111th district in a special election on January 25, 2000. He won each of his re-election bids.[14] In November 2006, he was elected Speaker of the Florida House for the 2007–09 term.
He is the author of the book 100 Innovative Ideas for Florida's Future. This book included information that Rubio compiled while traveling around the state and talking with citizens. This was done through what Rubio calls "Idearaisers". Many of the issues that he pushed for in his first year as speaker came from ideas in this book.[15] During 2007, Marco Rubio championed a major overhaul of the Florida tax system, arguing it would reduce property taxes and decrease the size of government.[16]
During his tenure serving as Speaker of the Florida House, Rubio shared his residence with another Florida State Representative, David Rivera. The two men co-owned a home together in Tallahassee, which later fell into foreclosure after deferring months of mortgage payments. This issue surfaced in June 2010, during Rubio's run for the US Senate but was considered resolved according to Rubio's spokesman.[17]
U.S. Senate (2011–present)[link]
2010 election[link]
On May 5, 2009, Rubio announced on his website that he planned to run for the United States Senate in 2010 for the Republican seat being vacated by Sen. Mel Martinez, who had resigned and been replaced by George LeMieux. Prior to the announcement, he had been meeting with fundraisers and supporters throughout the state.[18] Initially trailing by double-digits against the incumbent Governor of his own party, Charlie Crist, Rubio eventually surpassed Crist in polling for the Republican nomination.[19][20]
On April 28, 2010, Crist announced he would be running as an independent, effectively ceding the Republican nomination to Rubio.[21] Several of Crist's top fundraisers, as well as Republican leadership, refused[22][23] to support Crist after Rubio won the Republican nomination for Senate.[24]
On November 2, 2010, Marco Rubio won the senatorial election with 48.9% of the vote to Crist's 29.7% and Democrat Kendrick Meek's 20.1%.[25] On May 20, 2011, Marco Rubio visited Puerto Rico's governor, Luis Fortuño, and made a statement of wanting to "represent the Puerto Ricans" since he already felt he owed those who had voted for him in the Florida election.[26]
Following his victory in the elections, Rubio soon became the subject of speculation as a potential GOP candidate for the presidential election of 2012.[27][28] Rubio stated shortly after taking office that he has no interest in running for president or vice president in 2012.[29]
Tenure[link]
Upon taking office, Rubio hired Cesar Conda, former lobbyist and "top domestic policy adviser to Vice President Dick Cheney during the first two years of the Bush administration" as his Chief of Staff.[30]
Rubio is also a member of the Congressional Hispanic Conference.[citation needed]
Rubio cosponsored a resolution, which was passed, to declare September as National Spinal Cord Injury Awareness Month.[31]
Rubio's amendment, co-sponsored by Joe Manchin (D – WV), to allow employers to be exempted from newly mandated coverage for contraception, based on religious or moral grounds by such employers, did not pass the Senate.[32] The Obama White House singled out Rubio from the many co-sponsors of the similar Roy Blunt amendment, which also failed to pass the Senate.[33]
Committee assignments[link]
- Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation
- Committee on Foreign Relations
- Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, Peace Corps and Narcotics Affairs (Ranking Member)
- Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South and Central Asian Affairs
- Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs
- Subcommittee on International Development and Foreign Assistance, Economic Affairs, and International Environmental Protection
- Select Committee on Intelligence
- Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship
Personal life[link]
Rubio married Jeanette Dousdebes, a former Miami Dolphins cheerleader, in 1997. She is of Colombian descent, and together they have four children named Amanda, Daniella, Anthony, and Dominic.[34] Rubio and his family live in West Miami, Florida.[1][35] Rubio attends Catholic Mass as well as a Southern Baptist church in West Kendall, Florida.[36][8][37]
"Son of exiles" controversy[link]
In October 2011, the St. Petersburg Times and The Washington Post reported that Rubio's previous statements that his parents were forced to leave Cuba in 1959, after Fidel Castro came to power, were incorrect as they had in fact left Cuba in 1956 during the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. According to The Washington Post, Rubio's "embellishments" resonate with many voters in Florida, who would not be as impressed by his family being economic migrants seeking a better life in the U.S. instead of political refugees from a communist regime.[6] Rubio responded, "The real essence of my family’s story is not about the date my parents first entered the United States. Or whether they traveled back and forth between the two nations. Or even the date they left Fidel Castro’s Cuba forever and permanently settled here."[38][39][40] According to a number of commentators within the Cuban exile community in Miami, Rubio is justified to continue to characterize himself as a son of exiles.[40][41]
Electoral history[link]
| Florida U.S. Senate Election 2010 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Republican | Marco Rubio | 2,645,743 | 48.9% | ||
| Independent | Charlie Crist | 1,607,549 | 29.7% | ||
| Democratic | Kendrick Meek | 1,092,936 | 20.2% | ||
| Libertarian | Alexander Snitker | 24,850 | 0.5% | ||
References[link]
- ^ a b c "Representative Marco Rubio". Florida House of Representatives. http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/SEctions/Representatives/details.aspx?MemberId=4180&SessionId=42.
- ^ "Midterms 2010: Tea Party 'Crown Prince’ Marco Rubio wins". The Daily Telegraph (London). November 3, 2010. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-politics/8106646/Midterms-2010-Tea-Party-Crown-Prince-Marco-Rubio-wins.html. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ^ "Insiders Swoon Over Rubio for VP Nomination". National Journal. October 13, 2011. http://hotlineoncall.nationaljournal.com/archives/2011/10/insiders-swoon.php. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
- ^ Jake Gibson (October 5, 2011). "Senator Marco Rubio Says He Won’t Be 2012 Vice Presidential Nominee". Fox News. http://foxnewsinsider.com/2011/10/05/senator-marco-rubio-says-he-would-turn-down-2012-vice-presidential-slot/. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
- ^ Linkins, Jason (October 20, 2011). "Marco Rubio, Bobby Jindal Become Focus Of Bipartisan Birthers". The Huffington Post.
- ^ a b Roig-Franzia, Manuel (October 21, 2011). "Marco Rubio's compelling family story embellishes facts, documents show". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/marco-rubios-compelling-family-story-embellishes-facts-documents-show/2011/10/20/gIQAaVHD1L_singlePage.html. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- ^ Marrapodi, Erin (February 23, 2012). "Sen. Marco Rubio's religious journey: Catholic to Mormon to Catholic to Baptist and Catholic". CNN. http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2012/02/23/sen-marco-rubios-religious-journey-catholic-to-mormon-to-catholic-to-baptist-and-catholic/?hpt=hp_t3. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
- ^ a b Jason O'Bryan (November 1, 2010). "What Is Marco Rubio's Religion?". Politics Daily. http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/11/01/what-is-marco-rubios-religion/. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- ^ Montanaro, Domenico (February 23, 2012), Rubio's Mormon past revealed, NBC News, http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/02/23/10487879-rubios-mormon-past-revealed
- ^ Munzenrieder, Kyle (February 23, 2012), Tween Marco Rubio Was a Mormon, But Does Anyone Really Care?, Miami New Times, http://blogs.miaminewtimes.com/riptide/2012/02/tween_marco_rubios_was_a_mormo.php
- ^ "Biography – About Marco"
- ^ Clark, Lesley (January 5, 2011). "Miami's Marco Rubio becomes new Florida senator". Miami Herald. http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/01/05/2001675/miamis-marco-rubio-becomes-new.html. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
- ^ [www.republicanbusinesscouncil.com/bios/rubio_bio.pdf "Bio"]. Republican Business Council. www.republicanbusinesscouncil.com/bios/rubio_bio.pdf. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
- ^ "Sun Sentinel report on Rubio". Sun-sentinel.com. http://www.sun-sentinel.com/topic/politics/government/marco-rubio-PEPLT007456.topic. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
- ^ "Rubio claims 57 of his 100 ideas were made law by the Florida Legislature". Politifact. http://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2010/feb/26/marco-rubio/rubio-claims-57-his-100-ideas-were-made-law-florid/. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
- ^ "Marco Rubio's U.S. Senate campaign grew out of his 2007 antitax roots". Tampa Bay Times. 12 July 2010. http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/elections/marco-rubios-us-senate-campaign-grew-out-of-his-2007-antitax-roots/1108354. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
- ^ Bender, Michael C. (June 17, 2010). "Rubio faces foreclosure on Tally home; his campaign says it's resolved". The Palm Beach Post. http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/state/rubio-faces-foreclosure-on-tally-home-his-campaign-754440.html. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
- ^ Reinhard, Beth (March 5, 2009). "Marco Rubio quietly registers to run for U.S. Senate". The Miami Herald. http://www.miamiherald.com/news/florida/story/933424.html.
- ^ "January 26, 2010 – Rubio Edges Crist In Florida Gop Senate Race, Quinnipiac University Poll Finds; President Obama Under Water As Voters Disapprove". Quinnipiac University. http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x1297.xml?ReleaseID=1417.
- ^ "Election 2010: Florida Republican Primary for Senate". Rasmussen Reports. February 1, 2010. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20100209003948/http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/elections2/election_2010/election_2010_senate_elections/florida/election_2010_florida_republican_primary_for_senate. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
- ^ Schwandt, Kimberly (April 28, 2010). "Crist to Run as Independent in FL Sen Race". Fox News. http://liveshots.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/04/28/crist-to-run-as-independent-in-fl-sen-race. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
- ^ Romm, Tony (April 18, 2010). "McConnell: Crist would lose all GOP support if he ran as independent". The Hill. http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/senate-races/92869-mcconnell-crist-would-lose-all-gop-support-if-he-ran-as-independent. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
- ^ Martin, Jonathan; Catanese, David (April 17, 2010). "Top Charlie Crist supporters torn over indy bid". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0410/35937.html#ixzz0lOevGjLm. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
- ^ Farrington, Brendan; Kay, Jennifer (August 24, 2010). "Marco Rubio Wins Florida GOP Senate Primary". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/24/marco-rubio-wins-florida-_n_693377.html. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
- ^ Balz, Dan; Branigin, William (November 3, 2010). "2010 election results show Republicans winning the House, not the Senate". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/02/AR2010110207506.html. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
- ^ Martínez, Andrea (May 20, 2011). "Senador republicano visita a Fortuño [Republican Senator visits Puerto Rico]" (in Spanish). El Nuevo Dia (Guaynabo, PR). http://www.elnuevodia.com/senadorrepublicanovisitaafortuno-971808.html. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
- ^ Knickerbocker, Brad (November 6, 2010). "President Obama, Marco Rubio face off on tax cuts". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/The-Vote/2010/1106/President-Obama-Marco-Rubio-face-off-on-tax-cuts.
- ^ Goodman, Lee-Anne (November 5, 2010). "Florida's new senator seen as 'Great Right Hope'". Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/886650--florida-s-new-senator-seen-as-great-right-hope.
- ^ Rahn, Will (January 10, 2011). "Marco Rubio: I want to be a senator, not president or vice president". The Daily Caller. http://dailycaller.com/2011/01/10/marco-rubio-i-want-to-be-a-senator-not-president-or-vice-president/. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- ^ Hayes, Stephen (January 28, 2011) Marco Rubio Picks a Chief of Staff: Cesar Conda, Weekly Standard
- ^ Voss, Laura. "Congress Dedicates September as National Spinal Cord Injury Month." Paralyzed Veterans of America. September 12, 2011.
- ^ "White House Attacks Marco Rubio's Contraception Bill." AP. February 13, 2012.
- ^ Allen, Greg. "For Marco Rubio, VP Prospects Bring New Scrutiny." New Hampshire Public Radio. March 7, 2012.
- ^ Rettig, Jessica (May 4, 2010). "10 Things You Didn't Know About Marco Rubio". U.S. News and World Report. http://politics.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2010/05/04/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-marco-rubio.html.
- ^ "Marco 101". Marco Rubio for US Senate. http://www.marcorubio.com/marco-101/.
- ^ Thompson, Damian (November 12, 2010). "Marco Rubio Tries to Still Debate Over Religion". The Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/us-politics/8129826/Marco-Rubio-tries-to-still-debate-over-his-religion.html.
- ^ "Rubio's income grew with his political clout, tax records show". Miami Herald. May 22, 2010. http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/rubios-income-grew-with-his-political-clout-tax-records-show/1096766.
- ^ "Marco Rubio: My family's flight from Castro". Politico.com. October 21, 2011. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1011/66567.html.
- ^ "Marco Rubio's story", Los Angeles Times, October 30, 2011, http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-ed-rubio-20111030,0,1142953.story
- ^ a b "Marco Rubio's story", Los Angeles Times, October 30, 2011, http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/opinionla/la-ed-rubio-20111030,0,1142953.story
- ^ Mastrapa, Tania (October 29, 2011), "Forget the year of arrival, Cubans are exiles", Miami Herald, http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/10/29/2477153/forget-the-year-of-arrival-cubans.html#ixzz1cZ3ZgQdl
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Marco Rubio |
- Senator Marco Rubio official U.S. Senate website
- Marco Rubio for U.S. Senate official campaign site
- Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
- Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
- Congressional profile at GovTrack
- Congressional profile at OpenCongress
- Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
- Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
- Staff salaries, trips and personal finance at LegiStorm.com
- Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
- Campaign contributions at the National Institute for Money in State Politics
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Appearances at the Internet Movie Database
- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Collected news and commentary at The Guardian
| United States Senate | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by George LeMieux |
United States Senator (Class 3) from Florida January 3, 2011 – present Served alongside: Bill Nelson |
Succeeded by Incumbent |
| United States order of precedence | ||
| Preceded by John Hoeven R-North Dakota |
United States Senators by seniority 94th |
Succeeded by Ron Johnson R-Wisconsin |
| Florida House of Representatives | ||
| Preceded by Carlos Valdes |
Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 111th district 2000–2009 |
Succeeded by Erik Fresen |
| Preceded by Allan Bense |
Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives 2007–2009 |
Succeeded by Ray Sansom |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Mel Martinez |
Republican Party nominee for United States Senator from Florida (Class 3) 2010 |
Succeeded by Current |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
|
||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Rubio, Marco |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American politician |
| Date of birth | May 28, 1971 |
| Place of birth | Miami, Florida, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Marco_Rubio
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Рубио, Марко
http://fr.wn.com/Marco Rubio
http://nl.wn.com/Marco Rubio
http://pt.wn.com/Marco Rubio
http://de.wn.com/Marco Rubio
http://it.wn.com/Marco Rubio
http://pl.wn.com/Marco Rubio
http://cs.wn.com/Marco Rubio
http://es.wn.com/Marco Rubio
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Rubio
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
![[2]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130212194344/http://www.imperato2008.com/imperato2008/images/Vatican-Certificate-2.jpg){kind=link}
![[3]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130212194344/http://www.imperato2008.com/imperato2008/images/maltacert.jpg){kind=link}
