Kannur

Sunday, 30 December 2012

Diego Maradona in Kannur, Kerala - Full Video

Agitated MV Jayarajan gets crude while talking to Kannur police officer

Kanthapurathinte KeralaYathra Sweekarana Sammalenam Kannur Mattanoor www.sunnikoottam.com

Kannur chala gas tanker accident spot.flv

Real Story: A rooster laid eggs in Kannur

anas moualvi kannur..jeevakaarunnyam islamil part2.DAT

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Accra
Accra /əˈkrɑː/ is the capital and largest city of Ghana, with an estimated urban population of 2,291,352 as of 2012^[update]. Accra is also the capital of the Greater Accra Region and of the Accra Metropolitan District, with which it is coterminous. Accra is furthermore the anchor of a larger metropolitan area, the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA), which is home to about 4 million people, making it the largest metropolitan conglomeration in Ghana by population, and the eleventh-largest metropolitan area in Africa.
Accra stretches along the Ghanaian Atlantic coast and extends north into the country's interior. Originally built around a port, it served as the capital of the British-ruled Gold Coast between 1877 and 1957. Once merely a 19th-century suburb of Victoriaborg, Accra has since transitioned into a modern metropolis; the city's architecture reflects this history, ranging from 19th-century British colonial buildings to modern skyscrapers and apartment blocks.
Accra is Ghana's primate city, serving as the nation's economic and administrative hub. It is furthermore a centre of culture and tourism, sporting a wide range of nightclubs, restaurants and hotels. Since the early 1990s, a number of new buildings have been built, including the multi-storey French-owned Novotel hotel. The city's National Theatre was built with Chinese assistance. In 2010, the GaWC designated Accra a Gamma-minus-level world city, indicating a growing level of international influence and connectedness.

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Adoor
Adoor is a town and a municipality in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala state, India, spread over an area of 20.42 km². The town is located midway between Thiruvananthapuram and Ernakulam. It is among one of the three municipalities in Pathanamthitta district.
It is believed that the name Adoor is derived from "attipperu avakaasam ulla ooru". Vanjipuzha Chief (Land Lord from Chengannur) got the "attipperu avakasam" (full ownership without tax) from the Maharaja of Travancore.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Adoor had a population of 28,943. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Adoor has an average literacy rate of 85%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 49% of the males and 51% of females literate. 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
The main attraction in Adoor is the Krishna Sree Parthasarathy Temple. The temple is dedicated to Lord Krishna, known here by the name of Parthasarathy. It is one of the oldest Krishna temples in Kerala. Gajamela, the elephant pageant on the concluding day of annual festival at the temple, is the main highlight of the 10-day festival celebrations. Trichenda Mangalam Mahadeva Temple Peringanad, Mahavishnu Temple Elamannoor, Sreedharma Sastha Temple Chennampallil, Punthalaveettil Devi Temple Pazhakulam, Sreenarayanapuram Temple Manakala, Kuttiyil Sree Rajarajeswari Temple, Choorakode, Vellaramkunnu Bhagavathi Temple, Vellakkulangara, Sree Bhuvaneswari Subrahmania Swami Temple, Kalathattu are some of the other important temples. There is only one Amman Kovil is located at Kottamukal.

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Agadir
Agadir (Berber: Agadir, ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ, Moroccan Arabic: أڭادير‎) is a major city in southwest Morocco, capital of the Agadir province (MA-AGD) and the Sous-Massa-Draa economic region. A majority of its inhabitants speak Berber as a mother tongue.
The word Agadir means in Berber "wall, masoned wall enclosing a town, fortress, town".
Agadir has a population of 678,596 (2004; census figures for the agglomeration include the nearby cities of Inezgane and Aït Melloul). The population of the city proper is estimated at 200,000. The mild winter climate (January average midday temperature 20.5°C/69°F) and good beaches have made it a major "winter sun" destination for Northern Europeans. The mayor is Tariq Kabbaj.
The city is located on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean, near the foot of the Atlas Mountains, just north of the point where the Souss River flows into the ocean.
Agadir is an important fishing and commercial port, the first sardine port in the world, (exporting cobalt, manganese, zinc and citrus).It is also a seaside resort with a long sandy beach. Because of its large buildings, wide roads, modern hotels, and European-style cafés, Agadir is not a typical city of traditional Morocco, but it is a modern, busy and dynamic town.

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Alakode
Alakode is a village in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala. Alakode was one of the major centres of Malabar Migration. People here are almost in equal ratio of Hindu, Muslims and Christians. Most people are engaged in agriculture and business.This area exports hill products viz rubber,dry copra,pepper,arecanut etc. to Industries located in northern part of India. It is a place where a huge number of Christians migrated during 1940s and '50s from Travancore area and now they play a major role in the economy here. Around 40Kms away from kannur town
As of 2001^[update] India census, Alakode had a population of 33605 with 16811 males and 16794 females.
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Alappuzha
Alappuzha (Malayalam: ആലപ്പുഴ pronunciation (help·info)), also known as Alleppey, is a town in Alappuzha District of Kerala state of southern India.This town is considered to be the oldest planned town in this region and the lighthouse built on the coast of the town is the first of its kind along the Arabian coast(refer encyclopedia of Kerala in Malayalam language). As per 2001 census Alleppey is the sixth largest city in Kerala with an urban population of 177,029. Alleppey is situated 62 kilometres (39 mi) to the south of Kochi and 155 kilometres (96 mi) north of Trivandrum. A town with picturesque canals, backwaters, beaches, and lagoons, it was described as the one of the places known as "Venice of the East" by Lord Curzon . It is the administrative headquarters of Alappuzha District. Malayalam is the most spoken language. Hindi, English and Tamil are also widely spoken in the town.^{[citation needed]}
Alleppey is an important tourist destination in India.Backwaters of Alleppey are world famous and is the most popular tourist attraction in Kerala. A houseboat cruise in these backwaters is a delightful experience. It connects Kumarakom and Cochin towards north and Quilon to the South. Alappuzha is also the access point for the annual Nehru Trophy Boat Race, held on the Punnamada Lake, near Alappuzha, held on the second Saturday of August every year, is the most competitive and popular of the boat races in India. The mullackal chirap is also one of the attractions of Allapuzha which is the festive season held ten colorfull days every year in the month of December.

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Alappuzha district
Alappuzha (Malayalam: ആലപ്പുഴ) is one of the 14 districts in the state of Kerala in India. It was formed as Alleppey District on August 17, 1957. The name of the district was officially changed to Alappuzha in 1990. The district is a widely known tourist destination, and is well known for its coir factories. Most of Kerala's coir industries are situated in and around Alappuzha. The district is also known for its communist traditions. It is home to the Punnapra Vayalar strikes against the British and also the revolt against feudal raj. Alappuzha is strongly connected by waterways to various other parts of Kerala, including the famous tourist destination, Kumarakom.
Alleppey has a wonderful past. Though the present town owes its existence to the sagacious Diwan Rajakesavadas in the second half of 18th century, district of Alappuzha figures in classified Literature. Kuttanad, the rice bowl of Kerala with the unending stretch of paddy fields, small streams and canals with lush green coconut palms, was well known even from the early periods of the Sangam age. History says Alappuzha had trade relations with ancient Greece and Rome in B.C and in the Middle Ages.

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Aluva
Aluva (Malayalam: ആലുവ, formerly Alwaye), is a suburb of Kochi in the Ernakulam district of Kerala, India. Located on the River Periyar, Aluva is the industrial epicentre of the state. A major transportation hub, with easy access to all major forms of transportation, Aluva acts as corridor which links the highland districts to the rest of the state. The proximity of the Naval Armament Depot - one of the six in the country - situated in the outskirts of the town makes Aluva a strategically important town.
Aluva, home to the summer residency of the Travancore royal family - the Alwaye Palace - is also famous for the Sivarathri festival celebrated annually at the sandbanks of Periyar. The Advaita Ashrams in Aluva founded in 1913 by Sree Narayana Guru, one of India's greatest social reformers adds to the cultural significance of the town. Today, whilst part of the Kochi urban agglomeration, Aluva is an autonomous municipality, its civic administration conducted by Aluva Municipal Council. The town also serves as the administrative centre of the Aluva taluk.

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Ambalappuzha
Ambalappuzha is a small town in Alappuzha district of Kerala state, south India. The town is famous for its Sri Krishna temple. The Ambalappuzha temple is one of the three important Sri Krishna temples in the state of Kerala.
Ambalapuzha is divided into 2 panchayats: Ambalapuzha North and Ambalapuzha South.
The Ambalappuzha Sri Krishna Temple is believed to have been built in the year 790 M.E by the local ruler Chembakasserry Pooradam Thirunal-Devanarayanan Thampuran.
This temple is directly associated to the Guruvayoor Sri Krishna Temple. During the raids Tipu Sultan in 1789, the idol of Sri Krishna from the Guruvayoor Temple(guruvayoor appan) was brought to the Ambalappuzha Temple for safe keeping.
The payasam served in the Ambalappuzha Temple is famous among Hindu devotees. This sweet pudding made of rice and milk has an interesting mythological legend behind it.It is very famous
An idol of Sri Krishna, The Lord Parthasarathy idol was installed in the temple.
The Aarattu festival commences with the flag hoisting ceremony on the Atham star in Meenam (March–April). The important Aarattu festival takes place on the Thiruvonam day of the same month. The aarattu ezhunnullathu starts from Erattakulangara Mahadeva Temple(The famous temple amongst one of the siva temples, facing to west)

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Amsterdam
Amsterdam (English /ˈæmstərdæm/; Dutch: [ˌɑmstərˈdɑm] ( listen)) is the largest city and the capital of the Netherlands. The city's status as the capital of the nation is governed by the constitution. Amsterdam has a population of 790,654 within city limits, an urban population of 1,209,419 and a metropolitan population of 2,289,762. The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. It comprises the northern part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe, with a population of approximately 7 million.
Amsterdam's name is derived from Amstelredamme, indicative of the city's origin: a dam in the river Amstel. Settled as a small fishing village in the late 12th century, Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world during the Dutch Golden Age, a result of its innovative developments in trade. During that time, the city was the leading center for finance and diamonds. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were formed. The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam (in Dutch: 'Grachtengordel'), located in the heart of Amsterdam, were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in July 2010.

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Angamaly
Angamaly (Malayalam: അങ്കമാലി, Aṅkamāli) is a satellite town of the city of Kochi, situated 34 kilometres (21 mi) north of the city center and a municipality in Ernakulam district, Kerala, India. It is one of the entry points or gateways to Ernakulam district from northern Kerala. The Main Central road terminates in Angamaly where it also intersects the National Highway 47.
As of the 2001 India census, Angamaly had a population of 33,424. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Angamaly has an average literacy rate of 84%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 50% of the males and 50% of females literate. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. Angamaly is distinguished by a number of churches of different rites and was the leading ecclesiastical centre in early modern times (later seventeenth and eighteenth centuries) .
Angamaly assembly constituency is part of Chalakudy (Lok Sabha constituency).

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Anjarakkandy
Anjarakandy is the name of a village Gram panchayath and a census town in Kannur taluk. Anjrakandy river is flowing through Anjarakandy Kannur taluk in Kannur District, Kerala state South India.
The village includes Anjarakandy Cinnamon Estate, established by the East India Company in 1767. The estate, reputed to be Asia's largest, and associated processing plant are still operational and visitors can view the process of preparing cinnamon spice and extraction of oil. The local king, Pazhassi Raja and the British Army waged war for control of the estate.
Lord Brown of east India Company Started a system of keeping a record of Land transactions done by him to open Anjarakandy Cinnamon estate triggered opening up of a new Department of Land Registration in British Government in Asia region, This Land Registrar's office is located at Anjarakandy in a 242 year old building built in 1767 [3][4] Onakkan Menon was born in Ancharakandy, in a famous thiyya tharavad, 'Kalathil Uppot' in the year ME- 1071. He studied kathakali from Manakkadan Kunhambu Gurikkal's kathakaliyogam at Eranholi, Thalassery. The name of his teacher was Manakkadan Kunhambu Gurikkal. Onakkan Menon practiced kathakali several years in Eranholi and began to teach kathakali. Then he conducted his own kathakali yogam in his homeplace Ancharakandy and taught kathakali for the students belong to thiyya community. Unfortunately this kathakali yogam existed for a short period only. The subcast 'menon' is considered as an upper class community name. Onakkan Menon was not belong to menon community. His family was engaged the job of 'Amsam Menon'. So the entire family was known as 'menon". Onakkan Menon died in the year ME- 1096 The Kannur medical college super specialty hospital, and one of the best High school in the state - Anjarakandy High school is also located at Anjarakandy.

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Anosy
Anosy is a region of Madagascar located along the south-eastern coast of the country, with the name "Anosy" meaning island(s) in Malagasy.
Due initially to its strategic importance, Anosy has been a crossroads for the Malagasy and the rest of the world over the last 500 years. In the 1500s it served as a stopping point for European ships traveling to and from India, and in the mid-1600s it was the location of an early French colonial port in the Indian Ocean. The region was part of the Merina Kingdom for much of the 1800s and part of the French colony of Madagascar from the late-1800s to 1960. Its exports have included human slaves (shipped to Réunion, Mauritius and the US in the 1700s), live cattle (exported to Réunion for almost 300 years), natural rubber, graphite, uranothorite, lobster, sapphires, and, in the last five years, ilmenite. Due to its biodiversity and natural beauty, efforts commenced in the 1980s to promote environmental conservation and tourism in the region.
Anosy is a region in southeastern Madagascar. It borders Androy region in west, Atsimo-Andrefana in north-west, Ihorombe in north and Atsimo-Atsinanana in north-east. This region, covering 25,731 km² (9,935 sq mi), about the size of the US State of Vermont, the island of Cyprus or the nation of Israel, runs from approximately Manantenina in the northeast corner of the region, west to Ranomafana, west to the Mandrare river. The distance from Manantenina at the northern edge of Anosy to the Mandrare river at the south is almost 150 km. "Anosy" means island or islands in Malagasy. Some^[who?] argue anosy is named after the island in the Fanjahira (now named Efaho) river where the Zafiraminia first settled when they arrived in this region in the 16th century, while others^[who?] argue it means "land of the islands" because of the large amount of water in this region. During the rainy season, the Efaho valley floods, creating many temporary islands.

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Arguin
Arguin (Portuguese: Arguim) is an island off the western coast of Mauritania in the Bay of Arguin, at 20° 36' N., 16° 27' W. It is six km long by two broad. Off the island are extensive and dangerous reefs. It is now part of The Banc d'Arguin National Park.
Arguin has long been coveted by seafaring nations for its strategic location, and control over the island has changed hands numerous times. The first European to visit the island was the Portuguese explorer Nuno Tristão in 1443. In 1445, Prince Henry the Navigator set up a trading post on the island, which acquired gum arabic and slaves for Portugal. By 1455, 800 slaves were shipped from Arguin to Portugal every year.
In 1633, during its war against Spain (which then controlled Portugal), the Netherlands seized control of Arguin. It remained under Dutch rule until 1678, although Dutch governance was interrupted by English rule in 1665. France briefly controlled the island in September 1678, but the island was then abandoned until 1685.

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Asilah
Asilah or Arzila (Arabic: أصيلة، أرزيلة‎; "authentic") is a fortified town on the northwest tip of the Atlantic coast of Morocco, about 31 km from Tangier. Its ramparts and gateworks remain fully intact. Its history dates back to 1500 B.C., when the Phoenicians used it as a base for trade.
The Portuguese conquered the city in 1471, but John III later decided to abandon it because of an economic crisis in 1549.
In 1692, the town was taken by the Moroccans under the leadership of Moulay Ismail. Asilah served then as a base for pirates in the 19th and 20th centuries.
From 1912-1956 it was part of Spanish Morocco. A major plan to restore the town was undertaken in 1978.
It is now a popular seaside resort, with modern holiday apartment complexes on the coast road leading to the town from Tangier. It hosts annual music and arts festivals, including a murales painting festival: the best paintings remain on the Medina walls for the following years.
Portuguese fortress
Street in Arzila
Portuguese fortress and houses

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Attingal
Attingal is a municipality in the Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala state, India. It is a suburb of the extended metropolitan region of Thiruvananthapuram city. It is situated 30 km to the north of Thiruvananthapuram.
According to the 2001 census, Attingal has a population of 35,648. Males constitute 47% of the population and females 53%. Attingal has an average literacy rate of 95%, with 98% of males and 92% of females literate. 11% of the population is under the age of 6. The town is famed for its cleanliness in recent years. The municipality has undertaken many plans which had been succeeded. the municipality also achieved a couple of awards for the success.
The Attingal assembly constituency is part of Attingal (Lok Sabha constituency).
The Attingal Palace had an important role in the history of Kerala. It played a significant role in the growth of the Tranvancore Dynasty. The Attingal Palace gained prominence in the 14th century when Udaya Marthanda Varma ascended the throne of Travancore. He adopted two princesses from the royal family of the Kolathiris of North Malabar. A palace for each one of them was built by the king at Attingal and Kunnummel. The palace witnessed the first ever united rebellion against the British. The first uprising took place on April 15, 1721. A British contingent comprising 140 men were killed. It triggered off a series of insurrections. The walls of the palace are adorned with murals. The main edifice of the palace is now under the control of the Devaswom Board.

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Ayikkara
Ayikkara is a small coastal village in Kannur district of Kerala state, south India. It is near Kannur City. Kannur fort, and the Mappila Bay is near Ayikkara.
The remains of the Arakkalkettu, which is the palace of the Arakkal family, is also located in Ayikkara. The Government of Kerala has renovated a part of the Arakkalkettu into a museum. This Arakkal museum is a tourist attraction located in Ayikkara.
'Mappila Bay fishing harbour' is located in Ayikkara. There is also a government shrimp hatchery near the harbour. (see: Matsyafed)

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Azemmour
Azemmour or Azamor (Arabic: أزمور‎; from Berber ⴰⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ azemmur, i.e. "The Olives"; Portuguese: Azamor) is a Moroccan city, on the left bank of the Oum Er-Rbia River, 75 km southwest of Casablanca. Although it was a dependency of the King of Fez, Azemmour had great autonomy. In 1486 its inhabitants became vassals and tributaries of João II of Portugal. Manuel I of Portugal confirmed the treaty in 1497 and the city paid 10 000 savéis every year. Later, unrest started to grow and thus Manuel sent a small fleet commanded by João de Meneses to conquer the city in 1508.
In 1513 Azemmour's governor Moulay Zayam refused to pay the tribute and mustered a powerful, well-equipped army. Manuel responded to this challenge by sending a massive fleet of five hundred ships and fifteen thousand soldiers (Bergreen, 19). James, Duke of Braganza led this army and on 1 September he conquered the city with no resistance from its inhabitants. Ferdinand Magellan, the man famed for leading the first-ever circumnavigation of the earth, was among the Portuguese soldiers there and lost his horse in skirmishes outside the city. However, Portuguese control of the city lasted for a short period as it was abandoned by João III of Portugal in 1541 due to economic difficulties.

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Azhikkal
Azhikkal is a coastal village in Kannur district, Kerala, India. The village has a small port and a fishing harbour. It is the site for a proposed expanded cargo port. The Valapattanam River empties into the Arabian Sea at Azhikkal.
The Indian Coast Guard Academy is under construction at Irinave, near to Azhikkal.

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Azhiyur
Azhiyur is a village in Vadakara taluk of Kozhikode district in the state of Kerala, India.
Azhiyur is part of Greater Mahé Region. Mahé Railway Station is located in Azhiyur.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Azhiyur had a population of 28731 with 13351 males and 15380 females. It is situated close to Mayyazhi (Mahe).
The proposed New Mahe Municipality comprises:
Total Area: 57.31 km²
Total Population (1991 Census): 123,628

wn.com/Azhiyur
Bahrain
Bahrain ( pronunciation) (Arabic: ‏البحرين‎, al-Baḥrayn) (Persian: ‏بحرين‎, Baḥrain), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain (Arabic: مملكة البحرين‎, Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn), is a small island state near the western shores of the Persian Gulf. It is ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. The population in 2010 stood at 1,234,571, including 666,172 non-nationals. Formerly an emirate, Bahrain was declared a kingdom in 2002.
Bahrain is an archipelago of 33 islands, the largest being Bahrain Island, at 55 km (34 mi) long by 18 km (11 mi) wide. Saudi Arabia lies to the west and is connected to Bahrain by the King Fahd Causeway. The peninsula of Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain. The planned Qatar Bahrain Causeway will link Bahrain and Qatar and become the world's longest marine causeway.
Known for its oil and pearls, Bahrain is also home to many large structures, including the Bahrain World Trade Center and the Bahrain Financial Harbour, with a proposal in place to build the 1,022 m (3,353 ft) high Murjan Tower. The Qal'at al-Bahrain (the harbour and capital of the ancient land of Dilmun) was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005. The Bahrain Formula One Grand Prix takes place at the Bahrain International Circuit.

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Bangalore
Bangalore /ˈbæŋɡəlɔər/, also rendered Bengaluru,^{[needs IPA]} is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bangalore is nicknamed the Garden City for its gardens and parks and was once called a pensioner's paradise. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's third most populous city and fifth-most populous urban agglomeration. Bangalore is well known as a hub for India's information technology sector. It is among the top 10 preferred entrepreneurial locations in the world.
A succession of South Indian dynasties ruled the region of Bangalore until in 1537 AD Kempe Gowda—a feudatory ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire—established a mud fort considered to be the foundation of modern Bangalore. Following transitory occupation by Maratha and Mughal, the city remained under the Mysore kingdom. Bangalore continued to be a cantonment of the British and a major city of the Princely State of Mysore which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj. Following the independence of India in 1947, Bangalore became the capital of Mysore state, and later Karnataka.

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Barbados
Coordinates: 13°10′N 59°33′W / 13.167°N 59.55°W / 13.167; -59.55
Barbados (ⁱ/bɑrˈbeɪdɒs/ or /bɑrˈbeɪdoʊs/) is a sovereign island country in the Lesser Antilles. It is 34 kilometres (21 mi) in length and up to 23 kilometres (14 mi) in width, covering an area of 431 square kilometres (166 sq mi). It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, it is about 168 kilometres (104 mi) east of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and 400 kilometres (250 mi) north-east of Trinidad and Tobago. Barbados is outside of the principal Atlantic hurricane belt.
Barbados was initially visited by the Spanish around the late 1400s to early 1500s and first appears on a Spanish map from 1511. The Spanish explorers may have plundered the island of whatever native peoples resided therein to become slaves. The Portuguese visited in 1536, but they too left it unclaimed, with their only remnants being an introduction of wild hogs for a good supply of meat whenever the island was visited. The first English ship, the Olive Blossom, arrived in Barbados in 1624. They took possession of it in the name of the British king James I. Two years later in 1627 the first permanent settlers arrived from England and it became an English and later British colony.

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Beypore
Beypore or Beypur is an ancient port town and part of Calicut municipal corporation in Kozhikode district in the state of Kerala, India. The place was formerly known as Vaypura / Vadaparappanad. Tippu Sultan named the town “Sultan Pattanam”. There is a marina and a beautiful beach. Beypore port is one of the oldest ports in Kerala from where trading was done to the Middle East. Beypore is also famous for building wooden ships, called Dhows or Urus in Malayalam language. These ships are usually bought by Arab merchants for trading, fishing and now used as tourist ships. According to Captain Iwata, founder member of the Association of Sumerian ships in Japan, Sumerian ships might have been built in Beypore. There is evidence to prove that Beypore had direct trade links with Mesopotamia and was a prominent link on the maritime silk route.

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Bidiyah
Bidiyah is the name of a settlement in Fujairah.
The remains of a fort excavated at Bidiyah have been identified as the Portuguese fort of 'Libedia' recorded by Pedro Barreto de Resende in his 1646 map.

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Bioko
Bioko (spelled also Bioco, in Europe traditionally called Fernando Pó) is an island 32 km off the west coast of Africa, specifically Cameroon, in the Gulf of Guinea. It is the northernmost part of Equatorial Guinea with a population of 260,000 and an area of 2,017 km² (779 sq mi). It is volcanic with its highest peak the Pico Basile at 3,012 m (9,882 ft).
Bioko has a total area of 2,017 km² (779 sq mi). It is 70 km long from NNE to SSW and about 32 km across. It is volcanic and very mountainous with the highest peak Pico Basile (3,012 m (9,882 ft)). It thus resembles neighbouring islands São Tomé and Príncipe. Like them it lies on the Cameroon Line.
Bioko used to be the end of a peninsula attached to the mainland in what is now Cameroon, but it was cut off when sea levels rose 10,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age.
The island has a population of 260,000 inhabitants (2001), most of whom belong to the Bubi people. The rest of the population are Fernandinos, Spaniards and immigrants from Río Muni, Nigeria and Cameroon.

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Bissau
Bissau is the capital city of Guinea-Bissau. The city's borders are conterminous with the Bissau Autonomous Sector. In 2007, the city had an estimated population of 407,424 according to the Instituto Nacional de Estatística e Censos. The city which is located on the Geba River estuary, off the Atlantic Ocean, is the country's largest city, major port, administrative and military centre.
The city was founded in 1687 by Portugal as a fortified port and trading center. In 1942 it became the capital of Portuguese Guinea. After the declaration of independence by the anti-colonial guerrillas of PAIGC, in 1973, the capital of the de facto independent territories was declared to be Madina do Boe, but Bissau remained as the capital of the Portuguese-occupied regions, and the de jure capital of the entire Portuguese Guinea. When Portugal recognized the independence of Guinea-Bissau and pulled out in 1974 due to the military coup of April 25 in Lisbon, the two territories merged and Bissau became the capital of the new independent state. The city is known for its annual carnival.

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Cacheu
Cacheu is a town in north western Guinea-Bissau, lying on the Cacheu River. Population 9,849 (2008 est).
The town of Cacheu is situated in territory of the Papel people.
Cacheu was one of the earliest European colonial settlements in sub-saharan Africa, due to its strategic location on the Cacheu river. Cacheu developed a European/Afro-European population from the late fifteenth century through informal settlement of Cape Verdian and Portugues traders, adventurers and outcasts (lancados). The authorities in mainland Portugal also sent to Cacheu degregados - people condemned to exile for a variety of offences.
For most of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Cacheu was the official slave trading point for the Portuguese in the Upper Guinea region - the point at which duties on all slaves exported had to be paid.
Notable buildings in Cacheu include the Portuguese-built 16th century fort, dating from the period when Cacheu was a centre for the slave trade.
Roads in the town are paved with oil palm kernels. Other attractions in the town include the Tarafes de Cacheu Natural Park mangrove swamp and a regular market.

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Calicut
Kozhikode (Malayalam: കോഴിക്കോട് [koːɻikːoːɖ] ( listen), also known as Calicut, is a city in the state of Kerala in southern India on the Malabar Coast. Kozhikode is the third largest city in Kerala and is part of the second largest urban agglomeration in Kerala with a metropolitan population of 2,030,519 as per 2011 census.It is the headquarters of the Kozhikode district.
During classical antiquity and the middle ages, Kozhikode was dubbed the "City of Spices" for its role as the major trading point of eastern spices. It was the capital of an independent kingdom of the same name ruled by the Samoothiris (Zamorins) in middle ages and later of the erstwhile Malabar district under British rule. Muslim Arab merchants traded with Kozhikode as early as 7th century, and Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed at Kozhikode on May 20, 1498. A Portuguese factory and fort was intact in Kozhikode for short period (1511–1525, until the Fall of Calicut), the English landed in 1615 (constructed a trading post in 1665), followed by the French (1698) and the Dutch (1752). In 1765, Mysore captured Kozhikode as part of his occupation.

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Ceuta
Ceuta (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈθeuta]) is an 18.5-square-kilometre (7.1 sq mi) autonomous city of Spain and an exclave located on the north coast of North Africa surrounded by Morocco. Separated from the Iberian peninsula by the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta lies on the border of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. After Spain returned Ifni to Morocco in 1969, Ceuta and Melilla remained the sole Spanish enclave territories within mainland Africa. Ceuta was deemed a part of Cadiz province prior to 14 March 1995, when the city's Statute of Autonomy was passed.
Ceuta (like Melilla) was a free port before Spain joined the European Union. As of 2011, it has a population of 78,674. Its population consists of Christians, Muslims (chiefly Moroccan Arabic speakers), and small minorities of Jews and Hindus. Spanish is the official language.
Morocco had previously called for negotiations on the future of Ceuta, Melilla and a number of Mediterranean islands and enclaves that border it. The majority of the city's population are ethnic Spanish who are opposed to the idea of being ruled by Morocco. A poll conducted by Instituto Opina found that 87.9% of people from mainland Spain consider the two cities to be Spanish.

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Chalakudy
Chalakudy (ചാലക്കുടി) is a municipal town situated on the banks of Chalakudy River in Thrissur District of the Kerala State in India. It is the base camp for travellers to Athirappilly and Vazhachal Falls. It lies on National Highway 47 and located about 36 km (23 mi) north of the city of Kochi, the commercial capital city of Kerala and 30 km (19 mi) south of Thrissur, the cultural capital of Kerala.
The name "Chalakudy" is derived from the word "Shalakudy", meaning a place where sacrifices are made. The best season to visit Chalakudy is December to March and also in monsoon season. Chalakudy is a place of historical importance as it was the base for the operations of the Mysore invader Tipu Sultan while attacking the "Travancore lines'.
As of the 2001 census, Chalakudy had a population of 48,371. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Chalakudy has an average literacy rate of 85%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 86% and female literacy of 84%. 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

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Changanassery
Changanacherry is a municipal town in Kottayam district in the state of Kerala, India, located 18 km south of Kottayam and 8 km north of Thiruvalla on the Main Central road. With a population of about 50,000, it's population was already 36,000 as early as the 1951 census.
As of the 2001 India census, Changanassery had a population of 51,960. Males constituted 48% of the population and females 52%. Changanassery has an average literacy rate of 86%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 86% and female literacy of 85%. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. A large percentage of population from Changanassery resides abroad in the Gulf, Europe and America.
Perunna Subramanyaswami Temple, Thrikodithanam Temple, Vazhappally Mahadeven Temple, Metropolitan Church, Parel Church, Puthur Masjid (Puthurpally) and Pazhaya Masjid (Pazhayapally) are the important worship centres in Changanacherry. The notable worship centres near to Changanassery are Ettumanoor Temple, Manarkadu Church, Chakkulathukavu Temple, Neerettupuram, Chettikulangara Temple, Mavelikkara, Chengannur Mahadeva Temple and Anikkattilammakshethram Temple. The Archdiocese of Changanassery is the largest Catholic Diocese in India, established in 1887.

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Chaul
Coordinates: 18°32′46″N 72°55′38″E / 18.5461°N 72.9272°E / 18.5461; 72.9272 Chaul is a former city of Portuguese India, now in ruins. It is located 60 km south of Mumbai, in Raigad District of Maharashtra state in western India.
In 1508, the Egyptian Mamluks, allied with the Gujarat Sultanate vanquished the Portuguese in the Battle of Chaul. The first Portuguese settlement at Chaul took place in 1521 with the construction of the first fort on the south bank of the Kundalika River. In October 1531, the Portuguese erected a new square stone fortress, named Santa Maria do Castello, which contained a church and dwellings for 120 men. A town developed around the fortress, but a 1558 treaty precluded fortifying the town. The town was destroyed in a 1570-71 siege by the Nizam Shahi Sultan of Ahmadnagar, but a treaty was concluded which lifted the siege, and the town was rebuilt and surrounded by walls and bastions. A fort (Korlai fort) was built on the Morro de Chaul, a rocky promontory on the north side of the river opposite the town. The town withstood several further attacks, and its defense works were expanded in 1613.

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Chengannur
Chengannur , (Malayalam: ചെങ്ങന്നൂര്) is a municipal town in Alappuzha district of the state of Kerala in South India. Chengannur (also spelled Chenganoor, Chenganur, and Chengannoor) is located in the extreme eastern part of Alappuzha district. It is 117 kilometres (73 mi) north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram on the MC Road. Chengannur is connected to Kollam and Kottayam by NH 220. Chengannur is noted for its Shiva temple Chengannur Mahadeva Kshetram and tens of others and its Old Syrian Church. Chengannur is one of the major sabarimala pilgrim destination.
The nearest towns are Pandalam to the south, Thiruvalla to the north, Mavelikkara to the west and Aranmula, Kozhencherry, and Pathanamthitta to the east. The taluk contains villages such as Kurattissery, Mannar, Ennakkad, Pandanad, Thiruvanvandoor, Chengannur, Mulakuzha, Ala, Puliyoor, Cheriyanad, Venmony.
As of the 2001 India census, Chengannur had a population of 125,391. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Chengannur has an average literacy rate of 88%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 88% and female literacy of 88%. Nine percent of the population is under 6 years of age.

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Cherthala
Cherthala (Malayalam: ചേര്‍ത്തല, formerly Shertallai or Shertallay) is a town located in the district of Alappuzha, in the state of Kerala, India. It is located 30 km south of the city of Kochi and 22 km north of Alappuzha town, on the Kochi-Alappuzha streatch of both the National Highway 47 as well as the costal Rail-route.
In local administration, the Cherthala town is a municipality while in the state administrative structure Cherthala is a Taluk in the district of Alappuzha. The Corporation of Cochin has drafted a Master Plan that aims to develop Cherthala as the satellite town around the Kochi city.
According to the local legend, once Vilwamangalam Swamiyar, the well known Kerala Hindu Saint, while travelling through Cherthala, found an idol of the Devi with its head immersed in a muddy pond. The swami understood the divinity of the idol, took it out from the mud, cleaned it and consecrated it in a temple near the pond. Thus the place is believed to have got its name as Cher means Mud and Thala means Head in Malayalam and the deity of the temple got the name as Cherthala Karthiyayani. The word put together means Head from the mud. Unlike in other Kerala temples, the idol of Cherthala Karthiyayani Devi is consecrated in the Sreekovil just below the ground level and cannot be directly viewed by the devotees.

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Cherukunnu
Cherukunnu (Malayalam: ചെറുകുന്ന് Tamil: செருகுன்னு Hindi: चेरुकुन्नु) is a census town in the Kannur district of North Malabar region in the Indian state of Kerala.
As of 2001^[update]India Census, Cherukunnu had a population of 16,246, with 7,473 males and 8,773 females.
Cherukunnu is a tiny village tucked on Kannur-Payyannur hi-ve, situated near Pazhayangadi in Kannur District of North Malabar region in Kerala.
The name Cherukunnu means Little Hill (“cheru-ചെറു”=Little and “kunnu-കുന്ന്”=hill). There are about five very small hills surrounding this place. The name Cherukunnu is believed to have been derived owing to the presence of these Hills. However, as per a local Hindu mythological belief, the "Choru-Kunnu" (heap of cooked rice) which is made just before the daily "Annadhaanam" (free feast) at Annapoorneswari Temple gave the place this name.
During Kolathiri rule, Cherukunnu was under their reign. Later, Tipu Sultan adjoined this area as part of Kingdom of Mysore. The British Raj put this place under Chirakkal Taluk of Malabar District in Madras Presidency. Presently this is a village of Kannur District of Kerala State.

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Cheruvathur
Cheruvathur is a Village in the Kasaragod district, located in the South Indian state of Kerala. It is located 58 km from the district headquarters, Kasaragod town. Cheruvathur has a railway station and a small bus stand. It is situated on National Highway 17 (NH 17) between Payyanur and Nileshwaram.
The name comes from "cheriya pathu ooru" (means ten small places).
now cheruvathur town is known as kuttamath nagar.

With the ruins of a Dutch Fort on the Veeramala hills as the main attraction, Cheruvathur is located in Kasargod District and is around 10 km south of Nileswaram.
National Highway 17 passes a few kilometers east of the village. Cheruvathur Railway Station is on the Nileswaram-Payyanur line. Cheruvathur is a city in southern Kasaragod district in the state of Kerala, India. It is located 25 km from the district headquarters, Kasaragod town.
Attractions
1)Valiyaparamba
5 km south west of Cheruvathur separated from the mainland by back waters. One of the main tourist spots of the District. This is an island in the Arabian Sea. An ideal place for picnic also a fishing centre.

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Chirayinkeezhu taluk

Chirayinkeezhu Taluk is a Taluk (tehsil) in Thiruvananthapuram district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is situated in the northern part of the Thiruvananthapuram district. It comprises 29 villages and two municipalities. Chirayinkeezhu taluk is the birthplace of a host of illustrious personalities like Raja Ravi Varma, the painter among princes and a prince among painters, the great poet and social reformer Kumaran Asan, the practical saint and sanyasin Sree Narayana Guru, Prem Nazir etc.
There are 29 villages and two municipalities are in the taluk.
Alamcode, Ayiroor, Azhoor, Chemmaruthy, Cherunniyoor, Chirayinkeezhu, Edakkode, Edava, Kadakkavoor, Karavaram, Keezhattingal, Kilimanoor, Koonthalloor, Koduvazhannoor, Kudavoor, Madavoor, Manamboor, Mudakkal, Nagaroor, Navaikulam, Ottoor, Pallickal, Pazhayakunnummel, Perunguzhi, Pulimath, Sarkara-Chirayinkeezhu, Vakkom, Vellalloor, Vettoor·
There are two municipalities: Varkala and Attingal.
Chirayinkeezh is blessed with a network of backwaters and canals, which is quite typical of Kerala.Also there are many Temples and important tourist places. Some of them are given below.

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Chittagong
Chittagong (Bengali: চট্টগ্রাম, Chôţţogram) is a commerce and industry hub, and a port city, in southeastern Bangladesh and the capital of an eponymous district and division. Built on the banks of the Karnaphuli River, the city is home to Bangladesh's busiest seaport and has a population of over 5.5 million, making it the second largest city in the country.
A trading post since the 9th century, Chittagong has a multicultural heritage of Islamic, Hindu and Buddhist traditions, as the result of different waves of settlements throughout the Middle Ages and well into the start of the British Raj. A few parts of Chittagong were developed in the early 20th century under the British to accommodate a railway hub. The city also became a focal point for revolutionary activities against the British, notably the armed uprising led by Surya Sen in 1930. It was also an important military base and supply point for Allied forces during the Burma Campaign in World War II. After the partition of India in 1947, Chittagong became part of East Pakistan. It was then that several key outlying areas were included into the city of Chittagong, including Agrabad, a modern commercial centre today. Chittagong regained prominence as an important investment destination and sea port in the eastern part of a newly independent country. In 1971, as East Pakistanis rebelled against West Pakistan’s refusal to accept results of the 1970 Pakistan General Election, the declaration of East Pakistan's secession into Bangladesh was announced in Chittagong. The city went onto witness atrocities and naval blockades during the liberation war that followed. Chittagong's development has been heavily affected by neglectfulness by the government, and centralization of the capital has taken toll to the cities development and growth.

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Chittur
Chittur is a small town in Palakkad district of Kerala, South India.
Chittur assembly constituency is part of Alathur (Lok Sabha constituency). It contains 16 panchayats.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Chittur-Thathamangalam had a population of 31,884. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Chittur-Thathamangalam has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 84% and female literacy of 74%. 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.

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Chovva
Chovva is a place near Kannur, in Kannur District, Kerala, a state in South India. Chovva mainly consists of two areas - Thazhechovva and Melechovva. The National Highway 17 runs through both Thazhechovva and Melechovva. The name Chovva is believed to be derived from the Malayalam word "Chovvu" meaning propriety. Mele and Thazhe are Upper and Lower respectively, indicating that MeleChovva is relatively at higher altitude compared with Thazhe chovva (a few meters)
Chovva is one of the residential suburbs of Kannur (Cannanore). Other residential suburbs are Talap, Thana, Kakkad, Chalad, Kannur City, Mundayad, Thottada, Chelora etc.
Thazhe Chovva is a small town on National Highway 17 between Kannur and Thalassery. It is approx 4 km from Kannur towards south. The nearest Railway station is Cannanore South Station which is about a kilometer from the Thazhe chovva market. In the year 2001, a bypass highway was opened, by the name of Chala-Nadal bypass road, which links Thazhechovva with Nadal and Chala. The bypass is a relatively a straight road, which saves time by avoiding two railway gates on National Highway 17, namely the Chovva gate and the Nadal gate.

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Coloane
Coloane is one of the two main islands of the Macau Special Administrative Region, located directly south of Macau's other main island, Taipa (氹仔, Dàngzǎi), and east of Hengqin Island of Zhuhai in Guangdong province.
Coloane was known in Cantonese as Gau Ou Saan (九澳山, lit. "Nine-inlet Mountain", transcribed in Portuguese as Ká-Hó) and Yim Zou Waan (鹽灶灣, lit. "Salt-stove Bay"). The Portuguese name "Coloane" is derived from the Cantonese pronunciation of Gwo Lou Waan (過路環, lit. "Passing-road Ring").
Coloane has an area of 8.07 km² (4-km long) and is 5.6 km from the Macau Peninsula. It is connected to Taipa by a 2.2 km land-fill bridge, the Estrada do Istmo, however land reclamation has physically connected the two islands and a new town called Cotai has been built between Taipa and Coloane, which is home to the Cotai Strip and many other casinos under development.
The narrowest part of Coloane is 300 metres. The highest points in Macau are eastern and central Coloane, with the highest point being the 171-metre Alto de Coloane (Chin.: 疊石塘山, Port.: Alto de Coloane ). The northern shore of the island is 4.5 m deep, and is the site of the Macau Deepwater Port. The eastern Hac Sa Beach (Chin.: 黑沙海灘, Port.: Baía de Hác Sá) and the southern Cheoc Van Bay (Chin.: 竹灣, Port.: Baía de Cheoc Van) are popular swimming beaches. At Baía de Hác Sá there is a Portuguese restaurant called "Fernandos", famous amongst locals in Macau and tourists from Hong Kong.

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Colonial Brazil
The Viceroyalty of Brazil (Portuguese: Vice-Reino do Brasil) comprises the period from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815, when Brazil was elevated to kingdom alongside Portugal as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
During the over 300 years of Brazilian colonial history, the economic exploration of the territory was based first on brazilwood extraction (16th century), sugar production (16th–18th centuries), and finally on gold and diamond mining (18th century). Slaves, especially those brought from Africa, provided most of the working force of Brazilian economy.
In contrast to the neighbouring fragmented Spanish possessions, the Portuguese colony, built up by the Portuguese in Latin America, kept its territorial unity and linguistic integrity after the independence, giving rise to the largest country in the region.
Portugal and Spain pioneered the European discovery of sea routes that were the first channels of interaction between all of the World's continents, thus beginning the process of globalization. In addition to the adventurous undertaking of discovery and colonization of far off lands, these years were filled with pronounced advancements in cartography, shipbuilding and navigational instruments, from which the Portuguese and Spanish explorers took advantage.

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Daman and Diu
Daman and Diu /dəˈmɑːn/ & /ˈdiːuː/ ( locally (help·info); Hindi: दमन और दीव, Gujarati: દમણ અને દીવ, Marathi: दमण आणि दीव, Portuguese: Damão e Diu) is a union territory in India.
For over 450 years, the coastal enclaves of Daman and Diu on the Arabian Sea coast were part of Portuguese India, along with Goa and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Goa, Daman, and Diu were incorporated into the Republic of India on 19 December 1961, by military conquest; Portugal did not recognize the Indian annexation of these territories until 1974. Goa, Daman, and Diu were administered as part of a single union territory until 1987, when Goa was granted statehood, leaving Daman and Diu as a separate union territory; each enclave constitutes one of the union territory's two districts.
English, Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi are the official and main languages. The use of Portuguese goes on declining because it is no longer official nor taught at school, though a number of elderly people can still understand it, some even preferring it for discourse at home. In addition to standard Portuguese, there are two also shrinking Portuguese-based creole languages in Daman (known as Língua da Casa, "Home Language") and Diu (Língua dos Velhos, "Elders' Language"). English is increasingly accepted for official purposes.

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Dejima
Dejima (出島^?, literally "exit island"; Portuguese: Dejima or Decima, Dutch: Desjima or Deshima or sometimes latinized as Decima or Dezima) was a small fan-shaped artificial island built in the bay of Nagasaki in 1634 by local merchants. This island, which was formed by digging a canal through a small peninsula, remained as the single place of direct trade and exchange between Japan and the outside world during the Edo period. Dejima was built to constrain foreign traders as part of sakoku, the self-imposed isolationist policy. Originally built to house Portuguese traders, it was used by the Dutch as a trading post from 1641 until 1853. Covering an area of 120 m x 75 m (9000 square meters, or 0.9 hectares), it later was integrated into the city.
"Dejima Dutch Trading Post" has been designated a Japanese national historic site.
In 1543 Portuguese traders were the first to land in Japan, on Tanegashima. Six years later the Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier landed in Kagoshima. At first Portuguese traders were based in Hirado, but they moved in search of a better port. In 1570 daimyo Ōmura Sumitada converted to Catholicism (choosing Bartolomeu as his Christian name) and made a deal with the Portuguese to develop Nagasaki; soon the port was open for trade. In 1580 Sumitada gave the jurisdiction of Nagasaki to the Jesuits, and the Portuguese obtained the de facto monopoly on the silk trade with China through Macau.

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Devikulam
Devikulam is a small hill station about 16 km from Munnar in the Idukki District of the southern state of Kerala in India. It is 1800 m above sea level.
The name Devikulam means:
Devi -> Seeta Devi and Kulam -> Pond
According to legend, the goddess Sita Devi of the Ramayana epic bathed in the beautiful Devikulam lake waters surrounded by lush, green hills, now named Sita Devi Lake. The lake draws tourists not only because of its sacredness but also for the curative powers of its mineral waters. Most of the inhabitants in this town speak Tamil. Nearby, are the scenic Pallivasal Waterfalls, dense, green tea plantations, and the natural vegetation of slim red and blue and yellow gum trees.
Population of approximately 350 people (2010)

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Dharmadom
Dharmadom or Dharmadam is a census town in Thalassery taluk of Kannur district in the state of Kerala, India. It is known for the 100-year-old Government Brennen College and Dharmadam Island.Dharmadam is also home to famous Andaloor Kavu.The annual festival here draws thousnds of devotees. Variety of theyyams are performed during the week long fest in February. During the festive season the entire village follows vegetarian diet and offers rice flakes,jaggery and plaintins to all guests. India's premier circus Academy,Circus Academy Thalassery is also located at Dharmadam. There is a small railway station in Dharmadam where only the local passenger trains stop.Dharmadam is fast becoming a tourist hub.
Dharmadam was earlier known as Dharmapattanam and was previously a Buddhist stronghold.
The Dharmadam Island is located 100 metres away from the mainland at Dharmadam. Geographically, Dharmadam is an island, en route Thalassery and Kannur. It is surrounded by the Anjarakandy river on three sides and by the Arabian sea on the fourth side. The Jews and the Arabs have named this place Dahfattan in their records in 12th century, the British named it Darmapatam and the Portuguese called it Darmapatao.The last perumal of Kerala Cheraman Perumal left for Arabia from Dharmadam. The relics of a small fort built by him can be seen at Cherman hills where Brennen College is situated.

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Eachur
Eachur (also known as Aechur) is a small satellite town situated in Munderi panchayath (Kannur district, Kerala, India) about 10 km from Kannur town and lies on Kannur-Mysore highway. It is from Eachur that road to Chakkarakkal and Anjarakandy diverts from the state highway SH30.
Eachur has a long cultural history dating back to 10th century. Signs of a great culture are found in ancient temples like Eachur Kottam , Munderi Mahadevi Kshethram and Kuyyal mahadevasthanam.Eachur is also known as Kainatti in past years.
Typical north -Keralite culture. Festivals are celebrated every year in Eachur Kottam and Munderikkaavu. Theyyam art forms are performed during these days. Muthappan theyyam is performed in April annually in the town. As a place where communal harmony prevails, Hindus, Muslims, Christians and people from other communities live peacefully in this area.
Sevens football is a major attraction in Eachur. Till recently, Sevens football tournaments were held in the Paathirikkad ground in the town. Eachur's own football club 'Eachur Sporting', has won a lot of tournaments held in the state. State level volleyball tournaments are held annually at Kacheripparamba.

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Edakkad
Edakkad is one of the grama panchayats in Kannur District of Kerala state, in southern India.
Edakkad grama panchayat of Kannur in ancient times was referred to as Madhya-adavi (in Sanskrit Madhya means middle and Adavi means forest). Similarly Eda means middle and kadu means forest. Thus the malayalam derivative “Edakkad” is an adaptation of its original Sanskrit name. Edakkad also was historically referred to as Prashnamargapuram(town of Prashnamargam treatise in horary astrology) . This honorary name evolved due to the seminal horary astrological treatise called Prashna Margam being written by Panakkattu Namboodiri (1624-1694 AD) around 1649 A.D at the Lord Narasimha temple (Edakkadappan temple) in this panchayat. The author's first disciple, according to tradition, was a poet known as Kukaniyal, his real name was Sankaran kaniyar who belonged to the Kaniyar community who lived in his family house (Kaniyan Kandiyil) also situated in Edakkad. Kukaniyal of Edakkad is accredited to have later written another astrological treatise Prashna-Ritti.

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Edavaka
Edavaka is a village in Wayanad district in the state of Kerala, India.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Edavaka had a population of 15620 with 7939 males and 7681 females.

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El Jadida
El Jadida (Berber: ⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰⵏ Mazghan, Arabic:الجديدة "new") is a port city on the Atlantic coast of Morocco, in the province of El Jadida. It has a population of 144,440 (2004 census). From the sea, El Jadida's old city; has a very "un-Moorish" appearance; it has massive Portuguese walls of hewn stone.
El Jadida, previously known as Mazagan (Portuguese: Mazagão), was seized in 1502 by the Portuguese, and they controlled this city until 1769, when they abandoned Mazagão. Its inhabitants were evacuated to Brazil, where they founded new settlement Nova Mazagão (now in Amapá). El Jadida was then taken over by Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah.
The Portuguese Fortified City of Mazagan was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004, on the basis of its status as an "outstanding example of the interchange of influences between European and Moroccan cultures" and as an "early example of the realisation of the Renaissance ideals integrated with Portuguese construction technology".
According to UNESCO, the most important buildings from the Portuguese period are the cistern, and the Manueline Church of the Assumption.

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Elmina
Elmina, is a city and is the capital of Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem district, a district in the Central Region of Ghana, situated on a south-facing bay on the Atlantic Ocean coast of Ghana, about 12 km west of Cape Coast. The first European settlement in West Africa, it now has a population of around 33,000 people.
The city grew around São Jorge da Mina Castle, built by the Portuguese Diogo de Azambuja in 1482 on the site of a town or village called Amankwakurom or Amankwa. It was Portugal's West African headquarters for trade and exploitation of African wealth. The original Portuguese interest was gold but this later expanded to include tens of thousands of slaves channeled through the trading post of Elmina. The location of Elmina made it a significant site for reprovisioning ships headed south towards the Cape of Good Hope on their way to India. The Dutch West India Company captured it in 1637; in subsequent centuries it was mostly used for the slave trade. The British attacked the city in 1782, but it remained in Dutch hands until 1872, when the Dutch Gold Coast was sold to the British.

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Eloor
Eloor is a suburb of Kochi and a municipality in Ernakulam District in the Indian state of Kerala, India. It is an industrial area north of Cochin. It is an island of 14.21 km² formed between two distributaries of river Periyar and is the largest industrial belt in Kerala. Eloor is a part of Kochi metropolitan area.
There are more than 247 industries of different kinds e.g., Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore (FACT), Travancore Cochin Chemicals, Indian Rare Earths Limited, Hindustan Insecticides Limited (the world's largest manufacturer of DDT) and many others manufacturing a range of products like chemical-petrochemical products, pesticides and insecticides, rare earth elements, rubber processing chemicals, fertilizers, zinc/chromium compounds and leather products.
As a result of its heavy industry, the town also suffers from heavy pollution, and is rated as one of the toxic hotspots of the world by Green Peace International.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Eloor had a population of 30,092. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Eloor has an average literacy rate of 84%, somewhat higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 86%, and female literacy is 81%.

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Eramala
Eramala is a village in Kozhikode district in the state of Kerala, India. The village is also home to a popular annual celebration called Orkkattri Chantha.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Eramala had a population of 3151 with 15069 males and 17082 females.

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Eramam
Eramam is a village in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Eramam had a population of 9676 with 4671 males and 5005 females. Like any other north malabar villages in Kerala,Eramam is also very popular for its rich diversity in nature and culture. There are around 15 temples situated at Eramam. The nearest railway station is Payyanur situated 16 km away and the nearest airport is Calicut international airport.

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Eranad taluk
Eranad Taluk is a taluk (tehsil) in Malapuram district in the Indian state of Kerala. The headquarters of the taluk is at Manjeri.
Eranad (from "Erala-nadu", the Land of the Cattles according to William Logan) was originally a province in the Chera Kingdom (9th-12th century AD) ruled by a clan known as the Eradis. They had their provincial capital was at Nediyiruppu, near present day Kondotty. The ruler of the Eralanadu was known as the Eralanadu Utaiyavar, Elar-thiri or Nediyiruppu Mooppan. Manavepala Manaviyan, a Governor of the Eralanadu, signs in the famous Jewish Copper Plate (1000 AD). The Syrian Copper Plate (1225 AD) is also signed by the Eralanadu ruler.
After the fall of the Cheras, the region became a indepedenet political entity. Later, the Eradis expanded thier Kingdom to the west and moved their capital to Calicut. The Eradis came to be known as the "Kings of the Oceans" (Samoothiri/Zamorin) in later times.
The region was the centre of the Moplah Uprising of 1921. The armed uprising, infamous for the abusive crimes committed, was brutally eliminated by the Colonial goverment.

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Ernakulam
Ernakulam (Malayalam: എറണാകുളം, Eṟṇākulaṁ) refers to the eastern one of the twin cities Ernakulam - Kochi in Kerala, India. The city is the most urban part of Kochi and has lent its name to the Ernakulam district. Ernakulam is called the commercial capital of the state of Kerala. The Kerala High Court, the Office of the Corporation of Cochin and the Cochin Stock Exchange are situated here.
The name 'Ernakulam' is derived from the name of a very famous temple of Lord Shiva called the Ernakulathappan Temple. It is also said that the word Ernakulam was drawn from Malayalam words 'Ere naal Kulam', which mean 'Pond for a long time'. It is also said that the name Ernakulam is a long modified form of "Eraivanar Kulam" (Eraivan = God, in Tamil, and Kulam = Pond). It is also said that the temple pond is called 'Rishingakkulam', and the name 'Ernakulam' is the corrupted form of that word.
Ernakulam is located at 9°59′N 76°17′E / 9.98°N 76.28°E / 9.98; 76.28. It has an average elevation of 4 m (13 ft).

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Ernakulam district
Ernakulam District is a district of the state of Kerala in southern India. The district includes the largest metropolitan region of the state Greater Cochin. Ernakulam District is the highest revenue yielding district in the state and is called and known as the commercial capital of Kerala. It is the third most populous district in Kerala,after Malappuram and Thiruvananthapuram (out of 14). Ernakulam district also hosts the highest number of number of international and domestic tourists in Kerala state.
It is surrounded by Thrissur District to the north, Idukki District to the east, Alappuzha and Kottayam districts to the south and Arabian sea to west. Its headquarters is located at Kakkanad, a suburb of Kochi city.
The language people speak in Ernakulam is Malayalam which is the mother-tongue of the State of Kerala. English is widely used in business circles.
The word/name Ernakulam is derived from a Tamil word Erayanarkulam which means abode of Lord Shiva.
From ancient times Arabs, Chinese, Dutch, British and Portuguese seafarers followed the sea route to Kingdom of Cochin and left their impressions in the town. The word Ernakulam was drawn from the words Erayanar and kulam means abode of Lord Shiva temple near pond.

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Essaouira
Mogador redirects here, for the hamlet in Surrey see Mogador, Surrey.
Essaouira (Arabic: الصويرة‎, as-Ṣawīra; Berber Tassort) is a city in the western Moroccan economic region of Marrakech-Tensift-Al Haouz, on the Atlantic coast. Since the 16th century, the city has also been known by its Portuguese name of Mogador or Mogadore. The Berber name means the wall, a reference to the fortress walls that originally enclosed the city.
Archaeological research shows that Essaouira has been occupied since prehistoric times. The bay at Essaouira is partially sheltered by the island of Mogador, making it a peaceful harbor protected against strong marine winds.
Essaouira has long been considered as one of the best anchorages of the Moroccan coast. The Carthaginian navigator Hanno visited the place in the 5th century BC and established the trading post of Arambys.
Around the end of the 1st century BCE or early 1st century CE, Juba II established a Tyrian purple factory, processing the murex and purpura shells found in the intertidal rocks at Essaouira and the Iles Purpuraires. This dye colored the purple stripe in Imperial Roman Senatorial togas.

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Goa
Goa ⁱ/ˈɡoʊ.ə/ is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Located in West India in the region known as the Konkan, it is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north, and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its western coast. Goa is India's richest state with a GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole. It was ranked the best placed state by the Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators.
Panaji is the state's capital, while Vasco da Gama is the largest city. The historic city of Margao still exhibits the cultural influence of the Portuguese, who first landed in the early 16th century as merchants and conquered it soon thereafter. Goa is a former Portuguese colony, the Portuguese overseas territory of Portuguese India existed for about 450 years until it was annexed by India in 1961.

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Government of Kerala
The Government of Kerala is a democratically elected body that governs the State of Kerala, India for a period of 5 years. The state government is headed by the Governor of Kerala as the nominal head of state, with a democratically elected Chief Minister as real head of the executive. The state government maintains its capital at Thiruvananthapuram(Trivandrum). The Government of Kerala was formed on November 1, 1956 after merging of Royal States of Travancore-Cochin with Malabar as part of States Reorganization Act-1956.
The Governor is appointed by the President for a term of five years. The executive and legislative powers lie with the Chief Minister and his council of ministers, who are by the Governor. The Governors of the states and territories of India have similar powers and functions at the state level as that of the President of India at Union level. Only Indian citizens above 35 years of age are eligible for appointment. Governors discharge all constitutional functions such as the appointment of the Chief Minister, sending reports to the President about failure of constitutional machinery in a state, or with respect to issues relating to the assent to a bill passed by legislature, exercise or their own opinion.

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Graciosa fortress
The Graciosa fortress was established on the coast of Morocco by the Portuguese in 1489. It was established on a small river island, about three leagues from the sea, at the junction of river Lucus (Wadi Lukkus) and river el-Mekhazen (Oued Makhazine), a few kilometers inland from modern Larache. The island had been yielded to the Portuguese by Mohammed al Saih through a treaty following the Portuguese capture of Arzila.
The fortress was built from February 1489 by Gaspar Jusarte. In May, a second fleet led by D. Pedro de CastelBranco reached the island, and Diego Fernandes d'Almeida was named governor.
Mohammed al Saih attacked the island to dislodge the Portuguese. After the Moroccan had blocked the river with trees, the Portuguese in Graciosa fortress had to capitulate. By the Treaty of Xamez, signed on August 27, 1489, they evaacuated the island. The Portuguese thus did not resist long in Graciosa, and the Moroccans soon founded Larache at the mouth of the river.
Altogether, the Portuguese are documented to have seized 6 Moroccan towns, and built 6 stand-alone fortresses on the Moroccan Atlantic coast, between the river Loukos in the north and the river of Sous in the south. Four of these stand-alone fortresses only had a short duration: Graciosa (1489), São João da Mamora (1515), Castelo Real of Mogador (1506-10) and Aguz (1520-25). Two of them were to become permanent urban settlements: Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir, founded in 1505-06), and Mazagan (Mazagão) founded in 1514-17. The Portuguese had to abandon most of their settlements between 1541 and 1550, although they were able to keep Ceuta, Tangier and Mazagan.

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Guruvayur
Guruvayur (Malayalam: ഗുരുവായൂർ) (also written as Guruvayoor or Gurupavanapuri) is a municipal town in Thrissur District, of Kerala State in India. It houses the famous Guruvayur Sree Krishna Temple, the fourth biggest temple in India in terms of the number of devotees per day.
Guruvayur, according to the legends may be 5,000 years old as the Guruvayur temple idol is. There are no historical records to establish it. In the 14th century, Tamil literature 'Kokasandesam', references about a place called Kuruvayur is made. As early as 16th century, many references are seen about Kuruvayur. In ancient Dravidic, Kuruvai means sea, hence the village on the coast may be called Kuruvayur. According to eminent historian Professor K. V. Krishna Iyer, the Brahmins had begun to come and settle at Kodungallur during the period of Chandra Gupta Maurya (321-297 BC).
Guruvayur was a subordinate shrine of Trikkunavay Shiva temple before the latter was destroyed by the Dutch in 1755. Trikkunavay in the Guruvayur documents is the same as Thrikkanamathilakam or Mathilakam mentioned in the Dutch and British records. And this place was in between Guruvayur and Kodungallur. The story of Pandyan King building a shrine here may be a reference to the Azhavars, but they are all silent in their writing about Guruvayur. It was Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri's Narayaniyam through which the Guruvayur temple got famous all over India.

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Hengqin New Area
Hengqin Dao is an island in Zhuhai, a prefecture-level city and Special Economic Zone in the Guangdong province of the People's Republic of China. It has a population of about 3,000.
The whole island is designated a special economic district, as Hengqin New Area, similar to Binhai New Area in Tianjin and Pudong New Area in Shanghai.
Hengqin Island is adjacent to Ilha da Taipa and Ilha de Coloane of Macau, and is connected to Macau's Cotai via the Lotus Bridge. The island is the largest among the 146 islands of Zhuhai, being roughly three times the size of Macau. It has broad bays, sandy beaches, strangely shaped jagged rocks, beautiful scenery, fresh air, and natural vegetation cover.
Hengqin was formerly made up of two islands, Xiao Hengqin (Portuguese: D. João) and Da Hengqin (Portuguese: Montanha), which were recently connected as a result of land reclamation. The reclaimed island is 96 square km (37 square miles).
Both Xiao Hengqin and Da Hengqin were claimed by Portugal, along with the larger former island of Wanzai (Portuguese: Lapa) — now a peninsula — to their north, as part of the Província da Macau, because "Portuguese schools are established there." In 1896, Portuguese determined to occupy the two islands of Hengqin, but it was unsuccessful. They were briefly occupied by Portugal before World War II.

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Idukki district
Idukki is one of the 14 districts of Kerala state, India. The district headquarters is located at Kuyilimala in Painavu.

The name of the district is derived from the Malayalam word Idukki, meaning narrow gorge.
Idukki has an area of 4,479 km² (1,729 sq mi) and is the second largest District of Kerala (the largest being Palakkad). Rugged mountains and forests cover about 97 percent of the total area of the District. The district borders the Kerala districts of Pathanamthitta to the south, Kottayam to the southwest, Ernakulam to the northwest and Thrissur to the north and Coimbature, Dindigul and Theni Districts in Tamilnadu to the east.
Anamudi, the highest peak in India south of Himalayas, is in the Kuttampuzha Panchayat of Adimali Block, in the Kannan Devan Hills Village of Devikulam taluk. Thirteen other peaks in the district exceed a height of 2,000 m (6,600 ft). The Periyar, Thodupuzhayar and Thalayar are the important rivers of the district.
The four taluks (subdistricts) in the district are Devikulam, Udumbanchola, Peerumade and Thodupuzha. The taluks contain 65 villages between them.

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India
India (ⁱ/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.

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Indian Naval Academy
The Indian Naval Academy (NAVAC, also known as INA or Ezhimala) is the initial officer training establishment of the Indian Navy, located in Ezhimala, Kerala. Situated between Mount Dilli and the Kavvayi backwaters, NAVAC has a 7 km beach front on the Arabian Sea. It conducts basic training for all officers inducted into the Indian Navy. It also currently trains Indian Coast Guard personnel while the Indian Coast Guard Academy (ICGA) is currently under construction at Azhikkal.
NAVAC was established in May 1969, while its Ezhimala campus was inaugurated on 8 January 2009. It shares the 2,452 acres (9.92 km²) site with the naval base depot, INS Zamorin, and the naval hospital, INHS Navjivani.
Before the National Defence Academy (NDA) was established in 1954, Indian Naval officer cadets underwent four years of training in Dartmouth, United Kingdom with the Royal Navy and were commissioned as Sub Lieutenants upon their return. By 1968, the Navy realized that the NDA could not keep up with its expanding staffing requirements and the Indian Naval Academy was established to impart basic training in Cochin in May 1969.

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Irikkur

Irikkur is a town in Kannur District of Kerala state, south India. It has historic and commercial importance, and is one of the largest Mappila Muslim majority towns (90%) in Kannur district and lies on the banks of the Irikkur River, locally known as Ayippuzha. This river was the geographical border of the former Kottayam of earstwhile Veera pazhassi Raja'.
People residing both side of the river mingled together and this cooperation resulted in the formation of Irikkur village covering both banks of the river. The name "Irikkur" was considered to be formed from the Malayalam word 'iru kara ooru' which means a village of both banks of the river.
Irikkur is about 29 kilometers away from Kannur. And accessible directly from Kannur, Taliparamba, Sreekandapuram, Mattannur, Iritty and Chalode.
Irikkur is almost in the center of Kannur district. On the eastern side of the Irikkur Panchayath is Padiyoor. On the west is Malappattam. On the north is Sreekantapuram and on the south Irikkur river.It is a joy when Buses from Kannur come to irikkur crossing the river and go inside irikkur crossing the mosque, market and shops again returning back on the same route. "Palaga Biscuit" a tasty rusk like bread is a famous recipe of Irrikur.

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Irinjalakuda
Irinjalakuda (Malayalam: ഇരിഞ്ഞാലക്കുട) is a municipal town in Thrissur district, Kerala, India.
According to Hindu mythology, Irinjalakuda was created by sage Parasurama. According to Keralolpatthi, out of the 64 gramas (villages) established in Kerala, Irinjalakuda was the head of 10 of them. Irinjalakuda was one of the most prominent among these villages. Like the other villages this ‘Grama’ also followed the ‘Chathurvarnia’ system of society which lay upon caste system based on the ‘Manusmruthi’.
The name Irinjalakuda has been derived from "Iru" and "Chaal" meaning two streams. According to another legend, the origin of the name Irinjalakuda came from 'Irinjalikoodal'. 'Koodal' simply means merge, merging of two rivers. Two streams that start, one from Kurmalipuzha and the other from Kudapuzha, that belongs to Chalakudypuzha, and move through Konthipulam at North whereas, the other one through Velukara at South. Then these two streams merge in the West. So it shows that Irinjalakuda may have gradually developed, from 'Irinjalikoodal', that derived from 'Inangikoodal', means - merge. At present there is no river in Irinjalakuda, only but the myth of river.

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Iritty
Iritty is a small town in the district of Kannur in the state of Kerala, India. It comes in Keezhur-Chavassery Panchayath. The town is the main market place for the farmer communities in the surrounding regions.
Iritty is located on the banks of Valapattanam River, which is originated from nearby Kodagu hills and Kottiyoor mountains. Iritty is situated on the Thalassery-Coorg-Mysore highway. Nearby smaller towns are Mattannur, Peravoor, Keezhppally, Vallithode, Karikkottakary, Angadikadavu, Anappanthy, Edoor, Ulikkal, Keezhur Kunnu, Punnad, Charal and Chavassery.
The wild-life sanctuary Aralam is situated 8 kilometres (5 mi) from Iritty.
Iritty is surrounded by hills. A river flowing through Iritty is more commonly known as Iritty Puzha/Iritty River. Tourists visiting Iritty have the option of staying at a number of riverside Tourist homes, from where they can view the Iritty river. There is a steel girder bridge, built in 1933, over the river. There is a Dam in the place Pazhassi for irrigation purpose named 'PazhassiDam'. it is almost 10 km from the town. Wayanad tourist destinations are near from this place.

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Kadirur
Kadirur is a census town within the Thalassery Taluk of Kannur District in the State of Kerala, India. Kadirur is located about 8 km (5 Miles) from the Thalassery Township on the Tellicherry-Mysore road.
As of 2011^[update] India census, Kadirur had a population of 29,739. Males constitute 47% of the population and females 53%. Kadirur has an average literacy rate of 96%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 97%, and female literacy is 95%. In Kadirur, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. Sree sooryanarayana temple and tharuvanatheru sree mahaganapathi temple are major temples in kadirur. kadirur means 'the village of sun'.
Schools in Kadirur 1. Govt.VHSS Kadirur 2.TTUP school Kadirur 3. Govt VHSS Kakkara
Main Business Centers 1. Eeyar Brothers Textile and Readymades(5th Mile,Kadirur)
2. Prakash Fire Works(5th Mile,Kadirur)

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Kalamassery
Kalamassery' (Malayalam: കളമശ്ശേരി) is a region in the city of Kochi and a Municipality in the District of Ernakulam of Kerala state, India. It is a concentrated region of industrialization with several factories manufacturing chemicals and fertilizers, as well as IT companies. In the vicinity of Kalamassery are the Thrikkakara temple, the Cochin University of Science and Technology and the Eloor industrial township. The Periyar river flows through Kalamassery.
The name Kalamassery is derived from ‘Kalabasery’. Kalabasery was the place from where Kalabam was brought to Thrikkakara Temple. Later this Kalabasery changed its name into Kalamassery.
As of 2001 India census, Kalamassery had a population of 63,176. Sex ratio is 956 females per 1000 males. Kalamassery has an average literacy rate of 84%, which is well higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 87%, and female literacy is 82%. In Kalamassery, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. Although Muslims are the largest community, a sizable amount of the population follow Hinduism and Christianity.

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Kalba
Kalba (Arabic: كلباء‎) is a city in the United Arab Emirates. It is an exclave of the emirate of Sharjah, Kalba is north of Oman and south of the emirate of Fujairah. Khor Kalba (Kalba Creek), a mangrove swamp, is located further south of the town. The town was captured by the Portuguese Empire in the 16th century and was referred to as Chalba^{[citation needed]}.
Khor Kalba is accessible by three roads. The first merges after Wadi al-Haloo (وادي الحلو) tunnel with Maliha Road (شارع مليحة) which finally leads to the Sharjah-Kalba Road (90 km) from Sharjah International Airport. There is also the Fujairah-Kalba road (8 km). The Khor Kalba road extends until the border with Oman, and is one of the exit–entry points between UAE and Oman.
The key tribe that live in Kalba is al-Zaabi.
De facto independence of Kalba from Sharjah in 1903. Britain recognized Kalba on 1936-12-08.
Re-incorporated into Sharjah in 1952

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Kalpetta
Kalpetta (Malayalam: കല്പറ്റ) is a city and a municipality in Wayanad district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is a small town surrounded by dense coffee plantations and mountains, is the headquarters of Wayanad district. It lies on the Kozhikode-Mysore National Highway (NH 212) at an altitude of about 780 m above sea level.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Kalpetta had a population of 29,602. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Kalpetta has an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 81%, and female literacy is 73%. In Kalpetta, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Earlier Kalpetta was a part of Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency. But later when Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency came into existence, the Kalpetta assembly constituency became a part of it with Mananthavady and Sultan Battery constituencies. [1]

There are many attractions near Kalpetta

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Kanayannur
Kanayannur is a Taluk in the District of Ernakulam, in the state of Kerala, India.Taluk is an administrative denomination in India.
As of 2001^[update] India Census, Kanayannur had a population of 790212 with 390875 males and 399337 females. Kanayannur is the largest Taluk in Kerala.
Kanayannr taluk office situated at M G Road, Ernakulam. There is a village in kanayannur taluk whose name is also kanayannur. Kanayannur village office situated at a village called Eruvely. The place Kanayannur is presently known as Palace Square though Kanayannur taluk and Kanayannur village still exist. It is believed that there was a palace of king of Kochi in Kanayannur hence the place is named palace square.

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Kanhangad
Kanhangad (Malayalam: കാഞ്ഞങ്ങാട്) is a town and a municipality in Kasaragod District in the Indian state of Kerala. It is 28 km from the district headquarters of Kasaragod. Bekal Fort is a 300-year old fort, one of the largest and best preserved forts in Kerala and lies 10 km north of Kanhangad . The fort is believed to have been built by Ikkeri Shivappa Nayaka. A Hanuman temple is located at the entrance of the fort. The construction resembles the Portuguese fort at Kannur St.Angelo's Fort.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Kanhangad had a population of 65,499. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Kanhangad has an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 83%, and female literacy is 74%. In Kanhangad, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. The most widely spoken language is Malayalam. Other prominent languages spoken by communities living here include Konkani, Tulu and Kannada. A large GSB Brahmin community (who speaks Konkani) lives here. The famous Gowda Saraswat Brahmin temple, Lakshmi Venkatesh temple (LV temple) is also situated in Kanhangad. There is also a small Palghat Iyer Brahmin community which speaks a mix of Malayalam and Tamil.

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Kanjirappally
Kanjirappally (Malayalam: കാഞ്ഞിരപ്പള്ളി) is a taluk and a town in Kottayam district, in the state of Kerala, India. Rubber plantations are a major source of income for the local population. The place has a large population of Syrian Catholic Christians. The Christian colonization of Kanjirappally had a profound impact on the history of commerce and agriculture in these parts. The Christians claim their roots from early settlements at Nilakkal or Chayal on the banks of Pamba River. There is also a strong belief that the flourishing Christian community here was founded by Saint Thomas the Apostle himself. The place was in the forest recesses far away from seats of power. Nilakkal became an important depot for spices like pepper, cardamom etc. and the Christians were engaged in this lucrative trade as procures and sorters.
Kanjirappally is a small city that boasts of it religious harmony. The population is a mixture of Christians, Muslims, and Hindus.
One of the oldest and most famous church in the diocese of Kanjirappally. It was built in the 1449 AD, even 50 years before the Portuguese landed in Kerala.

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Kankole
Kankole is a village in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala.
As of the 2001 India census, Kankole had a population of 9,747 with 4,649 males and 5,098 females.

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Kannapuram
Kannapuram pronunciation (help·info) (Malayalam: കണ്ണപുരം) is a census town in Kannur district of North Malabar region in the Indian state of Kerala.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Kannapuram had a population of 18,568. Males constitute 46% of the population and females 54%. Kannapuram has an average literacy rate of 84%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 86%, and female literacy is 81%. In Kannapuram, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. In fact, major part of the Kannapuram Panchayat is of Cherukunnu area and major part of Kannapuram area has given to Kalliassery Panchayat.. This has happened due to lack of organisational knowledge among then re-organisers.
Kannapuram is a tiny village tucked on Kannur-Payyannur highway, situated near Cherukunnu in Kannur district of North Malabar region in the Indian state of Kerala. The village shares borders with Cherukunnu to the North, Kalliasseri to the south, Mattool to the west, Morazha village of Taliparamba Municipality and Pattuvam to the east.

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Kannur
Kannur pronunciation (help·info) (Malayalam: കണ്ണൂര്‍, Kaṇṇūr ^?), also known as Cannanore, is a city in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is the administrative headquarters of the District of Kannur and 518 km north of state capital Trivandrum. During British rule in India, Kannur was known by its old name Cannanore(Land of lord Krishna^{[citation needed]}), which is still in fairly common usage. Kannur is the 6th largest city in Kerala, after Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam, Kozhikode, Thrissur and Kollam. It is the largest city of North Malabar region. Kannur Municipality was established in 1867 and is one of the oldest municipalities in Kerala.
Kannur is one of the Million Plus urban agglomerations in India with a population of 1,642,892 in 2011. Kannur is known as the Land of Looms and Lores, because of the loom industries functioning in the district and ritualistic folk arts held in temples. Kannur is famous for its pristine beaches; Theyyam, its native performing art, and its handloom industry.

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Kannur District
Kannur District (Malayalam: കണ്ണൂര്‍ ജില്ല) is one of the 14 districts in the state of Kerala, India. The town of Kannur is the district headquarters, and gives the district its name. The old name Cannanore is the anglicised form of the Malayalam name Kannur. Kannur District is bounded by Kasaragod District to the north, Kozhikode District to the south and Wayanad District to the south-east. To the east the district is bounded by the Western Ghats, which forms the border with Karnataka State, in its district of Kodagu. The Arabian Sea lies to the west.
Kannur is the most urbanised district in Kerala, with more than 50% of its residents living in urban areas. Kannur has an urban population of 1,212,898, which is the second largest in Kerala after Ernakulam district.
Kannur District is known as the land of looms and lores, because of the loom industries functioning in the district and festivals held in temples. The district is a major centre of Theyyam, a ritual dance of northern Kerala. Small shrines known as kavus associated with the Theyyam dot the district. The district is set to have a new international airport. Kannur International Airport will be the fourth International Airport in Kerala.

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Kannur district
Kannur District (Malayalam: കണ്ണൂര്‍ ജില്ല) is one of the 14 districts in the state of Kerala, India. The town of Kannur is the district headquarters, and gives the district its name. The old name Cannanore is the anglicised form of the Malayalam name Kannur. Kannur District is bounded by Kasaragod District to the north, Kozhikode District to the south and Wayanad District to the south-east. To the east the district is bounded by the Western Ghats, which forms the border with Karnataka State, in its district of Kodagu. The Arabian Sea lies to the west.
Kannur is the most urbanised district in Kerala, with more than 50% of its residents living in urban areas. Kannur has an urban population of 1,212,898, which is the second largest in Kerala after Ernakulam district.
Kannur District is known as the land of looms and lores, because of the loom industries functioning in the district and festivals held in temples. The district is a major centre of Theyyam, a ritual dance of northern Kerala. Small shrines known as kavus associated with the Theyyam dot the district. The district is set to have a new international airport. Kannur International Airport will be the fourth International Airport in Kerala.

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Karachi
Karachi ( Karācī (help·info), Urdu: کراچی; Sindhi: ڪراچي) is the largest city, main seaport and financial centre of Pakistan, as well as the capital of the province of Sindh. The city has an estimated population of 13 to 15 million, while the total metropolitan area has a population of over 13 million. Results in April 2012 of Pakistan's latest census initial tabulations show that the district is home to over 21 million people, at a density of nearly 6,000 people per square kilometer (15,500 per square mile). Karachi is the most populous city in the country, one of the world's largest cities in terms of population and also the 10th largest urban agglomeration in the world. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, economic activity and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in textiles, shipping, automotive industry, entertainment, the arts, fashion, advertising, publishing, software development and medical research. The city is a major hub of higher education in South Asia and the wider Muslim world.

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Karnataka
Karnataka /kɑrˈnɑːtəkə/ is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava (Formation Day). Originally known as the State of Mysore /maɪˈsɔər/, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. It is the land of the Kannadigas, Tuluvas, Konkanis and Kodavas. The capital and largest city is Bangalore.
Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to the southwest. The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres (74,122 sq mi), or 5.83% of the total geographical area of India. It is the eighth largest Indian state by area. With over 61 million inhabitants (2011), Karnataka is the ninth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada is the most widely spoken and official language of the state.
The two main river systems of the state are Krishna and its tributaries (Bhima, Ghataprabha, Vedavati, Malaprabha, and Tungabhadra) in the north, and the Cauvery and its tributaries (Hemavati, Shimsha, Arkavathi, Lakshmana Thirtha and Kabini) in the south. Both these rivers flow eastward and fall into the Bay of Bengal.

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Karthikappally
Karthikappally (Malayalam: കാര്‍ത്തികപ്പള്ളി) is a village in Alappuzha district in the Indian state of Kerala.
Karthikappally was once a Buddhist center. About in the year 904-933 the Great ruler of Travancore, King Marthanda Varma, added Karthikappally to Travancore. In 1742 and 1753 the nearby places namely, Kayamkulam and Ambalapuzha was added to the Karthikappally Natturajyam, making it a prominent region since then. The area between the now existing Purakkad and Kayamkulam was the once Karthikappally.
What made Karthikappally the most unique and important was the proximity of an inland waterway or a Thodu which enabled free flow of traffic and evolved Karthikappally into a Trading center. The market was huge and crowded, still remains of the old market stays.
Many years after its glorious past, the Karthikappally Panchayat was formed. Shri. K Damodaran was its first man in place. In 1912, the Govt. School in Mahadevikadu was constructed followed by The Govt. L P School in memory of Divan Krishnan Nair. Many great Leaders had their footprints on the sands of time of Karthikappally.

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Karunagappalli
Karunagappally (or Karunagappalli, Malayalam: കരുനാഗപ്പള്ളി Karunāgappaḷḷi) is a gramapanchayath and [[municipality] in Kollam district, Kerala, India. Karunagappally is situated 27 km north to Kollam.
Karunagappally Taluk consists of 12 Panchayats : Karunagappally, Thodiyoor, Panmana, Alappad, Chavara, Neendakara, Thevalakkara, Thekkumbhagom, Kulasekharapuram, Thazhava, Clappana and Oachira. The taluk is bound on the north by Kayamkulam, east by Kunnathur taluk, south by Kollam and on the west by the Arabian Sea.
About 400 years back there lived in Malabar (now North Kerala) a famous Muslim cleric. He had a disciple called Ali Hassan who was a mystic. With the blessings of the cleric Ali Hassan set out on a trip to the south. He first reached Oachira and from there a place called Puthiyakavu. The area was covered with dense forests and was believed to have been the preserve of a deadly black serpent. Fearing the serpent, people stayed away from the place. But Ali Hassan approached the king and requested that he be given some land here. The king gave him the area occupied by the black serpent. As Hassan was clearing the forests, the black serpent appeared but he skilfully caged it and took it to the king. The serpent escaped from the cage causing panic in the royal circles but Hassan again managed to cage it and took it back to the forest where he set it free. That was the last anyone had seen the serpent. A happy king allowed Hassan to build a mosque (Palli) at the place.^{[citation needed]}

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Kasaragod
Kasaragod is a town and a municipality in Kasaragod district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is the administrative headquarters of Kasaragod district as well as of Kasaragod Taluk. Landmarks of note includes the famous Madhur Temple, Mallikkarjuna Temple, Theruvatthu Mosque, Chandragiri Fort, Malik Deenar Mosque and the Central Plantation Crops Research Institute.The Bekal Fort is also a major tourist attraction near Kasargod.
The ship building industry of Thalangara was well known in India. In the past years a number of ships were built here and sold in various states of India and exported to foreign countries. The Kasaragod economy is mainly agrarian; cash crops such as coconut, rubber are grown and commercially exploited. Other industries include tile manufacture, timber industry etc. Foreign investment or N.R.I Income is high in this part of the state.
Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI) was established in 1970 as one of the agricultural research institutes in the National Agricultural Research System (NARS) under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). The Coconut Research Station at Kasaragod in Kerala was initially established in 1916 by the then Government of Madras and subsequently it was taken over by the Indian Central Coconut Committee in 1948. (http://www.cpcri.gov.in/)

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Kasaragod district
Kasargod District (Malayalam: കാസര്‍ഗോഡ് ജില്ല)is one of the districts of the Indian state of Kerala. Kasargod District was organised as a separate district on 24 May 1984. It is the northernmost district of Kerala and is named after Kasaragod Town which is the administrative headquarters of the district.Kasargod is the northernmost district of Kerala and world renowned for its coir and hand loom industries. The district has a coastline of around 293 kilometers and that why the livelihood of Kasargod people mainly depends on fisheries.The district is popular with the forts, rivers, hillocks, beaches and shrines here. The Kasargod District is uniquely known for its Linguistics Culture and it is the best example for the "Linguistic Harmony".
To its south lies Kannur District[കണ്ണൂര്‍ ജില്ല ] and to the north the Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka state. All along its east it is walled by the Western Ghats while along the west the Arabian Sea borders it. The district, covering an area of around 1992 km², has a population (2001 census) of 1,203,342 and has two taluks, namely, 75.13and Hosdurg; It has three municipalities (Kasargod, Kanhangad and Nileshwaram) and thirty-eight grama panchayats. The district is further sub-divided into six administrative segments called development blocks, namely, Manjeshwar, Kasaragod, Kanhangad, and Nileshwar, Parappa, Karadukka. Like other districts of Kerala, Kasargod district too has a high literacy rate, around 85.17% according to the 2001 census.

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Kayamkulam
For the of the feudal state of the same name, see Onattukara
Kayamkulam is a town and a municipality in Alappuzha district of the Indian state of Kerala. It was an ancient maritime trading centre. One of the largest power plants in Kerala, run by the NTPC, is in Kayamkulam. Krishnapuram Palace is located nearby and an old cashew factory.
Kayamkulam is closely associated with the legend of Kayamkulam Kochunni. He was a famed highwayman, active in the area known as Central Thiruvithamkoor, in the early part of the 19th century. He is said to have stolen from the rich and given to the poor (like Robin Hood). Legends about his exploits are part of the local folklore.
Historically very ancient rulers ruled in Kayamkulam. It was a kingdom under the Kayamkulam Rajas. Krishnapuram was their palace.During the regime of Marthanda varma, travancore attacked kayamkulam and put there palace on fire.At that place itself, he built a new palace . As the ancient country of kayamkulam had a huge army which was led by the great commandant ' Yeruvayil Achutha warrior' the huge Travancore army had fought for 3 times for capturing kayamkulam. Now thisPalace is a historical museum. Kayamkulam, Mavelikkara and Karunagappally were previously known as Onattukara. Oachira Parabrahma Temple and Chettikulangara Bhagavathy Temples are near Kayamkulam.

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Kerala
Kerala or Keralam /ˈkɛrələ/ is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was formed on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions.
The state has an area of 38,863 km² (15,005 sq mi) and is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Arabian Sea on the west. Thiruvananthapuram is the state capital. Kochi and Kozhikode are other major cities. According to a survey by The Economic Times, five out of ten best cities to live in India are located in Kerala.
Kerala has the highest Human Development Index in India, higher than that of most developed countries The state has the highest literacy rate in India with 93.91 percent. It hopes to be the first e-literate state in India through the state run Akshaya project. The state recently became and is currently the only one to have banking facilities in every village. A survey conducted in 2005 by Transparency International ranked Kerala as the least corrupt state in the country. Kerala is also ranked as India's cleanest state. Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries during the Kerala Gulf boom and is heavily dependent on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community.

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Khasab
Khasab (Arabic: خصب‎) is a city in an exclave of Oman. It is the local capital of the Musandam peninsula. Khasab is located 500 kilometers (310 mi) from Muscat and is dubbed the "Norway of Arabia". The Portuguese built Khasab at the beginning of the 17th century at the height of their naval presence in the region. The natural harbor gave shelter from tough seas. Unlike many forts, which were built on high ground for defensive purposes, Khasab was designed as a supply point for dates and water for Portuguese ships sailing through the strait. Today, Khasab is protected from floods by three large dams.
Access to the area by land was virtually impossible until a modern coast road was built, which allows fast access from the United Arab Emirates, making Khasab a popular weekend destination for people living in the Emirates. The new road also allows access to the village of Tawi, where prehistoric drawings of boats, animals and warriors can be seen in the rock face. Khasab also has a number of modern shopping areas with imported Irani goods and locally created pottery, and a few hotels, including the Khasab Hotel and Golden Tulip Hotel, which sits on a cliff overlooking the gulf.

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Khor Fakkan
Khor Fakkan (or Khawr Fakkan) (Arabic: خورفكان‎) is a town located along the Gulf of Oman on the east coast of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The town is set on the picturesque bay of Khor Fakkan, which means "Creek of Two Jaws". Khor Fakkan belongs to the emirate of Sharjah but is geographically surrounded by the emirate of Fujairah. It is a natural deep water port that is now a major container terminal.
In 1580 the Venetian jeweler Gasparo Balbi noted "Chorf" in a list of places on the east coast of the United Arab Emirates, which is considered by historians to indicate Khor Fakkan. The Portuguese built a fort at Khor Fakkan that was a ruin by 1666.
The log book of the Dutch vessel the Meerkat mentions this fort and another one, describing "Gorfacan" as place on a small bay, with about 200 small houses built from date branches, near the beach. It refers to a triangular Portuguese fortress on the northern side, in ruins, and a fortress on a hill on the southern side, also in ruins, without garrison or artillery. As well as date palms, the Meerkat's log also mentions fig trees, melons, watermelons and myrrh. It notes several wells with "good and fresh water" used for irrigation.

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Kilwa Kisiwani
Kilwa Kisiwani is a community on an island off the coast of East Africa, in present day Tanzania.
A document written around AD 1200 called al-Maqama al Kilwiyya discovered in Oman, gives details of a mission to reconvert Kilwa to Ibadism, as it had recently been affected by the Ghurabiyya Shia doctrine from southern Iraq.
According to local oral tradition, in the 11th century the island of Kilwa Kisiwani was sold to Ali bin Hasan, son of the "King" of Shiraz, in Persia. Another tradition relates that his mother was African ("Abyssinian"). Ali bin Al-Hasan is credited with founding the island city and with marrying the daughter of the local African king. Tradition also relates that it was the child of this union who founded the Kilwa Sultanate. Archaeological and documentary research has revealed that over the next few centuries, Kilwa grew to be a substantial city and the leading commercial entrepot on the southern half of the Swahili coast (roughly from the present Tanzanian-Kenya border southward to the mouth of the Zambezi River), trading extensively with states of the African hinterland and interior as far as Zimbabwe. Trade was mainly in gold, iron, ivory, and other animal products of the African interior for beads, textiles, jewelry, porcelain, and spices from Asia.

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Kochi
Kochi (Malayalam: കൊച്ചി, Kocci ^?[koˈtʃːi] ( listen)), formerly Cochin, is a major port city on the west coast of India by the Arabian Sea. Kochi is part of the district of Ernakulam in the state of Kerala.
Kochi is often called by the name Ernakulam, which refers to the eastern part of the mainland Kochi. The civic body that governs the city is the Corporation of Cochin, which was constituted in the year 1967, and the statutory bodies that oversee its development are the Greater Cochin Development Authority and the Goshree Islands Development Authority.
The city of Kochi (pop. 601,574) is Kerala's largest city and is part of an extended metropolitan region (pop. 2.1 million), which is the largest urban agglomeration in Kerala. It is the most densely populated city in the state. Kochi city is also a part of Greater Cochin region and is classified as a B-1 grade city by the Government of India, making it the highest graded city in the state. Kochi ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourists in Kerala. Kochi has been ranked the sixth best tourist destination in India according to a survey conducted by the Nielsen Company on behalf of the Outlook Traveller magazine.

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Kodungallur
Kodungallur (Malayalam: കൊടുങ്ങല്ലൂര്‍, anglicised name: Cranganore) is a municipality located in Thrissur district in the state of Kerala, India on the Malabar Coast. Kodungallur is 29 km northwest of Kochi and 38 km southwest of Thrissur, by National Highway 66.
The location of the ancient seaport Muziris was very close to Kodungallur. Kodungallur was also a part of Mahodayapuram, the capital of the Later Cheras. Being situated in Thrissur district, Corporation of Cochin has drafted a master plan that aims to develop Kodungallur as a satellite township to Kochi city.
The name Kodungallur is derived from Kodi-linga-puram ("the land of 10 million Siva lingas") according to common belief. Kodungallur was perhaps the revenue collection center of Kudakons (the Chera rulers) for the goods coming to the nearby port, hence the name Kudakonallur which later shortened to Kodungallur.
Kodungallur has had many names over the centuries:
During the time of the Chera dynasty, Muziris near present day Kodungallur was an important trade link in Indian maritime history. The region around Kodungallur can claim to have played a significant part in fostering the trade relations between Cheras and the foreign world in the ancient and medieval periods. It also claims to have played an important part in fostering cultural relations and in laying the foundation of a composite culture in this part of the Chera country. Muziris was destroyed by massive flooding of Periyar in 14th century, opening for a new port called Kochi.

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Kollam
Kollam, often anglicized as Quilon, is a city in the Indian state of Kerala. The city lies on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake on the Arabian sea coast and is situated about 71 kilometres (44 mi) north of the state capital, Thiruvananthapuram. It is the headquarters of Kollam district and a prominent trade and commercial city.
Kollam is the fourth-largest city in Kerala, after Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam, Kozhikode, {The new population is taken as city agglomeration} in Kerala on the basis of population and the fifth-largest city on the basis of area. It is known for cashew processing and coir manufacturing. It is considered to be the southern gateway to the backwaters of Kerala and is a prominent tourist destination. The Kollam urban area comprises the fast developing suburban towns such as Kottiyam in the south, Kundara in the east, and Chavara in the north of the city. Other important towns in the city suburbs are Paravur, Eravipuram, Kannanalore, and Anchalumoodu. Karunagapally, Chathannoor, and Kottarakkara are major towns within a distance of 25 km from Kollam city centre towards north, south, and east respectively.

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Kollam district
Kollam district (formerly Quilon) is one of 14 districts of the state of Kerala, India. The district has a cross-section of Kerala's natural attributes; it is endowed with a long coastline, a major Arabian Sea seaport and an inland lake (Ashtamudi Lake). Kollam is the capital of Kerala's cashew industry. Plains, mountains, lakes, lagoons and backwaters, forests, farmland and rivers make up the topography of the district. The area had trading relationships with Phoenicia and Ancient Rome. About 30 percent of the district is covered by Ashtamudi Lake, making it a gateway to the Kerala backwaters. The Thevalakara and Thekkumbagam panchyaths established the ancient korekini ("sea pointed inland") port of Tarsish in 1500 BC. Kollam is also known as The God's Own Capital.
Kollam district is located on the southwest coast of India, bordering Arabian Sea in the west, the state of Tamil Nadu in the east, Kerala district of Alappuzha in the north, Pathanamthitta in the northeast and Thiruvananthapuram in the south. It covers 2,492 square kilometres (962 sq mi), is the seventh-largest district in Kerala and is densely populated. Sasthamkotta Lake, the only freshwater lake in Kerala, is located in Kollam; this lake provides drinking water to the city of Kollam. Two major rivers (the Kallada and the Ithikkara) drain the district. Ashtamudi Lake and Paravur Kayal are two important lakes in the district. Ashtamudi Lake covers 30 percent of total area of the district. Kollam is located on Ashtamudi Lake. Neendakara, a major fishing port in southern Kerala, is also located on this scenic lake. Edava and Nadayara Lakes are also partly located in Kollam district.

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Kottakkal
Kottakkal (literally Land of the Fort in Malayalam) is a municipal town in Malappuram district in Kerala, southern India having 32 wards. It is located 12 km south-west of Malappuram, the district headquarters, and 12 km from Tirur.
The National Highway 66 separates the municipality from Edarikkodu gram panchayat on some parts in the west. However, the fast developing Kottakkal urban area is now spread up to different parts of neighboring panchayats such as Edarikkodu.
Kottakkal is known for its ayurvedic institute, Arya Vaidya Sala Kottakkal, as well as its temple festival, Kottakkal Puram, celebrated over seven days during March–April months.
Kottakkal, formerly known as "Sweta Durgam" (the White Fort) in Sanskrit, "Venkalikotta" and "Venkitta Kotta" in Malayalam, was a military base of the Kingdom of Valluvanadu in the medieval period. It was under the control of the Karuvayoor Moosad, the chief marshal and preacher of the Moopil Nairs. It may be the forts and castles constructed by the Karuvayoor Moosad that were the origin of the name "Kottakkal". The suburbs of Kottakkal were known as Changuvettikkadu and Eyyakkadu (now Canguvetti is developing as a twin town to Kottakkal).

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Kottarakkara
Kottarakkara (Malayalam:കൊട്ടാരക്കര, IAST: Koṭṭārakkara), also transliterated as Kottarakara, is a town and taluk in Kollam District (formerly known as Quilon), in Kerala state, India. The town is close to the Kollam port which has a rich history linked to the early medieval period as well as a reputation for being an important commercial, industrial and trading center. It lies 27 kilometres (17 mi) to the east of Kollam city center and 18 kilometres (11 mi) to the west of Punalur city on National Highway 208/220.
Kottarakkara, also known in the ancient days of the kings as the Elayadathu Swarupam, was a principality ruled by a branch of the Travancore Royal Family. Its fame is also due to Kathakali, the famous dance drama which originated initially as Ramanattam created in the 17th century by Prince Kottarakkara Tampuran and later patronized by the Raja of Kottarakkara in early 19th century absorbing other dance forms of Krishnattam with further innovations. Other historical places of interest include the Ganapathi Temple and the over 700 year old Mar Thomas Church.

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Kottayam

Kottayam (Malayalam: കോട്ടയം) is a city in the Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 55.40 km² and is the administrative capital of Kottayam district. Kottayam is located in south-central Kerala and has a population of 172,878 according to the 2001 census. . The city is approximately 150 km (93.2 mi) from the state capital, Thiruvananthapuram.
The city is an important trading center of spices and commercial crops, especially rubber. Major Kerala print media such as Malayala Manorama, Deepika and Mangalam are headquartered in the town. Also a pioneering center of modern education in Kerala, the city became India's first city to achieve 100% literacy in 1989 and the district became the first tobacco free district in India on September 28, 2008. The city of Kottayam is also known as Akshara Nagari (അക്ഷര നഗരി) (City of Alphabets) in honor of its contributions to print media and literature.
Kottayam district has acquired it's name from Kottayam town which is the headquarters of the district. It is believed that the name Kottaya is derived from the combination of Malayalam words kott (fort) and akam (inside), and could be translated as "the interior of the fort".

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Kottayam district
Kottayam is one of the 14 districts in the state of Kerala, India. The district has its headquarters at Kottayam town, located at 9.36° N and 76.17° E. According to the 1991 census, it is the first district to achieve highest literacy rate in the whole of India. On 27 September 2008, Kottayam district also became the first tobacco free districts in India.
Bordered by the Western Ghats on the east and the Vembanad Lake and paddy fields of Kuttanad on the west, Kottayam has many unique characteristics. Panoramic backwater stretches, lush paddy fields, highlands, hills and hillocks, rubber plantations and places associated with many legends given Kottayam District the enviable title: The land of letters, legends, latex and lakes. The district is 15.35% urbanised.
Kottayam literally means the interior of a fort - Kotta + Akam. Rulers of Munjanad and Thekkumkur had their headquarters at Thazhathangadi near Kottayam town.^{[citation needed]}Marthanda Varma of Travancore attacked Thekkumkur and destroyed the palace and the Thaliyil Fort. The remnants of the palaces and forts are still seen here.

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Koyilandy
Koyilandy (or Quilandy/Quilandi) is a city and a municipality in Kozhikode district in North Malabar region of the Indian state of Kerala. This town is between Calicut and Vatakara(Badagara) and is on NH 17. It is sometimes identified with Tyndis in Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. The freedom fighter K. Kelappan was born in a near-by village, Muchukunnu.^{[citation needed]}
Koyilandy is located at 11°26′N 75°42′E / 11.43°N 75.70°E / 11.43; 75.70. It has an average elevation of 2 m (6.6 ft).
As of 2001^[update] India census, Quilandy had a population of 68,970. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Quilandy has an average literacy rate of 83%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 86%, and female literacy is 80%. In Quilandy, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Koyilandy hookahs, traditional smoking pipes, of Calicut made in Koyilandy were famous across North India, Gulf and Pakistan. Prepared by Moosari, a coppersmith community, these Hookahs were once considered a pride of Koyilandy. However it is not so any more. But in Gulf countries, Koyilandy hookahs are still very popular as "Malabar Hookah".

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Kozhencherry
Kozhencherry is a census town in Pathanamthitta district of Central Travancore region (South Central Kerala) in Kerala state, South India. It is on the banks of river Pampa. It is a commercial centre with many of the Banks and trade companies have their establishments here. It is believed that once the Kovilans of Thekencore kingdom's ruled this area. Kozhencherry used to be a part of the erstwhile Travancore kingdom.
The district headquarters Pathanamthitta municipality is in the Kozhencherry Taluk. The other taluks are Tiruvalla, Mallapally, Ranni, and Adoor.
North, River Pampa; South, Thekkemala; East, Cherukole and West, Maramon.
Till the 19th century there were no proper roads in this area. The form of transportation was by boats. So the main market of Kozhencherry is near the river.
Now there are proper roads leading to all the small villages nearby. The T.K. Road (Tiruvalla-Pathanamthitta-Kumbazha Road/SH - 07) and M.K. Road (Mavelikkara-Kozhencherry Road) connects the town to other major towns. A bridge connecting Kozhencherry and Maramon was opened in 1948.

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Kozhikode district
Kozhikode District (Malayalam: കോഴിക്കോട് ജില്ല), formerly Calicut, is a district of Kerala state, situated on the southwest coast of India. The city of Kozhikode, also known as Calicut, is the district headquarters. The district is 38.25% urbanised. [2]
Kozhikode district is bordered by the districts of Kannur to the north, Wayanad to the east, and Malappuram to the south.The Arabian Sea lies to the west. It is situated between latitudes 11° 08'N and 11° 50'N and longitudes 75° 30'E and 76° 8'E.
The district is divided into three taluks; Vadakara, Koyilandy, and Kozhikode and One Revenue Division ,Kozhikode.
Present-day Kozhikode District was among the territories ceded to the British East India Company by Tipu Sultan of Mysore in 1792, at the conclusion of the Third Anglo-Mysore War. The newly-acquired British possessions on the Malabar Coast were organized into Malabar District, which included present-day districts of Kannur, Kozhikode, Malappuram, Palakkad, and Wayanad. Calicut served as the administrative headquarters of the district. Malabar District was part of the Madras Presidency, a province of British India.

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Kunnamkulam
Kunnamkulam is a municipal town situated in the Thrissur District of Kerala in India, spread over an area of 6.96 km². It is an old commercial town, with an ancient history, famous for its printing and book binding industry. It is the chief centre of the Orthodox Christians in the Kerala state. In the past the town was called Kunankulangara and references can be seen in lot of British Archives about a neat and prosperous town which was predominantly Christian. Over the years Kunnamkulam has become a meeting point for all religions.
The word Kunnamkulam means kunnu (mountain) and kulam (ponds). The terrain condition and geomorphology of the area itself lead to the name. There are several hills there namely Aduputty,Cherukunnu, Kizhoor, Kakkad etc. while the same is interspersed with ponds namely Eeenjakulam, Iyyankulam, Madurakulam etc. Kunnamkulam town has its remote antiquity and evident from the history and it was a part of Mahodayapattanam, the capital of Chera Dynasty. It is written in history about the crossinstalled by Thomas the Apostle, at Chattukulangara (a part of Arthat in Kunnamkulam). During the invasion of Tippu Sultan the Christians from Chattakulangara migrated to Kunnamkulam town.

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Kunnathunad
Kunnathunad is a village in Ernakulam district in the Indian state of Kerala.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Kunnathunad had a population of 20500 with 10290 males and 10210 females.

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Kuthuparamba
Kuthuparamba is a town and a municipality in Kannur district in the Kerala state of the country India.
Kuttuparamba has an average elevation of 76 m (249 ft). Kuthuparamba name derives from "kuthu" -a folk dance and "paramba" means ground; this is the place where art performance took place in the time of Pazhassi raja.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Kuthuparamba had a population of 29,532. Males constitute 47% of the population and females 53%. Kuthuparamba has an average literacy rate of 86%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 87%, and female literacy is 84%. In Kuhuparamba, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Kuthuparamba assembly constituency is part of Vadakara Lok Sabha constituency. The present MP of Vadakara Lok Sabha constituency is Shri. Mullapally Ramachandran Indian National Congress.The present MLA of Koothuparamba assembly constituency is Shri. K. P. Mohanan (Socialist Janatha Party), who is the present Agriculture Minister of the Kerala Assembly.

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Kuttanad
Kuttanadu (Malayalam: കുട്ടനാട്) is a region in the district of Alappuzha, in the state of Kerala, India, well known for its picturesque vast paddy fields and its geographical peculiarities. It's the region with the lowest altitude in India, and one of the few places in the world where farming is carried out below sea level. It’s also one of the historically important places in the ancient history of South India.
There is no recorded history on the origin of this land. But the oral history among local people, transferred from generation to generation is a blend of myths and legends. There is reference to Kuttanad in the epic Mahabharata of ancient India. During their exile, the five Pandava princes are said to have traveled through this land. In those days, Kuttanad was part of a dense forest, later destroyed by a forest fire which is also mentioned in the epic. Thus came the place name Chuttanad or the burnt place. In course of time Chuttanad became Kuttanad. One can still see kari or coal if we dig deep into the soil of Kuttanad, pointing to the fact that the place was once a forest, destroyed by wild fire. In Kuttanad most of the place names end in kari. Some familiar place names are Ramankary, Puthukkary, Oorukkary, Mitrakkary, Mampuzhakkary, Kainakari, Chathurthiakary and Chennamkari. It is also said that kuttanad was once under the sea.the proof is the land is flourished with seashells.

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Kuttoor
Kuttoor is a village in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Kuttoor had a population of 7581 with 3640 males and 3941 females.

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Lakshadweep
Lakshadweep /ləkˈʃɑːdwiːp/ (Malayalam: ലക്ഷദ്വീപ് Lakṣadvīp (help·info), Mahl: ލަކްޝަދީބު Lakshadīb), formerly known as the Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands /ˌlækədaɪv ˌmɪnɨkɔɪ/ & /ˌæmɨnˈdiːvi/, is a group of islands in the Laccadive Sea, 200 to 440 km off the coast of the South West Indian state of Kerala. They were also known as Laccadive Islands, although geographically this is only the name of the central subgroup of the group.
The islands form the smallest Union Territory of India. The total surface area of the islands is just 11 sq mi or 32 km². However, the lagoon area is about 4,200 square kilometres (1,600 sq mi), the territorial waters area is 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) and the exclusive economic zone area is 400,000 square kilometres (150,000 sq mi).
Lakshadweep is the northern part of the erstwhile Lakshadweepa.^{[clarification needed]} The islands are the northernmost among the Lakshadweep-Maldives-Chagos group of islands, which are actually the tops of a vast undersea mountain range, in the Indian Ocean, the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge.

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Macau
Coordinates: 22°10′N 113°33′E / 22.167°N 113.55°E / 22.167; 113.55
Macau (Chinese: 澳門), also spelled Macao ( /məˈkaʊ/), is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong. Macau lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta across from Hong-Kong which is to the east, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
The territory's economy is heavily dependent on gambling and tourism, but also includes manufacturing.
Macau is a former Portuguese colony, and is both the first and last European colony in China. Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 16th century and subsequently administered the region until the handover on 20 December 1999. The Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration and the Basic Law of Macau stipulate that Macau operates with a high degree of autonomy until at least 2049, fifty years after the transfer. Macau was first lent by the Chinese empire as a trading port in the 16th century, and had to administer the city under Chinese authority and sovereignty. In 1887, Macau became a colony of the Portuguese empire and its sovereignty transferred to the Portuguese.

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Machilipatnam
Machilipatnam ( pronunciation (help·info)) known as Masulipatnam under British rule and as Bandar in folklore is a city and a special grade municipality in the Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located 347 kilometres (216 mi) south east of state capital, Hyderabad.
The town has existed since the 3rd century BCE (Satavahana period) when, according to Ptolemy, it was known as Maisolos. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea calls it Masalia in the 1st century BCE. The port is located on the southeastern, or Coromandel Coast, of India. Situated in the mouth of the River Krishna on the Bay of Bengal, the Masula port saw flourishing sea trade. The naming of the eastern gate of Charminar as Machili-Kaman(literally meaning fish, in this case specifically meaning a gate to the fishing town of Machilipatnam) testifies the symbiotic relationship between port and the capital.The East India Company built its first factory in India in Masulipatnam. It was a 17th-century port for French, British and Dutch trade. The port has a medium-size fishing harbour which can accommodate 350 fishing vessels and an active carpet-weaving industry. The other products from the town include rice, oilseeds and scientific instruments. This town is a railway terminus and an important educational centre.Andhra Bank was established in 1923 at Machilipatnam

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Madagascar
Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic, Malagasy: Repoblikan'i Madagasikara [republiˈkʲan madaɡasˈkʲarə̥], French: République de Madagascar) is an island country located in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa. The nation comprises the island of Madagascar (the fourth-largest island in the world), as well as numerous smaller peripheral islands. Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagascar split from India around 88 million years ago, allowing plants and animals on the island to evolve in complete isolation. Consequently, Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot in which over 90% of its wildlife is found nowhere else on Earth. The island's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by human settlement.
Initial human settlement of Madagascar occurred from 350 BCE and 550 CE by Austronesian peoples arriving on outrigger canoes from Borneo who were later joined around 1000 CE by Bantu migrants crossing the Mozambique Channel. Other groups continued to settle on Madagascar over time, each one making lasting contributions to Malagasy cultural life. The Malagasy ethnic group is often divided into eighteen or more sub-groups of which the largest are the Merina of the central highlands.

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Madha
The Omani territory of Madha (Arabic: مدحاء‎) or Wadi Madha is an exclave of Oman, surrounded by the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It is located halfway between the Musandam Peninsula and the rest of Oman. It forms part of the Musandam Governate.
The exclave is on the Fujairah–Khor Fakkan road in the Emirate of Sharjah of the UAE and covers approximately 75 km² (29 sq mi). There are two exits to Madha on the Fujairah–Khorfakkan road. The boundary was settled in 1969.
Madha is mostly empty, with the developed portion, called "New Madha", containing roads, a school, post office, an 'Eid ground, police station, an Omani bank, electricity and water supply, and an airstrip. There is also a Royal Oman Police patrol.
Inside Madha, there is an exclave of the UAE called Nahwa, which is legally part of the Emirate of Sharjah.
Coordinates: 25°17′4″N 56°19′59″E / 25.28444°N 56.33306°E / 25.28444; 56.33306

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Makassar
Makassar, (Buginese-Makassarese language: ᨀᨚᨈ ᨆᨀᨔᨑ sometimes spelled Macassar, Mangkasara) is the provincial capital of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and the largest city on Sulawesi Island. From 1971 to 1999, the city was named Ujung Pandang, after a precolonial fort in the city, and the two names are often used interchangeably. The port city is located at 5°8′S 119°25′E / 5.133°S 119.417°E / -5.133; 119.417Coordinates: 5°8′S 119°25′E / 5.133°S 119.417°E / -5.133; 119.417, on the southwest coast of the island of Sulawesi, facing the Makassar Strait.
Its area is 175.77 km² and has population of around 1.4 million.
Beginning in the sixteenth century, Makassar was the dominant trading center of eastern Indonesia, and soon became one of the largest cities in island Southeast Asia. The Makassarese kings maintained a policy of free trade, insisting on the right of any visitor to do business in the city, and rejecting the attempts of the Dutch to establish a monopoly over the city.
The trade in spices figured prominently in the history of Sulawesi, which involved frequent struggles between rival native and foreign powers for control of the lucrative during the pre-colonial and colonial period, when spices from the region were in high demand in the West. Much of South Sulawesi's early history was written in old texts that can be traced back to the 13th and 14th centuries.

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Malabar District
Malabar District was an administrative district of Madras Presidency in British India and independent India's Madras State. The British district included the present-day districts of Kannur, Kozhikode, Wayanad, Malappuram, Palakkad (excluding the Alathur and Chittur Taluks), and Chavakad Taluk of Thrissur District (former part of Ponnani Taluk) in the northern part of Kerala state. The district lay between the Arabian Sea on the west, South Canara District on the north, the Western Ghats to the east, and the princely state of Cochin to the south. The district covered an area of 15,009 km (5795 square miles), and extended 233 km (145 mi) along the coast and 40–120 kilometers (25–75 miles) inland. The name Mala-bar means the "hill country". Kozhikode is considered as the capital of Malabar.
Most of Malabar District was included among the territories ceded to the British East India Company in 1792 by Tipu Sultan of Mysore at the conclusion of the Third Anglo-Mysore War; Wayanad was ceded in 1799 at the conclusion of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. The region was organized into a district of Madras Presidency. The administrative headquarters were at Calicut (Kozhikode). After Indian independence, Madras Presidency was reorganized into Madras state, which was divided along linguistic lines on November 1, 1956, when Malabar District was merged with the Malayalam-speaking Kasaragod District immediately to the north and the state of Travancore-Cochin to the south to form the state of Kerala. Malabar District was divided into the three districts of Kozhikode, Palakkad, and Kannur on January 1, 1957. Malappuram District was created from parts of Kozhikode and Palakkad in 1969, and Wayanad District was created in 1980 from parts of Kozhikode and Kannur.

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Malappuram
Malappuram is a city in the southern Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 33.61 km². The first Municipality in the district formed in the year 1970, Malappuram serves as the administrative headquarters of Malappuram district. Divided into 40 electoral wards, city has a density of population of 1478 per km². As per the 2011 census Malappuram Urban Agglomeration is the fourth largest urban agglomeration in Kerala state with a total population of 16,98,645. Malappuram, in malayalam, means 'On top of the hills'. Malappuram is situated 50 km southeast of Kozhikode and 90 km northwest of Palakkad on the Kozhikode (Calicut) - Chennai road (NH 213) which joins NH 47 in Palakkad.

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Malappuram district
Malappuram district (/mʌlʌppʊrʌm dʒɪlla/) is a district in the state of Kerala, south India with headquarters at the town of Malappuram. The district was formed on 16 June 1969.
The classic medieval center of Vedic learning and local politics, Thirunavaya, home of the traditional Ayurveda medicine, Kottakkal and one of the oldest centre of education of Islam the region, Ponnani are situated in Malappuram district along with rapidly expanding towns like Manjeri, Perinthalmanna, Chemmad and Edappal. In 1921, present day Malappuram district witnessed a series of devastating revolts and massacres known as the Moplah rebellions, followed by decades of frozen economical, social, and political development. In the early years of the Communist rule in Kerala, Malappuram saw large land reforms under the Land Reform Ordinance. In the 1970s, huge oil reserves of Persian gulf were opened to commercial extraction, and thousands of unskilled people migrated to "the Gulf" seeking fortunes. They sent money home, propping up a sleepy rural economy, and by late 20th century, the region had achieved first-world health standards and near universal literacy. The present development, both economical and social, of the Malappuram District owes to the Kerala Gulf diaspora.

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Maldives
Maldives (ⁱ/ˈmɒldaɪvz/ or /ˈmɒldiːvz/), (Dhivehi: ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ, Dhivehi Raa'je), officially Republic of Maldives (Dhivehi: ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ, Dhivehi Raa'jeyge Jumhooriyya), also referred to as the Maldive Islands, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean formed by a double chain of twenty-six atolls oriented north-south off India's Lakshadweep Islands, between Minicoy Island and Chagos Archipelago. It stands in the Laccadive Sea, about 700 kilometres (430 mi) south-west of Sri Lanka and 400 kilometres (250 mi) south-west of India. During the colonial era, the Dutch referred to the country as "Maldivische Eilanden" in their documentation, while "Maldive Islands" is the anglicised version of the local name used by the British, which later came to be written "Maldives".
The archipelago is located on top of the Chagos-Maldives-Laccadive Ridge, a vast submarine mountain range in the Indian Ocean. Maldives also form a terrestrial ecoregion together with the Chagos and the Lakshadweep. The atolls of Maldives encompass a territory spread over roughly 90,000 square kilometres (35,000 sq mi), making it one of the world's most geographically dispersed countries. Its population of 328,536 (2012) inhabits 200 of its 1,192 islands. Maldives' capital and largest city Malé had a population of 103,693 in 2006. It is located at the southern edge of North Malé Atoll, in the Kaafu Atoll. It is also one of the Administrative divisions of the Maldives. Traditionally it was the King's Island where the ancient Maldive Royal dynasties were enthroned.

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Malindi
Malindi (once known as Melinde) is a town on Malindi Bay at the mouth of the Galana River, lying on the Indian Ocean coast of Kenya. It is 120 kilometres northeast of Mombasa. The population of Malindi is 117,735 (in 1999 census). It is the capital of the Malindi District.
Tourism is the major industry in Malindi. The city is exceptionally popular among Italian tourists. Malindi is served with a domestic airport and a highway between Mombasa and Lamu. The nearby Watamu resort and Gedi Ruins (also known as Gede) are south of Malindi. The mouth of the Sabaki River lies in northern Malindi. The Watamu and Malindi Marine National Parks form a continuous protected coastal area south of Malindi. The area shows classic examples of Swahili architecture.
Malindi is home to the Malindi Airport and Broglio Space Centre.
Malindi has been a Swahili settlement since the 14th century. Once rivaled only by Mombasa for dominance in this part of East Africa, Malindi has traditionally been a port city for foreign powers. In 1414, the town was visited by the fleet of the Chinese explorer Zheng He. Malindi's ruler sent a personal envoy with a giraffe as a present to China on that fleet.

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Maluku Islands
The Maluku Islands, also known as the Moluccas /məˈlʌkəz/, are an archipelago within Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located east of Sulawesi (Celebes), west of New Guinea, and north and east of Timor. The islands were also historically known as the "Spice Islands" by the Chinese and Europeans, but this term has also been applied to other islands outside Indonesia.
Most of the islands are mountainous, some with active volcanoes, and enjoy a wet climate. The vegetation of the small and narrow islands, encompassed by the sea, is very luxuriant; including rainforests, sago, rice and the famous spices - nutmeg, cloves and mace, among others. Though originally Melanesian, many island populations, especially in the Banda Islands, were killed off in the 17th century during the Spice wars. A second influx of Austronesian immigrants began in the early twentieth century under the Dutch and continues in the Indonesian era.

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Manama
Manama (Arabic: المنامة‎ Al Manāma) is the capital and largest city of Bahrain, with an approximate population of 155,000 people. Long an important trading center in the Persian Gulf, Manama is home to a very diverse population. After periods of Portuguese and Persian control and invasions from the Al Sauds and Oman, Bahrain established itself as an independent nation during the 19th century period of British hegemony. In the 20th century, Bahrain's oil wealth helped spur fast growth and in the 1990s a concerted diversification effort led to expansion in other industries and helped transform Manama into an important financial hub in the Middle East.
Manama was mentioned in Islamic chronicles at least as far back as 1345. It was conquered by Portugal in 1521 and then by the Persians in 1602. Since 1783 it has been under the control of the Al-Khalifa dynasty. Manama was declared a free port in 1958, and in 1971 it became the capital of independent Bahrain.

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Mananthavady
Mananthavady (Malayalam: മാനന്തവാടി ) is a town and taluk in the Wayanad district of Kerala, India. It is located on the banks of Mananthavady Puzha, a tributary of the Kabini River This area was once ruled by the Pazhassi dynasty and the tomb of Pazhassi Raja is an important heritage site located in the heart of the town. This is also the headquarters of the Adivasi Gothra Mahasabha. . The District Hospital in Mananthavady is the only major treatment facility for the service of the tribal communities and other less privileged sections of Wayanad. It is the third biggest town in Wayanad District, after Sulthan Bathery and Kalpetta.
Mananthavadi is located 35 km north-east of the district headquarters Kalpetta, 80 km east of Thalassery and 110 km north-east of Kozhikkode. Thalassery-Bavali Road is the major road passing through Mananthavadi, which is well connected with both Mysore and Kodagu. Mananthavady is well connected with Mysore(110 km away), via Kartikulam, Bavali and H D Kote, through Nagarhole National Park. This road is parallel to Kabini River and closed during the night time to protect wild animals. Another road goes to Gonikoppal(60 km away) in Kodagu, via Kartikulam, Tholpetty forest, Kutta and Ponnampet.

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Mangalore
Mangalore ⁱ/ˈmæŋɡəlɔr/ (also called Kuḍla in Tulu, Maṅgaḷūru in Kannada, Koḍiyāl in Konkani, or Maikāla in Beary bashe) is the chief port city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is located about 350 kilometres (220 mi) west of the state capital, Bangalore. Mangalore lies between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghat mountain ranges, and is the administrative headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada (formerly South Canara) district in south western Karnataka.
Mangalore derives its name from the local Hindu Goddess Mangaladevi. It developed as a port on the Arabian Sea—remaining, to this day, a major port of India. Lying on the backwaters of the Netravati and Gurupura rivers, Mangalore is often used as a staging point for sea traffic along the Malabar Coast. The city has a tropical climate and lies in the path of the Arabian Sea branch of the South-West monsoons. Mangalore's port handles 75 per cent of India's coffee exports and the bulk of the nation's cashew exports.
Mangalore was ruled by several major powers, including the Kadambas, Vijayanagar dynasty, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, and the Portuguese. The city was a source of contention between the British and the Mysore rulers, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan. Eventually annexed by the British in 1799, Mangalore remained part of the Madras Presidency until India's independence in 1947. The city was unified with the state of Mysore (now called Karnataka) in 1956.

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Manjeri
Manjeri (Malayalam: മഞ്ചേരി) is a town and municipality in Malappuram District in the state of Kerala, India. It is situated 12 km from Malappuram 30 km from Karipur International Airport and 50 km from Kozhikode railway station.
Manjeri was a centre of Indian national movements. Anakkayam, 4 km from Manjeri, and Nellikuth, 6 km from Manjeri were major centres of Malabar Rebellion of 1921. Nellikuth is the birth place of Ali Musliyar, the rebel leader. Anti-British revolts tool place in 1790 in and around Manjeri.
Manjeri is the one of Kerala’s biggest municipalities. Manjeri Municipality is a local self-government institution with a jurisdiction of three villages, Manjeri, Payyanad and Narukara. District court and General hospital are located at Manjeri.
Ali Musliyar Erikunnan who fought against the British rule was a native of Nellikkuth near Manjeri.
The eastern side of Manjeri town is a hilly area. FM station of All India Radio "College Kunnu" is a located on hill, where the N.S.S. College is also situated. Towards the south lie Vettekode and Pullancheri. Prominent schools such as Chinmaya Vidyalaya , and Noble Public School are located at Vettekode. The famous Kunnath Temple is on the way to Vettekode. Pullancheri is a beautiful place with hills, lush scenery, dam and Kadalundy River. This river starts from the eastern border of Malappuram district called Karuvarakundu and flows into the Arabian Sea.

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Mannarkkad
Mannarkkad (Malayalam: മണ്ണാ൪ക്കാട്) formerly known as Mannarghat, is a town in the Palakkad district of Kerala State, South India. It is the headquarters of Mannarkkad Taluk, and is one of the largest revenue Taluks in Kerala. It is situated 40 km north-east of the district headquarters Palakkad, on the way to Kozhikkode (NH 213) and in the foothills of the Western Ghats. Silent Valley (a tropical evergreen rain forest with an unbroken evolutionary history of 50 million years) is only 35 km from Mannarkkad.
Mannarkkad Taluk, consisting 25 villages, is the first fully computerized Revenue Taluk office, designed as India's first Paperless Government office. All land revenue administrative works are being carried out through on line software called Taluk Suite and Village Suite. Sri A Unnikrishnan is the present Tahsildar of Mannarkkad Taluk.
Mannarkkad has memories of the invasion of Tippu Sultan and Mopila riot. In 1921, hundreds of people lost their lives. The former Ruler/Desavazhi of Mannarkkad is known as 'Mannarkkadu Muppil Nair'. He was a 'Samantha' under 'Valluvakonathiri' of Valluvanadu. The famous novel 'PONNI' written by Malayatoor Ramakrishnan, is based on the 'Adivasis' of Mannarkkadu. The Sandalwood smuggler 'Veerappan' used 'Shiruvani Forests' of Mannarkkadu Muppil Nairs as his shelter.

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Mappila Bay
Mappila Bay (or Moppila Bay) is a natural harbor situated in Ayikkara Kannur town, Kerala state of South India. On one side of the bay is Fort St. Angelo, built by the Portuguese in the 15th century and the other side is the Arakkal Palace.
The bay was famous during the Kolathiri's regime as a commercial harbour that linked Kolathunadu with Lakshadweep and foreign countries, in imports.
Coordinates: 11°51′24″N 75°22′33″E / 11.856652°N 75.375888°E / 11.856652; 75.375888

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Mascarene Islands
The Mascarene Islands (or Mascarenhas Archipelago) is a group of islands in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar comprising Mauritius, Réunion, Rodrigues, Cargados Carajos shoals, plus the former islands of the Saya de Malha, Nazareth and Soudan banks. The collective title is derived from the Portuguese navigator Pedro Mascarenhas, who first visited them in the early sixteenth century. The islands share a common geologic origin in the volcanism of the Réunion hotspot beneath the Mascarene Plateau and form a distinct ecoregion with a unique flora and fauna.
The Islands are volcanic in origin; Saya de Malha (35 mya) was the first of the Mascarene islands to rise out of the Indian Ocean due to the Réunion hotspot, followed by Nazareth Bank (some 2,000 yrs later), Soudan Bank and Cargados Carajos. The youngest islands to form were Mauritius (7–10 mya), the oldest of the existing islands, created along with the undersea Rodrigues ridge. The islands of Rodrigues and Réunion were created in the last two million years. Réunion is the largest of the islands (2,500 km²), followed by Mauritius (1,900 km²) and Rodrigues (110 km²). Eventually Saya de Malha, Nazareth and Soudan were completely submerged, Cargados Carajos remaining as a coral atoll. The Réunion hotspot was beginning to cool and Rodrigues came out as a tiny island. Had erosion not taken place, Cargados Carajos would have been a large volcanic island, and the Mascarenes would have been an archipelago of seven or more (counting Saya De Malha, Nazareth and Soudan) large, populated islands, rather than the three (Mauritius, Reunion, Rodrigues) that remain today.

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Mattanur
Mattanur (മട്ടന്നൂര്‍), also spelt Mattannur, is a town and a municipality in Kannur district in Kerala state of south India. Mattanur is around 25 km east of Kannur town and Thalassery.
Mattannur lies between Kannur, Thalassery and Iritty. The inter-state buses ply between Bangalore and Thalassery, Kannur passes through Mattanur. It is an important hub connecting Kodagu and Kannur. Though small, it has many attractions. The town has developed around the Mattanur Mahadeva temple. 15-Mattannur Assebly Constituency and its extent Mattanur Municicpality and Chittariparamba, Keezhallur, Koodali, Malur, Mangattidam, Kolayad, Padiyoor Kalliad and Thillenkeri Panchayats in Thalassery Taluk.
The proposed Kannur Airport is just about 5 km from Mattanur, which makes it the closest town to the Airport.
The proposed Kannur International Airport is to be located at Moorkhanparamba, near Mattanur. Mattanur is a nature blessed beautiful place and Pazhassi Dam is a tourist attraction nearby with a well arranged garden and boating facilities. This dam also provides drinking water to Kannur, Tellichery and Mahe municipalities.

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Mavelikkara
Mavelikkara is a town and municipality in the Alappuzha district of the Indian state of Kerala. It is located in the southern part of the district on the banks of the Achankovil, and is one of the oldest municipalities of the state^{[citation needed]}. It also has a very strong historical and cultural background; Chettikulangara Devi Temple, known for its famous Kumbha Bharani festival, is located there, and it is home to one of the 108 Shiva temples of Kerela created by Lord Parasurama, Kandiyoor Mahadeva Temple (popularly known as Dakshina Kashi). It was also a major place of trade and commerce in ancient Kerala and the erstwhile capital of the rulers of Onattukara.
According to the 2001 Indian census, Mavelikara has a population of 28,440. Males constitute 47% of the population and females 53%. The average literacy rate is 86%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 87% and female literacy is 85%. Approximately 10% of the population is under 6 years old.
Some of the industries in and around Mavelikkara are:

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Mavilayi
Mavilayi is a census town in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala. Situated in Peralasseri Panchayath on Kannur-Kuthuparamba State Highway, 15 km away from Kannur Town
As of 2001^[update] India census, Mavilayi had a population of 11,953. Males constitute 47% of the population and females 53%. Mavilayi has an average literacy rate of 84%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 87%, and female literacy is 82%. In Mavilayi, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Maavila Kaavu near Maavilayi is an old feudal settlement in Kannur and is famous for annual celebrations of Adiyutsavam - a mock war festival. Renowned kerala communist leader A.K.Gopalan was born in Mavilayi
Mavilayi More Info

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Meenachil
Meenachil is the name of the north-eastern region of Kottayam district in Kerala, south India. The name originates from Meenakshi the Dravidian goddess. Palai is the main town in Meenachil. The arterial river of the district is also named Meenachil. The river finds mention in Arundhati Roy's Booker Prize winning novel, The God of Small Things.
The river Meenachil, also known as Kavanar, originates at vagamon in the Western Ghats of Kerala, flows westward through Erattupetta, Palai, Kidangoor, Ettumanoor and Kottayam. Its length is about 87 kilometers. Near Kottayam it splits into a number of distributaries before emptying into the Vembanad Lake. Kumarakom, the bird sanctuary and tourist resort is on one such branch.
The current Meenachil taluk was a principality under the local chieftains, the Meenachil Karthas (also known as Njavakkat Karthas) before Marthanda Varma annexed it to Travancore in 1754. The name of the place comes from Goddess Meenakshi, the deity of the Karthas. Veera Kerala Damodara Simhar was a chieftain belonging to this family. The southern bank of the river was the kingdom of Thekkumkoor, the capital of which was Changanassery, and the northern bank, that of Vadakkumkoor, with its capital at Kaduthuruthy. The Poonjar royal family also held sway over significant areas of the district towards the east.

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Mehdya
Mehdya, also Mehdia or Mehedya, is a town in Kénitra Province, Gharb-Chrarda-Béni Hssen, Morocco. According to the 2004 census it has a population of 16,262. It is located on Sebou River (Oued Sebu).
Mehdya was previously called Al-Ma'mura ("the well-populated") or La Mamora in Europe, and was a harbour on the coast of Morocco. It seems to have been occupied by the Carthaginians since the 5th century BCE.
It was captured by the Portuguese in 1515, and renamed São João da Mamora. Altogether, the Portuguese are documented to have seized 6 Moroccan towns, and built 6 stand-alone fortresses on the Moroccan Atlantic coast, between the river Loukos in the north and the river of Sous in the south. Four of the stand-alone fortresses only had a short duration: Graciosa (1489), Forte de São João de Mamora (pt) (1515), Castelo Real of Mogador (1506–10) and Aguz (1520–25). Two of them were to become permanent urban settlements: Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir, founded in 1505-06), and Mazagan founded in 1514-17. The Portuguese had to abandon most of their settlements between 1541 and 1550, although they were able to keep Ceuta, Tangier and Mazagan.

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Meppayur
Meppayur is a small village in Kozhikode district of Kerala state, South India

Meppayur is one of the 140 Assembly Constituencies in Kerala, currently K.K. Lathika is representing Meppayur.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Meppayyur had a population of 12978 with 6284 males and 6694 females.
Meppayur is located about 7 km from NH 17, nearest NH 17 access is at Kollam which is 1.5 km north of Koyilandi also known as Quilandy.
Meppayur assembly constituency is part of Vadakara (Lok Sabha constituency). Nearest Masjid . Meppayour Town Juma masjid Nearest Masjid 2 .Town Juma Masjid Nearest Qabr Sthan .meppayur Nearest Tourist. Kollam Para Palli

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Mombasa
Mombasa is the second-largest city in Kenya. Lying next to the Indian Ocean, it has a major port and an international airport. The city also serves as the centre of the coastal tourism industry.
Also known as Mombas in colonial times, its name derives from Manbasa. This was the Arabic name of the former sultanate of Mvita, which had its capital here. In modern times the town is the headquarters of Mombasa District, which, like most other districts in Kenya, is named after its chief town.
The city has a population of 939,370, as per the 2009 census,^{[citation needed]} and is located on Mombasa Island, which is separated from the mainland by two creeks: Tudor Creek and Kilindini Harbour. The island is connected to the mainland to the north by the Nyali Bridge, to the south by the Likoni Ferry and to the west by the Makupa Causeway, alongside which runs the Kenya-Uganda Railway. The port serves both Kenya and countries of the interior, linking them to the Ocean. The city is served by Moi International Airport located in the northwest mainland suburb of Chaani, northwest of Changamwe area.

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Muharraq
Muharraq (Arabic: المحرق‎; lit. "place of ashes") is Bahrain's third largest city and served as its capital until 1923 when it was replaced by Manama.
The city is located on Muharraq Island and has long been a centre of religiosity. Bahrain International Airport is also located on the island. Adjacent to Muharraq are the man-made Amwaj Islands, known for their large buildings, hotels and beaches. Muharraq is home to Muharraq Club, which is Bahrain's most successful football club. The city is also known for its souq (traditional market) and as a home of traditional arts and music; Ali Bahar, a popular and successful Bahraini singer is from Muharraq.
Muharraq's origins are ancient, going back to the time of Dilmun some 5,000 years ago, but it came to prominence in the historical records during the era of Tylos when Bahrain came under domination of the Selucid Greeks, and Muharraq was the centre of a pagan cult dedicated to the shark god, Awal. The city's inhabitants, who depended upon seafaring and trade for their livelihood, worshipped Awal in the form of a large statue of a shark located in the city.

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Mukundapuram taluk
Mukundapuram Taluk is a Taluk (tehsil) in Trissur district in the Indian state of Kerala. The headquarters of the taluk is Irinjalakuda.
It comprises 45 villages and two municipalities.

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Mumbai
Mumbai /mʊmˈbaɪ/, also known as Bombay /bɒmˈbeɪ/, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth most populous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West or Central Asia.
The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies. For centuries, the islands were under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese and subsequently to the British East India Company. During the mid-18th century, Mumbai was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook the reclamation of the area between the seven constituent islands from the sea. Completed by 1845, the project along with construction of major roads and railways transformed Bombay into a major seaport on the Arabian Sea. Economic and educational development characterised the city during the 19th century. It became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the early 20th century. When India became independent in 1947, the city was incorporated into Bombay State. In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as capital. The city was renamed Mumbai in 1996.

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Muttrah
Muttrah, (Arabic: مطرح‎) population 150,000 (2003), is a city located in the Muscat province of Oman. Before the discovery of oil, Muttrah was the center of commerce in Oman. It is still a center of commerce as one of largest sea ports of the region is located there. Other landmarks include Souq Muttrah, a traditional bazaar and Sour Al-Lawatiah, a small community of houses surrounded by an old wall.
Muttrah is also a map in a popular Battlefield 2 mod, Project Reality. It was also featured in the Amazing Race in its 17th season (Episode 8).
Al Dhalam (Darkness in Arabic) Souq is the local name for the Muttrah Souq. The Muttrah Souq is perhaps one of the oldest marketplaces in the Arab world, owing to the fact that Muscat is the world's largest natural harbor and has seen immense trade in the age of sail, being strategically located on the way to India and China. It has been named after darkness because of the crowded stalls and lanes where the sunrays do not infiltrate during the day and the shoppers need lamps to know their destinations. The name of the market has been drawn specifically from the part that extends from Al Lawatiya Mosque to Khour Bimba where the place is really full of stores and stalls and the narrow area of lanes does not allow the sunlight to enter. The market was a source of supply for Omanis where they can buy their needs in the 1960s when life requirements were simpler than today. Most of the goods were imported, in addition to local products like textiles, fruit, vegetables and dates.

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Muvattupuzha

Muvattupuzha (Malayalam: മുവാറ്റുപുഴ) is a municipality in Ernakulam district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is a junction of three districts namely Ernakulam, Kottayam and Idukki. The town is bordered by Kottayam district on southern side and Idukki district on eastern side approximately 20 km from the town. Muvattupuzha is situated 42 km northeast of Kochi city on NH 49 (Cochin-Madurai-Rameshwaram national highway) and lies on the popular Cochin-Munnar hill station tourist route.
Muvattupuzha was part of the Vadakkumkoor Kingdom until it was captured by the Travancore Kingdom, now merged into the state of Kerala. Old documents show that the lands of Muvattupuzha belonged to ‘Edappally Swaroopam’, but were later transferred to ‘Manas’ (Brahmin Families).
According to tradition, St. Thomas, the Apostle of Jesus Christ who introduced Christianity to India is believed to have visited this region. The St. Mary's Church of Arakuzha has a recorded history of over 1000 years, making it one of the oldest churches in Kerala. It is known for its paintings and sculptures. Muvattupuzha was also known as " Arakuzha Pakuthi"(half of arakuzha)

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Muzhappilangad
Muzhappilangad is a small coastal village in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala. This village is renowned for its 5 km long pristine Muzhappilangad beach. Dharmadam island (Pacha Thuruth) is visible from here and Anjarakandy river enters in Arabian sea near this place.
The nearest town to Muzhappilangad is the town of Tellichery now called Thalassery is 7 km away. The District Headquarters Kannur is 13 km from Muzhappilangadu.
Muzhappilangadu is famous for "Thalappoli", A three day festival celebrated in March at "Sree Koormba Temple". In this festival devotees take Kalasham (a sacred brass receptacle) in a procession to the Temple to show their respect to the Goddess.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Muzhappilangad had a population of 21,905. Males constitute 47% of the population and females 53%. Muzhappilangad has an average literacy rate of 83%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 84%, and female literacy is 83%. In Muzhappilangad, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.loveable peoples are there.

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Mylapore
Mylapore (Tamil: மயிலாப்பூர் Mayilāppūr) is a cultural hub and neighborhood in the southern part of the city of Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu, India. Earlier, Mylapore used to be called Vedapuri.
Mylapore is a major commercial center, and one of the oldest residential parts of the city. It is well-connected by roads and Metro railway network, MRTS. It is famous for its tree-lined avenues, the famous 7th century Kapaleeshwarar Temple, its katcheri season and Ramakrishna Math. Mylapore is regarded in history as the birthplace of Tamil poet and saint, Thiruvalluvar. The Bollywood Actor of yesteryears Mr. Ranjan (Chandralekha fame) was born in this part of Chennai. Probably, he was the first actor from Tamil Nadu to succeed in the North of India.
The word Mylapore is expanded as "Mayil arparikum oor" which means 'Land of the peacock scream'. The word mayil, meaning peacock, which was the traditional vehicle of the Hindu god Muruga. Earlier Peacocks used to thrive here, it is evident as the Portuguese preachers who built the Santhome Church embraced the peacock in the church's emblem. This part of Chennai is also called Thirumayilai (திருமயிலை) embracing religious sanctity.

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Mysore
Mysore (ⁱ/ˈmaɪsɔər/; Maisūru in Kannada) is the second-largest city in the state of Karnataka, India. Located at the base of the Chamundi Hills about 146 km (91 mi) southwest of the state capital Bangalore, it is spread across an area of 128.42 km² (50 sq mi). According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census of India, the population of Mysore is 887,446 and Hinduism is its major religion. Mysore City Corporation is responsible for the civic administration of the city, which is also the headquarters of the Mysore district and the Mysore division.
Until 1947, Mysore served as the capital of the Kingdom of Mysore. The kingdom was ruled by the Wodeyar dynasty, except for a brief period in the late 18th century when Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan usurped power. Patrons of art and culture, the Wodeyars contributed significantly to the cultural growth of the city. The cultural ambience and achievements of Mysore earned it the sobriquet Cultural capital of Karnataka.
Mysore is noted for its palaces including the Mysore Palace, and the festivities that take place during the Dasara festival when the city receives a large number of tourists. It lends its name to the Mysore style of painting, the sweet dish Mysore Pak, the Mysore Peta (a traditional silk turban) and the garment known as the Mysore silk saree. Tourism is the major industry, while information technology has emerged as a major employer alongside the traditional industries. With no airport, Mysore depends on rail and bus transport for inter-city connections. The city was the location of the first private radio station in India. Mysore houses Mysore University which has produced several notable authors, particularly in the field of Kannada literature. Cricket is the most popular sport in the city.

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Nadapuram
Nadapuram (Malayalam:നാദാപുരം) is a special grade Panchayath, coming under Nadapuram assembly constituency. It is in North Malabar region of Kerala, India. Nadapuram won the best panchayat award of Kozhikode district four consecutive years under the leadership of president,Sooppy Narikkattery.
The population is around 40,000. Hindu and Moppilas(Muslims) are major religions. Kallachi is another main town in Nadapuram where the Panchayath Headquarters is located. Most of the people are working outside India, particularly in the Persian Gulf area.The main income of the locality is based on these NRIs.Nadapuram is greatly influenced by the luxuries of Gulf regions.One can find magnificient houses with modern facilities,which reflect the wealth of the local people.
Nadapuram assembly constituency is part of Vadakara (Lok Sabha constituency).
In the election held in 2011 Mr.Binoy Viswom was succeeded by Mr.E.K Vijayan.Most of the elections are followed by party based violence which results in bomb explosions,murders and many other violence.For updated details look Kerala Election Commission webpage

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Nedumangad
Nedumangad is a municipality in Thiruvananthapuram district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is located around 20 km to the north-east of Thiruvananthapuram city on the Thiruvananthapuram — Thenmala State Highway. It is an important centre for the commercial trade in pepper and rubber. A wholesale market set up by the Department of Agriculture (with the assistance of the European Union) is also situated there.
Nedumangad is located at 8°36′N 77°00′E / 8.6°N 77.0°E / 8.6; 77.0. It has an average elevation of 68 metres (223 feet).
It lies 18 km from Thiruvananthapuram (or Trivandrum) on the way to Ponmudi hill resort. It is the capital of the taluk, and is unique for having no coastal belt or railway lines.^{[clarification needed]}
It is bounded on the west by Trivandrum Taluk, on the east by the State of Tamil Nadu, on the south by Neyyattinkara Taluk and on the north by Kollam District.
Agasthyarkoodam, a mountain preserve famous for its abundant ayurvedic herbs and medicinal plants is around 50 km away. About 32 km from Nedumangad, en route to the Ponmudi Hill Resort lies the Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, which is of particular interest to ornithologists. Near Nedumangad town another Monolithic - Thiruchittapara is located. With Siva Vishnu Temple, lots of monkeys congregated this place. The name Nedumangadu means kadu (forest) of Vishnu, who was called Neduman, Neduvan, and Nediyavan in ancient texts like Chilappadikaram.

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Nedumangad taluk
Nedumangad Taluk is a Taluk (tehsil) in Thiruvananthapuram district in the Indian state of Kerala. It situated in the eastern part of the Thiruvananthapuram district. It comprises 28 villages and one municipality.
It is bounded on the west by Trivandrum Taluk, on the east by the State of Tamil Nadu, on the south by Neyyattinkara Taluk and on the north by Kollam District.
There are 28 villages and one Municipality are in the taluk.
Anad, Aruvikkara, Aryanad, Kallara, Karakulam, Koliyakode, Kurupuzha, Manikkal, Mannoorkara, Nedumangad, Nellanad, Palode, Panavoor, Pangode, Peringamala, Perumkulam, Pullampara, Theakada, Thennoor, Tholicode, Uzhamalackal, Vamanapuram, Vattappara, Veeranakavu, Vellanad, Vembayam, Vithura.
There is only one municipality, Nedumangad, which is also the headquarters of the taluk.

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Nettur
Nettur is a village segment which comes under the jurisdiction of Thalassery municipality, in the state of Kerala, India. It is situated in North Thalassery enroute to Kannur via NH 17. The Anjarakandi-Thalassery state Highway passes through Nettur. Nettur is picturesquely nestled between the Kuyyali and Anjarakandi rivers.
NTTF, a renowned technical training institute was established in Nettur in 1959 by the CSI and the Hilfswerk der Evangelischen Kirchen der Schweiz ([1]), Switzerland. A bungalow occupied by the renowned German missionary, scholar and lexicographer, Rev. Hermann Gundert better known as Gundert Bungalow is situated atop Illicoon hill in Nettur, close to the present day NTTF campus. Rev. Hermann Gundert stayed in Illicoon, Nettur since 1839 and most of his literary works including the first English-Malayalam dictionary were published during this period. It was in Nettur that the German missionaries introduced weaving mills in a large scale, which later spread to Kannur and beyond, where the handloom sector evolved into a major source of revenue and employment.

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New Mahe
New Mahe is a census town in Talassery taluk of Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is part of Greater Mahé Region.
As of 2001^[update] India census, New Mahe had a population of 11,230. Males constitute 46% of the population and females 54%. New Mahe has an average literacy rate of 86%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 86%, and female literacy is 85%. In New Mahe, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.
The proposed New Mahe Municipality comprises:
Total Area: 57.31 km²
Total Population (1991 Census): 123,628
Coordinates: 11°42′24″N 75°31′59″E / 11.706703°N 75.533066°E / 11.706703; 75.533066

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Neyyattinkara
Neyyattinkara is municipality in Thiruvananthapuram district in the Indian state of Kerala. The name 'Neyyattinkara' in Malayalam literally means the shore (kara) of Neyyar River. Neyyar River flows from Agasthyarkoodam, the highest peak (1868m above MSL) in southern end of the Western Ghats.
The municipality of Neyyattinkara is the major town on the banks of Neyyar River. Neyyattinkara lies 18 km to the south of Thiruvananthapuram city on the National Highway 47 to Kanyakumari. The rapidly growing Thiruvananthapuram city has almost reached its outskirts. The town is mostly residential, with lots of service sector establishments.
Aruvippuram, the holy land of Sree Narayana Guru is an important pilgrim centre near Neyyattinkara. Neyyar Dam is another popular picnic spot near Neyyattinkara .
Neyyattinkara is located at 8°24′N 77°05′E / 8.4°N 77.08°E / 8.4; 77.08. It has an average elevation of 26 metres (85 feet).
The town is situated on the Neyyar River, one of the principal rivers in the district. Topography of the town is rather uneven, with higher areas in the downtown. Nearby the town is the hillock at Aruvippuram. The town is scenically sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea.

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Neyyattinkara taluk
Neyyattinkara Taluk is a Taluk (tehsil) in Thiruvananthapuram district in the Indian state of Kerala. It situated in the Southern part of the Thiruvananthapuram district. It comprises 29 villages and one municipality.
There are 29 villages and one Municipality are in the taluk.
Amboori, Anavoor, Athiyannur, Chenkal, Kallikkad, Kanjiramkulam, Karode, Karumkulam, Keezharoor, Kollayil, Kottukal, Kulathoor, Kulathummal, Kunnathukal, Malayinkeezhu, Maranalloor, Neyyattinkara, Ottasekharamangalam, Pallichal, Parassala, Parasuvaikkal, Perumkadavila, Thirupuram, Vazhichal, Vellarada, Vilappil, Vilavoorkkal, Vizhinjam.
There is only one municipality, Neyyattinkara, which is also the headquarters of the taluk.

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Nilambur

Nilambur (Malayalam: നിലമ്പൂര്‍) is a municipality and a taluk in the Malappuram district of Kerala, South India. It is famous for its forests, especially its wildlife habitats, rivers, waterfalls and teak plantations. It is situated close to the Nilgiris range of the Western Ghats on the banks of the Chaliyar River. It is about 40 kilometres from Malappuram city and 24 kilometres from Manjeri on the Kozhikode–Ooty road. Nilambur is also an Assembly Constituency.
The town of Nilambur is famous for the Nilambur Vettekkoru Makan Paattu (Or simply Nilambur Paattu)held every year in the Nilambur Kovilakom Temple (a Hindu temple). Nilambur is also home to the oldest teak plantation in the world, called Conolly's Plot. It is claimed that the world's tallest or biggest teak tree is in the Nilambur Teak Preserve. Nilambur is also famous for its bamboos. The name "Nilambur" means 'Place of Nilimba' (a Sanskrit word for bamboo). This region is suitable for planting teak and grows well here. Teak grown here is having good quality and hence Nilambur Teak has good demand all over the world. Some nearby places are Chungathara, Pookkottumpadam and Edakkara. People here are almost in equal ratio of Hindu, Muslims and Christians. Most people are engaged in agriculture and business. It is a place where a huge number of Christians migrated during 1940s and 50s. Nilambur is the place where a large number of Christians of all denominations live in Malabar.

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Nileshwaram
Nileshwaram (Malayalam: നീലേശ്വരം), also known as Nileshwar, is a municipality and a town in Kasaragod District of Kerala state, South India. It is one of the three municipalities of Kasaragod district, the other two being Kasaragod and Kanhangad. Nileshwar is the third major town in kasargod district. Nileshwaram lies between two rivers, Nileshwaram and Karyangodu. To the west is the Arabian Sea.
The name "Nileshwaram" comes from one of the names of Lord Shiva, Neelakanteshwaran ("Blue-necked One"), or from Neelakandeswaran, denoting land of Lord Siva. There is another story that the place was named so after Sage Neela, who installed the deity of Lord Siva thousands of years ago.

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North Malabar
North Malabar (Malayalam: ഉത്തര മലബാര്‍/വടക്കേ മലബാര്‍), is a historic as well as geographic distinction in India used to refer the area covering; present Kasaragod and Kannur Districts, Mananthavady taluk of Wayanad District and Koyilandy & Vatakara taluks of Kozhikode District in modern Kerala and the entire Mahé Sub-Division of Union Territory of Pondicherry.
Majority of North Malabar (except Mahé) remained as one of the two administrative divisions of Malabar District (an administrative district of British India under Madras Presidency) till 1947 and later part of India's Madras State till 1956. Mahé remained under French jurisdiction until 13 June 1954. On November 1, 1956, the state of Kerala was formed by the States Reorganisation Act merging the Malabar District, Travancore-Cochin [excluding four southern taluks, which were merged with Tamil Nadu], and the of Kasaragod taluk of South Kanara District.
The area of North Malabar begins at Korapuzha in the south and ends at Manjeshwaram in the north of Kerala and traditionally comprises erstwhile princely principalities and fiefdoms of Kolathu Nadu, Kadatha Nadu and southern parts of Tulu Nadu.

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North Paravur
North Paravur (Malayalam :വടക്കൻ പറവൂർ, also Paravur, Paravoor) formerly known as Parur is a town, municipality in Ernakulam district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is an old and growing municipality. Paravur is the capital of Paravur Taluk in Ernakulam district. Though considered a part of Kochi for all practical purposes, the town is 17 km away from Edappally in city of Kochi. The ancient seaport of India Muziris is located in Pattanam village 3 km away from town. It is a northern suburb of Kochi City.
The coastal highway NH-17 Ernakulam – Manglore- Mumbai (Proposed NH-66 Panvel-Kanyakumari) passes through this town. The National Waterway – 3 Kollam – Ernakulam – Kottapuram passes through the western end of the taluk. North Paravur is considered as the gateway to Cherai beach which is 6 km away from Paravur town.
This town had been an old trading post and has a Jewish synagogue and had a thriving Jewish community before their conversion to Syrian Christians in the first century and their resettlement in Israel after its establishment. Cochin Jews lived in the towns of Kochi, Ernakulam and North Paravur.

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Nova Scotia
Coordinates: 45°13′N 62°42′W / 45.217°N 62.7°W / 45.217; -62.7 (Nova Scotia)
Nova Scotia (pronounced /ˌnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə/; French: Nouvelle-Écosse; Scottish Gaelic: Alba Nuadh) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province of the four in Atlantic Canada. Located almost exactly halfway between the Equator and the North Pole (44º 39' N Longitude), its provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada with an area of 55,284 square kilometres (21,300 sq mi), including Cape Breton and some 3,800 coastal islands. As of 2011, the population was 921,727, making Nova Scotia the second-most-densely populated province in Canada.
Nova Scotia was already home to the Mi'kmaq people when French colonists established Port Royal, Nova Scotia, the first permanent European settlement in North America north of Florida in 1605. Almost one hundred and fifty years later, the first English and German settlers arrived with the founding of Halifax (1749). The first Scottish migration was on the Hector (1773) and then the first Black migration happened after the American Revolution (1783). Despite the diversity of the cultural heritage of Nova Scotia, much of the twentieth-century tourism efforts focused primarily on all things Scottish. Many recent tourism efforts embrace and showcase Nova Scotia's diversity.

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Ormus
The Kingdom of Ormus (also known as Ohrmuzd, Hormuz, and Ohrmazd; Portuguese Ormuz) was a 10th to 17th century kingdom located within the Persian Gulf and extending as far as the Strait of Hormuz. The Kingdom was established by Arab princes in the 10th century who in 1262 came under the suzerainty of Persia, before becoming a client state of the Portuguese Empire.
The kingdom received its name from the fortified port city which served as its capital. It was one of the most important ports in the Middle East at the time as it controlled seaway trading routes through the Persian Gulf to India and East Africa. This port was probably located on Hormuz Island^{[citation needed]}, which is located near the modern city of Bandar-e Abbas.
The name of the port, the island, and the kingdom is Iranian and ultimately derives from that of the Zoroastrian deity, Ahura Mazda, which becomes Ohrmazd in Pahlavi, Hirmiz in Manichaean Middle Persian, and Hormoz in New-Persian.
The Strait of Hormuz (Arabic: مضيق هرمز‎ - Madīq Hurmuz, Persian: تنگه هرمز - Tangeh-ye Hormoz,) is a narrow, strategically important waterway between the Gulf of Oman in the southeast and the Persian Gulf in the southwest. On the north coast is Iran and on the south coast is the United Arab Emirates and Musandam, an exclave of Oman.

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Ouadane
Ouadane or Wadan (Arabic: وادان‎) is a small town in the desert region of central Mauritania, situated on the southern edge of the Adrar Plateau, 93 km northeast of Chinguetti. The town was a staging post in the trans-Saharan trade and for caravans transporting slabs of salt from the mines at Idjil. A Portuguese trading post was established in 1487, but was probably soon abandoned. The town declined from the sixteenth century and most of the town now lies in ruins.
The old town, a World Heritage Site, though in ruins, is still substantially intact, while a small modern settlement lies outside its gate.
Ouadane is the closest town to the Richat Structure, a massive circular landmark visible from space.
The early history of the Ouadane is uncertain but it is possible that the town prospered from the trans-Saharan gold trade. In the middle of the 11th century, the Arabic geographer al-Bakri described a trans-Saharan route that ran between Tamdoult near Akka in Morocco to Aoudaghost on the southern edge of the Sahara. This route was used for the transport of gold during the time of the Ghana Empire. In his account al-Bakri mentioned a series of place names but these have not been identified and historians have suggested several possible routes. Raymond Mauny proposed a route that passed through Ouadane but Suzanne Daveau later argued in favour of a more direct route that crossed the Adrar escarpment to the east of the town. The volume of caravan traffic would have declined from the beginning of the 13th century when the oasis town of Oualata located 360 km to the east replaced Aoudaghost as the southern terminus of the trade route.

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Palai
Pala (Malayalam: പാലാ, also written as Palai), is a municipal town 27 km east of Kottayam in the Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 15.93 km². Pala has the largest proportion of Saint Thomas Christian community in Kerala. It is situated 173 km North from the state capital Thiruvananthapuram, on the banks of the Meenachil River and is the headquarters of the Meenachil Taluk and the Pala Revenue Division. It is the one of the main gateways to the southern high ranges of Western Ghats.
There are various versions regarding the origin of the place name. According to one, Pala gets its name from Palazhi (Ksheera Sagara), the mythological Ocean of milk from which nectar was churned out. Another view is that the name was derived from Palathu Chettiyar families, the prominent early settlers of the region.
Pala was part of the erstwhile princely state of Travancore, and was ruled by the "Travancore Rajas" for a long time. The local chieftains were "Meenachil Karthas". The first royal Kartha families were known as Njavakattu Karthas. They had a title called "Damodara Simhar" and they were rulers of a small kingdom called "Meenachil" which is today's Palai (Kottayam district).

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Palakkad
Palakkad pronunciation (help·info), previously known as Palghat, is a large town and municipality in the state of Kerala in southern India, spread over an area of 26.60 km² and is the administrative headquarters of the Palakkad District. Palakkad is the seventh most populous city in Kerala and lies near the Palghat Gap, a pass or natural depression through the Western Ghats ranges, and connects Kerala to the plains of the state of Tamil Nadu to the east. The city is situated about 350 kilometres (217 mi) north of state capital Thiruvananthapuram and 49 kilometres (30 mi) south west of Coimbatore.
Kerala would have an IIT in Palakkad under the 12th five-year plan. The land belonging to the Instrumentation Limited in Palakkad was finally chosen for the project.Since the IITs are set up by an act of Parliament, the whole process is the centre's prerogative, and the state government has only a limited role.
To the east lies Coimbatore of Tamil Nadu. Palakkad is the gateway to Kerala due to the presence of the Palakkad Gap, in the Western Ghats.

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Palakkad district
Palakkad District (Malayalam: പാലക്കാട് ജില്ല) is one of the 14 districts of the Indian state of Kerala. The city of Palakkad is the district headquarters. Palakkad is bordered on the northwest by the Malappuram District, on the southwest by the Thrissur District and on the east by Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. The district is 13.62% urbanised. The district is nicknamed "the granary of Kerala".
In earlier times, Palakkad was also known as Palakkattussery. Some etymologists trace the word "Palakkad" from the word Palai nilam, which means "dry lands". The commonly held belief, however, is that the name is a fusion of two Malayalam words, Pala, a tree (Alstonia scholaris) that is found abundantly in Palakkad, and Kadu, which means forest.^{[citation needed]}
In earlier days, Palakkad along with most parts of Kerala were under the rule of the Chera kings (Perumals). With the decline of Chera dynasty, parts of this district were ruled by Palakkad Rajas who were believed to be a branch of Zamorins (Samudiri Rajavamsam) of Calicut who later declared independence. Some parts were under Kollengode Rajas of Vengunad and the Valluvanad part of the district was ruled by Valluvakonathiris (who are considered to be descendants of a branch of Pallava dynasty who might have ruled parts of Kerala at an earlier date). For a brief period, some areas of the district near Chittur came under the attack of the nearby Kongu king when the local people resisted the Kongu invasion successfully.

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Palayad
Palayad is a census town in Thalassery Taluk in the Indian state of Kerala.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Palayad had a population of 16,462. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Palayad has an average literacy rate of 83%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 87%, and female literacy is 79%. In Palayad, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
As part of the National Education Policy (1986), District Institute for Education and Training (DIETs) were established in selected districts all over India in 1986, along with Kannur DIET here. Govt. Brennen College, founded in 1851, is one of the oldest educational institutions in the region. There is also a Center of Kannur University here which provides Post Graduate courses.
Important Educational Institutions in and around Palayad are
See Also Educational Institutions in Thalassery

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Panamaram
Panamaram (Malayalam: പനമരം)is a village in Wayanad district in the state of Kerala, India.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Panamaram had a population of 11651 with 5891 males and 5760 females.
Panamaram River is a tributary of the Kabani River along with Mananthavady, Babali, Noolpuzha and Nugu Rivers. Kabani and its tributaries play a key role in the enhancement of the landscapes of Wayanad District.
About 6 km north of Panamaram, the Kabini takes birth. It is the confluence of the Panamaram river, originating in the Western ghats near Pookode Lake, a perennial lake near Lakkidi, 4,500 ft above sea level, and the Mananthavady river, springing from the 5,000 ft Tondarmudi. The Kabini is, perhaps, the most feminine of Kerala rivers. The flow of life on its banks is incredibly peaceful and dream-like. The confluence of these rivers is Kabani River and it after entering the state of Karnataka merges with the Kaveri River.
Panamaram has great significance in the history of Indian freedom struggle as it witnessed one of the first freedom struggle in South India.
On October 11, 1802 Pazhassi Raja's followers like Thalakkal Chanthu and Edachena Kunkan Nair captured the Panamaram Fort which was manned by the infantry units of Bombay. Commanding officer Capt. Dickinson and Lt. Maxwell were killed in action along with 25 soldiers. And this victory brought a new vigor to the resistance movement.

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Panapuzha
Panapuzha is a village in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Panapuzha had a population of 11205 with 5337 males and 5868 females.

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Parassinikkadavu
Parassinkkadavu pronunciation (help·info) is a small village about 16 km from Kannur town in the Kannur district of Kerala state, south India. It is a popular tourist destination in north Kerala. It is located at coordintates 11°58′58.73″N 75°24′7.45″E / 11.9829806°N 75.4020694°E / 11.9829806; 75.4020694.
Parassinikkadavu is noted for the famous Muthappan temple where people go for worshipping Sree Muthappan. This is the only Hindu Temple in Kerala where a Theyyam performance is a daily ritual offering.
Tradition has it that for the Annual Festival, Ulsavam, of the Muthappan Temple at Parassinikkadavu to start, a procession led by a female member of the "Thayyil" clan of Thayyil, Kannur begins from the family home and terminates at the main altar of the temple with a 'pooja' (prayer) to the Gods.
Parassinkkadavu is also noted for the Parassinikkadavu Snake Park which is committed to the preservation and conservation of snakes. There are about 150 varieties of snakes including the spectacled cobra, King cobra, Russell's viper, Krait and Pit Viper living in the park.

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Paravur Taluk
Paravur Taluk is a taluk of Ernakulam District of the Indian State of Kerala. North Paravur is the capital of the taluk. Paravur Taluk lies in the north western part of Ernakulam district bordering Thrissur district. The surrounding taluks are Kochi to the west consisting of Vypin Island, Kodungallore to the north, Aluva to the east consisting of Angamaly,Nedumbassery and Aluva, Kanayanur to the south consisting of Cochin City. Paravur is a part of Kochi urban agglomeration area. The western parts of taluk are coastal areas with cultivations like prawn and pokkali rice. The eastern parts are fertile lands. The heavy industries of Kochi is located in Udyogmandal area of the taluk.
The Block Panchayats are Paravur and Alengad.
Paravur constituency consists of
Kalamassery constituency consists of
Paravur, Kalamassery constituencies belong to Ernakulam Parliamentary constituency.
These are the towns other than panchayat headquarters.

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Pattuvam
Pattuvam (Malayalam: പട്ടുവം) is a village in Kannur district, Kerala, India. It has an area of 32 square kilometers and a population of 20000 approx.
Surrounded with rivers on all sides except the east where it shares a boundary with the Thaliparamba municipality, Pattuvam is blessed with rich biodiversity thanks to its hills, rivers etc. Pattuvam created history a decade ago when it used its autonomy to assert its sole right to the local biodiversity.
The Panchayat consists of mini-villages like Mangalasseri, Muthukuda, kavungal, Pattuvam, Muriyathode, Mullool, Ariyil, Parappool, Vellikkeel etc. The Panchayat is presently ruled by the left front led by President Mrs.Latha With a predominantly agriculture oriented population, Pattuvam is home to many eminent personalities too.
There are lots of temples, Kunhimathilam Temple, Valiyamathilakam Temple,Muthukuda siva temple & Vadakke Kavu (Panchuruli Temple) are the famous temples in Pattuvam.
Schools :
Pattuvam GHSS,Model Residential Higher Secondary School, LP school, UP School and Govt. LP school etc.

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Payangadi
Payangadi (aka Pazhayangadi, Malayalam: പഴയങ്ങാടി) means old market. Payangadi is a small township approximately 22 kilometers north of Kannur town, in Kerala, South India. The west side of this town is Madayi Hills (Madayippara) and one side is Payangadi Rivers. Ezhimala, the hills with lot of medical herbs and ancient history is situated nearly 4 km west to Payangadi. One has to travel to the west to Muttam and Ettikkulam to reach there. This township spreads over in the Madayi and Ezhome Panchayaths.
Malik Dinar, a scholar during the times of the Islamic prophet Muhammad arrived here to set up a mosque, making it one of the first places that Islam was introduced in India. Much of the population of Payangadi is Muslim although followers of other religions also live here. Payangadi is a bustling township with a lot of old houses and mosques built in traditional architecture.
Most of the people living in Payangadi are merchants. Payangadi also has a railway bridge and a railway station which according to history was built by the British, during their rule in India. The Payangadi riverwinds through the town and provides some spectacular views,especially from Madayi Paara.From top of Madayi Paara one can see the entire town snuggled under the Ezhmala The Madayi hill is locally known as the Madayi Paara (Paara in Malayalam means 'rock'). On this hilltop, there are a number of educational institutions, like Wadi Huda College, Madayi Co-operative College, Madayi Govt Higher Secondary School etc.

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Payyanur
Payyanur (Malayalam: പയ്യന്നൂര്‍) is a Municipal Town situated at the northern end of Kannur district in North Malabar region of Kerala, India. This Municipality consists of three administrative villages viz. Vellur, Korom and Payyanur. Other villages are; Annur and Kokkanissery.
As of 2001 India census, Payyanur had a population of 68,711. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Payyanur has an average literacy rate of 83%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 86%, and female literacy is 80%. In Payyanur, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
The place derives its name from the renowned Sri Subrahmanya Swami Temple located here. Payyan is an appellation of Lord Subrahmanya and ooru means "the place". Thus Payyanur means the land of Lord Subrahmanya. Payyanur is also well known for Pavithra Mothiram, Astrology, art forms like Theyyam and Poorakkali, and historical movements like that held at Korom.
Payyanur is located at 12°06′N 75°12′E / 12.1°N 75.2°E / 12.1; 75.2. It has an average elevation of 16 metres (51 feet).

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Payyoli
Payyoli is a village on the North Malabar Coast of Kozhikode district in the South Indian state of Kerala.

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Peermade
Peermade(പീരുമേട്), also transliterated as Perumade, Peerumed, Peerumade or Peermede, is a hill station in the state of Kerala, India. It is high in the Western Ghats, 915 metres above sea level, and 85 km east of Kottayam on the way to Thekkady.
The landscape of Peermade includes spectacular waterfalls, open grass lands and pine forests. It was once the summer retreat of the Maharajas of Travancore. Tamil people are the most majority in peermade .
Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, one of the largest wildlife reserves in India, is 43 km away. It has herds of elephants and other wildlife as well as lakes.
The name is sometimes related to the Sufi saint, Peer Mohammed, or means "hill of the Peer"(പീരുമേട്).
The area is very fertile and the area had until recently lush plantations of coffee, tea, cardamon, and coconut. The area, with a long history of spice growing, now concentrates on producing organic black pepper, white pepper, ginger and turmeric.
At a recent show spice growers from Peermade displayed samples of organically grown spices like cardamom, black pepper, white pepper, nutmeg, mace, cloves, turmeric, ginger, vanilla beans, vanilla powder and herbs like oregano, sage, thyme and rosemary. Oils of thyme and rosemary were also displayed.

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Perambra
Perambra (in Malayalam : പേരാമ്പ്ര)is a town in Koyilandy taluk of Kozhikode district in North Malabar region of Kerala state, India. This is one of the 140 assembly constituencies in Kerala, and one of the 12 block Panchayats in Kozhikode district.
Perambra lies almost at the centre of the district covering an area of 298.43 km². The block has a population of 1,71,433; (86,019 males and 85414 females). The Perambra block has seven panchayats – Changaroth, Cheruvannur, Kayanna, Koothali, Chakkittapara, Nochad and Perambra.
Schools
Unaided Schools:-
Govt Colleges
Private Colleges (Parallel):-
Affiliated colleges:-
(Bsc FT ,IT,Psy and BCA)
Hospitals:-
Perambra assembly constituency is part of Vadakara (Lok Sabha constituency).
Peruvannamuzhi Dam Site
Located at a distance of 15 km from Perambra, the Peruvannamuzhi Dam site set amid hills is a beautiful picnic spot. The reservoir here provides facilities for speedboat and rowboat cruises. The region offers immense scope for picnicking. The Experimental Farm of Indian Institute of Spices Research which has a large collection of various spice crops is situated about 2 km from Peruvannmuzhi Dam.

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Peringome
Peringome (Malayalam:പെരിങ്ങോം ) is a town in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is 60 km north-east of Kannur town. Kokkanisseri and Taliparmba (south}, Payyanur (west) and Nileswaram (north-west) are major towns nearby.
Mangalore Airport is about 88 km north. Payyanur Railway Station is the closest railhead.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Peringome had a population of 13261 with 6388 males and 6873 females.The village has a Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) camp. The Director General of Police is K.V. Madhusudhanan.

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Perumbavoor
Perumbavoor (Malayalam: പെരുമ്പാവൂർ) is a satellite town of Kochi city and a municipality in Ernakulam District in the Indian state of Kerala. It lies in the North Eastern tip of the Greater Cochin area and is also the headquarters of Kunnathunad Taluk. It is a Main Satellite Centres of Kochi City. Perumbavoor is famed in the state for wood industries and small-scale industries. Ernakulam lies 33 km southwest of Perumbavoor. The town lies between Angamaly and Muvattupuzha on the Main Central Road (MC), which connects Thiruvananthapuram to Angamaly through the old Travancore part of Kerala. Perumbavoor lies in the banks of rivers Periyar and Muvattupuzha.
It is one of the most strategically located industrially developing towns in Kerala, since its close to Ernakulam, where the city grows further towards east. There are many small-scale industries on the Aluva - Perumbavoor road. Trucks carrying wood and allied products like plywood travel from Perumbavoor to destinations like Coimbatore, Trivandrum and Mangalore. There is also a developing packaging and carton industry. Food processing, especially of rice and condiments, is also one of the prominent local industry.

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Ponnani
Ponnani (Malayalam: പൊന്നാനി, formerly Ponani, Paniyani) is a coastal municipality and an important fishing center in Malappuram district in the Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 9.32 km². It is a tidal port, mainly used by the fishing industry. It is situated at the mouth of Ponnani river, the second longest river of Kerala and is bounded by the Arabian Sea on the west.
Ponnani is often regarded one of the oldest ports in southern India and is sometimes roughly identified with the port Tyndis of the Roman accounts.^{[citation needed]}
Ponnani taluk is the smallest taluk in Malappuram district.
Located in Malappuram District of Kerala state in India, Ponnani is a small town at the mouth of the Bharathapuzha. It is a port used primarily as a fishing harbour. Ponnani is a "town of mosques". Though described as the "place of 231/2 masjids", there are nearly 50 mosques. Ponnani has a population which is a blend of almost equal percentage of Hindus and Muslims and has set an example for tolerant and peaceful religious co-existence its history. Malik Ibnu Dinar, the legendary first Islamic missionary who came to Kerala, is believed to have visited Ponnani.

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Portas do Cerco
Portas do Cerco is an area on the Macau Peninsula (built in 1849) [1], in the former Portuguese colony of Macau, now a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, near the border checkpoint with the rest of the People's Republic of China (PRC) at Gongbei, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province. The new Posto Fronteiriço das Portas do Cerco (border gate border building) was opened on January 15, 2004.
Transmac
TCM
Coordinates: 22°12′53″N 113°32′56″E / 22.2147°N 113.5488°E / 22.2147; 113.5488

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Portuguese Empire
The Portuguese Empire (Portuguese: Império Português), also known as the Portuguese Overseas Empire (Ultramar Português) or the Portuguese Colonial Empire (Império Colonial Português), was the first global empire in history. In addition, it was the longest-lived of the modern European colonial empires, spanning almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999 or the grant of sovereignty to East Timor in 2002. The empire spread throughout a vast number of territories that are now part of 53 different sovereign states.
Portuguese sailors began exploring the coast of Africa in 1419, using recent developments in navigation, cartography and maritime technology such as the caravel, in order that they might find a sea route to the source of the lucrative spice trade. In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama reached India. In 1500, either by an accidental landfall or by the crown's secret design, Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil on the South American coast. Over the following decades, Portuguese sailors continued to explore the coasts and islands of East Asia, establishing forts and factories as they went. By 1571, a string of outposts connected Lisbon to Nagasaki along the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, India, and Asia. This commercial network brought great wealth to Portugal.

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Portuguese Guinea
Portuguese Guinea (also Guinea or the Overseas Province of Guinea) was the name for what is today Guinea-Bissau from 1446 to September 10, 1974.
Though the Kingdom of Portugal had claimed the area four years earlier, Portuguese explorer Nuno Tristão sailed around the coast of West Africa, reaching the Guinea area in about 1450, searching for the source of gold and other valuable commodities that had slowly been trickling up into Europe via land routes for the preceding half century. Sometime later, slaves were also added to the list. Portuguese Guinea had been part of the Sahel Empire, and the local Landurna and Naula tribes traded in salt and grew rice. Like in many other regions across Africa, powerful indigenous kingdoms along the Bight of Benin relied heavily on a long established slave trade. The Ashanti exploited their military predominance to bring slaves to coastal forts established first by Portugal after 1480, and then soon afterwards by the Dutch, Danish, and English. The slaving network quickly expanded deep into the Sahel, where the Mossi diverted an ancient slaving trade away from the Mediterranean towards the Gold Coast. With the help of local tribes in about 1600, the Portuguese, and numerous other European powers, including France, Britain and Sweden, set up a thriving slave trade along the West African coast. However, the local black African rulers in Guinea, who prospered greatly from the slave trade, had no interest in allowing the white Europeans any further inland than the fortified coastal settlements where the trading took place. The Portuguese presence in Guinea was therefore largely limited to the port of Bissau and Cacheu. For a brief period in the 1790s the British attempt to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama. But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory, also in part of present southern Senegal.

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Portuguese India
The Portuguese Viceroyalty of India (Portuguese: Vice-Reino da Índia Portuguesa), later the Portuguese State of India (Portuguese: Estado Português da Índia), was the aggregate of Portugal's colonial holdings in India.
The government started in 1505, six years after the discovery of a sea route to India by Vasco da Gama, with the nomination of the first Viceroy Francisco de Almeida, then settled at Cochin. Until 1752, the "State of India" included all Portuguese possessions in the Indian Ocean, from southern Africa to Southeast Asia, governed by either a Viceroy or a Governor from headquarters established in Goa since 1510. In 1752 Mozambique got its own government and in 1844 the Portuguese Government of India stopped administering the territory of Macau, Solor and Timor, being then confined to Malabar.
At the time of British India's independence in 1947, Portuguese India included a number of enclaves on India's western coast, including Goa proper, as well as the coastal enclaves of Daman (Port: Damão) and Diu, and the enclaves of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, which lie inland from Daman. The territories of Portuguese India were sometimes referred to collectively as Goa. Portugal lost the last two enclaves in 1954, and finally the remaining three in December 1961, when they were taken back by India after military action (although Portugal only recognized Indian control in 1975, after the Carnation Revolution and the fall of the Estado Novo regime).

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Portuguese Malacca
Portuguese Malacca was the territory of Malacca that, for 130 years (1511–1641), was a Portuguese colony.
According to the Portuguese historian Emanuel Godinho de Erédia in the middle of the 16th century, the site of the old city of Malacca was named after the Myrobalans, fruit-bearing trees along the banks of a river called Airlele (Ayer Leleh). The Airlele river was said to originate from Buquet China (present-day Bukit Cina). Eredia cited that the city was founded by Permicuri (i.e. Parameswara) the first King of Malacca in 1411.
The news of Malacca's wealth attracted the attention of Manuel I, King of Portugal and he sent Admiral Diogo Lopes de Sequeira to find Malacca, to make a trade compact with its ruler as Portugal's representative east of India. The first European to reach Malacca and Southeast Asia, Sequeira arrived in Malacca in 1509. Although he was initially well-received by Sultan Mahmud Shah trouble however quickly ensued. The general feeling of rivalry between Islam and Christianity was invoked by a group of Goa Muslims in the sultan's court after the Portuguese had captured Goa. The international Muslim trading community convinced Mahmud that the Portuguese were a grave threat. Mahmud subsequently captured several of his men, killed others and attempted to attack the four Portuguese ships, although they escaped. As the Portuguese had found in India, conquest would be the only way they could establish themselves in Malacca.

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Portuguese Timor
Portuguese Timor was the name of East Timor when it was under Portuguese control. During this period, Portugal shared the island of Timor with the Netherlands East Indies, and later with Indonesia.
The first Europeans to arrive in the region were Portuguese in 1515.^{[citation needed]}Dominican friars established a presence on the island in 1556, and the territory was declared a Portuguese colony in 1702. Following a Lisbon-instigated decolonisation process in 1974, Indonesia invaded the territory in 1975 ending Portuguese rule. The invasion was never accepted by other countries so Portuguese Timor existed officially until independence of Timor-Leste in 2002.
Prior to the arrival of European colonial powers, the island of Timor was part of the trading networks that stretched between India and China and incorporating Maritime Southeast Asia. The island's large stands of fragrant sandalwood were its main commodity. The first European powers to arrive in the area were the Portuguese in the early sixteenth century followed by the Dutch in the late sixteenth century. Both came in search of the fabled Spice Islands of Maluku. Portuguese first landed near modern Pante Macassar,^{[citation needed]} and in 1556 a group of Dominican friars established the village of Lifau.

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Pulicat
Pulicat (Pazhaverkadu) is a historic seashore town in Thiruvallur District, of Tamil Nadu state, South India. It is about 60 km north of Chennai and 3 km from Elavur, on the barrier island of Sriharikota, which separates Pulicat Lake from the Bay of Bengal. Pulicat lake is a shallow salt water lagoon which stretches about 60 kilometers (37 mi) km along the coast. With lakeside and seashore development as well as several SEZs including a US $1 billion Medical SEZ, coming up in nearby Elavur, the land prices in the area are in the upswing.
The Portuguese established a trading post in Pulicat in 1502 with the help of the Vijayanagar rulers. They built a fort there and held this fort until 1609 when they were defeated by the Dutch. The Dutch occupied Pulicat fort in 1609. Pulicat was till 1690 the capital of Dutch Coromandel. It repeatedly changed possession, until finally occupied by the British in 1825. It became part of the Madras Presidency, which later became Madras state in independent India and renamed Tamil Nadu in 1968. The Dutch church has been built over several times and is rather dilapidated today, and the Dutch fort has fallen into ruin. The old lighthouse still stands at the opposite bank of the lake. The cemetery dating to 1622 has been taken under the wing of the Archeological Survey of India and so has survived the passage of time. The grand, Dutch inscribed tombs and graves, carved with skeletons rather than the cross, have been quite well preserved. The cemetery lies behind the market and visitors often don't know that it is there. Many thousands of visitors per year come to the area which is renowned for its history and natural beauty.

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Punalur
Punalur (Malayalam: പുനലൂര്‍ Punalūr‍) is a city situated near the Tamil Nadu-Kerala Border in the Kollam district, in the southern State of Kerala, India. Here the Punalur Paper Mills was the first industry in Kerala, a pioneer in the Kerala industrial revolution. It is also one of the hottest city in South India.
It is situated in the banks of the Kallada River, receiving its name from two Tamil words; punal, meaning "water" and ooru, meaning "place", therefore "place of water". It is about 45 km north-east of Kollam and 75 km north of Thiruvananthapuram. Punalur is the headquarters of Pathanapuram Taluk, the gateway to Western Ghats. It is also known as the " Lap of the western ghats ".
It is the second largest city in Kollam and the 5th largest city in south Kerala, and a famous industrial city in India. Punalur municipality was established in 1972, although its status may change before 2016.it is THE HOTTEST CITY OF SOUTH INDIA.
Punalur is a city which has, since ancient times, had a good relations with Tamil Nadu to the East. Most parts of Pathanapuram taluk were inhabited since before the Indus Valley Civilization, and civilization may have existed in and around Punalur during the 1st Century AD, but most parts of it were thick forests. Punalur was described in inscriptions at Mithranandpuram and Vellayani. Until 1734, Punalur was under the direct rule of the Ilaydathu swaroopam.Later it was occupied by Marthanda Varma and came into the rule of Travancore . Britishers had a good hold in this part due to its rich agricultural background.

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Punnakkulangara
Punnakkulangara(പുന്നക്കുളങ്ങര in Malayalam) is a village in Kannur district of Kerala in south India.
Punnakkulangara is a village in North Malabar. It is situated in the Taliparamba Taluk of Kannur district. Punnakkulangara comes under the Morazha village and Taliparamba Municipality. It is the 27th ward of Taliparamba Municipality. It is in Taliparamba Legislative Assembly Constituency and Kannur Loksabha Constituency. Even though a small village, Punnakkulangara is surrounded by important places. Historic place of Independence Movement , Morazha, Bakkalam are situated around Punnakkulangara. Kannur University is situated south of Punnakkulangara. Kerala Armed Police IV th Battalion is the south east boundary of this village. Government College of Engineering, Kannur, Doordarshan Kannur Centre, KELTRON, Parassinikkadavu Snake Park etc. are very near to this place.
The demography of Punnakkulangara is of mixed nature. Hindus and Muslims are the dominant religions. Christians are also there. Among the Hindus most of them belongs to Thiyya caste. But religion and caste never had a discriminating effect on the people of Punnakkulangara.

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Qalhat
The ancient city of Qalhat, or Galhat, is located just over 20 km north of Sur, in the Ash Sharqiyah Region of northeastern Oman.
Very little remains of the ancient city of Qalhat, save for the now dome-less mausoleum of Bibi Maryam. The city served as an important stop in the wider Indian Ocean trade network, and was also the second city of the Kingdom of Ormus. Covering more than 60 acres (240,000 m²), the ancient city was surrounded by fortified walls that contained houses and shops. Artifacts from as far away as Persia and China were found on-site.
This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on July 4, 1988 in the Cultural category.
The Oman LNG LLC S.A.O.C. owned Qalhat LNG Terminal is situated at the Port of Qalhat .
The Ancient City of Galhat - UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 2009-03-03.
Coordinates: 22°42′N 59°22′E / 22.7°N 59.367°E / 22.7; 59.367

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Qatif
Qatif or Al-Qatif (Arabic: القطيف‎ Al-Qaṭīf) is a governorate and urban area located in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. It extends from Ras Tanura and Jubail in the north to Dammam in the south, and from the Persian Gulf in the east to King Fahd International Airport in the west. This region has its own municipality and includes the Qatif downtown and many other smaller cities and towns.
Qatif is one of the oldest settlements in the eastern side of the Arabian peninsula, its history going back to 3500 BC. Qatifi people used to work as merchants, farmers, and fishers. However, in recent years,^[when?] after the discovery of oil and establishment of Jubail Industrial City, most of Qatifi's people are working in oil, industry, public services, education and health care sectors.
The historic oasis area shows its first archeological evidence of settlement beginning about 3500 BC. It was known by other names, such as Al-Khatt (Arabic: الخَطّ‎), immortalized in the poetry of `Antara ibn Shaddad, Tarafa ibn Al-`Abd, Bashar ibn Burd (in his famous Ba'yya), and others. The word "Khatty" became the preferred "kenning" for "spear" in traditional poetic writing until the dawn of the modern era, supposedly because the region was famous for spear making, just as "muhannad" ("of India") was the preferred kenning for "sword". The older name also survives as the eponym of several well-known local families ("Al-Khatti", spelled variously in English).^{[citation needed]}

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Qeshm
Coordinates: 26°41′43″N 55°37′06″E / 26.69528°N 55.61833°E / 26.69528; 55.61833
Qeshm (Persian: قشم - pronounced kē´shm) is an Iranian island situated in the Strait of Hormuz, and separated from the mainland by the Clarence Strait/Khuran in the Persian Gulf (26°50′N 56°0′E / 26.833°N 56°E / 26.833; 56).
Qeshm Island is located a few kilometers off the southern coast of Iran (Persian Gulf), opposite the port cities of Bandar Abbas and Bandar Khamir. The island, which hosts a 300 square kilometer free zone jurisdiction, is 135 km long, and lies strategically in the Strait of Hormuz, just 60 kilometers from the Omani port of Khasab, and about 180 kilometers from the UAE Port Rashid. The island, at its widest point, located near the center of the island, spans 40 kilometers. Similarly, at it narrowest point, the island spans 9.4 kilometers. The island has a surface area of 1491 square kilometers and is 2.5 times the size of Bahrain. Qeshm city, located at the easternmost point of the island, is 22 kilometers from Bandar Abbas while the closest point of the island is but two kilometers from the mainland.

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Ranni
Ranni, sometimes spelled Ranny, is one of the 5 Taluks in the Pathanamthitta district of Kerala, in India. According to the Census of India 2001, the population was 207,782. The taluk headquarters is a small township on both sides of the Pamba River. Ranni is also one of the largest taluks in Kerala. The renowned Hindu temple of Sabarimala is in this taluk, situated approximately 66 km from the main town, Ittiappara. Ranni is known for its natural beauty, forests, hills, river and good climate.
Ranni is derived from similar word in malayalam which means "Queen" or "Rani". Ranni is known as "The Queen of the Eastern Hill Lands".
The history of Ranni can be traced 5000 years back to the early settlement activity of Adi Dravidans around Sabarimala and Nilackal. The temple at Sabarimala is thought to be the oldest existing temple in India, dating to around 4000 years. A church at Nilackal is believed to be one of the seven churches founded by St. Thomas in AD 54.
In the 18th century, Knanaya Christians migrated to Ranni and later established the church, St. Thomas Church of Ranni. Large number of Mar Thomites also migrated from surrounding areas. In the early 19th century, Dr. Claudius Buchanan visited Ranni and was presented an old hand written Syriac Bible, from Ranni St. Thomas church.

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Rijksmuseum
Coordinates: 52°21′36″N 4°53′07″E / 52.36000°N 4.885278°E / 52.36000; 4.885278
The Rijksmuseum (Dutch pronunciation: [rɛi̯ks myˈzeʏm]) (English: State Museum) is a Dutch national museum in Amsterdam, located on the Museumplein. The museum is dedicated to arts, crafts, and history. It has a large collection of paintings from the Dutch Golden Age and a substantial collection of Asian art. It also displays the stern of the HMS Royal Charles which was captured in the Raid on the Medway, and the Hartog plate.
The museum was founded in 1800 in The Hague to exhibit the collections of the Dutch stadtholders. It was inspired by French example. By then it was known as the National Art Gallery (Dutch: Nationale Kunst-Gallerij). In 1808 the museum moved to Amsterdam on the orders of king Louis Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon Bonaparte. The paintings owned by that city, such as The Night Watch by Rembrandt, became part of the collection.
In 1863, there was a design contest for a new building for the Rijksmuseum, but none of the submissions was considered to be of sufficient quality. Pierre Cuypers also participated in the contest and his submission reached the second place. In 1876 a new contest was held and this time Pierre Cuypers won. The design was a combination of gothic and renaissance elements. The construction began on October 1, 1876. On both the inside and the outside, the building was richly decorated with references to Dutch art history. Another contest was held for these decorations. The winners were B. van Hove and J.F. Vermeylen for the sculptures, G. Sturm for the tile tableaus and painting and W.F. Dixon for the stained glass. The museum was opened at its new location on July 13, 1885.

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Saint Helena
Saint Helena ( /ˌseɪnt həˈliːnə/ SAYNT-hə-LEE-nə), named after Saint Helena of Constantinople, is an island of volcanic origin in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha which also includes Ascension Island and the islands of Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about 16 by 8 kilometres (10 by 5 mi) and has a population of 4,255 (2008 census).
The island was uninhabited when discovered by the Portuguese in 1502. It is one of the most isolated islands in the world. For centuries, it was an important stopover for ships sailing to Europe from Asia and South Africa. The British also used the island as a place of exile, most notably for Napoleon I, Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo and more than 5,000 Boer prisoners. Saint Helena is Britain's second oldest remaining colony (now termed overseas territory), after Bermuda.
Most historical accounts state that the island was discovered on 21 May 1502 by the Galician navigator João da Nova sailing at the service of the Portuguese Crown, and that he named it "Santa Helena" after Helena of Constantinople. Another theory holds that the island found by De Nova was actually Tristan da Cunha 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to its south, and that Saint Helena was discovered by some of the ships attached to the squadron of Estêvão da Gama expedition on 30 July 1503 (as reported in the account of clerk Thomé Lopes).

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Salsette Island
Salsette Island is an island in Maharashtra state on India's west coast. The metropolis of Mumbai (formerly Bombay), the city of Thane and Mira-Bhayandar lie on this island, making it a very populous island and one of the most densely populated island in the world. It has about 15.1 million inhabitants living on an area of about 619 km².
Salsette is bounded on the north by Vasai Creek, on the northeast by the Ulhas River, on the east by Thane Creek and Bombay Harbour, and on the south and west by the Arabian Sea. The original seven islands of Bombay, which were merged by land reclamation during the 19th and early 20th centuries to form the city of Mumbai is now practically a southward protruding peninsula of the much larger Salsette Island. The island of Trombay that lay to the southeast of Salsette is today part of Salsette as much of the intervening swamps have been reclaimed. The island contains Borivali National Park, also known as Sanjay Gandhi National Park. The city of Thane lies at the island's north-eastern corner, on Thane Creek. Politically, the Mumbai City district covers the peninsula south of Mahim and Sion while most of the original island constitutes the Mumbai Suburban District. The northern portion of the island lies within Thane District, which extends across Vasai and Thane creeks onto the mainland.

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Shoranur
Shoranur (Malayalam: ഷൊര്‍ണൂര്‍) is a town and a municipality in Palakkad district, Kerala, located on the banks of the Bharathapuzha River spread over an area of 32.28 km². It is a major transport hub, having the largest railway station in the state. Kerala Kalamandalam which is the premier centre for the learning of classical arts like Kathakali and Koodiyattam is located at Cheruthuruthi, a kilometer across the river from Shornur.
'Shornur' is believed to be have originated from Cheruvannur, which is found in the Revenue and Railway records.
Shoranur is located at 10°46′N 76°17′E / 10.77°N 76.28°E / 10.77; 76.28. It has an average elevation of 49 metres (160 feet).
As of 2001^[update] India census, Shoranur had a population of 42,022. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. The average literacy rate was 84%, which was higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy rate being 85%, and female literacy rate being 82%. 10% of the population is under the age of 6. The population is predominantly Hindu with sizable Muslim and Christian minorities.

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Sohar
Sohar (Arabic: صحار‎) is the most developed city in Sultanate of Oman outside the capital Muscat. It is about 200 kilometers north of Muscat. Sohar was an ancient capital of Oman and many believe it to be the birthplace of Sinbad the Sailor . Having a rich sailing history, Sohar was traditionally a fishing town, but is more recently known as Oman's industrial hub due to the massive developments in the Sohar Industrial Port.
Sohar is the fifth most populated city in Oman with a population of 140,006 according to the results of the 2010 census.
As the largest town in the region, Sohar has been supposed to be identical with the Omana mentioned by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History, which settlement seems to have given Oman its name.
Sohar is currently experiencing significant investment and economic shifts making it the focus of attention of many local and international investors and businessmen. This change is due to a series of investment projects and economic giant in Sohar industrial area where Port of Sohar is located. Established in 2002, the port has a strategic importance due to its nearness to the Strait of Hormuz. It is operated by Sohar Industrial Port Company (SIPC)and it is considered a world class port. With current investments exceeding $12 billion, it is one of the world’s largest port development projects.

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Souira Guedima
Souira Guedima, formerly known as Aguz, is a Moroccan town 36 km south of Safi, at the mouth of the Tensift River on the Atlantic seacoast. Guedima may also be spelt Kadima, Kdima, Qadima (best English transliteration), or Qdima. Aguz may also be spelt Agouz, Gouz or Couz.
The town was an important port in the 11th century, serving the city of Aghmat which was inland 3 days journey to the east.
Between 1506 and 1525 the stronghold of Aguz was an enclave under Portuguese colonial rule, as were various other Moroccan towns, such as Safim (Safi) (1488–1541) .
It was governed by the following Portuguese Captains :
Coordinates: 32°02′N 9°20′W / 32.033°N 9.333°W / 32.033; -9.333

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South India
South India is the area encompassing India's states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as well as the union territories of Lakshadweep and Pondicherry, occupying 19.31% of India's area (635780 km² or 245476.030 mi²). The region is also known as Dravida as is used in the National anthem.
South India lies in the peninsular Deccan Plateau and is bounded by the Arabian Sea in the west, the Indian Ocean in the south and the Bay of Bengal in the east. The geography of the region is diverse, encompassing two mountain ranges, the Western and Eastern Ghats, and a plateau heartland. The Godavari, Krishna, Tungabhadra and Kaveri rivers are important non-perennial sources of water.
A majority of Indians from the southern region speak one of the Dravidian languages: Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Tulu, and Kodava. During its history, a number of dynastic kingdoms ruled over parts of South India whose invasions across southern and southeastern Asia impacted the history and cultures of modern sovereign states such as Sri Lanka, Singapore, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia. The region was colonised by Britain and gradually incorporated into the British Empire.

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Sreekandapuram
Sreekandapuram is a town and panchayat in Kannur district, in the Indian state of Kerala.
Sreekandapuram was historically ruled by the Mushika Kingdom.
Today the panchayat comes under the jurisdiction of the Taliparamba tehsil. The panchayat office is situated in the town, on the bank of Sreekandapuram river, which flows into the Valapattanam River. The current president of the Sreekandapuram Grama Panchayat is Sri K.V.Bijumon.
Sreekandapuram is located at 12°2′N 75°30′E / 12.033°N 75.5°E / 12.033; 75.5
The nearest places to Sreekandapuram town are the city of Taliparamba, the towns of Iritty and Irikkur, and the villages of Chempanthotty, Chempery, and Chengalayi.
The longest suspended rope bridge in Kannur district is situated at Madampam village, crossing the Valapattanam River, where a major irrigation project is underway. Work on a bridge across the river at Madampam is also in progress.
The town of Sreekandapuram has a mixed population of Muslims, Hindus and Christians, with the Muslims forming a majority. The Malik Dinar mosque is situated at Pazhayangadi, 1 km from the town, and the Pazhayangadi Manna is 2 km out of town on the Payyavoor Road.

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Surat
Surat, previously known as Suryapur, is a commercial city of the Indian state of Gujarat. It is also administrative capital of Surat district and one of the fastest growing cities in India. The city proper is the third cleanest city in India. Surat is Gujarat's second largest city and India's 8th most populated city (in terms of Population in Municipal Corporation area of the City) with a population of 4.5 million. Surat ranks fourth in a global study of fastest developing cities conducted by The City Mayors Foundation, an international think tank on urban affairs. It is the fastest growing Indian city in terms of economic prosperity. The city registered an annualised GDP growth rate of 11.5 per cent over the seven fiscal years between 2001 and 2008, according to data compiled by the economic research firm Indicus Analytics. UK-based charity, The Ecological Sequestration Trust (TEST), has selected Surat as one of the three cities in the world, to be developed as "global cities."
The city is located 306 km south of state capital Gandhinagar, and is situated on the left bank of the Tapti River (Tapi), the centre being around 22 km (14 mi) from its mouth. A moat divides the older parts of the city, with its narrow streets and handsome houses, and the newer suburbs. The city is largely recognised for its textile and diamond businesses. It is also known as the diamond capital of the world and the textile capital/Manchester textile city of India, a distinction it took over from Ahmedabad. It is also known as the "Embroidery capital of India" with the highest number of embroidery machines than any other city. 92% of the world's diamonds are cut and polished in Surat. It has one of the highest GDP growth rates in India at 11.5% as of 2008. Surat was the primary port of India during the Mughal period, a distinction it lost to Bombay during the late 17th century as the East India Company grew.

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São Tomé Island
São Tomé Island, at 854 km² (330 sq mi), is the largest island of São Tomé and Príncipe and is home in 2009 to about 157,000 or 96% of the nation's population. This island and smaller nearby islets make up São Tomé Province, which is divided into six districts. The main island is located 2 km (1¼ miles) north of the equator. It is about 48 km (30 mi) long (North-South) by 32 km (20 mi) wide (east-west). It rises to 2,024 m (6,639 ft) at Pico de São Tomé and includes the capital city, São Tomé, on the northeast coast. The nearest city on mainland Africa is the port city of Port Gentil in Gabon located 240 km (150 mi) to the east.
The main language is Portuguese, but there are many speakers of Forro and Angolar (Ngola), two Portuguese-based creole languages.
The entire island of São Tomé is a massive shield volcano which rises from the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, over 3,000 m (10,000 ft) below sea level. It formed along the Cameroon line, a line of volcanoes extending from Cameroon southwest into the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the lava erupted on São Tomé over the last million years has been basalt. The youngest dated rock on the island is about 100,000 years old, but numerous more recent cinder cones are found on the southeast side of the island.

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Taipa
Taipa is the smaller of the two islands in the Chinese special administrative region of Macao (formerly a Portuguese colony).
It is 2.5 kilometres from Macau Peninsula and east of the Lesser Hengqin Island of Zhuhai, Guangdong Province. Macau International Airport, University of Macau, Macau Jockey Club and Macau Stadium are situated in Taipa, and three bridges connect the island to Macau Peninsula.
Most Chinese settlement of Taipa occurred during the Southern Song Dynasty, while the Portuguese occupied the island in 1851. Prior to land reclamation, Taipa consisted of two islands: Greater Taipa and Lesser Taipa.
The 159.1-metre Big Taipa Hill (大氹山) is to the east, and Small Taipa Hill (小氹山) to the west. Central Taipa is a plain as a result of siltation and land reclamation. Initially Taipa was connected to Coloane Island only by the Estrada do Istmo (路氹連貫公路); but the area called Cotai, built on reclaimed land from 2004 and which is home to mega-resorts, casinos, and convention and exhibition centers, has now essentially connected the two islands into one piece of land. Taipa is connected to peninsular Macau by Governador Nobre de Carvalho Bridge, Friendship Bridge and the Sai Van Bridge.

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Taliparamba
Taliparamba (also known as Perimchellur) is a city and a municipality in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala and spread over an area of 43.05 km². It stretches from the coastal area of Ramanthali to Nuchiyad and Vayathur villages, touching the Karnataka border.
Taliparamba is a big town of 67,000 people crowded into a small area of 43 square kilometers. But the undulating hills that surround this little town make it exceptionally beautiful. The surrounding villages of Pattuvam, Kuttikkol, Velipara and Karimbam are filled with lush green fields and little rolling hills. The rivers of Kuppam and Valapattanam surround the towns from all sides and the Arabian sea is only 14 kilometres to the western side. The hanging bridge at Kuttiyeri and the beautiful riverside temple at Parassinikkadavu attaract a large number of toruists. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kannur and the Pepper Research Station under Kerala Agricultural University at Panniyur, Kannur University, Pariyaram Medical College and Sir Syed College Velipara are a few famous institutions in and around Taliparamba. The origin of Taliparamba is from the Perinchalloor brahminical settlement. Of the original 2,000 Brahmin families, only 45 remain now. The old name of Taliparamba was 'Lakshmipura' as this place was considered as an abode of prosperity. The 'Sree Raja Rajeswara Temple' and the 'Trichambaram temple' are renowned places of worship. Today Muslims and Christians also form a sizeable portion of the population.

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Tangier
Tangier, also Tangiers (Berber: Tanja, ⵜⴰⵏⵊⴰ, archaic Berber name: Tingi, Arabic: طنجة Ṭanjah, Spanish: Tánger, French: Tanger), is a city in northern Morocco with a population of about 700,000 (2012 estimates). It lies on the North African coast at the western entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar where the Mediterranean meets the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Spartel. It is the capital of the Tangier-Tetouan Region and of the Tangier-Asilah prefecture of Morocco.
The history of Tangier is very rich due to the historical presence of many civilizations and cultures starting from the 5th century BC. Between the period of being a Berber settlement and then a Phoenician town to the independence era around the 1950s, Tangier was a refuge for many cultures. In 1923, Tangier was considered as an international status by foreign colonial powers, and became a destination for many European and American diplomats, spies, writers and businessmen.
The city is currently undergoing rapid development and modernization. Projects include new 5-star hotels along the bay, a modern business district called Tangier City Center, a new airport terminal and a new football stadium. Tangier's economy is also set to benefit greatly from the new Tanger-Med port.

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Thalassery
Thalassery (Malayalam: തലശ്ശേരി), also known as Tellicherry, is a city on the Malabar Coast of Kerala, India. This is the second largest city of North Malabar in terms of population. The name Tellicherry is the anglicized form of Thalassery. Thalassery municipality has a population just less than 100,000. Established in 1866, it is the second oldest municipality in the state. Possessing an area of 23.98 km², Thalassery is a town strategically located on the western coast of Kannur district on the Malabar Coast of Kerala. It is 22 km from the district headquarters at Kannur. The town is situated between 11°44’N latitude and 75°26’E longitude, at an altitude ranging between 2.5m above the mean sea-level in the low-lying areas, to 30m above the mean sea-level in the higher regions.
Thalassery is in Kannur district. The palm-fringed terrain of Thalassery has a scenic coastline and features four rivers, canals and hills with orange-hued rock. One of the four rivers is the Mahé River (Mayyazhi river). During the British Raj, the Mahé River was nicknamed the English Channel, because it separated British-ruled Thalassery from French-ruled Mahé. Muzhappilangad, a 5 km long Drive in beach, in fact it's the only Drive in beach in Asia, is located within 6 km of the city centre.

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Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram,^{[needs IPA]}known in English as Trivandrum /trɨˈvændrəm/, is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala and the headquarters of the Thiruvananthapuram District. It is located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland. Referred to by Mahatma Gandhi as the "Evergreen city of India", the city is characterized by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills and busy commercial alleys. With more than 750,000 inhabitants in the city proper, and a population around 1.68 million when including the wider urban agglomeration, Thiruvananthapuram is the largest and most populous city in Kerala. It is an IT hub of the state with over 80% of the state's software exports.
The city houses several central and state government offices and organizations. Apart from being the political nerve centre of Kerala, it is also a major academic hub and is home to several educational institutions including the University of Kerala, and to many science and technology institutions, the most prominent being the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Technopark, the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), the Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala,Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER), the Centre for Development Studies, the International Centre for Free and Open Source Software (ICFOSS), the Regional Research Laboratory, the Centre for Earth Science Studies, Rajeev Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology and the Sree Chithira Thirunal Institute for Medical Science and Technology. It is also considered as one of the 10 greenest cities in India. Thiruvananthapuram was ranked as the best city in Kerala to live in by a recent Times of India survey

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Thodupuzha
Thodupuzha (Malayalam: തൊടുപുഴ) is a town and a municipality in Idukki district in the Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 35.43 km². It is 62 km from Ernakulam. Geographical Classification of Thodupuzha Region is Midland or Idanad.
Thodupuzha is also the name of the river that flows through the town. It is the largest town in the district and is the commercial centre. The town is being modernised with the help of a programme sponsored by the World Bank which is financing the programme through the Government of Kerala. It was once part of the territory of the princely state, Travancore. It lies in central Kerala, southeast of Muvattupuzha. The Thodupuzha municipality area is characterised by hilly terrain with a lot of green vegetation.
The Main Eastern Highway (Muvattupuzha - Pathanamthitta - Punalur Road / SH - 08) passes through Thodupuzha and connects it to two of its neighboring towns, Muvattupuzha and Pala.
Hindus, Syrian Christians and Muslims co-exist in harmony adding to the diversity in faith and religion. The place has a large population of Syrian Catholics. The Muslim minority are mostly rawthers who were the warriors of Madurai Raja and migrated from Madurai and Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu. As well as that, there are some converts from lower castes to Islam but these are only a few.

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Thoothukudi
Thoothukudi, also known as Tuticorin, is a port city and a Municipal Corporation in Thoothukudi district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Thoothukudi is the headquarters of Thoothukudi District.
Thoothukudi is also known as "Pearl City". It is a commercial seaport which serves the inland cities of Southern India and is one of the sea gateways of Tamil Nadu. It is also one of the major seaports in India with a history dating back to the 6th century AD. It is located about 190 kilometres (118 mi) northeast of Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) and 590 kilometres (367 mi) south of Chennai.
Thoothukudi is part of the Pearl Fishery Coast, and is known for its pearl fishing and shipbuilding industries. Freedom fighter Vanchinathan killed the then Tirunelveli District Collector Ash during the freedom struggle in Maniyachi. To honour him, Maniyachi Railway station is called Vanchi Maniyachi Junction.
The major harbour of Thoothukudi is well known as a pearl diving and fishing centre. It is one of the oldest seaports in the world and was the seaport of the Pandyan kingdom after Korkai, near Palayakayal. It was later taken over by the Portuguese in 1548, captured by the Dutch in 1658, and ceded to the British in 1825. The lighthouse built in 1842 marked the beginning of the history of harbour development in the city. Thoothukudi was established as a Municipality in 1866 with Roche Victoria as its first chairman. It attained the status of Corporation on August 5, 2008 after 142 years of being a municipality.

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Thottada
Thottada is situated on Kannur-Tellichery highway 8 km away from Kannur Railway station in Kannur District between Kannur town and Thalassery in Kerala state, South India.
The Sree Narayana College (S.N. College),Government Vocational Higher Secondary School Kannur Polytechnic, Kannur ITI and the Institute of Handloom and Textile Technology (IHTT) are located in Thottada.
Thottada is also a scenic village. Thottada beach is an ideal secluded place for a sunbathing and swimming. There is a beach house and guest houses offering accommodation at reasonable price.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Thottada had a population of 36,357. Males constitute 46% of the population and females 54%. Thottada has an average literacy rate of 85%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 86%, and female literacy is 84%. In Thottada, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Coordinates: 11°50′35″N 75°25′17″E / 11.842991°N 75.4214°E / 11.842991; 75.4214

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Thottada Beach
Coordinates: 11°50′N 75°24′E / 11.833°N 75.4°E / 11.833; 75.4
Thottada Beach is a beautiful beach in Kannur district of Kerala, south India. It is situated at Thottada just about 2.5 km from the NH 17 connecting Kannur town and Thalassery and 7 km from Kannur town. The virgin beach 800 meter long is ideal for sun bathing. Tourists could stay at the beach house or guest house near the beach.
The Thottada river (a small one) flows into one end of the beach. There is also a dam/bund built across the river 3 decades ago to keep the fresh water from salt water. Away from the sea the river spreads to form swamps which makes a great inhabitat for various birds and fishes.

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Thrippunithura
Thrippunithura or Tripunithura (Malayalam: തൃപ്പൂണിത്തുറ) is a region in the city of Kochi in the state of Kerala, India and an integral part of the Kochi metropolitan area. In local administration it is a municipality. In the state administrative structure, Thrippunithura is part of the Ernakulam District in the state of Kerala.
Thrippunithura was the capital of the erstwhile Kingdom of Cochin. The descendants of the Cochin royal family still live here. The Hill Palace situated near Thripunithura was the palace of Maharaja of Cochin, the ruler of Kingdom of Cochin.
There are many stories that describe the origin of the word Thripunithura. Some latter day Sanskrit enthusiasts ascribe the origin of the name to "Poorna Veda Puri" - the town of Vedas in its entirety. Another possible origin to name comes from the meaning "the land on the shores of Poorna river".
Other stories play on the pun of "Pooni" or "Pooneeram" which means quiver. One of them relates that Arjuna - one of Pandavas - who once visited Lord Vishnu was given an idol and Arjuna carried it in his "pooni" (quiver). While searching for a place to install it, he met Lord Ganapati and sought help. Ganapati found this place and the idol was installed. Another story of the same variety is as follows. At the end of Dwaparayuga, the period of Lord Krishna, the Lord himself presented an idol to Arjuna, one of the Pandavas, and asked him to install it in a proper place. He kept the idol in a bag used to keep arrows, which was called Pooneeram in local language. When he reached the place, he shouted Pooneeram Thura means 'open the bag' in local language. Thus the name Poonithura has come, according to this story.

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Thrissur
Thrissur pronunciation (help·info) (Malayalam: തൃശൂര്‍), originally Thrisivaperoor and previously known by its anglicized form as Trichur, is the fifth largest city, the third largest urban agglomeration in Kerala (Pop. 1,854,783) and the 20th largest in India. It is also the headquarters of the Thrissur District. Thrissur city is built around a 65-acre (26 ha) hillock called the Thekkinkadu Maidan which seats the Vadakkumnathan temple. Thrissur was once the capital of the Kingdom of Cochin. It is located 300 kilometres (186 mi) towards north-west of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram.
Thrissur is also known as the Cultural Capital of Kerala because of its cultural, spiritual and religious leanings throughout history. It houses the Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy, Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi and Kerala Sahitya Academy. The city hosts the Thrissur Pooram festival, the most colourful and spectacular temple festival in Kerala. The festival is held at the Thekkinkadu Maidan in April or May. Thrissur has a large number of well-known temples including the Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple, Vadakkumnathan temple and Paramekkavu temple, as well as two famous churches, the Our Lady of Lourdes Metropolitan Cathedral and the Basilica of Our Lady of Dolours.

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Thrissur district
Thrissur ( Trichur / Trishur) (Malayalam: തൃശ്ശൂര്‍) is a revenue district of Kerala situated in the central part of that state. Spanning an area of about 3,032 km², Thrissur district is home to over 10% of Kerala’s population. Thrissur district was formed on July 1, 1949, with the headquarters at Thrissur City. Thrissur is known as the cultural capital of Kerala, and the land of Poorams. The district is famous for its ancient temples, churches, and mosques. Thrissur Pooram is the most colourful and spectacular temple festival in Kerala.
The name Thrissur is derived from 'Thiru-Shiva-Perur' (Malayalam / Tamil), which translates to "The city with the name of the Lord Siva". Thrissur was also known as "Vrishabhadripuram" and "Then Kailasam" (Kailasam of the south) in ancient days.^{[citation needed]} Another interpretation is 'Tri-shiva-peroor' or the big land with three Shiva temples, which refers to the three places where Lord Shiva resides - namely Vadakkunnathan temple, Asokeswaram Siva temple and Irattachira Siva temple.

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Tidore
Tidore is a city, island, and archipelago in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia, west of the larger island of Halmahera. In the pre-colonial era, the kingdom of Tidore was a major regional political and economic power, and a fierce rival of nearby Ternate, just to the north.
Tidor Island consists of a large stratovolcano which rises from the seafloor to an elevation of 1,730 m (5,676 ft) above sea level at the conical Kiematabu Peak on the south end of the island. The northern side of the island contains a caldera, Sabale, with two smaller volcanic cones within it.
Soasio is Tidore's capital. It has its own port, Goto, and it lies on the eastern edge of the island. It has a mini bus terminal and a market. The sultan's palace was rebuilt with completion in 2010.
Tidore was a spice-funded sultanate that was founded in 1109, and spent much of its history in the shadow of Ternate, another sultanate.
The sultans of Tidore ruled most of southern Halmahera, and, at times, controlled Buru, Ambon and many of the islands off the coast of New Guinea. Tidore established an alliance with the Spanish in the sixteenth century, and Spain had several forts on the island. There was mutual distrust between the Tidorese and the Spaniards but for the Tidorese the Spanish presence was helpful in resisting the incursions of the Ternateans and their ally, the Dutch, who had a fort on Ternate. For the Spanish, backing the Tidore state helped check the expansion of Dutch power that threatened their nearby Asia-Pacific interests, provided a useful base right next to the centre of Dutch power in the region and was a source of spices for trade.

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Tirur
Tirur is a town and a municipality in Malappuram district in the Indian state of Kerala spread over an area of 16.55 km² . It is birth place of Thunchathu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan, the father of Malayalam literature. Thunchan Parambu is highly venerated and its sand is believed to be sacred. The sand is used in Vidyarambham, especially on Vijaya Dasami day. Tirur is one of the most important business centres of Malappuram district and is situated 41 km south of Kozhikode or Calicut, on the Mangalore-Madras railway line. It is a major trading centre of fish and betel leaf.
Tirur is located at 10°55′05″N 75°55′30″E / 10.918027°N 75.925022°E / 10.918027; 75.925022. It has an average elevation of 2 metres (6 feet).
The Tirur-Koottayi road ends at Padinjarekara, better known as Padinjarekara Azhimugham, where the Bharathapuzha and Tirur river s converge to drain into the sea. This place is noted for migratory birds, gathering in their thousands during February - April. This beautiful beach is very near Tirur and is also famous for its astonishing scenic beauty. This beach has long been a favourite destination for both domestic and international travellers as well as nature lovers. Most of the travelers to Malappuram district and pilgrims who are heading to the Kadambuzha Baghavathi Temple and Other temples are boarded here.

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Trikarpur
Trikaripur (Malayalam: തൃക്കരിപ്പൂര്‍)is a Special Grade Panchayat situated at the extreme southern part of Kasaragod District in the North Malabar region of the Kerala State, India. This Panchayath consists of two villages: South Trikarpur and North Trikarpur. North Trikaripur village is centered around the Main Bazar, and the South Trikaripur village is centered around the Elambachi.
The 2001 Census of India determined that the population of Trikaripur had a population of 19,357.
Trikaripur was part of the Mooshika Dynasty in ancient days.^[when?] During the British Raj Trikarpur was administered under the Madras Presidency in Malabar District. It became part of Kerala with that state's formation on November 1, 1956.^{[citation needed]}
Local Hindu mytholoy states that the name "Trikarpur" has been derived from "Sree Haripuram" and then "Thiru Karipuram" and later on to the present name. It is also believed that the famous "Gajendra Moksha" which is stated in "Shri Maha Bhagavatham" occurred in Trikarpur (in front of Sree Chakrapani Temple). This story is related to the "Sree Chakrapani Temple" which is believed to have been built by "Lord Parasurama".

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Udumbanchola
Udumbanchola is a taluk in Idukki district of Kerala state in India. This is in the high-ranges. Nedumkandam is the major town and capital of Udumbanchola taluk. This taluk borders Tamil Nadu state.This is the biggest taluk in Kerala state^{[citation needed]} and is the location of Mathikettan Shola National Park.
Udumbanchola assembly constituency is part of Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency). K.Chappathu, Upputhara, Anakkara and Mattumkatta are the townships in Udumbumchola Taluk.

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Vaikom
Vaikom (Malayalam: വൈക്കം) is a taluk and also its capital town, situated in the North-West of Kottayam district in Kerala, India. Its western border is the Lake Vembanad, and is crossed by various estuaries of the River Muvattupuzha. Vaikom is the oldest township in Kottayam district, and among the oldest in South India.
The Vaikom Shiva Temple, known as Thekkan Kashi [Southern Kashi], is the heart of the town, and is remarkable for the Vaikom Ashtami celebrations during November. It is notable as the venue of the Vaikom Agitation for achieving for the lower castes the right to walk on the roads surrounding the temple.
The traditional economy has been based on coconut and rice crops, and fishing; more recently, crops like nutmeg, black pepper, and latex have also been introduced. Tourism and software are also pursued as means to livelihood. Hindustan Newsprint Limited is situated in Velloor near Vaikom.
Vaikom is administered by a Municipality and is the seat of a Munsiff's court (among the oldest to be established in the Kingdom of Travancore). Vaikom assembly constituency is reserved for Dalits and is part of Kottayam parliamentary constituency.

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Valapattanam
Valapattanam is a small town in the Kannur district, located in the Indian state of Kerala. It is also the smallest panchayath in kerala.Its area is 2.04 sqr Km. It is about 7 km north of Kannur. Valapattanam is an important Muslim settlement area in Kannur.^{[citation needed]} Valapattanam is known for its communal harmony. On one hand one can see the "Kalarivathukkal temple" and on the other hand you have the "Kakkulangara Mosque" lying in close proximity. The long vision of the social leaders and people on the whole has made Valapattanam a land of communal harmony.
This town is also known as Balyapattanam. This town is in the on the banks of Valapattanam river. This town is well known for its wood-based industries and timber trade. Centuries back Valapattanam River (puzha) was the main ship route for trading and Valapattanam was the main town, because of this the town got this name. "Valya pattanam" means "big town" in Malayalam language though it is the smallest panchayath in Kerala. The port of Azhikkal is located nearby. In the bank of Valapattanam river you see Western India Plywoods Ltd., the largest wood-based industry in the country and which was the biggest plywood factory in Asia till few years back. The famous Muthappan temple is in the bank of Valapattanam river.

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Valapattanam River

Valapattanam River is the largest river in the Kannur district, located in the South Indian state of Kerala. Valapattam town is located on its bank. The famous Muthappan temple is also on the bank of the river. Kannur District Tourism Council has launched a `Nadi Darshan' (river viewing) programme in association with a private resort at Kattampalli as much as an initiative to popularise the kettuvallam for tourism promotion as also an effort to make people know more about Valapattanam River.
Muthappan Temple on the banks of Valapattanam river.
Mangroves on the banks of Valapattanam River.
A view of Valapattanam river from the bridge built across it.
Coordinates: 11°56′N 75°18′E / 11.933°N 75.3°E / 11.933; 75.3

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Varkala
Varkala (Malayalam : വര്‍ക്കല ) is a coastal town and municipality in Thiruvananthapuram district situated in the Indian state of Kerala. It is located 50 kilometres (approx. 32 miles) north-west of Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) and 37 km south-west of Kollam city.
Varkala is the only place in southern Kerala where cliffs are found adjacent to the Arabian Sea. These tertiary sedimentary formation cliffs are a unique geological feature on the otherwise flat Kerala coast, and is known among geologists as Varkala Formation and a geological monument as declared by the Geological Survey of India. There are numerous water spouts and spas on the sides of these cliffs.
Varkala is also famous for the 2,000-year old Janardana Swami Temple which is an important Vaishnavaite shrine in India and is often referred to as Dakshin Kashi (Benares of the South). The temple is located close to the Papanasam beach, which is considered to have holy waters which wash away sins, and is also an important Ayurveda treatment centre. The temple has an ancient bell removed from a shipwreck, donated by the captain of the Dutch vessel which sank near Varkala without causing any casualties.

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Vatakara
Vatakara (Malayalam: വടകര) is a coastal Municipality in Kozhikode district of Kerala, a South Indian state, spread over an area of 21.32 km². It is the headquarters of Vatakara taluk. This place is erstwhile Kadathanadu and was part of North Malabar province of Malabar District in Madras State during British Raj.
Vatakara is located at 11°36′N 75°35′E / 11.60°N 75.58°E / 11.60; 75.58. It has an average elevation of 15 m (49 ft). Geographically, Vatakara is situated about 48 km to the north of Kozhikode City, approximately 44 km to the south of Kannur City and it is proximate to Mahe (Mahe district). This is the third largest town of North Malabar. The town lies by the side of a river known by different names as Moorad river, Kuttiadi river or Kotakkal river. Originally known as Vadakkekara (north shore) due to its position with respect to the Kottakkal puzha, the place came to be called as Vatakara by popular usage later. This city is also known as Badagara.
Vatakara is the capital of old Kurumbranadu, which was inhabited by a tribal folk known as Kurumbrar. The name Kurumbranadu has its origin in the name of this tribe. A Nambiar Lord known as "Vadakara Vazhunnore" was the former ruler of this area.

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Vellamunda
Vellamunda is a village and a Gram panchayat in the Wayanad district of Kerala, India. Situated at the foot of Banasura Peak and Mangalassery hill (Mangalassery Mala) Vellamunda has rich greenery and scenic beauty to flaunt off. Famous tourist attraction is Banasura Sagar earth dam, which is the largest of its kind in India. Water from Banasura Sagar Dam is pumped in to kakkayam reservoir for kuttiady power project
The well known naxalite Naxal Varghese hails from Vellamunda. His tomb is situated at Ozhukkammoola 1.5 km away from Vellamunda. [1]
Agriculture, is the main stay of the economy. Coffee, pepper, plantain and vanilla are the main crops. Besides these nut crops, the most important crop in the vellamunda is Banana & Ginger. Aqueducts have been constructed to take water to the otherwise dry areas in the village. Price of land is going up even though Agrarian crisis is present in Kerala.
Even though agriculture was the main source of income for the majority of the population now the situation has turned around. A major chunk of the economy now comes from people working in Gulf countries.

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Vellikulangara
Vellikulangara is a village in Thrissur district in the state of Kerala, India.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Vellikulangara had a population of 15883 with 7821 males and 8062 females.
Vellikulangara is situated near KODALY which is 10 km from Kodakara. There are two ways to reach Vellikulangara: one through Chalakudy and one directly from Thrissur.
Vellikulangara is famous for the Chokana Estates and Anapantham Forest.Faimous Tram way line was passing through Vellikulangara.British used the same for bringing quality teak logs from parambikulam forest and exported the same to England.

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Vythiri taluk
Vythiri Taluk is a Taluk (tehsil) in Wayanad district in the Indian state of Kerala. It comprises 18 villages.Towns in taluk include Lakkidi,Kaniyambetta,Chundale

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Wayanad district
Wayanad District (Malayalam: വയനാട്) in the north-east of Kerala, India, was formed on November 1, 1980 as the 12th district by carving out areas from Kozhikode and Kannur districts. Kalpetta is the district headquarters as well as the only municipal town in the district. The region was known as Mayakshetra (Maya's land) in the earliest records. Mayakshetra evolved into Mayanad and finally to Wayanad. The Folk etymology of the word says it is a combination of Vayal (paddy field) and Naad (land), making it 'The Land of Paddy Fields'. There are many indigenous tribals in this area. It is set high on the majestic Western Ghats with altitudes ranging from 700 to 2100 m.
It is the least populous district in Kerala (out of 14).

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Zanzibar
Zanzibar ( /ˈzænzɨbɑr/; from Arabic: زنجبار‎ Zanjibār, from Persian: زنگبار‎ Zangibār "Coast of Blacks"; zangi [black-skinned] + bār [coast]) is a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania, in East Africa. It comprises the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Indian Ocean, 25–50 kilometres (16–31 mi) off the coast of the mainland, and consists of numerous small islands and two large ones: Unguja (the main island, informally referred to as Zanzibar), and Pemba. Other nearby island countries and territories include Comoros and Mayotte to the south, Mauritius and Réunion to the far southeast, and the Seychelles Islands about 1,500 km to the east. Arab and Portuguese traders visited the region in early times, and it was controlled by Omanis in the 18th and 19th centuries. Britain established a protectorate (1890) that became an independent sultanate in December 1963 and a republic after an uprising in January 1964. In April 1964 it joined Tanganyika to form a new republic that was renamed Tanzania in October 1964. The capital of Zanzibar, located on the island of Unguja, is Zanzibar City, and its historic centre, known as Stone Town, is a World Heritage Site.

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Ziguinchor
Ziguinchor (also called Zinguinchor) is the capital of the Ziguinchor Region, and the chief town of the Casamance area of Senegal, lying at the mouth of the Casamance River. It has a population of over 230,000 (2007 estimate). It is the second city of Senegal, but largely separated from the north of the country by The Gambia.
The first European settlement in the area was founded by the Portuguese in 1645. According to tradition, Ziguinchor's name and meaning comes from the time when Portuguese traders and explorers came to the region to form a trading post, and derives from Portuguese Cheguei e choram, "I came and they cry". The local people, seeing the Europeans, began crying, thinking they were to be enslaved. Ziguinchor was in fact a Slave port during much of the Portuguese occupation.
The spot was not chosen at random. While a Jola village predated the town, it was situated to trade with the Jola kingdom of Kasso, which dates back to the Mali Empire, when Mandinke people moved into the area from the south and east.

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Francisco de Almeida
Dom Francisco de Almeida (Portuguese pronunciation: [fɾɐ̃ˈsiʃku dɨ aɫˈmɐjðɐ]), also known as "the Great Dom Francisco" (born ca. 1450 at Lisbon; died March 1, 1510 at Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope), was a Portuguese nobleman, soldier and explorer. He distinguished himself as a counsellor to King John II of Portugal and later in the wars against the Moors and in the conquest of Granada in 1492. In 1503 he was appointed as the first governor and viceroy of the Portuguese State of India (Estado da Índia). Almeida is credited with establishing Portuguese hegemony in the Indian Ocean, with his victory at the naval Battle of Diu in 1509. Before Almeida could return to Portugal, he lost his life in 1510. His son Lourenço de Almeida too was killed in the Battle of Chaul in 1508.
As was customary for men in his social circle, he joined the military at a young age. In 1476 he took part in the Battle of Toro. He then fought in conflicts in different parts of Morocco and in 1492 participated in the Christian conquest of Granada on the side of the Castilians.^{[citation needed]}

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Kanayi Kunhiraman
Kanayi Kunhiraman (Malayalam: കാനായി കുഞ്ഞിരാമന്‍ born 25 July 1937) is a sculptor from Kuttamath in Hosdurg Taluk in Kasaragod district of Kerala state, India. He is the Former Chairman of the Lalit Kala Academy.
Kunhiraman is the first sculptor recipient of the Raja Ravi Varma Award, which includes 1 lakh in cash, a citation and a statue, sculptured by Kunhiraman himself. It was conferred by Kerala's Chief Minister Oommen Chandy at Thiruvananthapuram.
Recently two of his creations, Melathara and Kalithara, were inaugurated with accompaniment from a violin concert by L. Athira Krishna in Quilon Sopanam Complex, Kerala.
Kanayi was born on 25 July 1937 at Kuttamath in Kasaragod District of Kerala. After completing his schooling, he passed the SSLC examination in 1957. By then he had already found his vocation. He ran away from home when he was barely seventeen because the elders strongly disapproved of his creative pursuits. He felt stifled in the conservative atmosphere of the traditional joint family, where the primary role of the youth was to obey unquestioningly the instructions of the elders, predominantly the patriarch.

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Kannur Rajan
Kannur Rajan was a notable music composer from Kerala, India. He died in the year 2000 at his home town in Kannur.^{[citation needed]} Though his contributions are few, they are noted as nostalgic in the Malayalam film songs. He is the father-in-law of Sharreth, well-known Malayalm music composer
Kannur Rajan rendered his first music composition in 1974 through the film Mister Sundary.
Some of his more well-known works are:

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Krishna
Krishna (Sanskrit: कृष्ण) (kṛṣṇa in IAST, pronounced [ˈkr̩ʂɳə] literally "dark, black") is a central figure of Hinduism. He is known as the eighth and "complete" avatar of Lord Vishnu, come to restore Dharma to the earth in a time of great dharmic imbalance. Krishna is identified as a historical individual who participated in the events of the Mahabharata.
Krishna is often described as an infant or young boy playing a flute as in the Bhagavata Purana, or as a youthful prince giving direction and guidance as in the Bhagavad Gita. The stories of Krishna appear across a broad spectrum of Hindu philosophical and theological traditions. They portray him in various perspectives: a god-child, a prankster, a model lover, a divine hero and the Supreme Being. The principal scriptures discussing Krishna's story are the Mahabharata, the Harivamsa, the Bhagavata Purana and the Vishnu Purana.
Worship of a deity of Krishna, in the form of Vasudeva, Bala Krishna or Gopala, can be traced to as early as 4th century BC. Worship of Krishna as svayam bhagavan, or the Supreme Being, known as Krishnaism, arose in the Middle Ages in the context of the bhakti movement. From the 10th century AD, Krishna became a favorite subject in performing arts and regional traditions of devotion developed for forms of Krishna such as Jagannatha in Orissa, Vithoba in Maharashtra and Shrinathji in Rajasthan. Since the 1960s the worship of Krishna has also spread in the West, largely due to the International Society for Krishna Consciousness.

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Manju Warrier
Manju Warrier (born 1 November 1978) is an Indian film actress. She was among the popular lead actress in Malayalam cinema during the mid to late-1990s. Warrier made her debut in Saakshyam (1995). Her well known films include Sallapam, Ee Puzhayum Kadannu (1996), Thooval Kottaram (1996), Kaliyattam (1997), Krishnagudiyil Oru Pranayakalathu (1997), Daya (1998), Summer in Bethlehem (1998), and Pathram (1999). She won the National Film Award - Special Jury Award for her performance in Kannezhuthi Pottum Thottu (1999). She got married to actor Dileep in 1998, and has quit acting since then.
Even when she was at school, Manju showed extra ordinary talent in dance, and won many awards. She was conferred Kalathilakam in Kerala Youth Festival for 2 years.
At the age of 17, she debut in the film Sakshyam (1995). Later at the age of 18, she acted in the movie Sallapam (1996), co-starring actor Dileep, which became a big hit. Since then, she acted in around 20 Malayalam movies over a span of three years, most of which have been hits. She has won numerous awards and critical acclaim and was considered to be the top heroine of her period. She is still one of the most loved actresses in Malayalam. She has not acted in any other languages in her career.

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Samvrutha Sunil
Samvrutha Sunil (also known as Samvritha; born October 31, 1986) is a South Indian actress from Kerala, predominantly appearing in Malayalam films. She was introduced to the film industry through the Malayalam film Rasikan directed by Lal Jose. She has appeared in Telugu and Tamil films as well. Samvrutha was born in Kannur district in the state of Kerala.She is also supposed to be an ideal actress in the selection of costumes
Samvrutha was born in Kannur, in North Kerala on October 31, 1986. She did her schooling at St. Teresas A.I.G.H.S. school in Kannur.She is enagaged to marry Akhil,a Malayali engineer settled in California.
Samvrutha's entry into the film industry happened with Rasikan (2004) with Dileep in the lead. The film was not a significant success but she was noted.^{[citation needed]} After Rasikan, she played characterless movies like Nerariyan CBI (2005) and Chandrolsavam (2005). It was her character Sherly in Lal Jose's Achanurangatha Veedu (2005) which became an eye opener for her. She became more popular in the melodious song sequence "Pachappanamthathe.. " from the movie Nottam (2006), which had a catchy beat and was picturised well. Her characters in Moonamathoral (2006), Pothan Vava (2006) and Vaasthavam (2006) were memorable. Her latest releases, Hallo (2007), Arabikkatha (2007), Chocolate (2007), Minnaminnikoottam (2008), and Thirakkatha (2008), have been super hits. She appeared in a guest role in Priyanandanan's Pulijanmam (2006) and Rafi Mecartin's Hallo (2007).

wn.com/Samvrutha_Sunil
Sanusha
Sanusha, also known as Baby Sanusha born November 3, 1994, is an Indian film actress. She started her acting career as a child artist in Malayalam films and went on to star in many television serials.
After being popular in TV serials, Sanusha started her film career in 2000 at the age of 4 with the movie Dada Saheb. She has since played in Nalai Namathey, Renigunta. Nandi and Eththan.

wn.com/Sanusha
Vineeth
Vineeth (born on 23 August 1969) is an Indian film actor and classical dancer who has acted in several well received films in his native Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada films. He studied in Good Shepherd Public School, Ooty, and at St. Joseph's Boys' High School, Thalassery.
Vineeth is nephew of the famous Travancore sisters. Of them, apparently, Padmini and Ragini imposed on his parents to send him to dancing school. Vineeth is also a cousin of the film actress Shobhana and a relative of actress Sukumari.
He caught the public eye by winning several prizes in the Bharatanatyam dance form while studying in school including winning the first prize at the Kerala State Youth festival for four years in a row and winning the top prize of 'Kalaprathibha'.
Vineeth entered the film industry with the I. V. Sasi film Edanilagal in 1985. It was, however, with his second film Nakhakshathangal in 1986 that he caught the public eye in films. His dancing skills were prominently displayed in several films as well.

wn.com/Vineeth
Vineeth Sreenivasan
Vineeth Sreenivasan is an Indian playback singer, film actor, director, and screenwriter. He is the son of actor Sreenivasan. He made his debut as a director with his film Cycle with Vinu Mohan[2008].
A mechanical engineer from Anna University, Chennai, Vineeth Sreenivasan is the son of Sreenivasan.
He is a part of the band Malayalee with Jakes Bejoy, Shaan Rahman and Arjun Sasi. He has also acted as one of the main protagonists in the Malayalam film titled Cycle which did well at the box office. Vineeth did his second movie role with his father in the movie Makante Achan.
He writes the lyrics of most of his album songs and has also shown his direction skills, directing his own music videos. His music album Coffee @ MG Road became a super hit instantly. He got first prize in Mappilappattu in the Kerala State Youth Festival 1998, where he outshone his ability for quick wit. When he was asked whether his father liked him singing Mappilappattu, he answered, "He didn't have any hatred towards my Mappilappattu, to my knowledge."

wn.com/Vineeth_Sreenivasan

Diego Maradona in Kannur, Kerala - Full Video

World Footballer Diego Maradona in Kannur, Kerala for Jewellery inauguration - Full Video...

published: 24 Oct 2012

author: asianetnews

Real History Of Kannur

If you ra keralite never miss this video. This is a historical documentary about the histo...

published: 23 Jul 2012

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Agitated MV Jayarajan gets crude while talking to Kannur police officer

Agitated CPI(M) leader MV Jayarajan took public speech to new low in this much publicized ...

published: 09 Jul 2012

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Actress kavya madhavan attack in kannur

Actress kavya madhavan attack in kannur...

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"Poster Controversy in Kannur"-Asianet News Hour 30,January 2012 Part 1

Asianet News Hour...

published: 31 Jan 2012

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Kanthapurathinte KeralaYathra Sweekarana Sammalenam Kannur Mattanoor www.sunnikoottam.com

Kanthapuraththinte Kerala Yathra Kannur Mattanoor Sweekaranam Congress Nethav K.SUDHAKARAN...

published: 17 Apr 2012

author: Naseer Muthukutty

NDF KANNUR PERUVALATHU PARAMBA

PERUVALATHUPARAMBIL(KANNUR) KAMITHAKKALE THATTIKKONDE POYI THALIBAN MODALIL AKRMANAM NADAT...

published: 30 Oct 2011

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women fear for safety in Kannur...

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Accident spot of Kannur Chala gas tanker explosion....

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Kannur

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A Day in Kannur... by Jithesh

Hey there, This is a short documentary about Kannur, Kerala. It features tourist places, b...

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published: 28 Nov 2012

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Kadalayi Beach - Kannur/India

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published: 25 Jun 2011

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Kannur, Kerala Rathayatra

published: 14 Jan 2012

author: Ekalavya Das

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photo: AP / Altaf Qadri

Indian anti-riot personnel stand guard at a check point after security was beefed up following the death of a young woman who was recently gang-raped in a moving bus in New Delhi, India, Saturday, Dec. 29, 2012.

India appeal for calm after Delhi gang-rape victim dies

BBC News

29 Dec 2012

Police in India have sealed off much of the capital, Delhi, and issued an appeal for calm after the death of a woman who was gang-raped in the city. The 23-year old woman, who has not been identified, died early on Saturday at a hospital in Singapore, where she had been taken for specialist treatment. Her body is to be flown back to India for burial ... Gatherings of more than five people have been banned in the city centre ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)

photo: US Navy / HMC Josh Ives

U.S. Army Spc. Jacob Bobbe, security force team member for Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) Farah, maintains security on the street during a key leader engagement in the Lash-e Juwayn district of Farah province, Afghanistan, Dec. 11 2012.

Imperial Lockstep

CounterPunch

27 Dec 2012

Imperial adventures are nothing new in the Middle East. Neither is their glorification, as Peter O’Toole’s pained Lawrence of Arabia eternally reminds us. But for a decade or so now, things have been heating up, as if to coincide with climate change and fears of declining petroleum reserves ... The Belly for Belligerence? ... The question loomed over beltway intelligentsia like an ephemeral Gordian knot ... We’re All Hawks Now ... While George W ... ....(size: 9.3Kb)

photo: AP / Ben Curtis

In this Sunday, April 29, 2012 file photo, troops from the Central African Republic stand guard at a building used for joint meetings between them and U.S. Army special forces, in Obo, Central African Republic, where U.S. special forces have paired up with local troops and Ugandan soldiers to seek out Joseph Kony's Lord's Resistance Army (LRA).

CAR seeks foreign help against rebels

Al Jazeera

28 Dec 2012

The president of Central African Republic (CAR) has urgently called on France and other foreign powers to help his government fend off rebels who are quickly seizing territory and approaching the capital. Speaking to crowds in Bangui, a city of some 600,000, Francois Bozize on Thursday pleaded with foreign powers to do what they could. He pointed in particular to France, Central African Republic's former colonial ruler ... 516 Share ... News ... ....(size: 19.5Kb)

photo: WN / Janice Sabnal

Six dead as winter snowstorms pound US

Zeenews

27 Dec 2012

Washington. Six people, including two young children, were left dead in weather-related accidents, as winter snowstorms complicated travel for many Americans in the Midwest and Northeast on Wednesday. Snow totals in parts of Indiana ranged from 6 to 12 inches, CNN reported. About 350 snowploughs were clearing roads throughout the city. New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo told residents they should avoid nonessential travel ... IANS ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)

photo: AP / Itsuo Inouye

Japan's new Prime Minister Shinzo Abe speaks to Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO) employees at the emergency operation center in the building used as crisis management headquarters at the Fukushima Dai-Ichi nuclear power plant in Okuma town, Fukushima prefecture, northeastern Japan, Saturday, Dec. 29, 2012.

Japan: The More Things Change, The More They Remain the Same

WorldNews.com

29 Dec 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. A millennium before the English statesmen Edmund Burke, regarded as the father of Western Conservatism and who wrote, "good order is the foundation of all things," Japan's Seventeen-Article Constitution began with this conservative principle. "Harmony is to be cherished, and opposition for opposition's sake must be avoided as a matter of principle." ... militarism, those protesting U.S....(size: 9.7Kb)

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A musical tribute with a difference

The Times of India

30 Dec 2012

KANNUR ... The 24-hour Thyagaraja Akhanda Sangeetha Yagnam, the nonstop rendering of the compositions by Saint Thyagaraja at Sri Makreri temple nearly 15 kilometres from Kannur town, which concluded on Sunday morning, is one such event that unravels a different face of Kannur ... Though not very much known outside Kannur, this Carnatic music festival has many unique aspects to it ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)

Tender process on for waterway project

The Times of India

30 Dec 2012

KANNUR ... However, there is no clarity yet about the date of completion of work. "We have got seven pre-qualification tenders and the financial tender would be finalized and the winners would be selected after we prepare a list of eligible candidates from the prequalification tender," said an official with the inland navigation division, Kannur ... Nabard has already released Rs 21 crore towards the project ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)

Woman strangulated after rape attempt

Newstrack India

30 Dec 2012

Tweet. Jaipur, Dec 30 (IANS) A man was Sunday arrested in Rajasthan for strangulating his 23-year-old sister-in-law after a failed rape bid Dec 25, police said. The victim died in a hospital Saturday. Police said the accused escaped thinking the woman had died ... "However, she resisted ... Kannur Thana ... ) .. ). ... . . . . . .. . . .. ....(size: 2.6Kb)

Much-hyped tourism project of Thalassery yet to take off

The Times of India

30 Dec 2012

KANNUR. The Thalassery heritage circuit tourism project announced in 2010 is still in limbo. Apart from some minor works nothing has been done to take up the dream project. "When it comes to tradition, heritage and topography Thalassery stands unique among other towns in Kerala and these features were expected to get a boost with the implementation of the project ... ....(size: 1.9Kb)

Chilly morning in Delhi, sunny day ahead

Newstrack India

30 Dec 2012

Tweet. New Delhi, Dec 30 (IANS) It was a chilly Sunday morning in the national capital with a shallow fog enveloping the city. The minimum temperature settled at 7.7 degrees Celsius, average for this time of the season. The Met Office has forecast a clear day ahead ... Kannur Railway Station ... ) .. ).. Comments. ... . . . . . .. . . .. ....(size: 2.7Kb)

Joining dots on the map

The Hindu

29 Dec 2012

According to Civil Aviation Minister Ajit Singh, the priority areas of his Ministry included providing greater connectivity to remote parts of the country and development of low-cost airports ... Mr. Singh said apart from five major airports already operational under the public-private-partnership mode, the government has given in-principle approval for setting up of 15 green field airports, including those in Goa, Navi Mumbai and Kannur....(size: 2.2Kb)

Brain injury post cardiac arrest may have proved fatal for Delhi gang-rape victim

Newstrack India

29 Dec 2012

Tweet. New Delhi, Dec 29 (ANI). The Delhi gang-rape victim, whose assault in the national capital triggered nationwide protests, died in a Singapore hospital on Saturday of injuries suffered to her brain from the cardiac arrest she suffered at the Safdarjung Hospital on Tuesday night ... In a statement, Dr Loh said, "The patient is currently struggling against the odds, and fighting for her life ... (ANI). null ... G.t.b ... ... Kannur District Hospital ....(size: 3.4Kb)

A year Chandy would like to forget (Kerala Newsletter)

Newstrack India

29 Dec 2012

Tweet ... Sworn in on May 18, 2011, the chief minister earned high praise for the manner in which he set about his work ... Chandrasekharan ... Chandy, however, is confident that the New Year will bring good news as there are major infrastructure projects like the proposed Vizhinjam port, the Kochi Smart City IT project, Kannur airport, two mono-rail projects and the first high-speed rail corridor in the country on the anvil for the state ... ) . ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)

Why was victim moved, shaken Delhiites ask

Newstrack India

29 Dec 2012

Tweet. New Delhi, Dec 29 (IANS) Why was the gang-rape victim shifted to Singapore when her health was so precarious? Was the government trying to deflect the protests? And was it to be blamed for her death? The angry questions did the rounds Saturday as Delhiites woke up to the news that the physiotherapy intern had died fighting her grievous injuries miles away from home ... null. Read More. Gandhi Eye Hospital ... ... Kannur District Hospital ....(size: 5.0Kb)

Water level in Pazhassi dam a concern for Kannur town

The Times of India

28 Dec 2012

KANNUR ... The work of replacing the old 700 mm asbestos cement pipes of the 32-km pipeline was completed recently and pumping has started. "With the completion of this Rs 67 crore project that took nearly 15 months, water from the pumping station will reach Kannur in less than three hours compared to seven-eight hours previously," said K Sundareshan, assistant executive engineer, Kerala Water Authority ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)

Calicut and Kannur record easy victories

Gulf News

28 Dec 2012

Menon and Shah ......(size: 0.1Kb)

Ray of light for 1000 blind people

Deccan Chronicle

28 Dec 2012

Kannur will witness a silent yet meaningful summit on Saturday that will beam rays of hope into the lives of ... A total of 350 members, women, will attend the curable blindness camp, accor-ding to KFB Kannur district secretary T.N....(size: 1.2Kb)

It's Kozhikode vs Ernakulam in Kerala State Youth Championship final

The Times of India

28 Dec 2012

Kozhikode boys overcame Kannur in a four-set encounter to set up a final clash with Ernakulam in the Kerala State Youth Volleyball Championship at Vettilappara, Malappuram on Thursday....(size: 0.9Kb)

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"Cannanore" redirects here. For other uses, see Cannanore (disambiguation).

This article is about the city in Kerala, India. For the former city state, see Kolathunadu. For the district, see Kannur district. For the town in Karnataka, see Kannur, Dakshina Kannada.

Kannur

കണ്ണൂര്

— city —

Kannur

Location of Kannur
in Kerala and India

Coordinates

11°52′08″N 75°21′20″E / 11.8689°N 75.3555°ECoordinates: 11°52′08″N 75°21′20″E / 11.8689°N 75.3555°E

Country

India

State

Kerala

District(s)

Kannur

Subdistrict(s)

Kannur, Previoiusly known as Chirakkal Taluk

Municipality Chairperson

M.C. Shreeja

Population

63,795 (2011)

Time zone

IST (UTC+05:30)

Codes

• Pincode • 670 0xx

• Telephone • +91 497

• UN/LOCODE • IN-KL-KNR

• Vehicle • KL-13

Website

www.kannur.gov.in

Kannur pronunciation (help·info) (Malayalam: കണ്ണൂര്‍, Kaṇṇūr ^?), also known as Cannanore, is a city in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is the administrative headquarters of the District of Kannur and 518 km north of state capital Trivandrum. During British rule in India, Kannur was known by its old name Cannanore(Land of lord Krishna^{[citation needed]}), which is still in fairly common usage.^[1] Kannur is the 6th largest city in Kerala, after Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam, Kozhikode, Thrissur and Kollam. It is the largest city of North Malabar region. Kannur Municipality was established in 1867 and is one of the oldest municipalities in Kerala.^[2]

Kannur is one of the Million Plus urban agglomerations in India with a population of 1,642,892 in 2011.^[3] Kannur is known as the Land of Looms and Lores, because of the loom industries functioning in the district and ritualistic folk arts held in temples. Kannur is famous for its pristine beaches; Theyyam, its native performing art, and its handloom industry.

Kannur is of great strategic military importance. It houses one of the 62 military cantonments in the country, the Kannur Cantonment, and is the current headquarters of the Defence Security Corps and Territorial Army’s 122 Infantry Battalion(under Madras Regiment). Ezhimala Naval Academy(INS) which is situated 35 km north of Kannur City and 10 km south west of Payyanur, a city in Kannur District. It is the Asia's largest and world's third largest naval academy. An Indian Coast Guard Academy is approved to be built at Kannur. This Coast Guard Academy will be built on the banks of Valapattanam River at Irinave, east of Azhikkal. Kannur Cantonment is also one of the important cantonments in India.

According to the data compiled by the research firm Indicus Analytics, Kannur is one of the ten best cities in India to live.^[4] The parameters set by this firm are in the field of health, education, environment, safety, public facilities and entertainment.

1 Etymology
2 History
3 Administration
4 Geography and climate
5 Demographics
6 Landmarks
7 Education
8 Transportation
9 Media
10 See also
11 References
12 External links

Etymology [link]

The name Kannur may have been derived from Kanathur, an ancient village. Another opinion holds that Kannur was originally a portmanteau derived from two Malayalam words: Kannan (Krishna), a Hindu deity, and Ur (place)—making it "the place of Lord Krishna". One support for this theory is that the deity of the Kadalayi Srikrishna Temple was originally installed in a shrine at Kadalayi Kotta in the southeastern part of the present Kannur town. During the British Raj, the city was known as Cannanore, the anglicised form of the Malayalam word Kannur.^[5]

History [link]

Kannur is sometimes identified with Naura in Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. In the Middle Ages, Kannur was a port town of Kolathunadu, which was ruled by the Kolathiris. The city was an important port on the Arabian Sea and carried on trade with Persia and Arabia in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It also served as the British military headquarters on India's west coast until 1887. In conjunction with her sister city, Tellicherry, it was the third largest city on the western coast of British India in the eighteenth century after Bombay and Karachi.

St. Angelo Fort was built in 1505 by Dom Francisco de Almeida, the first Portuguese Viceroy of India. It is situated by the Arabian Sea about 3 km from Kannur town. In 1507, the fort was besieged by the local ruler in the Siege of Cannanore (1507). The ownership of the fort has changed hands several times. In 1663, the Dutch captured it. They subsequently gave the fort its present appearance. The Dutch sold the fort to the Arakkal royal family in 1772. During this time, the Arakkal sultanate began issuing coins.^[6] The British conquered it in 1790 and used it as one of their major military stations on the Malabar Coast. It is fairly well preserved as a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India. A painting of this fort and the fishing ferry as a background is on display at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. Kunjali Marakkar's head was removed from his body and exhibited in the Fort after his assassination.

Town and bay of Kannur by Thomas Cussans

During the 17th century, Kannur was the capital city of the only Muslim Sultanate of Kerala, known as Arakkal.^[6] During the British Raj, Kannur was part of the Madras province in the District of North Malabar.

Geography and climate [link]

Caltex junction, Kannur

Kannur has an elevation of 1.02 metres (2.98 ft) along the coast of the Arabian Sea, with a sandy coastal area. The town has an 8 km-long seashore and a 3 km-long beach at Payyambalam. Kannur experiences a humid tropical monsoon climate under the Köppen climate classification. In April and May, the average daily maximum temperature is about 35 °C (95 °F). Temperatures are low in December and January: about 20 °C (68 °F). Like other areas on the Malabar Coast, this town receives heavy rainfall during the Southwest Monsoon. The annual average rainfall is 3438 mm, around 68 percent of which is received in July.^[7]

Climate data for Kannur
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	32.7 (90.9)	33.1 (91.6)	33.6 (92.5)	34.1 (93.4)	33.3 (91.9)	29.6 (85.3)	28.9 (84.0)	29.0 (84.2)	30.1 (86.2)	31.0 (87.8)	32.0 (89.6)	32.5 (90.5)	31.66 (88.98)
Average low °C (°F)	21.5 (70.7)	22.3 (72.1)	24.1 (75.4)	25.6 (78.1)	25.3 (77.5)	23.6 (74.5)	23.1 (73.6)	23.1 (73.6)	23.4 (74.1)	23.5 (74.3)	23.0 (73.4)	22.0 (71.6)	23.38 (74.08)
Precipitation mm (inches)	4.8 (0.189)	0.2 (0.008)	52.3 (2.059)	41.7 (1.642)	206.6 (8.134)	1048.1 (41.264)	875.5 (34.469)	574.4 (22.614)	200.8 (7.906)	221.7 (8.728)	103.3 (4.067)	36.5 (1.437)	3,365.9 (132.516)
Source: [1]

Demographics [link]

According to the 2001 census of India,^[8] Kannur has a population of 63,795. Males constitute 48% of the population and females, 52%. Kannur has an average literacy rate of 83%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 84% and female literacy is 83%. In Kannur, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. Malayalam is the most spoken language.

C:\Amrut\Personal\amrut.jpg

Caption1

Landmarks [link]

Kannur City Centre on Fort Road

Shenoy Centre on Fort Road

St. Angelo Fort was built in 1505 by the first Portuguese Viceroy of India, Dom Francisco de Almeida. In 1663, the Dutch captured it and then in 1772, they sold the fort to the Arakkal King. In 1790, the British captured it and it was under the British until 1947.
Payyambalam Beach is a famous Kannur beach with an unbroken coastline of a few kilometres. From the beach, one can see ships in transit along the Malabar Coast, from beyond Calicut (Kozhikode) moving towards Mangalore, Goa and Bombay (Mumbai). It contains a well laid out garden and the massive landscaped sculpture of Mother and Child erected by noted sculptor Kanayi Kunhiraman. but now some of the rowdies has destryed those sculpturs
Arakkal Museum, located in Ayikkara, is a museum dedicated to the Arakkal family, the only Muslim royal family in Kerala, South India. The museum is actually a section of the Arakkalkettu (Arakkal Palace). The Durbar Hall section of the palace has been converted into a museum by the Government of Kerala. It was opened in July 2005 after a massive renovation and is managed by the Arakkal Family Trust.
MGS Kalari Sangam is a martial arts and massage training academy founded in 1934.
The Cannanore Lighthouse near the Sea View Park is another place of interest. The first lighthouse at Kannur was built in 1843 by the British at St. Angelo Fort. Over the years, the lighthouse was renovated and in 1948, it was moved to its current location. The lighthouse is still in use.
The Cannanore Cantonment is one of the 62 cantonments in the country and the only one in Kerala. It was established by the British in the 19th century and is still an important location for Indian armed forces.
The Defence Security Corps (DSC) Centre and DSC Records is located in Kannur town, on the road to Payyambalam Beach. The area is a part of the Cannanore Cantonment and is maintained by the Cantonment Board. The DSC centre at Kannur is the mother depot to all platoons in the country.
Baby Beach is so called because it is smaller than its larger neighbour, Payyambalam Beach. St. Angelo Fort is adjacent to it. The baby beach is part of the Cannanore Cantonment and access may be restricted at times.
Meenkunnu Beach at Azhikode, just a few kilometres from the town.
Mopla Bay in Ayikkara, near St. Angelo fort, is a major fishing harbor overlooking the Arabian Sea.

The Azhikkal Ferry operates near Azhikode, about 10 km from Kannur town, where the Valapattanam river joins the Arabian Sea. The Azhikkal ferry gives a magnificent view of the sunset. There is a granite pathway here which stretches 2 km into the sea. Frequent passenger boats are available to Mattool, Parassinikkadavu and Valapattanam from here.
Puthiyatheru is one of the crowded market in Kannur district which is in NH (mangalore), Makku market is famous for fishes and vegetables, its named after famous boy Makku who stays in puthiyatheru , panakanvu.
The Kannur City Center is a prominent shopping center on Fort Road.
Sea View Park, near Payyambalam Beach, is overlooked by the Government Guest House. The Park is elevated above the sea level and gives a magnificent view of the sunset.
Kannur Central Bus Terminal is Kerala's biggest bus terminal. Located at Thavakkara, it is also India's first bus terminal to be developed on a build-operate-transfer (BOT) basis.
Thottada Beach is a beautiful beach in Kannur district. It is situated just about 2.5 km from the NH 17 connecting Kannur town and Thalassery.

x180px

Growing skyline of Kannur Payyambalam seashore

Education [link]

In the 14th and 15th centuries, during the regime of the Kolathiri Rajas, Taliparamba was renowned in Kerala as a seat of learning, enlightenment and culture. In the early days, the Eshuthu pallies under the Ezhuthachan or village school master provided facilities to pupils to acquire elementary education. After undergoing the preliminary course of study in these institutions, the children were sent to the kalaries for acquiring training in gymnastics and in the use of arms and then they were sent to study Sanskrit in Vedic schools. This district had in the past, its share of such kalaries and Vedic schools. The art of Kalaripayattu is particularly associated with this district.

The beginning of western education in the district may be traced back to the middle of the 16th century. The first English school, known as the Basel German Mission English School, was started on 1 March 1856 at Thalassery. The Brennen School at Thalassery, the nucleus of the present Government Brennen College, was started in 1862 with a generous donation made by Mr. Brennen, Master Attendant at Thalassery.

Kannur District has 5 Kendriya Vidyalaya located at *Kannur, *Keltron Nagar, , *Payyanur, *Ezhimala, and *Peringome, Thalassery

Kannur University was established by the Act 22 of 1996 of Kerala Legislative Assembly. The University by the name “Malabar University” had come into existence even earlier by the promulgaton of an ordinance by the Governor of Kerala, on 9 November 1995. The University was inaugurated on 2 March 1996 by the Chief Minister of Kerala. The objective of the Kannur University Act 1996 was to establish in the state of Kerala a teaching, residential and affiliating university so as to provide for the development of higher education in Kasargod and Kannur revenue districts and the Mananthavady Taluk of Wayanad district. Kannur University is a multi-campus university.

Government College of Engineering, Kannur was established in 1986 as a center for imparting engineering education in northern Kerala.^[9] Today the college is one among the top ten engineering colleges of the state, providing higher studies in the field of technical education.

Pariyaram Medical College was established in 1999 near Taliparamba. The Medical college is at a distance of 10 km from Payyanur and 32 km north of Kannur. Kannur Medical College was established in 2006 at Anjarakkandy with a 500 bed hospital.

The thirteenth National Institute of Fashion Technology(NIFT) Campus in Kannur is located in Dharmashala in Mangattuparamba, 15 km north of Kannur town.

AKG Memorial Co-Operative College of Nursing is located at Poduvachery road Mavilayi, Kannur .

Kannur has got the highest percentage of passing rate in 2011-12 SSLC.

Transportation [link]

Road [link]

Central bus terminal - Kannur

Kannur is on the National Highway 66 or NH 66 ( formerly National Highway 17 ) between Kozhikode and Mangalore. Four laning of this highway is scheduled to start soon. A bypass for Kannur city is also proposed under the NH widening project. Kannur is connected to Kodagu, Mysore and Bangalore in Karnataka through Thalassery-Coorg-Mysore interstate Highway.

Kannur has several private and KSRTC buses plying to places inside and outside Kannur district. Kannur is well connected to its suburbs through several city buses. Kannur city has four bus terminals namely Kannur Central Bus Terminal at Thavakkara which is Keralas Biggest Bus Terminal, Old Bus Stand near to Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, City Bus Stand near to the District HQ Hospital and the KSRTC bus stand at Caltex Junction(on NH-66).

Railway [link]

Kannur Railway Station is one among the major Railway stations in Southern Railway, under the jurisdiction of Palakkad Division. All trains including the Trivandrum Rajdhani Express and Kochuveli Garib Rath stop at Kannur. 6 Daily trains and around 15 weekly or bi-weekly trains connect kannur to the capital Trivandrum. There are a few express trains starting from Kannur to places like Yeshvantpur (Bangalore), Alappuzha and Ernakulam. Kannur South, Chirakkal, Valapattanam and Pappinisseri are some minor railway stations near to Kannur were only passenger trains stops. Survey for a railway line from Kannur South to the Kannur International Airport in Mattannur is announced in 2011-2012 Union Railway Budget.

Air [link]

Two airports — one at Mangalore, Karnataka in the north about 173 kilometer away and one at Kozhikode in the south — about 125 kilometres away from Kannur town provide air services to the city.

A new international airport is under construction near Mattanur in Kannur district.^[10] Kannur International Airport's foundation stone was laid by V. S. Achuthanandan, Chief Minister of Kerala, on 17 December 2010.^[11]^[12] The Airport is proposed to be completed by 2013.

Seaport [link]

Kannur is an ancient sea port. The nearest all-weather sea port is Mangalore in Karnataka state. Azhikkal port in Kannur has been included for developing coastal shipping by the Government of India under the National Maritime Development Programme (NMDP). A Detailed Project Report (DPR) has been prepared by ICICI-KINFRA for the development of Azhikkal port.

Media [link]

Malayalam movie actors Sreenivasan, Vineeth Sreenivasan, Vineeth, Vineeth Kumar, Samvrutha Sunil, TV Chandran, Manju Warrier, Archana Kavi, and Sanusha are from Kannur District, as are music composers K. Raghavan, Kannur Rajan, and Sathyan Edakkad.singer sayanora.

Many local cable television channels are available in Kannur. The most popular cable channels are City Channel, City Gold, City Juke, Network Channel(s) (Payyanur), Zeal Network, Kannur Vision, World Vision, Worldvision Music, Chakkarakkal, and Gramika channel Koothuparamba.

All India Radio is broadcast in Kannur at 101.5 megahertz. Private FM radio stations in Kannur include: Radio Mango 91.9 (the Malayala Manorama Co Ltd), Club FM 94.3 (the Mathrubhumi Printing And Publishing Co Ltd), Red FM 93.5 (Sun Network), and Best FM 95.0 (Asianet Communications Ltd).

A number of newspapers are published from Kannur, including the Mathrubhumi, Malayala Manorama, Deshabhimani, Deepika, Chandrika, Kerala Kaumudi, News First, Janmabhumi, Veekshanam, Madhyamam, Thejas, and Siraj.

References [link]

^ Cannanore- the old name still used by Indian Railways
^ Municipalities in Kerala
^ Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 million and above
^ Top 10 cities in India
^ Official website of Kannur District
^ ^a ^b Arakkal royal family
^ Climate: Kannur (Cannanore) CalicutNet.com
^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 2004-06-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
^ "Government College of Engineering, Kannur".
^ Official website of Kannur International airport
^ The Hindu: "Chief minister lays foundation stone for Kannur International Airport"
^ "Kannur airport will be dream come true: Achuthanandan" - Newkerala.com

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kannur

v t e State of Kerala

Capital: Thiruvananthapuram

Symbols	Bird: Great Hornbill Animal: Indian Elephant Tree: Coconut Flower: Golden Shower Fish: Karimeen

Topics	History Economy Geography Demographics Flora and Fauna Government Culture Arts Film Tourism

Districts	Thiruvananthapuram KL-01 Kollam KL-02 Pathanamthitta KL-03 Alappuzha KL-04 Kottayam KL-05 Idukki KL-06 Ernakulam KL-07 Thrissur KL-08 Palakkad KL-09 Malappuram KL-10 Kozhikode KL-11 Wayanad KL-12 Kannur KL-13 Kasaragod KL-14

Municipal Corporations	Thiruvananthapuram Kochi Kozhikode Kollam Thrissur

Municipalities	Adoor Alappuzha Aluva Angamaly Attingal Chalakkudy Changanacherry Chavakkad Chengannur Cherthala Chittur - Tattamangalam Eloor Guruvayoor Irinjalakuda Kalamassery Kalpetta Kanhangad Kannur Karunagapally Kasaragod Kayamkulam Kodungallur Koothuparamba Kothamangalam Kottakkal Kottayam Koyilandy Kunnamkulam Malappuram Manjeri Maradu Mattannur Mavelikkara Muvattupuzha Nedumangad Neyyattinkara Nilambur Nileshwaram North Paravoor Ottappalam Pala Palakkad Paravoor (South) Pathanamthitta Payyannur Perinthalmanna Perumbavoor Ponnani Punalur Shoranur Thalassery Taliparamba Thiruvalla Thodupuzha Thrikkakara Thripunithura Tirur Vadakara Vaikom Varkala

Taluks	Adoor Alathoor Aluva Ambalappuzha Changanasserry Chavakkad Chenganoor Cherthala Chittur Chirayinkeezhu Devikulam Eranad Hosdurg Kanayannur Kanjirappally Kannur Karthikappally Karunagappalli Kasaragod Kochi Kodungallor Kollam Kothamangalam Kottarakkara Kottayam Koyilandi Kozhencherry Kozhikode Kunnathur Kunnathunad Kuttanad Mallappally Mananthavadi Mannarkkad Mavelikkara Meenachil Mukundapuram Muvattupuzha Nedumangad Neyyattinkara Nilambur Ottappalam Palakkad Paravur Pathanapuram Peermade Ponnani Ranni Sulthan Batheri Taliparamba Thalappilli Thalassery Thiroorangadi Thiruvalla Thiruvananthapuram Thodupuzha Thrissur Thirur Udumbanchola Vadakara Vaikom Valluvanad Vythiri

Historical Regions	North Malabar South Malabar Cochin Northern Travancore Central Travancore Southern Travancore

Portal: Kerala

Municipalities of Kerala

v t e Cities and towns in Kannur district

Kannur	Anjarakandy Aroli Azhikode North Azhikode South Chala Chelora Cherukunnu Cheruthazham Chirakkal Chockli Chovva Dharmadom Eachur Edakkad Elayavoor Eramam Eranholi Irikkur Iriveri Iritty Kadachira Kadirur Kalliasseri Kanhirode Kannadiparamba Kannapuram Kankole Kannur Kannur Cantonment Kuthuparamba Kuttoor Kottayam-Malabar Mambaram Mattanur Mavilayi Morazha Munderi Muzhappilangad Narath Nettur New Mahe Paduvilayi Palayad Pallikkunnu Panapuzha Panniyannur Panoor Pappinisseri Parassinikadavu Pathiriyad Pattiom Payyanur Payangadi Pazhayangadi Peralasseri Peringathur Peringome Pinarayi Punnakkulangara Puzhathi Taliparamba Thalassery Thottada Valapattanam Varam

Other districts in Kerala	Alappuzha Ernakulam Idukki Kasargod Kollam Kottayam Kozhikode Malappuram Palakkad Pathanamthitta Thiruvananthapuram Thrissur Wayanad

See also: Places of worship in Kannur district

v t e North Malabar Region

Districts	Kozhikode (Vadakara and Koyilandy Taluks) · Wayanad (Mananthavady Taluk) · Mahe · Kannur · Kasaragod ·

Main Towns and Cities	Kannur · Thalassery · Vadakara · Kasaragod · Mahe · Koyilandy · Payyannur · Kanhangad · Neeleswaram · Thaliparamba · Kuthuparamba · Mattannur · Mananthavady · Perambra · Kuttiyadi · Peringome · Nadapuram · Payyoli · Iritty · Azhiyur · Orkkateri · Meppayur · Vellikulangara · Edakkad · New Mahe · Pinarayi · Mambaram · Panoor · Vellamunda · Thirunelli · Edavaka · Thavinjal · Panamaram · Irikkur · Kottayam · Anjarakkandy · Pazhayangadi · Trikarpur · Manjeswaram · Pappinisseri · Kalliasseri · Cherukunnu · Kannapuram · Morazha · Aroli · Pattuvam · Sreekandapuram · Alakode · Cherupuzha · Muzhappilangad · Azhikode · Cheruvathur · Mattool

Places of interest in North Malabar

Velliyamkallu: Associated with the valiant Kunhali Marakkar at Vadakara · Sand Banks: Where the Kotakal river reaches the sea at Vadakara · Silent Beach: South of Sand Banks is Silent Beach at Vadakara · Azhiyoor Vadakara · Palloor Mahé · Panthakkal Mahé · Poozhithala Mahé · Mahe Beach Mahé · Mayyazhi Puzhayoram Mahé · Pakshi Pathalam Thirunelli Mananthavady · Pookkottu Thadakam (Lake) Mananthavady · Tellichery Fort Thalassery · Muzhappilangadu Drive-in Beach on Thalassery - Kannur Road · Payyambalam Beach Kannur · St. Angelo Fort Kannur · Meenkunnu Beach Kannur · Valapattanam Kannur · Pazhassi Dam Kannur · The thuruths (small islands in the river) of Cherukunnu · The small hills of Cherukunnu · Azheekkal ferry and beach Azhikode · Ezhimala beach Payyannur · Kotti Payyannur · Ayyankunnu Iritty · Paithal Mala Thaliparamba · Snake Park Parassinikkadavu · Vismaya, the water theme park Parassinikkadavu · Valiyaparamba island Trikaripur · Ranipuram Kanhangad · Bekal Fort Kasaragod · Chandragiri Fort Kasaragod · Ananthapuram Lake Kasaragod · Kanwatheertha Beach Resort Kasaragod ·

Portuguese Overseas Empire

North Africa

15th century
1415–1640 Ceuta
1458–1550 Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir)
1471–1550 Arzila (Asilah)
1471–1662 Tangier
1485–1550 Mazagan (El Jadida)
1487– middle 16th century Ouadane
1488–1541 Safim (Safi)
1489 Graciosa

16th century
1505–1769 Santa Cruz do Cabo
de Gué (Agadir)
1506–1525 Mogador (Essaouira)
1506–1525 Aguz (Souira Guedima)
1506–1769 Mazagan (El Jadida)
1513–1541 Azamor (Azemmour)
1515 São João da Mamora (Mehdya)
1577–1589 Arzila (Asilah)

Sub-Saharan Africa

15th century 1455–1633 Anguim 1462–1975 Cape Verde 1470–1975 São Tomé¹ 1474–1778 Annobón 1478–1778 Fernando Poo (Bioko) 1482–1637 Elmina (São Jorge da Mina) 1482–1642 Portuguese Gold Coast 1508–1547 (1600) Madagascar² 1498–1540 Mascarene Islands	16th century 1500–1630 Malindi 1500–1975 Príncipe¹ 1501–1975 Portuguese E. Africa (Mozambique) 1502–1659 Saint Helena 1503–1698 Zanzibar 1505–1512 Quíloa (Kilwa) 1506–1511 Socotra 1557–1578 Accra 1575–1975 Portuguese W. Africa (Angola) 1588–1974 Cacheu³ 1593–1698 Mombassa (Mombasa)	17th century 1645–1888 Ziguinchor 1680–1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá 1687–1974 Bissau³ 18th century 1728–1729 Mombassa (Mombasa) 1753–1975 São Tomé and Príncipe 19th century 1879–1974 Portuguese Guinea 1885–1975 Portuguese Congo
	¹ Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753. ² A Factory (Anosy region) and small temporary coastal bases. ³ Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879.

Southwest Asia

16th century
1506–1615 Gamru (Bandar-Abbas)
1507–1643 Sohar
1515–1622 Hormuz (Ormus)
1515–1648 Quriyat
1515–? Qalhat
1515–1650 Muscat
1515?–? Barka
1515–1633? Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)
1521–1602 Bahrain (Muharraq and Manama)
1521–1529? Qatif
1521?–1551? Tarut Island
1550–1551 Qatif
1588–1648 Matrah

17th century
1620–? Khor Fakkan
1621?–? As Sib
1621–1622 Qeshm
1623–? Khasab
1623–? Libedia
1624–? Kalba
1624–? Madha
1624–1648 Dibba Al-Hisn
1624?–? Bandar-e Kong

Indian subcontinent

15th century
1498–1545 Laccadive Islands
(Lakshadweep)

16th century
Portuguese India
· 1500–1663 Cochim (Kochi)
· 1501–1663 Cannanore (Kannur)
· 1502–1658, 1659-1661 Quilon (Coulão/Kollam)
· 1502–1661 Pallipuram (Cochin de Cima)
· 1507–1657 Negapatam (Nagapatnam)
· 1510–1962 Goa
· 1512–1525, 1750 Calicut (Kozhikode)
· 1518–1619 Portuguese Paliacate trading outpost (Pulicat)
· 1521–1740 Chaul
· 1523–1662 Mylapore
· 1528–1666 Chittagong
· 1531–1571 Chaul
· 1531–1571 Chalé
· 1534–1601 Salsette Island
· 1534–1661 Bombay (Mumbai)
· 1535 Ponnani
· 1535–1739 Baçaím (Vasai-Virar)
· 1536–1662 Cranganore (Kodungallur)
· 1540–1612 Surat
· 1548–1658 Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)

16th century (continued)
Portuguese India (continued)
· 1559–1962 Daman and Diu
· 1568–1659 Mangalore
· 1579–1632 Hugli
· 1598–1610 Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam)
1518–1521 Maldives
1518–1658 Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
1558–1573 Maldives

17th century
Portuguese India
· 1687–1749 Mylapore

18th century
Portuguese India
· 1779–1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli

East Asia and Oceania

	16th century 1511–1641 Portuguese Malacca 1512–1621 Maluku · 1522–1575 Ternate · 1576–1605 Ambon · 1578–1650 Tidore 1512–1665 Makassar 1553–1999 Macau 1571–1639 Decima (Dejima, Nagasaki)	17th century 1642–1975 Portuguese Timor (East Timor)¹ 19th century Macau · 1864–1999 Coloane · 1849–1999 Portas do Cerco · 1851–1999 Taipa · 1890–1999 Ilha Verde 20th century Macau · 1938–1941 Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin)
¹	1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, East Timor's independence was recognized by Portugal & the world.

North America and the North Atlantic Ocean

15th century
1420 Madeira
1432 Azores

16th century
1500–1579? Terra Nova (Newfoundland)
1500–1579? Labrador
1516–1579? Nova Scotia

Central and South America

16th century
1500–1822 Brazil
1536–1620 Barbados

17th century
1680–1777 Nova Colónia do Sacramento
19th century
1808–1822 Cisplatina (Uruguay)
1809–1817 Portuguese Guiana
1822 Upper Peru (Bolivia)

Portuguese colonization of the Americas - Theory of Portuguese discovery of Australia - Portuguese colonialism in Indonesia

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"Maradona" redirects here. For other uses, see Maradona (disambiguation).

Diego Maradona
Personal information
Diego Maradona in 2010
Full name	Diego Armando Maradona
Date of birth	(1960-10-30) 30 October 1960 (age 51)
Place of birth	Lanús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Height	1.65 m (5 ft 5 in)
Playing position	Second Striker/Attacking Midfielder
Youth career
1968–1969	Estrella Roja
1970–1974	Los Cebollitas
1975-1976	Argentinos Juniors
Senior career*
Years	Team	Apps^†	(Gls)^†
1976–1981	Argentinos Juniors	167	(115)
1981–1982	Boca Juniors	40	(28)
1982–1984	Barcelona	36	(22)
1984–1991	Napoli	259	(115)
1992–1993	Sevilla	26	(5)
1993–1994	Newell's Old Boys	5	(0)
1995–1997	Boca Juniors	30	(7)
Total		492	(258)
National team
1977–1994	Argentina	91	(34)
Teams managed
1994	Mandiyú de Corrientes
1995	Racing Club
2008–2010	Argentina
2011–	Al Wasl
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only. † Appearances (Goals).

Diego Armando Maradona Franco (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈdjeɣo maɾaˈðona]; born 30 October 1960) is a retired Argentine football player, and current manager of Al Wasl FC in Dubai. Many experts, football critics, former and current players consider Maradona the greatest football player of all time.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] He won FIFA Player of the Century award which was to be decided by votes on their official website, their official magazine and a grand jury.

He is the only player in football history who set world-record contract fees twice. The first, when he was transferred to Barcelona for a then world record £5m and the second, when he was transferred to Napoli for another record fee £6.9m. Over the course of his professional club career Maradona played for Argentinos Juniors, Boca Juniors, Barcelona, Napoli, Sevilla and Newell's Old Boys. In his international career, playing for Argentina, he earned 91 caps and scored 34 goals.

He played in four FIFA World Cup tournaments, including the 1986 tournament, where he captained Argentina and led them to their victory over West Germany in the final, winning the Golden Ball award as the tournament's best player. In that same tournament's quarterfinal round, he scored both goals in a 2–1 victory over England that entered football history, though for two different reasons. The first goal was via an unpenalized handball known as the "Hand of God", while the second goal followed a 60 m (66 yd) dribble past five England players, voted "The Goal of the Century" by FIFA.com voters in 2002.^[5]

Maradona is considered one of the sport's most controversial and newsworthy figures. He was suspended from football for 15 months in 1991 after failing a drug test, for cocaine, in Italy, and he was sent home from the 1994 World Cup in the USA after testing positive for ephedrine. After retiring from playing on his 37th birthday in 1997,^[6] he gained weight, suffered ill health and the effects of cocaine use. In 2005, a stomach stapling operation helped control his weight gain, and he overcame his cocaine addiction. His outspoken manners have sometimes put him at odds with journalists and sport executives. Although he had little managerial experience, he became head coach of the Argentina national team in November 2008, and held the job for eighteen months, until his contract expired after the 2010 World Cup.

Early years [link]

Maradona was born in Lanús, but raised in Villa Fiorito, a shantytown on the southern outskirts of Buenos Aires,^[7] to a poor family that had moved from Corrientes Province. He was the first son after three daughters. He has two younger brothers, Hugo (el Turco) and Eduardo (Lalo), both of whom were also professional football players. Maradona has Italian and indigenous ancestry.^[8]

At age 10, Maradona was spotted by a talent scout while he was playing in his neighborhood club Estrella Roja. He became a staple of Los Cebollitas (The Little Onions), the junior team of Buenos Aires's Argentinos Juniors. As a 12-year-old ball boy, he amused spectators by showing his wizardry with the ball during the halftime intermissions of first division games.^[9]

Club career [link]

Argentinos Juniors and Boca Juniors [link]

Diego Maradona's debut for Argentinos Juniors against Talleres de Córdoba, 1976.

On 20 October 1976, Maradona made his professional debut with Argentinos Juniors, ten days before his sixteenth birthday.^[6] He played there between 1976 and 1981, scoring 115 goals in 167 appearances before his £1m transfer to Boca Juniors. Having joined the Boca squad midway through the 1981 season, Maradona played through 1982 earning his first league championship medal. Whilst playing for Argentinos Juniors, English club Sheffield United put in an offer of £180,000 for his services but the bid was rejected.

FC Barcelona [link]

Maradona playing for Boca Juniors in 1981.

After the 1982 World Cup, in June, Maradona was transferred to Barcelona in Spain for a then world record £5m.^[6] In 1983, under coach César Luis Menotti, Barcelona and Maradona won the Copa del Rey (Spain's annual national cup competition), beating Real Madrid, and the Spanish Super Cup, beating Athletic de Bilbao. However, Maradona had a difficult tenure in Barcelona.^[10] First a bout with hepatitis, then a broken ankle caused by an ill-timed tackle by Athletic's Andoni Goikoetxea threatened with jeopardizing Maradona's career,^[6] but after treatment and therapy it was possible for him to soon be back on the pitch. At Barcelona, Maradona got into frequent disputes with the team's directors, especially club president Josep Lluís Núñez, culminating with a demand to be transferred out of Camp Nou in 1984. He was transferred to Napoli in Italy's Serie A for another record fee, £6.9m.

Napoli [link]

At Napoli, Maradona reached the peak of his professional career. He quickly became an adored star among the club's fans, and in his time there he elevated the team to the most successful era in its history. Led by Maradona, Napoli won their only Serie A Italian Championships in 1986/87 and 1989/1990, placing second in the league twice, in 1987/88 and 1988/89. Other honors during the Maradona era at Napoli included the Coppa Italia in 1987, (second place in the Coppa Italia in 1989), the UEFA Cup in 1989 and the Italian Supercup in 1990. Maradona was the top scorer in Serie A in 1987/88.

During his time in Italy, Maradona's personal problems increased. His cocaine use continued, and he received US $70,000 in fines from his club for missing games and practices, ostensibly because of 'stress'.^[11] He faced a scandal there regarding an illegitimate son; and he was also the object of some suspicion over an alleged friendship with the Camorra.^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]

Later on, in honor of Maradona and his achievements during his career at Napoli, the #10 jersey of Napoli was officially retired.^[17]

Sevilla, Newell's Old Boys and Boca Juniors [link]

After serving a 15-month ban for failing a drug test for cocaine, Maradona left Napoli in disgrace in 1992. Despite interest from Real Madrid of Spain and Olympique Marseille of France, he signed for Sevilla of Spain, where he stayed for one year.^[18]

In 1993 he played for Newell's Old Boys and in 1995 he returned to Boca Juniors for two years.^[6]

Maradona also appeared for Tottenham Hotspur in a friendly match against Internazionale, shortly before the 1986 world cup. The match was Osvaldo Ardiles' testimonial, who insisted his friend Maradona played, which Tottenham won 2–1. He played alongside Glenn Hoddle, who gave up his number ten shirt for the Argentine. Maradona would go on to dribble past Hoddle during his "goal of the century" against England in the World Cup that year.

International career [link]

Maradona and the Youth World Cup trophy in 1979.

Along with his time at Napoli, international football is where Maradona found his fame. Playing for the Albicelestes of the Argentina national football team, he participated in four consecutive FIFA World Cup tournaments, leading Argentina to victory in 1986 and to second place in 1990.

He made his full international debut at age 16, against Hungary on 27 February 1977. At age 18, he played the World Youth Championship for Argentina, and was the star of the tournament, shining in their 3–1 final win over the Soviet Union. On 2 June 1979, Maradona scored his first senior international goal in a 3–1 win against Scotland at Hampden Park.^[19] He is the only player to win the Golden Ball at both the FIFA U-20 World Cup and FIFA World Cup, in 1979 and 1986.

1982 World Cup [link]

File:Maradona 1985.jpg

Diego Maradona with Napoli in 1985.

Maradona played his first World Cup tournament in 1982. In the first round, Argentina, the defending champions, lost to Belgium. Although the team convincingly beat Hungary and El Salvador to progress to the second round, they were defeated in the second round by Brazil and by eventual winners Italy. Maradona played in all five matches without being substituted, scoring twice against Hungary, but was sent off with 5 minutes remaining in the game against Brazil for serious foul play.

1986 World Cup [link]

Diego Maradona with the World Cup obtained in 1986.

Maradona captained the Argentine national team to victory in the 1986 FIFA World Cup, winning the final in Mexico against West Germany. Throughout the 1986 World Cup Maradona asserted his dominance and was the most dynamic player of the tournament. He played every minute of every Argentina game, scored 5 goals and made 5 assists. After scoring two goals in the 2–1 quarter-final win against England his legend was cemented.

This match was played with the background of the Falklands War between Argentina and the United Kingdom and emotions were still lingering in the air throughout the entire match. Replays showed that the first goal was scored by striking the ball with his hand. Maradona was coyly evasive, describing it as "a little with the head of Maradona and a little with the hand of God." It became known as the "Hand of God". Ultimately, on 22 August 2005 Maradona acknowledged on his television show that he had hit the ball with his hand purposely, and that he immediately knew the goal was illegitimate. This became known as an international fiasco in World Cup history. The goal stood, much to the wrath of the English players.^[20]

Maradona, turns like a little eel, he comes away from trouble, little squat man... comes inside Butcher and leaves him for dead, outside Fenwick and leaves him for dead, and puts the ball away... and that is why Maradona is the greatest player in the world.

“

”

—Bryon Butler (BBC Radio)^[21]

Maradona's second goal, just four minutes after the hotly disputed hand-goal, was later voted by FIFA as the greatest goal in the history of the World Cup. He received the ball in his own half, swivelled around, and with 11 touches ran more than half the length of the field, dribbling past five English outfield players (Peter Beardsley, Steve Hodge, Peter Reid, Terry Butcher, and Terry Fenwick) and goalkeeper Peter Shilton. This goal was voted "Goal of the Century" in a 2002 online poll conducted by FIFA.^[22]

Maradona followed this with two more goals in the semi-final against Belgium, including another virtuoso dribbling display for the second goal. In the final, the opposing West German side attempted to contain him by double-marking, but he nevertheless found the space to give the final pass to Jorge Burruchaga for the winning goal. Argentina beat West Germany 3–2 in front of 115,000 spectators at the Azteca Stadium.

During the course of the tournament, Maradona attempted or created more than half of Argentina's shots, embarked on 90 dribbles some three times more than any other player and was fouled 53 times winning his team twice as many free kicks as any player.^[23]^[24] Maradona also scored or assisted 10 of Argentina's 14 goals and despite being heavily marked during the final played a crucial part in all three winning goals ensuring that he would be remembered as one of the greatest names in football history.^[25]^[26]^[27]

By the end of the tournament, Maradona went on winning the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament by a unanimous vote and was widely regarded to have won the World Cup virtually single-handedly.^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31] In a tribute to him, the Azteca Stadium authorities also built a statue of him scoring the "goal of the century" and placed it at the entrance of the stadium.^[32]

1990 World Cup [link]

Maradona captained Argentina again in the 1990 FIFA World Cup to yet another World Cup Final. An ankle injury affected his overall performance, and he was much less dominant than four years earlier. Argentina was almost eliminated in the first round, only qualifying in third position from their group. In the round of 16 match against Brazil, Claudio Caniggia scored the only goal after being set up by Maradona.

In the quarter final, Argentina faced Yugoslavia, the match ending 0–0 after 120 minutes, and Argentina advancing on penalty kicks, despite Maradona missing one of the penalties in the shootout with a weak shot at the centre of the goal. The semifinal against the host nation Italy was also resolved on penalties after a 1–1 draw; this time, Maradona was successful with his effort, daringly placing the ball at exactly the same spot as his missed penalty in the previous round. In the final, Argentina lost 1–0 to West Germany, the only goal being a penalty by Andreas Brehme in the 85th minute after a controversial foul on Rudi Völler.

1994 World Cup [link]

At the 1994 FIFA World Cup Maradona played in only two games, scoring one goal against Greece, before being sent home after failing a drug test for ephedrine doping. In his autobiography, Maradona argued that the test result was due to his personal trainer giving him the power drink Rip Fuel. His claim was that the U.S. version, unlike the Argentine one, contained the chemical and that, having run out of his Argentine dosage, his trainer unwittingly bought the U.S. formula. FIFA expelled him from USA '94 and Argentina were subsequently eliminated in the second round. Maradona has also separately claimed that he had an agreement with FIFA, on which the organization reneged, to allow him to use the drug for weight loss before the competition in order to be able to play.^[33] According to Maradona, this was so that the World Cup would not lose prestige because of his absence. This allegation has never been proven.

His failed drugs test at the 1994 World Cup signaled the end of his international career, which had lasted 17 years and yielded 34 goals from 91 games.

Playing style [link]

Retirement and honours [link]

Diego Maradona's blaugrana shirt at display in FC Barcelona Museum.

Hounded for years by the press, Maradona once fired a compressed-air rifle at reporters who he claimed were invading his privacy. This quote from former teammate Jorge Valdano summarizes the feelings of many:

He is someone many people want to emulate, a controversial figure, loved, hated, who stirs great upheaval, especially in Argentina... Stressing his personal life is a mistake. Maradona has no peers inside the pitch, but he has turned his life into a show, and is now living a personal ordeal that should not be imitated. ^[35]

In 2000, Maradona published his autobiography Yo Soy El Diego ("I am The Diego"), which became an instant bestseller^[36] in his home country. Two years later, Maradona donated the Cuban royalties of his book to "the Cuban people and Fidel."^[37]

In 1999, he won FIFA Player of the Century award which was to be decided by votes on their official website, their official magazine and a grand jury. Maradona won the Internet based poll by wide margins, garnering 53.6% of the votes against 18.53% for Pelé. In spite of this, and shortly before the ceremony, FIFA unexpectedly decided to add a second award and appointed a "Football Family" committee composed of football journalists that also gave to Pelé the title of best player of the century to make it a draw. Maradona also came fifth in the vote of IFFHS(International Federation of Football History and Statistics).^[38]

Maradona at the Soccer Aid friendly match in 2006, after losing weight

In 2001, the Argentine Football Association (AFA) asked FIFA for authorization to retire the jersey number 10 for Maradona. FIFA did not grant the request, even though Argentine officials have maintained that FIFA hinted that it would.^[39]

Maradona has won other fan polls, including a 2002 FIFA poll in which his second goal against England was chosen as the best goal ever scored in a World Cup; he also won the most votes in a poll to determine the All-Time Ultimate World Cup Team.

Argentinos Juniors named its stadium after Maradona on 26 December 2003.

In 2003, Maradona was employed by the Libyan footballer Al-Saadi Gaddafi, the third son of Colonel Gaddafi, as a "technical consultant", while Al-Saadi was playing for the Italian club, Perugia Calcio, which was in Serie A at the time. ^[40]

On 22 June 2005, it was announced that Maradona would return to Boca Juniors as a sports vice president in charge of managing the First Division roster (after a disappointing 2004–05 season, which coincided with Boca's centenary).^[41] His contract began 1 August 2005, and one of his first recommendations proved to be very effective: he was the one who decided to hire Alfio Basile as the new coach. With Maradona fostering a close relationship with the players, Boca went on to win the 2005 Apertura title, the 2006 Clausura title, the 2005 Copa Sudamericana and the 2005 Recopa Sudamericana.

On 15 August 2005, Maradona made his debut as host of a talk-variety show on Argentine television, La Noche del 10 ("The Night of the no. 10"). His main guest on opening night was Pelé; the two had a friendly chat, showing no signs of past differences. However, the show also included a cartoon villain with a clear physical resemblance to Pelé. In subsequent evenings, he led the ratings on all occasions but one. Most guests were drawn from the worlds of football and show business, including Zidane, Ronaldo and Hernán Crespo, but also included interviews with other notable personalities such as Fidel Castro and Mike Tyson.

On 26 August 2006, it was announced that Maradona was quitting his position in the club Boca Juniors because of disagreements with the AFA, who selected Basile to be the new coach of the Argentina national football team.^[42]

The award-winning Serbian filmmaker Emir Kusturica made a documentary about Maradona's life, entitled Maradona.

In May 2006, Maradona agreed to take part in UK's Soccer Aid (a program to raise money for Unicef).^[43] In September 2006, Maradona, in his famous blue and white number 10, was the captain for Argentina in a three-day World Cup of Indoor Football tournament in Spain.

Also in 2006, Diego Maradona was appointed as a Goodwill Ambassador of IIMSAM the Intergovernmental Institution for the use of Micro-algae Spirulina Against Malnutrition.^[44]

On 22 March 2010, Maradona was chosen number 1 in The Greatest 10 World Cup players of all time by The Times,^[45] a London based newspaper.

Managerial career [link]

Club management [link]

He attempted to work as a coach alongside former Argentinos Juniors midfield team mate Carlos Fren. The pair led Mandiyú of Corrientes (1994) and Racing Club (1995), but with little success. In May 2011 he became manager of Dubai club Al Wasl FC in the United Arab Emirates Pro-League.^[46]

International management [link]

After the resignation of Argentina national football team coach Alfio Basile in 2008, Diego Maradona immediately proposed his candidacy for the vacant role. According to several press sources, his major challengers included Diego Simeone, Carlos Bianchi, Miguel Ángel Russo and Sergio Batista.

On 29 October 2008, AFA chairman Julio Grondona confirmed that Maradona would be the head coach of the national side from December 2008. On 19 November 2008, Diego Maradona managed Argentina for the first time when Argentina played against Scotland at Hampden Park in Glasgow which Argentina won 1–0.^[47]

After winning his first three matches in charge of the national team, he oversaw a 6–1 defeat to Bolivia, equalling the team's worst ever margin of defeat. With two matches remaining in the qualification tournament for the 2010 World Cup, Argentina was in fifth place and faced the possibility of failing to qualify, but victory in the last two matches secured qualification for the finals.^[48]^[49]

After Argentina's qualification, Maradona used abusive language at the live post-game press conference, telling members of the media to "suck it and keep on sucking it".^[50] FIFA responded with a two month ban on all footballing activity, which expired on 15 January 2010, and a CHF 25,000 fine, with a warning as to his future conduct.^[51] The friendly match scheduled to take place at home to the Czech Republic on 15 December, during the period of the ban, was cancelled. The only match Argentina played during Maradona's ban was a friendly away to Catalonia, which Argentina lost 4–2.

At the World Cup finals in June 2010, Argentina started by winning 1–0 against Nigeria, and then defeated South Korea by 4–1, with a hat-trick from Gonzalo Higuain.^[52]^[53] In the final match of the group stage Argentina won 2–0 against Greece to win their the group and advance to a second round meeting with Mexico.^[54] After defeating Mexico 3–1, Argentina was in turn routed by Germany, 4–0 in the quarter finals to go out of the competition.^[55] Argentina was ranked 5th in the tournament. After the defeat to Germany Maradona admitted that he was considering his future as Argentina coach, "I may leave tomorrow," he said.^[56] On 15 July 2010, the Argentine Football Association said that he would be offered a new 4 year deal that would keep him in charge through to the summer of 2014 when Brazil stages the World Cup,^[57] however on 27 July the AFA announced that its board had unanimously decided not to renew his contract.^[58] Afterwards on 29 July 2010, Maradona claimed that AFA president Julio Grondona and director of national teams Carlos Bilardo had "lied to" and "betrayed" and effectively sacked him from the role. Saying "they wanted me to continue, but seven of my staff should not go on, if he told me that, it meant he did not want me to keep working".^[59]

Personal life [link]

Family [link]

His parents are Diego Maradona Snr and Dalma Salvadore Franco. His father is of Native American extraction.^[60]^[61] Maradona married long-time fiancée Claudia Villafañe on 7 November 1984 in Buenos Aires, and they had two daughters, Dalma Nerea (born on 2 April 1987) and Giannina Dinorah (born on 16 May 1989), by whom he became a grandfather in 2009.^[62] In his autobiography, Maradona admits he was not always faithful to Claudia, even though he refers to her as the love of his life.

Maradona and Villafañe divorced in 2004. Daughter Dalma has since asserted that the divorce was the best solution for all, as her parents remained on friendly terms. They travelled together to Napoli for a series of homages in June 2005^[63] and were seen together on many other occasions, including the Argentina matches during 2006 FIFA World Cup.

During the divorce proceedings, Maradona admitted he was the father of Diego Sinagra (born in Naples on 20 September 1986). The Italian courts had already so ruled in 1993, after Maradona refused to undergo DNA tests for proving or disproving his paternity. Diego Jr. met Maradona for the first time in May 2003 after tricking his way onto a golf course in Italy where Maradona was playing.^[64] Diego Sinagra is now a footballer playing in Italy.^[65]

After the divorce, Claudia embarked on a career as a theatre producer, and Dalma was seeking an acting career; she had expressed her desire to attend the Actor's Studio in Los Angeles.^[66]^[67]

His younger daughter, Giannina, is currently married to Manchester City striker Sergio Agüero, with whom she has a son, Benjamin, born in Madrid on 19 February 2009.

His mother, Dalma, died on 19 November 2011. Diego was in Dubai at the time, and desperately tried to fly back in time to see her, but was too late. She was 81 years old.

Drug abuse and health issues [link]

Maradona after gaining weight, March 2005

From the mid-1980s until 2004 Diego Maradona was addicted to cocaine. He allegedly began using the drug in Barcelona in 1983.^[68] By the time he was playing for Napoli he had a regular addiction, which began to interfere with his ability to play football.^[69]

Over the years following his retirement his health seriously deteriorated. On 4 January 2000, while vacationing in Punta del Este, Uruguay, Maradona had to be rushed to the emergency room of a local clinic. In a press conference, doctors stated that it was detected heart muscle damage due to "an underlying health issue". It was later known that traces of cocaine were found in his blood and Maradona had to explain the circumstances to the police. After this he left Argentina and went to Cuba in order to follow a drug rehab plan.

On 18 April 2004, doctors reported that Maradona had suffered a major myocardial infarction following a cocaine overdose; he was admitted to intensive care in a Buenos Aires hospital. Scores of fans gathered around the clinic. He was taken off the respirator on 23 April and remained in intensive care for several days before being discharged on 29 April. He tried to return to Cuba, where he had spent most of his time in the years leading up to the heart attack, but his family opposed, having filed a judicial petition to exercise his legal guardianship.

Maradona had a tendency to put on weight, and suffered increasingly from obesity from the end of his playing career until undergoing gastric bypass surgery in a clinic in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia on 6 March 2005.^[70] His surgeon said that Maradona would follow a liquid diet for three months in order to return back his normal weight.^[71] When Maradona resumed public appearances shortly thereafter, he displayed a notably thinner figure.^[72]

On 29 March 2007, Maradona was readmitted to a hospital in Buenos Aires. He was treated for hepatitis and effects of alcohol abuse, and was released on 11 April, but re-admitted two days later.^[73] In the following days there were constant rumors about his health, including three false claims of his death within a month.^[74] After transfer to a psychiatric clinic specialising in alcohol-related problems, he was discharged on 7 May.^[75]

On 8 May 2007, Maradona appeared on Argentine television and stated that he had quit drinking and had not used drugs in two and a half years.^[76]

Political views [link]

Only in recent years, Maradona has shown sympathy to left-wing ideologies. Before that he had been vocal in his support of neoliberal Argentina President Carlos Menem, and especially of his Harvard University-educated economist Domingo Cavallo. He became friends with Cuban leader Fidel Castro while receiving treatment on the island. He also has a portrait of Fidel Castro tattooed on his left leg and one of Fidel's second in command, fellow Argentine Che Guevara on his right arm.^[77] In his autobiography 'El Diego' he dedicated the book to several people and groups of people including Fidel Castro, he wrote "To Fidel Castro and, through him, all the Cuban people".^[78]

Maradona is also a supporter of Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez. In 2005 he visited Venezuela with the specific aim of meeting Chávez, who received him in Miraflores. After this meeting Maradona claimed that he had come with the aim of meeting a "great man" ("un grande" in Spanish) but he had met instead a gigantic man ("un gigante" in Spanish, meaning he was more than great).

"I believe in Chávez, I am Chavista. Everything Fidel does, everything Chávez does, for me is the best."^[79]

He has declared his opposition to what he identifies as imperialism, notably during the 2005 Summit of the Americas in Mar del Plata, Argentina. There he protested George W. Bush's presence in Argentina, wearing a T-shirt labeled "STOP BUSH" (with the "s" in "Bush" being replaced with a swastika) and referring to Bush as "human garbage".^[80]^[81]

In August 2007, Maradona went further, making an appearance on Chávez's weekly television show and saying: "I hate everything that comes from the United States. I hate it with all my strength." ^[82]

In December 2007, Maradona presented a signed shirt with a message of support to the people of Iran: it is to be displayed in the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs' museum.^[83]

Financial problems [link]

In March 2009 Italian officials announced that Maradona still owed the Italian government €37 million in taxes; €23.5 million of which was accrued interest on his original debt. They reported that thus far, Maradona has paid only €42,000, two luxury watches and a set of earrings.^[84]^[85]

In popular culture [link]

Religious display of Maradona in Naples

The American newspaper The Houston Chronicle wrote about Maradona:

To understand the gargantuan shadow Maradona casts over his soccer-mad homeland, one has to conjure up the athleticism of Michael Jordan, the power of Babe Ruth – and the human fallibility of Mike Tyson. Lump them together in a single barrel-chested man with shaggy black hair and you have El Diego, idol to the millions who call him D10S, a mashup of his playing number and the Spanish word for God.^[86]

In Argentina, Maradona is considered a sports hero to many. He is idolized, receiving the name of “God”. About this idolatry that exists in Argentina over Maradona, his former teammate Jorge Valdano said: "At the time that Maradona retired from active football, left traumatized Argentina. Maradona was more than just a great footballer. It was a special compensation factor for a country that in a few years lived several military dictatorships and social frustrations of all kinds". Valdano added that "Maradona offered to the Argentines way out of their collective frustration, and that's why people love him. There is a divine figure."

Ever since 1986, it is common for Argentines abroad to hear Maradona's name as a token of recognition, even in remote places.^[10] The Tartan Army sing a version of the Hokey Cokey in honour of the Hand of God goal against England.^[87] In Argentina, Maradona is often talked about in terms reserved for legends. In the Argentine film El Hijo de la Novia ("Son of the Bride"), somebody who impersonates a Catholic priest says to a bar patron: "they idolized him and then crucified him". When a friend scolds him for taking the prank too far, the fake priest retorts: "But I was talking about Maradona". He's the subject of the film El Camino de San Diego, though he himself only appears in archive footage.

Maradona was included in many cameos in the Argentine comic book El Cazador de Aventuras. After the closing of it, the authors started a new short-lived comic book titled "El Die", using Maradona as the main character.

In Rosario, Argentina, locals organized the parody religion of the "Church of Maradona". The organization reformulates many elements from Christian tradition, such as Christmas or prayers, reflecting instead details from Maradona. It had 200 founding members, tens of thousands more^[88] have become members via the church's official web site.

Many Argentine artists performed songs in tribute to Diego, like: "Maradó" by El Potro Rodrigo, "Maradona" by Andrés Calamaro, "Para siempre Diego" (Diego forever) by Los Ratones Paranoicos, "Para verte gambetear" (For seeing you dribble) by La Guardia Hereje, "Francotirador" (Sniper) by Attaque 77, "Dale Diez" (C'mon Diez) by Julio Lacarra, "Maradona blues" by Charly García, "Santa Maradona" (Saint Maradona) by Mano Negra, "Si yo fuera Maradona" (If I Were Maradona) by Manu Chao, among others.

And many films, like: Maradona, La Mano de Dios (Maradona, the Hand of God), El Camino de San Diego (Saint Diego's Road), Amando a Maradona (Loving Maradona), Maradona by Kusturica, etc.

A television commercial^[89] for Brazilian soft drink Guaraná Antarctica portrayed Maradona as a member of the Brazilian national football team, including wearing the yellow jersey and singing the Brazilian national anthem with Brazilian caps Kaká and Ronaldo. Later on in the commercial he wakes up realizing it was a nightmare after having drunk too much of the Brazilian soft drink. This generated some controversy in the Argentine media after its release (although the commercial was not supposed to air on the Argentine market, fans could see it via internet). Maradona replied that he has no problem in wearing the Brazilian national squad jersey, but that he would refuse to wear the shirt of River Plate, Boca Juniors' traditional rival.^[90]

Career statistics [link]

Club [link]

His overall average of goals scored per match in domestic club competitions is 0.526.

International [link]

Started in 21 consecutive matches for Argentina in four World Cups (1982, 1986, 1990, 1994)
Appeared 16 times as captain of the national team, a World Cup-record.
Scored 8 goals and made 8 assists in 21 World Cup appearances, including 5 goals and 5 assists in 1986
Tied for highest goal-scorer from Argentina in World Cup finals (equaled Guillermo Stábile's mark in 1994; surpassed by Gabriel Batistuta in 1998)

Statistics [link]

Player [link]

^[91]

Season	Club	League	League		Cup		Continental		Other		Total
Season	Club	League	Apps	Goals	Apps	Goals	Apps	Goals	Apps	Goals	Apps	Goals
1976	Argentinos Juniors	Primera División	11	2	–		–		–		11	2
1977			49	19	–		–		–		49	19
1978			35	25	–		–		–		35	25
1979			27	26	–		–		–		27	26
1980			45	43	–		–		–		45	43
1981	Boca Juniors		40	28	–		–		–		40	28
1982–83	Barcelona	La Liga	20	11	5	3	4	5	6	4	35	23
1983–84	Barcelona	La Liga	16	11	4	1	3	3	–		23	15
1984–85	Napoli	Serie A	30	14	6	3	–		–		36	17
1985–86			29	11	2	2	–		–		31	13
1986–87			29	10	10	7	2	0	–		41	17
1987–88			28	15	9	6	2	0	–		39	21
1988–89			26	9	12	7	12	3	–		50	19
1989–90			28	16	3	2	5	0	–		36	18
1990–91			18	6	3	2	4	2	1	0	26	10
1992–93	Sevilla	La Liga	26	5	3	3	–		–		29	8
1993–94	Newell's Old Boys	Primera División	5	0	–		–		–		5	0
1995–96	Boca Juniors		24	5	–		–		–		24	5
1996–97			1	0	–		1	0	–		2	0
1997–98			5	2	–		–		–		5	2
Total	Argentina		242	150	–		1	0	–		242	151
	Spain		62	27	12	7	7	8	6	4	87	46
	Italy		188	81	45	29	25	5	1	0	259	115
Career total			492	258	57	36	33	13	7	4	589	311

Other - League Cup (Spain) & Super Cup (Italy)

^[92]

Argentina national team

Year	Apps	Goals
1977	3	0
1978	1	0
1979	8	3
1980	10	7
1981	2	1
1982	10	2
1983	0	0
1984	0	0
1985	10	6
1986	10	7
1987	6	4
1988	3	1
1989	7	0
1990	10	1
1991	0	0
1992	0	0
1993	4	0
1994	7	2
Total	91	34

Manager [link]

Team	Nat	From	To	Record
Team	Nat	From	To	P	W	D	L	Win %
Mandiyú de Corrientes		January 1994	June 1994	12	1	5	6	8.33
Racing Club		May 1995	November 1995	11	2	3	6	18.18
Argentina		November 2008	July 2010	19	14	0	5	73.68
Al Wasl FC		May 2011	Present	22	7	5	10	31.82

Honours [link]

Club [link]

Boca Juniors

Metropolitano championship: 1981

Barcelona

Napoli

Country [link]

Argentina

- FIFA World Youth Championship: 1979
- FIFA World Cup:
  - Winner: 1986
  - Runner-up: 1990
- Artemio Franchi Trophy: 1993
- 75th anniversary FIFA Cup: 1979

Individual [link]

Golden Ball for Best Player of the FIFA U-20 World Cup: 1979
Argentine league Top Scorer: 1979, 1980, 1981
Argentine Football Writers' Footballer of the Year: 1979, 1980, 1981, 1986
South American Footballer of the Year: (official award) 1979, 1980
South American Player of the Year: (unofficial award) 1986, 1989, 1990, 1992
Olimpia de Oro: 1979, 1986
Italian Guerin d'Oro: 1985
Argentine Sports Writers' Sportsman of the Year: 1986
Golden Ball for Best Player of the FIFA World Cup: 1986
L'Équipe Champion of Champions – 1986
United Press International Athlete of the Year Award: 1986
Best Footballer in the World Onze d'Or: 1986, 1987
World Player of the Year: 1979 (Guerin Sportivo), 1986 (World Soccer Magazine)
Capocannoniere (Serie A top scorer): 1987–88
Golden Ball for services to football (France Football): 1996
Argentine Sports Writers' Sportsman of the Century: 1999
Marca Leyenda: 1999
Number 10 retired by Napoli football team as a recognition to his contribution to the club: 2000
Argentine Senate "Domingo Faustino Sarmiento" recognition for lifetime achievement:
"FIFA Goal of the Century" (1986 (2–1) v. England; second goal): 2002
FIFA Player of the Century: 2000

References [link]

^ CNNSI – "Split decision: Pelé, Maradona each win FIFA century awards after feud" Last retrieved 30 May 2006
^ - "The 100 greatest players of all time" The Football Pantheon, September 20, 2011
^ - "Castrol Debate: Pele Versus Maradona" goal.com, Oct 23, 2010
^ Other opinions about Maradona as the greatest player can be found at:
- "Lionel Messi: Diego Maradona is the greatest of all-time" SoccerAnchor, September 07, 2011
- "Rummenigge: Maradona better than Pele" The Times of India, Nov 12, 2008
- "Paolo Maldini: Maradona best ever, Ronaldo close second" Paolo Maldini fan page, July 21, 2008
- "Gary Lineker: Diego has been the best player without a doubt, better than Pele" SoccerBlog, March 25, 2006
- "Glenn Hoddle: Diego Maradona is the greatest player of all time" SoccerBible
- "Ryan Giggs: Maradona is the best of all time" tribalfootball, October 11, 2011
- "Rio Ferdinand: In my eyes Maradona is the best footballer ever" World Football, November 7, 2008
- "Mario Kempes: Maradona is absolutely the best" ESPN soccernet, April 18, 2005
- "Aguero: It is disrespectful to compare me to Maradona" Mirro Football, November 20, 2011
- "Frank McGarvey: Diego Maradona was world's best player" Daily Record, October 30, 2008
- "Gordon Smith: Maradona was the best player I ever saw play the game" Daily Record, October 30, 2008
- "Trevor Edwards: Maradona is best" Central Telegraph, April 11, 2012
- "Maradona’s still number one" The Sun, Apr 29, 2011
- "Considered by many as the greatest football player to have ever walked the face of the earth" FIFA.com
^ http://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=82406/index.html
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e A SUMMARY OF MARADONA's LIFE www.vivadiego.com. Retrieved 18 August 2006.
^ The greatest rags-to-riches stories ever James Dart, Paul Doyle and Jon Hill, 12 April 2006. Retrieved 18 August 2006.
^ "Argentina's Maradona: A Soccer God Turned Mortal". Time. October 23, 2009.
^ The Hand of God. Retrieved 18 August 2006.
^ ^a ^b That's one hell of a diet, Diego 8 January 2006. Guardian Newspapers Limited. Retrieved 13 August 2006.
^ "SPORTS PEOPLE; Maradona Fined". The New York Times. 13 January 1991. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE3D6153EF930A25752C0A967958260. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
^ May, John (19 April 2004). "Maradona's fall from grace". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/3639425.stm. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
^ "After the fall: The World Cup dream is over for Diego Maradona, but there may be worse to come – a little matter of pounds 500,000-worth of smuggled cocaine, and the Naples mafia. Paul Greengrass and Toby Follett report". The Independent (London). 5 July 1994. http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/after-the-fall-the-world-cup-dream-is-over-for-diego-maradona-but-there-may-be-worse-to-come--a-little-matter-of-pounds-500000worth-of-smuggled-cocaine-and-the-naples-mafia-paul-greengrass-and-toby-follett-report-1411755.html. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
^ "Diego Maradona: 1961(?)—: Athlete – The Infamous "hand Of God" Goal". Biography.jrank.org. http://biography.jrank.org/pages/3138/Maradona-Diego-1961-Athlete-Infamous-Hand-God-Goal.html. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
^ "Camorra, arrestato il boss amico di Maradona". Archiviostorico.corriere.it. 24 December 2009. http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1999/gennaio/02/Camorra_arrestato_boss_amico_Maradona_co_0_9901021353.shtml. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
^ "At his best, Diego Maradona can be as graceful as Michael Jordan. At his worst, he can be as disgraceful as John McEnroe. The question is, which Maradona will show for the World Cup?". CNN. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/si_online/news/2002/01/14/prima_dona/. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
^ Diego Maradona Backs Ezequiel Lavezzi To Earn Napoli Number 10 Shirt
^ "Sport in Short: Football – Sport". The Independent (UK). 15 July 1992. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/sport-in-short-football-1533258.html. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
^ MacPherson, Graeme. Maradona to receive Hampden welcome, The Herald, 30 October 2008.
^ Terry Butcher: Maradona robbed England of World Cup glory McCarthy, David; Daily Record. Retrieved 29–01–08.
^ Motson, John (2006). Motson's World Cup Extravaganza. p.103. Robson, 2006
^ Diego Maradona goal voted the FIFA World Cup Goal of the Century FIFA. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
^ Castrol Worldcup Statistics - Diego Maradona
^ WorldCup Legends: Maradona
^ "2010 & 1986 Worldcup". http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/soccer/world-cup-2010/writers/jonathan_wilson/05/27/argentina.1986/index.htmll. ^{[dead link]}
^ Castrol Worldcup Statistics - Diego Maradona
^ WorldCup Legends: Maradona
^ Argentina's Road to the World Title FIFA.com. page 43
^ "Adidas Golden Ball Winners" from FIFA.com
^ "Won the WorldCup virtually single-handedly" from FIFA.com
^ WorldCup Legends: Maradona
^ Messi’s Goal Better Than Maradona's Goal of the Century? worldrec.info. Retrieved 29–01–09.
^ Diego Maradona – Career History and Profle Alan Hylands, about.com. Retrieved 16 October 2007.
^ Maradona's World Cup magic BBC Sport. Retrieved 18 August 2006.
^ Interview with Jorge Valdano Last retrieved 19 May 2006
^ Maradona 'tells all' in autobiography Associated Press. Posted: 20 December 2000. Retrieved 18 August 2006.
^ Maradona donates royalties from Cuban edition of his book Anne-Marie Garcia, 21 February 2002. Retrieved 18 August 2006.
^ http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/iffhs-century.html#worldpoc
^ Argentina can't retire Maradona's shirt ESPNsoccernet.com, 26 May 2002. Retrieved 18 August 2006.
^ White, Duncan (29 October 2011). "Jay Bothroyd puts good times with playboy Saadi Gaddafi, son of dead Libya tyrant Colonel Gaddafi, behind him". The National Post. Retrieved 31 March 2012
^ 'El Diez emprende dos nuevos desafíos', ESPN Deportes (28 July 2005). Retrieved 17 August 2005.
^ 'El Diego quits his beloved Boca', FIFA News (26 August 2006). Retrieved 26 August 2006.
^ "Maradona scores but England win UNICEF match", Yahoo-FIFA
^ "IIMSAM, Permanent Intergovernmental Observer to the United Nations ECOSOC". Iimsam.org. 24 June 2007. http://iimsam.org/csiri_isp_youth_programme.php. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
^ Hamilton, Fiona (22 March 2010). "The ten greatest World Cup playersbr No 1 Diego Maradona Argentina". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/international/article7070370.ece. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
^ "Maradona Confirmed as Al Wasl Coach" (in English). UFL. 16 May 2011. http://ufl.ae/en/news/maradona-confirmed-as-al-wasl-coach-football-legend-to-start-his-managerial-role-from-next-season.html. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
^ Campbell, Andy (19 November 2008). "Scotland 0–1 Argentina". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/internationals/7731484.stm. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
^ "Last-gasp Palermo wins it in the rain". ESPN. 10 October 2009. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=230075&cc=5739&league=FIFA.WORLDQ.CONMEBOL. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
^ "Late winner puts Argentina in World Cup finals". CNN. 14 October 2009. http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SPORT/football/10/14/football.samerica/index.html. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
^ World Cup 2010 (15 October 2009). "Diego Maradona Tells Press To ‘Suck It’ After Argentina Triumph Over Uruguay". Goal.com. http://www.goal.com/en/news/1863/world-cup-2010/2009/10/15/1562544/diego-maradona-tells-press-to-suck-it-after-argentina. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
^ "Maradona hit with two-month ban". London: BBC Sport. 15 November 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/internationals/8311013.stm. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
^ Dawkes, Phil (12 June 2010). "Argentina 1–0 Nigeria". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/matches/match_04/default.stm. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
^ Stevenson, Jonathan (17 June 2010). "Argentina 4–1 South Korea". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/matches/match_18/default.stm. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
^ "Maradona's men in top spot". ESPNsoccernet (ESPN). 22 June 2010. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=264042&league=FIFA.WORLD&cc=5739&ver=global. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
^ Longman, Jeré (3 June 2010). "Germany Shows Its Strength". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/04/sports/soccer/04germanygame.html?_r=1&scp=5&sq=Maradona&st=cse. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
^ "Sad Maradona considers quitting". BBC Sport. 4 July 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8785997.stm. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
^ "Argentina to offer Diego Maradona new four-year deal". BBC Sport. 15 July 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8823478.stm. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
^ "Diego Maradona departs as manager of Argentina". The Guardian. Press Association (London). 27 July 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2010/jul/27/diego-maradona-departs-argentina-manager. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
^ "'Betrayed' Maradona lashes out at AFA". ESPNsoccernet (ESPN). 29 July 2010. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=810672&sec=global&cc=5739. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
^ "Hand of God: The Life of Diego Maradona, Soccer's Fallen Star". Globe Pequot. 3 July 2010. http://books.google.com/books?id=dHe12xX0J4EC&pg=PA63&lpg=PA63&dq=Diego+Maradona+is+italian+ancestry&source=bl&ots=3snPC8N8u2&sig=doCBsrJLTSApSv4B9MWbjDAxcT4&hl=en&ei=4uQvTN-bCoiDngf9jfmxAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CDMQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=indian%20italian%20mixed&f=false. Retrieved 3 July 2010. ^{[page needed]}
^ "True Stories – Maradona 1/7". Youtube. 4 July 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uYmJaXXj-7c&feature=related. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
^ La Liga (19 February 2009). "Diego Maradona Becomes A Grandfather As Sergio Aguero Junior Is Born". Goal.com. http://www.goal.com/en/news/722/la-liga/2009/02/19/1117562/diego-maradona-becomes-a-grandfather-as-sergio-aguero-junior-is-b. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
^ ESPN Deportes – "Llega en son de paz" Last retrieved 19 May 2006
^ ESPN Deportes – "El amor al ídolo" Last retrieved 19 May 2006
^ "Diego Sinagra". Resport.it. http://www.resport.it/leggi.asp?id=11196&idcat=5&t=n. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
^ Clarin.com – "Había una vez... un elenco para la selección" Last retrieved 19 May 2006
^ Clarin.com – "Dalma Maradona: diario de una princesa" Last retrieved 19 May 2006
^ Maradona's fall from grace John May, 19 April 2004, BBC Sport. Retrieved 18 August 2006.
^ "The New York Times: SOCCER; Maradona Sentenced". 1991-19-09. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE5DE1F30F93AA2575AC0A967958260.
^ "Maradona has surgery on stomach". BBC online. 6 March 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/4322835.stm. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
^ & "Maradona has surgery on stomach " – BBC Sport
^ Associated Press. "Maradona's gastric bypass inspires obese Colombians". ESPN. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=344144&cc=5901. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
^ "Maradona back in hospital" – Sky Sports
^ "Malas lenguas" – Diario Olé (Spanish)
^ "Maradona leaves alcoholism clinic". BBC News. 7 May 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6633391.stm. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
^ "Maradona says he no longer drinks" – ESPNsoccernet
^ Taylor, Chris (6 November 2005). "A big hand". The Observer (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/argentina/story/0,,1635417,00.html. Retrieved 19 June 2006.
^ El Diego – Diego Maradona. ISBN 0-244-07190-4
^ Carroll, Rory (20 August 2007). "Maradona and Chávez laugh over 'hand of god' goal on chat show". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/venezuela/story/0,,2152474,00.html. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
^ "Chávez and Maradona Lead Massive Rebuke of Bush". The Nation. 5 November 2005. http://www.thenation.com/doc/20051121/timerman. Retrieved 20 June 2006.
^ "Image of Maradona wearing the STOP BU卐H shirt". http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/images/1105-02.jpg. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
^ "Ex-soccer star Maradona tells Chavez he hates U.S.". Reuters. 19 August 2007. http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldFootballNews/idUKN1925170620070819. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
^ Naughton, Philippe (3 April 2008). "Diego Maradona makes a fan of President Ahmadinejad of Iran". The Sunday Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article3673860.ece. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
^ Police seize Maradona's earrings BBC News, 19 September 2009
^ Maradona Still Owes 37 million Euros Yahoo News, 28 March 2009
^ [Maradona puts his Legacy on the Line at the World Cup] by Jen Bensinger, The Houston Chronicle, 8 June 2010
^ Shields, Tom. LET'S RAISE A GLASS TO MARADONA TOM SHIELDS SPORT DIARY, Sunday Herald, 9 April 2006.
^ Maradona in intensive care 28 April 2004. BBC Sport. Retrieved 18 August 2006.
^ "[ARCHIVO 10 , Diego Maradona – Videos de publicidades". Archivo10.com. http://www.archivo10.com/videos/maradona_videos07.html. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
^ "Maradona diz não se arrepender de usar camisa do Brasil na TV". AdNews. http://www.adnews.com.br/publicidade.php?id=28306. Retrieved 14 August 2008.
^ http://expertfootball.com/players/maradona/stats.php
^ "Diego Armando Maradona – International Appearances". Rsssf.com. http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/maradona-intl.html. Retrieved 6 May 2011.

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Diego Maradona

Official website
ESPN Profile
Complete List of International Appearances and Goals
Video: Maradona's "Goal of the Century"
Gary Lineker interviews Diego – BBC News 30 April 2006
Diego admires Del Piero and Lavezzi
Maradona Wants a Soccer Project to Return to Calcutta
50 Facts About the Argentine Legend
Works by or about Diego Maradona in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

Images [link]

Maradona: The Highs, the Lows – slideshow by Life magazine
Photos: Diego Maradona's Quest for the World Cup – slideshow by TIME magazine
Diego Maradona's Greatest 2010 World Cup Moments – slideshow by The Huffington Post

Awards and achievements

v t e FIFA 100

UEFA	Baggio Ballack Banks Baresi Beckenbauer Beckham Bergkamp Bergomi Best Boniek Boniperti Breitner Buffon Butragueño Cantona Ceulemans Charlton Cruyff Dalglish Dasayev Davids Del Piero Desailly Deschamps Emre Eusébio Facchetti Figo Fontaine Gullit Hagi Henry Kahn Keane Keegan Klinsmann Kluivert Kopa B. Laudrup M. Laudrup Lineker Luis Enrique Maier Maldini Masopust Matthäus Müller Nedvěd Neeskens Nesta Owen Papin Pfaff Pirès Platini Puskás Raúl Rensenbrink Rijkaard Rivera Rossi Rui Costa Rummenigge Rüştü Schmeichel Seedorf Seeler Shearer Shevchenko Stoichkov Šuker Thuram Totti Trésor Trezeguet van Basten R. van de Kerkhof W. van de Kerkhof Van der Elst van Nistelrooy Vieira Vieri Zidane Zoff

CONMEBOL	Carlos Alberto Batistuta Cafu Crespo Cubillas Di Stéfano Falcão Figueroa Francescoli Júnior Kempes Maradona Passarella Pelé Rivaldo Rivelino Roberto Carlos Romário Romerito Ronaldinho Ronaldo Djalma Santos Nílton Santos Saviola Sívori Sócrates Valderrama Verón Zamorano Zanetti Zico

CAF	Diouf Milla Okocha Abédi Pelé Weah

CONCACAF	Akers Hamm Sánchez

AFC	Hong Nakata

Primera División top scorers

1931: Zozaya
1932: Ferreyra
1933: Varallo
1934: Barrera
1935: Cosso
1936: Barrera
1937: Erico
1938: Erico
1939: Erico
1940: Benítez Cáceres / Lángara
1941: Canteli
1942: Martino
1943: Arrieta / Labruna / Frutos
1944: Mellone
1945: Labruna
1946: Boyé
1947: Di Stéfano
1948: Santos
1949: Simes / Pizzuti
1950: Papa
1951: Vernazza
1952: Ricagni
1953: Pizzuti / Benavídez
1954: Berni / Conde / Borello
1955: Massei
1956: Castro / Grillo
1957: Zárate
1958: Sanfilippo
1959: Sanfilippo
1960: Sanfilippo
1961: Sanfilippo
1962: Artime
1963: Artime
1964: Veira
1965: Carone
1966: Artime
Met 1967: Acosta
Nac 1967: Artime
Met 1968: Obberti
Nac 1968: Wehbe
Met 1969: Machado
Nac 1969: Fischer / Bulla
Met 1970: Más
Nac 1970: Bianchi
Met 1971: Bianchi
Nac 1971: Obberti / Luniz
Met 1972: Brindisi
Nac 1972: Morete
Met 1973: Más / Curioni / Peña
Nac 1973: Gómez Voglino
Met 1974: Morete
Nac 1974: Kempes
Met 1975: Scotta
Nac 1975: Scotta
Met 1976: Kempes
Nac 1976: Eresuma / Ludueña / Marchetti
Met 1977: Álvarez
Nac 1977: Letanú
Met 1978: Maradona / Andreucci
Nac 1978: Reinaldi
Met 1979: Maradona / Fortunato
Nac 1979: Maradona
Met 1980: Maradona
Nac 1980: Maradona
Met 1981: Chaparro
Nac 1981: Bianchi
Nac 1982: Juárez
Met 1982: Morete
Nac 1983: Husillos
Met 1983: Ramos
Nac 1984: Pasculli
Met 1984: Francescoli
Nac 1985: Comas
1985–86: Francescoli
1986–87: Palma
1987–88: Rodríguez
1988–89: Dertycia / Gorosito
1989–90: Cozzoni
1990–91: González
Ap 1991: Díaz
Cl 1992: Scotto / Latorre
Ap 1992: Acosta
Cl 1993: da Silva
Ap 1993: Martínez
Cl 1994: Espina / Crespo
Ap 1994: Francescoli
Cl 1995: Flores
Ap 1995: Calderón
Cl 1996: López
Ap 1996: Reggi
Cl 1997: Martínez
Ap 1997: da Silva
Cl 1998: Sosa
Ap 1998: Palermo
Cl 1999: Calderón
Ap 1999: Saviola
Cl 2000: Fuertes
Ap 2000: Ángel
Cl 2001: Romeo
Ap 2001: Cardetti
Cl 2002: Cavenaghi
Ap 2002: Silvera
Cl 2003: Figueroa
Ap 2003: Farías
Cl 2004: Zárate
Ap 2004: López
Cl 2005: Pavone
Ap 2005: Cámpora
Cl 2006: Vargas
Ap 2006: Zárate / Palacio
Cl 2007: Palermo
Ap 2007: Denis
Cl 2008: Cvitanich
Ap 2008: Sand
Cl 2009: Sand
Ap 2009: Silva
Cl 2010: Boselli
Ap 2010: Stracqualursi / Silva
Cl 2011: Cámpora / Gutiérrez
Ap 2011: Ramírez

Serie A top scorers

1924: Schönfeld
1925: Magnozzi
1926: Hirzer
1927: Powolny
1928: Libonatti
1929: Rossetti
1930: Meazza
1931: Volk
1932: Petrone / Schiavio
1933: Borel
1934: Borel
1935: Guaita
1936: Meazza
1937: Piola
1938: Meazza
1939: Boffi / Puricelli
1940: Boffi
1941: Puricelli
1942: Boffi
1943: Piola
1946: Castigliano
1947: V. Mazzola
1948: Boniperti
1949: Nyers
1950: Nordahl
1951: Nordahl
1952: Hansen
1953: Nordahl
1954: Nordahl
1955: Nordahl
1956: Pivatelli
1957: Da Costa
1958: Charles
1959: Angelillo
1960: Sívori
1961: Brighenti
1962: Altafini / Milani
1963: Nielsen / Manfredini
1964: Nielsen
1965: Orlando / S. Mazzola
1966: Vinício
1967: Riva
1968: Prati
1969: Riva
1970: Riva
1971: Boninsegna
1972: Boninsegna
1973: Pulici / Rivera / Savoldi
1974: Chinaglia
1975: Pulici
1976: Pulici
1977: Graziani
1978: Rossi
1979: Giordano
1980: Bettega
1981: Pruzzo
1982: Pruzzo
1983: Platini
1984: Platini
1985: Platini
1986: Pruzzo
1987: Virdis
1988: Maradona
1989: Serena
1990: van Basten
1991: Vialli
1992: van Basten
1993: Signori
1994: Signori
1995: Batistuta
1996: Signori / Protti
1997: Inzaghi
1998: Bierhoff
1999: Amoroso
2000: Shevchenko
2001: Crespo
2002: Trezeguet / Hübner
2003: Vieri
2004: Shevchenko
2005: Lucarelli
2006: Toni
2007: Totti
2008: Del Piero
2009: Ibrahimović
2010: Di Natale
2011: Di Natale
2012: Ibrahimović

South American Footballer of the Year

Footballer of the Year of Argentina

1970: Yazalde
1971: Pastoriza
1972: Bargas
1973: Brindisi
1974: Raimondo
1975: Scotta
1976: Passarella
1977: Fillol
1978: Kempes
1979: Maradona
1980: Maradona
1981: Maradona
1982: Gatti
1983: Bochini
1984: Márcico
1985: Francescoli
1986: Maradona
1987: Fabbri
1988: Paz
1989: Alfaro Moreno
1990: Goycochea
1991: Ruggeri
1992: Islas
1993: Medina Bello
1994: Navarro Montoya
1995: Francescoli
1996: Chilavert
1997: Salas
1998: Batistuta
1999: Saviola
2000: Riquelme
2001: Riquelme
2002: Milito
2003: Tévez
2004: Tévez
2005: Messi
2006: Verón
2007: Messi
2008: Messi & Riquelme
2009: Messi & Verón
2010: Messi & Martínez
2011: Messi & Riquelme

v t e FIFA U-20 World Cup - Golden Ball

1977: Bessonov 1979: Maradona 1981: Gabor 1983: Geovani 1985: Silas 1987: Prosinečki 1989: Bismarck 1991: Peixe 1993: Adriano 1995: Caio 1997: Olivera 1999: Keita 2001: Saviola 2003: Matar 2005: Messi 2007: Agüero 2009: Adiyiah 2011: Henrique

World Soccer Player of the Year

1982: Rossi
1983: Zico
1984: Platini
1985: Platini
1986: Maradona
1987: Gullit
1988: van Basten
1989: Gullit
1990: Matthäus
1991: Papin
1992: van Basten
1993: Baggio
1994: Maldini
1995: Vialli
1996: Ronaldo
1997: Ronaldo
1998: Zidane
1999: Rivaldo
2000: Figo
2001: Owen
2002: Ronaldo
2003: Nedvěd
2004: Ronaldinho
2005: Ronaldinho
2006: Cannavaro
2007: Kaká
2008: C. Ronaldo
2009: Messi
2010: Xavi
2011: Messi

v t e FIFA World Cup winning captains

1930: Nasazzi 1934: Combi 1938: Meazza 1950: Varela 1954: Walter 1958: Bellini 1962: Mauro 1966: Moore 1970: C. Alberto 1974: Beckenbauer 1978: Passarella 1982: Zoff 1986: Maradona 1990: Matthäus 1994: Dunga 1998: Deschamps 2002: Cafu 2006: Cannavaro 2010: Casillas

v t e FIFA World Cup · Golden Ball

Best Player	1930: Nasazzi 1934: Meazza 1938: Leônidas 1950: Zizinho 1954: Puskás 1958: Didi 1962: Garrincha 1966: B. Charlton 1970: Pelé 1974: Cruijff 1978: Kempes

Golden Ball	1982: Rossi 1986: Maradona 1990: Schillaci 1994: Romário 1998: Ronaldo 2002: Kahn 2006: Zidane 2010: Forlán

Golden Ball was first awarded in 1982.

v t e World Team of the 20th Century

Goalkeeper	Lev Yashin

Defenders	Carlos Alberto Torres Franz Beckenbauer Bobby Moore Nílton Santos

Midfielders	Johan Cruijff Alfredo Di Stéfano Michel Platini

Forwards	Garrincha Diego Maradona Pelé

Awards and achievements
Preceded by Karl-Heinz Rummenigge	FIFA World Cup Silver Boot 1986	Succeeded by Tomáš Skuhravý
Preceded by Preben Elkjær	FIFA World Cup Bronze Ball 1990	Succeeded by Hristo Stoichkov
Preceded by Steve Cram	United Press International Athlete of the Year 1986	Succeeded by Ben Johnson
Preceded by Hugo Porta	*Olimpia de Oro* 1986	Succeeded by Gabriela Sabatini
Sporting positions
Preceded by Paolo Rossi	World football transfer record 1982–1987	Succeeded by Ruud Gullit

Argentina squads

v t e Argentina squad – 1979 FIFA World Youth Championship Winners (1st Title)

1 S. García 2 J. Simón 3 Alves 4 Carabelli 5 Sperandío 6 R. Rossi 7 O. Escudero 8 J. Barbas 9 R. Díaz 10 Maradona 11 G. Calderón 12 Seria 13 O. Rinaldi 14 Piaggio 15 Bachino 16 A. Torres 17 J. Meza 18 Lanao Coach: Menotti

v t e Argentina squad – 1979 Copa América

1 Barbas 2 Bochini 3 Bordón 4 Castro 5 Coscia 6 Díaz 7 Fortunato 8 Gaitán 9 Gáspari 10 Larraquy 11 López 12 Maradona 13 Ocaño 14 Passarella (c) 15 Saporiti 16 Valencia 17 Van Tuyne 18 Vidallé Coach: Menotti

v t e Argentina squad – 1982 FIFA World Cup

1 Ardiles 2 Baley 3 Barbas 4 Bertoni 5 Calderón 6 Díaz 7 Fillol 8 Galván 9 Gallego 10 Maradona 11 Kempes 12 Hernández 13 Olarticoechea 14 Olguín 15 Passarella (c) 16 Pumpido 17 Santamaría 18 Tarantini 19 Trossero 20 Valdano 21 Valencia 22 Van Tuyne Coach: Menotti

v t e Argentina squad – 1986 FIFA World Cup Winners (2nd Title)

1 Almirón 2 Batista 3 Bochini 4 Borghi 5 Brown 6 Passarella 7 Burruchaga 8 Clausen 9 Cuciuffo 10 Maradona (c) 11 Valdano 12 Enrique 13 Garré 14 Giusti 15 Islas 16 Olarticoechea 17 Pasculli 18 Pumpido 19 Ruggeri 20 Tapia 21 Trobbiani 22 Zelada Coach: Bilardo

v t e Argentina squad – 1987 Copa América Fourth Place

1 Alfaro 2 Batista 3 Caniggia 4 Dertycia 5 Brown 6 Díaz 7 Funes 8 Acosta 9 Cuciuffo 10 Maradona (c) 11 Percudani 12 Siviski 13 Garré 14 Giusti 15 Islas 16 Olarticoechea 17 Pasculli 18 Goycochea 19 Ruggeri 20 Tapia 21 Theiler 22 Bartero Coach: Bilardo

v t e Argentina squad – 1989 Copa América Third Place

1 Pumpido 2 Batista 3 Alfaro Moreno 4 Balbo 5 Brown 6 Basualdo 7 Burruchaga 8 Caniggia 9 Cuciuffo 10 Maradona (c) 11 Calderón 12 Clausen 13 Díaz 14 Enrique 15 Giusti 16 Monzón 17 Ruggeri 18 Islas 19 Sensini 20 Troglio 21 Gorosito 22 Falcioni Coach: Bilardo

v t e Argentina squad – 1990 FIFA World Cup Runners-up

1 Pumpido (Comizzo) 2 Batista 3 Balbo 4 Basualdo 5 Bauza 6 Calderón 7 Burruchaga 8 Caniggia 9 Dezotti 10 Maradona (c) 11 Fabbri 12 Goycochea 13 Lorenzo 14 Giusti 15 Monzón 16 Olarticoechea 17 Sensini 18 Serrizuela 19 Ruggeri 20 Simón 21 Troglio 22 Cancelarich Coach: Bilardo

v t e Argentina squad – 1994 FIFA World Cup

1 Goycochea 2 Vázquez 3 Chamot 4 Sensini 5 Redondo 6 Ruggeri 7 Caniggia 8 Basualdo 9 Batistuta 10 Maradona (c) 11 Medina Bello 12 Islas 13 Cáceres 14 Simeone 15 Borelli 16 Díaz 17 Ortega 18 Pérez 19 Balbo 20 Rodríguez 21 Mancuso 22 Scoponi Coach: Basile

v t e Argentina squad – 2010 FIFA World Cup

1 Pozo 2 Demichelis 3 C. Rodríguez 4 Burdisso 5 Bolatti 6 Heinze 7 Di María 8 Verón 9 Higuaín 10 Messi 11 Tévez 12 Garcé 13 Samuel 14 Mascherano (c) 15 Otamendi 16 Agüero 17 Gutiérrez 18 Palermo 19 Milito 20 M. Rodríguez 21 Andújar 22 Romero 23 Pastore Coach: Maradona

Diego Maradona managerial Positions

Argentina national football team – managers

Vázquez (1924–25)
Lago Millán (1927–28)
Olazar (1928–29)
Olazar & Tramutola (1929–30)
Pascucci (1934)
Seoane (1934–37)
Fernández Roca (1937–39)
Stábile (1939–60)
Spinetto (1960–61)
D'Amico (1961)
Lorenzo (1962)
Rossi (1962)
D'Amico (1963)
Minella (1964–65)
Zubeldía (1965)
Lorenzo (1966)
Lopes (1967)
Faraone (1967)
Cesarini (1967–68)
Minella (1968)
Maschio (1969)
Pedernera (1969)
Pizzuti (1970–72)
Sívori (1972–73)
Cap (1974)
Menotti (1974–82)
Bilardo (1982–90)
Basile (1990–94)
Passarella (1994–98)
Bielsa (1998–2004)
Pekerman (2004-06)
Basile (2006–08)
Maradona (2008–10)
Batista (2010–11)
Sabella (2011–)

Racing Club de Avellaneda – managers

Stábile (1946–53)
Della Torre (1954)
D'Amico (1954)
Ongaro (1955–57)
Della Torre (1958–60)
Ongaro (1961)
Verdeal (1962)
Rossi (1963)
Anido (1964)
Giménez (1964)
Della Torre (1964)
Garczía Pérez (1965)
Pizuti (1965–69)
Santiago (1970)
Sánchez (1970)
Urriolabeitía (1970)
Spinetto (1970)
Maschio (1971)
D'Amico (1971)
Spinetto (1971)
Rodríguez (1972)
Rulli (1973)
Griguol (1973)
Labruna (1973)
Pizzuti (1974)
Santiago (1975)
Zubeldía (1975)
Giménez (1976)
Iturrieta (1976)
Dellacha (1976)
Basile (1977)
Giménez (1977)
Cejas (1977)
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Cejas (1978)
Urriolabeitía (1978)
Sívori (1979)
Hernández (1979)
Cavagnaro (1979)
Lorenzo (1980)
Cejas (1980)
V.Rodríguez (1980)
Pastoriza (1981)
Collazo (1982)
Cavagnaro (1982)
Domínguez (1982)
Salguiero (1983)
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Giménez (1985)
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Police officer
Occupation
Activity sectors	Law enforcement
Description
Competencies	Physical fitness, sense of justice
Education required	Secondary or tertiary education

German state police officer in Hamburg

A Royal Canadian Mounted Police officer in the force's distinctive dress uniform.

Mounted Tourist-Police officers in Petra, Jordan.

A group of Garda officers in the Republic of Ireland.

A motor officer patrolling in Arizona on a motorcycle.

A police officer (also known as a policeman or policewoman, and constable in some forces, particularly in the United Kingdom^[1]^[2] and other Commonwealth nations) is a warranted employee of a police force. In the United States, "officer" is the formal name of the lowest police rank; in many other countries "officer" is a generic term not specifying a particular rank, and the lowest rank is often "constable". Police officers are generally charged with the apprehension of criminals and the prevention and detection of crime, and the maintenance of public order. Police officers may be sworn to an oath, and have the power to arrest people and detain them for a limited time, along with other duties and powers.

Some police officers may also be trained in special duties, such as counter-terrorism, surveillance, child protection, VIP protection, and investigation techniques into major crime, including fraud, rape, murder and drug trafficking.

1 Duties and functions
- 1.1 In the community
2 Entry and promotion qualifications
3 Police pay
4 Occupational hazards
- 4.1 Line of duty deaths
- 4.2 Work stress
5 Abuse of power
- 5.1 Systematic cases
- 5.2 Individual cases
6 See also
7 References
8 External links

Duties and functions [link]

Responsibilities of a police officer are varied, and may differ greatly from within one political context to another. Typical duties relate to keeping the peace, law enforcement, protection of people and property, and the investigation of crimes. Officers are expected to respond to a variety of situations that may arise while they are on duty. Rules and guidelines dictate how an officer should behave within the community, and in many contexts restrictions are placed on what the uniformed officer wears. In some countries, rules and procedures dictate that a police officer is obliged to intervene in a criminal incident, even if they are off-duty. Police officers in nearly all countries retain their lawful powers, while off duty.^[3]

In the community [link]

In the majority of Western legal systems, the major role of the police is to maintain order, keeping the peace through surveillance of the public, and the subsequent reporting and apprehension of suspected violators of the law. They also function to discourage crimes through high-visibility policing, and most police forces have an investigative capability. Police have the legal authority to arrest, usually granted by magistrates. Police officers also respond to emergency calls, along with routine community policing.

Police are often used as an emergency service and may provide a public safety function at large gatherings, as well as in emergencies, disasters, search and rescue situations, and Road Traffic Collisions. To provide a prompt response in emergencies, the police often coordinate their operations with fire and emergency medical services. In some countries, individuals serve jointly as police officers as well as firefighters (creating the role of Fire Police) or paramedics. In many countries, there is a common emergency service number that allows the police, firefighters, or medical services to be summoned to an emergency. Some countries, such as the United Kingdom have outlined command procedures, for the use in major emergencies or disorder. The Gold Silver Bronze command structure is a system set up to improve communications between ground based officers and the control room, typically, Bronze Commander would be a senior officer on the ground, coordinating the efforts in the center of the emergency, Silver Commanders would be positioned in an 'Incident Control Room' erected to improve better communications at the scene, and a Gold Commander who would be in the Control Room.

Police are also responsible for reprimanding minor offenders by issuing citations which typically may result in the imposition of fines, particularly for violations of traffic law. Traffic enforcement is often and effectively accomplished by police officers on motorcycles—called motor officers, these officers refer to the motorcycles they ride on duty as simply motors. Police are also trained to assist persons in distress, such as motorists whose car has broken down and people experiencing a medical emergency. Police are typically trained in basic first aid such as CPR.

In addition, some park rangers are commissioned as law enforcement officers and carry out a law-enforcement role within national parks and other back-country wilderness and recreational areas, whereas Military police perform law enforcement functions within the military.

Entry and promotion qualifications [link]

In most countries, candidates for the police force must have completed some formal education.^{[citation needed]} Increasing numbers of people are joining the police force who possess tertiary education^{[citation needed]} and in response to this many police forces have developed a "fast-track" scheme whereby those with university degrees spend two to three years as a Constable before receiving promotion to higher ranks, such as Sergeants or Inspectors. (Officers who work within investigative divisions or plainclothes are not necessarily of a higher rank but merely have different duties.)^{[citation needed]} Police officers are also recruited from those with experience in the military or security services. In the United States state laws may codify state-wide qualification standards regarding age, education, criminal record, and training but in other places requirements are set by local police agencies. Each local Police agency has different requirements.

Officers of the Polizia Municipale from Piacenza, Italy

Promotion is not automatic and usually requires the candidate to pass some kind of examination, interview board or other selection procedure. Although promotion normally includes an increase in salary, it also brings with it an increase in responsibility and for most, an increase in administrative paperwork. There is no stigma attached to this, as experienced line patrol officers are highly regarded.

Dependent upon each agency, but generally after completing two years of service, officers may also apply for specialist positions, such as detective, police dog handler, mounted police officer, motorcycle officer, water police officer, or firearms officer (in countries where police are not routinely armed).

In some countries such as in Singapore, police ranks may also be supplemented through conscription, similar to national service in the military. Qualifications may thus be relaxed or enhanced depending on the target mix of conscripts. In Singapore, for example, conscripts face tougher physical requirements in areas such as eyesight, but are less stringent with minimum academic qualification requirements. Some police officers join as volunteers, who again may do so via differing qualification requirements.

Police pay [link]

This section requires expansion.

In some societies, police officers are paid relatively well compared to other occupations; their pay depends on what rank they are within their police force and how many years they've served.^[4]

Occupational hazards [link]

Line of duty deaths [link]

Memorial to a fallen police officer at the Texas Department of Public Safety Houston Webster Office in Houston^[5]

Line of duty deaths are deaths which occur while an officer is conducting his or her appointed duties. Despite the increased risk of being a victim of a homicide, automobile accidents are the most common cause of officer deaths. Officers are more likely to be involved in traffic accidents because of their large amount of time spent conducting vehicle patrols, or directing traffic, as well as their work outside their vehicles alongside or on the roadway, or in dangerous pursuits. Officers killed by suspects make up a smaller proportion of deaths. In the U.S. in 2005, 156 line of duty deaths were recorded of which 44% were from assaults on officers, 35% vehicle related (only 3% during vehicular pursuits) and the rest from other causes: heart attacks during arrests/foot pursuits, diseases contracted either from suspects' body fluids or, more rarely, from emergency blood transfusions received after being in motor vehicle accidents, shot or stabbed, accidental gun discharges, falls, and drownings.^[6]

Police officers who die in the line of duty, especially those who die from the actions of suspects or in accidents or heart attacks, are often given elaborate funerals, attended by large numbers of fellow officers. Their families may also be entitled to special pensions. Fallen officers are often remembered in public memorials, such as the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial in the U.S., the National Police Memorial in the U.K. and the Scottish Police Memorial, at the Scottish Police College.

In the United Kingdom, in the 10 years from April 2000 there were 143 line of duty deaths: 54 in road accidents travelling to or from duty, 46 in road accidents on duty, 23 from natural causes on duty, 15 from criminal acts, and 5 in other accidents.^[7] (In the United Kingdom, police do not normally carry firearms.)

The Singapore Police Force registered just over 100 deaths in a century up to the year 2000. There have been 28 New Zealand police officers killed by criminal act since 1890.^[8] Despite perceived dangers, policing has never been listed above number ten as one of the most dangerous jobs in the U.S. In terms of deaths per capita, driver-sales work such as food delivery is a more dangerous profession than being a police officer^[9].

Work stress [link]

Indicators [link]

The actual presence of stress in police work is well documented and evidenced by certain statistics. Researchers typically use suicide, divorce and alcoholism rates as three key indexes of stress in a group of people.^[10] These factors paint a compelling picture of police officers demonstrating signs of significant stress, for example:

A study in the United States, by National Surveillance of Police Suicide Study (NSOPS), showed 141 suicides in 2008 and 143 in 2009. This yields a suicide rate of 17/100,000, a figure that holds up under scrutiny and is consistent with CDC/NOMS data.^[11] The overall suicide rate in the United States was 11.3 suicide deaths per 100,000 people.^[12] There is some speculation or controversy that this official rate may understate the actual rate as it is often other police officers that report facts that lead to a cause of death determination, and death benefits, institutional image, and other factors may be incentives to misreport incident facts. It is speculated that some suicides are reported by fellow officers as accidents or as deaths in the line of duty perpetrated by unknown assailants. Also, many jurisdictions simply don't keep suicide statistics. Even though the information is incomplete, the available statistics suggest that police officers are more likely to commit suicide than the general population. However there is still controversy in the interpretation of these statistics. When comparisons are made within age, gender, and racial cohorts, the differences are much less dramatic.^[13]^[14] Although suicides may be notably more prevalent among police, it is not clear whether police suicides are the result of work stress or the consequence of other variables, such as the influence of a subculture of violence^[15]
Police officers are much more likely to experience interpersonal relationship problems. Relationship problems are most dramatically demonstrated by the divorce rate among police officers, which is usually reported as being the second highest of all occupations. However in a 2009 study, the divorce rates of law enforcement personnel were compared with the rates for other occupations, where data was analyzed from the 2000 U.S. Census. The results of the analysis indicate that the divorce rate for law enforcement personnel is lower than that of the general population, even after controlling for demographic and other job-related variables.^[16] The propensity to domestic violence is also thought to be higher for police officers than the general population, though the statistics are very fuzzy and controversial. Police officers also seem to have relationship problems at work, typically with superiors or with political oversight, though the evidence is largely anecdotal and controversial.
Alcoholism is considered another aberrant statistic for police officers. Although the statistics are fuzzy, clinically treated alcohol addiction rates are usually calculated to be about twice as high for police officers than for the general population in the United States. In contrast, statistics documenting alcohol abuse are less precise. Rates for arrest for driving under the influence of alcohol, or DUI or DWI, are somewhat higher for police officers than for other drivers, but the statistics are not widely trusted outside of the insurance industry since it is other police officers that make DUI arrests. Some departments and even some individual officers tend to hold police officers to a higher behavioral and ethical standard while others will recognize a 'blue line' behind which those within the 'brotherhood' are not held to the same standards as the rest of society. Despite the controversies in the interpretation of the statistics, it is generally considered evident that police officers are more susceptible to alcohol abuse than other occupations. The same conclusions are usually made regarding the police abuse of other substances, though the statistics are even less accurate, and even though the higher rates of substance abuse may be due in part to the more ready access to drugs and the more permissive atmosphere 'behind the blue line' rather than to occupational stresses.

Hans Selye, the foremost researcher in stress in the world, said that police work is "the most stressful occupation in America even surpassing the formidable stresses of air traffic control."^[10]

Other researchers, though, claim that police officers are more psychologically healthy than the general population. Police officers are increasingly more educated, more likely to engage in a regular program of exercise and to consume less alcohol and tobacco, and increasingly family-oriented. Healthy behavior patterns typically observed at entry training usually continue throughout the career of an officer. Even though the presence of occupation related stress seems to be well documented, it is highly controversial. Many within the law enforcement industry claim the propagation of incorrect suicide, divorce, and substance abuse statistics comes from people or organizations with political or social agendas, and that the presence of these beliefs within the industry makes it hard for health workers to help police officers in need of treatment to deal with the fear of negative consequences from police work which is necessary to enable police officers to develop a healthy expectancy of success in treatment.^[17]

Sources [link]

Even though the presence of occupational stresses appear to be well documented, though not without controversy, the causes of workplace stress are comparatively unclear or even a matter of conjecture.

Although individual policemen and institutional public relations typically cite the risks of being killed in the line of duty as the predominant source of stress for individual policemen, there is significant controversy regarding the causes of personal workplace stress due to the fact that the actual risk of being killed is so small relative to other occupations.

It is charged that the myth of the high risks of occupational mortality connected with police work is often propagated by the law enforcement community as part of its institutional advancement and a central element in its public relations. Actual homicides of police are comparatively rare, but the reports of such incidents are typically reported in the press along with quotes by police officials or police officer family members stressing the notion that police officers 'put their lives on the line for the public' or 'risk their lives everyday', making it look like individual policemen routinely place themselves in mortal danger for low pay and little recognition, and that the view of police work as 'combat' is the source of police occupational stress indications.

Another explanation often advanced is the idea that police officers will undergo some traumatic experience in their police work that they never recover from, leading to suicide, divorce, etc. However, since the effects of such traumatic stresses is readily recognized, there are usually proactive programs in place to help individual police officers deal with the psychological effects of a traumatic event. Unfortunately, there is some evidence that such programs are actually ineffective, especially group therapies, may re-traumatize the participant, weaken coping mechanisms, and contribute to the development of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).^[18]^[19]^[20]

Observations where police officers and other emergency workers, such as firemen, experience the same traumatic event, it is more likely that the police officer will have difficulty dealing with the long term emotional effects of the traumatic event. On this observation, some of the academic literature suggests that along these lines the causes of occupational stress is more complex for police officers. Stress in police work is often present in other occupations, but not in an ongoing capacity. One line of thinking is that the individual stresses of police work produce a condition of chronic stress. Police officers encounter stressors in call after call which sap their emotional strength. Debilitation from this daily stress accumulates making officers more vulnerable to traumatic incidents and normal pressures of life. The weakening process is often too slow to see; neither a person nor his friends are aware of the damage being done. The effects of chronic stresses is two-fold:

First, prolonged stress causes people to regress. Their psychological growth reverses, and they become more immature. They rapidly become more childish and primitive, much like a person being sick for several days becoming more irritable and childish in its demands on other people.
Second, chronic stress numbs people's sensitivity. They can't stand to continually see human misery. They must stop feeling or they won't survive. The mind has this defense mechanism so people can continue working in horrible situations. If they kept their normal sensitivity, they would fall apart. As they become insensitive to their own suffering, they become insensitive to the suffering of others. When treated with indignity, they lose not only a sense of their own dignity but also the dignity of others. The pain of others stops bothering them, and they are no longer bothered when they hurt others.

The daily work of a police officer involves certain paradoxes and conflicts which may be difficult to deal with, the predominant examples are^[10]

Any interaction with a member of the public, whether socially or officially, such as in a traffic stop, involves a non-trivial risk of verbal abuse or physical harm. Treating a person with common respect or normal social graces requires the officer to be off guard and unprepared for an attack. Being on guard for an attack and treating every interpersonal situation with safety procedures and affirmative commands makes the police officer appear cynical, brutal, and detached, and limits his actual effectiveness with the public. Considering someone a friend or an enemy produces opposite mental states, an unnatural no-win situation engendering chronic stress.
A police department is both a professional and military organization, and these two aspects oppose each other. As a professional, he is considered to be an expert in his field and is expected to use his expertise for the good of his public. He has much discretion in how he serves the people who call upon him. However, the dangers and complexities of the work require a military structure of the organization and a military leaning in the training. Although some are actually educated, all police officers are well trained. Policies, regulations, and procedures cover every facet of police work. Everything is expected to be done by the book with substantial repercussions, including civil and criminal liability, for varying from the expectations of operating procedures. Often the facts of a situation require a course of action that does not follow procedures. If he follows procedures exactly, he knows he won't fully help the public, and the public will think he is shirking his responsibility. If the officer follows his own judgment, he is taking a risk. The community and department expect officers to use judgment, but when they do, there is a danger they will be disciplined; another unnatural no-win situation engendering chronic stress.
Police officers tend to become socially isolated. The reasons given for this isolation are varied and mostly anecdotal. One theory is that police work is not balanced. Most occupations involve a combination of good and bad results. In police work, almost everything is bad, and everybody you deal with is perceived either inherently bad or at least foolish. Another is that police officers develop a 'street wisdom' and by fiat possess a degree of authority that tends to make them perceive themselves as being morally superior to the rest of society. Whatever the reason, the public that the police deal with clearly perceive it and tend to reinforce the divide. Classically when a group of people are isolated, they become disoriented and confused. Their behavior changes drastically. Ironically an isolated class are usually the ones who are losing real world wisdom and tend to judge the world incorrectly from a very limited perspective, leading to interpersonal mistakes and more chronic stress.^{[citation needed]}

A more colloquial view looks at specific sources of stress in police work.^[21] The sources of stress most often actually cited are:

The fear of killing someone in the line of duty.
Having your partner or somebody else that you feel at least partly responsible for killed in the line of duty.
Lack of support by the department or superiors.
The scheduling of work and irregular work demands resulting in a disruption of family time or family events or rituals.
The daily grind of dealing with the stupidity of the public, or the "asshole factor".

Other more academic studies have produced similar lists, but may include items that the more colloquial surveys do not reveal, such as 'exposure to neglected, battered, or dead children'^[22]

Again, the actual fear of occupational death or physical harm is not high on the list of stress sources.

There have been numerous academic studies on the specific sources of police stress, and most conclude organizational culture and workload as the key issues in officer stress.^[23] Traumatic events are usually concluded to not be of sufficient scope or prevalence to account for prevalence of suicide, divorce, and substance abuse abnormalities.

Personality theories [link]

Some of the more esoteric, least documented or cited, and more longstanding theories for police stress symptoms involves the interaction of the specifics of police work with the personalities of individual police officers. There has been a raging debate on the fringes of psychiatry as to whether there is something about police work that causes psychiatric symptomology and personality disorders or whether there are certain personalities susceptible to disorders that are attracted to police work. Theory holds that there are four general possibilities:

There is something about police work, the social structure, the work atmosphere, etc., which causes stresses or presents traumas that cause personality or psychiatric disorders resulting in symptoms such as suicide, divorce, violence, substance abuse, etc. (the foundations of this possibility are outlined above)
There is one or more personality types or people with certain tendencies or proclivities who are susceptible of developing personality or psychiatric disorders, regardless of their occupation, who because of their personality or preferences are attracted to police work, and then display symptoms of stress or disorders.
There is a combination of the two.
Or there is a combination and synergistic interaction of the two.

Some studies have tried to use personality traits to determine police applicant desirability,^[24]. These have generally looked at psychology's Big Five personality traits of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. These studies have suggested that age, cynicism and institutional culture affect performance.

There are other personality traits that are specifically not desired for police work that are equally well documented. However, there has been relatively little academic work cited regarding the personality traits attracted to police work. The nature of personality traits of people attracted to police work tends to be a matter of conjecture and anecdotal observations. The personalities of people who are actually in police work tends to be different from that which is purported to be desired by police departments. Police officers tend to be isolated and suspicious, view expression of emotions as a weakness, and find it hard to trust and confide in others.^[25] For example, police officers are often viewed by the public to be domineering, narcissistic, authoritarian, physically oppressive, and basically the opposite of the personality traits most often cited as being desirable in a police officer. There are studies that suggest that people who take risks are attracted to police work.^[26] There is a corresponding theory that police officers actually tend to be people seeking security and stability and are attracted to the job for the steady government paycheck and government pension and adverse to the risks of business, sales, or other occupations. There is ample evidence that there is something in police work that alters personality.

The theory that there is an interaction between the personality attracted to the work and the work itself is mostly conjecture. For example, people attracted to police work are thought to crave the respect and authority that they expect with a badge, gun, uniform, and commission, but most of the people that police officers come in contact with do not respect them, and their authority is strongly regulated and limited by law, policies, and procedures, setting up a conflict resulting in chronic stress.

Abuse of power [link]

See also: Abuse of power, Police abuse, and Police brutality

Police officers have considerable powers and are often supported by authorities who oversee them if accused of wrongdoing.^[27]

Systematic cases [link]

In dictatorial, corrupt, or weak states, police officers may carry out many criminal acts for the ruling regime with impunity. Examples are the Gestapo secret police in Nazi Germany, and the role of the police in the military dictatorship in Argentina in the 1970s.^[28] Institutional racism has been found in modern police forces.^[29]

Individual cases [link]

Individual officers, or sometimes whole units, can be corrupt or carry out various other forms of misconduct; this occasionally happens in many forces, but is particularly problematic where police pay is very low unless supplemented by bribes.^[30] Police sometimes act with unwarranted brutality when they overreact to confrontational situations,^[31] to extract a confession from a person they may or may not genuinely suspect of being guilty,^[32] or in other circumstances. Instances of racism occur, even when the police force as a whole is not found to be racist.^[33]

References [link]

^ "Police ranks and pay in England and Wales". Police-information.co.uk. http://www.police-information.co.uk/policepay.htm#constables. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
^ "Police rank structure and other information in Scotland". Scotland.gov.uk. 1994-12-31. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library/documents/police.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
^ "Educational Requirements for Police Officers". education-portal.com. 2011 [last update]. http://education-portal.com/articles/Police_Officer_Educational_Requirements_for_Police_Officers.html. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
^ http://www.police-information.co.uk/policepay.htm
^ "Houston Dacoma Driver License office to close for expansion." Texas Department of Public Safety. October 29, 2008. Retrieved on June 16, 2009.
^ "Honoring Officers Killed in the Year 2005". Odmp.org. http://www.odmp.org/search/year?year=2005. Retrieved 2010-05-22. See also 2011 figures
^ "UK Police Line of Duty Fatalities by Cause of Death, April 2000 to March 2010". Policememorial.org.uk. http://www.policememorial.org.uk/Rolls_of_Honour/Statistics/Statistics_2000-2009.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
^ "Policeman 28th killed in line of duty". New Zealand Herald. 11 September 2008. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10531709. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
^ "Extra: The 10 most dangerous jobs in America – MSN Money". Moneycentral.msn.com. 2003-10-14. http://moneycentral.msn.com/content/invest/extra/P63405.asp. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Not So Obvious Police Stress". Tearsofacop.com. http://www.tearsofacop.com/police/articles/constant.html. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
^ "Police suicide- A web surveillance of national data". Journal Of Emergency Mental Health 11 (1). Winter 2009.
^ "Suicide in the U.S.: Statistics and Prevention". NIMH. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/suicide-in-the-us-statistics-and-prevention/index.shtml. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
^ Aamodt MG, Stalnaker NA. Police officer suicide: frequency and officer profiles. In Sheehan D, Warren J, eds. Suicide and Law Enforcement. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office;2002:383-98
^ Sheehan D, Warren J, eds. Suicide and Law Enforcement. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2002
^ W C Terry, Police Stress – The Empirical Evidence, Journal of Police Science and Administration Volume:9 Issue:1 Dated:(March 1981) Pages:61–75.
^ "A comparison of law enforcement divorce rates with those of other occupations". Journal of Police & Criminal Psychology. Spring 2010.
^ Stephen F. Curran, PhD, http://www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/employee-development/482217-1.html
^ Rose S, Bisson J, Wessely S. Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Cochrane Review). In The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Oxford: Update Software, 2001.
^ Kaplan Z, Iancu I, Bo E. A review of psychological debriefing after extreme stress. Psychiatr Serv 2001;52:824-7.
^ Raphael B, Wilson JP, eds. Psychological Debriefing: Theory, Practice and Evidence. Cambridge University Press;2000:357
^ "Effects of Stress on police officers". Heavybadge.com. http://www.heavybadge.com/efstress.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
^ C D Spielberger ; L G Westberry ; K S Grier ; G Greenfield, Police Stress Survey – Sources of Stress in Law Enforcement, University of South Florida Human Resources Institute, http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=80993
^ Collins, P. A.; Gibbs, A. C. C. (June 2003). "Stress in police officers: a study of the origins, prevalence and severity of stress-related symptoms within a county police force". Occupational Medicine 53 (4): 256–264. DOI:10.1093/occmed/kqg061. http://occmed.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/53/4/256. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
^ Using the Big Five Personality Traits to Predict Police Officer Performance, American Society of Criminology, http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p201108_index.html
^ Aviva Twersky-Glasner, City University of New York, Police Personality: What Is It and Why Are They Like That?, Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 2005, Volume 20, Number 1
^ Cullen, Link, Travis, & Lemming, 1983; Kraus, 1987; Skolnick, 1966, as quoted in Risk Taking and Police Pursuit, http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-15434653.html
^ "UK Police Federation acknowledges that dealing with complaints against officers is not up to scratch". Policeoracle.com. 2006-12-01. http://www.policeoracle.com/news/Federation-Endorses-Police-Complaints-Reform_22729.html. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
^ "Example of murder by police in Argentina in 1979, in Spanish". Archivo.lavoz.com.ar. 2009-09-21. http://archivo.lavoz.com.ar/nota.asp?Inicio=1&Pagina=2&nota_id=552889. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
^ "Microsoft Word - Lawrence Inquiry.doc" (PDF). http://www.law.cf.ac.uk/tlru/Lawrence.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
^ "IPS: DRUGS-MEXICO: Police Caught Between Low Wages, Threats and Bribes". Ipsnews.net. 2007-06-07. http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=38075. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
^ Edwards, Richard (2009-04-17). "Ian Tomlinson G20 protests death: police office faces manslaughter charge". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/g20-summit/5172206/Ian-Tomlinson-G20-protests-death-police-office-faces-manslaughter-charge.html. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
^ "The police often argue that the tough 'interviewing' of suspects is the best way to extract the truth. But such strategies are exactly the sort to provoke false confessions". New Scientist. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12517014.100-you-did-it-didnt-you-the-police-often-argue-that-thetough-interviewing-of-suspects-is-the-best-way-to-extract-the-truth-butsuch-strategies-are-exactly-the-sort-to-provoke-false-confessions-.html. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
^ Malkin, Bonnie (25 March 2010). "Dozens of Australian police officers under investigation over racist and pornographic emails". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/7519633/Dozens-of-Australian-police-officers-under-investigation-over-racist-and-pornographic-emails.html. Retrieved 2010-05-22.

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Police officers

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In this Indian name, the name Madhavan is a patronymic, not a family name, and the person should be referred to by the given name, Kavya.

Kavya Madhavan

Native name	കാവ്യ മാധവൻ
Born	Kavya Madhavan (1984-09-19) September 19, 1984 (age 27) Nileshwaram, Kasargod, Kerala, India
Residence	Thammanam, Kochi, Kerala, India
Nationality	Indian
Other names	Minu, Karthika
Ethnicity	Malayali
Citizenship	India
Occupation	Film actress
Years active	1991 - present
Notable work(s)	Oomappenninu Uriyadappayyan, Perumazhakkalam, Mizhi Randilum, Khaddama, Bhaktha Janangalude Sradhakku
Spouse	Nischal Chandra (2009-2011)
Parents	P. Madhavan Shyamala
Relatives	Midhun (brother)

Kavya Madhavan (Malayalam: കാവ്യ മാധവന്‍) is an Indian film actress who works in Malayalam cinema. She made her debut in Pookkalam Varavayi (1991) as a child artist. As a heroine Kavya's debut film was Lal Jose's Chandranudikkunna Dikhil(1999) while she was in the ninth standard. It was a super hit and from then on there was no looking back. She won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress twice, for her performances in the films Perumazhakkalam (2004) and Khaddama (2010).

1 Background
2 Movie career
3 Personal life
4 Awards and achievements
5 Notable films
6 Upcoming films
7 References
8 External links

Background [link]

Kavya was born on September 19, 1984 in the village of Nileshwaram in Kasargod district, Kerala, India, to P. Madhavan and Shyamala. She attended Nileswaram GLP School and entered the film industry as a child artist. She learned dancing during her school days and participated in competitions. She was a Kalathilakam in a Sub District Schools Youth Festival.^[1]

Movie career [link]

She first appeared as a child in Kamal's film Pookkalam Varavayi (1991). Her talent was soon recognized, and she was offered other projects such as Pavam IA Ivachan (1994) and Azhakiya Ravanan (1996). When she was in ninth standard, she got an offer to play as a heroine in Lal Jose's film Chandranudikkunna Dikhil, which became a super hit. After her leading role, she became popular in the Malayalam film industry. It has been claimed that she was the busiest female actress in Malayalam. She and Dileep are sometimes referred to as the Golden pair. The Dileep-Kavya pairing has produced several big hits, including Chandranudikkunna Dikhil (1999) and Meesa Madhavan (2002). In 2010 the pair acted in the film Pappy Appacha. Kavya’s films include Mizhi Randilum, Dhosth, Madhuranombarakattu, Sadanandante Samayam and Meesa Madhavan, of which the last movie earned record collections in the Malayalam film industry. Her other films include Chakkara Muthu, Iruvattam Manavatti, Annorikkal, Kochi Rajavu, Aparichithan, Perumazhakkalam, Gowrisankaram, Runway, Athisayan, Thilakkam and many more. She has acted in a few Tamil films; Kasi was her first film in Tamil that performed well at the box office. She has also acted in some more Tamil films, En Mana Vaanil and Sadhu Miranda. She has acted with various superstars in the Malayalam industry including Mohanlal, Mammootty, Jayaram, Suresh Gopi and Dileep. She also wrote lyric for the song 'En Khalbillulloru Pennaanu' for the film One Way Ticket.^[2]

Personal life [link]

She was married to Nishal Chandra on February 5, 2009 at Kollur Mookambika Temple.^[3] After the marriage she went to Kuwait to stay with her husband.^[4] However, she returned home in June the same year and did not go back thereafter. She filed a divorce petition with the Family Court at Ernakulam on July 24, 2010.^[3]^[5] Kavya and Nishal had appeared before the Ernakulam Family Court on May 25, 2011 and expressed their willingness, for a mutual divorce. She was granted divorce by court on May 30, 2011.

Awards and achievements [link]

Kerala State Film Awards

2004: Best Actress - Perumazhakkalam
2010: Best Actress - Khaddama

Kerala Film Critics Awards

2000: Second Best Actress - Chandranudikkunna Dikhil
2001: Second Best Actress - Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal
2003: Second Best Actress - Mizhi Randilum
2005: Best Actress - Anandabhadram
2010: Best Actress - Khaddama

Asianet Film Awards

2000: Special Jury Award - Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal, Madhuranombarakattu
2002: Best Star Pair - Meesa Madhavan
2002: Best Actress - Oomappenninu Uriyadappayyan
2004: Special Jury Award Actress - Perumazhakkalam
2009: Best Actress - Banaras
2011: Best Actress - Khaddama

Vanitha-Surya TV Film Awards

2004: Best Actress - Mizhi Randilum
2006: Best Actress - Anandabhadram
2011: Best Actress - Khaddama

Mathrubhumi Film Awards

2002: Best Popular Actress
2002: Best Star Pair - (Dileep and Kavya)
2003: Second Best Actress - Mizhi Randilum
2004: Special Jury Award Actress - Perumazhakkalam
2007: Best Popular Actress
2009: Best Actress - Banaras
2011: Best Actress - Khaddama

Amrita TV FEFKA Film Awards

2010: Best Actress - Khaddama
2011: Best Popular Actress - All Films (2011)

Kerala Film Audience Awards

2001: Monisha Award
2003: Best Actress – Oomappenninu Uriyadappayyan

Other Awards

2000: Bharathan Award - Navagatha Prathibha Chandranudikkunna Dikhil
2003: Fourth Raju Pilakkad Chalachithra Award - Oomappenninu Uriyadappayyan
2007: Sathyan Memorial Award for Best Actress - Nadiya Kollappetta Rathri
2010: Jaihind TV Film Award for Best Actress - Khaddama
2011: Bharath Murali Award - Khaddama
2011: Sathyan Award ^[6]
2011: Lalitha-Padmini-Ragini Memorial Award^[7]
2011 Viewers Choice Award for Best Actress - Khaddama^[8]
2011: Reporter TV Film Award for Best Actress - Khaddama
2011: Surya TV Film Awards for Best Actress - Khaddama
2011: Ramu Kariat Film Awards for Best Actress - Khaddama
2011: Manappuram Kanyaka Minnale Film Awards for Young Megastar Female
2011: Thikkurissy Foundation Film Awards for Best Actress - Khaddama

Notable films [link]

No.	Year	Film	Role	Co-stars	Director
1	1991	Pookkalam Varavayi	As Baby Shamili's friend	Jayaram	Kamal
2	1994	Pavam IA Ivachan	As Innocent's daughter	Jagadish	Roy P. Thomas
3	1994	The President	Child Artist	Innocent
4	1994	Parassala Pachan Payyannur Paramu	Neena	Sreenivasan/Jagathi Sreekumar	P Venu
5	1996	Azhakiya Ravanan	Young Anuradha	Mammootty	Kamal
6	1997	Oral Mathram		Mammootty	Sathyan Anthikkad
7	1997	Snehasindooram		Shankar/Devan/Ambika	Krishnan Munnaddu
8	1997	Bhoothakkannadi	Meenu	Mammootty	Lohithadas
9	1997	Irattakuttikalude Achan	As Manju Warrier's sister	Jayaram	Sathyan Anthikkad
10	1997	Krishnagudiyil Oru Pranayakalathu	Anjali	Jayaram	Kamal
11	1998	Kattathoru Penpoovu		Murali/Sangeetha	Mohan Kupplery
12	1998	Jeevan Masai		Nedumudi Venu	T. N. Gopakumar
13	1999	Chandranudikkunna Dikhil	Radha	Dileep	Lal Jose
14	2000	Madhuranombarakattu		Biju Menon/Samyuktha Varma/Sarath	Kamal
15	2000	Darling Darling	Padmaja/Pappy	Dileep/Vineeth	Rajasenan
16	2000	Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal	Celin	Jayaram	Sathyan Anthikkad
17	2001	Thenkasipattanam	Devu	Dileep	Rafi Mecartin
18	2001	Rakshasa Rajavu	Daisy	Dileep	Vinayan
19	2001	Sahayathrikakku Snehapoorvam	Maya	Kunchacko Boban	M. Shankar
20	2001	Dhosth	Geethu	Kunchacko Boban	Thulasidas
21	2001	Mazhameghapravukal	Malu	Krishna/Shiju	Pradeep
22	2002	Onnaman	Suhara	Mohanlal	Thampi Kannamthanam
23	2002	Oomappenninu Uriyadappayyan	Gopika	Jayasurya	Vinayan
24	2002	Kasi (Tamil)	As Vikram's sister	Vikram	Vinayan
25	2002	Meesa Madhavan	Rugmini	Dileep	Lal Jose
26	2002	En Mana Vaanil (Tamil)		Jayasurya	Vinayan
27	2003	Thilakkam	Ammu	Dileep	Jayaraj
28	2003	Sadanandante Samayam	Sumangala	Dileep	Akbar-Jose
29	2003	Katha	Meera	Prithviraj/Abbas	Sundardas
30	2003	Vellithira	As Prithviraj's sister	Prithviraj	Bhadran
31	2003	Mizhi Randilum	Bhadra / Bhama (Double Role)	Indrajith/Dileep	Ranjith
32	2003	Pulival Kalyanam	Ganga	Jayasurya	Shafi
33	2003	Gowrisankaram	Gauri	Munna	Nemom Pushparaj
34	2004	Runway	Gopika	Dileep	Joshiy
35	2004	Two Wheeler		Jayasurya
36	2004	Aparichithan	Meenakshi	Mammootty	Sanjev Sivan
37	2004	Greetings	Sheethal	Jayasurya	Shajoon Kariyal
38	2004	Perumazhakkalam	Ganga	Vineeth	Kamal
39	2005	Iruvattam Manavatti	Bhumika	Kunchacko Boban	Sanal
40	2005	Annorikkal	Ponnu	Narain	Sarathchandran Wayanad
41	2005	Kochi Rajavu	Aswathy	Dileep	Johny Antony
42	2005	Ananthabhadram	Bhadra	Prithviraj	Santhosh Sivan
43	2005	Seelabathi	Seelabathi	Narain	Shareth
44	2006	Lion	Sharika	Dileep	Joshiy
45	2006	Vadakkumnadhan	Bhama	Vineeth	Shajoon Kariyal
46	2006	Classmates	Thara Kurup	Prithviraj	Lal Jose
47	2006	Chakkara Muthu	Anitha	Dileep	Lohithadas
48	2006	Vasthavam	Sumithra	Prithviraj	M. Padmakumar
49	2006	Arunam	Valli	Vineeth Kumar	Vinod Mankara
50	2006	Kilukkam Kilukilukkam	Chandini	Kunchacko Boban/Jayasurya/Mohanlal	Sandhya Mohan
51	2007	Inspector Garud	Sethulakshmi IAS	Dileep	Johny Antony
52	2007	Athisayan	Maya	Jayasurya	Vinayan
53	2007	Nadiya Kollappetta Rathri	Naadiya / Naadira (Double Role)	Suresh Gopi	K. Madhu
54	2007	Naalu Pennungal		Ravi Vallathol	Adoor Gopalakrishnan
55	2007	Kangaroo	Jancy	Prithviraj	Raj Babu
56	2008	Twenty:20	Ancy	Mohanlal	Joshiy
57	2008	Sadhu Miranda (Tamil)	Priya	Prasanna	Siddique
58	2008	Madampi	Jayalakshmi	Mohanlal	B. Unnikrishnan
59	2009	Banaras	Amritha	Vineeth	Nemom Pushparaj
60	2009	Ee Pattanathil Bhootham	Ancy	Mammootty	Johny Antony
61	2010	Paappi Appacha	Annie	Dileep	Mamas K. Chandran
62	2011	Khaddama	Aswathy	Biju Menon	Kamal
63	2011	Christian Brothers	Meenakshi	Dileep	Joshiy
64	2011	Chinatown	Rosamma	Mohanlal	Rafi Mecartin
65	2011	Bhaktha Janangalude Sradhakku	Sumangala	Irshad	Priyanandanan
66	2011	Venicile Vyaapari	Ammu	Mammootty	Shafi
67	2011	Vellaripravinte Changathi		Dileep	Akku Akbar

Upcoming films [link]

Year	Film	Role	Opposite	Director	Notes
2012	Thambi Durai	Kanchana	Prasanna	Muthu Kumar	Filming Tamil film
2012	Valayar Paramesivam (sequel to runway)	Gowri	Dileep	Joshiy	Announced
2012	Breaking News Live	Nayana	Vineeth	Sudhir Ambalapadu	Filiming
2012	First Bench		Kunchacko Boban,Indrajith	Nishad Valiyaveettil	Filming
2012	Vazhave Mayam		Kunchacko Boban,Lal	Shajun Karyal	Announced
2012	Ente Amma		Biju Menon	Anil Kunjappan	Announced

References [link]

^ http://entertainment.oneindia.in/topic/kavya-madhavan
^ http://kavyamadhavanonline.blogspot.com/
^ ^a ^b Raymond Ronamai (2010-07-28). "Actress Kavya Madhavan | Nishal Chandra | Divorce Petition | Family Court". Entertainment.oneindia.in. http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/news/2010/kavya-nishal-divorce-petition-280710.html. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
^ Super Admin (2009-07-23). "Kavya Madhavan | Nishal Chandra | Actress | Marriage | Divorce | Family Court". Entertainment.oneindia.in. http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/news/2009/kavya-madhavan-divorce-230709.html. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
^ "Kavya Madhavan files for divorce". Nowrunning.com. 2010-07-24. http://www.nowrunning.com/news/malayalam/kavya-madhavan-files-for-divorce/33317/story.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
^ "Sathyan Awards 2011". http://www.kottaka.com/blog/2011/10/sathyan-award-for-jayaram-and-kavya/.
^ "Lalitha Padmini ragini memorial award for Kavya". http://www.kottaka.com/blog/2011/11/award-for-kavya-madhavan-and-m-a-yusufali/.
^ "Viewers Choice Award - Malayalam 2011". http://filmcrack.com/malayalam/viewers-choice-award-2011/.

External links [link]

Kavya Madhavan at the Internet Movie Database

http://wn.com/Kavya_Madhavan

http://es.wn.com/Kavya Madhavan

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavya_Madhavan

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

This biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately. (March 2012)

Ranjini Haridas

Born	Ranjini Haridas (1982-04-23) April 23, 1982 (age 30) Kochi, Kerala, India
Residence	Thiruvananthapuram , India
Other names	Renjini Haridas
Occupation	Television Anchor, Modelling
Years active	2000 - present

Ranjini Haridas (Malayalam: രഞ്ജനി ഹരിദാസ്‍) born on 23rd April 1982 in Kochi, Kerala, is a popular television anchor, leading model and former Miss Kerala.

1 Career
2 Film career
- 2.1 Filmography
3 References

Career [link]

She was the winner of the Miss Kerala 2000. She achieved prominence in Malayalam television through the program Idea Star Singer broadcast by Asianet. She found further success when she started appearing as the host of the Malayalam reality show Idea Star Singer, and has remained on the show through all its seasons from 2007 till the present.Ranjini Haridas is a television anchor, leading model and former Miss Kerala (2000). She was educated at St. Teresa's College and afterwards went to the United Kingdom for her MBA graduation. She is currently the anchor of a Malayalam reality show, Idea Star Singer. She is not only the anchor of a Malayalam reality show Idea Star Singer, but also invited abroad: she was presenting the closing ceremony at 2010 Keli international Kalamela in Switzerland.

Film career [link]

Ranjini Haridas made her film debut with a came role in China Town, were she appeared as herslf, the anchor of Idea Star singer. Currently is shooting for her first film in a lead role opposite Baburaj, playing the character of a lady police officer in the upcoming film 'Entry'. ^[1]

Filmography [link]

No:	Film	Year	Character	Co-stars	Director	Notes
1	China Town	2011	as herself	Mohanlal, Dileep, Jayaram	Rafi Mecartin	Debut film, cameo appearance.
2	Entry	2012		Baburaj	Rajesh Amanakara	First film as heroine. As a lady cop

References [link]

^ "Ranjini Haridas’s bold entry". Timesofindia. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-19/news-interviews/31207819_1_small-screen-big-screen-anchor. Retrieved Mar 19, 2012.

Preceded by Reshma George	Miss Kerala 2000	Succeeded by Nova Krishnan

http://wn.com/Ranjini_Haridas

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjini_Haridas

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Persondata
Name	Maradona, Diego
Alternative names	Maradona, Diego Armando
Short description	Retired Argentine footballer
Date of birth	(1960-10-30) 30 October 1960 (age 51)
Place of birth	Villa Fiorito, Lanús, Buenos Aires
Date of death
Place of death

Persondata
Name	Madhavan, Kavya
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	September 19, 1984
Place of birth	Nileshwaram, Kerala, India
Date of death
Place of death

Persondata
Name	Haridas, Ranjini
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	23 April 1982
Place of birth	Kochi, Kerala, India
Date of death
Place of death

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