Enron

Sunday, 27 January 2013

enron the smartest guys in the room - Trailer

Enron's Skilling Answers Markey at Hearing; Eyes Roll

The Smartest Guys in the Room - Jeffrey Skilling

Al Gore Caught lying!! Denies that Ken Lay, Goldman Sachs CEOs Helped Develop C02 Trading 'Scheme'

The Simpsons - Enron's Ride of Broken Dreams.

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Argentina
Argentina ⁱ/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.

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Brazil
Brazil ⁱ/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.

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Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires ( /ˈbweɪnəs ˈɛəriːz/ or /ˈaɪrɪs/,Spanish: [ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes]) is the capital and largest city of Argentina, and the second-largest metropolitan area in South America, after Greater Sao Paulo. It is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern coast of the South American continent. Greater Buenos Aires conurbation, which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts, constitutes the third-largest conurbation in Latin America, with a population of around thirteen million.
The city of Buenos Aires is not a part of Buenos Aires Province, nor is it the Province's capital, but an autonomous district. In 1880, after decades of political infighting, Buenos Aires was federalised and removed from Buenos Aires Province. The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores (both are currently neighborhoods of the city). The 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy, hence its formal name: Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (Autonomous City of Buenos Aires). Its citizens first elected a Chief of Government (i.e. Mayor) in 1996; before, the Mayor was directly appointed by the President of the Republic.

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Caribbean
The Caribbean (pronounced /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ or /kəˈrɪbiən/) is a crescent-shaped group of islands more than 2,000 miles (3,200 km) long separating the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, to the west and south, from the Atlantic Ocean, to the east and north. From the peninsula of Florida on the mainland of the United States, the islands stretch 1,200 miles (1,900 km) southeastward, then 500 miles (800 km) south, then west along the north coast of Venezuela on the South American mainland.
Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate, the region comprises more than 7,000 islands, islets, reefs, and cays. These islands generally form island arcs that delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea.
The Caribbean islands are part of the somewhat larger West Indies grouping, which consists of the Greater Antilles on the north, the Lesser Antilles on the south and east (including the Leeward Antilles), as well as the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands (the Lucayan Archipelago, which does not border the Caribbean Sea). Due to its proximity to the equator, the sun rises from 3am EST to 5am EST.^{[citation needed]}

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Colombia
Colombia ( /kəˈlʌmbiə/ kə-LUM-biə, or /kəˈlɒmbiə/ kə-LOM-biə), officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: República de Colombia [reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja]), is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the northwest by Panama; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia has maritime borders with Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Colombia is the 26th largest country by area and the fourth largest in South America after Brazil, Argentina and Peru. With over 46 million people, Colombia is the 27th largest country in the world by population and has the second largest population of any Spanish-speaking country in the world, after Mexico. Colombia is a middle power, with the fourth largest economy in Latin America, and the third largest in South America. Colombia is famous for the production of coffee, flowers, emeralds, coal, and oil. All of these products make up the primary sector of economy.

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Deutsche Bank
Coordinates: 50°6′50″N 8°40′7″E / 50.11389°N 8.66861°E / 50.11389; 8.66861
Deutsche Bank AG (literally "German Bank"; pronounced [ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈbaŋk]) is a global banking and financial services company with its headquarters in the Deutsche Bank Twin Towers in Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany. It employs more than 100,000 people in over 70 countries, and has a large presence in Europe, the Americas, Asia-Pacific and the emerging markets. In 2009, Deutsche Bank was the largest foreign exchange dealer in the world with a market share of 21 percent.
Deutsche Bank has offices in major financial centres including London, Madrid, Frankfurt, New York, Paris, Moscow, Amsterdam, Dublin, George Town, Cayman Islands, Toronto, São Paulo, Singapore, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Sydney, Dubai, Riyadh, Mumbai, Bangkok and Belgrade.
The bank offers financial products and services for corporate and institutional clients along with private and business clients. Services include sales, trading, research and origination of debt and equity; mergers and acquisitions (M&A); risk management products, such as derivatives, corporate finance, wealth management, retail banking, fund management, and transaction banking.

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Downtown Houston
Downtown Houston is the largest business district of Houston, Texas, United States. Downtown Houston, the city's central business district, contains the headquarters of many prominent companies. There is an extensive network of pedestrian tunnels and skywalks connecting the buildings of the district. The tunnel system is home to many fast food restaurants, shops and services.
Downtown Houston was the original founding point of the city of Houston. After the Texas Revolution, two New York real estate promoters, John Kirby Allen and Augustus Chapman Allen purchased 6,642 acres (2,688 ha) of land T.F.L. Parrot (John Austin's widow) for $9,428. The Allen brothers first landed in the area where the White Oak Bayou and Buffalo Bayou meet, a spot now known as Allen's Landing. Gail Borden, Jr., a city planner, laid out wide streets for the town.
The city was granted incorporation by the Texas legislature on June 5, 1837. Houston was made as the temporary capital of Texas. In 1840, the town was divided into four wards, each with different functions in the community. The wards are no longer political divisions, but their names are still used to refer to certain areas. By 1906 what is now Downtown was divided among six wards.

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Houston
Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/) (Alibamu: Yosti ) is the largest city in the state of Texas, and the fourth-largest city in the United States. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the city had a population of 2.1 million people within an area of 656.3 square miles (1,700 km²). Houston is the seat of Harris County and the economic center of Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown, which is the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 6.08 million people as of July 1st, 2011.
Houston was founded in 1836 on land near the banks of Buffalo Bayou. It was incorporated as a city on June 5, 1837, and named after then-President of the Republic of Texas—former General Sam Houston—who had commanded at the Battle of San Jacinto, which took place 25 miles (40 km) east of where the city was established. The burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the city's population. In the mid-twentieth century, Houston became the home of the Texas Medical Center—the world's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions—and NASA's Johnson Space Center, where the Mission Control Center is located.

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India
India (ⁱ/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.

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Jamaica
Coordinates: 18°10′57″N 77°19′18″W / 18.1823878°N 77.3217773°W / 18.1823878; -77.3217773
Jamaica (ⁱ/dʒəˈmeɪkə/), officially the Commonwealth of Jamaica, is an island nation of the Greater Antilles, 234 kilometres (145 mi) in length, up to 80 kilometres (50 mi) in width, and 10,990 square kilometres (4,240 sq mi) in area. It is situated in the Caribbean Sea, about 145 kilometres (90 mi) south of Cuba, and 191 kilometres (119 mi) west of Hispaniola, the island harbouring the nation-states of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The indigenous Arawakan-speaking Taíno name for the island was Xaymaca, meaning the "Land of Wood and Water" or the "Land of Springs".
Once a Spanish possession known as Santiago, it became an English colony in 1655 under the name "Jamaica". It achieved full independence from Britain on August 6, 1962. With 2.8 million people, it is the third most populous anglophone country in the Americas, after the United States and Canada. It remains a Commonwealth realm in concert with the Monarchy of Jamaica holding ultimate executive power, where Queen Elizabeth II is the current head of state and Queen of Jamaica.Kingston is the country's largest city and the capital.

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Rice University
William Marsh Rice University, commonly referred to as Rice University or Rice, is a private research university located on a heavily wooded 295-acre (1.19 km²) campus in Houston, Texas, United States. The university is situated near the Houston Museum District and adjacent to the Texas Medical Center.
Opened in 1912 after the murder of its namesake William Marsh Rice, Rice is now a preeminent research university with a distinct undergraduate focus. Its emphasis on undergraduate education is demonstrated by a small student body and 5:1 student-faculty ratio, among the lowest in the top American universities including the Ivy League.Rice alumni are prominent in every sector of society today. The university has produced 101 Fulbright Scholars, 20 Marshall Scholars, and 12 Rhodes Scholars. The university has a very high level of research activity for its size, with $115.3 million in sponsored research funding in 2011. Rice is noted for its applied science programs in the fields of artificial heart research, structural chemical analysis, signal processing, space science, and nanotechnology. It was ranked first in the world in materials science research by the Times Higher Education (THE) in 2010.

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September 11 attacks
The September 11 attacks (also referred to as September 11, September 11th or 9/11) were a series of four suicide attacks that were committed in the United States on September 11, 2001, coordinated to strike the areas of New York City and Washington, D.C. On that Tuesday morning, 19 terrorists from the Islamist militant group al-Qaeda hijacked four passenger jets. The hijackers intentionally piloted two of those planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center complex in New York City; both towers collapsed within two hours. The hijackers also intentionally crashed American Airlines Flight 77 into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and intended to pilot the fourth hijacked jet, United Airlines Flight 93, into a target in Washington, D.C.; however, the plane crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after its passengers attempted to take control of the jet from the hijackers. Nearly 3,000 people died in the attacks including the 227 civilians and 19 hijackers aboard the four planes, none of whom survived.

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Stanford University
Coordinates: 37°26′N 122°10′W / 37.43°N 122.17°W / 37.43; -122.17
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is an American private research university located in Stanford, California on an 8,180-acre (3,310 ha) campus near Palo Alto, California, United States. It is situated in the northwestern Silicon Valley, approximately 20 miles (32 km) northwest of San Jose and 37 miles (60 km) southeast of San Francisco.
Leland Stanford, a Californian railroad tycoon and politician, and his wife Jane Lathrop Stanford founded the university in 1891 in honor of their son, Leland Stanford, Jr., who died of typhoid two months before his 16th birthday. The university was established as a coeducational and nondenominational institution, but struggled financially after the senior Stanford's 1893 death and after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Following World War II, Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would become known as Silicon Valley. By 1970, Stanford was home to a linear accelerator, was one of the original four ARPANET nodes, and had transformed itself into a major research university in computer science, mathematics, natural sciences, and social sciences.

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Texas
Texas (ⁱ/ˈtɛksəs/) (Alibamu: Teksi ) is the second most populous and the second most extensive of the 50 United States, and the most extensive state of the 48 contiguous United States. The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in East Texas. Located in the South Central United States, Texas shares an international border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south, and borders the US states of New Mexico to the west, Oklahoma to the north, Arkansas to the northeast, and Louisiana to the east. Texas has an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km²), and a growing population of 25.7 million residents.
During the Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas: La Provincia de Texas. Antonio Margil de Jesús was known to be the first person to use the name in a letter to the Viceroy of Mexico in July 20, 1716. The name was not popularly used in daily speech but often appeared in legal documents until the end of the 1800s.

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Wall Street
Wall Street refers to the financial district of New York City, named after and centered on the eight-block-long street running from Broadway to South Street on the East River in Lower Manhattan. Over time, the term has become a metonym for the financial markets of the United States as a whole, or signifying New York-based financial interests. It is the home of the New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies. Several other major exchanges have or had headquarters in the Wall Street area, including NASDAQ, the New York Mercantile Exchange, the New York Board of Trade, and the former American Stock Exchange. Anchored by Wall Street, New York City is one of the world's principal financial centers.
There are varying accounts about how the Dutch-named "de Waal Straat" got its name. A generally accepted version is that the name of the street name was derived from an earthen wall on the northern boundary of the New Amsterdam settlement, perhaps to protect against English colonial encroachment or incursions by native Americans. A conflicting explanation is that Wall Street was named after Walloons -- possibly a Dutch abbreviation for Walloon being Waal. Among the first settlers that embarked on the ship "Nieu Nederlandt" in 1624 were 30 Walloon families.

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Alan Greenspan
Alan Greenspan (/ˈælɨn ˈɡriːnspæn/; born March 6, 1926) is an American economist who served as Chairman of the Federal Reserve of the United States from 1987 to 2006. He currently works as a private adviser and provides consulting for firms through his company, Greenspan Associates LLC. First appointed Federal Reserve chairman by President Ronald Reagan in August 1987, he was reappointed at successive four-year intervals until retiring on January 31, 2006 after the second-longest tenure in the position.
Greenspan came to the Federal Reserve Board from a successful consulting career, holding political views influenced by Ayn Rand. Although he was subdued in his public appearances, favorable media coverage raised his profile to a point that several observers likened him to a "rock star". Democratic leaders of Congress criticized him for politicizing his office because of his support for Social Security privatization and tax cuts that they felt would increase the deficit. The easy-money policies of the Fed during Greenspan's tenure has been suggested to be a leading cause of the subprime mortgage crisis, which occurred within months of his departure from the Fed, and has, said the Wall Street Journal, "tarnished his image".

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Andrew Fastow
Andrew Stuart Fastow (born December 22, 1961) was the chief financial officer of Enron Corporation that was based in Houston, Texas until the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission opened an investigation into his and the company's conduct in 2001. Fastow was one of the key figures behind the complex web of off-balance-sheet special purpose entities (limited partnerships which Enron controlled) used to conceal their massive losses. Fastow served a six-year prison sentence for charges related to these unlawful acts.
Fastow was born in Washington, D.C. He grew up in New Providence, New Jersey, the middle of three sons in a Jewish family. His parents, Carl and Joan Fastow, worked in merchandising. Fastow graduated from New Providence High School, where he took part in student government, played on the tennis team, and played in the school band. He was the sole student representative on the New Jersey State Board of Education.^{[citation needed]}
Fastow graduated from Tufts University in 1983 with B.A.s in economics and Chinese. While there, he met his future wife, Lea Weingarten, whom he married in 1984. Fastow and Weingarten both earned MBAs at Northwestern University and worked for Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Company in Chicago.^{[citation needed]}

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Bethany McLean
Bethany McLean (born December 12, 1970 in Hibbing, Minnesota) is a contributing editor to Vanity Fair magazine, and known for her work on the Enron scandal and the 2008 financial crisis. She had been an editor at large and columnist for Fortune and a contributor to Slate.
McLean grew up in Hibbing and received her BA in English and mathematics at Williams College in 1992. After college and prior to joining Fortune, she worked as an investment banker for Goldman Sachs.
McLean married Chris Wilford in 2000. They divorced in 2006. In May 2008, McLean married Sean Berkowitz, a partner with Latham & Watkins. Berkowitz is the former Director of the Enron Task Force; they met through their mutual connection to that case.
McLean is the co-author, with Fortune colleague Peter Elkind, of The Smartest Guys in the Room (ISBN 1591840082), exposing the corrupt business practices of Enron officials. The book was the result of her reporting on Enron for the magazine and she first wrote about Enron with her article in the March 5, 2001 issue of Fortune entitled, "Is Enron Overpriced?". The book was later made into the Academy Award nominated documentary Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room. Her column, "The Bulldog", appeared regularly in Fortune.

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Colin Powell
Colin Luther Powell ( /ˈkoʊlɨn/; born April 5, 1937) is an American statesman and a retired four-star general in the United States Army. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State, serving under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005. He was the first African American to serve in that position. During his military career, Powell also served as National Security Advisor (1987–1989), as Commander of the U.S. Army Forces Command (1989) and as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), holding the latter position during the Gulf War. He was the first, and so far the only, African American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Colin Luther Powell was born on April 5, 1937 in Harlem, a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, to Jamaican immigrant parents Maud Arial (née McKoy) and Luther Theophilus Powell. He also has Scottish ancestry. Powell was raised in the South Bronx and attended Morris High School, a former public school in the Bronx, from which he graduated in 1954. While at school, he worked at a local baby furniture store where he picked up Yiddish from the shopkeepers and some of the customers. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in geology from the City College of New York in 1958 and was a self-admitted C average student. He was later able to earn a Master of Business Administration degree from the George Washington University in 1971, after his second tour in Vietnam.

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Daniel Scotto
Daniel "Dan" Scotto is an American financial analyst. In August 2001, as an analyst with BNP Paribas, Scotto downgraded Enron securities from "Buy" to "Neutral". He took this action four months before the Enron accounting scandal was revealed that led to the company's bankruptcy. Scotto claims that he was fired due to this decision, a claim that is disputed by BNP Paribas. According to the March 2002 Publication of Infrastructure and Financial Markets Review (page 9), the Enron report “All Stressed-up… And No Place To Go” issued by Dan Scotto was characterized by BNP Paribas as “we don’t think it was a good recommendation or a reasonable one.” At the time Enron’s stock was trading at in a range of $35 to $40 per share which “…provided investors with a good opportunity to cut their losses.” Daniel Scotto has been indoctrinated into Beta Gamma Sigma by Pace University as the 2008 Honoree for exemplifying the ideals of Beta Gamma Sigma.
For nine consecutive years Dan Scotto was named the Top Bond Analyst in the United States as measured by Institutional Investor Magazine, an achievement no other analyst has surpassed.

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Eduard Shevardnadze
Eduard Shevardnadze (Georgian: ედუარდ შევარდნაძე [ɛduard ʃɛvardnad͡zɛ]; born 25 January 1928) is a former Soviet, and later, Georgian statesman from the height to the end of the Cold War. He served as President of Georgia from 1995 to 2003, and as First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party (GPC, the de facto leader of Soviet Georgia), from 1972 to 1985. Shevardnadze was responsible for many top decisions on Soviet foreign policy in the Gorbachev Era. He was forced to retire in 2003 as a consequence of the bloodless Rose Revolution.
Shevardnadze's political career started in the late 1940s as a leading member of his local Komsomol organisation. He was later appointed its Second Secretary, and even First Secretary. His rise up the Georgian Soviet hierarchy continued until 1961 when he was demoted after he insulted a senior official. After spending two years in obscurity, Shevardnadze's returned as a First Secretary of a Tbilisi city district, and was able to charge the Tbilisi First Secretary at the time for corruption. His anti-corruption work quickly garnered the interest of the Soviet government, and Shevardnadze was appointed to First Deputy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Georgian SSR. He would later become the head of the internal affairs ministry and was able to charge First Secretary (leader of Soviet Georgia) Vasil Mzhavanadze for corruption charges.

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Jeffrey Skilling
Jeffrey Keith "Jeff" Skilling (born November 25, 1953) is the former president of Enron Corporation, headquartered in Houston, Texas. In 2006 he was convicted of multiple federal felony charges relating to Enron's financial collapse, and is currently serving a 24-year, four-month prison sentence at the Federal Correctional Institution in Englewood, Colorado. The Supreme Court of the United States heard arguments in the appeal of the case March 1, 2010. On June 24, 2010, the Supreme Court vacated part of Skilling's conviction and sent the case back to the lower court for further proceedings. In April, 2011 a three judge 5th Circuit Court panel ruled that the verdict would have been the same despite the legal issues under discussion, and Skilling's conviction was upheld. Skilling appealed this new decision to the Supreme Court, but was denied certiorari.
Skilling was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and was the second of four children. He grew up in New Jersey and Aurora, Illinois. When he was 16, he worked at WLXT (channel 60), a UHF television station in Aurora.

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Kenneth Lay
Kenneth Lee "Ken" Lay (April 15, 1942 – July 5, 2006) was an American businessman, best known for his role in the widely reported corruption scandal that led to the downfall of Enron Corporation. Lay and Enron became synonymous with corporate abuse and accounting fraud when the scandal broke in 2001. Lay was the CEO and chairman of Enron from 1985 until his resignation on January 23, 2002, except for a few months in 2000 when he was chairman and Jeffrey Skilling was chief executive officer (CEO).
On July 7, 2004, Lay was indicted by a grand jury on 11 counts of securities fraud and related charges. On January 31, 2006, following four and a half years of preparation by government prosecutors, Lay's and Skilling's trial began in Houston. Lay was found guilty on May 25, 2006, of 10 counts against him; the judge dismissed the 11th. Because each count carried a maximum 5- to 10-year sentence, legal experts said Lay could have faced 20 to 30 years in prison. However, he died while vacationing in Snowmass, Colorado, on July 5, 2006, about three and a half months before his scheduled October 23 sentencing. Preliminary autopsy reports state that he died of a heart attack caused by coronary artery disease. As a result of his death, on October 17, 2006, the federal district court judge who presided over the case vacated Lay's conviction. There have been conspiracy theories surrounding his death.

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Kurt Eichenwald
Kurt Alexander Eichenwald (born June 28, 1961), an American writer and investigative reporter formerly with The New York Times and later with Condé Nast's business magazine, Portfolio. Eichenwald had been employed by the Times since 1986 and primarily covered Wall Street and corporate topics such as insider trading, accounting scandals, and takeovers, but also wrote about a range of issues including terrorism, the Bill Clinton pardons controversy, Federal health care policy and sexual predators on the Internet. He is the author of three bestselling books.
Eichenwald joined the Times in 1986 and, after two years working as a news clerk, was hired as the Wall Street reporter. He primarily wrote about corporate scandals such as the criminal cases at Enron, Worldcom and Columbia/HCA, but also wrote the Market Place column for the Times beginning in 1992. Later in his career at the Times, he branched out to issues related to politics, terrorism and child pornography. In 1998, he was named a senior writer at the Times. He left the paper in 2006.

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Lou Pai
Lou Lung Pai (Chinese: 白露龙; pinyin: Bái Lòulóng) born Nanjing China 1946, is a Chinese-American businessman and former Enron executive. He was CEO of Enron Energy Services and Enron Xcelerator, a venture capital division of Enron. He left Enron with over $250 million. Pai became the second largest land owner in Colorado when he purchased the 77,500-acre (314 km²) Taylor Ranch, though he later sold the property in 2005.
Lou Pai has not been charged with any criminal wrongdoing in the Enron scandal and has exercised his 5th Amendment right in regard to the subsequent Enron class action lawsuit. However, as a result of the lawsuit, Pai forfeited $6 million due to him from Enron's insurance policy for company officers to a fund for Enron shareholders.
Accounts of the Enron scandal have frequently portrayed him as a mysterious figure; a former Enron employee, interviewed in the documentary film Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room, referred to Pai as "the invisible CEO".
Pai was born in Nanjing, China and came to the United States at the age of two. Pai obtained both his B.S. and M.S. in economics from the University of Maryland, College Park, where his father was a mathematics professor.

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Lynn Brewer
Lynn Brewer, known as Eddie Lynn Morgan before her marriage, is the author of the book "Confessions of an Enron Executive: A Whistleblower's Story". She is also the founder of the Integrity Institute which provides analytical research and education in the area of "structural integrity," and she speaks at conferences or similar events for honorarium of $13,500 or more.
In 1998 she was hired as a senior specialist at Enron. Her job at Enron was to head up a team that examined natural gas and power contracts, writing brief summaries for managers. Brewer has been a regular speaker at universities where she lectures students on the importance of ethics in business. She provided the keynote address at the Sarbanes-Oxley conference hosted by the New York Stock Exchange in 2003. Brewer co-authored an article in Business Strategy Review with noted management expert Oren Harari on leadership.
A USA today article by Greg Farrell based on interviews with two dozen former colleagues, found that her claim to be a former Enron Executive and as the first whistleblower at Enron can't be substantiated. Her former colleagues described her claim as exaggerated.

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Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (Russian: Михаи́л Серге́евич Горбачёв, tr. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov; IPA: [mʲɪxɐˈil sʲɪrˈɡʲejəvʲɪtɕ ɡərbɐˈtɕof] ( listen); born 2 March 1931) is a former Soviet statesman, having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991, and as the last head of state of the Soviet Union, having served from 1988 until its dissolution in 1991. He was the only general secretary in the history of the Soviet Union to have been born during the Communist rule.
Gorbachev was born in Stavropol Krai into a peasant Ukrainian–Russian family, and in his teens operated combine harvesters on collective farms. He graduated from Moscow State University in 1955 with a degree in law. While he was at the university, he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and soon became very active within it. In 1970, he was appointed the First Party Secretary of the Stavropol Kraikom, First Secretary to the Supreme Soviet in 1974, and appointed a member of the Politburo in 1979. Within three years of the deaths of Soviet Leaders Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov, and Konstantin Chernenko, Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo in 1985. Before he reached the post, he had occasionally been mentioned in western newspapers as a likely next leader and a man of the younger generation at the top level.

wn.com/Mikhail_Gorbachev
Nelson Mandela
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (Xhosa pronunciation: [xoˈliːɬaɬa manˈdeːla]; born 18 July 1918) is a South African politician who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, the first ever to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Before being elected President, Mandela was a militant anti-apartheid activist, and the leader and co-founder of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC). In 1962 he was arrested and convicted of sabotage and other charges, and sentenced to life imprisonment. Mandela went on to serve 27 years in prison, spending many of these years on Robben Island. Following his release from prison on 11 February 1990, Mandela led his party in the negotiations that led to the establishment of democracy in 1994. As President, he frequently gave priority to reconciliation, while introducing policies aimed at combating poverty and inequality in South Africa.
In South Africa, Mandela is often known as Madiba, his Xhosa clan name; or as tata (Xhosa: father). Mandela has received more than 250 awards over four decades.

wn.com/Nelson_Mandela
Paul Rand
Paul Rand (born Peretz Rosenbaum, (August 15, 1914 — November 26, 1996) was an American graphic designer, best known for his corporate logo designs, including the logos for IBM, UPS, Enron, Westinghouse, ABC, and Steve Jobs’ NeXT. He was one of the originators of the Swiss Style of graphic design.
Rand was educated at the Pratt Institute (1929–1932), Parsons The New School for Design (1932–33), and the Art Students League (1933–1934). From 1956 to 1969, and beginning again in 1974, Rand taught design at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. Rand was inducted into the New York Art Directors Club Hall of Fame in 1972. Rand died of cancer in 1996 in Norwalk, Connecticut. He is buried in Beth El Cemetery.
Paul Rand was born on August 15, 1914 in Brooklyn, New York. He embraced design at a very young age, painting signs for his father’s grocery store as well as for school events at P.S. 109. Rand’s father did not believe art could provide his son with a sufficient livelihood, and so he required Paul to attend Manhattan’s Harren High School while taking night classes at the Pratt Institute, Rand was largely “self-taught as a designer, learning about the works of Cassandre and Moholy-Nagy from European magazines such as [Gebrauchsgraphik].”

wn.com/Paul_Rand
Phil Gramm
William Philip "Phil" Gramm (born July 8, 1942) is an American economist and politician, who has served as a Democratic Congressman (1979–1983), a Republican Congressman (1983–1985) and a Republican Senator (1985–2002) from Texas. He was a senior economic adviser to John McCain's presidential campaign from the summer of 2007 until July 18, 2008.
Gramm was born in Fort Benning, Georgia on July 8, 1942, and grew up in nearby Columbus. Soon after his birth, Gramm's father Kenneth suffered a stroke and was partially paralyzed. He died when Gramm was 14. Gramm's mother, Florence (née Scoggins), worked double shifts as a nurse to supplement the veterans disability pension.
Gramm attended public schools, graduated 1961 from Georgia Military Academy (now Woodward Academy), and graduated 1964 from the University of Georgia. He received a doctorate in economics from the University of Georgia's Terry College of Business in 1967
He then taught economics at Texas A&M University from 1967 to 1978. In addition to teaching, Gramm founded the economic consulting firm Gramm & Associates (1971–1978).

wn.com/Phil_Gramm
Richard Causey
Richard Alan Causey (born 9 January 1960) is one of the prominent figures in the Enron accounting scandal. Causey was Enron's Executive Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer.
Causey graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a bachelor's degree in accounting and an MBA. He then became a certified public accountant in the state of Texas. He obtained a job at Arthur Andersen, where he rose within the ranks and eventually became the head of the Enron audit team.
Closely working alongside employees from Enron, he got to know the staff as well as the accounting procedures. He left Arthur Andersen and joined the Enron Capital and Trade Division. He eventually was promoted to Chief Accounting Officer, where he signed off on the Special Purpose Entities that were Enron's downfall. He was fired from Enron on February 14, 2002, as part of an investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
On January 22, 2004, Causey was indicted for wire fraud and conspiracy charges in connection with his activities at Enron between 1998 and 2002. While prosecutors do not believe he skimmed millions of dollars from the numerous suspicious deals, he is believed to know details of many of them. Causey originally pled not guilty, but on December 28, 2005, he entered a guilty plea and agreed to testify against Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling in exchange for a 5 to 7-year prison term. Skilling's lawyer Daniel Petrocelli reportedly responded that Causey was innocent, and simply broke under the pressure. On January 2, 2007, Causey reported to the Federal Correctional Institution in Bastrop, Texas. He was released on October 14, 2011.

wn.com/Richard_Causey
Ronnie Chan
Ronnie Chan Chi-chung (Chinese: 陳啟宗) (born 1949 in Hong Kong) is a Hong Kong entrepreneur. He graduated with an MBA from the University of Southern California.
Since 1991 Ronnie C. Chan is the chairman of Hang Lung Group and Hang Lung Properties, one of the largest real estate developer in Hong Kong. He succeeded the chairman position in the companies from his uncle. He is also the vice-president of the Real Estate Developers Association of Hong Kong, a Co-Chairman of the Asia Society and Chairman of its Hong Kong Center, and an advisor to the China Development Research Foundation of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China. Mr Chan also serves on the governing or advisory bodies of several think-tanks and universities, including China Foreign Affairs University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and the University of Southern California, USA.^{[citation needed]}
He was also a director of Enron Corporation when it filed for bankruptcy as a result of fraud.
In November 2009 Ronnie C. Chan attended the Horasis Global China Business Meeting in Lisbon, where his sharp criticism of the American financial policy found widespread attention.

wn.com/Ronnie_Chan
Sherron Watkins
Sherron Watkins (born August 28, 1959) was Vice President of Corporate Development at the Enron Corporation. She is considered by many to be the whistleblower who helped to uncover the Enron scandal in 2001.
It has been remarked that her actions cannot be considered whistleblowing in a strict sense, because she only wrote a concerned internal email message to Enron CEO Kenneth Lay warning him of potential whistleblowers in the company and pointing out that there were misstatements in the financial reports. Her memo did not reach the public until five months after it was written. Dan Ackman argued in Forbes magazine and in The Wall Street Journal that, for this reason, her actions did not constitute whistleblowing and actually helped provide legal cover for Lay.
She testified before committees of the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate at the beginning of 2002 and was selected as one of three "People of the Year 2002" by Time. (The two whistleblowers who joined her as "People of the Year" were Cynthia Cooper of WorldCom and Coleen Rowley of the FBI.)

wn.com/Sherron_Watkins
Warren Buffett
Warren Edward Buffett (/ˈbʌfɨt/; born August 30, 1930) is an American business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. He is widely considered the most successful investor of the 20th century. He is the primary shareholder, chairman and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway. He is consistently ranked among the world's wealthiest people. He was ranked as the world's wealthiest person in 2008 and is the third wealthiest person in the world as of 2011. In 2012, American magazine Time named Buffett one of the most influential people in the world.
Buffett is called the "Wizard of Omaha", "Oracle of Omaha", or the "Sage of Omaha" and is noted for his adherence to the value investing philosophy and for his personal frugality despite his immense wealth. Buffett is also a notable philanthropist, having pledged to give away 99 percent of his fortune to philanthropic causes, primarily via the Gates Foundation. On April 11, 2012, he was diagnosed with prostate cancer.
Buffett was born in 1930 in Omaha, Nebraska, the second of three children and only son of U.S. Representative Howard Buffett, a fierce critic of the interventionist New Deal domestic and foreign policy, and his wife Leila (née Stahl). Buffett began his education at Rose Hill Elementary School in Omaha. In 1942, his father was elected to the first of four terms in the United States Congress, and after moving with his family to Washington, D.C., Warren finished elementary school, attended Alice Deal Junior High School, and graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in 1947, where his senior yearbook picture reads: "likes math; a future stock broker."

wn.com/Warren_Buffett

Enron The Smartest Guys In The Room

Enron dives from the seventh largest US company to bankruptcy in less than a year in this ...

published: 01 Sep 2011

author: SSBFPakistan

enron the smartest guys in the room - Trailer

enron the smartest guys in the room - Trailer The grey area...

published: 18 Dec 2006

author: zevelaccount

Bigger Than Enron

So who was bigger than Enron ? Or more specifically, what failure was bigger than Enron? A...

published: 25 Jul 2012

author: TheTaxHavens

The Effects of Enron Fraud

Made for Class Presentation...

published: 08 Feb 2008

author: 308902287

Enron's Skilling Answers Markey at Hearing; Eyes Roll

Audience member is incredulous at Jeff Skilling's testimony before Congress - Feb, 2002. L...

published: 11 Feb 2008

author: rghm

Enron

Enron and corporate governance...

published: 15 Oct 2008

author: sotonsom

ENRON by Lucy Prebble

ENRON is on 17th September - 7th November. Tickets are now sold-out. One of the most infam...

published: 13 Jul 2009

author: royalcourttheatre

The Smartest Guys in the Room - Jeffrey Skilling

Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room (2005) Directed by Alex Gibney Distributed by Magnoli...

published: 04 Apr 2008

author: ChrisVarick

Enron Vision and Values

This is from my new employee orientation package, a bit of an oxymoron in retrospect now, ...

published: 08 Feb 2007

author: tomdendy

Al Gore Caught lying!! Denies that Ken Lay, Goldman Sachs CEOs Helped Develop C02 Trading 'Scheme'

Credit:urWURLDnow www.youtube.com After insisting once again that there is a consensus on ...

published: 27 Apr 2009

author: GuerrillaNewsChannel

The Simpsons - Enron's Ride of Broken Dreams.

...

published: 04 May 2010

author: SFKhoa

Enron Scandal (Emmy Award)

The Enron scandal, revealed in October 2001, eventually led to the bankruptcy of the Enron...

published: 09 Feb 2011

author: smo310la

Enron 5

Ethic issue...

published: 27 Oct 2006

author: ethan0611

Enron Commercial - Change

One of a series of Enron's last commercials prior to their bankruptcy....

published: 04 Jun 2006

author: AcesFullOfSevens

Enron

published: 11 Jan 2011

author: Det Norske Teatret

ENRON

Nina Woxholtt og Per Schaanning fortel om stykket og karakterane i ENRON. Premiere på Hov...

published: 06 Jan 2011

author: Det Norske Teatret

Enron

This is a video I did to highlight corporate greed and the consequences of never having en...

published: 28 Jun 2008

author: Ben Parker

Enron

April something, 2009....

published: 10 May 2009

author: Pearled Barley

<li class="playlistitemli thumbnail border_color bgr_color_content font_color">
        <div class="video_facebook">
            <a href="http://web.archive.org./web/20130127141303/http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http://wn.com/enron&t=<%= title %>" title="Share this video" data-title="Share this video" target="_blank" style="target-name: new; target-new: tab;"></a>
        </div>

photo: AP / Mohammad Hannon

In this Sept. 14, 2012 file photo, Libyan military guards check one of the burnt out buildings at the U.S. Consulate in Benghazi, Libya, during a visit by Libyan President Mohammed el-Megarif to express sympathy for the death of American ambassador to Libya Chris Stevens and his colleagues in the Sept. 11, 2012 attack on the consulate.

There are bigger issues to worry about than Benghazi

The News Tribune

25 Jan 2013

Republicans wanted nothing more than to summon Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to Capitol Hill and grill her about the tragic fiasco in Benghazi. Sadly for them, they got their wish. Clinton’s smooth and confident performance at Wednesday’s Senate and House committee hearings was fun to watch. When her would-be inquisitors asked serious questions, she gave serious answers. But when Sen ... Fat chance ... Benghazi ... Perhaps not ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)

photo: AP / Hossam Ali

File - Egyptian defendants who face charges relating to the deaths after a soccer match in the Mediterranean city of Port Said Feb. 1, 2012, chant slogans inside a cage during their trial at a court house in Cairo Egypt, Tuesday, April 17, 2012.

Death sentences over Egypt football massacre

Al Jazeera

26 Jan 2013

An Egyptian court has handed down 21 death sentences in connection with the deadly riot last year at a football stadium in Port Said located along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The defendants sentenced on Saturday are mostly members of the "Ultras," die-hard football fans who support Port Said's al-Masry squad ... Al-Masry fans stormed the pitch after their team won, throwing stones, bottles and fireworks at al-Ahly supporters....(size: 17.2Kb)

photo: US Army / Edward N. Johnson

File - A checkpoint at the Demilitiarised Zone (DMZ) between North and South Korea.

Why sticks don't work with North Korea

CNN

25 Jan 2013

By Charles Armstrong, Special to CNN. Editor’s note. Charles Armstrong is the director of the Center for Korean Research at Columbia University. The views expressed are his own. Anyone who has followed North Korean affairs for the last several years (or the last two decades) could have predicted North Korea’s defiant response to the U.N ... sanctions not by giving up missiles and nukes, but ratcheting up the rhetoric ... More from GPS ... Post by ... ... ....(size: 15.8Kb)

photo: UN / Martine Perret

File - Health Officers of the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) with the support of the World Health Organization help the Ministry of Health to monitor and coordinate the national response to the human cases of the H1N1 influenza virus, 7 May, 2009.

Swine flu infected 'fifth of people'

BBC News

25 Jan 2013

At least one in five people, including half of schoolchildren, were infected with swine flu during the first year of the pandemic in 2009, according to data from 19 countries. It is thought the virus killed 200,000 people around the world. A World Health Organization-led study looked for evidence of the body's immune system fighting the virus ... Anti-bodies ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)

photo: USAF / Tech. Sgt. Chad Chisholm

File - A staff sergeant marshalls an MQ-9 Reaper after it returned from a mission Dec. 1, 2010, at Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan.

UN launches major investigation into civilian drone deaths

Antiwar

24 Jan 2013

Ben Emmerson QC addresses reporters in London (Photo. TBIJ). A UN investigation into the legality and casualties of drone strikes has been formally launched, with a leading human rights lawyer revealing the team that will carry out the inquiry. The announcement came as the latest reported US drone strike in Yemen was said to have mistakenly killed two children ... In total some 25 strikes are expected to be examined in detail ... He added....(size: 7.1Kb)

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Sundance 2013: The deal report

Entertainment Weekly

27 Jan 2013

Yes, the Sundance Film Festival is a temple to the glory of independent film and the purity of the art of cinema and blah blah blah. But it is also a vital marketplace for indie distributors to find the next blockbuster Little Miss Sunshine, or acclaimed Beasts of the Southern Wild, or wildly overpriced Happy, Texas ... Here are the highlights so far.. FEATURE FILMS. ... [EW] ... [EW] ... [EW] ... • History of the Eagles, from director Alex Gibney (Enron....(size: 7.4Kb)

Understanding bankruptcy and what happens when companies face it

The Times of India

26 Jan 2013

What is Bankruptcy?. "Bankruptcy is one way of dealing with debts you cannot pay. Becoming bankrupt is a very difficult decision and it should only be taken as a last resort." "Anyone can go bankrupt, including individual members of a partnership.". "There are different insolvency procedures for dealing with companies and for partnerships themselves.". Source ... Bankruptcy. A Wordy Explanation ... Enron ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)

Learning From Setbacks

Pittsburgh Post-Gazette

26 Jan 2013

MY younger sister, Maureen, was born with cerebral palsy. That shaped my view of the world, as I saw the challenges that she and my parents had to deal with. My sister went to special schools for years ... I look at people with disabilities personally ... owned with another company ... who had started an investment company in 2003 to take advantage of the disruption in the power market after the Enron bankruptcy and the California energy crisis ... ....(size: 3.7Kb)

Goldman Slays The Dragon

Forbes

25 Jan 2013

by Marlene Star. Like many longtime journalists, I suffer from severe repetitive strain injuries ... The transaction was in March of 2000, before the tech bubble burst ... And I don’t mean the big auditing firms, which have a lousy track record, following the discovery of fraud at Enron, WorldCom, Tyco International, etc… ... ....(size: 1.5Kb)

Flashback: mind-control programming on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno « Jon Rappoport's Blog

Newsvine

24 Jan 2013

In the Late 1990s, ENRON....Seized Complete Control of the Distribution of Natural Gas in the Bulk of Western State Markets, and JACKED UP the Price....700% !!! HURLING California in Particular into Awful Financial Trouble ... Bush, who was a Close Friend of Kenneth Lay, CEO of Enron, a Totally Criminal Enterprise, Refused to SERIOUSLY Look into this Problem....(size: 1.7Kb)

KBR Secret Indemnity Agreement Signed By Army Chief Tainted In Enron Scandal

Huffington Post

24 Jan 2013

soldiers in Iraq resigned from the military in 2003 after a tenure marked by questions about his ties to Enron Corp ... White resigned a month later, on April 23, under fire for his previous role as a senior Enron executive and after clashing with former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld over his advocacy for a multi-billion dollar artillery system....(size: 23.4Kb)

JPMorgan Chase Trying To Block Shareholder Vote On Breaking Up Bank

Huffington Post

24 Jan 2013

The bank settled a civil suit, but criminal charges are still pending against the bank and several employees, with hearings in the trial "occurring on a weekly basis since May 2010."Enron ... Speaking of Enron, the <a href=""http.//www.huffingtonpost.com/mark-gongloff/jpmorgan-chase-power-market_b_1647131.html"" ......(size: 8.8Kb)

Henry 'Hank' Laird Arrested: Teen Allegedly Murdered Mother With Butt Of Shotgun, Oklahoma Police Say

Huffington Post

24 Jan 2013

Henry 'Hank' Laird ... Police said it took 20 minutes to persuade Laird to give himself up, News On 6 reports ... Also on HuffPost ... The endless rolling brownouts (massive power outages) in 2004 were, it turns out, deliberate - in fact, they were caused by Enron, much to the amusement of energy traders. Recordings exist of Enron employees laughing about sending California residents into the Stone Age so that energy prices could be driven up ... ....(size: 31.7Kb)

Steffy: Old solution on natural gas prices is competition

Houston Chronicle

23 Jan 2013

“Competition did happen, and rates went down about 20 percent,” said Rob Bradley, chief executive and founder of the Houston-based Institute for Energy Research, whose book, “From Edison to Enron ... Meanwhile, in the 1980s, under rising-star chief executive Ken Lay, Houston Natural Gas merged with the pipeline company InterNorth to become Enron....(size: 5.5Kb)

Is competition an old solution to natural gas dispute?

Houston Chronicle

23 Jan 2013

Comments(). .. E-mail. .. Print. (Johnny Hanson /Houston Chronicle file photo) ... “Competition did happen, and rates went down about 20 percent,” said Rob Bradley, chief executive and founder of the Houston-based Institute for Energy Research, whose book, “From Edison to Enron ... Comments(). ... ... ....(size: 1.9Kb)

Focus on employee at HR summit

The Hindu

23 Jan 2013

The right work environment is crucial to bringing out the best in employees. A mantra organisations will do well to remember ... “Every organisation has to deal with the relentless pace and competition of the business world ... She cited the accounting fraud at Enron and the more recent fall from grace of celebrated cyclist Lance Armstrong as results of values gone wrong ... Jayakumar said ... Dr. Sr....(size: 1.9Kb)

FILMMAKERS GIVEN CREATIVE FREEDOM TO TELL EAGLES’ STORY

U~T San Diego

23 Jan 2013

PARK CITY, Utah — The Eagles picked the producer of their new Showtime documentary “The History of the Eagles” — but they insist that’s about all the control they had in the making of it ... The film was directed by Alison Ellwood and produced by Alex Gibney, whose other documentaries include the Academy Award-winning “Taxi to the Dark Side” and “Enron. The Smartest Guys in the Room .” ... 15-16 on Showtime ... “I hope we like it,” he joked ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)

Hedrick Smith to Kick Off Popular Crain Lecture Series (Northwestern University)

noodls

23 Jan 2013

(Source. Northwestern University) Hedrick Smith to Kick Off Popular Crain Lecture Series. Pulitzer Prize and Emmy Award winner is one of nation's most distinguished journalists. text size AAA. January 22, 2013. by Wendy Leopold. EVANSTON, Ill ... Crain Jr ... Since 1989, working with PBS, he has created 26 prime-time specials and mini-series on topics from terrorism to Wall Street scandals, Perestroika, Wal-Mart and the fall of Enron. ....(size: 3.3Kb)

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This article is about the corporation. For the play, see ENRON (play).

Enron Corporation
150px Enron logo, designed by Paul Rand
Former type	Public company
Industry	Energy
Successor(s)	Dynegy Prisma Energy International
Founded	Omaha, Nebraska (1985)
Founder(s)	Kenneth Lay
Defunct	December 2, 2001
Headquarters	Enron Complex 1400 Smith Street Houston, Texas United States
Key people	Kenneth Lay, Founder, Chairman and CEO Jeffrey Skilling, former President, CEO and COO Andrew Fastow, former CFO Rebecca Mark-Jusbasche, former Vice Chairman, Chairman and CEO of Enron International Stephen F. Cooper, Interim CEO and CRO
Revenue	$101 billion (2000)
Employees	approx. 22,000 (2000)
Website	www.enron.com

Enron Corporation was an American energy, commodities, and services company based in Houston, Texas. Before its bankruptcy on December 2, 2001, Enron employed approximately 20,000 staff and was one of the world's leading electricity, natural gas, communications, and pulp and paper companies, with claimed revenues of nearly $101 billion in 2000.^[1] Fortune named Enron "America's Most Innovative Company" for six consecutive years. At the end of 2001, it was revealed that its reported financial condition was sustained substantially by institutionalized, systematic, and creatively planned accounting fraud, known as the "Enron scandal". Enron has since become a popular symbol of willful corporate fraud and corruption. The scandal also brought into question the accounting practices and activities of many corporations throughout the United States and was a factor in the creation of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002. The scandal also affected the wider business world by causing the dissolution of the Arthur Andersen accounting firm.^[2]

Enron filed for bankruptcy protection in the Southern District of New York in late 2001 and selected Weil, Gotshal & Manges as its bankruptcy counsel. It emerged from bankruptcy in November 2004, pursuant to a court-approved plan of reorganization, after one of the biggest and most complex bankruptcy cases in U.S. history. A new board of directors changed the name of Enron to Enron Creditors Recovery Corp., and focused on reorganizing and liquidating certain operations and assets of the pre-bankruptcy Enron.^[3] On September 7, 2006, Enron sold Prisma Energy International Inc., its last remaining business, to Ashmore Energy International Ltd. (now AEI).^[4]

1 Early history
- 1.1 Misleading financial accounts
2 Former management and corporate governance
3 Products
4 EnronOnline
5 Principal assets
6 Enron Prize for Distinguished Public Service
7 2001 Accounting scandal
8 California's deregulation and subsequent energy crisis
9 See also
10 References
11 Bibliography
12 External links
- 12.1 Data

Early history [link]

Enron Complex in Downtown Houston

Enron traces its roots to the Northern Natural Gas Company, which was formed in 1932, in Omaha, Nebraska. It was reorganized in 1979 as the leading subsidiary of a holding company, InterNorth which was a highly diversified energy and energy related products company. Internorth was a leader in natural gas production, transmission and marketing as well as natural gas liquids and an innovator in the plastics industry. It owned Peak Antifreeze and developed EVAL resins for food packaging. In 1985, it bought the smaller and less diversified Houston Natural Gas.^[5]

The separate company initially named itself "HNG/InterNorth Inc.", even though InterNorth was the nominal survivor. It built a large and lavish headquarters complex with pink marble in Omaha (dubbed locally as the "Pink Palace"), that was later sold to Physicians Mutual. However, the departure of ex-InterNorth and first CEO of Enron Corp Samuel Segnar six months after the merger allowed former HNG CEO Kenneth Lay to become the next CEO of the newly merged company. Lay soon moved the company's headquarters to Houston after swearing to keep it in Omaha and began to thoroughly re-brand the business. Lay and his secretary, Nancy McNeil, originally selected the name "Enteron" (possibly spelled in camelcase as "EnterOn"), but, when it was pointed out that the term approximated a Greek word referring to the intestines, it was quickly shortened to "Enron". The final name was decided upon only after business cards, stationery, and other items had been printed reading Enteron. Enron's "crooked E" logo was designed in the mid-1990s by the late American graphic designer Paul Rand. Rand's original design included one of the elements of the E in yellow which disappeared when copied or faxed. This was quickly replaced by a green element. Almost immediately after the move to Houston, Enron began selling off key assets such as Northern PetroChemicals and took on silent partners in Enron CoGeneration, Northern Border Pipeline and Transwestern Pipeline and became a less diversified company. Early financial analysts said Enron was swimming in debt and the sale of key operations would not solve the problems.

Misleading financial accounts [link]

In 1990, Enron Finance CEO Jeff Skilling hired Andrew Fastow, who was well acquainted with the burgeoning deregulated energy market Skilling wanted to exploit. In 1993, Fastow set to work establishing numerous limited liability special purpose entities (common business practice); however, it also allowed Enron to place liability so that it would not appear in its accounts, allowing it to maintain a robust and generally growing stock price and thus keeping its critical investment grade credit ratings.

Enron was originally involved in transmitting and distributing electricity and natural gas throughout the United States. The company developed, built, and operated power plants and pipelines while dealing with rules of law and other infrastructures worldwide. Enron owned a large network of natural gas pipelines, which stretched ocean to ocean and border to border including Northern Natural Gas, Florida Gas Transmission, Transwestern Pipeline company and a partnership in Northern Border Pipeline from Canada. The states of California, New Hampshire and Rhode Island had already passed power deregulation laws by July 1996, the time of Enron's proposal to acquire Portland General Electric.^[6] In 1998, Enron moved into the water sector, creating the Azurix Corporation, which it part-floated on the New York Stock Exchange in June 1999. Azurix failed to break into the water utility market, and one of its major concessions, in Buenos Aires, was a large-scale money-loser. After the move to Houston, many analysts^[who?] criticized the Enron management as swimming in debt. The Enron management pursued aggressive retribution against its critics, setting the pattern for dealing with accountants, lawyers, and the financial media.

Enron grew wealthy due largely to marketing, promoting power, and its high stock price. Enron was named "America's Most Innovative Company" by Fortune for six consecutive years, from 1996 to 2001. It was on the Fortune's "100 Best Companies to Work for in America" list in 2000, and had offices that were stunning in their opulence. Enron was hailed by many, including labor and the workforce, as an overall great company, praised for its large long-term pensions, benefits for its workers and extremely effective management until its exposure in corporate fraud. The first analyst to publicly disclose Enron's financial flaws was Daniel Scotto, who in August 2001 issued a report entitled "All Stressed-up… And No Place To Go", which encouraged investors to sell Enron stocks and bonds at any and all costs.

As was later discovered, many of Enron's recorded assets and profits were inflated or even wholly fraudulent and nonexistent. One example of fraudulent records was in 1999 when Enron promised to pay back Merrill Lynch & Co investment with interest in order to show profit on its books. Debts and losses were put into entities formed "offshore" that were not included in the firm's financial statements, and other sophisticated and arcane financial transactions between Enron and related companies were used to take unprofitable entities off the company's books.

Its most valuable asset and the largest source of honest income, the 1930s-era Northern Natural Gas, was eventually purchased back by a group of Omaha investors, who moved its headquarters back to Omaha, and is now a unit of Warren Buffett's MidAmerican Energy Holdings Corp. NNG was put up as collateral for a $2.5 billion capital infusion by Dynegy Corporation when Dynegy was planning to buy Enron. When Dynegy looked closely at Enron's books, they backed out of the deal and fired their CEO, Chuck Watson. The new chairman and head CEO, the late Daniel Dienstbier, had been president of NNG and an Enron executive at one time and was forced out of Enron by Ken Lay. Dienstbier was an acquaintance of Warren Buffett. NNG continues to be profitable today.

Former management and corporate governance [link]

Central Management

Kenneth Lay: Chairman, and Chief executive officer
Jeffrey Skilling: President, Chief operating officer, and CEO (February–August 2001)
Andrew Fastow: Chief financial officer
Rick Causey: Chief accounting officer
Rebecca Mark-Jusbasche: CEO of Enron International and Azurix
Lou Pai: CEO of Enron Energy Services
Forrest Hoglund: CEO of Enron Oil and Gas
Richard Gallagher: Head of Enron Wholesale Global International Group
Kenneth "Ken" Rice: CEO of Enron Wholesale and Enron Broadband Services
J. Clifford Baxter: CEO of Enron North America
Sherron Watkins: Head of Enron Global Finance
Jim Derrick: Enron General Counsel
Mark Koenig: Head of Enron Investor Relations
Joan Foley: Head of Enron Human Resources
Greg Whally: President and COO of Enron (August 2001– Bankruptcy)
Jeff McMahon: CFO of Enron (October 2001-Bankruptcy)

Board of Directors

Robert A. Belfer: Chairman, Belco Oil and Gas Corp
Norman P. Blake Jr.: Chairman, President and CEO, Comdisco, Inc.
Ronnie C. Chan: Chairman, Hang Lung Group
John H. Duncan: Former Chairman of The Executive Gulf and Western Industries Inc.
Wendy L. Gramm: Former Chairman of US Commodity Futures Trading Commission
Ken L. Harrison: Former Chairman and CEO of Portland General Electric
Robert K. Jaedicke: Professor Emeritus of Accounting at Stanford University
Charles A. LeMaistre: President Emeritus, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
John Mendelsohn: President, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
Jerome J. Meyer: Chairman, Tektronix
Paulo V. Ferraz Pereira: Executive Vice President if Group Bozano
Frank Savage: Chairman: Alliance Capital Management
John A. Urquhart: Senior Advisor to the Chairman of Enron
John Wakeham: Former U.K. Secretary of state for Energy
Herbert S. Winokur Jr.: President of Winokur Holdings Inc.

Products [link]

Enron traded in more than 30 different products, including the following:

Products traded on EnronOnline
- Petrochemicals
- Plastics
- Power
- Pulp and paper
- Steel
- Weather Risk Management

Oil and LNG transportation
Broadband
Principal investments
Risk management for commodities
Shipping / freight
Streaming media
Water and wastewater

It was also an extensive futures trader, including sugar, coffee, grains, hog, and other meat futures. At the time of its bankruptcy filing in December 2001, Enron structured into seven distinct business units.

Online marketplace services [link]

EnronOnline (commodity trading platform)
ClickPaper (transaction platform for pulp, paper, and wood products)
EnronCredit (the first global online credit department to provide live credit prices and enable business-to-business customers to hedge credit exposure instantly via the Internet.)
ePowerOnline (customer interface for Enron Broadband Services)
Enron Direct (sales of fixed-price contracts for gas and electricity; Europe only)
EnergyDesk (energy-related derivatives trading; Europe only)
NewPowerCompany (online energy trading, joint venture with IBM and AOL)
Enron Weather (weather derivatives)
DealBench (online business services)
Water2Water (water storage, supply, and quality credits trading)
HotTap (customer interface for Enron's U.S. gas pipeline businesses)
Enromarkt (business to business pricing and information platform; Germany only)

Broadband services [link]

Enron Intelligent Network (broadband content delivery)
Enron Media Services (risk management services for media content companies)
Customizable Bandwidth Solutions (bandwidth and fiber products trading)
Streaming Media Applications (live or on-demand Internet broadcasting applications)

Energy and commodities services [link]

Enron Power (electricity wholesaling)
Enron Natural Gas (natural gas wholesaling)
Enron Clean Fuels (biofuel wholesaling)
Enron Pulp and Paper, Packaging, and Lumber (risk management derivatives for forest products industry)
Enron Coal and Emissions (coal wholesaling and CO2 offsets trading)
Enron Plastics and Petrochemicals (price risk management for polymers, olefins, methanol, aromatics, and natural gas liquids)
Enron Weather Risk Management (Weather Derivatives)
Enron Steel (financial swap contracts and spot pricing for the steel industry)
Enron Crude Oil and Oil Products (petroleum hedging)
Enron Wind Power Services (wind turbine manufacturing and wind farm operation)
MG Plc. (U.K. metals merchant)
Enron Energy Services (Selling services to industrial end users)
Enron International (operation of all overseas assets)

Capital and risk management services [link]

Commercial and industrial outsourcing services [link]

Commodity Management
Energy Asset Management
Energy Information Managementbb
Facility Management
Capital Management
Azurix Inc. (water utilities and infrastructure)

Project development and management services [link]

Energy Infrastructure Development (developing, financing, and operation of power plants and related projects)
Enron Global Exploration & Production Inc. (oil and natural gas field services)
Elektro Electricidade e Servicos SA (Brazilian electric utility)

Enron manufactured gas valves, circuit breakers, thermostats, and electrical equipment in Venezuela through INSELA SA, a 50–50 joint venture with General Electric. Enron owned three paper and pulp products companies: Garden State Paper, a newsprint mill; as well as Papiers Stadacona and St. Aurelie Timberlands. Enron held a controlling stake in the Louisiana-based petroleum exploration and production company Mariner Energy.

Enron International [link]

Enron International (EI) was Enron's wholesale asset development and asset management business. Its primary focus was developing and building natural gas power plants outside North America. Enron Engineering and Construction Company (EECC) was a wholly owned subsidiary of Enron International, and built almost all of Enron International's power plants. Unlike other business units of Enron, Enron International had a strong cash flow on bankruptcy filing.^{[citation needed]} Enron International consisted of all of Enron's foreign power projects, including ones in Europe.

Leadership [link]

Rebecca Mark was the CEO of Enron International until she moved over to lead Enron's newly acquired water business, Azurix, in 1997. Mark played a major role in the development of the Dabhol project in India, Enron's largest international endeavor.^{[citation needed]}

Projects [link]

Enron International constructed power plants and pipelines across the globe. Some today are still up and running, including the massive Teeside plant in England. Others, like a barge mounted plant off Puerto Plata in the Dominican Republic, cost Enron money through law suits and investment losses.^{[citation needed]} Puerto Plata was a barge mounted power plant next to the hotel Hotelero del Atlantico. When the plant was fired up, winds blew soot from the plant onto the hotel guests' meals, blackening their food. The winds also blew garbage from nearby slums into the plant's water-intake system. For some time the only solution was to hire men who would row out and push the garbage away with their paddles.^{[citation needed]} Through mid-2000 the company collected a paltry $3.5 million from a $95 million investment.^{[citation needed]} Enron also had other investment projects in Europe, South America, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Mexico, Jamaica, Venezuela, and across the Caribbean.^{[citation needed]}

India [link]

Around 1992 India came to the United States to find energy investors to help with India's energy shortage problems.^{[citation needed]} In December 1993, Enron inked a 20-year power-purchase contract with the Maharashtra State Electricity Board.^{[citation needed]} The contract allowed Enron to construct a massive 2,015 megawatt power plant. Construction would be completed in two phases, and Enron would form the Dabhol Power Company to help manage the plant. The power project was the first step in a $20 billion scheme to help rebuild and stabilize India's power grid. Enron, GE (who was selling turbines to the project), and Bechtel (who was actually constructing the plant), each put up 10% equity.^{[citation needed]}

In 1996, when India's Congress Party was no longer in power, the Indian government assessed the project as being excessively expensive and refused to pay for the plant and stopped construction.^{[citation needed]} The Maharashtra State Electricity Board (MSEB), the local state run utility, was required by contract to continue to pay Enron plant maintenance charges, even if no power was purchased from the plant. The MSEB determined that it could not afford to purchase the power (at Rs. 8 per unit kWh) charged by Enron. The plant operator was unable to find alternate customers for Dabhol power due to the absence of an open free market in the regulated structure of utilities in India.^{[citation needed]} From 1996 until Enron's bankruptcy in 2001 the company tried to revive the project and spark interest in India's need for the power plant without success.

The Panna-Mukta oil field and the Tapti gas field to the north were discovered by the Indian state-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), who initially operated the fields.^[7] Following a privatization policy a Reliance - Enron consortium gained a 25-year lease on the oil field in February 1994. Oil production at that time was 12,000 barrels per day.^[8] The lease was awarded under a production sharing arrangement. The Government of India would receive a variable share of profit depending on the investment multiple. In December 1994 a joint venture between ONGC (40%), Enron (30%) and Reliance (30%) took control of the field.^[7] In 2002 British Gas (BG) bought Enron's 30% share of the Panna-Mukta and Tapti fields for $350 million.^[9]

Project Summer [link]

During the summer of 2001, Enron made an attempt to sell a number of Enron International's assets, many of which were not sold. It is still unclear why Enron wanted to sell these assets. Most^[who?] suspect it was because Enron was in need of cash.^[10]

EnronOnline [link]

In November 1999, Enron launched EnronOnline. Conceptualized by the company's European Gas Trading team under John Siepierski, it was the first web-based transaction system that allowed buyers and sellers to buy, sell, and trade commodity products globally. It allowed users to do business only with Enron. At its peak, over $6bn worth of commodities were transacted through EnronOnline every day.

EnronOnline went live on November 29, 1999. The site allowed Enron to transact with participants in the global energy markets. The main commodities offered on EnronOnline were natural gas and electricity, although there were 500 other products including credit derivatives, bankruptcy swaps, pulp, gas, plastics, paper, steel, metals, freight, and TV commercial time.

EnronOnline was sold to UBS as part of the sale of the North American Natural Gas and Power trading group to UBS AG.

Principal assets [link]

At the time of bankruptcy, Enron owned interests in the following major assets:

Power plants [link]

Enron owned or operated 38 electric power plants worldwide:

Teesside (United Kingdom)—at the time of commission in 1992, at 1750 MW, was the largest Natural Gas Co-Gen plant in the world. Its on-time and under-budget completion put Enron Power on the map as an international developer, owner and operator.
Bahia Las Minas (Panama)—largest thermal power plant in Central America, 355 MW
Puerto Quetzal Power Project (Guatemala)—110 MW
PQP LLC (Guatemala)—holding company for 124 MW Power Barge named "Esperanza"
Empresa Energetica Corinto (Nicaragua)—holding company for "Margarita II" 70.5 MW power barge, Enron held 35% share
EcoElectrica (Puerto Rico, USA)—507 MW natural gas cogeneration plant, with adjacent LNG import terminal- supplied 20% of island's electricity
Puerto Plata Power Project (Dominican Republic)—185 MW power barge named "Puerto Plata"
Modesto Maranzana Power Plant (Argentina)—70 MW
Cuiaba Integrated Project (Brazil)—480 MW combined cycle power plant
Nowa Sarzyna Power Plant (Poland)—116 MW, first privately developed post-Communist electricity project in Poland
Sarlux Power Project (Italy)—551 MW combined cycle power plant, converted residue from Italy's largest oil refinery into synthetic gas for fuel
Trakya Power Project (Turkey)—478 MW
Chengdu Cogen Project (China)—284 MW, joint venture with Sichuan Electric Company
Northern Marianas Power Project (Guam, USA)—80 MW slow speed diesel oil plant
Batangas Power Project (Philippines)—110 MW
Subic Bay Power Project (Philippines)—116 MW
Dabhol Power Project (India)—2,184 MW combined cycle plant, generally considered one of Enron's most controversial and least successful projects
Storm Lake Wind Generation Project (Iowa, USA)—193 MW wind farm
Lake Benton II Wind Generation Facility (Minnesota, USA)—104 MW wind farm
Lake Benton I Wind Generation Facility (Minnesota, USA)—107 MW wind farm
Cabazon Wind Generation Facility (California, USA)—40 MW wind farm
Green Power I Wind Generation Facility (California, USA)—16.5 MW wind farm
Indian Mesa I Wind Generation Facility (Texas, USA)—25.5 MW wind farm
Clear Sky Wind Power Generation Facility (Texas, USA)—135 MW wind farm
Mill Run Wind Wind Power Generation Facility (Pennsylvania, USA)—15 MW wind farm
Trent Mesa Wind Generation Facility (Texas, USA)—150 MW wind farm
Montfort Wind Generation Facility (Wisconsin, USA)—30 MW wind farm
8 hydroelectric plants in Oregon with a combined capacity of 509 MW, owned through Portland General Electric
4 additional thermal plants in Oregon and Montana with a combined capacity of 1,464 MW, owned through Portland General Electric

Pipelines [link]

Centragas (Colombia)—357 miles, natural gas
Promigas (Colombia)
Transportadora de Gas del Sur (Argentina)—largest pipeline system in South America, 5,005 km
CEG (Brazil)—1,368 miles, natural gas
CEGRio (Brazil)
Transredes (Bolivia)—3,000 km natural gas pipeline and 2,500 km oil & liquids pipeline
Bolivia-to-Brazil Pipeline (Bolivia/Brazil)—3,000 km, natural gas
Northern Natural Gas (Upper Midwestern USA)—16,500 miles, included share in Trailblazer Pipeline
Transwestern Pipeline (Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado)—2,554 miles
Florida Gas Transmission (Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida)—4,800 miles
Northern Border Pipeline (Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana )—1,249 miles

Electric utilities/distributors [link]

Portland General Electric Company (USA)—serving 775,000 customers in Oregon
Elektro Electricidade e Servicos S.A. (Brazil)—1.5 million customers
Compania Anonima Luz y Fuerza Electricas de Puerto Cabello (Venezuela)—50,000 customers

Natural gas-related businesses [link]

ProCaribe (Puerto Rico, USA)—LPG storage terminal, only fully refrigerated LPG storage facility in Caribbean
San Juan Gas Company (Puerto Rico, USA)—gas distribution, 400 industrial/commercial customers
Industrial Gases Ltd. (Jamaica)—8 filling plants, industrial gas manufacturing & LPG distribution, held 100% monopoly on Jamaican industrial gas business and 40% of LPG business
Gaspart (Brazil)—consortium of 7 gas distribution companies
Vengas (Venezuela)—LPG transportation and distribution
ACCRO III and IV Project(Venezuela) is the largest outsourcing contract offered by PDVSA. Enron's partners in the venture were Accro Barbados Ltd., a subsidiary of TransCanada Pipelines Ltd., and private Venezuelan company Tecnoconsult. The project included two extraction plants, each with 400 MM cubic feet per day capacity, a fractionation plant to remove the liquids and other related infrastructure
SK-Enron Company Ltd. (South Korea)—joint venture with SK Corporation; included 8 city gas utilities, an LPG distributor, and a steam and electricity cogeneration facility

Pulp and paper [link]

Garden State Paper Company Inc. (New Jersey, USA)—paperboard and newsprint recycling mill
Papiers Stadacona Ltee. (Quebec, Canada)—wood pulp & paper mill
St. Aurelie Timberlands Company Ltd. (Quebec, and New Brunswick, Canada & Maine, USA)—timber company

Other [link]

Mariner Energy Inc. (Houston, Texas, USA)—oil & gas exploration, development, and production with operations in the Gulf of Mexico
Interruptores Especializados Lara (Venezuela)—manufacturer of valves, thermostats, and electrical breakers for appliances
Enron Wind (formerly Zond) – manufacturer of wind power turbines and related systems, with factories in USA, Spain, Portugal, and Germany. Purchased by General Electric in 2002.^[11]

Enron Prize for Distinguished Public Service [link]

In the mid-1990s, Enron established an endowment for the Enron Prize for Distinguished Public Service, awarded by Rice University's Baker Institute to "recognize outstanding individuals for their contributions to public service". Recipients were:

Greenspan, because of his position as the Fed chairman, was not at liberty to accept the $10,000 honorarium, the $15,000 sculpture, nor the crystal trophy, but only accepted the "honor" of being named an Enron Prize recipient.^[15] The situation was further complicated because a few days earlier, Enron had filed paperwork admitting it had fudged financial statements for five years.^[16] Greenspan did not mention Enron a single time during his speech.^[17] At the ceremony, Ken Lay indicated his beliefs about the future of the award when he stated, "I'm looking forward to our first woman recipient."^[18] The next morning, it was reported in The Houston Chronicle that no decision had been made on whether the name of the prize would be changed.^[19] 19 days after the prize was awarded to Greenspan, Enron declared bankruptcy.^[20]

In early 2002, Enron was awarded Harvard's (in)famous IgNobel Prize for 'Most Creative Use of Imaginary Numbers.' The various former members of Enron management all declined to accept the award in person, although no reason was given at the time.

2001 Accounting scandal [link]

Main article: Enron scandal

In 2001, after a series of revelations involving irregular accounting procedures bordering on fraud perpetrated throughout the 1990s involving Enron and its accounting firm Arthur Andersen, along with the September 11 attacks, Enron suffered the largest Chapter 11 bankruptcy in history (since surpassed by those of Worldcom in 2002 and Lehman Brothers in 2008).

As the scandal unraveled, Enron shares dropped from over US $90.00 in the summer of 2000 to just pennies.^{[citation needed]} Enron had been considered a blue chip stock, so this was an unprecedented event in the financial world. Enron's plunge occurred after the revelation that much of its profits and revenue were the result of deals with special purpose entities (limited partnerships which it controlled). This meant that many of Enron's debts and the losses that it suffered were not reported in its financial statements.^{[citation needed]}

A white knight rescue attempt by a similar, smaller energy company, Dynegy, collapsed in late November due to concerns over an unexpected restatement of earnings.^{[citation needed]} Enron filed for bankruptcy on December 2, 2001. In addition, the scandal caused the dissolution of Arthur Andersen, which at the time was one of the world's top accounting firms. The firm was found guilty of obstruction of justice in 2002 for destroying documents related to the Enron audit.^{[citation needed]} Since the SEC is not allowed to accept audits from convicted felons, Andersen was forced to stop auditing public companies. Although the conviction was thrown out in 2005 by the Supreme Court, the damage to the Andersen name has prevented it from returning as a viable business even on a limited scale.

Enron also withdrew a naming rights deal with the Houston Astros Major League Baseball club to have its name associated with their new stadium, which was formerly known as Enron Field (now Minute Maid Park).^{[citation needed]}

Accounting practices [link]

Enron created offshore entities (units which may be used for planning and avoidance of taxes, raising the profitability of a business). This provided ownership and management with full freedom of currency movement and the anonymity that allowed the company to hide losses. These entities made Enron look more profitable than it actually was, and created a dangerous spiral, in which each quarter, corporate officers would have to perform more and more financial deception to create the illusion of billions in profits while the company was actually losing money.^[21] This practice drove up their stock price to new levels, at which point the executives began to work on insider information and trade millions of dollars worth of Enron stock. The executives and insiders at Enron knew about the offshore accounts that were hiding losses for the company; however, the investors knew nothing of this. Chief Financial Officer Andrew Fastow led the team which created the off-books companies, and manipulated the deals to provide himself, his family, and his friends with hundreds of millions of dollars in guaranteed revenue, at the expense of the corporation for which he worked and its stockholders.^{[citation needed]}

In 1999, Enron launched EnronOnline, an Internet-based trading operation, which was used by virtually every energy company in the United States. Enron president and chief operating officer Jeffrey Skilling began advocating a novel idea: the company didn't really need any "assets."^{[citation needed]} By pushing the company's aggressive investment strategy, he helped make Enron the biggest wholesaler of gas and electricity, trading over $27 billion per quarter. The firm's figures, however, had to be accepted at face value. Under Skilling, Enron adopted mark to market accounting, in which anticipated future profits from any deal were tabulated as if real today. Thus, Enron could record gains from what over time might turn out to be losses, as the company's fiscal health became secondary to manipulating its stock price on Wall Street during the Tech boom.^{[citation needed]} But when a company's success is measured by agreeable financial statements emerging from a black box, a term Skilling himself admitted, actual balance sheets prove inconvenient. Indeed, Enron's unscrupulous actions were often gambles to keep the deception going and so push up the stock price. An advancing number meant a continued infusion of investor capital on which debt-ridden Enron in large part subsisted. Much like a ponzi-scheme. Under pressure to maintain the illusion, Skilling verbally attacked Wall Street Analyst Richard Grubman,^[22] who questioned Enron's unusual accounting practice during a recorded conference call. When Grubman complained that Enron was the only company that could not release a balance sheet along with its earnings statements, Skilling replied "Well, thank you very much, we appreciate that . . . asshole." Though the comment was met with dismay and astonishment by press and public, it became an inside joke among many Enron employees, mocking Grubman for his perceived meddling rather than Skilling's lack of tact. When asked during his trial, Skilling wholeheartedly admitted that industrial dominance and abuse was a global problem: "Oh yes, yes sure, it is."^[23]

Peak and decline of stock price [link]

In August 2000, Enron's stock price hit its highest value of $90.^[24] At this point Enron executives, who possessed the inside information on the hidden losses, began to sell their stock. At the same time, the general public and Enron's investors were told to buy the stock. Executives told the investors that the stock would continue to climb until it reached possibly the $130 to $140 range, while secretly unloading their shares.

As executives sold their shares, the price began to drop. Investors were told to continue buying stock or hold steady if they already owned Enron because the stock price would rebound in the near future.^{[citation needed]} Kenneth Lay's strategy for responding to Enron's continuing problems was in his demeanor. As he did many times, Lay would issue a statement or make an appearance to calm investors and assure them that Enron was headed in the right direction.^{[citation needed]}

By August 15, 2001, Enron's stock price had fallen to $42. Many of the investors still trusted Lay and believed that Enron would rule the market.^{[citation needed]} They continued to buy or hold their stock as the equity value declined. As October closed, the stock had fallen to $15. Many saw this as a great opportunity to buy Enron stock because of what Lay had been telling them in the media.^{[citation needed]}

Lay was accused of selling over $70 million worth of stock at this time, which he used to repay cash advances on lines of credit. He sold another $20 million worth of stock in the open market.^{[citation needed]} Also, Lay's wife, Linda, was accused of selling 500,000 shares of Enron stock totaling $1.2 million on November 28, 2001. The money earned from this sale did not go to the family but rather to charitable organizations, which already received pledges of contributions from the foundation.^{[citation needed]} Records show that Mrs. Lay placed the sale order sometime between 10:00 and 10:20 am. News of Enron's problems, including the millions of dollars in losses they hid went public about 10:30 that morning, and the stock price soon fell to below one dollar.

Former Enron executive Paula Rieker was charged with criminal insider trading. Rieker obtained 18,380 Enron shares for $15.51 a share. She sold that stock for $49.77 a share in July 2001, a week before the public was told what she already knew about the $102 million loss.^{[citation needed]}

Post-bankruptcy [link]

Enron initially planned to retain its three domestic pipeline companies as well as most of its overseas assets. However, before emerging from bankruptcy, Enron spun off its domestic pipeline companies as CrossCountry Energy.^{[citation needed]}

Enron sold its last business, Prisma Energy, in 2006, leaving it as an asset-less shell.^{[citation needed]} In early 2007, it changed its name to Enron Creditors Recovery Corporation. Its goal is to pay off the old Enron's remaining creditors and wind down Enron's affairs.

Azurix, the former water utility branch of the company, remains under Enron ownership, although it remains asset-less. It is involved in several litigations against the government of Argentina claiming compensation relating to the negligence and corruption of the local governance during its management of the Buenos Aires water concession in 1999, which led to substantial amounts of debt (approx. $620 million) and the eventual collapse of the branch.^{[citation needed]}

Shortly after emerging from bankruptcy in November 2004, Enron's new board of directors sued 11 financial institutions for helping Lay, Fastow, Skilling and others hide Enron's true financial condition. The proceedings were dubbed the "megaclaims litigation." Among the defendants were Royal Bank of Scotland, Deutsche Bank and Citigroup. As of 2008^[update], Enron has settled with all of the institutions, ending with Citigroup. Enron was able to obtain nearly $20 billion dollars to distribute to its creditors as a result of the megaclaims litigation.^{[citation needed]} As of December 2009, some claim and process payments are still being distributed.

California's deregulation and subsequent energy crisis [link]

References [link]

^ Mergent Online | Enron Company Financials | Annual Income Statement.
^ "Andersen guilty in Enron case". BBC News. June 15, 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2047122.stm. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
^ http://www.enron.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=section&id=1&Itemid=2
^ AEI History
^ BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/business/2002/enron/timeline/1.stm. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
^ Fox, Loren (1003). Enron: the rise and fall. John Wiley & Son. p. 113. ISBN 0-471-47888-1.
^ ^a ^b "Performance Audit of Hydrocarbon PSCs - Findings in respect of Panna-Mukta and Mid & South Tapti Fields". Comptroller and Auditor General of India. September 2010. http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2011_2012/Civil_%20Performance_Audits/Report_19/chap6.pdf. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
^ "CBI admits Panna-Mukta oil fields case file is missing". Financial Express. May 20, 1998. http://www.financialexpress.com/old/ie/daily/19980520/14050434.html. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
^ "Panna-Mukta oilfield talks deadlocked". The Economic Times. Jul 1, 2002. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-07-01/news/27346582_1_panna-mukta-operatorship-bg-exploration. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
^ Barboza, David. "Enron Sought to Raise Cash Two Years Ago". http://bodurtha.georgetown.edu/enron/. Georgetown University. http://bodurtha.georgetown.edu/enron/Enron%20Sought%20to%20Raise%20Cash%20Two%20Years%20Ago.htm. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
^ Murphy, Dennis. GE completes Enron Wind acquisition; Launches GE Wind Energy Desert Sky Wind Farm, May 10, 2002. Retrieved: May 1, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cinelli, Michael Colin Powell to Receive Enron Prize Rice University News & Media Relations, Nov 9, 1995. Retrieved: Aug 26, 2011.
^ Montgomery, Philip MANDELA TO DELIVER KEYNOTE ADDRESS AT RICE UNIVERSITY Rice University News & Media Relations, Oct 15, 1999. Retrieved: Aug 26, 2011.
^ Almond, B.J. Greenspan, Putin to speak on campus Rice University News & Media Relations, Nov 8, 2001. Retrieved: Aug 26, 2011.
^ http://www.enron-mail.com/email/lay-k/inbox/Enron_Prize.html
^ "Famous Fed flubs". CNN. March 24, 2011. http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2011/news/1103/gallery.federal_reserve_flubs/6.html.
^ Bryce, Robert Pipe Dreams: Greed, Ego, and the Death of Enron Rice University News & Media Relations, Nov 8, 2001. Retrieved: Aug 26, 2011.
^ http://www.enron-mail.com/email/martin-t/deleted_items/Enron_Mentions_97.html
^ http://www.enron-mail.com/email/kitchen-l/_americas/sec_media/Enron_Mentions_30.html
^ http://harpers.org/archive/2002/03/0079087
^ "Dan Ackman, "Enron the Incredible"". Forbes.com, Jan. 17, 2002. January 15, 2002. http://www.forbes.com/2002/01/15/0115enron.html.
^ Pasha, Shaheen (April 10, 2006). "Skilling comes out swinging". Money/CNN. http://money.cnn.com/2006/04/10/news/newsmakers/enron_trial/index.htm.
^ Beth MacLean and Peter Elkind, Smartest Guys in the Room: The Amazing Rise and Scandalous Fall of Enron, 2003, ISBN 1-59184-008-2.
^ http://business.nmsu.edu/~dboje/papers/ENRON_2.jpg, The Smartest Guys in the Room, Bethany McLean and Peter Elkind, 318.
^ http://www.citizen.org/congress/article_redirect.cfm?ID=6693/
^ Blind Faith: How Deregulation and Enron’s Influence Over Government Looted Billions from Americans.
^ http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/02/03/enron.tapes/ Tapes: Enron plotted to shut down power plant.
^ Egan, Timothy (February 4, 2005). "Tapes Show Enron Arranged Plant Shutdown". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/04/national/04energy.html?ex=1107666000&en=01449ebf62df572e&ei=5070. Retrieved June 26, 2009.

Bibliography [link]

This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2010)

Robert Bryce, Pipe Dreams: Greed, Ego, and the Death of Enron (PublicAffairs, 2002) ISBN 1-58648-138-X
Lynn Brewer, Matthew Scott Hansen, House of Cards, Confessions of An Enron Executive (Virtualbookworm.com Publishing, 2002) ISBN 1-58939-248-5 ISBN 1-58939-248-5
Kurt Eichenwald, Conspiracy of Fools: A True Story (Broadway Books, 2005) ISBN 0-7679-1178-4
Peter C. Fusaro, Ross M. Miller, What Went Wrong at Enron: Everyone's Guide to the Largest Bankruptcy in U.S. History (Wiley, 2002), ISBN 0-471-26574-8
Loren Fox, Enron: The Rise and Fall. (Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2003)
Judith Haney Enron's Bust: Was it the result of Over-Confidence or a Confidence Game? USNewsLink/ December 13, 2001
Marc Hodak, The Enron Scandal, Organizational Behavior Research Center Papers (SSRN), June 4, 2007
Bethany McLean, Peter Elkind, Smartest Guys in the Room: The Amazing Rise and Scandalous Fall of Enron (Portfolio, 2003) ISBN 1-59184-008-2
Mimi Swartz, Sherron Watkins, Power Failure: The Inside Story of the Collapse of Enron (Doubleday, 2003) ISBN 0-385-50787-9
Daniel Scotto "American Financial Analyst: The First Analyst to recommend the selling of Enron Stock"
Calkins, Laurel Brubaker. “Enron Fraud Trial Ends in 5 Convictions.” The Washington Post 4 Nov. 2004: n. pag. Google. Web. 6 Dec. 2011. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn//A23034-2004Nov3.html>.

External links [link]

Data [link]

Yahoo!: Enron Corp. Company Profile
Hoovers: Enron Creditors Recovery Corp. Profile
Google Finance: Enron Creditors Recovery Corp. Profile
Enron Chronology
Enron Securities Litigation Web Site (Contains the ENRON historical stock quotes from 1997 to 2002.)

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron

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Lucy Prebble (born 1981) is a British playwright. She is the author of the plays The Sugar Syndrome and ENRON and the television series Secret Diary of a Call Girl.^[1]

1 Biography
2 Works
3 Notes
4 External links

Biography [link]

Prebble grew up in Haslemere, Surrey, and was educated at Guildford High School.^[2] While studying English at the University of Sheffield,^[3] Prebble wrote a short play called Liquid, which won the PMA Most Promising Playwright Award.^[4]

Prebble subsequently won the prestigious George Devine Award for her debut play The Sugar Syndrome in May 2004, followed by the TMA Award for Best New Play in October 2004.

Since The Sugar Syndrome she has worked on other plays and TV shows and was the creator of Secret Diary of a Call Girl.^[5]

She has commissions from the Royal National Theatre, as well as the Royal Court Theatre, according to the Rod Hall Agency.^[6]

Works [link]

Liquid, 2002
The Sugar Syndrome, Jerwood Theatre Upstairs, London, November 2003
ENRON, which was produced by Headlong Theatre, premiered at the Chichester Festival Theatre in 2009 before transferring first to the Royal Court,^[7] and then into the Noël Coward Theatre in the West End.^[8]

Notes [link]

^ Tim Adams (5 July 2009). "'I hate to be told somewhere is out of bounds for women.' Enter Enron". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2009/jul/05/lucy-prebble-playwright-interview-enron.
^ Dominic Cavendish (29 Dec 2009). "Lucy Prebble interview for Enron". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/theatre-features/6905597/Lucy-Prebble-interview-for-Enron.html.
^ ALASTAIR GEE (February 17, 2010). "Drama! Music! Financial Shenanigans!". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/21/theater/21prebble.html.
^ Andy Barker (2009-07-24). "Introducing... Playwright Lucy Prebble". The Evening Standard Magazine. http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/lifestyle/article-23723578-introducing-playwright-lucy-prebble.do.
^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2699843/
^ http://www.rodhallagency.com/index.php?art_id=000333
^ www.whatsonstage.com
^ http://www.curtainup.com/enronlon.html

External links [link]

Lucy Prebble at Doollee.com Playwrights Database
"Enron: much ado about money", Prospect, Michael Coveney

Persondata
Name	Prebble, Lucy
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1981
Place of birth
Date of death
Place of death

http://wn.com/Lucy_Prebble

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Prebble

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Jeffrey Skilling
Mug shot of Skilling taken in 2004
Born	(1953-11-25) November 25, 1953 (age 58) Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Charge(s)	Conspiracy, securities fraud, false statement, insider trading
Penalty	Originally sentenced to 24 years and 4 months and fined $45 million USD, pending re-sentencing
Status	Incarcerated
Occupation	former president of Enron
Spouse	Rebecca Carter
Children	Three (one deceased)

Jeffrey Keith "Jeff" Skilling (born November 25, 1953) is the former president of Enron Corporation, headquartered in Houston, Texas. In 2006 he was convicted of multiple federal felony charges relating to Enron's financial collapse, and is currently serving a 24-year, four-month prison sentence at the Federal Correctional Institution in Englewood, Colorado.^[1]^[2] The Supreme Court of the United States heard arguments in the appeal of the case March 1, 2010.^[3]^[4] On June 24, 2010, the Supreme Court vacated part of Skilling's conviction and sent the case back to the lower court for further proceedings. In April, 2011 a three judge 5th Circuit Court panel ruled that the verdict would have been the same despite the legal issues under discussion, and Skilling's conviction was upheld.^[5] Skilling appealed this new decision to the Supreme Court,^[6] but was denied certiorari.^[7]

1 Personal life
2 Enron
3 Indictment and trial
4 2008 events
5 Supreme Court review
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
- 8.1 Articles by Skilling
- 8.2 Other links

Personal life [link]

Skilling was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and was the second of four children. He grew up in New Jersey and Aurora, Illinois. When he was 16, he worked at WLXT (channel 60), a UHF television station in Aurora.

After graduating from West Aurora High School, Skilling received his B.S. in applied science at Southern Methodist University in 1975, where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi (Kenneth Lay was also a member of the fraternity). During his admissions interview for Harvard Business School, he stated that he was asked if he was smart, to which he supposedly replied, "I'm fucking smart."^[8] Skilling earned his M.B.A. from Harvard Business School in 1979. He became a consultant at McKinsey & Company in the energy and chemical consulting practices. Skilling became one of the youngest partners in the history of McKinsey.^[9]

Skilling had a daughter and two sons (ages 22, 20, and 16) at the time of his conviction, from his first marriage, which ended in divorce in 1997. His youngest child, John Taylor "JT" Skilling, aged 20, was found dead in his Santa Ana, California, apartment on February 3, 2011, by what police have preliminarily determined was the result of a drug overdose.^[10] In March 2002, Skilling married Rebecca Carter, a former vice president for board communications and board secretary at Enron. He is the younger brother of Tom Skilling, the chief meteorologist at CW affiliate/cable superstation WGN-TV in Chicago, Illinois.

Jeffrey Skilling was arrested in New York City on April 9, 2004, for public intoxication, during which he harassed several passersby and accused them of being undercover FBI agents. Police responding to the 911 calls found him uncooperative and concluded that he needed to sober up in the local jail.^[11]

Enron [link]

Skilling started his career in Houston as an analyst for First City Bancorporation of Texas in Houston. First City was one of Enron's banks and just before it failed the first time, Skilling quit.^{[citation needed]} The CEO of Collecting Bank, the FDIC's facility for managing the bad assets of First City, was Sam Segnar, the first CEO and chairman of Enron. The new First City Bank, headed by A. Robert Abboud, was also an Enron bank. Abboud was the former president of First Chicago Bank and Occidental Petroleum under Armand Hammer.^{[citation needed]} First City was founded by Judge James Andersen Elkins and his law firm, Vinson & Elkins, one of Enron's lead law firms. As a consultant for McKinsey & Company, Skilling worked with Enron in 1987, helping the company create a forward market in natural gas. Skilling impressed Kenneth Lay in his capacity as a consultant, and was hired by Lay in 1990 as chairman and chief executive officer of Enron Finance Corp. In 1991, he became the chairman of Enron Gas Services Co., which was a result of the merger of Enron Gas Marketing and Enron Finance Corp. Skilling was named CEO and managing director of Enron Capital & Trade Resources, which was the subsidiary responsible for energy trading and marketing. He was promoted to president and chief operating officer of Enron in 1997, second only to Lay, while remaining the head of Enron Capital & Trade Resources. In 1999, Enron launched EnronOnline, an Internet-based trading operation, which was used by virtually every energy company in the U.S.

Under Skilling, Enron adopted mark to market accounting, in which anticipated future profits from any deal were accounted for by recording their present value rather than historical cost. Skilling joked about the California energy crisis at one meeting of Enron employees by asking, "What is the difference between California and the Titanic? At least when the Titanic went down, the lights were on."^[12] Skilling later attributed the remark to frayed relations between Enron and California.^[13] His employees, meanwhile, plotted to keep the price of energy high in California.^[14]

Skilling began advocating a novel idea: the company didn't really need any "assets."^{[citation needed]} By pushing the company's aggressive investment strategy, he helped make Enron the biggest wholesaler of gas and electricity, with $27 billion traded in a quarter. On February 12, 2001, Skilling was named CEO of Enron, receiving $132 million in a single year.

On March 28, 2001, PBS's Frontline interviewed Skilling, where he claimed Enron was one of "the good guys."^[15]

Skilling unexpectedly resigned on August 14 of that year, citing personal reasons, and he soon sold large blocks of his shares in the corporation.^[16] Then-chairman Kenneth Lay, who previously served as CEO for 15 years, returned as CEO until the company declared bankruptcy in December 2001. When brought in front of congressional committees, Skilling stated that he had "no knowledge" of the complicated chain of scandal that would eventually result in Enron's bankruptcy.^[17] The "no knowledge" claim has come to be known as the "Jeffrey Skilling Defense," which is a claim by an executive who is well educated in the craft that he or she had no knowledge of the malfeasance or misfortune that transpired.^{[citation needed]}

Indictment and trial [link]

Main article: Trial of Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling

Skilling was indicted on 35 counts of fraud, insider trading, and other crimes related to the collapse of Enron. He surrendered to the Federal Bureau of Investigation on February 19, 2004, and pleaded not guilty to all charges. The indictments were primarily focused on his probable knowledge of, and likely direct involvement with, the fraudulent transactions within Enron. About a month after quitting Enron, Skilling sold almost $60 million of his stake in the company (in blocks of 10,000 to 500,000 shares), leading to the prosecutors' allegation that he sold those shares with inside information of Enron's impending bankruptcy. Skilling's lead attorney was Daniel Petrocelli, the 52-year-old civil litigator who represented Ron Goldman's father against O.J. Simpson in the negligent death civil suit successfully brought against the former football star and sports broadcaster. Skilling spent $40 million in preparation for the trial, of which at least $23 million went to his defense lawyers' retainer. Skilling's younger brother Mark is an attorney and assisted his legal team during the criminal trial.

The trial began on January 30, 2006, in Houston, despite repeated protests from defense attorneys calling for a change in venue on the grounds that "it was impossible to get a fair trial in Houston," the base of the Enron catastrophe. Skilling, known for his harsh attitude and arrogance, lost his temper on the witness stand during the trial.^[18] Enron's bankruptcy, the biggest in U.S. history when it was filed in December 2001, cost 20,000 employees their jobs. In addition, many of them lost their life savings. Investors also lost billions. However, Skilling and many of the company's executives had sold huge portions of their Enron stock before the bankruptcy filing, making a substantial profit. When asked by a Dutch journalist in the street during the trial about industrial dominance, Skilling admitted that industrial dominance and abuse constitutes a global problem by saying: "Oh yes, yes sure, it does."^[19] On May 25, 2006, the jury returned with the following findings regarding Skilling:^[20]

guilty on one count of conspiracy
guilty on one count of insider trading
guilty on five counts of making false statements to auditors
guilty on twelve counts of securities fraud
not guilty on nine counts of insider trading

In a front page interview with The Wall Street Journal on June 17, 2006, Skilling claims, among other things, that he had been in a depression after the Enron bankruptcy and considered committing suicide, but that his indictment actually lifted his spirits and brought him out of his depression; that the worst witness against him was himself; and that he will be able to survive a long prison term as long as he is given "something to do, something to accomplish" while in prison.

On October 23, 2006, Skilling was sentenced to 24 years and four months in prison, and fined $45 million. The case is currently under appeal. Skilling's request to remain free during the appeal was denied by Judge Patrick Higginbotham of the 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals on December 12, 2006. In ordering Skilling's immediate imprisonment, the judge wrote, "Skilling raises no substantial question that is likely to result in the reversal of his convictions on all of the charged counts,"^[21] although the order also noted "serious frailties" in the convictions.

Skilling began his sentence on December 13, 2006,^[22] and is currently housed at low security federal prison in Littleton, Colorado. According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons, he is scheduled for release on February 21, 2028, when he will be 74 years old.^[23]

2008 events [link]

Prior to the trial, attorneys for Skilling requested that the notes taken from FBI agents on the interviews with Andrew Fastow be turned over to the defense. A number of inconsistencies were discovered soon after a judge ordered that the notes be turned over.^[24]

On April 3, 2008, Skilling's defense attorney, Daniel M. Petrocelli, argued with government prosecutors that Skilling's trial and the conviction itself was based on honest services fraud which he said did not apply to Jeffrey Skilling. This argument was based on the idea that, even though Skilling committed illegal financial maneuvers, he did so in order to save the company and did not profit from it.^[25] This in turn could lead to all of his convictions being overturned; however, the chances are very narrow.^[26]

Experts believe Skilling's best chance lies in citing a parallel appeals court decision that threw out guilty verdicts on three Merrill Lynch bankers accused of helping Enron to inflate profits.^[26]

On October 30, 2008, Jeffrey Skilling was moved to a low-security prison near Littleton, as his original prison, FCI Waseca, was being converted to an all-women facility.^[27]

Supreme Court review [link]

This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this section if you can; the talk page may contain suggestions. (June 2010)

Main article: Skilling v. United States

On October 13, 2009 the Supreme Court of the United States agreed to hear two questions presented by Skilling's appeal.^[3] The Court subsequently scheduled^[28] and heard argument March 1, 2010.^[4]

The first issue raised by Skilling's defense was whether or not the federal "honest services" fraud statute (title 18 of the United States Code, section 1346) required the government to prove that Skilling's conduct was intended to achieve "private gain" (instead of being intended to advance his employer's interests); and, if not, if this statute is unconstitutionally vague.^[29] The Court heard two other cases about the same statute on December 8, several months before it heard Skilling's appeal: Black v. United States and Weyhrauch v. United States.^[29]

The second issue — "in-house judging" — was whether or not -- when a presumption of jury prejudice arises because of the widespread, community impact of the defendant's alleged conduct, plus, widespread, inflammatory pretrial publicity -- the government may rebut that presumption; and, if so, if the government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that no juror was actually prejudiced.^[29]

In the arguments on March 1, the issue of jury selection received the most attention. Justices Stephen Breyer and Sonia Sotomayor seemed especially bothered by the questioning of one potential juror who reported that she herself lost $50,000 to $60,000 in the Enron debacle. ... "How can we be satisfied that a fair and impartial jury was picked when the judge doesn't follow up when the juror said, 'I'm a victim of this crime,'" Sotomayor asked. The government maintained that the judge and the selection process were appropriate.^[4] Sri Srinivasan, a partner at O'Melveny & Myers, was Skilling's Washington defense attorney^[30] and Justice Department lawyer Michael Dreeben argued for the government.^[4]

On June 24, 2010, in an opinion by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, the Supreme Court unanimously nullified Skilling's honest services fraud conviction, finding that "Skilling's misconduct entailed no bribe or kickback." The Court remanded the Skilling case back to the lower court for further proceedings to sort out which charges must now be dismissed as the result of the invalidation of the honest services statute.^[31]

In April, 2011 a three judge 5th Circuit Court panel ruled that since the jury was presented with "overwhelming evidence" that Skilling conspired to commit conspiracy fraud, the verdict would have been the same even if the honest services theory had never been presented, and Skilling's conviction was upheld .^[32] The case in the 5th Circuit is United States of America v. Jeffrey K. Skilling, 06-20885. Skilling appealed this new decision to the Supreme Court^[33], but was denied certiorari.^[34]

References [link]

^ FCI Englewood.
^ Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved 2010-03-01.
^ ^a ^b Sherman, Mark (October 13, 2009). "Supreme Court Will Hear Appeal of Enron's Skilling". Associated Press (Washington Post). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/13/AR2009101300782.html?hpid=artslot. Retrieved October 13, 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "High Court Hears ex-Enron CEO Skilling's Appeal" by Mark Sherman, Associated Press, via yahoo.com, March 1, 2010 (ran in The New York Times March 1 or 2, 2010, p. 4 of NY ed., but no longer linked online). Yahoo link retrieved 2010-06-09; info via NYTimes link retrieved 2010-03-08.
^ "U.S. appeals court upholds Jeff Skilling conviction". Reuters. April 7, 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/07/us-enron-skilling-idUSTRE73601Y20110407.
^ [1]
^ [2]
^ Bethany McLean and Peter Elkind , Smartest Guys in the Room: The Amazing Rise and Scandalous Fall of Enron, 2003, ISBN 1-59184-008-2.
^ "Enron: the government unveils its morality tale," Stevedenning.com, 2004-02-20, Retrieved on 2008-05-19.
^ John Taylor Skilling, Ex-Enron Chief's Son, Dies of Possible Overdose, ABC News, February 4, 2011.
^ "Feds: Tests Show Skilling Drunk During New York Scuffle".
^ Barrionuevo, Alexei., "Enron trial focuses on character", New York Times via IHT, 2006-04-21, Retrieved 2007-06-27.
^ "Skilling May Still Have $66 Million Left From Stock Sales", CNN live event/special, Aired 2002-02-26, Retrieved 2007-06-27.
^ "Enron Traders Caught On Tape". CBS News. June 1, 2004. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/06/01/eveningnews/main620626.shtml. Retrieved 2006-12-10.
^ "Blackout Program #1916 Transcript". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/blackout/etc/script.html. Retrieved 2006-05-27.
^ OPPEL JR., RICHARD A. (2001-12-22). "Former Head of Enron Denies Wrongdoing". New York Times: pp. Late Edition – Final, Section C, Page 1, Column 2 .
^ "Prepared Testimony of Jeffrey K. Skilling", House Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations via findlaw.com, 2002-02-07, Retrieved 2007-06-27.
^ Pasha, Shaheen; Seid, Jessica (May 25, 2006). "Lay and Skilling's day of reckoning". CNN. http://money.cnn.com/2006/05/25/news/newsmakers/enron_verdict/index.htm. Retrieved 2006-05-27.
^ http://stingflation.com
^ Barrionuevo, Alexei (May 25, 2006). "Enron Chiefs Guilty of Fraud and Conspiracy". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/25/business/25cnd-enron.html?_r=1&oref=slogin. Retrieved 2006-05-27.
^ Stinebaker, Joe., AP, "Skilling Expected to Go to Prison Today", ABCnews.com, 2006-12-13, Retrieved 2007-06-27.
^ Teather, David (December 13, 2006). "Skilling to report to prison". London: Guardian. http://business.guardian.co.uk/story/0,,1971179,00.html. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
^ Federal Bureau of Prisons - Jeffrey Skilling search.
^ Skilling Appeal Argues Secret FBI ‘Sledgehammer’ Notes Require Reversal | ABA Journal - Law News Now.
^ [3]^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b Clark, Andrew (April 3, 2008). "Jailed boss seeks to reverse Enron verdict". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/apr/03/enron.useconomy. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
^ Jeffrey Skilling has left the building, Waseca County News.
^ "Docket for 08-1394". http://origin.www.supremecourt.gov/docket/08-1394.htm. Retrieved December 30, 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c United States Law Week, vol. 78, p. 3069
^ "Next Up For The Unstoppable Sri Srinivasan: Jeff Skilling Defense" by Lauren Streib, The Business Insider Law review, Feb. 26, 2010 4:17 PM. Retrieved 2010-03-08
^ Supreme Court of the United States, Skilling vs the United States, No. 08-1394, October Term 2009.
^ "U.S. appeals court upholds Jeff Skilling conviction". Reuters. April 7, 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/07/us-enron-skilling-idUSTRE73601Y20110407.
^ [4]
^ [5]

External links [link]

Articles by Skilling [link]

Competitive Corporate Cultures: Why Innovators Are Leading Their Industries - World Energy Magazine, 1998

Persondata
Name	Skilling, Jeffrey
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	November 25, 1953
Place of birth	Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Date of death
Place of death

http://wn.com/Jeffrey_Skilling

http://fr.wn.com/Jeffrey Skilling

http://pt.wn.com/Jeffrey Skilling

http://de.wn.com/Jeffrey Skilling

http://it.wn.com/Jeff Skilling

http://es.wn.com/Jeffrey Skilling

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Skilling

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

This article is about the former U.S. Vice President. For his father, who was also a U.S. Senator, see Albert Gore, Sr..

Al Gore

45th Vice President of the United States
In office January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
President	Bill Clinton
Preceded by	Dan Quayle
Succeeded by	Dick Cheney
United States Senator from Tennessee
In office January 3, 1985 – January 2, 1993
Preceded by	Howard Baker
Succeeded by	Harlan Mathews
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee's 6th district
In office January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1985
Preceded by	Robin Beard
Succeeded by	Bart Gordon
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee's 4th district
In office January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1983
Preceded by	Joe L. Evins
Succeeded by	Jim Cooper
Personal details
Born	Albert Arnold Gore, Jr. (1948-03-31) March 31, 1948 (age 64) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Political party	Democratic
Spouse(s)	Tipper Aitcheson (m. 1970, separated June 2010)^[1]
Relations	Albert A. Gore, Sr., (father) Pauline LaFon Gore, (mother)
Children	Karenna (b. 1973) Kristin (b. 1977) Sarah (b. 1979) Albert III (b. 1982)
Alma mater	Harvard College (A.B.)
Profession	Author Politician Environmental Activist
Religion	Baptist^[2] (formerly Southern Baptist)
Signature
Website	algore.com
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1969–1971
Rank	Private; Occupational specialist: Journalist^[3]
Unit	20th Engineer Brigade
Battles/wars	Vietnam War

The life of Al Gore v t e
Vice Presidency of Al Gore Al Gore presidential campaign, 1988 Al Gore presidential campaign, 2000 Role in information technology Environmental activism

Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr. (born March 31, 1948) served as the 45th Vice President of the United States (1993–2001), under President Bill Clinton. He was the Democratic Party's nominee for President and won the popular vote in the 2000 U.S. presidential election.

Gore is currently an author and environmental activist. He has founded a number of non-profit organizations, including the Alliance for Climate Protection, and has received a Nobel Peace Prize for his work in climate change activism.^[4]

Gore was previously an elected official for 24 years, representing Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives (1977–85), and later in the U.S. Senate (1985–93), and finally becoming Vice President in 1993. In the 2000 presidential election, Gore won the popular vote by a margin of more than 500,000 votes. However, he ultimately lost the Electoral College to Republican George W. Bush when the U.S. Supreme Court settled the legal controversy over the Florida vote recount by ruling 5-4 in favor of Bush.^[5] It was the only time in history that the Supreme Court has determined the outcome of a presidential election.^[6]

Gore is the founder and current chair of the Alliance for Climate Protection, the co-founder and chair of Generation Investment Management, the co-founder and chair of Current TV, a member of the Board of Directors of Apple Inc., and a senior adviser to Google.^[7] Gore is also a partner in the venture capital firm, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, heading its climate change solutions group.^[8]^[9] He has served as a visiting professor at Middle Tennessee State University, Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, Fisk University, and the University of California, Los Angeles.^[7]^[10]^[11]^[12] He is also a member of the Board of Directors of World Resources Institute.

Gore has received a number of awards including the Nobel Peace Prize (joint award with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2007), a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album (2009) for his book An Inconvenient Truth,^[13] a Primetime Emmy Award for Current TV (2007), and a Webby Award (2005). Gore was also the subject of the Academy Award-winning (2007) documentary An Inconvenient Truth in 2006. In 2007 he was named a runner-up for Time's 2007 Person of the Year.^[14]

Early life [link]

Albert Gore, Jr. was born in Washington, D.C., the second of two children of Albert Gore, Sr., a U.S. Representative who later served as a U.S. Senator from Tennessee, and Pauline LaFon Gore, one of the first women to graduate from Vanderbilt University Law School.^[15] Gore is partly descended from Scots-Irish immigrants who first settled in Virginia in the mid-17th-century, and moved to Tennessee after the Revolutionary War.^[16] His older sister Nancy LaFon Gore, who was born in 1938, died of lung cancer in 1984.^[17]

During the school year he lived with his family in The Fairfax Hotel in the Embassy Row section in Washington D.C.^[18] During the summer months, he worked on the family farm in Carthage, Tennessee, where the Gores grew tobacco and hay^[19]^[20] and raised cattle.^[21]

Gore attended the all-boys St. Albans School in Washington, D.C. from 1956 to 1965, a prestigious feeder school for the Ivy League.^[22]^[23] He was the captain of the football team, threw discus for the track and field team, and participated in basketball, art, and government.^[15]^[18]^[24]^[25] He graduated 25th in his class of 51, applied to only one college, Harvard, and was accepted.^[22]^[23]

Marriage and family [link]

He met Mary Elizabeth "Tipper" Aitcheson from the nearby St. Agnes School at his St. Albans senior prom in 1965.^[18] Tipper followed Gore to Boston to attend college,^[17] and on May 19, 1970, shortly after Tipper graduated from Boston University, they married at the Washington National Cathedral.^[17]^[26]^[27]^[28]

They have four children, Karenna (b. 1973), Kristin Carlson Gore (b. 1977), Sarah LaFon Gore (b. 1979), and Albert Gore III (b. 1982).^[2]

In early June 2010, shortly after purchasing a new home,^[29] the Gores announced in an e-mail to friends that after "long and careful consideration," they had made a mutual decision to separate.^[1]

Harvard, Vietnam, journalism, and Vanderbilt (1965–1976)[link]

Harvard [link]

Gore enrolled in Harvard College in 1965, initially planning to major in English and write novels, but later deciding to major in government.^[22]^[23] On his second day on campus, he began campaigning for the freshman student government council, and was elected its president.^[23]

Although he was an avid reader who fell in love with scientific and mathematical theories,^[23] he did not do well in science classes in college, and avoided taking math.^[22] His grades during his first two years put him in the lower one-fifth of the class. During his sophomore year, he reportedly spent much of his time watching television, shooting pool, and occasionally smoking marijuana.^[22]^[23] In his junior and senior years, he became more involved with his studies, earning As and Bs.^[22] In his senior year, he took a class with oceanographer and global warming theorist Roger Revelle, who sparked Gore's interest in global warming and other environmental issues.^[23]^[30] Gore earned an A on his thesis, "The Impact of Television on the Conduct of the Presidency, 1947-1969", and graduated with an A.B. cum laude in June 1969.^[22]^[31]

Gore attended college during the era of anti Vietnam War protests. Though he was against that war, he disagreed with the tactics of the student protest movement, thinking it silly and juvenile to take anger at the war out on a private university.^[23] He and his friends did not participate in Harvard demonstrations. John Tyson, a former roommate, recalled that "We distrusted these movements a lot .... We were a pretty traditional bunch of guys, positive for civil rights and women's rights but formal, transformed by the social revolution to some extent but not buying into something we considered detrimental to our country."^[23]^[32] Gore helped his father write an anti-war address to the Democratic National Convention of 1968, but stayed with his parents in their hotel room during the violent protests.^[23]

Military service [link]

Al and Tipper Gore's wedding day, May 19, 1970 at the Washington National Cathedral

Gore with the 20th Engineer Brigade in Bien Hoa as a journalist with the paper, The Castle Courier.

When Gore graduated in 1969, his student deferment ended and he immediately became eligible for the military draft. His father, a vocal anti-Vietnam War critic, was facing a reelection in 1970. Gore eventually decided that the best way he could contribute to the anti-war effort was to enlist in the Army, which would improve his father's reelection prospects.^[33] Although nearly all of his Harvard classmates avoided the draft and service in Vietnam,^[34] Gore believed if he found a way around military service, he would be handing an issue to his father's Republican opponent.^[35] According to Gore's Senate biography, "He appeared in uniform in his father's campaign commercials, one of which ended with his father advising: 'Son, always love your country.'^[33] Despite this, Al senior lost the election.

Gore has said that his other reason for enlisting was that he did not want someone with fewer options than he to go in his place.^[36] Actor Tommy Lee Jones, a former college housemate, recalled Gore saying that "if he found a fancy way of not going, someone else would have to go in his place."^[23]^[37] His Harvard advisor, Richard Neustadt, also stated that Gore decided, "that he would have to go as an enlisted man because, he said, 'In Tennessee, that's what most people have to do.'" In addition, Michael Roche, Gore's editor for The Castle Courier, stated that "anybody who knew Al Gore in Vietnam knows he could have sat on his butt and he didn't."^[35]

After enlisting in August 1969, Gore returned to the anti-war Harvard campus in his military uniform to say goodbye to his adviser and was "jeered" at by students.^[17]^[23] He later said he was astonished by the "emotional field of negativity and disapproval and piercing glances that ... certainly felt like real hatred".^[23]

Gore had basic training at Fort Dix from August to October, and then was assigned to be a journalist at Fort Rucker, Alabama. In April 1970, he was "Soldier of the Month".^[17]^[35]

His orders to be sent to Vietnam were "held up" for some time and he suspected that this was due to a fear by the Nixon administration that if something happened to him, his father would gain sympathy votes^{[citation needed]}. He was finally shipped to Vietnam on January 2, 1971, after his father had lost his seat in the Senate during the 1970 Senate election, becoming one "of only about a dozen of the 1,115 Harvard graduates in the Class of '69 who went to Vietnam."^[35]^[38]^[39] Gore was stationed with the 20th Engineer Brigade in Bien Hoa and was a journalist with The Castle Courier.^[40] He received an honorable discharge from the Army in May 1971.^[17]

Of his time in the Army, Gore later stated, "I didn't do the most, or run the gravest danger. But I was proud to wear my country's uniform."^[37] He also later stated that his experience in Vietnam "didn't change my conclusions about the war being a terrible mistake, but it struck me that opponents to the war, including myself, really did not take into account the fact that there were an awful lot of South Vietnamese who desperately wanted to hang on to what they called freedom. Coming face to face with those sentiments expressed by people who did the laundry and ran the restaurants and worked in the fields was something I was naively unprepared for."^[41]

Vanderbilt and journalism [link]

Gore was "dispirited" after his return from Vietnam.^[33] NashvillePost.com noted that, "his father's defeat made service in a conflict he deeply opposed even more abhorrent to Gore. His experiences in the war zone don't seem to have been deeply traumatic in themselves; although the engineers were sometimes fired upon, Gore has said he didn't see full-scale combat. Still, he felt that his participation in the war was wrong."^[38]

Although his parents wanted him to go to law school, Gore first attended Vanderbilt University Divinity School from 1971 to 1972 on Rockefeller Foundation scholarship for people planning secular careers. He later said he went there in order to explore "spiritual issues",^[2] and that "he had hoped to make sense of the social injustices that seemed to challenge his religious beliefs."^[42]

Gore also began to work the night shift for The Tennessean as an investigative reporter in 1971.^[43] His investigations of corruption among members of Nashville's Metro Council resulted in the arrest and prosecution of two councilmen for separate offenses.^[38]

He took a leave of absence from The Tennessean to attend Vanderbilt University Law School in 1974. His decision to become an attorney was a partial result of his time as a journalist, as he realized that while he could expose corruption, he could not change it.^[2] Gore did not complete law school, deciding abruptly in 1976 to run for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives when he found out that his father's former seat in the House was about to be vacated.^[2]^[44]

Congress and first presidential run (1976–1993)[link]

Gore began serving in the U.S. Congress at the age of 28 and stayed there for the next 16 years, serving in both the House (1977–1985) and the Senate (1985–1993).^[43] Gore spent many weekends in Tennessee, working with his constituents.^[15]^[33]

House and Senate [link]

At the end of February 1976, U.S. Representative Joe L. Evins unexpectedly announced his retirement from Congress, making the Tennessee's 4th congressional district seat to which he had succeeded Albert Gore, Sr. in 1953 open. Within hours after Tennessean publisher John Seigenthaler, Sr., called him to tell him the announcement was forthcoming,^[44] Gore decided to quit law school and run for the House of Representatives:

Gore's abrupt decision to run for the open seat surprised even himself; he later said that 'I didn't realize myself I had been pulled back so much to it.' The news came as a 'bombshell' to his wife. Tipper Gore held a job in the Tennessean's photo lab and was working on a master's degree in psychology, but she joined in her husband's campaign (with assurance that she could get her job at the Tennessean back if he lost). By contrast, Gore asked his father to stay out of his campaign: 'I must become my own man,' he explained. 'I must not be your candidate.'^[33]

Gore won a seat in Congress in 1976 "with 32 percent of the vote, three percentage points more than his nearest rival."^[45] He won the next three elections in 1978, 1980, and 1982 where "he was unopposed twice and won 79 percent of the vote the other time."^[45] In 1984, Gore successfully ran for a seat in the U.S. Senate, which had been vacated by Republican Senate Majority Leader Howard Baker. He was "unopposed in the Democratic Senatorial primary and won the general election going away," despite the fact that Republican President Ronald Reagan swept Tennessee in his reelection campaign the same year.^[45]

Gore during his congressional years

During his time in Congress, Gore was considered a "moderate" (he referred to himself as a "raging moderate")^[46] opposing federal funding of abortion, voting in favor of a bill which supported a moment in silence in schools, and voting against a ban on interstate sales of guns.^[47] His position as a moderate (and on policies related to that label) shifted later in life after he became Vice President and ran for president in 2000.^[48]

During his time in the House, Gore sat on the Energy and Commerce and the Science and Technology committees, chairing the latter for four years.^[45] He also sat on the House Intelligence Committee and in 1982 introduced the Gore Plan for arms control, to "reduce chances of a nuclear first strike by cutting multiple warheads and deploying single-warhead mobile launchers."^[33] While in the Senate, he sat on the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, the Rules and Administration, and the Armed Services Committees.^[33] In 1991, Gore was one of ten democrats who supported the Gulf War.^[33]

Gore was one of the Atari Democrats who were given this name due to their "passion for technological issues, from biomedical research and genetic engineering to the environmental impact of the "greenhouse effect."^[33] On March 19, 1979 he became the first member of Congress to appear on C-SPAN.^[49] During this time, Gore co-chaired the Congressional Clearinghouse on the Future with Newt Gingrich.^[50] In addition, he has been described as having been a "genuine nerd, with a geek reputation running back to his days as a futurist Atari Democrat in the House. Before computers were comprehensible, let alone sexy, the poker-faced Gore struggled to explain artificial intelligence and fiber-optic networks to sleepy colleagues."^[33]^[51] Internet pioneers Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn noted that, "as far back as the 1970s, Congressman Gore promoted the idea of high speed telecommunications as an engine for both economic growth and the improvement of our educational system. He was the first elected official to grasp the potential of computer communications to have a broader impact than just improving the conduct of science and scholarship [...] the Internet, as we know it today, was not deployed until 1983. When the Internet was still in the early stages of its deployment, Congressman Gore provided intellectual leadership by helping create the vision of the potential benefits of high speed computing and communication."^[52]

Gore introduced the Supercomputer Network Study Act of 1986.^[53] He also sponsored hearings on how advanced technologies might be put to use in areas like coordinating the response of government agencies to natural disasters and other crises."^[54]

As a Senator, Gore began to craft the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 (commonly referred to as "The Gore Bill") after hearing the 1988 report Toward a National Research Network submitted to Congress by a group chaired by UCLA professor of computer science, Leonard Kleinrock, one of the central creators of the ARPANET (the ARPANET, first deployed by Kleinrock and others in 1969, is the predecessor of the Internet).^[55]^[56]^[57] The bill was passed on December 9, 1991 and led to the National Information Infrastructure (NII) which Gore referred to as the "information superhighway."^[58]

After joining the U.S. House of Representatives, Gore held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming."^[59]^[60] He continued to speak on the topic throughout the 1980s.^[33]^[61]^[62] In 1990, Senator Gore presided over a three-day conference with legislators from over 42 countries which sought to create a Global Marshall Plan, "under which industrial nations would help less developed countries grow economically while still protecting the environment."^[63]

First presidential run (1988)[link]

Main article: Al Gore presidential campaign, 1988

Gore campaigned for the Democratic Party nomination for President of the United States against Joe Biden, Gary Hart, Dick Gephardt, Paul Simon, Jesse Jackson, and Michael Dukakis (who eventually won the Democratic nomination). Gore carried seven states in the primaries, finishing third overall.

Although Gore initially denied that he intended to run, his candidacy was the subject of speculation: "National analysts make Sen. Gore a long-shot for the Presidential nomination, but many believe he could provide a natural complement for any of the other candidates: a young, attractive, moderate Vice Presidential nominee from the South. He currently denies any interest, but he carefully does not reject the idea out of hand."^[18] At the time, he was 39 years old, making him the "youngest serious Presidential candidate since John F. Kennedy."^[18]

After announcing that he would run, Gore ran his campaign as "a Southern centrist, [who] opposed federal funding for abortion. He favored a moment of silence for prayer in the schools and voted against banning the interstate sale of handguns."^[64]

CNN noted that, "in 1988, for the first time, 12 Southern states would hold their primaries on the same day, dubbed "Super Tuesday". Gore thought he would be the only serious Southern contender; he had not counted on Jesse Jackson."^[64] Jackson defeated Gore in the South Carolina Primary, winning, "more than half the total vote, three times that of his closest rival here, Senator Albert Gore Jr. of Tennessee."^[65] Gore next placed great hope on Super Tuesday where they split the Southern vote: Jackson winning Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi and Virginia; Gore winning Arkansas, North Carolina, Kentucky, Nevada, Tennessee, and Oklahoma.^[33]^[64]^[66] Gore was later endorsed by New York City Mayor, Ed Koch who made statements in favor of Israel and against Jackson. These statements cast Gore in a negative light,^[64] leading voters away from Gore who only received 10% of the vote in the New York Primary. Gore then dropped out of the race.^[33] The New York Times said that Gore also lost support due to his attacks against Jackson, Dukakis, and others.^[67]

Gore was eventually able to mend fences with Jackson who supported the Clinton-Gore ticket in 1992 and 1996, and campaigned for the Gore-Lieberman ticket during the 2000 presidential election.^[68]^[69] Gore's policies changed substantially in 2000, reflecting his eight years as Vice President.^[70]

Son's 1989 accident, 1992 election, and first book [link]

On April 3, 1989 as the Gores and their six-year-old son Albert were leaving a baseball game, Albert ran across the street to see his friend and was hit by a car. He was thrown 30 feet (9 m), and then traveled along the pavement for another 20 feet (6 m).^[15] Gore later recalled: "I ran to his side and held him and called his name, but he was motionless, limp and still, without breath or pulse [...] His eyes were open with the nothingness stare of death, and we prayed, the two of us, there in the gutter, with only my voice."^[15] Albert was tended to by two nurses who happened to be present during the accident. The Gores spent the next month in the hospital with Albert. Gore also commented: "Our lives were consumed with the struggle to restore his body and spirit."^[15] This event was "a trauma so shattering that [Gore] views it as a moment of personal rebirth", a "key moment in his life" which "changed everything."^[15]

In August 1991, Gore announced that his son's accident was a factor in his decision not to run for president during the 1992 presidential election.^[71] Gore stated: "I would like to be President [...] But I am also a father, and I feel deeply about my responsibility to my children [...] I didn't feel right about tearing myself away from my family to the extent that is necessary in a Presidential campaign."^[71] During this time, Gore wrote Earth in the Balance, a text which became the first book written by a sitting U.S. Senator to make the New York Times bestseller list since John F. Kennedy's Profiles in Courage.^[33]

Vice Presidency and second presidential run (1993–2001)[link]

Vice Presidency [link]

Main article: Vice Presidency of Al Gore

Official Vice Presidential portrait

Al Gore served as Vice President during the Clinton Administration. Gore was initially hesitant to accept a position as Bill Clinton's running mate for the 1992 United States presidential election, but after clashing with the George H. W. Bush administration over global warming issues, he decided to accept the offer.^[33] Clinton stated that he chose Gore due to his foreign policy experience, work with the environment, and commitment to his family.^[72]^[73]

Clinton's choice was criticized as unconventional because rather than picking a running mate who would diversify the ticket, Clinton chose a fellow Southerner who shared his political ideologies and who was nearly the same age as Clinton.^[33]^[72]^[74] The Washington Bureau Chief for The Baltimore Sun, Paul West, later suggested that, "Al Gore revolutionized the way Vice Presidents are made. When he joined Bill Clinton's ticket, it violated the old rules. Regional diversity? Not with two Southerners from neighboring states. Ideological balance? A couple of left-of-center moderates. [...] And yet, Gore has come to be regarded by strategists in both parties as the best vice presidential pick in at least 20 years."^[75]

Clinton and Gore accepted the nomination at the Democratic National Convention on July 17, 1992.^[76]^[77] Known as the Baby Boomer Ticket and the Fortysomething Team, The New York Times noted that if elected, Clinton and Gore, at ages 45 and 44 respectively, would be the "youngest team to make it to the White House in the country's history."^[72]^[78]^[78] Theirs was the first ticket since 1972 to try to capture the youth vote. Gore called the ticket "a new generation of leadership".^[72]^[79]

The Clintons and the Gores, 1993

Vice President Gore and Tipper Gore, 1997

The ticket increased in popularity after the candidates traveled with their wives, Hillary and Tipper, on a "six-day, 1,000-mile bus ride, from New York to St. Louis."^[80] Gore also successfully debated the other vice presidential candidates, Dan Quayle, and James Stockdale. The Clinton-Gore ticket beat the Bush-Quayle ticket, 43%-38%.^[33] Clinton and Gore were inaugurated on January 20, 1993 and were re-elected to a second term in the 1996 election.

At the beginning of the first term, Clinton and Gore developed a "two-page agreement outlining their relationship." Clinton committed himself to regular lunch meetings, recognized Gore as a principal adviser on nominations, and appointed some of Gore's chief advisers to key White House staff positions [...] Clinton involved Gore in decision-making to an unprecedented degree for a Vice President. Through their weekly lunches and daily conversations, Gore became the president's "indisputable chief adviser."^[33]

Gore had a particular interest in reducing "waste, fraud, and abuse in the federal government and advocated trimming the size of the bureaucracy and the number of regulations."^[33] During the Clinton Administration, the U.S. economy expanded, according to David Greenberg (professor of history and media studies at Rutgers University) who said that "by the end of the Clinton presidency, the numbers were uniformly impressive. Besides the record-high surpluses and the record-low poverty rates, the economy could boast the longest economic expansion in history; the lowest unemployment since the early 1970s; and the lowest poverty rates for single mothers, black Americans, and the aged."^[81]

According to Leslie Budd, author of E-economy: Rhetoric or Business Reality, this economic success was due, in part, to Gore's continued role as an Atari Democrat, promoting the development of information technology, which led to the dot-com boom (c. 1995-2001).^[82] Clinton and Gore entered office planning to finance research that would "flood the economy with innovative goods and services, lifting the general level of prosperity and strengthening American industry."^[83] Their overall aim was to fund the development of, "robotics, smart roads, biotechnology, machine tools, magnetic-levitation trains, fiber-optic communications and national computer networks. Also earmarked [were] a raft of basic technologies like digital imaging and data storage."^[83] Critics claimed that the initiatives would "backfire, bloating Congressional pork and creating whole new categories of Federal waste."^[83]

During the election and his term as Vice President, Gore popularized the term Information Superhighway, which became synonymous with the Internet, and he was involved in the creation of the National Information Infrastructure.^[83] Gore first discussed his plans to emphasize information technology at UCLA on January 11, 1994 in a speech at The Superhighway Summit. He was involved in a number of projects including NetDay'96 and 24 Hours in Cyberspace. The Clinton–Gore administration also launched the first official White House website in 1994 and subsequent versions through 2000.^[84] The Clipper Chip, which "Clinton inherited from a multi-year National Security Agency effort," was a method of hardware encryption with a government backdoor.^[85] It met with strong opposition from civil liberty groups and was abandoned by 1996.^[86]^[87]

President Bill Clinton installing computer cables with Vice President Al Gore on NetDay at Ygnacio Valley High School in Concord, CA. March 9, 1996.

Glenn T. Seaborg with Gore in the White House during a visit of the 1993 Science Talent Search (STS) finalists on March 4, 1993.

Gore was also involved in a number of initiatives related to the environment. He launched the GLOBE program on Earth Day '94, an education and science activity that, according to Forbes magazine, "made extensive use of the Internet to increase student awareness of their environment".^[88] During the late 1990s, Gore strongly pushed for the passage of the Kyoto Protocol, which called for reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.^[89]^[90] Gore was opposed by the Senate, which passed unanimously (95–0) the Byrd–Hagel Resolution (S. Res. 98).^[91]^[92] In 1998, Gore began promoting a NASA satellite (Deep Space Climate Observatory) that would provide a constant view of the Earth, marking the first time such an image would have been made since The Blue Marble photo from the 1972 Apollo 17 mission.^[93] During this time, he also became associated with Digital Earth.^[94]

In 1996 Gore became involved in a finance controversy over his attendance at an event at the Buddhist Hsi Lai Temple in Hacienda Heights, California.^[33] In an interview on NBC's Today the following year, Gore said, "I did not know that it was a fund-raiser. I knew it was a political event, and I knew there were finance people that were going to be present, and so that alone should have told me, 'This is inappropriate and this is a mistake; don't do this.' And I take responsibility for that. It was a mistake."^[95] In March 1997, Gore had to explain phone calls which he made to solicit funds for the Democratic Party for the 1996 election.^[96] In a news conference, Gore stated that, "all calls that I made were charged to the Democratic National Committee. I was advised there was nothing wrong with that. My counsel tells me there is no controlling legal authority that says that is any violation of any law."^[97] The phrase "no controlling legal authority" was criticized by columnist Charles Krauthammer, who stated: "Whatever other legacies Al Gore leaves behind between now and retirement, he forever bequeaths this newest weasel word to the lexicon of American political corruption."^[98] Robert Conrad, Jr. was the head of a Justice Department task force appointed by Attorney General Janet Reno to investigate Gore's fund-raising controversies. In Spring 2000, Conrad asked Reno to appoint an independent counsel to continue the investigation. After looking into the matter, Reno judged that the appointment of an independent counsel was unwarranted.^[99]

During the 1990s, Gore spoke out on a number of issues. In a 1992 speech on the Gulf War, Gore stated that he twice attempted to get the U.S. government to pull the plug on support to Saddam Hussein, citing Hussein's use of poison gas, support of terrorism, and his burgeoning nuclear program, but was opposed both times by the Reagan and Bush administrations.^[100] In the wake of the Al-Anfal Campaign, during which Hussein staged deadly mustard and nerve gas attacks on Kurdish Iraqis, Gore cosponsored the Prevention of Genocide Act of 1988, which would have cut all assistance to Iraq.^[100] The bill was defeated in part due to intense lobbying of Congress by the Reagan-Bush White House and a veto threat from President Reagan.^[100] In 1998, at a conference of APEC hosted by Malaysia, Gore objected to the indictment, arrest and jailing of President Mahathir Mohammad’s longtime second-in-command Anwar Ibrahim, a move which received a negative response from leaders there.^[101] Ten years later, Gore again protested when Ibrahim was arrested a second time,^[102] a decision condemned by Malaysian foreign minister Datuk Seri Dr Rais Yatim.^[102]

Soon afterwards, Gore also had to contend with the Lewinsky scandal, involving an affair between President Clinton and an intern, Monica Lewinsky. Gore initially defended Clinton, whom he believed to be innocent, stating, "He is the president of the country! He is my friend [...] I want to ask you now, every single one of you, to join me in supporting him."^[33] After Clinton was impeached Gore continued to defend him stating, "I've defined my job in exactly the same way for six years now [...] to do everything I can to help him be the best president possible."^[33]

Second presidential run (2000)[link]

Main article: Al Gore presidential campaign, 2000

There was talk of a potential run in the 2000 presidential race by Gore as early as January 1998.^[103] Gore discussed the possibility of running during a March 9, 1999 interview with CNN's Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer. In response to Wolf Blitzer's question: "Why should Democrats, looking at the Democratic nomination process, support you instead of Bill Bradley," Gore responded:

I'll be offering my vision when my campaign begins. And it will be comprehensive and sweeping. And I hope that it will be compelling enough to draw people toward it. I feel that it will be. But it will emerge from my dialogue with the American people. I've traveled to every part of this country during the last six years. During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet. I took the initiative in moving forward a whole range of initiatives that have proven to be important to our country's economic growth and environmental protection, improvements in our educational system.^[104]

In Manchester, New Hampshire campaigning for President of the United States in 1999

Former UCLA professor of information studies Philip E. Agre and journalist Eric Boehlert argued that three articles in Wired News led to the creation of the widely spread urban legend that Gore claimed to have "invented the Internet," which followed this interview.^[105]^[106]^[107] In addition, computer professionals and congressional colleagues argued in his defense. Internet pioneers Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn stated that "we don't think, as some people have argued, that Gore intended to claim he 'invented' the Internet. Moreover, there is no question in our minds that while serving as Senator, Gore's initiatives had a significant and beneficial effect on the still-evolving Internet."^[108]^[106] Cerf would later state: "Al Gore had seen what happened with the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act of 1956, which his father introduced as a military bill. It was very powerful. Housing went up, suburban boom happened, everybody became mobile. Al was attuned to the power of networking much more than any of his elective colleagues. His initiatives led directly to the commercialization of the Internet. So he really does deserve credit."^[109] Former Republican Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Newt Gingrich also stated: "In all fairness, it's something Gore had worked on a long time. Gore is not the Father of the Internet, but in all fairness, Gore is the person who, in the Congress, most systematically worked to make sure that we got to an Internet, and the truth is – and I worked with him starting in 1978 when I got [to Congress], we were both part of a "futures group" – the fact is, in the Clinton administration, the world we had talked about in the '80s began to actually happen."^[110] Finally, Wolf Blitzer (who conducted the original 1999 interview) stated in 2008 that: "I didn't ask him about the Internet. I asked him about the differences he had with Bill Bradley [...] Honestly, at the time, when he said it, it didn't dawn on me that this was going to have the impact that it wound up having, because it was distorted to a certain degree and people said they took what he said, which was a carefully phrased comment about taking the initiative and creating the Internet to—I invented the Internet. And that was the sort of shorthand, the way his enemies projected it and it wound up being a devastating setback to him and it hurt him, as I'm sure he acknowledges to this very day."^[111]

Gore himself would later poke fun at the controversy. In 2000, while on The Late Show with David Letterman he read Letterman's Top 10 List (which for this show was called, "Top Ten Rejected Gore – Lieberman Campaign Slogans") to the audience. Number nine on the list was: "Remember, America, I gave you the Internet, and I can take it away!"^[112] In 2005 when Gore was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award "for three decades of contributions to the Internet" at the Webby Awards^[113]^[114] he joked in his acceptance speech (limited to five words according to Webby Awards rules): "Please don't recount this vote." He was introduced by Vint Cerf who used the same format to joke: "We all invented the Internet." Gore, who was then asked to add a few more words to his speech, stated: "It is time to reinvent the Internet for all of us to make it more robust and much more accessible and use it to reinvigorate our democracy."^[114]

Gore formally announced his candidacy for president in a speech on June 16, 1999, in Carthage, Tennessee, with his major theme being the need to strengthen the American family.^[115] He was introduced by his eldest daughter, Karenna Gore Schiff.^[115] In making the speech, Gore also distanced himself from Bill Clinton, whom he stated had lied to him.^[115] Gore was "briefly interrupted" by AIDS protesters claiming Gore was working with the pharmaceutical industry to prevent access to generic medicines for poor nations and chanting "Gore's greed kills."^[115] Additional speeches were also interrupted by the protesters. Gore responded, "I love this country. I love the First Amendment [...] Let me say in response to those who may have chosen an inappropriate way to make their point, that actually the crisis of AIDS in Africa is one that should command the attention of people in the United States and around the world." Gore also issued a statement saying that he supported efforts to lower the cost of the AIDS drugs, provided that they "are done in a way consistent with international agreements."^[116]^[117]

Gore faced an early challenge by former New Jersey senator Bill Bradley.^[115] Bradley was the only candidate to oppose Gore and was considered a "fresh face" for the White House.^[118]^[119] Gore challenged Bradley to a series of debates which took the form of "town hall" meetings.^[120] Gore went on the offensive during these debates leading to a drop in the polls for Bradley.^[121]^[122] Gore eventually went on to win every primary and caucus and, in March 2000 even won the first primary election ever held over the Internet, the Arizona Presidential Primary.^[123] By then, he secured the Democratic nomination.^[124]

On August 13, 2000, Gore announced that he had selected Senator Joe Lieberman of Connecticut as his vice presidential running mate. Lieberman became "the first person of the Jewish faith to run for the nation's second-highest office" (Barry Goldwater, who ran for president in 1964, was of "Jewish origin").^[125] Lieberman, who was a more conservative Democrat than Gore, had publicly blasted President Clinton for the Monica Lewinsky affair. Many pundits saw Gore's choice of Lieberman as further distancing him from the scandals of the Clinton White House.^[126] Gore's daughter, Karenna, together with her father's former Harvard roommate Tommy Lee Jones,^[127] officially nominated Gore as the Democratic presidential candidate during the 2000 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles, California.^[128] Gore accepted his party's nomination and spoke about the major themes of his campaign, stating in particular his plan to extend Medicare to pay for prescription drugs, to work for a sensible universal health-care system.^[128] Soon after the convention, Gore hit the campaign trail with running mate Joe Lieberman. Gore and Bush were deadlocked in the polls.^[129] Gore and Bush participated in three televised debates. While both sides claimed victory after each, Gore was critiqued as either too stiff, too reticent, or too aggressive in contrast to Bush.^[129]^[130]

Recount [link]

On election night, news networks first called Florida for Gore, later retracted the projection, and then called Florida for Bush, before finally retracting that projection as well.^[131] Florida's Republican Secretary of State, Katherine Harris, eventually certified Florida's vote count.^[132] This led to the Florida election recount, a move to further examine the Florida results.^[133]

The Florida recount was stopped a few weeks later by the U.S. Supreme Court. In the ruling, Bush v. Gore, the Justices held that the Florida recount was unconstitutional and that no constitutionally valid recount could be completed by the December 12 deadline, effectively ending the recounts. This 7–2 vote ruled that the standards the Florida Supreme Court provided for a recount were unconstitutional due to violations of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and further ruled 5–4 that no constitutionally valid recount could be completed by the December 12 deadline. This case ordered an end to recounting underway in selected Florida counties, effectively giving George W. Bush a 537^[134] vote victory in Florida and consequently Florida's 25 electoral votes and the presidency.^[5] The results of the decision led to Gore winning the popular vote by approximately 500,000 votes nationwide, but receiving 266 electoral votes to Bush's 271 (one District of Columbia elector abstained).^[135] On December 13, 2000, Gore conceded the election.^[136] Gore strongly disagreed with the Court's decision, but in his concession speech stated that, "for the sake of our unity as a people and the strength of our democracy, I offer my concession."^[137]

The 2000 election is the subject of a 2008 made-for-TV movie directed by Jay Roach, produced by, and starring Kevin Spacey called Recount. It premiered on the HBO cable network on May 25, 2008.^[138]

Post Vice Presidency [link]

After maintaining an informal public distance for eight years, Bill Clinton and Gore reunited for the media in August 2009 after Clinton arranged for the release of two journalists who were being held hostage in North Korea. The two women were employees of Gore's Current TV.^[139]

Criticism of Bush [link]

Beginning in late 2002, Gore began to publicly criticize the Bush administration. In a September 23, 2002 speech given before the Commonwealth Club of California, Gore criticized President George W. Bush and Congress for the rush to war prior to the outbreak of hostilities in Iraq. He compared this decision to the Gulf War (which Gore had voted for) stating, "Back in 1991, I was one of a handful of Democrats in the United States Senate to vote in favor of the resolution endorsing the Persian Gulf War [...] But look at the differences between the resolution that was voted on in 1991 and the one this administration is proposing that the Congress vote on in 2002. The circumstances are really completely different. To review a few of them briefly: in 1991, Iraq had crossed an international border, invaded a neighboring sovereign nation and annexed its territory. Now by contrast in 2002, there has been no such invasion."^[140]^[141] In a speech given in 2004, during the presidential election, Gore accused George W. Bush of betraying the country by using the 9/11 attacks as a justification for the invasion of Iraq.^[142] The next year, Gore gave a speech which covered many topics, including what he called "religious zealots" who claim special knowledge of God's will in American politics. Gore stated: "They even claim that those of us who disagree with their point of view are waging war against people of faith."^[143] After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Gore chartered two planes to evacuate 270 people from New Orleans and criticized the Bush administration's response to the hurricane.^[144]^[145] In 2006, Gore criticized Bush's use of domestic wiretaps without a warrant.^[146] One month later, in a speech given at the Jeddah Economic Forum, Gore criticized the treatment of Arabs in the U.S. after 9/11 stating, "Unfortunately there have been terrible abuses and it's wrong [...] I do want you to know that it does not represent the desires or wishes or feelings of the majority of the citizens of my country."^[147] Gore's 2007 book, The Assault on Reason, is an analysis of what Gore refers to as the "emptying out of the marketplace of ideas" in civic discourse during the Bush administration. He attributes this phenomenon to the influence of television and argues that it endangers American democracy. By contrast, Gore argues, the Internet can revitalize and ultimately "redeem the integrity of representative democracy."^[148] In 2008, Gore argued against the ban of same-sex marriage on his Current TV website, stating, "I think that gay men and women ought to have the same rights as heterosexual men and women to make contracts, have hospital visiting rights, and join together in marriage."^[149] In a 2009 interview with CNN, Gore commented on former Vice President Dick Cheney's criticism of the Obama administration. Referring to his own previous criticism of the Bush administration, Gore stated: "I waited two years after I left office to make statements that were critical, and then of the policy [...] You know, you talk about somebody that shouldn't be talking about making the country less safe, invading a country that did not attack us and posed no serious threat to us at all."^[150]

While Gore has criticized Bush for his Katrina response he has not spoken publicly about his part in the evacuation of 270 patients on September 3 & 4, 2005 from Charity Hospital in New Orleans to Tennessee. On September 1 Gore was contacted Charity Hospital's Neurosurgeon Dr. David Kline who had operated on his son Albert through Greg Simon of FasterCures. Kline informed Gore and Simon of the desperate conditions at the hospital and asked Gore and Simon to arrange relief. On Gore's personal financial commitment two airlines each provided a plane with one flight latter underwritten by Larry Flax. The flights were flown by volunteer airline crews and medically staffed by Gore's cousin, retired Col. Dar LaFon, and family physician Dr. Anderson Spickard and were accompanied by Gore and Albert III. Gore used his political influence to expedite landing rights in New Orleans.^[151]^[152]^[153]^[154]

Presidential run speculation [link]

Chris Anderson asks: "Will you run again?" Gore replies, "Ohh, you aren't going to get me on this one!"

Gore was a speculated candidate for the 2004 Presidential Election (a bumper sticker, "Re-elect Gore in 2004!" was popular).^[155] On December 16, 2002, however, Gore announced that he would not run in 2004.^[156] Despite Gore taking himself out of the race, a handful of his supporters formed a national campaign to draft him into running. One observer concluded it was “Al Gore who has the best chance to defeat the incumbent president,” noting that “of the 43 Presidents, only three have been direct descendents of former Presidents:” John Quincy Adams, Benjamin Harrison, and George W. Bush, that “all three won the office only after... anomalies in the Electoral College,” that the first two were defeated for re-election in a populist backlash, and finally that “the men who first lost to the presidential progeny and then beat them” (i.e. Andrew Jackson and Grover Cleveland) “each won a sort of immortality--having his image placed on a unit of US currency,” and that Gore should answer this call of history.^[157] The draft movement, however, failed to convince Gore to run.^[158]

The prospect of a Gore candidacy arose again between 2006 to early 2008 in light of the upcoming 2008 presidential election. Although Gore frequently stated that he had "no plans to run," he did not reject the possibility of future involvement in politics which led to speculation that he might run.^[159]^[160]^[161] This was due in part to his increased popularity after the release of the 2006 documentary, An Inconvenient Truth.^[162] The director of the film, Davis Guggenheim, stated that after the release of the film, "Everywhere I go with him, they treat him like a rock star."^[163] After An Inconvenient Truth was nominated for an Academy Award, Donna Brazile (Gore's campaign chairwoman from his 2000 campaign) speculated that Gore might announce a possible presidential candidacy during the Oscars.^[164] During the 79th Academy Awards ceremony, Gore and actor Leonardo DiCaprio shared the stage to speak about the "greening" of the ceremony itself. Gore began to give a speech that appeared to be leading up to an announcement that he would run for president. However, background music drowned him out and he was escorted offstage, implying that it was a rehearsed gag, which he later acknowledged.^[165]^[166] After An Inconvenient Truth won the Academy Award for Best Documentary, speculation increased about a possible presidential run.^[167] Gore's popularity was indicated in polls which showed that even without running, he was coming in second or third among possible Democratic candidates Hillary Clinton, Barack Obama, and John Edwards.^[168] Grassroots draft campaigns also developed with the hope that they could encourage Gore to run.^[169]^[170]^[171] Gore, however, remained firm in his decision and declined to run for the presidency.^[172]

Involvement in presidential campaigns [link]

Gore speaks during the final day of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado.

After announcing he would not run in the 2004 U.S. presidential election, Gore endorsed Vermont governor Howard Dean in December, 2003, weeks before the first primary of the election cycle.^[173] He was criticized for this endorsement by eight Democratic contenders particularly since he did not endorse his former running mate Joe Lieberman (Gore preferred Dean over Lieberman because Lieberman supported the Iraq War and Gore did not).^[48]^[174]^[175] Dean's campaign soon became a target of attacks and eventually failed, with Gore's early endorsement being credited as a factor. In The New York Times, Dean stated: "I actually do think the endorsement of Al Gore began the decline." The Times further noted that "Dean instantly amplified his statement to indicate that the endorsement from Mr. Gore, a powerhouse of the establishment, so threatened the other Democratic candidates that they began the attacks on his candidacy that helped derail it."^[176] Dean's former campaign manager, Joe Trippi, also stated that after Gore's endorsement of Dean, "alarm bells went off in every newsroom in the country, in every other campaign in the country," indicating that if something did not change, Dean would be the nominee.^[177] Later, in March 2004, Gore endorsed John Kerry and gave Kerry $6 million in funds left over from his own unsuccessful 2000 bid.^[178] Gore also opened the 2004 Democratic National Convention.^[179]

During the 2008 primaries, Gore remained neutral toward all of the candidates^[180] which led to speculation that he would come out of a brokered 2008 Democratic National Convention as a "compromise candidate" if the party decided it could not nominate one.^[181]^[182] Gore responded by stating that these events would not take place because a candidate would be nominated through the primary process.^[183]^[184] When Senator Barack Obama became the presumptive Democratic nominee for president on June 3, 2008, speculation began that Gore might be tapped for the vice presidency.^[185]^[186] On June 16, 2008 (a week after Hillary Clinton had suspended her campaign), Gore endorsed Obama in a speech given in Detroit, Michigan^[187]^[188]^[189] which renewed speculation of an Obama-Gore ticket.^[190] Gore stated, however, that he was not interested in being Vice President again.^[191]^[192]^[193]^[194] On the timing and nature of Gore's endorsement, some argued that Gore waited because he did not want to repeat his calamitous early endorsement of Howard Dean during the 2004 Presidential Election.^[195]^[196] On the final night of the 2008 Democratic National Convention, shortly before Obama delivered his acceptance address, Gore gave a speech offering his full support.^[197]^[198] Such support led to new speculation after Obama was elected President during the 2008 Presidential election that Gore would be named a member of the Obama administration. This speculation was enhanced by a meeting held between Obama, Gore, and Joe Biden in Chicago on December 9, 2008. However, Democratic officials and Gore's spokeswoman stated that during the meeting the only subject under discussion was the climate crisis, and Gore would not be joining the Obama administration.^[199]^[200] On December 19, 2008, Gore described Obama's environmental administrative choices of Carol Browner, Steven Chu, and Lisa Jackson as "an exceptional team to lead the fight against the climate crisis."^[201]

Environmentalism [link]

Main article: Environmental activism of Al Gore

Overview [link]

Gore receives the Nobel Peace Prize in the city hall of Oslo, 2007.

Then President George W. Bush meets with Al Gore and the other 2007 Nobel Award recipients, November 26, 2007.

Gore has been involved with environmental issues since 1976, when as a freshman congressman, he held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming."^[59]^[60] He continued to speak on the topic throughout the 1980s^[61] and was known as one of the Atari Democrats, later called the "Democrats' Greens, politicians who see issues like clean air, clean water and global warming as the key to future victories for their party."^[33]^[62]

In 1990, Senator Gore presided over a three-day conference with legislators from over 42 countries which sought to create a Global Marshall Plan, "under which industrial nations would help less developed countries grow economically while still protecting the environment." ^[202] In the late 1990s, Gore strongly pushed for the passage of the Kyoto Protocol, which called for reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.^[203]^[204] He was opposed by the Senate, which passed unanimously (95–0) the Byrd–Hagel Resolution (S. Res. 98),^[91] which stated the sense of the Senate was that the United States should not be a signatory to any protocol that did not include binding targets and timetables for developing as well as industrialized nations or "would result in serious harm to the economy of the United States".^[205]

In 2004 he co-launched Generation Investment Management, a company for which he serves as Chair. A few years later, Gore also founded The Alliance for Climate Protection, an organization which eventually founded the We Campaign. Gore also became a partner in the venture capital firm, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, heading that firm's climate change solutions group.^[8]^[9] He also helped to organize the Live Earth benefit concerts.^[206]

Gore's speech on Global Warming at the University of Miami BankUnited Center, February 28, 2007.

Criticism [link]

Gore's involvement in environmental issues has been criticized. For example, he has been labeled a "carbon billionaire" and accused of profiting from his advocacy;^[207] a charge which he has denied,^[208] by saying, among other things, that he has not been "working on this issue for 30 years... because of greed".^[207] A conservative Washington D.C. think tank, and a Republican member of Congress, among others, have claimed that Gore has a conflict-of-interest for advocating for taxpayer subsidies of green-energy technologies in which he has a personal investment.^[208]^[209] Additionally, he has been criticized for his above-average energy consumption in using private jets, and in owning multiple, very large homes,^[210] one of which was reported in 2007 as using high amounts of electricity.^[211]^[212] Gore's spokesperson responded by stating that the Gores use renewable energy which is more expensive than regular energy and that the Tennessee house in question has been retrofitted to make it more energy-efficient.^[213]^[214] Philosopher A. C. Grayling argued that Gore's personal lifestyle does nothing to impugn his messages and it would be an ad hominem fallacy to turn against Gore's views because of his lifestyle.^[215]

Data in An Inconvenient Truth have been questioned. In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had "no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate" and its "four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research,"^[216] he upheld nine of a "long schedule" of alleged errors presented to the court. He ruled that the film could be shown to schoolchildren in the UK if guidance notes given to teachers were amended to balance out the film's one-sided political views. Gore's spokeswoman responded in 2007 that the court had upheld the film's fundamental thesis and its use as an educational tool.^[217] In 2009, an interviewer asked Gore about the British court challenge and the nine "errors", and Gore responded, "the ruling was in my favour."^[218]

Organizations including People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) criticized Gore for not advocating vegetarianism as a way for individuals to reduce their carbon footprint.^[219] Gore agreed that meat production contributes to increased carbon emissions, but did not want to "go quite as far as ... saying everybody should become a vegetarian".^[220] He said that although he is not a vegetarian, he has "cut back sharply" on his consumption of meat.^[220]

When asked by Bjørn Lomborg to debate whether spending on health and education should take priority over limiting carbon emissions, Gore responded that he would not debate because the “scientific community has gone through this chapter and verse. We have long since passed the time when we should pretend this is a ‘on the one hand, on the other hand’ issue . . . . It’s not a matter of theory or conjecture."^[221]

Awards and honors [link]

Main article: List of awards received by Al Gore

Gore is the recipient of a number of awards, including the Nobel Peace Prize (together with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) in 2007,^[222]^[223]^[224] a Primetime Emmy Award for Current TV in 2007, a Webby Award in 2005 and the Prince of Asturias Award in 2007 for International Cooperation. He also starred in the 2006 documentary An Inconvenient Truth, which won an Academy Award for Best Documentary in 2007 and wrote the book An Inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It, which won a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 2009.^[13]^[225]

Selected publications [link]

Books [link]

Our Choice. Rodale Books. 2009. p. 416. ISBN 978-1-59486-734-7.
Know Climate Change and 101 Q and A on Climate Change from 'Save Planet Earth Series', 2008 (children's books)
Our Purpose: The Nobel Peace Prize Lecture 2007. Rodale Books. 2008. p. 64. ISBN 1-60529-990-1.
The Assault on Reason. New York: Penguin. 2007. p. 308. ISBN 1-59420-122-6.
An Inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It. New York: Rodale Books. 2006. p. 192. ISBN 1-59486-567-1.
Joined at the Heart: The Transformation of the American Family- (with Tipper Gore). New York: Owl Henry Holt. 2002. ISBN 0-8050-7450-3.
The Spirit of Family (with Tipper Gore). New York: H. Holt. 2002. ISBN 0-8050-6894-5.
From Red Tape to Results: Creating a Government That Works Better and Costs Less. Amsterdam: Fredonia Books. 2001. ISBN 1-58963-571-X.
Common Sense Government: Works Better & Costs Less: National Performance Review (3rd Report). 1998. ISBN 0-7881-3908-8.
Businesslike Government: lessons learned from America's best companies (with Scott Adams). 1997. ISBN 0-7881-7053-8.
Earth in the Balance: Forging a New Common Purpose. Earthscan. 1992. ISBN 0-618-05664-5.
Putting People First: How We Can All Change America. (with William J. Clinton). New York: Times Books, 1992 .

Articles [link]

"Toward Sustainable Capitalism: Long-term incentives are the antidote to the short-term greed that caused our current economic woes. Wall Street Journal, June 24, 2010.(With David Blood)
"We Can’t Wish Away Climate Change." New York Times, February 27, 2010.
"The Climate for Change." New York Times, November 9, 2008.
Vice President Al Gore's introduction to Earthwatch: 24 Hours In Cyberspace. February 8, 1996. 24 Hours in Cyberspace
"Foreword by Vice President Al Gore." In The Internet Companion: A Beginner's Guide to Global Networking (2nd edition) by Tracy LaQuey, 1994.
"Introduction. In Silent Spring by Rachel Carson. 1994. New York : Houghton-Mifflin.
The Climate Change Action Plan. Washington, D.C.: The White House, October, 1993 (with William J. Clinton).
"Infrastructure for the global village: computers, networks and public policy." Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks, September 1991. 265(3): 150–153.

Notes [link]

^ ^a ^b NBC News and news services (June 2, 2010). "Al and Tipper Gore separate after 40 years:Couple calls it 'a mutual and mutually supportive decision'". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/37450410. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e CNN staff (June 16, 1999). "Biography: Gore's road from Tennessee to the White House". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/06/16/president.2000/gore.biography/. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ New York Times staff (October 11, 2007). "Al Gore: Quick Biography". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/11/us/topics_algore_bio.html. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
^ Nobel Media AB (2007). "The Nobel Peace Prize 2007". Nobel Media AB. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2007/. Retrieved September 26, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Supreme Court of the US (December 12, 2000). "George W. Bush, et al., Petitioners v. Albert Gore, Jr., et al., 531 U.S. 98 (2000)". Cornell Law School. http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-949.ZPC.html. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
^ Klarman, Michael J. (December, 2001). "Bush v. Gore Through the Lens of Constitutional History". California Law Review (California Law Review) 89, No. 6 (6): 1721–1765. JSTOR 3481248.
^ ^a ^b Gore, Al. "Al's Bio". AlGore.com. http://www.algore.com/about.html. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Coile, Zachary (November 13, 2007). "Gore joins Valley's Kleiner Perkins to push green business". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/11/13/BAUCTAV4I.DTL&feed=rss.bayarea. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Partner bio at Kleiner Perkins". Kleiner Perkins. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20100722110249/http://www.kpcb.com/team/index.php?Al+Gore. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
^ Office of Public Affairs (January 25, 2001). "Former Vice President Al Gore to Teach at Columbia's School of Journalism". Columbia News: the Public Affairs and Record Home Page. Columbia University. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/01/01/gore.html. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
^ Jet staff (February 19, 2001). "Al Gore To Teach At Fisk University—Brief Article". Jet. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_10_99/ai_71190245/print. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
^ Lee, Cynthia; Ko, Amy (2001). "Training the Next Community Builders:Gore taps faculty expertise". UCLA Today. http://today.ucla.edu/portal/ut/010213gore.aspx. Retrieved August 20, 2008.
^ ^a ^b "The 51st Annual Grammy Awards Winners List". Category 79: Best Spoken Word Album. Grammy.com. 2008. http://www2.grammy.com/grammy_awards/51st_show/list.aspx#19. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
^ Bono (December 19, 2007). "Time Person of the Year 2007 Runners-Up: Al Gore". Time. http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/personoftheyear/article/0,28804,1690753_1695388_1695515,00.html. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Tumulty,Karen (August 21, 2000). "Democratic Convention: The Women Who Made Al Gore". Time. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,997752,00.html. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ Turque, Inventing Al Gore, p. 8.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Gore Chronology". Frontline, Choice 2000. PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/choice2000/gore/cron.html. Retrieved June 26, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Maraniss, David; Nakashima, Ellen (October 10, 1999). "Al Gore, Growing Up in Two Worlds". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/wh2000/stories/gore101099a.htm. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
^ The Tennessean (photo) (December 31, 1999). "The Gores, including Al's older sister Nancy, behind the wheel, at their family home in Carthage". The Life of Al Gore, Growing Up (Washington Post). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/galleries/lifeofgore/photo3.htm. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
^ Associated Press (photo) (December 31, 1999). "On the congressional monorail at the family's second home, Capitol Hill". The Life of Al Gore, Growing Up (Washington Post). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/galleries/lifeofgore/photo4.htm. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
^ Zelnick, Bob (1999). Al Gore: A Political Life. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 0-89526-326-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Maraniss, David; Nakashima, Ellen (March 18, 2000). "Gore's Grades Belie Image of Studiousness". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A37397-2000Mar18. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Henneberger, Melinda (June 21, 2000). "On Campus Torn by 60's, Agonizing Over the Path". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/062100wh-gore.html. Retrieved June 22, 2008.
^ "Al Gore '65 Wins Nobel Peace Prize". St. Albans School. http://www.stalbansschool.org/home/news_item.asp?id=330. Retrieved June 22, 2008. ^{[dead link]}
^ St. Albans Class of 1965 (photo) (December 31, 1999). "In Washington, Gore attended the prestigious St. Albans private school for boys". The Life of Al Gore, Growing Up (Washington Post). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/galleries/lifeofgore/photo6.htm. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
^ Family photo (December 31, 1999). "Sen. Albert Gore and Pauline Gore share words with their son Al Jr. and his bride". The Life of Al Gore, Path to Politics (Washington Post). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/galleries/lifeofgore/photo9.htm. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
^ Family photo (December 31, 1999). "Al Gore and his future wife, Tipper, attend a Garland Junior College Dance". The Life of Al Gore, Growing up (Washington Post). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/galleries/lifeofgore/photo7.htm. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
^ Howd, Aimee (August 23, 1999). "Next First Lady Will Recast Role - Tipper Gore and Laura Bush". Insight on the News. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_31_15/ai_55553468. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
^ Beale, Lauren (April 28, 2010). "Al Gore, Tipper Gore snap up Montecito-area villa: The Italian-style home has an ocean view, fountains, six fireplaces, five bedrooms and nine bathrooms". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/apr/28/home/la-hm-hotprop-gore-20100428. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
^ Turque, Inventing Al Gore, p. 59.
^ Turque, Inventing Al Gore, p. 388.
^ Christopher Bayley (photo) (December 31, 1999). "Gore with freshman dorm mates at Harvard, including actor Tommy Lee Jones". The Life of Al Gore, The Path to Politics (Washington Post). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/galleries/lifeofgore/photo8.htm. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w Senate Historical Office staff. "Albert A. Gore, Jr., 45th Vice President (1993 - 2001)". Special Collections. U.S. Senate Historical Office. http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/Gore,_Albert.pdf. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ Maraniss, David; Nakashima, Ellen (December 29, 1999). "Gore: To Serve or Not to Serve". The Life of Al Gore, Sixth in a series (Washington Post). http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A44095-1999Dec28. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Henneberger, Melinda (July 11, 2000). "For Gore, Army Years Mixed Vietnam and Family Politics". New York Times. http://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/071100wh-gore.html. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ Talbott, Strobe (October 19, 1987). "Campaign Portrait, Al Gore:Trying to Set Himself Apart". Time. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,965770,00.html. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Sack, Kevin (August 23, 2000). "The 2000 Campaign: The Vice President; Gore Tells Fellow Veterans He Is Dedicated to Military". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/23/us/2000-campaign-vice-president-gore-tells-fellow-veterans-he-dedicated-military.html. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c Wood, E. Thomas (September 17, 1992). "Al Gore, boy reporter". Nashville Post. http://www.nashvillepost.com/news/1992/9/17/al_gore_boy_reporter. Retrieved June 29, 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ Henneberger, Melinda (May 22, 2000). "A Political Father Who Chose the High Road and Unpopular Stands". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/22/us/a-political-father-who-chose-the-high-road-and-unpopular-stands.html. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ H. Alan Leo (photo) (December 31, 1999). "Gore with the staff of the Castle Courier, the publication of Engineer Command Headquarters in Vietnam". The Life of Al Gore, The Path To Politics (Washington Post). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/galleries/lifeofgore/photo10.htm. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
^ "More Al Gore on Homeland Security". On The Issues. 2000. http://issues2000.org/Celeb/More_Al_Gore_Homeland_Security.htm. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ Leiblich, Julie (July 10, 2000). "On the Question of Faith: Born Again Gore Takes Open Minded Tack". Associated Press. Eugene Register-Guard. pp. 3A. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BYAVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8-sDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6295,2680460. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Gore, Albert Arnold, Jr., (1948– )". Biographic Directory of the U.S. Congress. U.S. Congress, Office of History and Preservation. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000321. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Wood, Thomas (February 29, 2008). "Nashville now and then: Young Al's big decision". Nashville Post. http://www.nashvillepost.com/news/2008/2/29/nashville_now_and_then_young_als_big_decision. Retrieved June 29, 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Weaver, Warren Jr. (January 21, 1988). "Gore as Candidate: Traveler Between 2 Worlds". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/21/us/gore-as-candidate-traveler-between-2-worlds.html. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ Stengel, Richard; Holmes, Steven; Talbot, Strobe (March 21, 1988). "Profiles In Caution". Time. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,967044,00.html. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ Eisendrath, John (November 1986). "The longest shot; measuring Al Gore Jr. for the White House - Albert Gore Jr". Washington Monthly. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_v18/ai_4539828/print?tag=artBody;col1. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Grindlay, Sean (December 17, 2003). "'Centrist' Gore Endorses 'Insurgent' Dean". Accuracy in Media. http://www.aim.org/briefing/centrist-gore-endorses-insurgent-dean/. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ Office of the Clerk. "House History: Speaker Joe Martin's Television Debut:The House of Representatives and Television". Electronic Technology in the House of Representatives. U.S. House of Representatives. http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/house_history/technology/tv.html. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ Heilemann, John (December 1995). "The Making of The President 2000". Wired. http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/3.12/gorenewt.html?pg=3&topic=. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ Miles, Sarah (January 30, 1998). "A Man, a Plan, a Challenge". Wired. http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/1998/01/9939. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ V. Cerf and B. Kahn (September 30, 2000). "Al Gore's support of the Internet". http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/200009/msg00052.html. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
^ Roads and Crossroads of Internet History by Gregory Gromov
^ Kahn, Bob; Cerf,Vint (September 30, 2000). "Al Gore and the Internet". http://amsterdam.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-0009/msg00311.html. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ "Computer History Museum Exhibits:1991". Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on July 10, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070710170917/http://www.computerhistory.org/internet_history/internet_history_90s.shtml. Retrieved June 1, 2007.
^ Kleinrock, Leonard; Kahn, Bob; Clark, David (1988). "Toward a National Research Network". Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=NI000393. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ Kleinrock, Leonard; Cerf, Vint; Kahn, Bob (December 10, 2003). "A Brief History of the Internet". Transition to Widespread Infrastructure. Internet Society. http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml#Transition. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
^ Chapman, Gary; Rotenberg, Marc (1995). Johnson, Deborah G.; Nissanbaum, Helen. ed. "The National Information Infrastructure:A Public Interest Opportunity". Computers, Ethics, & Social Values (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall): 628–644. http://www.cpsr.org/prevsite/publications/newsletters/old/1990s/Summer1993.txt.
^ ^a ^b Aldred, Jessica; Goodchild, Lauren (October 12, 2007). "Timeline: Al Gore: The life and career of Al Gore". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/oct/12/climatechange1. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Corn, David (May 25, 2006). "Gore Warms Up". The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/article/gore-warms. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Walsh, Bryan (October 12, 2007). "A Green Tipping Point". Time. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1670871,00.html. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Dionne, E. J. (June 14, 1989). "Greening of Democrats: An 80's Mix of Idealism And Shrewd Politics". Washington Talk (New York Times). http://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/14/us/washington-talk-greening-democrats-80-s-mix-idealism-shrewd-politics.htm. Retrieved June 29, 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ Shabecoff, Philip (May 3, 1990). "World's Legislators Urge 'Marshall Plan' For the Environment". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/03/world/world-s-legislators-urge-marshall-plan-for-the-environment.html. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "The first presidential run". CNN. 2000. Archived from the original on January 1, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070101160034/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2000/democracy/gore/stories/gore/index2.html. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
^ Berke, Richard (Published: March 14, 1988). "Jackson's Triumph in South Carolina Illustrates Dramatic Change Since Vote in '84". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/14/us/jackson-s-triumph-in-south-carolina-illustrates-dramatic-change-since-vote-in-84.html. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
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^ CBS News staff (March 30, 2008). "Al Gore's New Campaign". 60 Minutes. CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/03/27/60minutes/main3974389.shtml. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ "Al Gore: 'Assault on Reason' Endangers Democracy". Excerpt. NPR. May 6, 2008. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=90190092. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ "Al Gore for Vice President?". Yahoo News. June 5, 2008. Archived from the original on June 8, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080608204153/http://news.yahoo.com/s/thenation/20080605/cm_thenation/45327143. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
^ Rhee, Foon (June 11, 2008). "Gore for VP, again?". Political Intelligence (Boston Globe). http://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2008/06/gore_for_vp_aga.html. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ "Al's Journal: Monday Night". AlGore.com. June 18, 2008. http://blog.algore.com/2008/06/monday_night.html. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ "Former Vice President Al Gore Endorses Sen. Obama" (Transcript). Washington Post. June 17, 2008. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/17/AR2008061700697_pf.html. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ Gore, Al (June 16, 2008). "Al's Journal: My Endorsement". AlGore.com. http://blog.algore.com/2008/06/my_endorsement.html. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ Kornblut, Anne (June 17, 2008). "Gore backing for Obama revives joint ticket talk". Melbourne: The Age (Australia). http://www.theage.com.au/us-election-2008/gore-backing-for-obama-revives-joint-ticket-talk-20080617-2s5w.html?page=-1. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ Couric, Katie (July 17, 2008). "Al Gore: Energy Crisis Can Be Fixed (transcript)". CBS. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/07/17/eveningnews/main4270123_page2.shtml. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
^ Alexander Mooney (July 18, 2008). "No Obama-Gore ticket". CNN. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/07/18/no-obama-gore-ticket/. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ Franke-Ruta, Garance; Vargas, Jose Antonio (July 19, 2008). "Gore Speaks at Netroots Nation". The Trail (Washington Post). http://blog.washingtonpost.com/the-trail/2008/07/19/gore_to_speak_at_netroots_nati.html. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
^ Davis, Susan (July 19, 2008). "Gore: Working in an Obama Administration Not the ‘Best Idea’". Wall Street Journal. http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2008/07/19/gore-working-in-an-obama-administration-not-the-best-idea/?mod=googlenews_wsj. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ Schor, Elana (June 16, 2008). "US elections: Al Gore endorses Barack Obama for president". London: The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/jun/16/algore.barackobama. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ Cillizza, Chris (June 17, 2008). "What Does the Goreacle's Endorsement Mean?". The Fix (Washington Post). http://voices.washingtonpost.com/thefix/eye-on-2008/al-gore-and-the-endorsement-hi.html. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ Gore, Al (August 28, 2008). "Remarks at the Democratic National Convention". AlGore.com. http://blog.algore.com/2008/08/my_remarks_at_the_democratic_n.html. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ "Gore invokes spirits of 2000 election". ElectionCenter2008 (CNN). August 28, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/08/28/gore.speech/index.html. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ Mooney, Alexander (December 9, 2008). "Obama and Gore: Time to deal with climate change". The 44th President: Transition to Power (CNN). http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/12/09/obama.gore/. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ Zito, Kelly (December 10, 2008). "Gore has Obama's ear on climate change". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/12/10/MN2H14L3QN.DTL. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ "Barack Obama's Team". AlGore.com. December 21, 2008. http://blog.algore.com/2008/12/barack_obamas_team.html. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ Shabecoff, Philip (May 3, 1990). "World's Legislators Urge 'Marshall Plan' For the Environment". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/03/world/world-s-legislators-urge-marshall-plan-for-the-environment.html. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ "Remarks By Al Gore Climate Change Conference Kyoto, Japan". AlGore.com. December 8, 1997. Archived from the original on December 7, 2000. http://web.archive.org/web/20001207090900/http://www.algore.com/speeches/speeches_kyoto_120897.html. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ "Vice President Gore: Strong Environmental Leadership for the New Millennium". http://clinton5.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OVP/initiatives/environment.html. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ "Text of the Byrd-Hagel Resolution". July 25, 1997. http://www.nationalcenter.org/KyotoSenate.html. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ "Partners: The Climate Project". Live Earth. April 18, 2010. http://liveearth.org/en/liveearth. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Usborne, David (November 4, 2009). "Al Gore denies he is 'carbon billionaire'". London: The Independent (UK). http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/al-gore-denies-he-is-carbon-billionaire-1814199.html. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Allen, Nick (November 3, 2009). "Al Gore 'profiting' from climate change agenda". London: The Daily Telegraph (UK). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/climatechange/6496196/Al-Gore-profiting-from-climate-change-agenda.html. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
^ Fred Lucas, "Al Gore's Climate Empire: Cashing in on Climate Change," Capital Research Center, August 2008.
^ "Indisputable: Gore buys Montecito villa". Los Angeles Times. May 8, 2010. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/may/08/home/la-hm-hotprop-20100508. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
^ Cillizza, Chris; Mosk, Matthew (March 1, 2007). "War on Warming Begins at (Al Gore's) Home". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/28/AR2007022801823.html. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
^ Leonard, Tom (June 18, 2008). "Al Gore's electricity bill goes through the (insulated) roof". London: The Telegraph (UK). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/2153179/Al-Gores-electricity-bill-goes-through-the-insulated-roof.html. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
^ "Reports on criticism of Gore omitted steps he reportedly took to reduce "carbon footprint"". Media Matters for America. March 1, 2007. http://mediamatters.org/items/200703010008. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
^ "Gore Makes Nashville Home more 'Green'". CNN. July 12, 2007. http://edition.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/12/13/gore.home.ap/. Retrieved July 18, 2008. ^{[dead link]}
^ Grayling, A. C. (March 4, 2007). "Good men in a mad, bad world". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/a-c-grayling-good-men-in-a-mad-bad-world-438706.html.
^ Dimmock v Secretary of State for Education & Skills [2007] EWHC 2288 (Admin) (10 October 2007) - full text of judgment
^ Baram, Marcus (October 12, 2007). "An Inconvenient Verdict for Al Gore". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/US/TenWays/story?id=3719791&page=1. Retrieved June 28, 2010.
^ Heather Ewart, reporter (July 13, 2009). "Al Gore urges Australia to move on carbon emissions trading" (Interview transcript). The 730 Report. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2009/s2624723.htm. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ "Urge Gore to Add Going Vegetarian to the Global Warming Pledge". PETA. undated. https://secure.peta.org/site/Advocacy?cmd=display&page=UserAction&id=1193. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Turn vego to save planet: Gore". AAP. The Age (Australia). November 11, 2009. http://news.theage.com.au/breaking-news-national/turn-vego-to-save-planet-gore-20091104-hy5i.html. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ Johnson, Keith (May 5, 2009). "A Heated Exchange: Al Gore Confronts His Critic(s)". WSJ blogs (Wall Street Journal). http://blogs.wsj.com/environmentalcapital/2009/03/05/a-heated-exchange-al-gore-confronts-his-critics/. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
^ "The Nobel Prize in Peace 2007: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Al Gore". NobelPrize.org. 2007. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2007/. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ Gore, Al (December 10, 2007). "Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech". AlGore.com. http://blog.algore.com/2007/12/nobel_prize_acceptance_speech.html. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^ "Peace Prize winners issue urgent calls for action". Aftenposten. December 10, 2007. http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2145488.ece. Retrieved July 30, 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ Nagourney, Adam (February 25, 2007). "Gore Wins Hollywood in a Landslide". The Caucus (New York Times). http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/02/25/gore-wins-hollywood-in-a-landslide/. Retrieved June 30, 2010.

References [link]

Agre, Phil. Who Invented "Invented"?:Tracing the Real Story of the "Al Gore Invented the Internet" Hoax. October 17, 2000
Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Aspray, William. "Chapter 12." Computer: A History of the Information Machine. New York: BasicBooks, 1996.
Chapman, Gary and Marc Rotenberg. The National Information Infrastructure:A Public Interest Opportunity. In Computers, Ethics, & Social Values. Deborah G. Johnson and Helen Nissanbaum (eds.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1995: 628-644.
Cockburn, Alexander. Al Gore: A User's Manual (2000) (with Jeffrey St. Clair) ISBN 1-85984-803-6
Kirk, Andrew G. Counterculture Green: The Whole Earth Catalog and American Environmentalism. Lawrence: Univ. of Kansas Press, 2007.
Rheingold, Howard. "Afterword to the 1994 edition." The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier (revised edition). Cambridge: MIT, 2000.
Stix, Gary. Gigabit Gestalt: Clinton and Gore embrace an activist technology policy. Scientific American, May, 1993.
Turque, Bill, Inventing Al Gore, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2000, ISBN 0-618-13160-4

External links [link]

Find more about Al Gore on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
	Images and media from Commons
	Learning resources from Wikiversity
	News stories from Wikinews
	Quotations from Wikiquote
	Source texts from Wikisource
	Textbooks from Wikibooks

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007 lecture at NobelPrize.org
Partners at Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers
Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
Congressional profile at GovTrack
Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
Appearances on C-SPAN programs
Appearances on Charlie Rose
Appearances at the Internet Movie Database
Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Collected news and commentary at The Guardian
Works by or about Al Gore in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Al Gore at TED Conferences

Articles

Ask Mr. Science: The moral flaws of Al Gore's An Inconvenient Truth, Gregg Easterbrook, Slate magazine, May 24, 2006
A challenge to our moral imagination, interview with Al Gore 2007
FACTBOX: Al Gore since 2000 White House defeat, Reuters, July 31, 2008
Al Gore addresses the inaugural The Times-Smith School Forum on Enterprise and the Environment at Oxford University, July 2009

United States House of Representatives
Preceded by Joe L. Evins	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee's 4th congressional district 1977–1983	Succeeded by Jim Cooper
Preceded by Robin L. Beard	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee's 6th congressional district 1983–1985	Succeeded by Bart Gordon
United States Senate
Preceded by Howard H. Baker Jr.	United States Senator (Class 2) from Tennessee 1985–1993 Served alongside: James R. Sasser	Succeeded by Harlan Mathews
Political offices
Preceded by Dan Quayle	Vice President of the United States 1993–2001	Succeeded by Dick Cheney
Party political offices
Preceded by Jane Eskind	Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Tennessee (Class 2) 1984, 1990	Succeeded by Jim Cooper
Preceded by Lloyd Bentsen	Democratic Party vice presidential candidate 1992, 1996	Succeeded by Joe Lieberman
Preceded by Bill Clinton	Democratic Party presidential candidate 2000	Succeeded by John Kerry
Business positions
New title	Chairman of Generation Investment Management 2004-present	Incumbent
New title	Chairman of Current TV 2005-present	Incumbent
Awards and achievements
Preceded by Grameen Bank and Muhammad Yunus	Nobel Peace Prize Laureate with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007	Succeeded by Martti Ahtisaari
United States order of precedence
Preceded by Dan Quayle	United States order of precedence Former Vice President of the United States	Succeeded by Dick Cheney

v t e Al Gore

Family	Tipper Gore (wife, separated) Karenna Gore Schiff (daughter) Kristin Gore (daughter) Albert Gore, Sr. (father) Pauline LaFon Gore (mother)

Politics	Electoral history Atari Democrat United States Senate elections, 1984 Prevention of Genocide Act of 1988 United States Senate elections, 1990 1988 presidential campaign Vice Presidency 2000 presidential campaign

Environment	Global Marshall Plan Environmental activism Alliance for Climate Protection An Inconvenient Truth Live Earth

Technology	Role in information technology High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 National Information Infrastructure Information superhighway The Superhighway Summit 24 Hours in Cyberspace NetDay Digital Earth Current TV

Recognition	Awards and honors

Books	Earth in the Balance An Inconvenient Truth The Assault on Reason Our Choice

v t e Current TV

Current series	The Young Turks with Cenk Uygur · Viewpoint with Eliot Spitzer · The War Room with Jennifer Granholm · Vanguard · 50 Documentaries to See Before You Die

Former series	4th and Forever · InfoMania · SuperNews! · This American Life (syndication) · Countdown with Keith Olbermann

Related	V-CAM · 2009 imprisonment of American journalists by North Korea · Al Gore · Newsworld International

v t e Apple Inc.

History Outline

Founders	Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne

Board of directors	Current Bill Campbell Millard Drexler Al Gore Tim Cook (CEO) Andrea Jung Arthur D. Levinson (Chairman) Ronald Sugar Bob Iger Former Jerry York

Executives	Current Tim Cook Eddy Cue Scott Forstall Jonathan Ive Bob Mansfield Peter Oppenheimer Phil Schiller Bruce Sewell Jeff Williams John Browett Former Ron Johnson Mark Papermaster Bertrand Serlet Sina Tamaddon

Hardware products	Apple TV iPad Original 2 3rd iPhone Original 3G 3GS 4 4S iPod Classic Nano Shuffle Touch Mac iMac MacBook MacBook Air MacBook Pro Mini Pro Discontinued products

Accessories	AirPort Thunderbolt Display iPod accessories Mighty Mouse Magic Mouse Magic Trackpad Keyboard Time Capsule

Software products	Aperture Bento FileMaker Pro Final Cut Studio GarageBand iLife iOS iTunes iWork Logic Studio Mac OS X Server QuickTime Safari Xsan

Stores and services	Developer AppleCare Apple Specialist Apple Store online App Store Certifications Game Center iAd Genius Bar iBookstore iTunes Store Mac App Store iWork.com MobileMe iCloud One to One ProCare

Companies	Braeburn Capital FileMaker Inc. Acquisitions Emagic FingerWorks Intrinsity Lala NeXT Nothing Real P.A. Semi Silicon Color Siri Spruce Technologies

Related	Advertising 1984 Think Different Get a Mac iPods Slogans Design IDg Typography History Community Criticism Litigation

Book Category Portal Project Commons Template

v t e Google Inc.

Co-founder & CEO Larry Page Executive Chairman Eric Schmidt Co-founder Sergey Brin Other directors John Doerr John L. Hennessy Ann Mather Paul Otellini Ram Shriram Shirley M. Tilghman Senior Advisor Al Gore Rajen Sheth

Advertising	Ad Manager AdMob Adscape AdSense Advertising Professionals AdWords Analytics Checkout DoubleClick Offers Wallet

Communication	Alerts Calendar Cloud Connect Contacts Friend Connect Gmail history interface Google+ Groups Talk Latitude Orkut Q & A Reader Sync Translate Voice

Software	Chrome Chrome Web Store Chrome OS Chromebook Cloud Print Currents Earth Sky Moon Mars Gadgets Goggles IME Pinyin Japanese Picasa Refine SketchUp Talk Toolbar Updater Urchin

Platforms	Account Android Google TV Google Nexus App Engine Apps Marketplace Authenticator BigTable Body Books Play Caja Project Glass Custom Search Dart Earth Engine Go GFS Native Client OpenSocial Public DNS Wallet Wave

Development tools	AJAX APIs App Inventor AtGoogleTalks Closure Tools Code Gadgets API GData Googlebot Guice GWS KML MapReduce SketchUp Ruby Sitemaps Summer of Code Web Toolkit Website Optimizer Swiffy

Publishing	Google 3D Warehouse Blogger Bookmarks Docs Drive FeedBurner iGoogle Knol Map Maker Panoramio Picasa Web Albums Sites (JotSpot) YouTube Zagat

Search (PageRank)	Appliance Audio Books Library Project eBooks Finance Images Maps Street View Timeline Privacy concerns Competition Locations News Patents Products Scholar Usenet Videos Web Search History Personalized Real-Time Instant Search SafeSearch Analysis: Insights for Search Trends

Discontinued	Aardvark Answers Browser Sync Base Buzz Click-to-Call Code Search Desktop Dictionary Dodgeball Fast Flip Gears GOOG-411 Jaiku Health Image Labeler Labs Lively Mashup Editor Notebook Pack Page Creator Picnik PowerMeter SearchWiki Sidewiki Slide Video Marketplace Wave Web Accelerator

Related	Acquisitions AI Challenge Art Project Bomb Criticism Domains Driverless car Fiber Foundation Google China Googlization Grants Google.org Googleplex History Hoaxes I'm Feeling Lucky I/O Logo 1998–2009 2010 2011 2012 Lunar X Prize Monopoly City Streets Products Science Fair Searchology Unity Ventures WiFi Data Liberation

History of Google Motto: Don't be evil

Cabinet of President Bill Clinton (1993–2001)

Cabinet

Secretary of State	Warren Christopher (1993 – 1997) Madeleine Albright (1997 – 2001)

Secretary of the Treasury	Lloyd Bentsen (1993 – 1994) Robert Rubin (1995 – 1999) Lawrence Summers (1999 – 2001)

Secretary of Defense	Les Aspin (1993 – 1994) William Perry (1994 – 1997) William Cohen (1997 – 2001)

Attorney General	Janet Reno (1993 – 2001)

Secretary of the Interior	Bruce Babbitt (1993 – 2001)

Secretary of Agriculture	Mike Espy (1993 – 1994) Dan Glickman (1995 – 2001)

Secretary of Commerce	Ron Brown (1993 – 1996) Mickey Kantor (1996 – 1997) William Daley (1997 – 2000) Norman Mineta (2000 – 2001)

Secretary of Labor	Robert Reich (1993 – 1997) Alexis Herman (1997 – 2001)

Secretary of Health and Human Services	Donna Shalala (1993 – 2001)

Secretary of Education	Richard Riley (1993 – 2001)

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development	Henry Cisneros (1993 – 1997) Andrew Cuomo (1997 – 2001)

Secretary of Transportation	Federico Peña (1993 – 1997) Rodney Slater (1997 – 2001)

Secretary of Energy	Hazel O'Leary (1993 – 1997) Federico Peña (1997 – 1998) Bill Richardson (1998 – 2001)

Secretary of Veterans Affairs	Jesse Brown (1993 – 1997) Togo West (1998 – 2000) Hershel Gober* (2000 – 2001)

acting secretary.

Cabinet-level

Vice President	Al Gore (1993 – 2001)

White House Chief of Staff	Mack McLarty (1993 – 1994) Leon Panetta (1994 – 1997) Erskine Bowles (1997 – 1998) John Podesta (1998 – 2001)

Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency	Carol Browner (1993 – 2001)

Ambassador to the United Nations	Madeleine Korbel Albright (1993 – 1997) Bill Richardson (1997 – 1998) Richard Holbrooke (1999 – 2001)

Director of the Office of Management and Budget	Leon Panetta (1993 – 1994) Alice Rivlin (1994 – 1996) Franklin Raines (1996 – 1998) Jacob Lew (1998 – 2001)

Director of National Drug Control Policy	Lee Brown (1993 – 1995) Barry McCaffrey (1996 – 2001)

Trade Representative	Mickey Kantor (1993 – 1997) Charlene Barshefsky (1997 – 2001)

Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency	James Lee Witt (1993 – 2001)*

Director of Central Intelligence	John Deutch (1995 – 1996) George Tenet (1997–2001)

Administrator of the Small Business Administration	Erskine Bowles (1993 - 1994) Philip Lader (1994 – 1997) Aída Álvarez (1997–2001)

took office in 1993, raised to cabinet-rank in 1996

v t e Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize (2001–2025)

Kofi Annan / United Nations (2001) Jimmy Carter (2002) Shirin Ebadi (2003) Wangari Maathai (2004) International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei (2005) Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus (2006) Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) Martti Ahtisaari (2008) Barack Obama (2009) Liu Xiaobo (2010) Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkul Karman (2011)

Complete list (1901–1925) (1926–1950) (1951–1975) (1976–2000) (2001–2025)

v t e 2007 Nobel Prize winners

Chemistry:	Gerhard Ertl (Germany)

Literature:	Doris Lessing (Zimbabwe, United Kingdom)

Peace:	Al Gore (United States) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Physics:	Albert Fert (France) Peter Grünberg (Germany)

Physiology or Medicine:	Mario Capecchi (United States) Martin Evans (United Kingdom) Oliver Smithies (United States)

Nobel Prize recipients 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11

Democratic Party

Chairpersons
of the DNC

Presidential tickets

Jackson/Calhoun
Jackson/Van Buren
Van Buren/R. M. Johnson (twice)
Polk/Dallas
Cass/Butler
Pierce/King
Buchanan/Breckinridge
Douglas/H. V. Johnson (Breckinridge/Lane, SD)
McClellan/Pendleton
Seymour/Blair
Greeley/Brown
Tilden/Hendricks
Hancock/English
Cleveland/Hendricks
Cleveland/Thurman
Cleveland/Stevenson I
W. J. Bryan/Sewall
W. J. Bryan/Stevenson I
Parker/H. G. Davis
W. J. Bryan/Kern
Wilson/Marshall (twice)
Cox/Roosevelt
J. W. Davis/C. W. Bryan
Smith/Robinson
Roosevelt/Garner (twice)
Roosevelt/Wallace
Roosevelt/Truman
Truman/Barkley
Stevenson II/Sparkman
Stevenson II/Kefauver
Kennedy/Johnson
Johnson/Humphrey
Humphrey/Muskie
McGovern/(Eagleton, Shriver)
Carter/Mondale (twice)
Mondale/Ferraro
Dukakis/Bentsen
Clinton/Gore (twice)
Gore/Lieberman
Kerry/Edwards
Obama/Biden (twice)

Parties by state
and territory

State	Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Territory	District of Columbia Puerto Rico

Conventions
(List)

Affiliated
organizations

United States presidential election, 1988

Republican Party
Convention • Primaries •
Primary results

Nominee: George H.W. Bush
VP Nominee: Dan Quayle

Candidates: Bob Dole · Pete du Pont · Ben Fernandez · Alexander Haig · Jack Kemp · Paul Laxalt · Isabell Masters · Pat Robertson · Donald Rumsfeld · Harold Stassen

Democratic Party
Convention • Primaries •
Primary results

Nominee: Michael Dukakis
VP Nominee: Lloyd Bentsen

Candidates: Douglas Applegate · Bruce Babbitt · Joe Biden (campaign) · David Duke · Dick Gephardt · Al Gore (campaign) · Gary Hart · Jesse Jackson (campaign) · Lyndon LaRouche · Andy Martin · Patricia Schroeder · Paul Simon · James Traficant

Third party and independent candidates

Libertarian Party	Nominee: Ron Paul (campaign) VP Nominee: Andre Marrou Candidates: Jim Lewis · Russell Means

New Alliance Party	Nominee: Lenora Fulani

Populist Party	Nominee: David Duke

Prohibition Party	Nominee: Earl Dodge

Socialist Equality Party	Nominee: Edward Winn

Socialist Party USA	Nominee: Willa Kenoyer VP Nominee: Ron Ehrenreich

Socialist Workers Party	Nominee: James Warren VP Nominee: Kathleen Mickells

Workers World Party	Nominee: Larry Holmes VP Nominee: Gloria La Riva

Independents and other candidates	Jack Herer · Lyndon LaRouche · Herbert Lewin · William A. Marra · Eugene McCarthy

Other 1988 elections: House • Senate • Gubernatorial

United States presidential election, 1992

Democratic Party

Convention

Primaries

Nominee: Bill Clinton (campaign)

VP Nominee: Al Gore

Candidates: Larry Agran; Jerry Brown; Tom Harkin; Bob Kerrey; Lyndon LaRouche; Tom Laughlin; Eugene McCarthy; Paul Tsongas; Douglas Wilder; Charles Woods

Republican Party

Convention

Primaries

Nominee: George H.W. Bush

VP Nominee: Dan Quayle

Candidates: Pat Buchanan; David Duke; Jack Fellure; Isabell Masters; Pat Paulsen; Tennie Rogers; Harold Stassen

Independent

Candidate: Ross Perot (campaign)

VP Candidate: James Stockdale

Other independent and third party candidates

Libertarian Party	Nominee Andre Marrou VP Nominee Nancy Lord

Natural Law Party	Nominee John Hagelin VP Nominee Mike Tompkins

New Alliance Party	Nominee Lenora Fulani VP Nominee Maria Elizabeth Muñoz

Prohibition Party	Nominee Earl Dodge

Socialist Party USA	Nominee J. Quinn Brisben VP Nominee Barbara Garson

Socialist Workers Party	Nominee James Warren VP Nominee Willie Mae Reid

U.S. Taxpayers Party	Nominee Howard Phillips VP Nominee Albion Knight, Jr.

Workers World Party	Nominee Gloria La Riva VP Nominee Larry Holmes

Independents and other candidates	Ronald Daniels (Running mate: Asiba Tupahache) Bo Gritz Isabell Masters

Other 1992 elections: House; Senate; Gubernatorial

United States presidential election, 1996

Democratic Party
Convention • Primaries

Nominee: Bill Clinton
VP nominee: Al Gore
Candidates: James D. Griffin • Lyndon La Rouche (campaign) • Pat Paulsen

Republican Party
Convention • Primaries

Nominee: Bob Dole
VP nominee: Jack Kemp
Candidates: Lamar Alexander • Pat Buchanan • Charles E. Collins • Bob Dornan • Jack Fellure • Arthur Fletcher • Steve Forbes • Phil Gramm • Alan Keyes • Richard Lugar • Isabell Masters • Jimmy McMillan • Tennie Rogers • Arlen Specter • Morry Taylor • Pete Wilson

Reform Party

Nominee:Ross Perot
VP Nominee: Pat Choate
Candidates: Richard Lamm

Other Third party and independent candidates

Green Party Convention	Nominee: Ralph Nader VP Nominee: Winona LaDuke

Libertarian Party Convention	Nominee: Harry Browne VP Nominee: Jo Jorgensen

Natural Law Party	Nominee: John Hagelin VP Nominee: Mike Tompkins

Prohibition Party	Nominee: Earl Dodge VP Nominee: Rachel Bubar Kelly

Socialist Party USA	Nominee: Mary Cal Hollis VP Nominee: Eric Chester

Socialist Workers Party	Nominee: James Harris

U.S. Taxpayers Party	Nominee: Howard Phillips VP Nominee: Herb Titus

Workers World Party	Nominee: Monica Moorehead VP Nominee: Gloria La Riva

Independents and other candidates	Joan Jett Blakk • Marsha Feinland • Isabell Masters • Steve Michael • Dennis Peron • Diane Beall Templin

Other 1996 elections: House • Senate • Gubernatorial

United States presidential election, 2000

General election results · State results · Florida results

Republican Party
Convention · Primaries

Nominee: George W. Bush (campaign)
VP nominee: Dick Cheney

Candidates: Lamar Alexander · Gary Bauer · Pat Buchanan · Herman Cain · Elizabeth Dole · Jack Fellure · Steve Forbes · Orrin Hatch · John Kasich · Alan Keyes · Andy Martin · John McCain · Dan Quayle · Bob Smith

Democratic Party
Convention · Primaries

Nominee: Al Gore (campaign)
VP nominee: Joe Lieberman

Candidates: Bill Bradley · Lyndon LaRouche · Paul Wellstone

Recount

Key figures	Katherine Harris · Jeb Bush · David Boies · Theodore Olson · James Baker · Ron Klain · Warren Christopher · Michael Whouley · Benjamin Ginsberg · Bob Butterworth · Joe Allbaugh · Mac Stipanovic · Craig Waters · Theresa LePore · Carol Roberts

Election day	Florida Central Voter File (scrub list) · Volusia error · Chad · Butterfly ballot

Aftermath and legal proceedings	Florida election recount · Brooks Brothers riot · Palm Beach County Canvassing Board v. Harris (Harris I) · Gore v. Harris (Harris II) · Bush v. Gore

Recount (2008) · Bush Family Fortunes (2004) · Unprecedented: The 2000 Presidential Election (2002)

Third party and independent candidates

Constitution Party Convention	Nominee: Howard Phillips VP nominee: Curtis Frazier Candidates: Herb Titus

Green Party Convention	Nominee: Ralph Nader (campaign) VP nominee: Winona LaDuke Candidates: Jello Biafra · Stephen Gaskin · Joel Kovel

Libertarian Party Convention	Nominee: Harry Browne VP nominee: Art Olivier Candidates: Jacob Hornberger · Barry Hess · L. Neil Smith

Natural Law Party	Nominee: John Hagelin VP nominee: Nat Goldhaber

Prohibition Party	Nominee: Earl Dodge VP nominee: W. Dean Watkins

Reform Party	Nominee: Pat Buchanan VP nominee: Ezola B. Foster Candidates: John Hagelin

Socialist Party USA	Nominee: David McReynolds VP nominee: Mary Cal Hollis

Socialist Workers Party	Nominee: James Harris VP nominee: Margaret Trowe

Workers World Party	Nominee: Monica Moorehead VP nominee: Gloria La Riva

Independent	Cathy Gordon Brown · Charles E. Collins · Isabell Masters · Joe Schriner

Other 2000 elections: House · Senate · Gubernatorial

v t e United States Senators from Tennessee

Class 1	Cocke A. Jackson Smith J. Anderson Campbell Eaton Grundy Foster Grundy Nicholson Foster Turney Jones Johnson Patterson Brownlow Johnson Key Bailey H. Jackson Whitthorne Bate Frazier Lea McKellar Gore, Sr. Brock III Sasser Frist Corker

Class 2	Blount J. Anderson Cocke Smith Whiteside Campbell Wharton Williams A. Jackson White A. Anderson Jarnagin Bell Nicholson Fowler Cooper Harris Turley Carmack Taylor Sanders Webb Shields Tyson Brock I Hull Bachman Berry Stewart Kefauver Walters Bass Baker Gore, Jr. Mathews Thompson Alexander

v t e Vice Presidents of the United States

	John Adams Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr George Clinton Elbridge Gerry Daniel D. Tompkins John C. Calhoun Martin Van Buren Richard Mentor Johnson John Tyler George M. Dallas Millard Fillmore William R. King John C. Breckinridge Hannibal Hamlin Andrew Johnson Schuyler Colfax Henry Wilson William A. Wheeler Chester A. Arthur Thomas A. Hendricks Levi P. Morton Adlai Stevenson I Garret Hobart Theodore Roosevelt Charles W. Fairbanks James S. Sherman Thomas R. Marshall Calvin Coolidge Charles G. Dawes Charles Curtis John Nance Garner Henry A. Wallace Harry S. Truman Alben W. Barkley Richard Nixon Lyndon B. Johnson Hubert Humphrey Spiro Agnew Gerald Ford Nelson Rockefeller Walter Mondale George H. W. Bush Dan Quayle Al Gore Dick Cheney Joe Biden

v t e Representatives to the 95th–102nd United States Congresses from Tennessee (ordered by seniority)
95th	Senate: H. Baker, Jr. \| J. Sasser	House: J. Quillen \| J. Duncan, Sr. \| E. Jones \| R. Beard \| H. Ford, Sr. \| M. Lloyd \| C. Allen \| A. Gore, Jr.
96th	Senate: H. Baker, Jr. \| J. Sasser	House: J. Quillen \| J. Duncan, Sr. \| E. Jones \| R. Beard \| H. Ford, Sr. \| M. Lloyd \| A. Gore, Jr. \| B. Boner
97th	Senate: H. Baker, Jr. \| J. Sasser	House: J. Quillen \| J. Duncan, Sr. \| E. Jones \| R. Beard \| H. Ford, Sr. \| M. Lloyd \| A. Gore, Jr. \| B. Boner
98th	Senate: H. Baker, Jr. \| J. Sasser	House: J. Quillen \| J. Duncan, Sr. \| E. Jones \| H. Ford, Sr. \| M. Lloyd \| A. Gore, Jr. \| B. Boner \| J. Cooper \| D. Sundquist
99th	Senate: J. Sasser \| A. Gore, Jr.	House: J. Quillen \| J. Duncan, Sr. \| E. Jones \| H. Ford, Sr. \| M. Lloyd \| B. Boner \| J. Cooper \| D. Sundquist \| B. Gordon
100th	Senate: J. Sasser \| A. Gore, Jr.	House: J. Quillen \| J. Duncan, Sr. \| E. Jones \| H. Ford, Sr. \| M. Lloyd \| B. Boner \| J. Cooper \| D. Sundquist \| B. Gordon
101st	Senate: J. Sasser \| A. Gore, Jr.	House: J. Quillen \| H. Ford, Sr. \| M. Lloyd \| J. Cooper \| D. Sundquist \| B. Gordon \| B. Clement \| J. Duncan, Jr. \| J. Tanner
102nd	Senate: J. Sasser \| A. Gore, Jr.	House: J. Quillen \| H. Ford, Sr. \| M. Lloyd \| J. Cooper \| D. Sundquist \| B. Gordon \| B. Clement \| J. Duncan, Jr. \| J. Tanner

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v t e Representatives to the 95th–102nd United States Congresses from Tennessee (ordered by seniority)
95th	Senate: H. Baker, Jr. \| J. Sasser	House: J. Quillen \| J. Duncan, Sr. \| E. Jones \| R. Beard \| H. Ford, Sr. \| M. Lloyd \| C. Allen \| A. Gore, Jr.
96th	Senate: H. Baker, Jr. \| J. Sasser	House: J. Quillen \| J. Duncan, Sr. \| E. Jones \| R. Beard \| H. Ford, Sr. \| M. Lloyd \| A. Gore, Jr. \| B. Boner
97th	Senate: H. Baker, Jr. \| J. Sasser	House: J. Quillen \| J. Duncan, Sr. \| E. Jones \| R. Beard \| H. Ford, Sr. \| M. Lloyd \| A. Gore, Jr. \| B. Boner
98th	Senate: H. Baker, Jr. \| J. Sasser	House: J. Quillen \| J. Duncan, Sr. \| E. Jones \| H. Ford, Sr. \| M. Lloyd \| A. Gore, Jr. \| B. Boner \| J. Cooper \| D. Sundquist
99th	Senate: J. Sasser \| A. Gore, Jr.	House: J. Quillen \| J. Duncan, Sr. \| E. Jones \| H. Ford, Sr. \| M. Lloyd \| B. Boner \| J. Cooper \| D. Sundquist \| B. Gordon
100th	Senate: J. Sasser \| A. Gore, Jr.	House: J. Quillen \| J. Duncan, Sr. \| E. Jones \| H. Ford, Sr. \| M. Lloyd \| B. Boner \| J. Cooper \| D. Sundquist \| B. Gordon
101st	Senate: J. Sasser \| A. Gore, Jr.	House: J. Quillen \| H. Ford, Sr. \| M. Lloyd \| J. Cooper \| D. Sundquist \| B. Gordon \| B. Clement \| J. Duncan, Jr. \| J. Tanner
102nd	Senate: J. Sasser \| A. Gore, Jr.	House: J. Quillen \| H. Ford, Sr. \| M. Lloyd \| J. Cooper \| D. Sundquist \| B. Gordon \| B. Clement \| J. Duncan, Jr. \| J. Tanner

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Persondata
Name	Gore, Albert Arnold Jr.
Alternative names	Al Gore
Short description	45th Vice President of the United States
Date of birth	March 31, 1948
Place of birth	Washington, D.C.
Date of death
Place of death

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