- published: 29 Jan 2011
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5th Avenue Mall
5th Avenue Mall is an upscale shopping mall located in Downtown Anchorage, Alaska, United States. The mall has four levels with JCPenney and the only Nordstrom in Alaska as anchor stores.
The mall is owned and administered by the Simon Property Group.
The mall opened in 1987.
Compared to other malls in Alaska, The 5th Avenue Mall integrates many more aesthetic designs inside its buildings. Some examples are the sky-lit roof above the main "Arcade", and features galleria-style wide, open spaces. The only other mall in Alaska with similar voluminous multi-floor indoor space is the office building at the Dimond Center. The lower level of the Arcade sometimes hosts small conventions and shopping consortia. The top floor of the Arcade is exclusively a food court. Most of the mall's elevators have glass panels, and are decorated with neon lights. The mall uses skybridges to provide indoor access between buildings and parking, contributing to the streetscapes of 5th and 6th Avenues. The ground floor of the galleria functions as an indoor pedestrian extension of "D" Street.
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Akron, Ohio
Akron /ˈækrən/ is the fifth largest city in Ohio and is the county seat of Summit County. It is located in the Great Lakes region approximately 39 miles (63 km) south of Lake Erie along the Little Cuyahoga River. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 199,110. The Akron Metropolitan Statistical Area covers Summit and Portage counties, and in 2010 had a population of 703,200. Akron is also part of the larger Cleveland-Akron-Elyria Combined Statistical Area, which in 2010 had a population of 2,780,440.
Akron was co-founded in 1825 when suggested by Paul Williams to Simon Perkins. In 1833, "South" was temporarily added to the name when Eliakim Crosby settled a bordering North Akron. After Summit County formed from portions of Portage, Medina, and Stark counties in 1840, Akron succeeded Cuyahoga Falls as county seat a year later. The Akron School Law of 1847 created the K-12 system. In 1851, Sojourner Truth attended a convention and extemporaneously delivered the original "Ain't I a Woman?" speech. During the Civil War, Ferdinand Schumacher supplied the Union Army with oats produced by his mill along the Ohio Canal. Between the 1870's and World War I, numerous churches across the nation were built using the Akron Plan.
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Alaska
Alaska (
i/əˈlæskə/) is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Alaska is the 4th least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's 722,718 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area.
Alaska was purchased from Russia on March 30, 1867, for $7.2 million ($120 million in today's[when?] dollars) at approximately two cents per acre ($4.74/km²). The land went through several administrative changes before becoming an organized (or incorporated) territory on May 11, 1912, and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959.
The name "Alaska" (Аляска) was already introduced in the Russian colonial period, when it was used only for the peninsula and is derived from the Aleut alaxsxaq, meaning "the mainland" or, more literally, "the object towards which the action of the sea is directed". It is also known as Alyeska, the "great land", an Aleut word derived from the same root.
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Alaska Interior
The Alaska Interior covers most of the U.S. state's territory. It is largely wilderness. Mountains include Mount McKinley in the Alaska Range, the Wrangell Mountains, and the Ray Mountains.
The largest city in the interior is Fairbanks, Alaska's second-largest city, in the Tanana Valley. Other towns include North Pole, just southeast of Fairbanks, Eagle, Tok, Glennallen, Delta Junction, Nenana, Anderson, Healy and Cantwell.
Interior Alaska experiences extreme seasonal temperature variability. Winter temperatures in Fairbanks average −12 °F (−24 °C) and summer temperatures average +62 °F (+17 °C). Temperatures there have been recorded as low as −65 °F (−54 °C) in mid-winter, and as high as +99 °F (+37 °C) in summer. Both the highest and lowest temperature records for the state were set in the Interior, with 100 °F (38 °C) in Fort Yukon and −80 °F (−64 °C) in Prospect Creek. Temperatures within a given winter are highly variable as well; extended cold snaps of forty below zero can be followed by unseasonable warmth with temperatures above freezing due to chinook wind effects.
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Alaska North Slope
The Alaska North Slope is the region of the U.S. state of Alaska located on the northern slope of the Brooks Range along the coast of two marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean, the Chukchi Sea being on the western side of Point Barrow, and the Beaufort Sea on the eastern.
The region contains the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska, with the bulk of Alaska's known petroleum until the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field was discovered in 1968, as well as the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, which itself has been the subject of controversy surrounding the possibility of petroleum drilling within its boundaries. The petroleum extracted from the region is transferred south by means of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System to Valdez on the Pacific Ocean.
Within the North Slope, only a surface "active layer" of the tundra thaws each season; most of the soil is permanently frozen year-round. On top of this permafrost, water flows to sea via shallow, braided streams or settles into pools and ponds. Along the bottom of the Landsat 7 image on the right the rugged terrain of the Brooks Range mountains is snow-covered in places (blue areas) and exposed (pink areas) in others.
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Alaska Panhandle
Southeast Alaska, sometimes referred to as the Alaska Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, which lies west of the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia. The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its mild rainy climate and beautiful scenery.
Southeast Alaska is the northern terminus of the Inside Passage, a protected waterway of convoluted passages between islands and fjords, beginning in Puget Sound in Washington state. This was an important travel corridor for native canoeists, as well as gold-rush steam ships, and in modern times is an important route for ferries and cruise ships. Southeast Alaska has a land area of 35,138 miles (56,549 km), comprising six entire boroughs and three census areas, in addition to the part of Yakutat Borough lying east of 141° West longitude. Although it has only 6.14 percent of Alaska's land area, it is larger than the state of Maine, and almost as large as the state of Indiana. The Southeast Alaskan coast is roughly as long as the west coast of Canada. The 2000 census population of Southeast was 72,954 inhabitants, about 42 percent of whom were concentrated in the city of Juneau.
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Alaska Peninsula
The Alaska Peninsula is a peninsula extending about 800 km (497 mi) to the southwest from the mainland of Alaska and ending in the Aleutian Islands. The peninsula separates the Pacific Ocean from Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea.
In literature (especially Russian) the term ‘Alaska Peninsula’ was used to denote the northwest part of North America, or all of what is now the state of Alaska with the exception of the Aleutian Islands and the Alaska Panhandle.
The Aleutian Range is a highly active volcanic mountain range which runs along the entire length of the Peninsula. Within the and Wildlife Refuges, including the Katmai National Park and Preserve, the Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve and the Becharof National Wildlife Refuge, the Alaska Peninsula National Wildlife Refuge, and the Izembek National Wildlife Refuge.
The southern side of the Alaska Peninsula is rugged and mountainous, created by the uplifting tectonic activity of the North Pacific Plate subsiding under a western section of the North American Plate; the northern side is generally flat and marshy, a result of millennia of erosion and general seismic stability. The northern and southern shores are likewise quite different. The northern Bristol Bay coastal side is generally turbid and muddy, experiences tidal extremes, and is relatively shallow; the Pacific side has relatively small tidal activity and is deep and clear.
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Aleutian Islands
The Aleutian Islands (English pronunciation: /əˈl(j)uːʃən/; possibly from Chukchi aliat, "island") are a chain of 14 large volcanic islands and 55 smaller ones , forming part of the Aleutian Arc in the Northern Pacific Ocean, occupying an area of 6,821 sq mi (17,666 km²) and extending about 1,200 mi (1,900 km) westward from the Alaska Peninsula toward the Kamchatka Peninsula, thus marking a line between the Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Crossing longitude 180°, they are the westernmost part of the United States (and by one definition the easternmost; see Extreme points of the United States). Nearly all the archipelago is part of Alaska and usually considered as being in the "Alaskan Bush", but at the extreme western end the small, geologically related, and remote Commander Islands are in Russia. The islands, with their 57 volcanoes, are in the northern part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. The Alaska Marine Highway passes through the islands.
Physiographically, they are a distinct section of the larger Pacific Border province, which in turn is part of the larger Pacific Mountain System physiographic division.
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Anchorage, Alaska
Anchorage (officially called the Municipality of Anchorage) is a unified home rule municipality in the southcentral part of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is the 64th-largest city and northernmost major city in the United States. With 291,826 residents in 2010 (and 380,821 residents within its Metropolitan Statistical Area, which combines Anchorage with the neighboring Matanuska-Susitna Borough), it is Alaska's largest city and constitutes more than 40 percent of the state's total population; amongst the 50 states, only New York has a higher percentage of residents who live in the state's largest city.
Anchorage has been named All-America City four times, in 1956, 1965, 1984/1985 and 2002, by the National Civic League. It has also been named by Kiplinger as the most tax friendly city in the United States.
Russian presence in south central Alaska was well established in the 19th century. In 1867, U. S. Secretary of State William H. Seward brokered a deal to purchase Alaska from a debt-ridden Imperial Russia for $7.2 million (about two cents an acre). The deal was lampooned by political rivals as "Seward's folly", "Seward's icebox" and "Walrussia". By 1888, gold was discovered along Turnagain Arm.
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Area code 907
Area code 907 covers the entire state of Alaska, except for the small southeastern Alaska community of Hyder, Alaska, which uses the 250 area code of neighboring Stewart, British Columbia[1]. Area code 907 was assigned in 1957 along with area code 808 for Hawaii. It is one of only 13 remaining area codes serving an entire state.
Ten-digit dialing is still required in Alaska as many calls within the state are classified as long-distance phone calls. People therefore must often guess if they need to dial 1+907 or not (if they don't know the actual location of the business / person they are calling).
Area code 907 is the largest area code (in physical size) in the U.S., and is second only to Canadian area code 867 in land area among codes in the North American Numbering Plan. Because the Aleutian Islands of Alaska straddle 180 degrees longitude, 907 can be considered to be both the farthest west and the farthest east area code in the NANP. It was also the longest area code to dial on a rotary phone (taking 26 pulses to dial out) until the proliferation of touchtone phones and the opening up of area codes previously unused within the NANP.
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Australia
Australia (
/əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
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Baltimore
Baltimore ( /ˈbɒltɨmɔr/, colloquially /ˈbɔl.mɔr/) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Maryland. It is located in the central area of the state along the tidal portion of the Patapsco River, an arm of the Chesapeake Bay. The independent city is often referred to as Baltimore City to distinguish it from surrounding Baltimore County.
Founded in 1729, Baltimore is the largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic United States and is situated closer to Midwestern markets than any other major seaport on the East Coast. Baltimore's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States and a major manufacturing center. After a decline in manufacturing, Baltimore shifted to a service-oriented economy.
At 620,961 residents in 2010, Baltimore's population has decreased by one-third since its peak in 1950. The Baltimore Metropolitan Area has grown steadily to approximately 2.7 million residents in 2010; the 20th largest in the country. Baltimore is also a principal city in the larger Baltimore–Washington combined statistical area of approximately 8.4 million residents.
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Barrow, Alaska
Barrow ( /ˈbæroʊ/) (Inupiaq Utqiaġvik or Ukpiaġvik ) is the largest city of the North Slope Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. It is the 9th northernmost city in the world and is the northernmost city in the United States of America, with nearby Point Barrow being the nation's northernmost point. Barrow's population was 4,212 at the 2010 census. The city was named after Sir John Barrow.
The city derived its name from Point Barrow, which was named by Frederick William Beechey in 1825 after Sir John Barrow of the British Admiralty. The location has been home to Native Inupiat Eskimo people for over 1,000 years under the name Ukpeagvik or "place where snowy owls are hunted".
Barrow is located at 71°17′44″N 156°45′59″W / 71.29556°N 156.76639°W / 71.29556; -156.76639. It is the only U.S. city on the continent of North America with an antipode on uninhabited dry land. The antipode is in Antarctica at 71°17′44″S 23°14′1″E / 71.29556°S 23.23361°E / -71.29556; 23.23361. Barrow is roughly 1,300 miles (2,100 km) south of the North Pole. Only 5.3% of the Earth's surface lies as far from the Equator as Barrow.
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Bethel, Alaska
Bethel (Mamterilleq in Central Alaskan Yup'ik) is a city located near the west coast of the U.S. state of Alaska, 340 miles (550 km) west of Anchorage. Accessible only by air and river, Bethel is the main port on the Kuskokwim River and is an administrative and transportation hub for the 56 villages in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta.
Bethel is the largest community in western Alaska and in the Unorganized Borough, as well as the 9th largest in the state, with a population estimated to be 6,080 as of the 2010 Census. Bethel is home to the lone detention center in southwestern Alaska, the Yukon Kuskokwim Correction Center. In 2009, Bethel opted out of status as a "Local Option" community, theoretically opening the door to allowing alcohol sales in the city; residents and city officials maintain that all liquor license requests will be actively opposed.
Annual events in Bethel include a noted dogsled race, the Kuskokwim 300, and Camai, a traditional Yupik dance festival held each spring.
Southwestern Alaska was for thousands of years the traditional place of Yup'ik people and their ancestors. They called their village Mamterillermiut, meaning "Smokehouse People", after their nearby fish smokehouse. It was an Alaska Commercial Company trading post during the late 19th century, and had a population of 41 people in the 1880 U.S. Census.
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Bootleggers Cove
Bootleggers Cove (alternately called "Bootlegger Cove", "Bootleggers' Cove", and "Bootlegger's Cove".) is an area of Anchorage, Alaska, just west of Downtown Anchorage and north of the South Addition. Its exact boundaries are controversial. It is served by Inlet View Elementary School, Romig Junior High and West Anchorage High School. Its scenic features include Elderberry Park, the Oscar Anderson House, the Westchester Lagoon, and access to the Tony Knowles Coastal Trail and the Lainie Fleischer Bike Trail. It is located near the tidal flats of Cook Inlet. The Alaska Railroad passes between the residential zones of Bootleggers Cove and the tidal flats. Bootlegger's Cove was affected by the 1964 Alaska earthquake. It is currently represented in the Alaska State Legislature by Representative Les Gara and Senator Johnny Ellis.
In 2003 Bootlegger Cove resident Bethany Correira was kidnapped, and her body was later found abandoned by a roadside north of Anchorage. Her employer and landlord, Michael Lawson, was eventually convicted of her kidnapping and murder.
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Boston
Boston (pronounced /ˈbɒstən/ or locally /ˈbɔstən/ (
listen)) is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper, covering only 48.43 square miles, had a population of 617,594 according to the 2010 U.S. Census. Boston is also the anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.5 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 7.6 million people, making it the fifth-largest Combined Statistical Area in the United States.
In 1630, Puritan colonists from England founded the city on the Shawmut Peninsula. During the late 18th century, Boston was the location of several major events during the American Revolution, including the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party. Several early battles of the American Revolution, such as the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Siege of Boston, occurred within the city and surrounding areas. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the peninsula. After American independence was attained Boston became a major shipping port and manufacturing center, and its rich history now helps attract many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone attracting over 20 million every year. The city was the site of several firsts, including America's first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and the first subway system in the United States (1897).
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California
California (pronouncedi/kælɨˈfɔrnjə/) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third most extensive (after Alaska and Texas). It is home to the nation's second- and sixth-largest census statistical areas (Los Angeles Metropolitan Area and San Francisco Bay Area), and eight of the nation's fifty most populated cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach and Oakland). The capital city is Sacramento.
California's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west, to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east – from the Redwood–Douglas-fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state is dominated by Central Valley, a major agricultural area. California contains both the highest and lowest points in the contiguous United States (Mount Whitney and Death Valley), and has the third-longest coastline of all states (after Alaska and Florida). Earthquakes are a common occurrence due to the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire: about 37,000 are recorded annually.
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Charter College
Charter College is a post-secondary career college founded in Anchorage, Alaska. Charter College has campuses in Anchorage and Wasilla, Alaska, four campuses in California, and three campuses in Washington, as well as online courses.
Charter College was founded in 1985 by Doctor Milton Byrd, former Provost at Florida International University and President of Chicago State University.
Charter College offers a broad range of career-focused education in the growing fields of Business, Criminal Justice, Health Care, Information Technology, and Construction Management.
Computer Aided Drafting, Computerized Bookkeeping, Medical Assistant, Medical Insurance Coding and Billing, Network Security, Computerized Office Specialist HVAC/R Welding
Business Management Practice, Computer Science Concentration in Business Applications, Computer Science Concentration in Network Security, Computer Science Concentration in Network Technology, Computer Science Concentration in Technical Graphics, Medical Office Administration Concentration in Medical Coding and Billing, Medical Office Administration Concentration in Medical Assistant, Computerized Accounting, Criminal Justice,
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Chugach Mountains
The Chugach Mountains of southern Alaska are the northernmost of the several mountain ranges that make up the Pacific Coast Ranges of the western edge of North America. The range is about 500 km (300 mi) long, running generally east-west. Its highest point is Mount Marcus Baker, at 13,176 feet (4,016 m), but most of its summits are not especially high. Even so its position along the Gulf of Alaska ensures more snowfall in the Chugach than anywhere else in the world; an annual average of over 1500 cm (600 in).[citation needed]
The mountains are protected in the Chugach State Park and the Chugach National Forest. Near to Anchorage, they are a popular destination for outdoor activities. The World Extreme Skiing Championship is held annually in the Chugach near Valdez.
The Richardson Highway, Seward Highway, and the Glenn Highway run through the Chugach Mountains. The tunnel from Portage on the Turnagain Arm of Cook Inlet to Whittier on Passage Canal also provides railroad and automobile access underneath Maynard Mountain to Prince William Sound.
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Chugach State Park
Chugach State Park is a 495,204-acre (2,004 km²) state park in the Municipality of Anchorage in the U.S. state of Alaska. Located in the Chugach Mountains just east of the Anchorage Bowl, it is a very popular recreation destination. It is the third-largest state park in the United States. Chugach State Park is accessible through numerous trailheads all located along the east side of Anchorage, or the southern side of Eagle River. The Chugach State Park website lists 28 recognized trailheads. The Park has three public campgrounds, located at Eklutna Lake, Eagle River, and Bird Creek. The campgrounds are manned by a host who collects the small fee. Amenities include fire rings, picnic tables, water, and latrines. The Park also has interpretive and Alaskan information available at the Eagle River Nature Center, which is operated by a non-profit organization in cooperation with the State Park.
The Seward Highway, from Anchorage to Seward, follows part of the southern edge of the Park along the Turnagain Arm. This stretch of highway is listed as a National Scenic Byway and is designated as an All-American Road [1].
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Cincinnati
Cincinnati (pronounced /sɪnsɨˈnæti/) is a city in and the county seat of Hamilton County, Ohio, United States. Settled in 1788, the city is located north of the Ohio River at the Ohio-Kentucky border, near Indiana. The population within city limits was 296,943 according to the 2010 census, making it Ohio's third-largest city. According to the 2011 Census Bureau estimate, the Cincinnati metropolitan area had a population of 2,138,038, the 27th most populous Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) in the United States, and the most populous in Ohio. Residents of Cincinnati are called Cincinnatians.
In the early 19th century, Cincinnati was the first American boomtown in the heart of the country to rival the larger coastal cities in size and wealth. As the first major inland city in the country, it is sometimes thought of as the first purely American city. It developed initially without as much recent European immigration or influence as took place in eastern cities. However, by the end of the 19th century, with the shift from steamboats to railroads, Cincinnati's growth had slowed considerably and the city became surpassed in population and prominence by another inland city, Chicago.
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Cleveland
Cleveland ( /ˈkliːvlənd/) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state. The city is located in northeastern Ohio on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles (97 km) west of the Pennsylvania border. It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, and became a manufacturing center owing to its location on the lake shore, as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines. Cleveland's economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, and biomedical. Cleveland is home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
As of the 2010 Census, the city proper had a total population of 396,815 and was the 45th largest city in the United States, and the second largest city in Ohio. It is the center of Greater Cleveland, the largest metropolitan area in Ohio. The Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor Metropolitan Statistical Area in 2011 ranked as the 28th largest in the United States with 2,068,283 people. Cleveland is part of the larger Cleveland-Akron-Elyria Combined Statistical Area, which in 2011 had a population of 2,871,084, and ranked as the country's 15th largest.
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Columbus, Ohio
Columbus is the capital of and the largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio. The broader metropolitan area encompasses several counties and is the third largest in Ohio behind those of Cleveland and Cincinnati. Columbus is the sixteenth largest city in the United States of America. It is the county seat of Franklin County, yet the city has expanded and annexed portions of adjoining Delaware County and Fairfield County. Named for explorer Christopher Columbus, the city was founded in 1812 at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers, and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816. The city has a diverse economy based on education, government, insurance, banking, fashion, defense, aviation, food, clothes, logistics, steel, energy, medical research, health care, hospitality, retail, and technology. Modern Columbus has emerged as a technologically sophisticated city. It is home to the world's largest private research and development foundation, the Battelle Memorial Institute; CAS, or Chemical Abstracts Service, the world's largest clearinghouse of chemical information; NetJets, the world's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet; and The Ohio State University, the nation's largest campus.
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Cook Inlet
Cook Inlet stretches 180 miles (290 km) from the Gulf of Alaska to Anchorage in south-central Alaska. Cook Inlet branches into the Knik Arm and Turnagain Arm at its northern end, almost surrounding Anchorage.
The watershed covers about 100,000 km² of southern Alaska, east of the Aleutian Range and south of the Alaska Range, receiving water from its tributaries the Knik River, the Little Susitna River, and the Susitna and Matanuska rivers. The watershed includes the drainage areas of Mount McKinley. Within the watershed there are several national parks and the active volcano Mount Redoubt, along with three other historically active volcanoes. Cook Inlet provides navigable access to the port of Anchorage at the northern end, and to the smaller Homer port further south. Approximately 400,000 people live within the Cook Inlet watershed. Before the growth of Anchorage, Knik was the destination for most marine traffic in upper Cook Inlet.
The Cook Inlet region contains active volcanoes, including Augustine Volcano and Mount Redoubt. Volcanic eruptions in the region have been associated with earthquakes and tsunamis, and debris avalanches have resulted in tsunamis also. There was an earthquake of the magnitude of 7.1 on December 31, 1901 generated by an eruption that caused several tsunamis. In 2009 a lahar from Mt. Redoubt threatened the Drift River oil terminal.
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Dayton, Ohio
Dayton ( /ˈdeɪtn/) is the 6th largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Montgomery County. At the 2010 census, the population was 141,527; the Dayton metropolitan area had 841,502 residents, making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Ohio and the 61st largest in the United States. The Dayton-Springfield-Greenville Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,072,891 in 2010 and is the 43rd largest in the United States. Dayton is situated within the Miami Valley region of Ohio just north of the Cincinnati–Northern Kentucky metropolitan area.
Ohio's borders are within 500 miles (805 km) of roughly 60% of the country's population and manufacturing infrastructure making the Dayton area a logistical centroid for manufacturers, suppliers, and shippers. Dayton also plays host to significant research and development in fields like industrial, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering that have led to many technological innovations. Much of this innovation is due in part to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and its place within the community. With the decline of heavy manufacturing, Dayton's businesses have diversified into a service economy that includes insurance and legal sectors as well as healthcare and government sectors.
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Delaney Park Strip
The Delaney Park Strip is an 11-block park in the municipality of Anchorage, Alaska. It was originally Anchorage's airfield.
Known to the Anchorage community as the Park Strip, Delaney Park is the oldest park in the city. It was established as part of the original Anchorage township plat in 1917, and named for James Delaney, one of the first mayors of Anchorage.
The park was originally used simply as a firebreak, but in 1922 it became “The Golf Course”. The community used the space both for a golf course and an airstrip. In 1929, however, Merrill Field opened, so the Delaney Park airstrip was no longer necessary.
In 1954, the Parks & Recreation Department began to develop recreation facilities for a variety of activities and events, including ice skating, softball, horseshoes and later, tennis. In 1958, the Park Strip hosted the Alaska Statehood Celebration.
Presently, the park is used for a variety of community events, sports and festivals year-round.
Coordinates: 61°12′48″N 149°54′06″W / 61.21333°N 149.90167°W / 61.21333; -149.90167
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Des Moines, Iowa
Des Moinesi/dɨˈmɔɪn/ is the capital and the most populous city in the US state of Iowa. It is also the county seat of Polk County. A small portion of the city extends into Warren County. It was incorporated on September 22, 1851, as Fort Des Moines which was shortened to "Des Moines" in 1857. It is named after the Des Moines River, which may have been adapted from the French Rivière des Moines, literally meaning "River of the Monks." The five-county metropolitan area is ranked 88th in terms of population in the United States with 569,633 residents according to the 2010 count by the United States Census Bureau. The city proper population was 203,433 at the 2010 census.
Des Moines is a major center for the insurance industry and also has a sizable financial services and publishing business base. In fact, Des Moines was credited with the "number one spot for U.S. insurance companies" in a Business Wire article. The city is the headquarters for the Principal Financial Group, Aviva insurance (West Des Moines) the Meredith Corporation, Ruan Transportation, EMC Insurance Companies, and Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield. Other major corporations such as Wells Fargo, ING Group, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, Marsh, Monsanto and Pioneer Hi-Bred have large operations in or near the metro area. Forbes magazine ranked Des Moines as the "Best Place for Business" in 2010 and, in 2011, ranked the city #1 among "America's Best Cities for Young Professionals."Kiplinger's Personal Finance 2008 Best Cities List featured Des Moines as #9. In November 2011, the city of Des Moines was listed as the #1 Greenest city for Women by Self Magazine.
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Dillingham, Alaska
Dillingham ( /ˈdɪlɪŋhæm/) (Curyuk in Central Alaskan Yup'ik), also known as Curyung and (for the southwestern section) Kanakanak, is a city in Dillingham Census Area, Alaska, United States. According to the 2010 Census, the population of the city is 2,329.
Dillingham is on Nushagak Bay at the confluence of the Nushagak River, an inlet of Bristol Bay, an arm of the Bering Sea in the North Pacific, in southwestern Alaska. It is located at Coordinates: 59°2′48″N 158°30′31″W / 59.04667°N 158.50861°W / 59.04667; -158.50861 (59.046751, -158.508665).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 35.7 square miles (92 km2). 33.6 square miles (87 km2) of it is land and 2.1 square miles (5.4 km2) of it (5.93%) is water. This may change as the City of Dillingham will likely petition the State of Alaska to increase the size of its boundaries to include most of Nushagak Bay and Wood River, to gain revenue from the Nushagak District and Wood River Special Harvest Area commercial salmon fisheries.
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Dimond Center
Dimond Center is a shopping mall in Anchorage, Alaska, United States. At 728,000 ft² (67,000 m²), it is the largest mall in the state of Alaska. It is located at the intersection of East Dimond Boulevard and the Old Seward Highway.
The mall is anchored by Best Buy and Forever 21 and contains over 200 stores, restaurants, and offices, the latter located in a six-story office tower. Other facilities include the Samson-Dimond Branch Library, the Regal Dimond 9 Cinemas, and a lower level in the office tower that contains a small food court, a bowling alley, and an athletic club, all arrayed around an ice skating rink.
The road from Anchorage to the Potter section of the Alaska Railroad became the Seward Highway in the early 1950s and the Old Seward Highway about 20 years later with the construction of a 4-lane freeway slightly to the east. The Old Seward Highway formed the backbone of what became south Anchorage, both in terms of access to residential subdivisions and homesteads, as well as businesses which catered to both nearby residents and highway travelers.
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Downtown Anchorage
Downtown Anchorage is a neighborhood in the U.S. city of Anchorage, Alaska. Considered the central business district of Anchorage, Downtown has many office buildings, cultural points of interest, shopping areas, as well as dining and nightlife attractions. Today's Downtown was the original site of the Anchorage Land Auction in 1915, which gave rise to today's present-day grid street pattern. The actual original townsite was a tent city located off the banks of Ship Creek, at present-day Government Hill.
Downtown is a major employment center for the greater Anchorage region, drawing commuters from as far away as the Matanuska-Susitna Borough. As of 2002 more than 18,000 people were working Downtown. The largest industries were services, government, and retail.
Downtown's architecture substantially defines the Anchorage skyline today. The tallest buildings in Alaska are located here, most notably the ConocoPhillips Building and the Atwood Building.
Coordinates: 61°13′07″N 149°53′29″W / 61.21861°N 149.89139°W / 61.21861; -149.89139
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Edinburg, Texas
Edinburg is a city in and the county seat of Hidalgo County, Texas, United States. The population was 77,100 at the 2010 census. The University of Texas–Pan American, the only fully accredited four-year university in the Rio Grande Valley, is located in Edinburg.
Edinburg is part of the McAllen–Edinburg–Mission and Reynosa–McAllen metropolitan areas.
In 1908, John Closner, William Briggs, Argyle McAllen, Plutarco de la Viña and Dennis B. Chapin developed a new community (the town square of which is now located at the crossroads of U.S. Highway 281 and State Highway 107). The town was named Chapin in honor of one of the developers. It became the county seat of Hidalgo County in a dramatic, nighttime covert operation in which the county records were removed from the previous county seat, Hidalgo, Texas. When Dennis Chapin was involved in the shooting death of Oscar J. Rountree at the Dan Breen Saloon in San Antonio, Texas, the community changed its name to Edinburg to honor John Young, a prominent businessman who was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. The town was incorporated in 1919.
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Fairbanks, Alaska
Fairbanks ( /ˈfɛərbæŋks/) is a home rule city in and the borough seat of the Fairbanks North Star Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska.
Fairbanks is the largest city in the Interior region of Alaska, and second largest in the state behind Anchorage. It is the principal city of the Fairbanks, Alaska, Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of the Fairbanks North Star Borough and is the northernmost Metropolitan Statistical Area in the United States.
According to 2010 census, the population of the city was 31,535, and the Fairbanks metropolitan area's population was 97,581. Fairbanks is home to the University of Alaska Fairbanks, the oldest of Alaska's current colleges.
Captain E. T. Barnette founded Fairbanks in August 1901 while headed to Tanacross (or Tanana Crossing, where the Valdez-Eagle trail crossed the Tanana River), where he intended to set up a trading post. The steamboat on which Barnette was a passenger, the Lavelle Young, ran aground while attempting to negotiate shallow water. Barnette, along with his party and supplies, were deposited along the banks of the Chena River 7 miles (11 km) upstream from its confluence with the Tanana River. The sight of smoke from the steamer's engines caught the attention of prospectors working in the hills to the north, most notably an Italian immigrant named Felice Pedroni (better known as Felix Pedro) and his partner Tom Gilmore. The two met Barnette where he disembarked and convinced him of the potential of the area. Barnette set up his trading post at the site, still intending to eventually make it to Tanacross.
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Fort Wayne, Indiana
Coordinates: 41°4′49.62″N 85°8′20.94″W / 41.08045°N 85.13915°W / 41.08045; -85.13915
Fort Wayne is a city in the US state of Indiana and the county seat of Allen County. The population was 253,691 at the 2010 Census making it the 74th largest city in the United States and the second largest in Indiana. The municipality is located in northeastern Indiana, approximately 18 miles (29 km) west of the Ohio border and 50 miles (80 km) south of the Michigan border.
Fort Wayne is the principal city of the Fort Wayne Metropolitan Statistical Area, a metropolitan area that encompasses Allen, Wells, and Whitley counties, for an estimated population of 419,453. In addition to those three counties, the Fort Wayne–Huntington–Auburn CSA, a combined statistical area, includes Adams, DeKalb, Huntington, and Noble counties, for a population of 615,077.
Under the direction of American Revolutionary War statesman General "Mad" Anthony Wayne, the United States Army built Fort Wayne last in a series of forts near the Miami Indian village of Kekionga in 1794. Named in Wayne's honor, Fort Wayne established itself at the confluence of the St. Joseph River, St. Marys River, and Maumee River as a trading post for European settlers. The village was platted in 1823 and experienced tremendous growth after completion of the Wabash and Erie Canal.
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Fort Worth, Texas
Fort Worth is the 16th-largest city in the United States of America and the fifth-largest city in the state of Texas. Located in North Central Texas, just southeast of the Texas Panhandle, the city is a cultural gateway into the American West and covers nearly 300 square miles (780 km2) in Tarrant, Denton, and Wise counties, serving as the seat for Tarrant County. According to the 2010 Census, Fort Worth had a population of 741,206. It has been estimated that by 2030 it will have 1,211,665 residents. The city is the second most populous in the Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area.
The city was established in 1849 as an Army outpost on a bluff overlooking the Trinity River. Today Fort Worth still embraces its Western heritage and traditional architecture and design.USS Fort Worth (LCS-3) is the first ship of the United States Navy named after the city.
Major General William Jenkins Worth (1794–1849) was second in command to General Zachary Taylor at the opening of the Mexican–American War in 1846. After the war, Worth was placed in command of the Department of Texas in 1849. In January 1849 Worth proposed a line of ten forts to mark the western Texas frontier from Eagle Pass to the confluence of the West Fork and Clear Fork of the Trinity River. One month later Worth died from cholera. General William S. Harney assumed command of the Department of Texas and ordered Major Ripley A. Arnold to find a new fort site near the West Fork and Clear Fork. On June 6, 1849, Arnold established a camp on the bank of the Trinity River and named the post Camp Worth in honor of the late General Worth. In August 1849 Arnold moved the camp to the north-facing bluff which overlooked the mouth of the Clear Fork of the Trinity River.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Girdwood
Girdwood is an unincorporated year-round ski resort community within the Municipality of Anchorage in the U.S. state of Alaska. It lies in a valley in the Chugach Mountains near the end of the Turnagain Arm of Cook Inlet, 36 miles (61 km) southeast of Anchorage proper.
It is surrounded by seven permanent glaciers. Summer activities include hiking, fishing and rafting, but Girdwood is best known for winter skiing and snowboarding at Alyeska Resort on Mount Alyeska. Girdwood also hosts the Girdwood Forest Fair every summer. Girdwood has the northernmost rain forest in the world.
Originally called "Glacier City," Girdwood was founded as a supply camp for placer gold miners with claims along the creeks feeding Turnagain Arm. It was renamed for Colonel James Girdwood, a Belfast-born, Scots-Irish entrepreneur and linen merchant who staked the first four gold claims along Crow Creek in 1896.
The town was moved 2.5 miles (4 km) up the valley after the devastating Good Friday Earthquake of 1964, when the land under the original townsite subsided into Turnagain Arm, putting much of the town below high tide. The land has not all since been reclaimed, as one can still see 'drowned' cabins in the marshy areas where the city formerly extended. Significant earthquakes are a relatively common occurrence for Girdwood and the Kenai peninsula. Evidence has been discovered that indicates the area has seen six major quakes in the past 3300 years.
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Harbin
Harbin (Chinese: 哈尔滨; pinyin: Hā'ěrbīn [xɑ́ɻpín]); Manchu language: 15px, Harbin; Russian: Харбин́ Kharbin listen (help·info)), is the capital and largest city of Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China, as well as the tenth most populated city in the People's Republic of China. According to the 2010 China census data, the city's municipal area has 5,878,939 inhabitants, while the total population of the sub-provincial city is 10,635,971. Harbin serves as a key political, economic, scientific, cultural and communications hub in Northeast China.
Harbin is originally a Manchu word meaning "a place for drying fishing nets." It is known for its bitterly cold winters and is often called the "Ice City." Lying on the southern bank of the Songhua River, Harbin is well known for its beautiful ice sculptures in winter and its Russian legacy and still plays an important part in Sino-Russian trade today. In the 1920s, the city was considered China's fashion capital as new designs from Paris and Moscow reached there first before arriving in Shanghai.
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Helsinki
Helsinki ( listen (help·info); Swedish: Helsingfors, listen (help·info)) is the capital and largest city in Finland. It is in the region of Uusimaa, located in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The population of the city of Helsinki is 596,233 (31 January 2012), making it by far the most populous municipality in Finland. Helsinki is located some 400 kilometres (250 mi) east of Stockholm, Sweden, 300 kilometres (190 mi) west of St. Petersburg, Russia and 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Tallinn, Estonia. Helsinki has close historical connections with these three cities.
The Helsinki Metropolitan Area includes the city of Helsinki and three other cities: Espoo and Vantaa, which immediately border Helsinki to the west and north, respectively; and Kauniainen, which is an enclave within the city of Espoo. The Helsinki metropolitan area is the world's northernmost urban area among those with a population of over one million people, and the city is the northernmost capital of a EU member state. Altogether 1.1 million people, approximately one in five Finns, live in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area.
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Hilltop Ski Area
Hilltop Ski Area is a ski area in Anchorage, Alaska established in 1984. Located in Far North Bicentennial Park near Chugach State Park at the base of the Chugach Mountains, Hilltop Ski Area is owned and operated by Youth Exploring Adventure, Inc., an Anchorage nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization established in 1979 to provide recreational programs for Anchorage youth.
Hilltop has a triple Riblet chairlift, a rope tow, a platter lift, and 30 acres (120,000 m2) groomed ranging in difficulty level from easy (80%) to more difficult (10%) to most difficult (10%). Adjacent facilities include the Karl Eid Ski Jump Complex, with 15 meter, 40 meter, and 60 meter jumps (all lighted); Hillside Park with 7.5 miles (12 km) of trails suitable for Nordic skiing; and Bicentennial Park with 20 miles (32 km.) of trails suitable for Nordic skiing.
Hilltop offers a ski school with group and private lessons in skiing and snowboarding for all people of all ages and ability levels, the after-school Hot Dogger Program for children aged 16 to 14, and Alpine Alternatives, which offers skiing instruction to people with disabilities. Hilltop's instructors are members of the Professional Ski Instructors of America. Hilltop offers ski and snowboard camps during Anchorage School District in-service days (scheduled teacher/staff training days that students get as days off), the December holiday season, and spring break.
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Homer, Alaska
Homer is a city located in Kenai Peninsula Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. According to the 2010 Census, the population is 5,003. One of Homer's nicknames is "the cosmic hamlet by the sea"; another is "the end of the road".
Homer is located at 59°38'35" North, 151°31'33" West (59.643059, -151.525900).
Homer is on the shore of Kachemak Bay on the southwest side of the Kenai Peninsula. Its most distinguishing feature is the Homer Spit, a narrow 4.5 mile (7 km) long gravel bar that extends into the bay, on which is located the Homer Harbor.
Much of the coastline as well as the Homer Spit sank dramatically during the Good Friday Earthquake in March 1964. After the earthquake, very little vegetation was able to survive on the Homer Spit.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 22.4 square miles (58 km2), of which, 10.6 square miles (27 km2) is land and 11.9 square miles (31 km2) is water. The total area is 52.83% water.
Tiller digs indicate that early Alutiiq people probably camped in the Homer area although their villages were on the far side of Kachemak Bay.
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Incheon
Coordinates: 37°29′N 126°38′E / 37.483°N 126.633°E / 37.483; 126.633
The Incheon Metropolitan City (인천, 仁川, literally 'wise river' - formerly Inchon; named Jinsen during the time of Japanese rule) is located in northwestern South Korea. The city was home to just 4,700 people when Jemulpo port was built in 1883. Today 2.76 million people live in the city, making it Korea’s third most populous city after Seoul and Busan Metropolitan City. While people have inhabited the area from the New Stone Age, the city’s growth was assured in modern times with the development of its port due to its natural advantages as a coastal city.
Incheon has since led the economic development of Korea by opening its port to the outside world, issuing in the modernization of Korea as a center of industrialization. In 2003, the city was designated as Korea’s first free economic zone. Since then, large local companies and global enterprises have increasingly invested in Incheon Free Economic Zone, including Samsung which chose Songdo International City as its new investment destination for its bio industry.
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Interior Alaska
The Alaska Interior covers most of the U.S. state's territory. It is largely wilderness. Mountains include Mount McKinley in the Alaska Range, the Wrangell Mountains, and the Ray Mountains.
The largest city in the interior is Fairbanks, Alaska's second-largest city, in the Tanana Valley. Other towns include North Pole, just southeast of Fairbanks, Eagle, Tok, Glennallen, Delta Junction, Nenana, Anderson, Healy and Cantwell.
Interior Alaska experiences extreme seasonal temperature variability. Winter temperatures in Fairbanks average −12 °F (−24 °C) and summer temperatures average +62 °F (+17 °C). Temperatures there have been recorded as low as −65 °F (−54 °C) in mid-winter, and as high as +99 °F (+37 °C) in summer. Both the highest and lowest temperature records for the state were set in the Interior, with 100 °F (38 °C) in Fort Yukon and −80 °F (−64 °C) in Prospect Creek. Temperatures within a given winter are highly variable as well; extended cold snaps of forty below zero can be followed by unseasonable warmth with temperatures above freezing due to chinook wind effects.
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Japan
Japan
i/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 
Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
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Juneau, Alaska
The City and Borough of Juneau ( /ˈdʒuːnoʊ/) is a unified municipality located on the Gastineau Channel in the panhandle of the U.S. state of Alaska. It has been the capital of Alaska since 1906, when the government of the then-District of Alaska was moved from Sitka as dictated by the U.S. Congress in 1900. The municipality unified on July 1, 1970, when the city of Juneau merged with the city of Douglas and the surrounding Greater Juneau Borough to form the current home rule municipality.
The area of Juneau is larger than that of Rhode Island and Delaware individually and almost as large as the two states combined. Downtown Juneau 58°18′07″N 134°25′11″W / 58.30194°N 134.41972°W / 58.30194; -134.41972 is nestled at the base of Mount Juneau and across the channel from Douglas Island. As of the 2010 census, the City and Borough had a population of 31,275.
Juneau is named after gold prospector Joe Juneau, though the place was for a time called Rockwell and then Harrisburg (after Juneau's co-prospector, Richard Harris). The Tlingit name of the town is Dzántik'i Héeni ("river where the flounders gather"), and Auke Bay just north of Juneau proper is called Aak'w ("little lake") in Tlingit. The Taku River, just south of Juneau, was named after the cold t'aakh wind, which occasionally blows down from the mountains.
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Kenai Peninsula
The Kenai Peninsula is a large peninsula jutting from the southern coast of Alaska in the United States. The name Kenai is probably derived from Kenayskaya, the Russian name for Cook Inlet, which borders the peninsula to the west.
The peninsula extends approximately 150 miles (240 km) southwest from the Chugach Mountains, south of Anchorage. It is separated from the mainland on the west by Cook Inlet and on the east by Prince William Sound. Most of the peninsula is part of the Kenai Peninsula Borough. Gerasim Izmailov was the first to explore and map the peninsula in 1789.
The glacier-covered Kenai Mountains (7,000 ft/2,130 m) run along the southeast spine of the peninsula along the coast of the Gulf of Alaska. Much of the range is within Kenai Fjords National Park. The northwest coast along the Cook Inlet is flatter and marshy, dotted with numerous small lakes. Several larger lakes extend through the interior of the peninsula, including Skilak Lake and Tustumena Lake. Rivers include the Kenai River, famous for its salmon population, as well as the Russian River, the Kasilof River, and the Anchor River. Kachemak Bay, a small inlet off the larger Cook Inlet, extends into the peninsula's southwest end, much of which is part of Kachemak Bay State Park
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Kenai, Alaska
Kenai ( /ˈkiːnaɪ/) is a city in Kenai Peninsula Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. According to 2005 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 7,464. In 2009, the population was 7,945.
Kenai is located at 60°33′31″N 151°13′47″W / 60.55861°N 151.22972°W / 60.55861; -151.22972 (60.558738, -151.229616).
Kenai is located on the west side of the Kenai Peninsula near the outlet of the Kenai River to the Cook Inlet of the Pacific Ocean.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 35.5 square miles (92 km2), of which, 29.9 square miles (77 km2) of it is land and 5.6 square miles (15 km2) of it (15.85%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,942 people, 2,622 households, and 1,788 families residing in the city. The population density was 232.2 people per square mile (89.6/km²). There were 3,003 housing units at an average density of 100.4 per square mile (38.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 82.76% White, 0.49% Black or African American, 8.74% Native American, 1.66% Asian, 0.23% Pacific Islander, 1.12% from other races, and 5.00% from two or more races. 3.82% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
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Ketchikan, Alaska
Ketchikan ( /ˈkɛtʃɨkæn/) is a city in Ketchikan Gateway Borough, Alaska, United States, the southeasternmost sizable city in Alaska. With an estimated population of 14,070 in 2010 within the city limits, it is the fifth most populous city in the state.
Ketchikan's economy is based upon tourism and fishing, and the city is known as the "Salmon Capital of the World." The Misty Fjords National Monument is one of the area's major attractions. For most of the latter half of the 20th century, a large portion of Ketchikan's economy and life centered around the Ketchikan Pulp Company pulp mill in nearby Ward Cove.
Ketchikan is named after Ketchikan Creek, which flows through the town. Ketchikan comes from the Tlingit name for the creek, Kitschk-hin, the meaning of which is unclear. It may mean "the river belonging to Kitschk"; other accounts claim it means "Thundering Wings of an Eagle."
Ketchikan's secondary post office box ZIP code, 99928, is the highest ZIP code ever assigned in the United States, although most residents use the ZIP code 99901. Ketchikan also has the world's largest collection of standing totem poles, found at three major locations: the City of Saxman, Totem Bight State Park, and the Totem Heritage Center. Some totem poles are replicas made during the Roosevelt Administration through the CCC, which employed Natives in replicating their heritage through carving totems.
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Kincaid Park
Kincaid Park is a 1,516.78-acre (6.1382 km2) municipal park in Anchorage, Alaska, located at 9401 W. Raspberry Road. The park is bounded on the south by Turnagain Arm, on the west by Knik Arm, and on the north by Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport. Noted for Nordic skiing trails, in snowless months the park is frequented by runners, bikers, hikers, archers, dog-trainers, motocross users, disc golfers, soccer teams, and rollerskiers. Other winter activities include snowshoeing, sledding and biathlon (many trees were cut Spring of 2006 for the biathlon range). The park was created in 1968 and in 1978 expanded to include the location of a Nike missile site. The park continues to evolve with changing demands of local residents. In 2009, a full 18 "hole" disc golf course that meanders through the wooded Mize loop area was completed. In 2010, several new soccer fields were completed and open for use in the area near the chalet.
The park gates are open seven days a week from 10:00am until 10:00pm. The chalet is open seven days a week from 10:00am until 9:45pm with holiday hours of noon until 5pm. The chalet has four areas that can be rented to the public. The Annex and different areas of the park may also be rented by the public.
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Knik River
The Knik River ( /kˈnɪk/) is a 25-mile-long (40 km) river in the U.S. state of Alaska. Its source is at Knik Glacier, from which it flows northwest and west and empties into the head of Cook Inlet's Knik Arm, near the mouth of the Matanuska River. It is bridged twice (old and new bridges) where the Old Glenn Highway crosses it near the Butte, and also bridged on the Hayflats.
It is characterized by a broad flat plain with a bed of finely ground gravel and sand. The river itself is relatively shallow and wide and considered a class I float. It drops about 400 feet from the glacier to the Salt water, or roughly 16 feet per mile. Discharge normally is about 5000 to 6000 ft3/s (140 to 170 m3/s).
The term "knik," present in the names of the river, the arm of Cook Inlet, and the glacier, as well as the communities of Knik-Fairview and Knik River, derives from the Inupiaq word igniq ("fire").
The river runs near the border between the Matanuska-Susitna Borough and the Municipality of Anchorage. Much of its length is paralleled by the paved Old Glenn Highway and the paved (as of 2000) Knik River Road, along which can be found the community of Knik River.
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Kodiak, Alaska
Kodiak (Кадьяк, Kadʹyak) is one of 7 communities and the main city on Kodiak Island, Kodiak Island Borough, in the U.S. state of Alaska. All commercial transportation between the entire island and the outside world goes through this city either via ferryboat or airline. The population was 6,130 as of the 2010 census.
Originally inhabited by Alutiiq natives for over 7000 years, the city was settled in the 18th century by the subjects of the Russian crown and became the capital of Russian Alaska. Harvesting of the area's sea otter pelts led to the near extinction of the animal in the following century and led to wars with and enslavement of the natives for over 150 years. As part of the Alaska Purchase by the United States in 1867, Kodiak became a commercial fishing center which continues to this day. A lesser economic influence includes tourism, mainly by those seeking outdoor adventure trips. Salmon, halibut, the unique Kodiak Bear, elk, Sitka Deer (black tail), and mountain goats invite hunting tourists as well as fishermen to the Kodiak Archipelago. The Alaska Department of Fish and Game maintains an office in the city and a website to help hunters and fishermen obtain the proper permits and learn about the laws specific to the Kodiak area. The city has four public elementary schools, a middle and high school, as well as a branch of the University of Alaska. An antenna farm at the summit of Pillar Mountain above the city historically provided communication with the outside world before fiber optic cable was run. Transportation to and from the island is provided by ferry service on the Alaska Marine Highway as well as local commercial airlines.
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Kotzebue, Alaska
Kotzebue (Qikiqtaġruk in Iñupiaq) is a city in Northwest Arctic Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. The population of the city was 3,201 as of the 2010 census.
Kotzebue gets its name from the Kotzebue Sound, which was named after Otto von Kotzebue, who explored the sound while searching for the Northwest Passage in the service of Russia in 1818.
Kotzebue is located at 66°53′50″N 162°35′8″W / 66.89722°N 162.58556°W / 66.89722; -162.58556 (66.897192, −162.585444).
Kotzebue lies on a gravel spit at the end of the Baldwin Peninsula in the Kotzebue Sound. It is 33 miles (53 km) north of the Arctic Circle on Alaska's western coast.
Kotzebue is approximately thirty miles from Noatak, Kiana, and other nearby smaller towns.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 28.7 square miles (74 km2), of which 27.0 square miles (70 km2) is land, and 1.6 square miles (4.1 km2), or 5.76%, is water.
Kotzebue is a gateway to Kobuk Valley National Park and other natural attractions of northern Alaska.
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Lanham, Maryland
Lanham is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Prince George's County, Maryland, in the United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 10,157. The terminal of the Washington Metro's Orange Line, as well as an Amtrak station, are across the Capital Beltway in New Carrollton, Maryland. Doctors Community Hospital is located in Lanham.
The Thomas J. Calloway House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Lanham has a total area of 3.6 square miles (9.2 km2), of which 3.5 square miles (9.1 km2) is land and 0.02 square miles (0.05 km2), or 0.54%, is water.
Lanham is served by the Prince George's County Public Schools system.
Shoppers Food & Pharmacy, software company Vocus, media company Radio One and publisher Rowman & Littlefield are based in Lanham.
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Lillehammer
Lillehammer (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈlɪləˈhɑmər] (listen)) is a town and municipality in Oppland county, Norway. It is part of the traditional region of Gudbrandsdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Lillehammer. As of May 2011, the population of the town of Lillehammer was 26,639 . The city centre is a late 19th century concentration of wooden houses, which enjoys a picturesque location overlooking the northern part of lake Mjøsa and the river Lågen, surrounded by mountains. Lillehammer hosted the 1994 Winter Olympics and will host the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics.
The municipality is named for the old timur (Old Norse: Hamarr, "rocky hill") farm, since the first church was built there. To distinguish it from the nearby town and bishopric of Hamar, it began to be called "little Hamar": Lilþlæ Hamar and Litlihamarr and finally Lillehammer.
It is also mentioned in the Old Norse sagas as Litlikaupangr ("Little Trading Place").
The coat-of-arms was granted in 1898. The arms show a birkebeiner, carrying a spear and a shield, who is skiing down a mountainside. It symbolizes the historical importance of when the Birkebeiners carried the to-be-King Haakon from Lillehammer to Rena on skis.
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Magadan
Magadan (Russian: Магада́н; IPA: [məɡɐˈdan]) is a port town and the administrative center of Magadan Oblast, Russia, located on the Sea of Okhotsk in Nagayevo Bay in the Gulf of Tauisk and serving as a gateway to the Kolyma region. Population: 95,925 (2010 Census preliminary results); 99,399 (2002 Census); 151,652 (1989 Census).
Magadan was founded in 1929 on the site of an earlier settlement from the 1920s.[citation needed] During the Stalin era, Magadan was a major transit center for prisoners sent to labor camps. From 1932 to 1953, it was the administrative center of the Dalstroy organization—a vast and brutal forced-labor gold-mining operation and corrective labor camp system. The town later served as a port for exporting gold and other metals mined in the Kolyma region. Its size and population grew quickly as facilities were rapidly developed for the expanding mining activities in the area. Town status was granted to it on July 14, 1939.[citation needed]
On an official visit in May 1944, U.S. Vice-President Henry Wallace failed to understand the true nature of Magadan. The watchtowers had been temporarily taken down and the prisoners were locked up, while a model farm had been set up for his inspection. He took an instant liking to his secret policeman host, admired handiwork done by prisoners, and later glowingly called the city a combination of Tennessee Valley Authority and Hudson's Bay Company. Eight years later he apologized for not understanding the true situation.
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Matanuska River
The Matanuska River is a river, approximately 75 miles (120 km) long, in Southcentral Alaska, United States. It drains a broad valley south of the Alaska Range known as the Matanuska-Susitna Valley.
Its headwaters are at Matanuska Glacier in the northern Chugach Mountains, approximately 100 miles (160 km) northeast of Anchorage. It flows generally west-southwest through the Mat-Su Valley, between the Chugach range to the south and the Talkeetna Mountains to the north. It flows past Palmer and enters the Knik Arm of Cook Inlet from the northeast approximately 25 mi (40 km) northeast of Anchorage.
The Mat-Su Valley is one of the most settled regions of Alaska and one of the few areas in the state to support agriculture. The river is a popular destination for whitewater rafting.
The indigenous Dena'ina Athabascan name for the rive river is Ch'atanhtnu, based on the root -tanh 'trail extends out', meaning literally 'trail comes out river'. The English place name Matanuska derives from the Dena'ina 'Ch'atanhtnu Li'a', referring to the Matanuska Glacier.Li'a is the Dena'ina word for 'glacier' or 'ice'.
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Montenegro
Montenegro (i/ˌmɒntɨˈneɪɡroʊ/ or /ˌmɒntɨˈniːɡroʊ/; or /ˌmɒntɨˈnɛɡroʊ/; Montenegrin: Crna Gora Црна Гора [tsr̩̂ːnaː ɡɔ̌ra] ( listen), meaning "Black Mountain") is a country in Southeastern Europe. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south-west and is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast and Albania to the southeast. Its capital and largest city is Podgorica, while Cetinje is designated as the Prijestonica (Пријестоница), meaning the former Royal Capital City.
In the 10th century, there existed three Slavic principalities on the territory of Montenegro: Duklja, roughly corresponding to the southern half, Travunia, the west, and Rascia, the north. In 1042, archon Stefan Vojislav led a revolt that resulted in independence of Duklja and the establishment of the Vojislavljević dynasty. Duklja reached its zenith under Vojislav's son, Mihailo (1046–81), and his son Bodin (1081–1101). By the 13th century, Zeta had replaced Duklja when referring to the realm, which at the time was part of the Serbian Grand Principality of the Nemanjić dynasty.
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Mulcahy Stadium
Mulcahy Stadium is a 3,500-capacity baseball park in Anchorage, Alaska. Built in 1964, it is home to two teams of the Alaska Baseball League: the Anchorage Glacier Pilots and Anchorage Bucs. In addition to the Glacier Pilots and Bucs, high school and American Legion games are played at Mulcahy. The ballpark is named after former Alaska Railroad station auditor assistant William Mulcahy. It is located west of the Sullivan Arena across a parking lot. It has a natural grass outfield and an infield of FieldTurf. It has one of the largest capacities of any outdoor sports facility in Alaska. In 1999, five sections of aluminum bleachers were removed so that the Bucs' 3rd base clubhouse could be built. There are two rows of seating in front of the Bucs' clubhouse containing seats that were formerly used at the Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum.
The OF dimensions are as follows, LF 325 CF 398 RF 325 backstop 60
There have been talks of demolishing the ballpark in favor of a new, modern park, with the hopes of attracting a minor league team, but no advances have been made.
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Murmansk
Murmansk (Russian: Му́рманск; Kildin Sami: Мурман ланнҍ; Northern Sami: Murmánska; Skolt Sami: Muurman) is a city and the administrative center of Murmansk Oblast, Russia. It serves as a seaport and is located in the extreme northwest part of Russia, on the Kola Bay, 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) from the Barents Sea on the northern shore of the Kola Peninsula, not far from Russia's borders with Norway and Finland. Population: 307,664 (2010 Census preliminary results); 336,137 (2002 Census); 468,039 (1989 Census). Despite its rapidly declining population, Murmansk remains the largest city north of the Arctic Circle.
Murmansk was the last city founded in the Russian Empire.[citation needed] In 1915, World War I needs led to the construction of the railroad from Petrozavodsk to an ice-free location on the Murman Coast in the Russian Arctic, to which Russia's allies shipped military supplies. The terminus became known as the Murman station, and soon boasted a port, a naval base, and an adjacent settlement with a population which quickly grew in size and soon surpassed the nearby towns of Alexandrovsk and Kola.
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New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] (
listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
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Nome, Alaska
Nome (Siqnazuaq in Iñupiaq) is a city in the Nome Census Area in the Unorganized Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska, located on the southern Seward Peninsula coast on Norton Sound of the Bering Sea. According to the 2010 Census, the city population was 3,598. Nome was incorporated on April 9, 1901, and was once the most populous city in Alaska. Nome lies within the region of the Bering Straits Native Corporation (BSNC).
The city of Nome claims to be home to the world's largest gold pan, although this claim has been disputed by the Canadian city of Quesnel, British Columbia.
In the winter of 1925, a diphtheria epidemic raged among Inuit in the Nome area. Fierce territory-wide blizzard conditions prevented delivery of a life-saving serum by airplane from Anchorage. A relay of dog sled teams was organized to deliver the serum. The annual Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race commemorates this historic event.
The origin of the city's name "Nome" is still under debate. The name may have been given by Nome's founder, Jafet Lindeberg: within trekking distance of his childhood home in Kvænangen, Norway, there is a Nome valley (Norwegian: Nomedalen).
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North Pole, Alaska
North Pole is a small city in the Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska, United States. It is part of the Fairbanks, Alaska metropolitan statistical area. The U.S. Census Bureau estimated its population as of July 1, 2009 at 2,226. It is not the actual North Pole.
The name "North Pole" is often applied to the entire area covered by its zip code, 99705. This area stretches between Fort Wainwright and Eielson Air Force Base, and between the Chena River and the Tanana River, including subdivisions off of Badger Road, a loop road connecting the eastern edge of Fairbanks city limits with North Pole city limits, and in the nearby census-designated place of Moose Creek. Despite the name, the city is about 1,700 miles (2,700 km) south of Earth's geographic North Pole.
The city is a summertime attraction for tourists visiting nearby Fairbanks, and due to its location on the Richardson Highway, those traveling to and from the Alaska Highway and Valdez. North Pole is home to two oil refineries, the town's major industry aside from tourism. The larger refinery, operated by Flint Hills Resources, is a major source of jet fuel for Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport. Tanker car traffic on the Alaska Railroad, entering and leaving the refinery, frequently bisects the city.
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Norway
Norwayi/ˈnɔrweɪ/ (Norwegian: Norge (Bokmål) or Noreg (Nynorsk)), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and the subantarctic Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres (148,747 sq mi) and a population of about 5 million. It is the second least densely populated country in Europe. The majority of the country shares a border to the east with Sweden; its northernmost region is bordered by Finland to the south and Russia to the east; in its south Norway borders the Skagerrak Strait across from Denmark. The capital city of Norway is Oslo. Norway's extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea, is home to its famous fjords.
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Oregon
Oregon (i/ˈɔrɨɡən/ ORR-ə-gən) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located on the Pacific coast, with Washington to the north, California to the south, Nevada on the southeast and Idaho to the east. The Columbia and Snake rivers delineate much of Oregon's northern and eastern boundaries, respectively. The area was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before the arrival of traders, explorers, and settlers who formed an autonomous government in Oregon Country in 1843. The Oregon Territory was created in 1848, and Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14, 1859.
Oregon is the 9th most extensive and the 27th most populous of the 50 United States. Salem is the state's capital and third-most-populous city; Portland is the most populous. Portland is the 29th-largest U.S. city, with a population of 583,776 (2010 US Census) and a metro population of 2,241,841 (2009 estimate), the 23rd-largest U.S. metro area. The valley of the Willamette River in western Oregon is the state's most densely populated area and is home to eight of the ten most populous cities.
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Oslo
Oslo (English pronunciation: /ˈɒzloʊ/, OZ-loh,Norwegian pronunciation: [²ʊʃlʊ] ( listen) or [²ʊslʊ]) is the capital of and most populous city in Norway. Founded around 1048 by King Harald III, the city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V around 1300. Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814 and with Sweden from 1814 to 1905 reduced its influence. After being destroyed by a fire in 1624, the city was moved closer to Akershus Castle during the reign of King Christian IV and renamed Christiania in his honour. It was established as a municipality (formannskapsdistrikt) on 1 January 1838. Following a spelling reform, it was known as Kristiania from 1877 to 1925, when its original Norwegian name was restored.
Oslo is the economic and governmental centre of Norway. The city is also a hub of Norwegian trade, banking, industry and shipping. It is an important centre for maritime industries and maritime trade in Europe. The city is home to many companies within the maritime sector, some of which are amongst the world's largest shipping companies, shipbrokers and maritime insurance brokers. Oslo is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission intercultural cities programme.
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Palmer, Alaska
Palmer is the borough seat of the Matanuska-Susitna Borough in the state of Alaska, USA. It is part of the Anchorage Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, the population of the city is 5,937.
The first people to live in the Matanuska Valley, where Palmer is located, were the Dena’ina and Ahtna Athabaskans. They moved throughout the area, living a subsistence lifestyle and trading with other native groups. Their trade routes were along the Matanuska River. Russians came to Alaska in 1741 and brought the Russian Orthodox religious tradition to the indigenous peoples of the region. In the mid-1880s, an entrepreneur named George W. Palmer built a trading post on the Matanuska River, near present-day Palmer. The town was later named after this Alaskan pioneer.
In the late 19th century, the U.S. government began to take interest in the Matanuska coal fields located north of Palmer. This interest sparked financiers to consider constructing the Alaska Central Railroad in 1904. The advent of WWI created a need for high quality coal to fuel US battleships and by 1917 the US Navy had constructed rail from the port of Seward to the Chickaloon coal deposits. At the end of WWI,the US Navy distributed land in the coal fields to war veterans and additional land was opened to homesteading. Farmers, miners and homesteaders began to populate the area. The Palmer Post Office was opened July 6, 1917 under the name of Warton. With railroad accessibility, new markets for agriculture began to open up for farmers in the Matanuska Valley.
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Petersburg, Alaska
Petersburg (Tlingit: "Steamboat Canyon") is a city in Petersburg Census Area, Alaska, in the United States. According to 2009 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 2,824 full time residents.
The north end of Mitkof Island was a summer fish camp utilized by Kake Tlingits from Kupreanof Island. Remnants of fish traps and some petroglyphs have been carbon-dated back some 2,000 years. Petersburg was named after Peter Buschmann, a Norwegian immigrant. He built a cannery, sawmill, docks and early structures. Petersburg flourished as a fishing port. (thanks in part to the plentiful number of icebergs from the nearby LeConte Glacier which would provide a source for cooling fish). His colony grew into Petersburg which, by 1910 was incorporated and was populated largely by people of Scandinavian origin thus giving Petersburg the nickname "Little Norway". May 17 (Norwegian Constitution Day) is celebrated annually in Petersburg on the third weekend in May. The cannery, along with three others have operated continuously since their completion. With the establishment of the cannery, Alaskan Natives, including Chief John Lott, began living year-round at the site.
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Philadelphia
Philadelphia ( /ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə/) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Philadelphia County, with which it is coterminous. The city is located in the Northeastern United States along the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers. It is the fifth-most-populous city in the United States, with a population of 1,526,006 as of the 2010 U.S. Census. Philadelphia is also the commercial, cultural, and educational center of the Delaware Valley, home to 6 million people and the country's fifth-largest metropolitan area. The Philadelphia metropolitan division consists of five counties in Pennsylvania and has a population of 4,008,994. Popular nicknames for Philadelphia are Philly and The City of Brotherly Love, the latter of which comes from the literal meaning of the city's name in Greek (Greek: Φιλαδέλφεια ([pʰilaˈdelpʰeːa], Modern Greek: [filaˈðelfia]) "brotherly love", compounded from philos (φίλος) "loving", and adelphos (ἀδελφός) "brother").
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Phoenix, Arizona
Phoenix ( /ˈfiːnɪks/ FEE-niks; O'odham: Ski:kigk; Yavapai: Wathinka or Wakatehe; Western Apache: Fiinigis; Navajo: Hoozdoh; Mojave: Hachpa 'Anya Nyava) is the capital, and largest city, of the U.S. state of Arizona, as well as the sixth most populous city in the United States. Phoenix is home to 1,445,632 people according to the official 2010 U.S. Census Bureau data. It is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area (also known as the Valley of the Sun), and is the 12th largest metro area by population in the United States with about 4.2 million people in 2010. In addition, Phoenix is the county seat of Maricopa County, and is one of the largest cities in the United States by land area. Phoenix is the largest capital city in the United States and the only state capital with over 1,000,000 people.
Phoenix was incorporated as a city in 1881, after being founded in 1861 near the Salt River, close to the confluence with the Gila River. The city has a notable and famous political culture and has been home to numerous influential American politicians and other dignitaries, including Barry Goldwater, William Rehnquist, John McCain, Carl Hayden, and Sandra Day O'Connor. Residents of the city are known as Phoenicians.
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Point Woronzof Park
Point Woronzof Park (also known as The Neverlands, or Seven Hills Ski Park) is a municipal park in Anchorage, Alaska. The park is excellent for backcountry skiing or snowshoeing in the winter, and biking or running in the summer.
The park is almost wholly undeveloped and has no current plans for any development. (In 2008, the airport introduced plans which would have obliterated the park, but these plans were publicly derided and the airport director "retired" shortly thereafter.) A Phillips gasline right-of-way crosses the park near its southern end.
The park is home to flora and fauna similar to its larger neighbor, Kincaid Park (accessible several kilometers down the Coastal Trail.) Fox, lynx, and many moose are known to inhabit the park. Trees are mostly Birch (especially on the hills), Spruce, cottonwood, and Alder. Devil's Club and Elderberry are endemic.
This 191.7-acre (0.776 km2) park is located next to the Knik Arm of Cook Inlet, between Pt. Woronzof and Pt. Campbell (Kincaid Park). The park is bounded on the West by the ocean (which the Tony Knowles Coastal Trail runs along), the North by municipal lands associated with the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP), the east by a still wild swath of airport property (a STP powerline easement marks the boundary), the south by Heritage Land Bank lands and airport lands (an overhead powerline marks the boundary).
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Prince William Sound
Prince William Sound is a sound of the Gulf of Alaska on the south coast of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is located on the east side of the Kenai Peninsula. Its largest port is Valdez, at the southern terminus of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. Other settlements on the sound, which contains numerous small islands, include Cordova and Whittier plus the Alaska native villages of Chenega and Tatitlek.
It was named by George Vancouver in 1778 to honour George III's son William IV of the United Kingdom.
Most of the land surrounding Prince William Sound is part of the Chugach National Forest, the second largest national forest in the U.S. Prince William Sound is ringed by the steep and glaciated Chugach Mountains. The coastline is convoluted, with many islands and fjords, several of which contain tidewater glaciers. The principal barrier islands forming the sound are Montague Island, Hinchinbrook Island, and Hawkins Island.
James Cook entered Prince William Sound in 1778 and named it Sandwich Sound, after his patron the Earl of Sandwich. The editors of Cook's maps changed the name to Prince William Sound, in honor of Prince William, who would later become King William IV.
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Prudhoe Bay, Alaska
Prudhoe Bay or Sagavanirktok ( /ˈpruːdoʊ/) is a census-designated place (CDP) located in North Slope Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2010 census, the population of the CDP was 2,174 people; however, at any given time several thousand transient workers support the Prudhoe Bay oil field. The airport, lodging, and general store are located at Deadhorse; the rigs and processing facilities are located on scattered gravel pads laid atop the tundra. It is only during winter that the surface is hard enough to support heavy equipment and new construction happens at that time.
Prudhoe Bay is the unofficial northern terminus of the Pan-American Highway. A few tourists, arriving by bus after a two-day ride up the Dalton Highway from Fairbanks, come to see the tundra, the Arctic Ocean, and the midnight sun, staying in lodgings assembled from modular buildings.
Prudhoe Bay was named in 1826 by British explorer Sir John Franklin after his classmate Captain Algernon Percy, Baron Prudhoe.
Prudhoe Bay is located at 70°19′32″N 148°42′41″W / 70.325490°N 148.711387°W / 70.325490; -148.711387.
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Reykjavík
Reykjavík (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈreiːcaˌviːk] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city in Iceland.
Its latitude, at 64°08' N, makes it the world's northernmost capital of a sovereign state. It is located in southwestern Iceland, on the southern shore of Faxaflói Bay. With a population of around 120,000 (and over 200,000 in the Greater Reykjavík Area), it is the heart of Iceland's economic and governmental activity.
Reykjavík is believed to be the location of the first permanent settlement in Iceland, which Ingólfur Arnarson is said to have established around 870 C.E. Until the 18th century, there was no urban development in the city location. The city was founded in 1786 as an official trading town and grew steadily over the next decades, as it transformed into a regional and later national centre of commerce, population, and governmental activities.
The first permanent settlement in Iceland by Norsemen is believed to have been established in Reykjavík by Ingólfur Arnarson around AD 870; this is described in Landnámabók, or the Book of Settlement. Ingólfur Arnarson is said to have decided the location of his settlement using a traditional Viking method; by casting his high seat pillars (Öndvegissúlur) into the ocean when he saw the coastline, then settled where the pillars came to shore. Steam from hot springs in the region is said to have inspired Reykjavík's name, which loosely translates to Smoke Cove (the city is often referred to as the Bay of Smokes or Bay of Smoke) The original name was Reykjarvík with an additional "r" that vanished around 1300.[citation needed]
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Roanoke, Virginia
Roanoke is an independent city in the Mid-Atlantic U.S. state of Virginia and is the tenth-largest city in the Commonwealth. It is located in the Roanoke Valley of the Roanoke Region of Virginia. The population within the city limits was 97,032 as of 2010. It is the largest municipality in Southwest Virginia, and is the principal municipality of the Roanoke Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). In 2009 the Roanoke MSA had an estimated population of 303,418 residents. It is composed of the independent cities of Roanoke and Salem, and the counties of Botetourt, Craig, Franklin and Roanoke. Bisected by the Roanoke River, Roanoke is the commercial and cultural hub of much of the surrounding area of Virginia and Southwest Virginia.
The town first called Big Lick was established in 1852 and chartered in 1874. It was named for a large outcropping of salt which drew the wildlife to the site near the Roanoke River. In 1882 it became the town of Roanoke, and in 1884 it was chartered as the independent city of Roanoke. The name Roanoke is said to have originated from an Algonquian word for shell "money". This was also the name of the river that bisected it (probably where shells had come from) and the county. The city grew frequently through annexation through the middle of the twentieth century. The last annexation was in 1976. The state legislature has since prohibited cities from annexing land from adjacent counties. Roanoke's location in the Blue Ridge Mountains, in the middle of the Roanoke Valley between Maryland and Tennessee, made it the transportation hub of western Virginia and contributed to its rapid growth.
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Rockville, Maryland
Rockville is the county seat of Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is a major incorporated city in the central part of Montgomery County and forms part of the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area. The 2010 U.S. Census tabulated the city's population at 61,209, making it the third largest incorporated city in Maryland, behind Baltimore and Frederick.
Rockville, along with neighboring Gaithersburg and Bethesda, is at the core of the Interstate 270 Technology Corridor which is home to numerous software and biotechnology companies as well as several federal government institutions. The city also has several upscale regional shopping centers and is one of the major retail hubs in Montgomery County.
Situated in Piedmont region and crossed by three creeks (Rock Creek, Cabin John Creek, and Watts Branch), Rockville provided an excellent refuge for semi-nomadic Native Americans as early as 8000 BC. By the first millennium BC, a few of these groups had settled down into year-round agricultural communities that exploited the native flora, including sunflowers and marsh elder. By AD 1200, these early groups (dubbed Montgomery Indians by later archaeologists) were increasingly drawn into conflict with the Senecas and Susquehannocks who had migrated south from Pennsylvania and New York. Within the present-day boundaries of the city, six prehistoric sites have been uncovered and documented, and borne artifacts several thousand years old. By the year 1700, under pressure from European colonists, the majority of these original inhabitants had been driven away.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербург, tr. Sankt-Peterburg; IPA: [sankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] ( listen)) is a city and a federal subject (a federal city) of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. In 1914 the name of the city was changed to Petrograd (Russian: Петроград; IPA: [pʲɪtrɐˈgrat]), in 1924 to Leningrad (Russian: Ленинград; IPA: [lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat]) and in 1991 back to Saint Petersburg.
In Russian literature, informal documents, and discourse, the "Saint" (Санкт-) is usually omitted, leaving Petersburg (Петербург, Peterburg). In common parlance Russians may drop "-burg" (-бург) as well, leaving only Peter (Питер, Russian: [ˈpʲitʲɪr]).
Saint Petersburg was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 27 [O.S. 16] 1703. From 1713 to 1728 and from 1732 to 1918, Saint Petersburg was the Imperial capital of Russia. In 1918 the central government bodies moved from Saint Petersburg (then named Petrograd) to Moscow. It is Russia's second largest city after Moscow with almost 5 million inhabitants. Saint Petersburg is a major European cultural center, and also an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea.
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San Antonio
San Antonio ( /ˌsænænˈtoʊni.oʊ/) is the seventh-largest city in the United States of America and the second-largest within the state of Texas, with a population of 1.3 million. It was the fastest growing of the top 10 largest cities in the United States from 2000-2010, and the second from 1990-2000. Located in the American Southwest and the south–central part of Texas, the city serves as the seat of Bexar County. San Antonio has characteristics of other western urban centers in which there are sparsely populated areas and a low density rate outside of the city limits. The city is one of the two principal municipalities of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan area, the other being New Braunfels. Commonly referred to as Greater San Antonio, the metropolitan area has a population of 2.2 million based on the 2011 U.S. Census estimate, making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in the state of Texas.
The city was named for San Antonio de Padua, whose feast day is on June 13, when a Spanish expedition stopped in the area in 1691. Famous for Spanish missions, the Alamo, the River Walk, the Tower of the Americas, the Alamo Bowl, Marriage Island and host to SeaWorld and Six Flags Fiesta Texas theme parks, the city is visited by approximately 26 million tourists per year according to the San Antonio Convention and Visitors Bureau. The city is home to the four-time NBA champion San Antonio Spurs and the annual San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo, one of the largest in the country.
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Seward Highway
The Seward Highway is a highway in the U.S. state of Alaska that extends 125 miles (201 km) from Seward to Anchorage. It was completed in 1951 and runs through the scenic Kenai Peninsula, Chugach National Forest, Turnagain Arm, and Kenai Mountains. The Seward Highway is numbered Alaska Route 9 (AK-9) for the first 37 miles (60 km) from Seward to the Sterling Highway, and AK-1 for the remaining distance to Anchorage. At the junction with the Sterling Highway, AK-1 turns west towards Sterling and Homer. About eight miles (13 km) of the Seward Highway leading into Anchorage is built to freeway standards. In Anchorage, the Seward Highway terminates at an intersection with 5th Avenue, which AK-1 is routed to, and which then leads to the Glenn Highway freeway.
The first portion of the Seward Highway was completed in 1923, and the highway was finished on October 9, 1951. The entire course of the highway was paved in 1952. In 1989, the highway was designated as a scenic byway by the U.S. Forest Service. The state of Alaska added the highway to its byway system in 1993, and in 2000 it was designated as an All-American Road, or National Scenic Byway.
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Seward Peninsula
The Seward Peninsula is a large peninsula on the western coast of the U.S. state of Alaska. It projects about 320 kilometers (200 mi) into the Bering Sea between Norton Sound, the Bering Strait, the Chukchi Sea, and Kotzebue Sound, just below the Arctic Circle. The entire peninsula is about 330 kilometers (210 mi) long and 145 km (90 mi)-225 km (140 mi) wide.
The Seward Peninsula was once part of the Bering land bridge, a roughly thousand mile wide swath of land connecting Siberia with mainland Alaska during the Pleistocene Ice Age. This land bridge aided in the migration of humans, as well as plant and animal species from Asia to North America. Archeological discoveries throughout the Seward Peninsula show proof that Inupiat Eskimos have been living in the region for thousands of years.[dubious – discuss] Excavations at sites such as the Trail Creek Caves and Cape Espenberg in the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve as well as Cape Denbigh to the south have provided insight into the timeline of prehistorical migrations from Asia to the Seward Peninsula.
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Seward, Alaska
Seward is a city in Kenai Peninsula Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. According to 2005 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 3,016.
It was named after William H. Seward, United States Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. In 1867, he fought for the U.S. purchase of Alaska which he finally negotiated to acquire from Russia.
In 1793 Alexander Baranov of the Shelikhov-Golikov company (precursor of the Russian-American Company) established a fur trade post on Resurrection Bay where Seward is today, and had a three-masted vessel, the Phoenix, built at the post by James Shields, an English shipwright in Russian service.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 21.5 square miles (56 km2), of which, 14.4 square miles (37 km2) of it is land and 7.1 square miles (18 km2) of it (32.93%) is water.
Adjoining communities include Bear Creek and Lowell Point.
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,830 people, 917 households, and 555 families residing in the city. The population density was 196.0 people per square mile (75.7/km²). There were 1,058 housing units at an average density of 73.3 per square mile (28.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 72.12% White, 2.44% Black or African American, 16.68% Native American, 1.84% Asian, 0.18% Pacific Islander, 0.88% from other races, and 5.87% from two or more races. 2.40% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
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Ship Creek
Ship Creek is an Alaskan river that flows from the Chugach Mountains into Cook Inlet. The Port of Anchorage at the mouth of Ship Creek gave its name ("Knik Anchorage") to the city of Anchorage that grew up nearby. The river lies entirely within the limits of the Municipality of Anchorage, Alaska.
Coordinates: 61°13′34″N 149°53′33″W / 61.22611°N 149.8925°W / 61.22611; -149.8925
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Sitka, Alaska
The City and Borough of Sitka, formerly called New Archangelsk (Russian: "Новоaрхангельск" or "Ново-Архангельск"; transliterated: "Novoarkhangelsk" or "New-Arkhangelsk") under Russian Rule, is a unified city-borough located on Baranof Island and the southern half of Chichagof Island in the Alexander Archipelago of the Pacific Ocean (part of the Alaska Panhandle), in the U.S. state of Alaska. With a population of 8,881 as of 2010, Sitka is the fourth-largest city by population in Alaska. Urban Sitka (Downtown) 57°03′5.62″N 135°20′19.11″W / 57.0515611°N 135.3386417°W / 57.0515611; -135.3386417, the part that is usually thought of as the "city" of Sitka, is situated on the west side of Baranof Island.
The current name "Sitka" (derived from Sheet’ká, a contraction of the Tlingit name Shee At'iká) means "People on the Outside of Shee", Sheet’-ká X'áat'l (often expressed simply as Shee) being the Tlingit name for Baranof Island.
Sitka's location was originally settled by the Tlingit people over 10,000 years ago. The Russian heritage of Sitka did not begin until Old Sitka was founded in 1799 by Alexandr Baranov, the governor of Russian America. Baranov arrived under the auspices of the Russian-American Company, a "semi-official" colonial trading company chartered by Tsar Paul I.
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Soldotna, Alaska
Soldotna is a city in Kenai Peninsula Borough, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 4,163. It is the seat of the Kenai Peninsula Borough.
In 1947, after World War II, the United States government allowed settling of land on parts of the Kenal Peninsula under the Homestead Act. Veterans of the United States armed services were given a 90-day preference over non-veterans in selecting land and filing for property. Also in that year, the Sterling Highway right-of-way was cleared of trees from Cooper Landing to Kenai. The location of present-day Soldotna was selected as the site for the highway's bridge crossing the Kenai River.
The construction of the Sterling Highway provided a link from the Soldotna area to the outside world. More homesteads were taken and visitors came to fish in the area. The Soldotna post office opened in 1949 and other businesses opened in the next few years.
Oil was discovered in the Swanson River region in 1957, bringing some new economic development to the area. In 1960, Soldotna was incorporated as a city with a population of 332.
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South Korea
South Korea ( listen), officially the Republic of Korea (Hangul: 대한민국; Hanja: 大韓民國; Daehan Minguk listen), is a sovereign state in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The name "Korea" is derived from Goryeo, a dynasty which ruled in the Middle Ages (an initial "G" in Korean is pronounced like an English "K").
Its neighbors are China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the Korea Strait to the south. South Korea lies in the north temperate zone with a predominantly mountainous terrain. It covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of almost 50 million. The capital and largest city is Seoul, with a population of 9,794,304.
Archaeological findings show that the Korean Peninsula was occupied by the Lower Paleolithic period.Korean history begins with the founding of Gojoseon in 2333 BC by the legendary Dan-gun. Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea under Silla 668 AD, Korea went through the Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty as one nation until the end of the Korean Empire in 1910, when it was annexed by Japan. After liberation and occupation by Soviet and U.S. forces at the end of World War II, the nation was divided into North and South Korea. The latter was established in 1948 as a democracy, though political turmoil and times of military rule and martial law characterized much of the period until the foundation of the Sixth Republic in 1987.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Stockholm
Stockholm (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈstɔkːˈhɔlm, ˈstɔkːˈɔlm, ˈstɔkːɔlm]( listen to the second one)) is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 864,324 in the municipality (2010), 1.4 million in the urban area (2010), and around 2.1 million in the 6,519 km2 (2,517.00 sq mi) metropolitan area (2010). As of 2010, the Stockholm metropolitan area is home to approximately 22% of Sweden's population.
Founded no later than c. 1250, possibly as early as 1187, Stockholm has long been one of Sweden's cultural, media, political, and economic centres. Its strategic location on 14 islands on the south-central east coast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago, has been historically important. Stockholm has been nominated by GaWC as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-. In The 2008 Global Cities Index, Stockholm ranked 24th in the world, 10th in Europe, and first in Scandinavia. Stockholm is known for its beauty, its buildings and architecture, its abundant clean and open water, and its many parks. It is sometimes referred to as Venice of the North.
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Tacoma, Washington
Tacoma ( /təˈkoʊmə/, US dict: tə·kō′·mə) is a mid-sized urban port city and the county seat of Pierce County, Washington, United States. The city is on Washington's Puget Sound, 32 miles (51 km) southwest of Seattle, 31 miles (50 km) northeast of the state capital, Olympia, and 58 miles (93 km) northwest of Mount Rainier National Park. The population was 198,397, according to the 2010 census. Tacoma is the second-largest city in the Puget Sound area and the third largest in the state. Tacoma also serves as the center of business activity for the South Sound region that has a population of around 1 million people.
Tacoma adopted its name after the nearby Mount Rainier, originally called Mount Tahoma. It is known as the "City of Destiny" because the area was chosen to be the western terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad in the late 19th century. The decision of the railroad was influenced by Tacoma's neighboring deep-water harbor, Commencement Bay. By connecting the bay with the railroad Tacoma's motto became "When rails meet sails." Today Commencement Bay serves the Port of Tacoma, a center of international trade on the Pacific Coast and Washington state's largest port.
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Talkeetna, Alaska
Talkeetna is a census-designated place (CDP) in Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska, United States. It is part of the Anchorage, Alaska Metropolitan Statistical Area. At the 2010 census the population was 876.
Talkeetna is located at 62°18′41″N 150°5′13″W / 62.31139°N 150.08694°W / 62.31139; -150.08694 (62.311397, -150.087053) at the confluence of three rivers, the Susitna, Chulitna and Talkeetna. The Talkeetna townsite was established in 1919 when the railroad surveyed and auctioned 80 lots. The average price at the sale was $14.25. Flightseeing, rafting, mountain biking, hiking, camping, fishing and hunting make up a large portion of the local economy. Talkeetna is a 2.5 hour drive from Anchorage, the largest city in Alaska. The core downtown area is classified as a National Historic Site, with buildings dating from the early 1900s including Nagley's General Store, Fairview Inn and the Talkeetna Roadhouse.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 42.9 square miles (111 km2), of which, 41.6 square miles (108 km2) of it is land and 1.4 square miles (3.6 km2) of it (3.19%) is water.
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Tanana Valley
The Tanana Valley is a lowland region in central Alaska in the United States, on the north side of the Alaska Range where the Tanana River emerges from the mountains.
The region experiences great extremes of temperature during the year. During the winter months, the air is prone to stratification due to temperature inversions, leading to thick fogs. During the summer, the surrounding plains are generally boglike, and include much permafrost and many pingoes.
The Tanana Valley is the most populated area of Alaska north of the Alaska Range. Its largest city is Fairbanks. Other communities include:
Coordinates: 64°24′N 147°00′W / 64.4°N 147.0°W / 64.4; -147.0
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Tent city
A tent city is a temporary housing facility made using tents or other temporary structures. Informal tent cities may be set up without authorization by homeless people or protesters. As well, state governments or military organizations set up tent cities to house refugees, evacuees, or soldiers. Tent cities set up by homeless people may be similar to shanty towns, which are informal settlements in which the buildings are made from scrap building materials.
In the military, the term "tent city" usually refers to temporary living quarters erected on deployed military bases, such as those found in Bosnia and Herzegovina or Iraq. Depending on the branch of service and the length of time the tent city has been in place, the living space may be equipped with most modern amenities. For sanitary reasons, military tent cities place toilet, shower, and laundry facilities at least 50 feet (15 m) from living quarters. Also, tents are typically divided into clusters of 8-10 to prevent the rapid spread of fire, which is of utmost concern because of the tent and bedding materials.
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Texas
Texas (i/ˈtɛksəs/) (Alibamu: Teksi ) is the second most populous and the second most extensive of the 50 United States, and the most extensive state of the 48 contiguous United States. The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in East Texas. Located in the South Central United States, Texas shares an international border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south, and borders the US states of New Mexico to the west, Oklahoma to the north, Arkansas to the northeast, and Louisiana to the east. Texas has an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km2), and a growing population of 25.7 million residents.
During the Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas: La Provincia de Texas. Antonio Margil de Jesús was known to be the first person to use the name in a letter to the Viceroy of Mexico in July 20, 1716. The name was not popularly used in daily speech but often appeared in legal documents until the end of the 1800s.
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Tok Cut-Off
The Tok Cut-Off is a highway in the U.S. state of Alaska, running 125 miles (201 km) from Gakona Junction on the Richardson Highway, 14 miles (23 km) north of Glennallen, to Tok on the Alaska Highway.
The road was built in the 1940s and 1950s to connect Tok more directly with the Richardson Highway. It was called a "cut-off" because it allowed motor travelers coming north on the Alaska Highway to travel to Valdez and Anchorage without going to Delta Junction and then traveling south on the Richardson Highway, taking 120 miles (193 km) off the trip.
It is sometimes considered to be part of the Glenn Highway (q.v.).
Coordinates: 62°42′57.16″N 144°08′03.39″W / 62.7158778°N 144.134275°W / 62.7158778; -144.134275
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Toledo, Ohio
Toledo is the fourth most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Lucas County. Toledo is in northwest Ohio, on the western end of Lake Erie, and borders the State of Michigan. The city was founded in 1833 on the west bank of the Maumee River, originally incorporated as part of Monroe County, Michigan Territory, then re-founded in 1837, after conclusion of the Toledo War, when it was incorporated in Ohio. Toledo grew quickly as a result of the Miami and Erie Canal and its position on the railway line between New York and Chicago. It has since become a city well known for its industry, particularly in glass and auto assembly, as well as for its art community, education, and local sports teams. The population of Toledo as of the 2010 Census was 287,208, while the Toledo metropolitan area had a population of 651,409.
French trading posts operated in the area as far back as 1680. The area was first settled by Americans in 1845, after the Battle of Fallen Timbers, with the founding of Fort Industry. However, many settlers fled the area during the War of 1812. Resettlement began around 1868 when a Cincinnati syndicate purchased a 974-acre (3.9 km2) tract at the mouth of Cedar Creek and named it Port Lawrence, creating the modern downtown area. Immediately to the north of that, another syndicate founded the town of Vistula, the historic north end. These two towns physically bordered each other with Cherry Street dividing them. This is why present day streets on the northeast side of Cherry Street run at a slightly different angle from those to the southwest of it.
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Tupelo, Mississippi
Tupelo /ˈtuːpəloʊ/ is the largest city in and the county seat of Lee County, Mississippi. It is the seventh largest city in the state of Mississippi, smaller than Meridian, and larger than Greenville. As of the 2000 United States Census, the city's population was 34,211. By 2010 census, the population was 34,546, with surrounding counties of Lee, Pontotoc and Itawamba supporting a population of 146,131. The city is best known as the birthplace of Elvis Presley. Situated in northeast Mississippi, the city lies between Memphis, Tennessee, and Birmingham, Alabama, along U.S. Route 78 — slated to become Interstate 22 within a few years.
European-American settlers had first named the town Gum Pond prior to the American Civil War, supposedly due to the high number of tupelo trees, locally known as blackgum, that grew in the area. The city still hosts the annual Gumtree Arts Festival. The Southern expression, Possum Up A Gum Tree came from this area. During the war, the local Battle of Tupelo was named after the trees in the area. In the post-Civil War era, Tupelo became the northern Mississippi site for the crossing of a railroad, which encouraged industry in the town. Once the town began to grow, it changed its name to Tupelo, in honor of the battle. Tupelo was incorporated in 1870 with a population of 618.[citation needed] The war site has been designated the Tupelo National Battlefield and is administered by the National Park Service (NPS).
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Unalaska, Alaska
Unalaska (Aleut: Iluulux̂) is a city in the Aleutians West Census Area of the Unorganized Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. Unalaska is located on Unalaska Island and neighboring Amaknak Island in the Aleutian Islands off of mainland Alaska.
The population was 4,376 at the 2010 census, which is 79% of the entire Aleutian West Borough. Almost all of the community's port facilities are on Amaknak Island, better known as Dutch Harbor or just "Dutch". It is the largest fisheries port in the U.S. by volume caught. It includes Dutch Harbor Naval Operating Base and Fort Mears, U.S. Army, a U.S. National Historic Landmark.
Dutch Harbor lies within the city limits of Unalaska and is connected to Unalaska by a bridge. Amaknak Island is home to almost 59 percent of the city's population, although it has less than 3 percent of its land area.
The Aleut or Unangan have lived on Unalaska Island for thousands of years. The Russian fur trade reached Unalaska when Stepan Glotov and his crew arrived on August 1, 1759. The Unangan people, who were the first to inhabit the island of Unalaska, named it "Ounalashka" meaning ‘Near the Peninsula’. The regional native corporation has adopted this moniker, and is known as the Ounalashka Corporation. Dutch Harbor was so named by the Russians because they believed that a Dutch vessel was the first European ship to enter the harbor.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Valdez, Alaska
Valdez ( /vælˈdiːz/) is a city in Valdez-Cordova Census Area in the U.S. state of Alaska. According to the 2010 US Census, the population of the city is 3,976. The city is one of the most important ports in Alaska. The port of Valdez was named in 1790 after the Spanish naval officer Antonio Valdés y Fernández Bazán.
Valdez is a fishing port, both for commercial and sport fishing. Freight moves through Valdez bound for the interior of Alaska. Sightseeing of the marine life and glaciers, together with both deep-sea fishing, and heli skiing support a tourist industry in Valdez. The oil from the Trans-Alaska pipeline is loaded onto ships at the Valdez oil terminal. It is sometimes called the Switzerland of Alaska.
Alyeska Pipeline Service Company is one of the biggest employers in town but it started to move several positions to its headquarters in Anchorage since the town council passed a resolution charging a tax to all the tankers coming into the port to be loaded with oil. This has had an impact in the population size and the economy.
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Wasilla
Wasilla is a city in Matanuska-Susitna Borough, United States and the sixth-largest city in Alaska. It is located on the northern point of Cook Inlet in the Matanuska-Susitna Valley of the southcentral part of the state. The city's population was 7,831 at the 2010 census. Wasilla is the largest city in the borough and a part of the Anchorage metropolitan area, which had an estimated population of 364,701 in 2008.
Established at the intersection of the Alaska Railroad and Old Carle Wagon Road, the city prospered at the expense of the nearby mining town of Knik. Historically entrepreneurial, the economic base shifted in the 1970s from small-scale agriculture and recreation to support for workers employed in Anchorage or on Alaska's North Slope oilfields and related infrastructure. The George Parks Highway turned the town into a commuter suburb of Anchorage. Several state and federal agencies have offices in Wasilla, including the Alaska Departments of Environmental Conservation, Labor and Divisions of Public Assistance, Social Services.
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Wasilla, Alaska
Wasilla is a city in Matanuska-Susitna Borough, United States and the sixth-largest city in Alaska. It is located on the northern point of Cook Inlet in the Matanuska-Susitna Valley of the southcentral part of the state. The city's population was 7,831 at the 2010 census. Wasilla is the largest city in the borough and a part of the Anchorage metropolitan area, which had an estimated population of 364,701 in 2008.
Established at the intersection of the Alaska Railroad and Old Carle Wagon Road, the city prospered at the expense of the nearby mining town of Knik. Historically entrepreneurial, the economic base shifted in the 1970s from small-scale agriculture and recreation to support for workers employed in Anchorage or on Alaska's North Slope oilfields and related infrastructure. The George Parks Highway turned the town into a commuter suburb of Anchorage. Several state and federal agencies have offices in Wasilla, including the Alaska Departments of Environmental Conservation, Labor and Divisions of Public Assistance, Social Services.
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Whittier, Alaska
Whittier is a city in the Valdez-Cordova Census Area, in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of 2006, the population was 177. The city is also a port for the Alaska Marine Highway.
Whittier is located at 60°46′27″N 148°40′40″W / 60.77417°N 148.67778°W / 60.77417; -148.67778 (60.774174, -148.677649), near the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel.
Whittier is on the northeast shore of the Kenai Peninsula, at the head of Passage Canal, on the west side of Prince William Sound. Whittier is 120 km (75 mi) southeast of Anchorage.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.7 square miles (51 km2), of which, 12.5 square miles (32 km2) of it is land and 7.2 square miles (19 km2) of it (36.36%) is water.
As of 2006, there were 177 people, 86 households, and 46 families residing in the city. The population density was 14.5 people per square mile (5.6/km²). There were 213 housing units at an average density of 17.0 per square mile (6.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 79.12% White, 7.14% Asian, 5.49% Native American, and 8.24% from two or more races. Two people (1.10% of the population) are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were no measurable populations of African Americans, Pacific Islanders, or people from other races though on a summer visit, it is possible to meet people of diverse backgrounds living in the single residence in the city.
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Wichita, Kansas
Wichita /ˈwɪtʃɨtɔː/ WICH-ə-taw is the largest city in the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 382,368. Located in south-central Kansas on the Arkansas River, Wichita is the county seat of Sedgwick County and the principal city of the Wichita metropolitan area. As of 2011, the metro area had a population of 630,721.
The city was incorporated in 1870, based on the success of businessmen who came to hunt and trade with native populations. Its position on the Chisholm Trail made it a destination for cattle drives heading north to access railroads to eastern markets. In the 20th century, aircraft pioneers such as Clyde Cessna, Walter Beech and Bill Lear began projects that would lead to Wichita's nicknaming as the Air Capital of the World. The aircraft corporations Stearman, Cessna, Mooney and Beechcraft were all founded in Wichita in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Cessna and Hawker Beechcraft remain based in Wichita today, along with Learjet and Spirit AeroSystems, and both Airbus and Boeing maintain a workforce in Wichita. The city was also at one time the headquarters of the former Derby Oil Company, which was purchased by Coastal Corporation in 1988.
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Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia (Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: Jugoslavija; Cyrillic: Југославија) was a country in the western part of the Balkans during most of the 20th century which was established three times under differing forms of government.
The first country to be known by this name was the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which before 3 October 1929 was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It was established on 1 December 1918 by the union of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and the Kingdom of Serbia (the Kingdom of Montenegro was annexed on 13 November 1918, and the Conference of Ambassadors in Paris gave international recognition to the union on 13 July 1922). The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis powers in 1941, and because of the events that followed, was officially abolished in 1943 and 1945.
The second country with this name was the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia, proclaimed in 1943 by the Yugoslav Partisans resistance movement during World War II. It was renamed to the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia in 1946, when a communist government was established. In 1963, it was renamed again to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). This was the largest Yugoslav state, as Istria, Rijeka and Zadar were added to the new Yugoslavia after the end of World War II.
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African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States that have ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa.
African Americans make up the single largest racial minority in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved Africans within the boundaries of the present United States. However, some immigrants from African, Caribbean, Central American or South American nations, or their descendants, may be identified or self-identify with the term.
African-American history starts in the 16th century with African slaves who quickly rose up against the Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón and progresses to the present day, with Barack Obama as the 44th and current President of the United States. Between those landmarks there have been events and issues, both resolved and ongoing, including slavery, racism, Reconstruction, development of the African-American community, participation in the great military conflicts of the United States, racial segregation, and the Civil Rights Movement.
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Alaska Native
Alaska Natives are indigenous peoples of Alaska: Inupiaq, Yupik, Aleut, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, and a number of Northern Athabaskan cultures.
Ancestors of the Alaska Natives are known to have migrated into the area thousands of years ago, and established varying indigenous, complex cultures that have succeeded each other over time. That developed sophisticated ways to deal with the challenging climate and environment. Europeans and Americans began to trade with Alaska Natives in the nineteenth century. New settlements around trading posts were started by Russians, British and Americans.
In the 1800s and In 1971 Congress passed the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, which settled land and financial claims for lands and resources which they had lost to European Americans. It provided for the establishment of 13 Alaska Native Regional Corporations to administer those claims. Similar to the separately defined status of the Canadian Inuit and First Nations, which are recognized as distinct peoples, Alaska Natives are in some respects treated separately from Native Americans in the United States. An example of this separate treatment is that Alaska Natives are allowed the harvesting of whales and other marine mammals under the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972.
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Alaska native
Alaska Natives are indigenous peoples of Alaska: Inupiaq, Yupik, Aleut, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, and a number of Northern Athabaskan cultures.
Ancestors of the Alaska Natives are known to have migrated into the area thousands of years ago, and established varying indigenous, complex cultures that have succeeded each other over time. That developed sophisticated ways to deal with the challenging climate and environment. Europeans and Americans began to trade with Alaska Natives in the nineteenth century. New settlements around trading posts were started by Russians, British and Americans.
In the 1800s and In 1971 Congress passed the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, which settled land and financial claims for lands and resources which they had lost to European Americans. It provided for the establishment of 13 Alaska Native Regional Corporations to administer those claims. Similar to the separately defined status of the Canadian Inuit and First Nations, which are recognized as distinct peoples, Alaska Natives are in some respects treated separately from Native Americans in the United States. An example of this separate treatment is that Alaska Natives are allowed the harvesting of whales and other marine mammals under the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972.
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Alaska Natives
Alaska Natives are indigenous peoples of Alaska: Inupiaq, Yupik, Aleut, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, and a number of Northern Athabaskan cultures.
Ancestors of the Alaska Natives are known to have migrated into the area thousands of years ago, and established varying indigenous, complex cultures that have succeeded each other over time. That developed sophisticated ways to deal with the challenging climate and environment. Europeans and Americans began to trade with Alaska Natives in the nineteenth century. New settlements around trading posts were started by Russians, British and Americans.
In the 1800s and In 1971 Congress passed the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, which settled land and financial claims for lands and resources which they had lost to European Americans. It provided for the establishment of 13 Alaska Native Regional Corporations to administer those claims. Similar to the separately defined status of the Canadian Inuit and First Nations, which are recognized as distinct peoples, Alaska Natives are in some respects treated separately from Native Americans in the United States. An example of this separate treatment is that Alaska Natives are allowed the harvesting of whales and other marine mammals under the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972.
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Asian American
Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. The U.S. Census Bureau definition of Asians refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent. It includes people who indicated their race(s) as "Asian" or reported entries such as "Asian Indian," "Chinese," "Filipino," "Korean," "Japanese," "Vietnamese," and "Other Asian" or provided other detailed Asian responses. They comprise 4.8% of the U.S. population alone, while people who are Asian combined with at least one other race make up 5.6%.
The term Asian American was used informally by activists in the 1960s who sought an alternative to the term Oriental, arguing that the latter was derogatory and colonialist. Formal usage was introduced by academics in the early 1970s, notably by historian Yuji Ichioka, who is credited with popularizing the term. Today, Asian American is the accepted term for most formal purposes, such as government and academic research, although it is often shortened to Asian in common usage.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Dena'ina people
The Dena'ina (also Tanaina) are an Alaska Native people, an extended tribe of American Indian lineage. They are the original inhabitants of the southcentral Alaska region ranging from Seldovia in the south to Chickaloon in the northeast, Talkeetna in the north, Lime Village in the Northwest and Pedro Bay in the Southwest.
The name means "The people," and is related to the preferred name for the Navajo people "Dene". The Dena'ina name for Cook Inlet is Tikahtnu meaning "Big Water River" or Nuti meaning "Saltwater." The Dena'ina are the only Northern Athabascan group to live on saltwater and this allowed them to have the most sedentary lifestyle of all Northern Athabascans. Their traditional language, Dena'ina, currently has about 70-75 fluent speakers out of a total population of about 1,400. Dena'ina is one of eleven Alaska Athabascan languages. There are four primary dialects of Dena'ina: Inland, Iliamna, Upper Inlet, and Outer Inlet.
The city of Anchorage chose to honor the Dena’ina by naming the city's new convention center the Dena'ina Civic and Convention Center.
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Denali
Mount McKinley or Denali (Koyukon Athabaskan for "The High One", Dghelaayce’e in Ahtna) in Alaska, is the highest mountain peak in the United States and in North America, with a summit elevation of 20,320 feet (6,194 m) above sea level. Measured base-to-peak, it is the tallest mountain on land. Measured by topographic prominence, it is the third most prominent peak in the world after Mount Everest and Aconcagua. It is the centerpiece of Denali National Park and Preserve.
Mount McKinley is a granitic pluton. It has been uplifted by tectonic pressure while at the same time, erosion has stripped away the (somewhat softer) sedimentary rock above and around the mountain.
The forces that lifted Mount McKinley—the subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the North American plate—also raised great ranges across southern Alaska. As that huge sheet of ocean-floor rock plunges downward into the mantle, it shoves and crumples the continent into soaring mountains which include some of the most active volcanoes on the continent. Mount McKinley in particular is uplifted relative to the rocks around it because it is at the intersection of major active strike-slip faults (faults that move rocks laterally across the Earth's surface) which allow the deep buried rocks to be unroofed more rapidly compared to those around them.
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Hmong people
The Hmong (RPA: Hmoob/Moob, IPA: [m̥ɔ̃ŋ]), are an Asian ethnic group from the mountainous regions of China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. Hmong are also one of the sub-groups of the Miao ethnicity (苗族) in southern China. Hmong groups began a gradual southward migration in the 18th century due to political unrest and to find more arable land.
A number of Hmong people fought against the communist Pathet Lao during the Laotian Civil War. Hmong people were singled out for retribution when the Pathet Lao took over the Laotian government in 1975, and tens of thousands fled to Thailand seeking political asylum. Thousands of these refugees have resettled in Western countries since the late 1970s, mostly the United States but also in Australia, France, French Guiana, Canada, and South America. Others have been returned to Laos under United Nations-sponsored repatriation programs. Around 8,000 Hmong refugees remain in Thailand.
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Hubert Howe Bancroft
Hubert Howe Bancroft ((1832-05-05)May 5, 1832 – March 2, 1918) was an American historian and ethnologist who wrote, published and collected works concerning the western United States, Texas, California, Alaska, Mexico, Central America and British Columbia.
Bancroft was born in Granville, Ohio to Azariah Ashley Bancroft and Lucy Howe Bancroft. His parents were staunch abolitionists. The family home was a station on the Underground Railroad, and is now a dormitory on the campus of Denison University. He attended the Doane Academy in Granville for a year, and he then became a clerk in his brother-in-law's bookstore in Buffalo, New York. In March 1852, he was sent to San Francisco, California, where he initiated and managed a regional office of the business. He also began his own publishing house. In 1868, he resigned from his business in favor of his brother, A. L. Bancroft. He had accumulated a great library of historical material, and abandoned business to devote himself entirely to writing and publishing history.
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Mark Begich
Mark Peter Begich ( /ˈbɛɡɪtʃ/; born March 30, 1962) is the junior United States Senator from Alaska and a member of the Democratic Party. A former mayor of Anchorage, he served on the Anchorage Assembly for almost ten years prior to being elected mayor in 2003. In the highly competitive 2008 Alaska Senate election, Begich defeated incumbent Ted Stevens, the longest serving Republican member of the Senate of all time.
Born in Anchorage, he is the son of U.S. Representative Nick Begich, who disappeared and was presumed dead following a 1972 plane crash. He graduated from high school and has taken continuing education classes at University of Alaska Anchorage, but does not have a college degree. At age 26 he was elected to the Anchorage Assembly. After serving as chairman for three years, he left the Assembly in 1998. Begich ran two unsuccessful campaigns for mayor in 1994 and 2000. He was finally elected in 2003, winning a narrow three-way race by 11 votes.
Begich handily won the Democratic nomination in the state's 2008 U.S. Senate election. He faced longtime incumbent Republican Ted Stevens, who was facing ethics and corruption charges during his re-election campaign. Stevens was convicted of felony violations a week before the election, (all charges were later dismissed, and conviction was set aside by U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder, due to prosecutorial misconduct). The controversy before the election was enough to cause doubt and Begich won by a narrow margin.
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Michelle Shocked
Michelle Shocked (born Michelle Karen Johnston, February 24, 1962) is an American singer-songwriter.
In 1984, Johnston starting using the name "Michelle Shocked", a contraction of "Miss Shell Shocked". She told Green Left Weekly: "The term 'Miss Shell Shocked' is a direct reference to the 1000 yard-stare which was a term that they first used to describe the victims of shell-shock in World War One. These people from outward appearances had survived the war quite well when in fact inside their minds were blown. I first used that name in 1984 at the Democratic Convention in San Francisco where I was arrested for protesting and demonstrating against corporations who contribute money to both the Democratic Party and the Republican Party campaigns."
Shocked received her first international exposure in Europe, particularly the United Kingdom, with her debut album The Texas Campfire Tapes (1986).
Her first US success came with the release of her 1988 album Short Sharp Shocked on college radio rotations around the country, which was met with strong acclaim from listeners. On the crest of this independent momentum, her 1989 album Captain Swing on Mercury Records was released.
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Mount McKinley
Mount McKinley or Denali (Koyukon Athabaskan for "The High One", Dghelaayce’e in Ahtna) in Alaska, is the highest mountain peak in the United States and in North America, with a summit elevation of 20,320 feet (6,194 m) above sea level. Measured base-to-peak, it is the tallest mountain on land. Measured by topographic prominence, it is the third most prominent peak in the world after Mount Everest and Aconcagua. It is the centerpiece of Denali National Park and Preserve.
Mount McKinley is a granitic pluton. It has been uplifted by tectonic pressure while at the same time, erosion has stripped away the (somewhat softer) sedimentary rock above and around the mountain.
The forces that lifted Mount McKinley—the subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the North American plate—also raised great ranges across southern Alaska. As that huge sheet of ocean-floor rock plunges downward into the mantle, it shoves and crumples the continent into soaring mountains which include some of the most active volcanoes on the continent. Mount McKinley in particular is uplifted relative to the rocks around it because it is at the intersection of major active strike-slip faults (faults that move rocks laterally across the Earth's surface) which allow the deep buried rocks to be unroofed more rapidly compared to those around them.
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Non-Hispanic Whites
Non-Hispanic Whites or White, Not Hispanic or Latino are people in the United States, as defined by the Census Bureau, who are of the White race and are not of Hispanic or Latino origin/ethnicity. Hence the designation is exclusive in the sense that it defines who is not included as opposed to who is. Non-Hispanic Whites are a subset of White Americans, the other being White Hispanic and Latino Americans.
The vast majority of Non-Hispanic Whites trace their origins to Europe. A small number have origin in North Africa or the Middle East. In the U.S., this population was first derived from British and French colonization, as well as settlement by other Europeans, such as the Germans and Dutch that began in the 17th century (see History of the United States). Continued growth since the early 1800s is attributed to massive immigration from European countries, mainly Germany, Ireland, Italy, Sweden, Poland, Russia, among other nations. At an estimated 199.3 million in 2009, Non-Hispanic Whites compose a solid majority of the United States population.
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Robert Wyland
Robert Wyland (born 1956), known simply as Wyland, is an artist best known for painting large, outdoor murals of whales and other ocean life.
Wyland was born in Detroit, Michigan. He grew up in Madison Heights, Michigan and attended Lamphere High School, where his 25th "whaling wall" is in the pool area of the high school. His parents Darlene Wyland and Bob Wyland divorced when he was four. He has three brothers, Steve, Bill, and Tom.
Through his marine life paintings, sculptures, and photography, Wyland has raised awareness of marine life conservation. His life – like his art – can find him anywhere around the world, at any time, from the Antarctic ice shelf on a photo expedition to document climate change to a grassroots journey down the Mississippi River on a mission of conservation.
The multi-faceted artist, scuba diver, educator, and explorer has hosted several television programs, including, “Wyland’s Ocean World” series on the Discovery Channel’s Animal Planet Network, “Wyland: A Brush With Giants” and “Wyland’s Art Studio,” a series for national public television. His mission of engaging people through nature-themed art and a more environmentally friendly lifestyle has led to strategic alliances with such notable organizations as the United States Olympic Team, United Nation Environment Program, and Walt Disney Studios, to name a few.
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Scotty Gomez
Scott Carlos Gomez (born December 23, 1979) is an American ice hockey center of both Mexican and Colombian descent, currently playing for the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played with the New Jersey Devils and New York Rangers.
In the 1998 NHL Entry Draft, Scott Gomez was selected with the 27th pick of the first round by the New Jersey Devils. His father is Carlos, a Mexican-American, and his mother is Dalia, a Colombian-American. At the time, he was playing for the Tri-City Americans of the WHL, and had just been named to the WHL's All-Rookie Team. In the season after he was drafted, he justified the Devils' decision by scoring 108 points in 58 games for the Americans. This earned him a spot on the WHL West First All-Star Team. The year before, Gomez (while living in the U.S. and going to Blaine High School) led the South Surrey Eagles of the Tier II Junior "A" British Columbia Hockey League to the Gold medal game of the 1997 Royal Bank Cup against the hometown Summerside Western Capitals, but Gomez and his South Surrey Eagles were defeated 4-3.
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Swedes
Swedes (Swedish: svenskar) are a nation and ethnic group native to Sweden, mostly inhabiting Sweden and the other Nordic countries, with descendants living in a number of countries.
Most scholars agree that Suiones and the attested Germanic forms of the name derive from the same Proto-Indo-European reflexive pronominal root, *s(w)e, as the Latin suus. The word must have meant "one's own (tribesmen)". In modern Scandinavian, the same root appears in words such as svåger (brother-in-law) and svägerska (sister-in-law). The same root and original meaning is found in the ethnonym of the Germanic tribe Suebi, preserved to this day in the name Schwaben.
Sweden enters proto-history with the Germania of Tacitus in AD 98. In Germania 44, 45 he mentions the Swedes (Suiones) as a powerful tribe (distinguished not merely for their arms and men, but for their powerful fleets) with ships that had a prow in both ends (longships). Which kings (kuningaz) ruled these Suiones is unknown, but Norse mythology presents a long line of legendary and semi-legendary kings going back to the last centuries BC. As for literacy in Sweden itself, the runic script was in use among the south Scandinavian elite by at least the 2nd century AD, but all that has come down to the present from the Roman Period is curt inscriptions on artefacts, mainly of male names, demonstrating that the people of south Scandinavia spoke Proto-Norse at the time, a language ancestral to Swedish and other North Germanic languages.
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White American
White Americans are people of the United States who are considered or consider themselves White. The United States Census Bureau defines White people as those "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. It includes people who reported “White” or wrote in entries such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Near Easterner, Arab, or Polish." Like all official U.S. racial categories, "White" has a "Not Hispanic or Latino" and a "Hispanic or Latino" component, the latter consisting mostly of White Mexican Americans and white Cuban Americans. The term "Caucasian" is often used interchangeably with "White", despite the fact they are not synonymous.
German Americans (16.5%), Irish Americans (11.9%), English Americans (9.0%), Italian Americans (5.8%), French Americans (4%), Polish Americans (3%), Scottish Americans (1.9%), Dutch Americans (1.6%), Norwegian Americans (1.5%), and Swedish Americans (1.4%) constitute the ten largest White American ancestries. Whites constitute the majority, with a total of 223,553,265 or 72.4% of the population in the 2010 United States Census.
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Anchorage, Alaska, USA. City views. January 2011(1/2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
Video by Fyodor Soloview. January 28th, 2011.
http://wn.com/Anchorage,_Alaska,_USA_City_views_January_20111_2
Anchorage, Alaska
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
Some video I took from Anchorage, Alaska set to John Mayer's "Waiting for the World to Change"
http://wn.com/Anchorage,_Alaska
Some video I took from Anchorage, Alaska set to John Mayer's "Waiting for the World to Change"
- published: 06 Dec 2006
- views: 127100
- author: David Grossman
Anchorage Alaska
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:27
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
Anchorage Alaska travel video from Alaska Tour & Travel ( www.alaskatravel.com ). For more information or help planning your Alaska vacation including Anchorage Alaska lodging, tours and transportation please visit us at www.alaskatravel.com or call us at (800)208-0200. Footage provide by Alaska Video Postcards (www.akvideo.com) .
http://wn.com/Anchorage_Alaska
Anchorage Alaska travel video from Alaska Tour & Travel ( www.alaskatravel.com ). For more information or help planning your Alaska vacation including Anchorage Alaska lodging, tours and transportation please visit us at www.alaskatravel.com or call us at (800)208-0200. Footage provide by Alaska Video Postcards (www.akvideo.com) .
- published: 10 Jul 2008
- views: 36054
- author: AlaskaTravelVideos
Anchorage Alaska Downtown Saturday/Sunday Market
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:00
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
A stroll along the Anchorage Downtown Saturday/Sunday Market on 8-6-2011. I did a similar video on 8-4-2012, check it out here: youtu.be If you're interested in our local Anchorage Alaska wildlife have a look at this video. youtu.be Thanks and take care!
http://wn.com/Anchorage_Alaska_Downtown_Saturday_Sunday_Market
A stroll along the Anchorage Downtown Saturday/Sunday Market on 8-6-2011. I did a similar video on 8-4-2012, check it out here: youtu.be If you're interested in our local Anchorage Alaska wildlife have a look at this video. youtu.be Thanks and take care!
- published: 07 Aug 2011
- views: 14037
- author: greenwormsoup
Anchorage, Alaska
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:30
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
Alaska is the largest state in the United States in land area at 570374 square miles, over twice the size of Texas Mount McKinley, or Denali "The High One" is the highest mountain in the United States and North America with an elevation of 20320 feet. Anchorage is Alaska's largest city with over 291000 residents. At 61 degrees north is it slightly more northern than Oslo and Stockholm. Because of the northern latitude, in the summer the days are very long although the temperatures rarely rise above the 70s. But that doesn't stop Alaska's residents from shedding their parkas for shorts the moment the sun appears. Oscar Anderson was an early Anchorage resident, said to be the 18th person to set foot on the area and his house, built in 1915 was the first wood-frame house in Anchorage. The Glacier Brewhouse is both a brewery and one of Anchorage's top restaurants. The place gets busy early so it is a good idea to make reservations. Aside from rotisserie meats the menu features lots of fresh local seafood. And who ever had fresh raspberry whet beer? The brewhouse was brewing it and it was delicious. Alaska glacier bottled water is a great way to taste the purity of the environment around Anchorage. This bottled water is a popular drink for Asians who visit and refer glaciers. Although there were rave reviews about the seafood chowder and the calamari, I tried the pita with hummus which was a great appetizer that went well with the raspberry wheat beer. One can't be in Alaska ...
http://wn.com/Anchorage,_Alaska
Alaska is the largest state in the United States in land area at 570374 square miles, over twice the size of Texas Mount McKinley, or Denali "The High One" is the highest mountain in the United States and North America with an elevation of 20320 feet. Anchorage is Alaska's largest city with over 291000 residents. At 61 degrees north is it slightly more northern than Oslo and Stockholm. Because of the northern latitude, in the summer the days are very long although the temperatures rarely rise above the 70s. But that doesn't stop Alaska's residents from shedding their parkas for shorts the moment the sun appears. Oscar Anderson was an early Anchorage resident, said to be the 18th person to set foot on the area and his house, built in 1915 was the first wood-frame house in Anchorage. The Glacier Brewhouse is both a brewery and one of Anchorage's top restaurants. The place gets busy early so it is a good idea to make reservations. Aside from rotisserie meats the menu features lots of fresh local seafood. And who ever had fresh raspberry whet beer? The brewhouse was brewing it and it was delicious. Alaska glacier bottled water is a great way to taste the purity of the environment around Anchorage. This bottled water is a popular drink for Asians who visit and refer glaciers. Although there were rave reviews about the seafood chowder and the calamari, I tried the pita with hummus which was a great appetizer that went well with the raspberry wheat beer. One can't be in Alaska ...
- published: 13 Jul 2012
- views: 3115
- author: Nippervw
Anchorage, Alaska
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:09
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Recorded June 23-30, 2007. Anchorage is a consolidated city-borough in the state of Alaska. With an estimated 279671 municipal residents in 2007. It is Alaska's largest city and constitutes more than 40 percent of the state's total population. The video begins as I fly into Anchorage on a small seaplane and land at Lake Hood float plane base. During the flight in we get a view of downtown, cook inlet and the Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport. Now on land there is a view of the Anchorage skyline from across the Cook Inlet. There is one segment from a square in downtown Anchorage. The video concludes back at the airport as I am about to leave town. From: timvp.com
http://wn.com/Anchorage,_Alaska
Recorded June 23-30, 2007. Anchorage is a consolidated city-borough in the state of Alaska. With an estimated 279671 municipal residents in 2007. It is Alaska's largest city and constitutes more than 40 percent of the state's total population. The video begins as I fly into Anchorage on a small seaplane and land at Lake Hood float plane base. During the flight in we get a view of downtown, cook inlet and the Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport. Now on land there is a view of the Anchorage skyline from across the Cook Inlet. There is one segment from a square in downtown Anchorage. The video concludes back at the airport as I am about to leave town. From: timvp.com
- published: 05 May 2009
- views: 18336
- author: hoosiertim
Driving Downtown Anchorage Alaska
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
Best watched in HQ
http://wn.com/Driving_Downtown_Anchorage_Alaska
Alaska - Anchorage to Fairbanks -Time Lapse 360 Miles in 7 Minutes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:07
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
Time lapse of my drive from Anchorage Alaska to Fairbanks Alaska. I tried this at 5 minutes but it just moved too fast. March 2010 Camera: Sony CX550v
http://wn.com/Alaska_Anchorage_to_Fairbanks_-Time_Lapse_360_Miles_in_7_Minutes
Time lapse of my drive from Anchorage Alaska to Fairbanks Alaska. I tried this at 5 minutes but it just moved too fast. March 2010 Camera: Sony CX550v
- published: 13 Apr 2010
- views: 7919
- author: Dblitz70
Pros and Cons of Living in Alaska (Anchorage and Ketchikan)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
(The Sound is Better) Somebody asked me, what it was like living in Alaska? Well, considering the fact that I've only lived here for 10 months and most of that time was spent in a small town (Ketchikan) on an island, my perspective is pretty limited. Nevertheless, here is what I think life is like in Alaska. Towns Lived in: Ketchikan Towns Visited: Anchorage
http://wn.com/Pros_and_Cons_of_Living_in_Alaska_Anchorage_and_Ketchikan
(The Sound is Better) Somebody asked me, what it was like living in Alaska? Well, considering the fact that I've only lived here for 10 months and most of that time was spent in a small town (Ketchikan) on an island, my perspective is pretty limited. Nevertheless, here is what I think life is like in Alaska. Towns Lived in: Ketchikan Towns Visited: Anchorage
- published: 22 Nov 2008
- views: 30898
- author: DEMCAD
Michelle Shocked - Anchorage - michelleshocked.com
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
Artist: Michelle Shocked Song: Anchorage Album: Short Sharp Shocked Label: Mighty Sound
http://wn.com/Michelle_Shocked_Anchorage_michelleshockedcom
Artist: Michelle Shocked Song: Anchorage Album: Short Sharp Shocked Label: Mighty Sound
- published: 13 May 2008
- views: 491633
- author: mshocked
Anchorage, Alaska University Dorms
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:04
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
I am at the University of Alaska giving a little tour.
http://wn.com/Anchorage,_Alaska_University_Dorms
I am at the University of Alaska giving a little tour.
- published: 09 May 2007
- views: 16950
- author: thjodisland
Ron Paul Answers Reporters' Questions in Anchorage, Alaska
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:47
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
www.RonPaul.com -Please like, share, subscribe & comment! 3 Ron Paul is America's leading voice for limited, constitutional government, low taxes, free markets, sound money, and a pro-America foreign policy. To spread the message, visit and promote the following websites: www.RonPaul.com http www.RonPaul2012.com http www.RonPaulCountry.com http www.DailyPaul.com http www.RonPaulFlix.com
http://wn.com/Ron_Paul_Answers_Reporters'_Questions_in_Anchorage,_Alaska
www.RonPaul.com -Please like, share, subscribe & comment! 3 Ron Paul is America's leading voice for limited, constitutional government, low taxes, free markets, sound money, and a pro-America foreign policy. To spread the message, visit and promote the following websites: www.RonPaul.com http www.RonPaul2012.com http www.RonPaulCountry.com http www.DailyPaul.com http www.RonPaulFlix.com
- published: 06 Mar 2012
- views: 21786
- author: RonPaul2008dotcom
Burglary at Dimond Liquor - Anchorage, AK - 7/14 @ 3:15AM
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 31 May 2012
Edit: They have been caught, thanks everyone! --------------------------------- Edited the audio a bit to save your ears from the alarm system. Jump to 02:30 for the face shots. Watch out for loud audio (alarm siren) at 02:38, I pop the audio back up because one of them says something.
http://wn.com/Burglary_at_Dimond_Liquor_Anchorage,_AK_7_14_@_315AM
Edit: They have been caught, thanks everyone! --------------------------------- Edited the audio a bit to save your ears from the alarm system. Jump to 02:30 for the face shots. Watch out for loud audio (alarm siren) at 02:38, I pop the audio back up because one of them says something.
- published: 16 Jul 2011
- views: 5248
- author: jadez03
Wagon car in Anchorage, Alaska
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:17
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Custom built car created to look just like a Radio Flyer red wagon.
http://wn.com/Wagon_car_in_Anchorage,_Alaska
Custom built car created to look just like a Radio Flyer red wagon.
- published: 20 Sep 2010
- views: 53972
- author: 49thHarleyRider
Life In A Day - Anchorage, Alaska
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
Just filmed what I already had planned. In the morning my mom and dad were bored so we went out to ship creek in downtown anchorage with our dog, Patch. Then later on in the day I had a Student Government Meeting/Dinner to go to. So much fun and so much footage. Haha.
http://wn.com/Life_In_A_Day_Anchorage,_Alaska
Just filmed what I already had planned. In the morning my mom and dad were bored so we went out to ship creek in downtown anchorage with our dog, Patch. Then later on in the day I had a Student Government Meeting/Dinner to go to. So much fun and so much footage. Haha.
- published: 28 Jul 2010
- views: 13267
- author: Vicente Capala
200th VIDEO!! Alaska SD70MAC 4320 Leads the Denali Star, Anchorage, Alaska, GREAT K5LA!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
In celebration for the return of my Alaska Railroad videos, this month's channel theme is...you guessed it! ALASKA RAILROAD! Please enjoy this video as well as the ones to follow! Taken in June, 2005.
http://wn.com/200th_VIDEO!!_Alaska_SD70MAC_4320_Leads_the_Denali_Star,_Anchorage,_Alaska,_GREAT_K5LA!
In celebration for the return of my Alaska Railroad videos, this month's channel theme is...you guessed it! ALASKA RAILROAD! Please enjoy this video as well as the ones to follow! Taken in June, 2005.
- published: 02 Jun 2009
- views: 21228
- author: CoasterFan2105
Alice Smith, Love Endeavor, Anchorage, Alaska 7 18 09
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:09
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Alice_Smith,_Love_Endeavor,_Anchorage,_Alaska_7_18_09
Anchorage, Alaska
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:58
- Updated: 18 May 2012
Most people think of Alaska as a wild frontier for fisherman and hunters, but in this episode we prove that Alaska also offers a terrific group of golf courses. Also, Swani returns home for a reuniting with his old Air National Guard unit and gives the viewer a spectacular view of the Alaska landscape. Joe and Kenny go fishing, and George takes a float plane trip and joins up with a local softball team for a late night game in the land of the midnight sun. Featured courses include: Eagle Glen Golf Course, Settlers Bay Golf Course, Anchorage Golf Course, Moose Run Golf Course and the Wrangell Golf Course.
http://wn.com/Anchorage,_Alaska
Most people think of Alaska as a wild frontier for fisherman and hunters, but in this episode we prove that Alaska also offers a terrific group of golf courses. Also, Swani returns home for a reuniting with his old Air National Guard unit and gives the viewer a spectacular view of the Alaska landscape. Joe and Kenny go fishing, and George takes a float plane trip and joins up with a local softball team for a late night game in the land of the midnight sun. Featured courses include: Eagle Glen Golf Course, Settlers Bay Golf Course, Anchorage Golf Course, Moose Run Golf Course and the Wrangell Golf Course.
- published: 08 Jan 2010
- views: 1423
- author: TravelVideoStore
BlackAtlas.com in Anchorage, Alaska
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:48
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
BlackAtlas.com Travel Expert-at-Large Nelson George visits Anchorage, Alaska, where he discovers a surprising amount of black history. He talks with the leader of the African-American Historical Society of Anchorage, takes a cruise around a glacier. He also discovers that black soldiers helped to build the major highway in Alaska during the World War II.
http://wn.com/BlackAtlascom_in_Anchorage,_Alaska
BlackAtlas.com Travel Expert-at-Large Nelson George visits Anchorage, Alaska, where he discovers a surprising amount of black history. He talks with the leader of the African-American Historical Society of Anchorage, takes a cruise around a glacier. He also discovers that black soldiers helped to build the major highway in Alaska during the World War II.
- published: 08 Sep 2010
- views: 3039
- author: MyBlackAtlas
Landing Anchorage Alaska
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:11
- Updated: 18 Sep 2012
Summer landing on a 737 into anchorage alaska. It is close to midnight, maybe within an hour or two before, when we landed.
http://wn.com/Landing_Anchorage_Alaska
Summer landing on a 737 into anchorage alaska. It is close to midnight, maybe within an hour or two before, when we landed.
- published: 04 Jan 2010
- views: 11080
- author: ibanez0711
Cathay Pacific B747-400 landing - Anchorage, Alaska
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 22 Sep 2012
May 26, 2007 - Landing a Cathay Pacific Boeing 747-400 in Anchorage, Alaska on runway 07R. (Sorry, sound and view outside windscreen not so good)
http://wn.com/Cathay_Pacific_B747-400_landing_Anchorage,_Alaska
May 26, 2007 - Landing a Cathay Pacific Boeing 747-400 in Anchorage, Alaska on runway 07R. (Sorry, sound and view outside windscreen not so good)
- published: 17 Jan 2011
- views: 15189
- author: B7773OOER
Live in Anchorage, Alaska - Rico Rossi, Baby Bash and Fat Joe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:24
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Footage from the Ladies Night Out Concert in Anchorage, Alaska on 10/19/2012
http://wn.com/Live_in_Anchorage,_Alaska_Rico_Rossi,_Baby_Bash_and_Fat_Joe
Footage from the Ladies Night Out Concert in Anchorage, Alaska on 10/19/2012
- published: 29 Oct 2012
- views: 33029
- author: Rico Rossi
Anchorage Alaska Mamma Mia! Flash Mob
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
On opening night of Mamma Mia! in Anchorage, Alaska, a group of people held a flash mob in Town Square Park to celebrate the start of Mamma Mia!'s run. It is likely the biggest flash mob in Alaska.
http://wn.com/Anchorage_Alaska_Mamma_Mia!_Flash_Mob
On opening night of Mamma Mia! in Anchorage, Alaska, a group of people held a flash mob in Town Square Park to celebrate the start of Mamma Mia!'s run. It is likely the biggest flash mob in Alaska.
- published: 15 Oct 2010
- views: 8061
- author: Jason Hodges
photo: AP / Aijaz Rahi
22 Dec 2012
Tweet. 0 Email. Report. Photo 1 of 18. In 2009, ELLE Magazine named Mrs Assad the most stylish woman in world politics. She is an icon of fashion in her country. Credit. Aimee Kligman. In 2009, ELLE Magazine named Mrs Assad the most stylish woman in world politics. She is an icon of fashion in her country.In 2009, ELLE Magazine named Mrs Assad the most stylish woman in world politics ... Syrians detained by the Assad regime. 13 Photos ... 10 Photos ... ....(size: 6.3Kb)
photo: AP / Virginie Nguyen Huang
23 Dec 2012
Tweet. Moscow, Dec 23 (IANS/RIA Novosti) Chemical weapons in Syria are under the control of the government, which has consolidated them in one or two locations, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said. "As of right now, the (Syrian) government is doing all it can to safeguard those weapons," he said. "We are following all leads concerning chemical weapons," Lavrov said ... "My answer is very simple. Why use us as a postman ... pm/ ... ) .. ). ... . ....(size: 3.2Kb)
photo: AP
23 Dec 2012
North Korea's launching of a rocket into space last week amounted to the test of a ballistic missile capable of carrying a half-ton payload over 10,000km, the South Korean defence ministry says. "Based on our analysis and simulation, the missile is capable of flying more than 10,000km with a warhead of 500-600kg," a defence ministry official told reporters on Sunday ... 415 Source.. Agencies. Share. Send Feedback. Featured on Al Jazeera. Jaws....(size: 18.8Kb)
photo: AP / Altaf Qadri
23 Dec 2012
A commission will be set up to probe the gang-rape and torture of a 23-year-old woman in Delhi and measures to ensure such crimes do not recur while laws will be amended to enhance punishment for rape, Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde said . He also appealed the thousands of protesters on the capital’s streets, demanding justice for the victim, to withdraw ... “The government is serious on the issue. ... . . ....(size: 2.4Kb)
photo: AP / Eranga Jayawardena
22 Dec 2012
Salman Khan's Dabangg 2 has broken the record for the biggest non-holiday opener ... "Biggest opener [holiday] #EkThaTiger 32.92 cr ... Biggest opener [non-holiday] #RowdyRathore 15.1 cr ... ....(size: 0.9Kb)
my SA
24 Dec 2012
ANCHORAGE, Alaska (AP) — In a story Dec ... Anchorage police reported dead man as missing. Anchorage police reported dead man as missing-persons case. ANCHORAGE, Alaska (AP) — A 55-year-old man announced by police as missing Thursday had been dead for more than a week and his body was released to a funeral home as officers began searching for him, according to Anchorage police....(size: 3.2Kb)
MSNBC
24 Dec 2012
The Salvation Army worked with Food Bank of Alaska, Anchorage City Church, Anchorage School District, Community Covenant Church in Eagle River, Congregation Beth Sholom, Lutheran Social Services, thread, and United Way of Anchorage, and also partnered with Marine Corps Toys for Tots, Cook Inlet Housing Authority, Charlie's Produce, COSTCO, Kaladi ......(size: 1.9Kb)
MSNBC
24 Dec 2012
Sun Sentinel
24 Dec 2012
TAVARES — The two-seater plane taxied out of its warehouse toward Lake Idamere, driving down a ramp right into the water. Its wheels retracted, leaving only its boat hull of a bottom ... After World War II, amphibious planes became more of a niche, though they remain vital in places such as Alaska, Eastlake said ... "We've had customers who take the planes to the mountains in Canada and Alaska or island-hopping in the Bahamas," he said....(size: 6.1Kb)
MSNBC
24 Dec 2012
The lack of snowfall this season is hurting at least one town in Alaska. Girdwood is seeing less business on the slopes and at other local retailers. Typically the weekend before Christmas is very busy but not this year accoding to Alyeska mountain services manager Brian Burnett ... Advertise . AdChoices ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
New York Magazine
24 Dec 2012
The Examiner
24 Dec 2012
This holiday season is always a time of merriment and festivities, but also a time for travel venturing near and far. Traveling to see loved ones is always exciting, but traveling takes a great toll on the skin. Being in the car or the plane can really dry out the skin and cause havoc to it ... Also remember even though you are in the care do not forget your sunscreen, this is winter but it is not Alaska; the sun is still shining ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
24 Dec 2012
Honolulu --. They chartered a plane from Washington to bid a final farewell to their old friend. They were Democrats and Republicans who, for one day at least, left behind the bitter budget fight playing out in the capital to pay tribute Sunday to Sen ... Sen ... Sen ... Sen. Lisa Murkowski, R-Alaska, who thought Inouye was such a champion of her home state that she called him its third senator, was also there to pay respects ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
Canberra Times
24 Dec 2012
Click to play video. Return to video Video settings. Please Log in to update your video settings. Video will begin in 5 seconds. Don't play Play now. More video Recommended. Click to play video ... Scuba diving Santa Click to play video ... Replay video ... The estimated range of 10,000 kilometres covers Australia, the whole of Asia, eastern Europe and western Africa as well as Alaska and a large part of the US west coast including San Francisco ... AFP. ....(size: 3.1Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
24 Dec 2012
The Internet is, as far as I can tell, a nearly infinite universe of things I do not want to know. I can usually ignore the boasts, the shards of opinion, the superfluous stuff that swirls around on my laptop. But there's one online fact that simply sticks in my craw. There are people out there who have been brazenly using my name ... There was the Alaska high school counselor for students with last names R through Z ... There was ... Angry? ... ....(size: 3.7Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
24 Dec 2012
Mercury engines have been added to the online inventory at EnginesforSale.org. This new addition is designed to help those that search for these replacement motors online to find the classic and late model editions that are still available after the Ford termination of this brand ... This no cost policy now applies to every state except Hawaii and Alaska ... About Engines for Sale Company ... James Benner. Engines for Sale. 1-866-320-1065 ... ....(size: 3.5Kb)
The New York Times
24 Dec 2012
HONOLULU — They chartered a plane from Washington to bid a final farewell to their old friend. They were Democrats and Republicans who, for one day at least, left behind the bitter budget fight playing out in the capital to pay tribute on Sunday to Senator Daniel K. Inouye of Hawaii, a Democrat, who died last Monday at 88 after serving in the Senate for five decades ... Senator Lisa Murkowski of Alaska, who thought Mr ... Mr ... Mr ... Mr ... Box7 ... ....(size: 6.8Kb)
Ohio
24 Dec 2012
In July 1898, F.A. Seiberling hired Ed Hippensteal to start cleaning up an old strawboard factory in Akron to turn it into the first home for the still unincorporated Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co ... Fast-forward 114 years. On Dec ... Rueschman, like his father, grandfather and namesake great-grandfather, all worked for Goodyear ... ... His vacation travels in years past have taken him to Alaska, Oregon and Arizona and as far as Australia ... ....(size: 4.2Kb)
 |
This article's lead section may not adequately summarize its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article's key points. (October 2011) |
"Anchorage" redirects here. For other uses, see Anchorage (disambiguation).
| Anchorage | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — Unified Borough and City — | |||
| Municipality of Anchorage | |||
 |
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|
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|
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| Nickname(s): The City of Lights and Flowers | |||
| Motto: Big Wild Life | |||
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|||
| Coordinates: 61°13′05″N 149°53′33″W / 61.21806°N 149.8925°W / 61.21806; -149.8925Coordinates: 61°13′05″N 149°53′33″W / 61.21806°N 149.8925°W / 61.21806; -149.8925 | |||
| Country | United States | ||
| State | Alaska | ||
| Borough | Anchorage | ||
| Settled | 1914 | ||
| Incorporated | November 23, 1920 (City of Anchorage); January 1, 1964 (Greater Anchorage Area Borough); September 15, 1975 (current Municipality of Anchorage, which combined the two) |
||
| Named for | the anchorage at the mouth of Ship Creek | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | Dan Sullivan | ||
| Area | |||
| • Unified Borough and City | 1,961.1 sq mi (5,079 km2) | ||
| • Land | 1,697.2 sq mi (4,396 km2) | ||
| • Water | 263.9 sq mi (683 km2) | ||
| • Urban | 78.8 sq mi (204 km2) | ||
| • Metro | 26,312.5 sq mi (68,149 km2) | ||
| Elevation | 102 ft (31 m) | ||
| Population (2010)[1] | 291,826 (64th in U.S.) | ||
| • Density | 171.9/sq mi (66.4/km2) | ||
| • Urban | 225,744 | ||
| • Metro | 380,821 | ||
| Time zone | AKST (UTC-9) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | AKDT (UTC-8) | ||
| ZIP code | 99501–99524, 99530 | ||
| Area code(s) | 907 | ||
| Geocode | 1398242 | ||
| FIPS code | 02-03000 | ||
| Website | www.muni.org | ||
Anchorage (officially called the Municipality of Anchorage) is a unified home rule municipality in the southcentral part of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is the 64th-largest city and northernmost major city in the United States. With 291,826 residents in 2010 (and 380,821 residents within its Metropolitan Statistical Area, which combines Anchorage with the neighboring Matanuska-Susitna Borough),[2] it is Alaska's largest city and constitutes more than 40 percent of the state's total population; amongst the 50 states, only New York has a higher percentage of residents who live in the state's largest city.
Anchorage has been named All-America City four times, in 1956, 1965, 1984/1985 and 2002, by the National Civic League.[3] It has also been named by Kiplinger as the most tax friendly city in the United States.[4]
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of Anchorage, Alaska
File:Anchtentcity.jpg
The tent city (called "The White City" in the handwritten caption) in Rabbit Creek, photographed by Alberta Pyatt on July 1, 1915.
Russian presence in south central Alaska was well established in the 19th century. In 1867, U. S. Secretary of State William H. Seward brokered a deal to purchase Alaska from a debt-ridden Imperial Russia for $7.2 million (about two cents an acre). The deal was lampooned by political rivals as "Seward's folly", "Seward's icebox" and "Walrussia". By 1888, gold was discovered along Turnagain Arm.
In 1912, Alaska became a United States territory. Anchorage, unlike every other large town in Alaska south of the Brooks Range, was neither a fishing nor mining camp. The area within tens of miles of Anchorage is barren of significant economic metal minerals. While a number of Dena'ina settlements existed along Knik Arm for years, only two white men, Bud Whitney and Jack Brown, were reported to have lived in the Ship Creek valley in the 1910s prior to the large influx of settlers.
The city grew from its happenstance choice as the site, in 1914, of a railroad construction port for the Alaska Engineering Commission. Construction of the railroad, to be known as the Alaska Railroad, continued until its completion in 1923. The area near the mouth of Ship Creek, where the railroad headquarters was located, quickly became a tent city. A townsite was platted on higher ground to the south of the tent city, greatly noted in the years since for its order and rigidity compared with other Alaskan townsites. Anchorage was incorporated on November 23, 1920.[5]
The city's economy in the 1920s and 1930s centered on the railroad. Col. Otto F. Ohlson, the Swedish-born general manager of the railroad for nearly two decades, became a symbol of residents' contempt for the firm control he maintained over the railroad's affairs, which by extension became control over economic and other aspects of life in Alaska.
Between the 1930s and the 1950s, the city experienced massive growth as air transportation and the military became increasingly important. Aviation operations in Anchorage commenced along the firebreak south of town (today's Delaney Park Strip), which was also used by residents as a golf course. An increase in air traffic led to clearing of a site directly east of townsite boundaries starting in 1929, which became Merrill Field. Merrill Field served as Anchorage's primary airport during the 1930s and 1940s, when it was replaced by Anchorage International Airport upon its opening in 1951. Merrill Field still serves a significant amount of general aviation traffic to this day.
Elmendorf Air Force Base and Fort Richardson were constructed in the 1940s, and served as the city's primary economic engine until the 1968 Prudhoe Bay discovery shifted the thrust of the economy towards the oil industry. The 2005 Base Realignment and Closure process led to the combining of the two bases (along with Kulis Air National Guard Base) to form Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson.
On March 27, 1964, Anchorage was hit by the magnitude 9.2 Good Friday Earthquake, which killed 115 Alaskans and caused $311 million ($1.8 billion in 2007 U.S. dollars) in damage.[6][7] The earth-shaking event lasted nearly five minutes; most structures that failed remained intact the first few minutes, then failed with repeated flexing.[6][7] It was the second largest earthquake in the recorded history of the world.[6][7] Rebuilding dominated the remainder of the 1960s.
In 1968, oil was discovered in Prudhoe Bay, and the resulting oil boom spurred further growth in Anchorage. In 1975, the City of Anchorage and the Greater Anchorage Area Borough (which includes Eagle River, Girdwood, Glen Alps, and several other communities) merged into the geographically larger Municipality of Anchorage.[5] The city continued to grow in the 1980s, and capital projects and an aggressive beautification campaign took place.
Geography[link]
Anchorage is located in Southcentral Alaska. At 61 degrees north, it lies slightly farther north than Oslo, Stockholm, Helsinki and Saint Petersburg, but not as far north as Reykjavík or Murmansk. It is northeast of the Alaska Peninsula, Kodiak Island, and Cook Inlet, due north of the Kenai Peninsula, northwest of Prince William Sound and the Alaska Panhandle, and nearly due south of Mount McKinley/Denali.
The city is on a strip of coastal lowland and extends up the lower alpine slopes of the Chugach Mountains. Point Campbell, the westernmost point of Anchorage on the mainland, juts out into Cook Inlet near its northern end, at which point it splits into two arms. To the south is Turnagain Arm, a fjord that has some of the world's highest tides. Knik Arm, another tidal inlet, lies to the west and north. The Chugach Mountains on the east form a boundary to development, but not to the city limits, which encompass part of the wild alpine territory of Chugach State Park.
The city's seacoast consists mostly of treacherous mudflats. Newcomers and tourists are warned not to walk in this area because of extreme tidal changes and the very fine glacial silt. Unwary victims have walked onto the solid seeming silt revealed when the tide is out and have become stuck in the mud. The two recorded instances of this occurred in 1961 and 1988.[8]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the municipality has a total area of 1,961.1 square miles (5,079.2 km²); 1,697.2 square miles (4,395.8 km²) of which is land and 263.9 square miles (683.4 km²) of it is water. The total area is 13.46% water.
Boroughs and census areas adjacent to the Municipality of Anchorage are Matanuska-Susitna Borough to the north, Kenai Peninsula Borough to the south and Valdez-Cordova Census Area to the east. The Chugach National Forest, a national protected area, extends into the southern part of the municipality, near Girdwood and Portage.
Climate[link]
Main article: Climate of Anchorage, Alaska
Anchorage has a subarctic climate (the Köppen climate classification is Dfc) but with strong maritime influences that moderate temperatures. In regards to rainfall, the climate has semi-arid influences. Most of the precipitation falls in late summer. Average daytime summer temperatures range from approximately 55 to 78 °F (13 to 26 °C); average daytime winter temperatures are about 5 to 30 °F (-15 to -1.1 °C). Anchorage has a frost-free growing season that averages slightly over 101 days.
Average January low and high temperatures at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (PANC) are 11 to 23 °F (-12 to -5 °C) with an average winter snowfall of 75.5 inches (192 cm).[9] The 2011–2012 winter had 134.5 in (341.6 cm), which made it the [10]snowiest winter on record. The 1954–1955 winter had 132.8 in (337.3 cm), which made it the second [11]snowiest winter on record.[12] The coldest temperature ever recorded at the original weather station located at Merrill Field on the East end of 5th Avenue was −38 °F (−38.9 °C) on February 3, 1947.[13]
Summers are typically mild (although cool compared to the contiguous US and even interior Alaska), and it can rain frequently, although not abundant. Average July low and high temperatures are 52 to 66 °F (11 to 19 °C) and the highest reading ever recorded was 86 °F (30.0 °C) on June 25, 1953.[13] The average annual precipitation at the airport is 16.63 inches (422 mm).[9] Anchorage's latitude causes summer days to be very long and winter daylight hours to be very short. The city is often cloudy during the winter, which decreases the amount of sunlight experienced by residents.[14]
Owing to its proximity to active volcanoes, ash hazards are a significant, though infrequent, occurrence. The most recent notable volcanic activity centered on the multiple eruptions of Mount Redoubt during March–April 2009, resulting in a 25,000-foot (7,600 m) high ash cloud as well as ash accumulation throughout the Cook Inlet region. Previously, the most active recent event was an August 1992 eruption of Mount Spurr, which is located 78 miles (126 km) west of the city.[15] The eruption deposited about 3 mm (0.1 in) of volcanic ash on the city. The clean-up of ash resulted in excessive demands for water and caused major problems for the Anchorage Water and Wastewater Utility.
| Climate data for Anchorage (Ted Stevens Anchorage Int'l), 1981-2010 normals | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 56 (13) |
57 (14) |
56 (13) |
72 (22) |
82 (28) |
86 (30) |
84 (29) |
85 (29) |
73 (23) |
64 (18) |
62 (17) |
53 (12) |
86 (30) |
| Average high °F (°C) | 22 (−6) |
26 (−3) |
34 (1) |
44 (7) |
56 (13) |
63 (17) |
65 (18) |
64 (18) |
55 (13) |
40 (4) |
27 (−3) |
24 (−4) |
43.3 (6.3) |
| Average low °F (°C) | 8 (−13) |
11 (−12) |
17 (−8) |
29 (−2) |
39 (4) |
47 (8) |
53 (12) |
50 (10) |
41 (5) |
28 (−2) |
14 (−10) |
12 (−11) |
29.1 (−1.6) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −35 (−37) |
−38 (−39) |
−24 (−31) |
−15 (−26) |
1 (−17) |
29 (−2) |
34 (1) |
31 (−1) |
19 (−7) |
−6 (−21) |
−21 (−29) |
−36 (−38) |
−38 (−39) |
| Precipitation inches (mm) | .74 (18.8) |
.73 (18.5) |
.60 (15) |
.47 (11.9) |
.76 (19.3) |
.96 (24.4) |
1.83 (46.5) |
3.24 (82.3) |
2.98 (75.7) |
2.03 (51.6) |
1.17 (29.7) |
1.12 (28.4) |
16.63 (422.4) |
| Snowfall inches (cm) | 11.5 (29.2) |
11.0 (27.9) |
10.0 (25.4) |
4.1 (10.4) |
.4 (1) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
.4 (1) |
7.8 (19.8) |
13.3 (33.8) |
17.0 (43.2) |
75.5 (191.8) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 8.1 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 5.5 | 7.0 | 8.2 | 11.3 | 13.8 | 14.5 | 12.3 | 9.3 | 11.1 | 115.1 |
| Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 7.0 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 3.4 | .2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .2 | 4.3 | 7.0 | 8.8 | 42.6 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 83.7 | 121.5 | 195.3 | 234.0 | 288.3 | 276.0 | 251.1 | 204.6 | 159.0 | 117.8 | 81.0 | 52.7 | 2,065 |
| Source no. 1: NOAA, [9] The Weather Channel [16] | |||||||||||||
| Source no. 2: HKO (sun only, 1961-1990) [17] | |||||||||||||
Wildlife[link]
See also: Bears in Anchorage, Alaska
A diverse wildlife population exists in urban Anchorage and the surrounding area. Approximately 250 black bears and 60 grizzly bears live in the area. Bears are regularly sighted within the city. Moose are a common sight. In the Anchorage Bowl, there is a summer population of approximately 250 moose, increasing to as many as 1000 during the winter. They are a hazard to drivers, with over 100 moose killed by cars each year. Two people have been stomped to death by moose in recent years in Anchorage. Cross-country skiers and dog mushers using city trails have been charged by moose on numerous occasions; the Alaska Dept of Fish and Game has to kill some individual aggressive moose in the city every year. Mountain goats can be commonly sighted along the Seward Highway between Anchorage and Girdwood, and Dall sheep are often viewed quite close to the road at Windy Point.[18] Approximately 30 wolves live in the Anchorage area, in 2007 several dogs were killed by wolves while on walks with their owners.[19][20] There are also beaver dams in local creeks, and it is common to see foxes and kits in parking lots close to wooded areas in the spring. Along the Seward Highway headed toward Kenai, there are common sightings of whales in the Turnagain Arm. Lynx are occasionally sighted in Anchorage as well. Within the Municipality there are also a number of streams that host salmon runs. Fishing for salmon at Ship Creek next to downtown is popular in the summer.
Demographics[link]
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1920 | 1,856 |
|
|
| 1930 | 2,277 | 22.7% | |
| 1940 | 3,495 | 53.5% | |
| 1950 | 11,254 | 222.0% | |
| 1960 | 44,237 | 293.1% | |
| 1970 | 48,081 | 8.7% | |
| 1980 | 174,431 | 262.8% | |
| 1990 | 226,338 | 29.8% | |
| 2000 | 260,283 | 15.0% | |
| 2010 | 291,826 | 12.1% | |
| source:[21][22] | |||
As of the 2005–2007 American Community Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau, White Americans made up 69.8% of Anchorage's population; of which 66.4% were non-Hispanic whites, down from 83.6% in 1980.[23] Blacks or African Americans made up 6.3% of Anchorage's population; of which 6.1% were non-Hispanic blacks. American Indians and Alaska Natives made up 5.5% of the city's population; of which 5.3% were non-Hispanic.[24][25]
Asian Americans made up 6.1% of the city's population; of which 6.0% were non-Hispanic. Pacific Islander Americans made up 1.0% of the city's population. Individuals from some other race made up 2.7% of the city's population; of which 0.1% were non-Hispanic. Individuals from two or more races made up 8.5% of the city's population; of which 7.4% were non-Hispanic. In addition, Hispanics and Latinos made up 7.7% of Anchorage's population.[24][25]
As of the 2000 census, there were 260,283 people, 94,822 households and 64,099 families residing in the municipality. The population density was 153.4 per square mile (59.2/km²). There were 100,368 housing units at an average density of 59.1 per square miles (22.8/km²). The racial makeup of the municipality was 72.2% White, 5.8% African American, 7.3% Native American (a category that includes both Alaska Natives and American Indians not of Alaskan origin), 5.6% Asian, 0.9% Pacific Islander, 2.2% from other races, and 6.0% from two or more races. 5.7% were Hispanics or Latinos of any race. 4.0% reported speaking Spanish at home, while 1.5% speak Tagalog and 1.4% Korean.[26]
There were 94,822 households out of which 38.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.1% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.4% were non-families. 23.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 3.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.19.
The age distribution was 29.1% under 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 33.9% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 5.5% who were 65 or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 101.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.4 males.
The median income for a household in the municipality was $55,546, and the median income for a family was $63,682. Males had a median income of $41,267 versus $31,747 for females. The per capita income for the municipality was $25,287. About 5.1% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.8% of those under the age of 18 and 6.4% of those 65 and older.
As of September 7, 2006, 94 languages were spoken by students in the Anchorage School District.[27]
According to the 2000 U.S. Census Anchorage had 300 Hmong people. The average Hmong household size was 7 people, and almost all Hmong lived in rental units. For Hmong households, the median income was below the overall Anchorage median by $25,500 to $30,000. Every Hmong in Anchorage lived below the poverty line. Of the 203 Hmong who were over 25 years of age, 13 of them had a bachelor's degree. All Hmong spoke languages other than English.[28]
A 2006 Anchorage Daily News article stated that the Hmong population had increased to around 1,200. Hmong community leaders estimated that the Hmong population in Anchorage was almost 2,000. Schools in Anchorage enrolled about 700 Hmong students in 2006. At that time, many Mormon missionaries in Anchorage provided assistance to Hmong, aiming to convert several of them to Mormonism.[28]
Economy[link]
| Sister cities[29] |
|---|
 Chitose, Japan |
 Darwin, Australia |
 Harbin, PRC |
 Incheon, South Korea |
 Magadan, Russia |
 Tromsø, Norway |
 Whitby, United Kingdom |
 |
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2009) |
Anchorage's largest economic sectors include transportation, military, municipal, state and federal government, tourism, corporate headquarters (including regional headquarters for multinational corporations) and resource extraction. Large portions of the local economy depend on Anchorage's geographical location and surrounding natural resources. Anchorage's economy traditionally has seen steady growth, though not quite as rapid as many places in the lower 48 states. With the notable exception of a real estate-related crash in the mid to late 1980s, which saw the failure of numerous financial institutions, it does not experience as much pain during economic downturns.
The Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (TSAIA) is the world's third busiest airport for cargo traffic, surpassed only by Memphis and Hong Kong. This traffic is strongly linked to Anchorage's location along "great circle" routes between Asia and the lower 48. In addition, the airport has an abundant supply of jet fuel from in-state refineries located in North Pole and Kenai. This jet fuel is transported to the Port of Anchorage, then by rail or pipeline to the airport.
The Port of Anchorage receives 95 percent of all goods destined for Alaska. Ships from Totem Ocean Trailer Express and Horizon Lines arrive twice weekly from the Port of Tacoma in Washington. Along with handling these activities, the port is a storage facility for jet fuel from Alaskan refineries, which is utilized at both TSAIA and Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson (JBER).
The United States military used to have two large installations, Elmendorf Air Force Base and Fort Richardson, which originally stemmed from the branching off of the U.S. Air Force from the U.S. Army following World War II. In a cost cutting effort initiated by the 2005 BRAC proceedings, the bases were combined. JBER was created, which also incorporated Kulis Air National Guard Base near TSAIA. The combination of these three bases employ approximately 8,500 civilian and military personnel. These individuals along with their families comprise approximately ten percent of the local population. During the Cold War, Elmendorf became an important base due to its proximity to the Soviet Union, particularly as a command center for numerous forward air stations established throughout the western reaches of Alaska (most of which have since closed).
While Juneau is the official state capital of Alaska, there are actually more state employees who reside in the Anchorage area. Approximately 6,800 state employees work in Anchorage compared to about 3,800 in Juneau. The State of Alaska purchased the Bank of America Center (which it renamed the Robert B. Atwood Building) to house most of its offices, after several decades of leasing space in the McKay Building (currently the McKinley Tower) and later the Frontier Building.
Tourists are drawn to Alaska every year and Anchorage is commonly the first initial stop for most travelers.[citation needed] From Anchorage people can easily head south to popular fishing locations on the Kenai Peninsula or north to locations such as Denali National Park and Fairbanks.
The resource sector, mainly petroleum, is arguably Anchorage's most visible industry, with many high rises bearing the logos of large multinationals such as BP and ConocoPhillips. While field operations are centered on the Alaska North Slope and south of Anchorage around Cook Inlet, the majority of offices and administration are found in Anchorage. The headquarters building of ConocoPhillips Alaska, a subsidiary of ConocoPhillips, is located in downtown Anchorage.[30] It is also the tallest building in Alaska. Many companies who provide oilfield support services are likewise headquartered outside of Anchorage but maintain a substantial presence in the city, most notably Arctic Slope Regional Corporation and CH2M HILL.
Four small airlines, Alaska Central Express,[31] Era Aviation,[32] Hageland Aviation Services,[33] and PenAir, are headquartered in Anchorage.[34] Alaska Airlines, at one point headquartered in Anchorage, has major offices and facilities at TSAIA, including the offices of the Alaska Airlines Foundation.[35] Prior to their respective dissolutions, airlines MarkAir and Reeve Aleutian Airways were also headquartered in Anchorage.[36][37][38] The Reeve Building, at the corner of West Sixth Avenue and D Street, was spared the wrecking ball when the city block it sits on was cleared to make way for the 5th Avenue Mall, and was incorporated into the mall's structure.
Anchorage does not levy a sales tax. It does, however, charge a 12% bed tax and an 8% tax on car rentals.[39]
Arts[link]
Located next to Town Square Park in downtown Anchorage, the Alaska Center for the Performing Arts is a three-part complex, hosting numerous performing arts events each year. The facility can accommodate more than 3,000 patrons. In 2000, nearly 245,000 people visited 678 public performances. It is home to eight resident performing arts companies and has featured mega-musical performed by visiting companies. The center also hosts the International Ice Carving Competition as part of the Fur Rendezvous festival in February.
The Anchorage Concert Association brings 15 to 20 events to the community each winter, including Broadway shows like Disney's The Lion King and Mamma Mia! The Sitka Summer Music Festival presents an "Autumn Classics" festival of chamber music for two weeks each September on the campus of Alaska Pacific University.
Annually in January, the Anchorage Folk Festival takes place at the University of Alaska, Anchorage, featuring concerts, dances, and workshops with featured guest artists and over 130 performances by volunteer singers, dancers, musicians, and storytellers.
- Alaska Native Heritage Center[40]
- Alaska Museum of Natural History[41]
- Alaska Aviation Heritage Museum
- Anchorage Museum at Rasmuson Center[42]
- Imaginarium: Science Discovery Center[43]
- Oscar Anderson House Museum[44]
- Wells Fargo Alaska Heritage Library & Museum[45]
The city of Anchorage currently provides three municipal facilities large enough to hold major events such as concerts, trade shows and conventions. Downtown facilities include the Alaska Center for the Performing Arts, William A. Egan Civic & Convention Center and the recently completed Dena’ina Civic and Convention Center, which will be connected via skybridge to form the Anchorage Civic & Convention District. The Sullivan Arena hosts sporting events as well concerts and annual trade shows. The Anchorage Football Stadium and Mulcahy Stadium are also noteworthy sports venues
Sports[link]
Main article: Sports in Alaska
National attention is focused on Anchorage on the first Saturday of each March, when the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race kicks off with its ceremonial start downtown on Fourth Avenue. Better known as simply "The Iditarod", the event is the longest[citation needed] sled dog race in the world. Anchorage is also home to the Fur Rendezvous Open World Championship Sled Dog Races, a three-day dog sled sprint event consisting of 3 timed races of 25.5 miles (41.0 km) each. Held each February, the event is part of the annual Fur Rendezvous, a winter sports carnival.
Anchorage is the home of two teams in the Alaska Baseball League. The Anchorage Bucs and Anchorage Glacier Pilots both play at Mulcahy Stadium.
Anchorage currently has one professional sports team: the Alaska Aces of hockey's ECHL.
The University of Alaska-Anchorage Seawolves are a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. UAA has Division I teams in gymnastics and hockey, as well as several other Division II teams. There are four rugby clubs, including the Bird Creek Barbarians RFC, Anchorage Thunderbirds,[46] Mat Valley Maulers RFC, and Spenard Green Dragons.[47] The season runs from April through September.
The Anchorage Northern Knights gained national attention when they joined the eight-team Eastern Basketball Association in 1977, a league whose nearest competitor was 5,000 miles (8,000 km) from Anchorage. The Knights captured the 1979–80 league championship, and featured several players who would play in the NBA, most notably Brad Davis, a future player and broadcaster for the Dallas Mavericks. They competed in the renamed Continental Basketball Association for five seasons until the economic recession ended their run in 1982.
UAA sponsors the annual Great Alaska Shootout, an annual NCAA Division I basketball tournament featuring colleges and universities from across the United States along with the UAA team. Anchorage is the finish line for the Sadler's Ultra Challenge wheelchair race, and holds the ceremonial start of the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. The city was the U.S. candidate for hosting the 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics, but lost to Albertville, France and Lillehammer, Norway respectively. Anchorage is a premier cross-country skiing city, in terms of density of groomed trails within the urban core. There are 105 miles (169 km) of maintained ski trails in the city, some of which reach downtown. The same trail system also provides access to Chugach State Park, a 495,000-acre (200,000 ha) high alpine park.[48] The Tour of Anchorage is an annual 50-kilometer ski race within the city.[49] and is the Host for the 2009 and 2010 US Senior National Cross Country Ski Championship.[50]
Anchorage is also home to Alaska's first WFTDA flat track women's roller derby league, the Rage City Rollergirls.[51]
Parks and recreation[link]
Parks and gardens[link]
- Alaska Native Heritage Center[52]
- The Alaska Botanical Garden contains over 900 species of hardy perennials and 150 native plant species[53]
- Alaska Zoo[54]
- Alaska Wildlife Conservation Center[55]
- Delaney Park Strip
- Kincaid Park
- Point Woronzof Park
- Earthquake Park
- Russian Jack Park
- Flattop Mountain Recreation Area
- Westchester Lagoon/Margaret Eagan Sullivan Park
- Valley of the Moon Park
- Lyn Ary Park
- Pop Carr Park
- Minnesota Park
- Fairview Lions Park
- Roosevelt Park
- Hanna Cove Park
- University Lake Park
- Goose Lake Park
- Conifer Park
- Muldoon Park
- McPhee Park
- Williwaw Park
- Connors Lake Park
- Jewel Lake Park
- Ocean View Park
- Cutty Sark Park
- Taku Lake Park
- Bancroft Park
- Campbell Park
- Meadow Park
- Storck Park
- Forsythe Park
- Charles Smith Park
- Al Miller Memorial Park
- Lloyd Steele and Balto Seppala Parks
- Tikishla Park (which includes the Scotty Gomez Skating Rink)
- Nunaka Valley Park
- Sitka Park
- Centennial Park
- Sand Lake Park
- De La Vega Park
- Southport Park
- Ocean Bluff Park
- Ruth Arcand Park
- Meadow Park
- Abbott Loop Park
Recreational facilities[link]
- Alpenglow Ski Area[56]
- Alyeska Resort[57]
- Hilltop Ski Area[58]
- Kincaid Park[59]
- Tony Knowles Coastal Trail
Government and politics[link]
See also: List of mayors of Anchorage, Alaska
Anchorage is governed by an elected mayor and 11 member assembly, with the assistance of a city manager. These positions are non-partisan (as is the case with all municipal elected offices in Alaska), and thus no candidates officially run under any party banner. All eleven members are elected from districts known as sections. Five of the sections elect two members from designated seats, while the remaining section elects one member. Prior to the 1980 United States Census, the single-member section was the one centered around the northern Anchorage communities of Chugiak and Eagle River. Since that census, the area encompassing Downtown Anchorage and surrounding neighborhoods has served as the city's single-member section. The mayor (along with members of the school board) is elected in a citywide vote. In practice, however, the party affiliation and political ideology of major candidates are usually well known, and is highlighted by local media for the purposes of framing debate. The city's current mayor is Dan Sullivan, a registered Republican as well as the son of Anchorage's longest-serving mayor, George M. Sullivan. Along with 7 sister cities in the SCI program, Anchorage has a cultural exchange program with the former Yugoslavia nation of Montenegro.
Anchorage generally leans toward Republican candidates in both state and presidential elections. However, since the establishment of the municipality in 1975, there have been two Democratic mayors (Tony Knowles and Mark Begich) who have been elected to two consecutive terms. Downtown, Girdwood, and much of both the west and east parts of town trend Democratic. However, areas closest to the military bases – including Eagle River – and south Anchorage are the most Republican areas of the Municipality. Midtown is relatively moderate by comparison.
Anchorage-Eagle River sends 16 representatives (currently six Republicans and 10 Democrats) to the 40-member Alaska House of Representatives and eight senators (currently four Republicans and four Democrats) to the 20-member Senate. When seats from the neighboring Mat-Su Borough are added, more than half of the Alaska state legislature comes from the Anchorage metropolitan area. This is often used as an argument in favor of moving the state capital from Juneau to a location in the Anchorage area.
| Year | Democrat | Republican |
|---|---|---|
| 2008 | 57.5% | 39.7% |
| 2004 | 53.8% | 42.7% |
Voting trends show that Downtown Anchorage votes Democratic in large margins, while Spenard, Turnagain/Inlet View, and University/Airport Heights are relatively moderate and swing in elections. The remaining Anchorage area votes Republican.[60]
Public safety[link]
| Violent crimes[61] per 100,000 pop. |
Property crimes[62] per 100,000 pop. |
|
|---|---|---|
| Anchorage[63] | 735.6 | 4,116.1 |
| Alaska[64] | 631.9 | 3,612.5 |
| U.S. cities, pop. 100,000–249,999[65] |
616.2 | 4,648.4 |
| U.S. cities, pop. 250,000–499,999[65] |
1,015.0 | 5,584.9 |
| U.S. total[64] | 469.2 | 3,429.8 |
|
Source: FBI Uniform Crime Reports
|
||
With a reported strength of 383 sworn officers, the Anchorage Police Department is the largest police department in the state, serving an area of 159 square miles with a population of over a quarter million people.[66] The Fire & EMS Operations Division of the Anchorage Fire Department (AFD) includes thirteen fire stations with over 300 personnel covering three rotating 24-hour shifts. Additionally, there are volunteer fire departments in Girdwood and Chugiak and fire departments on Elmendorf Air Force Base and Fort Richardson, as well as the Airport Police and Fire Department.[67]
In 2005, the latest year for which data is available, Anchorage reported 735.6 violent crimes per 100,000 population and 4,116.1 property crimes per 100,000 population (see table). Anchorage's crime rate, both for violent and property crimes, is higher than for Alaska as a whole or for the U.S. as a whole. When compared with U.S. cities of similar size, Anchorage has a comparable rate of violent crime and a lower rate of property crime. Anchorage, and Alaska in general, have very high rates of sexual assault in comparison with the rest of the country, with Anchorage's annual rate of forcible rapes over twice as high as for the U.S. as a whole. Alaska Natives are victimized at a much higher rate than their representation in the population.[68]
The Anchorage Community Survey, a public survey conducted in 2004–2005 by the Justice Center at University of Alaska Anchorage, found that overall, Anchorage residents are fairly satisfied with the performance of the Anchorage Police Department.[69] Most survey respondents perceived the justice system to be "somewhat effective" or "very effective" at apprehending and prosecuting criminal suspects, bringing about just outcomes, and reducing crime.[70]
Federal representation[link]
The United States Postal Service operates the Anchorage Main Post Office on the grounds of Ted Stevens International Airport.[71] In addition the service operates other post offices in Anchorage.
The National Transportation Safety Board operates the Anchorage Field Office in Anchorage; it is the regional headquarters of the NTSB Aviation Alaska Region.[72]
Education[link]
Public education in Anchorage, Eagle River, Chugiak, Fort Richardson and Elmendorf Air Force Base is managed by the Anchorage School District, the 87th largest district in the United States, with nearly 50,000 students attending 98 schools.[73] There are also a number of choices in private education, including both religious and non-denominational schools.
Anchorage has four higher-education facilities that offer bachelor's or master's degrees: the University of Alaska Anchorage,[74] Alaska Pacific University, Charter College,[75] and the Anchorage campus of Texas-based Wayland Baptist University. The University of Alaska Fairbanks also has a small Center for Distance Education center downtown. Other continuing education facilities in Anchorage include the Grainger Leadership Institute, Nine Star Enterprises, CLE International, Nana Worksafe, and PackBear DBA Barr & Co.
Ninety percent of Anchorage's adults have high-school diplomas, 65 percent have attended one to three years of college, and 17 percent hold advanced degrees.
Transportation[link]
Roads[link]
There is one numbered state highway in Anchorage, Alaska Route 1. Southbound from the Fairview neighborhood, it is known as the Seward Highway, connecting Anchorage to the Kenai Peninsula. Eastbound from the Mountain View neighborhood and then northerly through and beyond Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson and Eagle River, it is known as the Glenn Highway. Within the city center, Alaska Route 1 is known as Gambell and Ingra Streets, and East Fifth and East Sixth Avenues. With the exception of the Portage Glacier Highway and Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, which connects the Alaska Marine Highway and Whittier to the Seward Highway, there is no other road access to Anchorage. A portion of the Seward Highway, approximately 10 miles (16 km) long and stretching from 36th Avenue in midtown Anchorage to 154th Avenue near Potter Marsh, is built to freeway standards.
The Glenn Highway carries commuter traffic to and from Eagle River, Chugiak, and the Matanuska-Susitna Valley cities of Palmer and Wasilla. It also leads further to connect to the Richardson Highway and Tok Cut-Off, with further connections to the contiguous North American highway system via the Alaska Highway. Beginning as a six-lane expressway near Merrill Field and becoming a freeway near the Northway Mall (as well as being formally designated the Glenn Highway as opposed to East Fifth Avenue at this point), the highway reduces to four lanes where it crosses the Eagle River. After leaving municipal limits, the freeway crosses the Knik and Matanuska Rivers as well as the Palmer Hay Flats State Game Refuge before coming to an interchange with the George Parks Highway (Alaska Route 3). The interchange, completed in 2004, continues the freeway along the Parks Highway. The freeway ends in the eastern reaches of Wasilla city limits; the Parks Highway continues to Fairbanks. The Glenn Highway becomes a two-lane highway shortly beyond this interchange. Part of Alaska Route 1, as well as parts of other Alaska state highways, are eligible for federal funding under the Interstate Highway System.
Highway to Highway[link]
Main article: Seward Highway to Glenn Highway Connection
On and off since the 1960s, the Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities, in coordination with the Federal Highway Administration and the Municipality of Anchorage (or the lineal predecessors of those entities), have been exploring the concept of a roadway connecting the endpoints of the Seward and Glenn highways. The project is called "Highway to Highway", and the most recent concept for this project is that of a "trenched" freeway through the heart of Anchorage.
Highway to Highway is included in the 2005 Long Range Transportation Plan, and would cost at least $575 million dollars (2005 dollars) – by far the largest urban infrastructure project in Alaska's history. The project is currently undergoing development of the Environmental Impact Statement as required by NEPA for all federal highway projects. This scoping process will cost around $18 million and will take approximately 3 years; expected to be completed by 2011.
Public transit[link]
Main article: People Mover (Anchorage)
Anchorage has a bus system called People Mover,[76] with a central hub in downtown Anchorage and satellite hubs at Dimond Center and Muldoon Mall. The People Mover provides carpool organization services. The public paratransit service known as AnchorRides provides point-to-point accessible transportation services to seniors and those who experience disabilities.
Rail[link]
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 |
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The Alaska Railroad yards (left) and depot (right) in the
Ship Creek valley immediately north of downtown Anchorage. |
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The Alaska Railroad offers year-round freight service along the length of its rail system between Seward (the southern terminus of the system), Fairbanks (the northern terminus of the system), and Whittier (a deep water, ice-free port). Daily passenger service is available during summer (May 15 – September 15), but is reduced to one round-trip per week between Anchorage and Fairbanks during the winter.[77][78][79] Passenger terminals exist at Talkeetna, Denali National Park, Fairbanks, and other places. These communities are also served by bus line from Anchorage. The Ship Creek Shuttle connects downtown with the Ship Creek area, including stops at the Alaska Railroad depot.
Anchorage also is currently conducting a feasibility study on a commuter rail and light rail system.[80][81] For the commuter rail system, Anchorage would use existing Alaska Railroad tracks to provide service to Whittier, Palmer, Seward, Wasilla, and Eagle River.
Air transport[link]
The Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, six miles (10 km) South from downtown Anchorage, is the airline hub for the state, served by many national and international airlines, including Seattle-based Alaska Airlines as well as a many intrastate airlines and charter air services. The airport is the primary international air freight gateway in the nation, by weight. Twenty-six percent of the tonnage of U.S. international air freight moves through Anchorage.[82] Next to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport is Lake Hood Seaplane Base, the largest Seaplane Base in the world. Merrill Field, a general aviation airport on the edge of downtown, was the 86th-busiest airport in the nation in 2006.[83] There are also ten smaller private (mostly Department Of Transportation) general aviation airports within the city limits.[84]
Health and utilities[link]
Providence Alaska Medical Center on Providence Drive in Anchorage is the largest hospital in Alaska and is part of Providence Health & Services in Alaska, Washington, Oregon and California. It features the state's most comprehensive range of services. Providence Health System has a history of serving Alaska, beginning when the Sisters of Providence first brought health care to Nome in 1902. As the territory grew during the following decades, so did efforts to provide care. Hospitals were opened in Fairbanks in 1910 and Anchorage in 1937.
Alaska Regional Hospital on DeBarr Road in Anchorage opened in 1958 as Anchorage Presbyterian Hospital, located downtown at 825 L Street (now home to the municipal health department). This predecessor to Alaska Regional was a joint venture between local physicians and the Presbyterian Church. In 1976 the hospital moved to its present location on DeBarr Road, and is now a 254-bed licensed and accredited facility. Alaska Regional has expanded services and in 1994, Alaska Regional joined with HCA, one of the nation's largest healthcare providers.
Alaska Native Medical Center located on Tudor Road, provides medical care and therapeutic health care to Alaska natives – 229 tribes – at the Anchorage site and at 15 satellite facilities throughout the state. ANMC specialists also travel to clinics in the Bush to provide care. The 150-bed hospital is also a teaching center for the University of Washington's regional medical education program. ANMC houses an office of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium and Southcentral Foundation jointly own and manage ANMC.
The Municipal Light & Power (ML&P) and Chugach Electric Association provide electricity to the city. A municipally owned utility since 1932, ML&P supplies electric power to more than 30,000 residential and commercial customers in the Anchorage area. Chugach Electric Association is a not-for-profit, member-owned cooperative that was formed in 1948.
Most homes have natural gas-fueled heat. ENSTAR Natural Gas Company is the sole provider for Anchorage, servicing some 90-percent of the city's population.
The Municipality of Anchorage owns and operates the Anchorage Water and Wastewater Utility, serving some 55,000 customer accounts with water from the glacier-influenced Eklutna Lake. Anchorage Municipal Solid Waste Services and Anchorage Refuse conduct trash removal in the city depending on location.
Media[link]
Anchorage's leading newspaper is the Anchorage Daily News,[85] a citywide daily newspaper. Other newspapers include the Alaska Star,[86] serving primarily Chugiak and Eagle River, the Anchorage Press,[87] a free weekly covering mainly cultural topics, and The Northern Light,[88] the student newspaper of the University of Alaska Anchorage. Anchorage's major network television affiliates are KTUU 2 (NBC), KTBY 4 (Fox), KYES 5 (MyNetworkTV), KAKM 7 (PBS), KTVA 11 (CBS), KYUR 13 (ABC/CW), and KDMD 33 (Ion/Telemundo). The city's only cable television provider is General Communication, Inc. (GCI). However, Dish Network and DirecTV offer satellite television service in Anchorage and the surrounding area. A fictional version of Anchorage is mentioned in the Fallout 3 DLC 'Operation Anchorage'.
There are many radio stations in Anchorage; see List of radio stations in Alaska for more information.
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See also[link]
- "Anchorage" (song) by singer Michelle Shocked.
- List of aerospace museums
- List of tallest buildings in Anchorage
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Anchorage, Alaska
Notes and references[link]
- ^ "Anchorage, AK Metropolitan Statistical Area - ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2006". U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_DP5&-ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&-tree_id=306&-redoLog=true&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=31000US11260&-format=&-_lang=en. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
- ^ "Anchorage municipality, AK; Anchorage, AK Metro Area – ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates:2009". U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_DP5&-ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&-tree_id=306&-redoLog=true&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=31000US11260&-format=&-_lang=en. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
- ^ "National Civil League All-America winners by state". National Civic League. http://www.ncl.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=130&Itemid=186. Retrieved July 2, 2008.
- ^ "Top 10 Tax-Friendly Cities". Kiplinger. http://www.kiplinger.com/tools/slideshows/slideshow_pop.html?nm=Taxfriendlycities. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
- ^ a b "Community Database Online, Anchorage". Alaska Division of Community and Regional Affairs. http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/commdb/CF_BLOCK.cfm?Comm_Boro_Name=Anchorage&Data_Type=generalOverview&submit2=GettData. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ a b c "The Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964". Geophysical Institute, UAF. Alaska Earthquake Information Center. http://www.aeic.alaska.edu/quakes/Alaska_1964_earthquake.html. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Historic Earthquakes, Prince William Sound, Alaska". USGS. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1964_03_28.php. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ Danger Stalks the Land: Alaskan Tales of Death and Survival By Larry Kaniut – St. Martins Press 1999 – Page 2-6 and 287–291
- ^ a b c "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=pafc. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
- ^ http://www.ktuu.com/news/ktuu-recordbreaking-snowfall-20120407,0,1706357.story
- ^ http://www.ktuu.com/news/ktuu-recordbreaking-snowfall-20120407,0,1706357.story
- ^ "Snowfall Records for Anchorage Alaska". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://pafc.arh.noaa.gov/climate/pdf/Anchorage%20Snowfall%20Records.pdf. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
- ^ a b "Temperature Records for Anchorage Alaska". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
- ^ For November, December, and January, average monthly percent possible sunshine (the hours of direct sunlight experienced, divided by the possible hours of sunlight for the location) is below 35%. See http://climate.umn.edu/cawap/mpr/jargon.htm for an explanation of the concept "percent possible sunlight". Data from Data Through 2005 Average Percent Possible Sunshine. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved November 20, 2006.
- ^ "Mt. Spurr's 1992 Eruptions". Alaska Volcano Observatory. http://www.avo.alaska.edu/archives/spurreos/spurreos.php. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
- ^ "Monthly Averages for Anchorage, AK". The Weather Channel. http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/USAK0012. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
- ^ "Climatological Normals of Anchorage". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/n_america/us/Anchorage_e.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-19.
- ^ "Alaska Highway Drives from Anchorage". Alaska.org. http://alaska.org/driving/turnagain-arm-drive.htm. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
- ^ "Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Living with Wildlife in Anchorage: a Cooperative Planning Effort". State of Alaska. April 2000. http://wildlife.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=planning.anchorage5. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
- ^ "North Side wolf pack attacks, kills dogs". Anchorage Daily News. December 11, 2007. http://dwb.adn.com/news/alaska/wildlife/wolves/story/9514718p-9424671c.html. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
- ^ "Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places in Alaska". United States Census Bureau. July 1, 2008. http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2009-04-02.csv. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
- ^ Moffatt, Riley. Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850–1990. Lanham: Scarecrow, 1996, 1.
- ^ "Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ a b "Anchorage municipality, Alaska - 2005-2009 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=ChangeGeoContext&geo_id=16000US0203000&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=Anchorage&_cityTown=Anchorage&_state=04000US02&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null®=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry=. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
- ^ a b factfinder.census.gov "Anchorage municipality, Alaska - ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2005-2007". U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US0203000&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_DP3YR5&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-_sse=on factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
- ^ "MLA Data Center Results – Anchorage Municipality County, Alaska". Modern Language Association. http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=2&county_id=20&mode=geographic&zip=&place_id=&cty_id=&ll=all&a=&ea=&order=r. Retrieved May 13, 2007.
- ^ "About the Anchorage School District - Languages our students speak". ASD Online - Anchorage School District. http://www.asdk12.org/aboutasd/languages.asp. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
- ^ a b O'Malley, Julia. "Hmong and Mormon." Anchorage Daily News. Sunday October 8, 2006. A1. Retrieved March 13, 2012.
- ^ "Home > Sister Cities > Homepage". Municipal of Anchorage. Archived from the original on August 7, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070807122255/http://www.muni.org/sister1/index.cfm. Retrieved October 12, 2007.
- ^ "North Slope National Petroleum Reserva Alaska 2008/2009 Exploration Drilling Program." ConocoPhillips Alaska. November 2008. Page 1 (1/8). Retrieved February 14, 2010.
- ^ "Contact Us." Alaska Central Express. Retrieved January 24, 2010.
- ^ "Contact Us." Era Aviation. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
- ^ "Contact Us." Hageland Aviation Services. Retrieved on November 3, 2009.
- ^ "Contact Us." PenAir. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
- ^ "The Alaska Airlines Foundation." Alaska Airlines. Retrieved February 27, 2010.
- ^ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. March 22–28, 1995. 761.
- ^ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. March 30, 1985. 111." Retrieved July 23, 2009.
- ^ "About Us." Reeve Aleutian Airways. August 27, 1998. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
- ^ "Alaska Taxable 2008" (PDF). Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development. January 2009. http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dcra/osa/pub/08Taxable.pdf. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
- ^ "Alaska Native Heritage Center". Alaskanative.net. http://www.alaskanative.net. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Alaska Museum of Natural History". Alaskamuseum.org. http://www.alaskamuseum.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "The Anchorage Museum at Rasmuson Center". Anchoragemuseum.org. http://www.anchoragemuseum.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "The Imaginarium!". The Imaginarium!. http://www.imaginarium.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "anchoragehistoric.org". anchoragehistoric.org. http://www.anchoragehistoric.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Home". Thunderbirds.20m.com. http://www.thunderbirds.20m.com. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ Alaska Rugby – Bird Creek Barbarians RFC
- ^ "Parks and Recreation". Muni.org. http://www.muni.org/parks/Trails.cfm. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
- ^ "Tour of Anchorage". Tour of Anchorage. http://www.tourofanchorage.com/. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "2009 and 2010 US Cross Country Ski Championships in Anchorage Alaska". Anchoragenordicski.com. September 28, 2009. http://www.anchoragenordicski.com/nationals09/. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
- ^ "Anchorage, Alaska's Premier Roller Derby League!". Rage City Rollergirls. http://www.ragecityrollergirls.org. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
- ^ "www.alaskanative.net – Home". Alaskanative.net. http://alaskanative.net. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Alaska Botanical Garden". Alaskabg.org. http://www.alaskabg.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Alaska Zoo Home Page". Alaskazoo.org. http://www.alaskazoo.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Alaska Wildlife Conservation Center". Alaskawildlife.org. http://www.alaskawildlife.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Ski Hotline 907-428-1208 | Alpenglow Ski Hotline 907-428-1208". Skialpenglow.com. http://www.skialpenglow.com. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Alaska Ski Vacation Resorts – Alyeska gets top ratings!". Alyeskaresort.com. http://www.alyeskaresort.com. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Hilltop Ski Area – Home Page". Hilltopskiarea.org. http://www.hilltopskiarea.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "ParkDistrictSW". Muni.org. http://www.muni.org/parks/parkdistrictsw.cfm. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "2008 Presidential Election Results by House District in Alaska". USA Election Atlas http://uselectionatlas.org/FORUM/index.php?topic=88046.0. Retrieved 05 July 2010.
- ^ Includes of murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.
- ^ Includes burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.
- ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2006). "Table 8 (Alaska). Offenses Known to Law Enforcement." Crime in the United States 2005. Retrieved on April 6, 2007.
- ^ a b Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2006). "Table 4. Crime in the United States, by Region, Geographic Division, and State, 2004–2005." Crime in the United States 2005. Retrieved on April 2, 2007.
- ^ a b Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2006). "Table 16. Rate: Number of Crimes per 100,000 Inhabitants by Population Group, 2005." Crime in the United States 2005. Retrieved on April 2, 2007.
- ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2008). "Table 78 (Alaska). Full-Time Law Enforcement Employees by State by City, 2008." Retrieved on December 11, 2009.
- ^ Anchorage Fire Department official website. Retrieved on April 2, 2007.
- ^ Rosay, André. (Winter 2004). "Forcible Rapes and Sexual Assaults in Anchorage." Alaska Justice Forum 20(4): 1, 9–11. Retrieved on April 2, 2007.
- ^ Myrstol, Brad A. (Summer 2005). [ "Making the Grade? Public Evaluation of Police Performance in Anchorage."] Alaska Justice Forum 22(2): 5–10.
- ^ Justice Center, University of Alaska Anchorage. (Fall 2005). "Anchorage Attitudes Toward Justice System." Alaska Justice Forum 22(3): 8.
- ^ "Post Office Location - Anchorage Main Office." United States Postal Service. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
- ^ "Regional Offices: Aviation." National Transportation Safety Board. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
- ^ GreatSchools. "Anchorage School District". http://www.greatschools.org/alaska/anchorage/Anchorage-School-District/. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
- ^ "University of Alaska Anchorage". Uaa.alaska.edu. http://www.uaa.alaska.edu. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Charter College Virtual Library". Chartercollege.org. http://www.chartercollege.org. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Muni.org". Muni.org. http://www.muni.org/transit. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "The Alaska Railroad – Route Map". Akrr.com. http://www.akrr.com/arrc53.html. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "The Alaska Railroad – Freight Services". Akrr.com. http://www.akrr.com/arrc7.html. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "The Alaska Railroad – Fares/Schedules". Akrr.com. http://www.akrr.com/arrc18.html. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "Clean Alaska Transportation Project". Ses.uaa.alaska.edu. http://ses.uaa.alaska.edu/Projects/ACT%20Project.htm. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ Anchorage Daily News Report, June 14, 2008
- ^ BTS | Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, Alaska—Air Freight Gateway[dead link]
- ^ Merrill Field Airport[dead link]
- ^ "Airports in Anchorage Alaska". Airnav.com. http://www.airnav.com/. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
- ^ "adn.com". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
- ^ "Alaska Star". Alaska Star. http://www.alaskastar.com/. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
- ^ "Anchorage Press". Anchorage Press. http://www.anchoragepress.com/. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
- ^ "The Northern Light". The Northern Light. http://www.thenorthernlight.org/. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
Further reading[link]
- Preston Jones. City For Empire: An Anchorage History, 1914-1941 (University of Alaska Press, 2010) 214 pages
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Anchorage, Alaska |
- The Municipality of Anchorage
- Borough map: Alaska Department of Labor
- The Anchorage Convention and Visitors Bureau
- Anchorage, Alaska at the Open Directory Project
- Anchorage travel guide from Wikitravel
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the U.S. state of Alaska. For other uses, see Alaska (disambiguation).
"Alaskan" redirects here. For other uses, see Alaskan (disambiguation).
| State of Alaska | |||||
|
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| Nickname(s): The Last Frontier | |||||
| Motto(s): North to the Future | |||||
 |
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| Official language(s) | None[1][2] | ||||
| Spoken language(s) | English 89.7%, Native North American 5.2%, Spanish 2.9% |
||||
| Demonym | Alaskan | ||||
| Capital | Juneau | ||||
| Largest city | Anchorage | ||||
| Area | Ranked 1st in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 663,268 sq mi (1,717,854 km2) |
||||
| - Width | 2,261 miles (3,639 km) | ||||
| - Length | 1,420 miles (2,285 km) | ||||
| - % water | 13.77 | ||||
| - Latitude | 51°20'N to 71°50'N | ||||
| - Longitude | 130°W to 172°E | ||||
| Population | Ranked 47th in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 722,718 (2011 est)[3] | ||||
| - Density | 1.26/sq mi (0.49/km2) Ranked 50th in the U.S. |
||||
| - Median household income | US$64,333 (4th) | ||||
| Elevation | |||||
| - Highest point | Mount McKinley (Denali)[4] 20,320 ft (6194 m) |
||||
| - Mean | 1900 ft (580 m) | ||||
| - Lowest point | Ocean[4] sea level |
||||
| Before statehood | Alaska Territory | ||||
| Admission to Union | January 3, 1959 (49th) | ||||
| Governor | Sean Parnell (R) | ||||
| Lieutenant Governor | Mead Treadwell (R) | ||||
| Legislature | Alaska Legislature | ||||
| - Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - Lower house | House of Representatives | ||||
| U.S. Senators | Lisa Murkowski (R) Mark Begich (D) |
||||
| U.S. House delegation | Don Young (R) (at-large) (list) | ||||
| Time zones | |||||
| - east of 169° 30' | Alaska: UTC-9/-8 | ||||
| - west of 169° 30' | Aleutian: UTC-10/-9 | ||||
| Abbreviations | AK US-AK | ||||
| Website | www.alaska.gov | ||||
Alaska (i/əˈlæskə/) is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Alaska is the 4th least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's 722,718[3] residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area.
Alaska was purchased from Russia on March 30, 1867, for $7.2 million ($120 million in today's[when?] dollars) at approximately two cents per acre ($4.74/km²). The land went through several administrative changes before becoming an organized (or incorporated) territory on May 11, 1912, and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959.[5]
The name "Alaska" (Аляска) was already introduced in the Russian colonial period, when it was used only for the peninsula and is derived from the Aleut alaxsxaq, meaning "the mainland" or, more literally, "the object towards which the action of the sea is directed".[6] It is also known as Alyeska, the "great land", an Aleut word derived from the same root.
Contents |
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Alaska
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Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
Alaska has a longer coastline than all the other U.S. states combined.[7] It is the only non-contiguous U.S. state on continental North America; about 500 miles (800 km) of British Columbia (Canada) separates Alaska from Washington state. Alaska is thus an exclave of the United States. It is technically part of the continental U.S., but is often not included in colloquial use; Alaska is not part of the contiguous U.S., often called "the Lower 48".[8] The capital city, Juneau, is situated on the mainland of the North American continent, but is not connected by road to the rest of the North American highway system.
The state is bordered by the Yukon Territory and British Columbia in Canada, to the east, the Gulf of Alaska and the Pacific Ocean to the south, the Bering Sea, Bering Strait, and Chukchi Sea to the west and the Arctic Ocean to the north. Alaska's territorial waters touch Russia's territorial waters in the Bering Strait, as the Russian Big Diomede Island and Alaskan Little Diomede Island are only 3 miles (4.8 km) apart. With the extension of the Aleutian Islands into the eastern hemisphere, it is technically both the westernmost and easternmost state in the United States, as well as also being the northernmost.
Alaska is the largest state in the United States in land area at 586,412 square miles (1,518,800 km2), over twice the size of Texas, the next largest state. Alaska is larger than all but 18 sovereign countries. Counting territorial waters, Alaska is larger than the combined area of the next three largest states: Texas, California, and Montana. It is also larger than the combined area of the 22 smallest U.S. states.
Regions[link]
There are no officially defined borders demarcating the various regions of Alaska, but there are six widely accepted regions:
South Central[link]
Main article: South Central Alaska
The most populous region of Alaska, containing Anchorage, the Matanuska-Susitna Valley and the Kenai Peninsula. Rural, mostly unpopulated areas south of the Alaska Range and west of the Wrangell Mountains also fall within the definition of Southcentral, as well as the Prince William Sound area and the communities of Cordova and Valdez.
Southeast[link]
Main article: Southeast Alaska
Also known as the Panhandle, this is the region of Alaska closest to the rest of the United States, and hence was where most initial non-Native settlement occurred following the Alaska Purchase. It contains the state capital, Juneau, the former capital, Sitka, and the large town of Ketchikan. The road systems leading from these cities are strictly local; no roads connect these communities to each other or any other communities apart from their own suburbs. The region is dominated by the Alexander Archipelago as well as the Tongass National Forest, the largest national forest in the United States.
Interior[link]
Main article: Alaska Interior
The largest region of Alaska, much of it uninhabited wilderness. Fairbanks is the only community of any significant size. Small towns and Native villages are scattered throughout, mostly along the highway and river systems. Denali National Park and Preserve is located here, home to Mount McKinley (also widely known by its local name of Denali), the highest point in North America.
Southwest[link]
Main article: Southwest Alaska
A sparsely inhabited region stretching some 500 miles (800 km) inland from the Bering Sea. Most of the population lives along the coast. Kodiak Island is also located in Southwest. The massive Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta, one of the largest river deltas in the world, is here. Portions of the Alaska Peninsula are considered part of Southwest, with the remaining portions included with the Aleutian Islands (see below).
North Slope[link]
Main article: Alaska North Slope
The North Slope is mostly tundra peppered with small villages. The area is known for its massive reserves of crude oil, and contains both the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska and the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field.[9] Barrow, the northernmost city in the United States, is located here. The Northwest Arctic area, anchored by Kotzebue and also containing the Kobuk River valley, is often regarded as being part of this region. However, the respective Inupiat of the North Slope and of the Northwest Arctic seldom think of themselves as one.
Aleutian Islands[link]
Main article: Aleutian Islands
More than 300 small, volcanic islands make up this chain, which stretches over 1,200 miles (1,900 km) into the Pacific Ocean. The International Date Line was drawn west of 180° to keep the whole state, and thus the entire North American continent, within the same legal day. However, because some of these islands fall in the Eastern Hemisphere, this makes Alaska the northernmost, easternmost and westernmost state in the union, with the southernmost state being Hawaii. Two of the islands, Attu and Kiska, were occupied by Japanese forces during World War II.
Natural features[link]
With its myriad islands, Alaska has nearly 34,000 miles (54,720 km) of tidal shoreline. The Aleutian Islands chain extends west from the southern tip of the Alaska Peninsula. Many active volcanoes are found in the Aleutians and in coastal regions. Unimak Island, for example, is home to Mount Shishaldin, which is an occasionally smoldering volcano that rises to 10,000 feet (3,048 m) above the North Pacific. It is the most perfect volcanic cone on Earth, even more symmetrical than Japan's Mount Fuji. The chain of volcanoes extends to Mount Spurr, west of Anchorage on the mainland. Geologists have identified Alaska as part of Wrangellia, a large region consisting of multiple states and Canadian provinces in the Pacific Northwest which is actively undergoing continent building.
One of the world's largest tides occurs in Turnagain Arm, just south of Anchorage – tidal differences can be more than 35 feet (10.7 m). (Many sources say Turnagain has the second-greatest tides in North America, but several areas in Canada have larger tides.)[10]
Main article: List of lakes in Alaska
Alaska has more than three million lakes.[11][12] Marshlands and wetland permafrost cover 188,320 square miles (487,747 km2) (mostly in northern, western and southwest flatlands). Glacier ice covers some 16,000 square miles (41,440 km2) of land and 1,200 square miles (3,110 km2) of tidal zone. The Bering Glacier complex near the southeastern border with Yukon covers 2,250 square miles (5,827 km2) alone. With over 100,000, Alaska has half of the world's glaciers.
Land ownership[link]
According to an October 1998 report by the United States Bureau of Land Management, approximately 65% of Alaska is owned and managed by the U.S. federal government as public lands, including a multitude of national forests, national parks, and national wildlife refuges. Of these, the Bureau of Land Management manages 87 million acres (35 million hectares), or 23.8% of the state. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. It is the world's largest wildlife refuge, comprising 16 million acres (6.5 million hectares).
Of the remaining land area, the state of Alaska owns 101 million acres (41 million hectares); its entitlement under the Alaska Statehood Act. A portion of that acreage is occasionally ceded to organized boroughs, under the statutory provisions pertaining to newly formed boroughs. Smaller portions are set aside for rural subdivisions and other homesteading-related opportunities, though these are infrequently popular due to the often remote and roadless locations. The University of Alaska, as a land grant university, also owns substantial acreage which it manages independently.
Another 44 million acres (18 million hectares) are owned by 12 regional, and scores of local, Native corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act. Regional Native corporation Doyon, Limited often promotes itself as the largest private landowner in Alaska in advertisements and other communications. Provisions of ANCSA allowing the corporations' land holdings to be sold on the open market starting in 1991 were repealed before they could take effect. Effectively, the corporations hold title (including subsurface title in many cases, a privilege denied to individual Alaskans) but cannot sell the land. Individual Native allotments can be and are sold on the open market, however.
Various private interests own the remaining land, totaling about one percent of the state. Alaska is, by a large margin, the state with the smallest percentage of private land ownership when Native corporation holdings are excluded.
Climate[link]
Main article: Climate of Alaska
The climate in Juneau and the southeast panhandle is a mid-latitude oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) in the southern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate (Köppen Cfc) in the northern parts. On an annual basis, the panhandle is both the wettest and warmest part of Alaska with milder temperatures in the winter and high precipitation throughout the year. Juneau averages over 50 inches (1,270 mm) of precipitation a year. This is also the only region in Alaska in which the average daytime high temperature is above freezing during the winter months.
The climate of Anchorage and south central Alaska is mild by Alaskan standards due to the region's proximity to the seacoast. While the area gets less rain than southeast Alaska, it gets more snow, and days tend to be clearer. On average, Anchorage receives 16 inches (406 mm) of precipitation a year, with around 75 inches (191 cm) of snow, although there are areas in the south central which receive far more snow. It is a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) due to its brief, cool summers.
The climate of Western Alaska is determined in large part by the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska. It is a subarctic oceanic climate in the southwest and a continental subarctic climate farther north. The temperature is somewhat moderate considering how far north the area is. This region has a tremendous amount of variety in precipitation. An area stretching from the northern side of the Seward Peninsula to the Kobuk River valley is technically a desert, with portions receiving less than 10 inches (254 mm) of precipitation annually. On the other extreme, some locations between Dillingham and Bethel average around 100 inches (2,540 mm) of precipitation.[14]
The climate of the interior of Alaska is subarctic. Some of the highest and lowest temperatures in Alaska occur around the area near Fairbanks. The summers may have temperatures reaching into the 90s °F (the low to mid 30s °C), while in the winter, the temperature can fall below −60 °F (−51.1 °C). Precipitation is sparse in the Interior, often less than 10 inches (254 mm) a year, but what precipitation falls in the winter tends to stay the entire winter.
The highest and lowest recorded temperatures in Alaska are both in the Interior. The highest is 100 °F (37.8 °C) in Fort Yukon (which is just 8 miles or 13 kilometers inside the arctic circle) on June 27, 1915,[15][16] making Alaska tied with Hawaii as the state with the lowest high temperature in the United States.[17][18] The lowest official Alaska temperature is −80 °F (−62.2 °C) in Prospect Creek on January 23, 1971,[15][16] one degree above the lowest temperature recorded in continental North America (in Snag, Yukon, Canada).[19]
The climate in the extreme north of Alaska is Arctic (Köppen ET) with long, very cold winters and short, cool summers. Even in July, the average low temperature in Barrow is 34 °F (1.1 °C).[20] Precipitation is light in this part of Alaska, with many places averaging less than 10 inches (254 mm) per year, mostly as snow which stays on the ground almost the entire year.
History[link]
Main article: History of Alaska
Alaska natives[link]
See also: Prehistory of Alaska
Numerous indigenous peoples occupied Alaska for thousands of years before the arrival of European peoples to the area. The Tlingit people developed a matriarchal society in what is today Southeast Alaska, along with parts of British Columbia and the Yukon. Also in Southeast were the Haida, now well known for their unique arts, and the Tsimshian people, whose population were decimated by a smallpox epidemic in the 1860s. The Aleutian Islands are still home to the Aleut people's seafaring society, although they were among the first native Alaskans to be exploited by Russians. Western and Southwestern Alaska are home to the Yup'ik, while their cousins the Alutiiq lived in what is now Southcentral Alaska. The Gwich’in people of the northern Interior region are primarily known today for their dependence on the caribou within the much-contested Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The North Slope and Little Diomede Island are occupied by the widespread Inuit people.
Colonization[link]
Some researchers believe that the first Russian settlement in Alaska was established in 17th century.[21] According to this hypothesis, in 1648 several koches of Semyon Dezhnyov's expedition were thrown to Alaska by storm and founded this settlement. This hypothesis is based on the message of Chukchi geographer Nikolai Daurkin who had visited Alaska in 1764–1765 and reported about a village on the Kheuveren river, populated by "bearded men" who "pray to the icons". Some modern researchers associate Kheuveren with Koyuk River.[22]
It is usually assumed that the first European boat to reach Alaska was the St. Gabriel under the authority of the surveyor M. S. Gvozdev and assistant navigator I. Fyodorov on August 21, 1732 during expedition of Siberian cossak A. F. Shestakov adb Belorussian explorer D. I. Pavlutsky (1729—1735)[23]
Another European contact with Alaska occurred in 1741, when Vitus Bering led an expedition for the Russian Navy aboard the St. Peter. After his crew returned to Russia with sea otter pelts judged to be the finest fur in the world, small associations of fur traders began to sail from the shores of Siberia towards the Aleutian islands. The first permanent European settlement was founded in 1784. Between 1774 and 1800 Spain sent several expeditions to Alaska in order to assert its claim over the Pacific Northwest. In 1789 a Spanish settlement and fort were built in Nootka Sound. These expeditions gave names to places such as Valdez, Bucareli Sound, and Cordova. Later, the Russian-American Company carried out an expanded colonization program during the early-to-mid-19th century.
Sitka, renamed New Archangel from 1804 to 1867, on Baranof Island in the Alexander Archipelago in what is now Southeast Alaska, became the capital of Russian America and remained the capital after the colony was transferred to the United States. The Russians never fully colonized Alaska, and the colony was never very profitable.
William H. Seward, the United States Secretary of State, negotiated the Alaska Purchase (also known as Seward's Folly) with the Russians in 1867 for $7.2 million. Alaska was loosely governed by the military initially, and was administered as a district starting in 1884, with a governor appointed by the president of the United States, as well as a district court headquartered in Sitka.
For most of Alaska's first decade under the American flag, Sitka was the only community inhabited by American settlers. They organized a "provisional city government," which was Alaska's first city government, but not in a legal sense. Legislation allowing Alaskan communities to legally incorporate as cities did not come about until 1900, and home rule for cities was extremely limited or unavailable until statehood took effect.
U.S. Territory[link]
Starting in the 1890s and stretching in some places to the early 1910s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska. Alaska was officially incorporated as an organized territory in 1912. Alaska's capital, which had been in Sitka until the 1900 legislation mandated its transfer to Juneau (the actual move took place in 1906, after initial questions arose), began to take shape with the construction of the Alaska Governor's Mansion that same year.
During World War II, the Aleutian Islands Campaign focused on the three outer Aleutian Islands – Attu, Agattu and Kiska[24] – that were invaded by Japanese troops and occupied between June 1942 and August 1943. Unalaska/Dutch Harbor became a significant base for the U.S. Army Air Corps and Navy submariners.
The U.S. Lend-Lease program involved the flying of American warplanes through Canada to Fairbanks and thence Nome; Soviet pilots took possession of these aircraft, ferrying them to fight the German invasion of the Soviet Union. The construction of military bases contributed to the population growth of some Alaskan cities.
Statehood[link]
Statehood for Alaska was an important cause of James Wickersham early in his tenure as a congressional delegate. Decades later, the statehood movement gained its first real momentum following a territorial referendum in 1946. The Alaska Statehood Committee and Alaska's Constitutional Convention would soon follow. Statehood supporters also found themselves fighting major battles against political foes, mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska. Statehood was approved by Congress on July 7, 1958. Alaska was officially proclaimed a state on January 3, 1959.
On April 27, 1964, the massive "Good Friday Earthquake" killed 133 people and destroyed several villages and portions of large coastal communities, mainly by the resultant tsunamis and landslides. It was the third most powerful earthquake in the recorded history of the world, with a moment magnitude of 9.2. It was over one thousand times more powerful than the 1989 San Francisco earthquake. The time of day (5:36 pm), time of year and location of the epicenter were all cited as factors in potentially sparing thousands of lives, particularly in Anchorage.
The 1968 discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay and the 1977 completion of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline led to an oil boom. Royalty revenues from oil have funded large state budgets from 1980 onward. That same year, not coincidentally, Alaska repealed its state income tax. In 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit a reef in the Prince William Sound, spilling over 11,000,000 US gallons (42,000 m3) of crude oil over 1,100 miles (1,600 km) of coastline. Today, the battle between philosophies of development and conservation is seen in the contentious debate over oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Alaska
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1880 | 33,426 |
|
|
| 1890 | 32,052 | −4.1% | |
| 1900 | 63,592 | 98.4% | |
| 1910 | 64,356 | 1.2% | |
| 1920 | 55,036 | −14.5% | |
| 1930 | 59,278 | 7.7% | |
| 1940 | 72,524 | 22.3% | |
| 1950 | 128,643 | 77.4% | |
| 1960 | 226,167 | 75.8% | |
| 1970 | 300,382 | 32.8% | |
| 1980 | 401,851 | 33.8% | |
| 1990 | 550,043 | 36.9% | |
| 2000 | 626,932 | 14.0% | |
| 2010 | 710,231 | 13.3% | |
| 1930 and 1940 censuses taken in preceding autumn Sources: 1910–2010[25] |
|||
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Alaska was 722,718 on July 1, 2011, a 1.76% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[3]
The United States Census Bureau, as of July 1, 2008, estimated Alaska's population at 686,293, which represents an increase of 59,361, or 9.5%, since the last census in 2000.[26] This includes a natural increase since the last census of 60,994 people (that is 86,062 births minus 25,068 deaths) and a decrease due to net migration of 5,469 people out of the state.[26] Immigration from outside the U.S. resulted in a net increase of 4,418 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of 9,887 people.[26]
In 2000 Alaska ranked the 48th state by population, ahead of Vermont and Wyoming (and Washington D.C.).[27] Alaska is the least densely populated state, and one of the most sparsely populated areas in the world, at 1.0 person per square mile (0.42/km²), with the next state, Wyoming, at 5.1 per square mile (1.97/km²). Alaska is the largest U.S. state by area, and the sixth wealthiest (per capita income). As of January 2010, the state's unemployment rate is 8.5%.[28]
Race and ancestry[link]
According to the 2010 U.S. Census, Alaska had a population of 710,231. In terms of race and ethnicity, the state was 66.7% White (64.7% Non-Hispanic White Alone), 14.8% American Indian and Alaska Native, 5.4% Asian, 3.3% Black or African American, 1.0% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 1.6% from Some Other Race, and 7.3% from Two or More Races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 5.5% of the population.[29]
In 1960, the Census Bureau reported Alaska's population as 77.2% White, 3% Black, and 18.8% American Indian and Alaska Native.[30]
Languages[link]
According to the 2005–2007 American Community Survey, 84.7% of people over the age of five speak only English at home. About 3.5% speak Spanish at home. About 2.2% speak another Indo-European language at home and about 4.3% speak an Asian language at home. And about 5.3% speak other languages at home.[31]
A total of 5.2% of Alaskans speak one of the state's 22 indigenous languages, known locally as "native languages". These languages belong to two major language families: Eskimo–Aleut and Na-Dene. As the homeland of these two major language families of North America, Alaska has been described as the crossroads of the continent, providing evidence for the recent settlement of North America by way of the Bering land bridge.
Religion[link]
Alaska has been identified, along with Pacific Northwest states Washington and Oregon, as being the least religious in the U.S.[32][33] According to statistics collected by the Association of Religion Data Archives, about 39% of Alaska residents were members of religious congregations. Evangelical Protestants had 78,070 members, Roman Catholics had 54,359, and mainline Protestants had 37,156.[34] After Catholicism, the largest single denominations are The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 30,169,[35] and Southern Baptists with 22,959. The large Eastern Orthodox (with 49 parishes and up to 50,000 followers)[36] population is a result of early Russian colonization and missionary work among Alaska Natives.[37]
In 1795, the First Russian Orthodox Church was established in Kodiak. Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives helped the Russian immigrants integrate into society. As a result, an increasing number of Russian Orthodox churches[38] gradually became established within Alaska. Alaska also has the largest Quaker population (by percentage) of any state.[39] In 2009 there were 6,000 Jews in Alaska (for whom observance of the mitzvah may pose special problems).[40] Estimates for the number of Alaskan Muslims range from 2,000[41][42] to 5,000.[43] In 2010, the local Muslim community broke ground on the first mosque in the state.[44] Alaskan Hindus often share venues and celebrations with members of other religious communities including Sikhs and Jains.[45][46][47]
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Alaska
The 2007 gross state product was $44.9 billion, 45th in the nation. Its per capita personal income for 2007 was $40,042, ranking 15th in the nation. The oil and gas industry dominates the Alaskan economy, with more than 80% of the state's revenues derived from petroleum extraction. Alaska's main export product (excluding oil and natural gas) is seafood, primarily salmon, cod, Pollock and crab.
Agriculture represents only a fraction of the Alaskan economy. Agricultural production is primarily for consumption within the state and includes nursery stock, dairy products, vegetables, and livestock. Manufacturing is limited, with most foodstuffs and general goods imported from elsewhere.
Employment is primarily in government and industries such as natural resource extraction, shipping, and transportation. Military bases are a significant component of the economy in both Fairbanks and Anchorage. Federal subsidies are also an important part of the economy, allowing the state to keep taxes low. Its industrial outputs are crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products. There is also a growing service and tourism sector. Tourists have contributed to the economy by supporting local lodging.
Largest employers[link]
According to the Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development, the following were the state's largest private sector employers in 2010:[48]
| Rank | Employer name | Average monthly employment in 2010 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Providence Health & Services | 4,000+ |
| 2 | Walmart/Sam's Club | 3,000–3,249 |
| 3 | Carrs Safeway Alaska Division | 2,750–2,999 |
| 4 | Fred Meyer | 2,500–2,749 |
| 5 | ASRC Energy Services | 2,500–2,749 |
| 6 | Trident Seafoods | 2,250–2,499 |
| 7 | BP Exploration Alaska | 2,000–2,249 |
| 8 | CH2M HILL | 1,750–1,999 |
| 9 | NANA Management Services | 1,750–1,999 |
| 10 | Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium | 1,500–1,749 |
| 11 | Alaska Airlines | 1,500–1,749 |
| 12 | GCI Communications | 1,250–1,499 |
| 13 | Banner Health (includes Fairbanks Memorial Hospital) |
1,250–1,499 |
| 14 | Southcentral Foundation | 1,250–1,499 |
| 15 | Yukon-Kuskokwim Health Corporation | 1,000–1,249 |
| 16 | FedEx | 1,000–1,249 |
| 17 | ConocoPhillips Alaska | 1,000–1,249 |
| 18 | Alaska USA Federal Credit Union | 1,000–1,249 |
| 19 | United Parcel Service | 1,000–1,249 |
| 20 | McDonald's Restaurants of Alaska | 750–999 |
| 21 | Wells Fargo | 750–999 |
| 22 | Doyon Universal Services | 750–999 |
| 23 | Home Depot | 750–999 |
| 24 | Alaska Regional Hospital | 750–999 |
| 25 | The Alaska Club | 750–999 |
| 26 | Icicle Seafoods | 750–999 |
| 27 | Southeast Alaska Regional Health Consortium | 750–999 |
| 28 | Hope Community Resources | 750–999 |
| 29 | UniSea | 750–999 |
| 30 | Alaska Commercial Company | 750–999 |
| 31 | Costco | 750–999 |
| 32 | Spenard Builders Supply | 750–999 |
| 33 | Lowe's | 750–999 |
| 34 | Alyeska Pipeline Service Company | 750–999 |
| 35 | Alaska Communication Systems | 500–749 |
| 36 | First National Bank Alaska | 500–749 |
| 37 | Central Peninsula Hospital | 500–749 |
| 38 | First Student | 500–749 |
| 39 | Westward Seafood | 500–749 |
| 40 | Mat-Su Regional Medical Center | 500–749 |
| 41 | Alaska Consumer Direct Personal Care | 500–749 |
| 42 | Tanana Chiefs Conference | 500–749 |
| 43 | PeterPan Seafoods | 500–749 |
| 44 | Udelhoven Oilfield System Services | 500–749 |
| 45 | Job Ready/ReadyCare | 500–749 |
| 46 | Schlumberger Technologies | 500–749 |
| 47 | Maniilaq Association | 500–749 |
| 48 | Alaska Hotel Properties/Princess Hotels | 500–749 |
| 49 | Alyeska Resort (includes O'Malley's on the Green) |
500–749 |
| 50 | Ocean Beauty Seafoods | 250–499 |
Energy[link]
See also: Natural gas in Alaska and Energy law#Alaska law
Alaska has vast energy resources. Major oil and gas reserves are found in the Alaska North Slope (ANS) and Cook Inlet basins. According to the Energy Information Administration, Alaska ranks second in the nation in crude oil production. Prudhoe Bay on Alaska's North Slope is the highest yielding oil field in the United States and on North America, typically producing about 400,000 barrels per day (64,000 m3/d).
The Trans-Alaska Pipeline can transport and pump up to 2.1 million barrels (330,000 m3) of crude oil per day, more than any other crude oil pipeline in the United States. Additionally, substantial coal deposits are found in Alaska's bituminous, sub-bituminous, and lignite coal basins. The United States Geological Survey estimates that there are 85.4 trillion cubic feet (2,420 km3) of undiscovered, technically recoverable gas from natural gas hydrates on the Alaskan North Slope.[49] Alaska also offers some of the highest hydroelectric power potential in the country from its numerous rivers. Large swaths of the Alaskan coastline offer wind and geothermal energy potential as well.[50]
Alaska's economy depends heavily on increasingly expensive diesel fuel for heating, transportation, electric power and light. Though wind and hydroelectric power are abundant and underdeveloped, proposals for state-wide energy systems (e.g. with special low-cost electric interties) were judged uneconomical (at the time of the report, 2001) due to low (<$0.50/Gal) fuel prices, long distances and low population.[51] The cost of a US gallon of gas in urban Alaska today is usually $0.30–$0.60 higher than the national average; prices in rural areas are generally significantly higher but vary widely depending on transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure and many other factors.
Alaska accounts for one-fifth (20 percent)[citation needed] of domestically produced United States oil production. Prudhoe Bay (North America's largest oil field) alone accounts for 8% of the U.S. domestic oil production.
Permanent Fund[link]
The Alaska Permanent Fund is a constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues, established by voters in 1976 to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil, largely in anticipation of same from the recently constructed Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. The fund was originally proposed by Governor Keith Miller on the eve of the 1969 Prudhoe Bay lease sale, out of fear that the legislature would spend the entire proceeds of the sale (which amounted to $900 million (US)) at once, and was later championed by Governor Jay Hammond and Kenai state representative Hugh Malone. It has served as an attractive political prospect ever since, diverting revenues which would normally be deposited into the general fund.
The Alaska Constitution was written so as to discourage dedicating state funds for a particular purpose. The Permanent Fund has become the rare exception to this, mostly due to the political climate of distrust existing during the time of its creation. From its initial principal of $734,000, the fund has grown to $40 billion as a result of oil royalties and capital investment programs.[52] Most if not all the principal is invested conservatively outside Alaska. This has led to frequent calls by Alaskan politicians for the Fund to make investments within Alaska, though such a stance has never really gained momentum.
Starting in 1982, dividends from the fund's annual growth have been paid out each year to eligible Alaskans, ranging from an initial $1,000.00 in 1982 (equal to three years' payout, as the distribution of payments was held up in a lawsuit over the distribution scheme) to $3,269.00 in 2008 (which included a one-time $1,200.00 "Resource Rebate"). Every year, the state legislature takes out 8 percent from the earnings, puts 3 percent back into the principal for inflation proofing, and the remaining 5 percent is distributed to all qualifying Alaskans. To qualify for the Permanent Fund Dividend, one must have lived in the state for a minimum of 12 months, maintain constant residency subject to allowable absences,[53] and not be subject to court judgments or criminal convictions which fall under various disqualifying classifications or may subject the payment amount to civil garnishment.
Cost of living[link]
The cost of goods in Alaska has long been higher than in the contiguous 48 states. This has changed for the most part in Anchorage and to a lesser extent in Fairbanks, where the cost of living has dropped somewhat in the past five years. Federal government employees, particularly United States Postal Service (USPS) workers and active-duty military members, receive a Cost of Living Allowance usually set at 25% of base pay because, while the cost of living has gone down, it is still one of the highest in the country.
The introduction of big-box stores in Anchorage, Fairbanks, and Juneau also did much to lower prices. Wal-Mart opened their first Anchorage store in 1993, and debuted in Fairbanks in 2004. The company currently has locations covering most of the population centers of Alaska, including Juneau, Ketchikan and Kodiak. However, rural Alaska suffers from extremely high prices for food and consumer goods, compared to the rest of the country due to the relatively limited transportation infrastructure. Many rural residents come into these cities and purchase food and goods in bulk from warehouse clubs like Costco and Sam's Club. Some have embraced the free shipping offers[54] of some online retailers to purchase items much more cheaply than they could in their own communities, if they are available at all.
Agriculture[link]
Due to the northern climate and short growing season, relatively little farming occurs in Alaska. Most farms are in either the Matanuska Valley, about 40 miles (64 km) northeast of Anchorage, or on the Kenai Peninsula, about 60 miles (97 km) southwest of Anchorage. The short 100-day growing season limits the crops that can be grown, but the long sunny summer days make for productive growing seasons. The primary crops are potatoes, carrots, lettuce, and cabbage. The Tanana Valley is another notable agricultural locus, especially Delta Junction area, about 100 miles (160 km) southeast of Fairbanks, with a sizable concentration of farms growing agronomic crops; these farms mostly lie north and east of Fort Greely. This area was largely set aside and developed under a state program spearheaded by Hammond during his second term as governor. Delta-area crops consist predominately of barley and hay. West of Fairbanks lies another concentration of small farms catering to restaurants, the hotel and tourist industry, and community supported agriculture.
Alaskan agriculture has experienced a surge in growth of market gardeners, small farms and farmers' markets in recent years, with the highest percentage increase (46%) in the nation in growth in farmers' markets in 2011, compared to 17% nationwide.[55] The peony industry has also taken off, as the growing season allows farmers to harvest during a gap in supply elsewhere in the world, thereby filling a niche in the flower market.[56]
Alaska, with no counties, also lacks county fairs. However, a small assortment of state and local fairs (with the Alaska State Fair in Palmer the largest), are held mostly in the late summer. The fairs are mostly located in communities with historic or current agricultural activity, and feature local farmers exhibiting produce in addition to more high-profile commercial activities such as carnival rides, concerts and food. "Alaska Grown" is used as an agricultural slogan.
Alaska has an abundance of seafood, with the primary fisheries in the Bering Sea and the North Pacific, and seafood is one of the few food items that is often cheaper within the state than outside it. Many Alaskans take advantage of salmon seasons to harvest portions of their household diet while fishing for subsistence, as well as sport. This includes fish taken by hook, net or wheel.[57]
Hunting for subsistence, primarily caribou, moose, and Dall sheep is still common in the state, particularly in remote Bush communities. An example of a traditional native food is Akutaq, the Eskimo ice cream, which can consist of reindeer fat, seal oil, dried fish meat and local berries.
Alaska's reindeer herding is concentrated on Seward Peninsula where wild caribou can be prevented from mingling and migrating with the domesticated reindeer.[58]
Most food in Alaska is transported into the state from "Outside", and shipping costs make food in the cities relatively expensive. In rural areas, subsistence hunting and gathering is an essential activity because imported food is prohibitively expensive. The cost of importing food to villages begins at 7¢ per pound (15¢/kg) and rises rapidly to 50¢ per pound ($1.10/kg) or more. The cost of delivering a 1 US gallon (3.8 L) of milk is about $3.50 in many villages where per capita income can be $20,000 or less. Fuel cost can exceed $8.00 per gallon.
Transportation[link]
Main article: Transportation in Alaska
Roads[link]
See also: List of Alaska Routes
Alaska has few road connections compared to the rest of the U.S. The state's road system covers a relatively small area of the state, linking the central population centers and the Alaska Highway, the principal route out of the state through Canada. The state capital, Juneau, is not accessible by road, only a car ferry, which has spurred several debates over the decades about moving the capital to a city on the road system, or building a road connection from Haines. The western part of Alaska has no road system connecting the communities with the rest of Alaska.
One unique feature of the Alaska Highway system is the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, an active Alaska Railroad tunnel recently upgraded to provide a paved roadway link with the isolated community of Whittier on Prince William Sound to the Seward Highway about 50 miles (80 km) southeast of Anchorage at Portage. At 2.5 miles (4.0 km) the tunnel was the longest road tunnel in North America until 2007.[59] The tunnel is the longest combination road and rail tunnel in North America.
Rail[link]
Built around 1915, the Alaska Railroad (ARR) played a key role in the development of Alaska through the 20th century. It links north Pacific shipping through providing critical infrastructure with tracks that run from Seward to Interior Alaska by way of South Central Alaska, passing through Anchorage, Eklutna, Wasilla, Talkeetna, Denali, and Fairbanks, with spurs to Whittier, Palmer and North Pole. The cities, towns, villages, and region served by ARR tracks are known statewide as "The Railbelt". In recent years, the ever-improving paved highway system began to eclipse the railroad's importance in Alaska's economy.
The railroad, though famed for its summertime tour passenger service, played a vital role in Alaska's development, moving freight into Alaska while transporting natural resources southward (i.e., coal from the Usibelli coal mine near Healy to Seward and gravel from the Matanuska Valley to Anchorage).
The Alaska Railroad was one of the last railroads in North America to use cabooses in regular service and still uses them on some gravel trains. It continues to offer one of the last flag stop routes in the country. A stretch of about 60 miles (100 km) of track along an area north of Talkeetna remains inaccessible by road; the railroad provides the only transportation to rural homes and cabins in the area; until construction of the Parks Highway in the 1970s, the railroad provided the only land access to most of the region along its entire route.
In northern Southeast Alaska, the White Pass and Yukon Route also partly runs through the state from Skagway northwards into Canada (British Columbia and Yukon Territory), crossing the border at White Pass Summit. This line is now mainly used by tourists, often arriving by cruise liner at Skagway. It featured in the 1983 BBC television series Great Little Railways.
The Alaska Rail network is not connected to Outside. In 2000, the U.S. Congress authorized $6 million to study the feasibility of a rail link between Alaska, Canada, and the lower 48.[60][61][62]
Alaska Rail Marine provides car float service between Whittier and Seattle.
Marine transport[link]
Many cities, towns and villages in the state do not have road or highway access; the only modes of access involve travel by air, river, or the sea.
Alaska's well-developed state-owned ferry system (known as the Alaska Marine Highway) serves the cities of southeast, the Gulf Coast and the Alaska Peninsula. The ferries transport vehicles as well as passengers. The system also operates a ferry service from Bellingham, Washington and Prince Rupert, British Columbia in Canada through the Inside Passage to Skagway. The Inter-Island Ferry Authority also serves as an important marine link for many communities in the Prince of Wales Island region of Southeast and works in concert with the Alaska Marine Highway.
In recent years, cruise lines have created a summertime tourism market, mainly connecting the Pacific Northwest to Southeast Alaska and, to a lesser degree, towns along Alaska's gulf coast. The population of Ketchikan may rise by over 10,000 people on many days during the summer, as up to four large cruise ships at a time can dock, debarking thousands of passengers.
Air transport[link]
Cities not served by road, sea, or river can be reached only by air, foot, dogsled, or snowmachine accounting for Alaska's extremely well developed bush air services—an Alaskan novelty. Anchorage itself, and to a lesser extent Fairbanks, are served by many major airlines. Because of limited highway access, air travel remains the most efficient form of transportation in and out of the state. Anchorage recently completed extensive remodeling and construction at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport to help accommodate the upsurge in tourism (in 2000–2001, the latest year for which data is available, 2.4 million total arrivals to Alaska were counted, 1.7 million by air travel; 1.4 million were visitors).[63][64]
Regular flights to most villages and towns within the state that are commercially viable are challenging to provide, so they are heavily subsidized by the federal government through the Essential Air Service program. Alaska Airlines is the only major airline offering in-state travel with jet service (sometimes in combination cargo and passenger Boeing 737-400s) from Anchorage and Fairbanks to regional hubs like Bethel, Nome, Kotzebue, Dillingham, Kodiak, and other larger communities as well as to major Southeast and Alaska Peninsula communities.
The bulk of remaining commercial flight offerings come from small regional commuter airlines such as Era Aviation, PenAir, and Frontier Flying Service. The smallest towns and villages must rely on scheduled or chartered bush flying services using general aviation aircraft such as the Cessna Caravan, the most popular aircraft in use in the state. Much of this service can be attributed to the Alaska bypass mail program which subsidizes bulk mail delivery to Alaskan rural communities. The program requires 70% of that subsidy to go to carriers who offer passenger service to the communities.
Many communities have small air taxi services. These operations originated from the demand for customized transport to remote areas. Perhaps the most quintessentially Alaskan plane is the bush seaplane. The world's busiest seaplane base is Lake Hood, located next to Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, where flights bound for remote villages without an airstrip carry passengers, cargo, and many items from stores and warehouse clubs. Alaska has the highest number of pilots per capita of any U.S. state: out of the estimated 663,661 residents, 8,550 are pilots, or about one in 78.[65]
Other transport[link]
Another Alaskan transportation method is the dogsled. In modern times (that is, any time after the mid-late 1920s), dog mushing is more of a sport than a true means of transportation. Various races are held around the state, but the best known is the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, a 1150-mile (1850 km) trail from Anchorage to Nome (although the distance varies from year to year, the official distance is set at 1,049 miles (1,688 km)). The race commemorates the famous 1925 serum run to Nome in which mushers and dogs like Togo and Balto took much-needed medicine to the diphtheria-stricken community of Nome when all other means of transportation had failed. Mushers from all over the world come to Anchorage each March to compete for cash, prizes, and prestige. The "Serum Run" is another sled dog race that more accurately follows the route of the famous 1925 relay, leaving from the community of Nenana (southwest of Fairbanks) to Nome.[66]
In areas not served by road or rail, primary transportation in summer is by all-terrain vehicle and in winter by snowmobile or "snow machine," as it is commonly referred to in Alaska.
Data transport[link]
Alaska's internet and other data transport systems are provided largely through the two major telecommunications companies: GCI and Alaska Communications. GCI owns and operates what it calls the Alaska United Fiber Optic system[67] and as of late 2011 Alaska Communications advertised that it has "two fiber optic paths to the lower 48 and two more across Alaska.[68] In January 2011, it was reported that a $1 billion project to run connect Asia and rural Alaska was being planned, aided in part by $350 million in stimulus from the federal government.[69]
Law and government[link]
Main article: Government of Alaska
State government[link]
Like all other U.S. states, Alaska is governed as a republic, with three branches of government: an executive branch consisting of the Governor of Alaska and the other independently elected constitutional officers; a legislative branch consisting of the Alaska House of Representatives and Alaska Senate; and a judicial branch consisting of the Alaska Supreme Court and lower courts.
The state of Alaska employs approximately 15,000 employees statewide.[70]
The Alaska Legislature consists of a 40-member House of Representatives and a 20-member Senate. Senators serve four year terms and House members two. The Governor of Alaska serves four-year terms. The lieutenant governor runs separately from the governor in the primaries, but during the general election, the nominee for governor and nominee for lieutenant governor run together on the same ticket.
Alaska's court system has four levels: the Alaska Supreme Court, the court of appeals, the superior courts and the district courts.[71] The superior and district courts are trial courts. Superior courts are courts of general jurisdiction, while district courts only hear certain types of cases, including misdemeanor criminal cases and civil cases valued up to $100,000.[71] The Supreme Court and the Court Of Appeals are appellate courts. The Court Of Appeals is required to hear appeals from certain lower-court decisions, including those regarding criminal prosecutions, juvenile delinquency, and habeas corpus.[71] The Supreme Court hears civil appeals and may in its discretion hear criminal appeals.[71]
State politics[link]
Further information: Political party strength in Alaska, Alaska political corruption probe
Although Alaska entered the union as a Democratic state, since the early 1970s Alaska has been characterized as a Republican-leaning state.[72] Local political communities have often worked on issues related to land use development, fishing, tourism, and individual rights. Alaska Natives, while organized in and around their communities, have been active within the Native corporations. These have been given ownership over large tracts of land, which require stewardship.
Alaska is the only state in which possession of one ounce or less of marijuana in one's home is completely legal under state law, though the federal law remains in force.[73]
The state has an independence movement favoring a vote on secession from the United States, with the Alaskan Independence Party.[74]
Six Republicans and four Democrats have served as governor of Alaska. In addition, Republican Governor Wally Hickel was elected to the office for a second term in 1990 after leaving the Republican party and briefly joining the Alaskan Independence Party ticket just long enough to be reelected. He subsequently officially rejoined the Republican party in 1994.
Taxes[link]
To finance state government operations, Alaska depends primarily on petroleum revenues and federal subsidies. This allows it to have the lowest individual tax burden in the United States,[75] and be one of only five states with no state sales tax, one of seven states that do not levy an individual income tax, and one of two states that has neither. The Department of Revenue Tax Division[76] reports regularly on the state's revenue sources. The Department also issues an annual summary of its operations, including new state laws that directly affect the tax division.
While Alaska has no state sales tax, 89 municipalities collect a local sales tax, from 1–7.5%, typically 3–5%. Other local taxes levied include raw fish taxes, hotel, motel, and bed-and-breakfast 'bed' taxes, severance taxes, liquor and tobacco taxes, gaming (pull tabs) taxes, tire taxes and fuel transfer taxes. A part of the revenue collected from certain state taxes and license fees (such as petroleum, aviation motor fuel, telephone cooperative) is shared with municipalities in Alaska.
Fairbanks has one of the highest property taxes in the state as no sales or income taxes are assessed in the Fairbanks North Star Borough (FNSB). A sales tax for the FNSB has been voted on many times, but has yet to be approved, leading law makers to increase taxes dramatically on other goods such as liquor and tobacco.
In 2008 the Tax Foundation ranked Alaska as having the 4th most "business friendly" tax policy. More "friendly" states were Wyoming, Nevada, and South Dakota.[77]
Federal politics[link]
| Year | Republican | Democratic |
|---|---|---|
| 2008 | 59.49% 192,631 | 37.83% 122,485 |
| 2004 | 61.07% 190,889 | 35.52% 111,025 |
| 2000 | 58.62% 167,398 | 27.67% 79,004 |
| 1996 | 50.80% 122,746 | 33.27% 80,380 |
| 1992 | 39.46% 102,000 | 30.29% 78,294 |
| 1988 | 59.59% 119,251 | 36.27% 72,584 |
| 1984 | 66.65% 138,377 | 29.87% 62,007 |
| 1980 | 54.35% 86,112 | 26.41% 41,842 |
| 1976 | 57.90% 71,555 | 35.65% 44,058 |
| 1972 | 58.13% 55,349 | 34.62% 32,967 |
| 1968 | 45.28% 37,600 | 42.65% 35,411 |
| 1964 | 34.09% 22,930 | 65.91% 44,329 |
| 1960 | 50.94% 30,953 | 49.06% 29,809 |
In presidential elections, the state's electoral college votes have been won by the Republican nominee in every election since statehood, except for 1964. No state has voted for a Democratic presidential candidate fewer times. Alaska supported Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson in the landslide year of 1964, and the 1960 and 1968 elections were close. Since 1972, however, Republicans have carried the state by large margins. In 2008, Republican John McCain defeated Democrat Barack Obama in Alaska, 59.49% to 37.83%. McCain's running mate was Sarah Palin, the state's governor and the first Alaskan on a major party ticket.
The Alaska Bush, central Juneau, midtown and downtown Anchorage, and the area surrounding the University of Alaska Fairbanks campus have been strongholds of the Democratic Party. Matanuska-Susitna Borough and South Anchorage typically have the strongest Republican showing. As of 2004, well over half of all registered voters have chosen "Non-Partisan" or "Undeclared" as their affiliation,[78] despite recent attempts to close primaries.
Because of its population relative to other U.S. states, Alaska has only one member in the U.S. House of Representatives. This seat is currently being held by Republican Don Young, who was re-elected to his 19th consecutive term in 2008. Alaska's At-large congressional district is currently the world's second-largest legislative constituency by area, behind only the Canadian territory of Nunavut.
In 2008, Governor Sarah Palin became the first Republican woman to run on a national ticket when she became John McCain's Vice Presidential running mate. She continued to be a prominent national figure even after resigning from the governor's job in July 2009.
Alaska's United States Senators belong to Class 2 and Class 3. In 2008, Democrat Mark Begich, mayor of Anchorage, defeated long-time Republican senator Ted Stevens. Stevens had been convicted on seven felony counts of failing to report gifts on Senate financial discloser forms one week before the election. The conviction was set aside in April 2009 after evidence of prosecutorial misconduct emerged.
Republican Frank Murkowski held the state's other senatorial position. After being elected governor in 2002, he resigned from the Senate and appointed his daughter, State Representative Lisa Murkowski as his successor. She won a full six-year term in 2004 and 2010.
Cities, towns and boroughs[link]
Alaska is not divided into counties, as most of the other U.S. states, but it is divided into boroughs. Many of the more densely populated parts of the state are part of Alaska's 16 boroughs, which function somewhat similarly to counties in other states. However, unlike county-equivalents in the other 49 states, the boroughs do not cover the entire land area of the state. The area not part of any borough is referred to as the Unorganized Borough.
The Unorganized Borough has no government of its own, but the U.S. Census Bureau in cooperation with the state divided the Unorganized Borough into 11 census areas solely for the purposes of statistical analysis and presentation. A recording district is a mechanism for administration of the public record in Alaska. The state is divided into 34 recording districts which are centrally administered under a State Recorder. All recording districts use the same acceptance criteria, fee schedule, etc., for accepting documents into the public record.
Whereas many U.S. states use a three-tiered system of decentralization—state/county/township—most of Alaska uses only two tiers—state/borough. Owing to the low population density, most of the land is located in the Unorganized Borough which, as the name implies, has no intermediate borough government of its own, but is administered directly by the state government. Currently (2000 census) 57.71% of Alaska's area has this status, with 13.05% of the population.
For statistical purposes the United States Census Bureau divides this territory into census areas. Anchorage merged the city government with the Greater Anchorage Area Borough in 1975 to form the Municipality of Anchorage, containing the city proper and the communities of Eagle River, Chugiak, Peters Creek, Girdwood, Bird, and Indian. Fairbanks has a separate borough (the Fairbanks North Star Borough) and municipality (the City of Fairbanks).
The state's most populous city is Anchorage, home to 278,700 people in 2006, 225,744 of whom live in the urbanized area. The richest location in Alaska by per capita income is Halibut Cove ($89,895). Yakutat City, Sitka, Juneau, and Anchorage are the four largest cities in the U.S. by area.
Cities and census-designated places (by population)[link]
Alaska has a total of 355 cities and census-designated places. The majority of these are located in the rural expanse of Alaska known as "The Bush" and are unconnected to the contiguous North American road network. The 100 largest cities and census-designated places in Alaska are listed below, in population order:
- Anchorage @
- Fairbanks @
- Juneau @
- Badger #
- Knik-Fairview #
- College #
- Sitka @
- Lakes #
- Tanaina #
- Ketchikan @
- Kalifornsky #
- Wasilla @
- Meadow Lakes #
- Kenai @
- Steele Creek #
- Kodiak @
- Bethel @
- Palmer @
- Chena Ridge #
- Sterling #
- Gateway #
- Homer @
- Farmers Loop #
- Fishhook #
- Nikiski #
- Unalaska @
- Barrow @
- Soldotna @
- Valdez @
- Nome @
- Goldstream #
- Big Lake #
- Butte #
- Kotzebue @
- Petersburg @
- Seward @
- Eielson AFB #
- Ester #
- Wrangell @
- Dillingham @
- Deltana #
- Cordova @
- Prudhoe Bay #
- North Pole @
- Willow #
- Ridgeway #
- Bear Creek #
- Fritz Creek #
- Anchor Point #
- Houston @
- Haines #
- Lazy Mountain #
- Sutton-Alpine #
- Metlakatla #
- Cohoe #
- Kodiak Station #
- Susitna North #
- Tok #
- Craig @
- Diamond Ridge #
- Salcha #
- Hooper Bay @
- Farm Loop #
- Akutan @
- Healy #
- Salamatof #
- Sand Point @
- Delta Junction @
- Chevak @ and
King Cove @ - (tied)
- Skagway #
- Ninilchik #
- Funny River #
- Talkeetna #
- Buffalo Soapstone #
- Selawik @
- Togiak @
- Mountain Village @
- Emmonak @
- Hoonah @
- Klawock @
- Moose Creek #
- Knik River #
- Pleasant Valley #
- Kwethluk @
- Two Rivers # and
Womens Bay # - (tied)
- Unalakleet @
- Fox River #
- Gambell @
- Alakanuk @
- Point Hope @
- Savoonga @
- Quinhagak @
- Noorvik @
- Yakutat #
- Kipnuk #
- Akiachak #
- Happy Valley #
- Big Delta #
- Key
@ - city
# - census-designated place
Out of Alaska's 2010 Census population figure of 710,231, 20,429 people, or 2.88% of the population, do not live in an incorporated city or census-designated place. Approximately 3/4 of that figure are people who live in urban and suburban neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city limits of Ketchikan, Kodiak, Palmer and Wasilla, in areas where census-designated places have not been created by the Census Bureau. The remainder are scattered throughout Alaska, both within organized boroughs and in the Unorganized Borough.
Education[link]
The Alaska Department of Education and Early Development administers many school districts in Alaska. In addition, the state operates a boarding school, Mt. Edgecumbe High School in Sitka; and provides partial funding for other boarding schools, including Nenana Student Living Center in Nenana and The Galena Interior Learning Academy in Galena.[79]
There are more than a dozen colleges and universities in Alaska. Accredited universities in Alaska include the University of Alaska Anchorage, University of Alaska Fairbanks, University of Alaska Southeast, and Alaska Pacific University.[80]Alaska is the only state that has no insitutions that are part of the NCAA Division I program.
The Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development operates AVTEC, Alaska's Institute of Technology. Campuses in Seward and Anchorage offer 1 week to 11 month training programs in areas as diverse as Information Technology, Welding, Nursing, and Mechanics.
Alaska has had a problem with a "brain drain". Many of its young people, including most of the highest academic achievers, leave the state after high school graduation and do not return. The University of Alaska has attempted to combat this by offering partial four-year scholarships to the top 10% of Alaska high school graduates, via the Alaska Scholars Program.[81]
Public health and public safety[link]
See also: Dentistry in rural Alaska
The Alaska State Troopers are Alaska's statewide police force. They have a long and storied history, but were not an official organization until 1941. Before the force was officially organized, law enforcement in Alaska was handled by various federal agencies. Larger towns usually have their own local police and some villages rely on "Public Safety Officers" who have police training but do not carry firearms. In much of the state, the troopers serve as the only police force available. In addition to enforcing traffic and criminal law, wildlife Troopers enforce hunting and fishing regulations. Due to the varied terrain and wide scope of the Troopers' duties, they employ a wide variety of land, air, and water patrol vehicles.
Many rural communities in Alaska are considered "dry," having outlawed the importation of alcoholic beverages .[82] Suicide rates for rural residents are higher than urban.[83]
Domestic abuse and other violent crimes are also at high levels in the state; this is in part linked to alcohol abuse.[84]
Alaska also has the highest rate of sexual assault in the nation. The average age of sexually assaulted victims is 16 years old. In four out of five cases, the suspects were relatives, friends or acquaintances.[85]
Culture[link]
See also: List of artists and writers from Alaska
Some of Alaska's popular annual events are the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race that starts in Anchorage and ends in Nome, World Ice Art Championships in Fairbanks, the Alaska Hummingbird Festival in Ketchikan, the Sitka Whale Fest, and the Stikine River Garnet Fest in Wrangell. The Stikine River features the largest springtime concentration of American Bald Eagles in the world.
The Alaska Native Heritage Center celebrates the rich heritage of Alaska's 11 cultural groups. Their purpose is to enhance self-esteem among Native people and to encourage cross-cultural exchanges among all people. The Alaska Native Arts Foundation promotes and markets Native art from all regions and cultures in the State, both on the internet; at its gallery in Anchorage, 500 West Sixth Avenue, and at the Alaska House New York, 109 Mercer Street in SoHo.[86]
Music[link]
Main article: Music of Alaska
Influences on music in Alaska include the traditional music of Alaska Natives as well as folk music brought by later immigrants from Russia and Europe. Prominent musicians from Alaska include singer Jewel, traditional Aleut flautist Mary Youngblood, folk singer-songwriter Libby Roderick, Christian music singer/songwriter Lincoln Brewster, metal/post hardcore band 36 Crazyfists and the groups Pamyua and Portugal. The Man.
There are many established music festivals in Alaska, including the Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, the Anchorage Folk Festival, the Athabascan Old-Time Fiddling Festival, the Sitka Jazz Festival, and the Sitka Summer Music Festival. The most prominent orchestra in Alaska is the Anchorage Symphony Orchestra, though the Fairbanks Symphony Orchestra and Juneau Symphony are also notable. The Anchorage Opera is currently the state's only professional opera company, though there are several volunteer and semi-professional organizations in the state as well.
The official state song of Alaska is "Alaska's Flag", which was adopted in 1955; it celebrates the flag of Alaska.
Movies filmed in Alaska[link]
See also: List of films set in Alaska
Alaska's first independent picture all made on place was in the silent years. The Chechahcos was produced by Alaskan businessman Austin E. Lathrop and filmed in and around Anchorage. It was released in 1924 by the Alaska Moving Picture Corporation and was the only film the company made.
One of the most prominent movies filmed in Alaska is MGM's Eskimo/Mala The Magnificent, starring Alaska Native Ray Mala. In 1932 an expedition set out from MGM's studios in Hollywood to Alaska to film what was then billed as "The Biggest Picture Ever Made." Upon arriving in Alaska, they set up "Camp Hollywood" in Northwest Alaska, where they lived during the duration of the filming. Louis B. Mayer spared no expense in spite of the remote location, going so far as to hire the chef from the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood to prepare meals. When Eskimo premiered at the Astor Theatre in New York City, the studio received the largest amount of feedback in its history to that point. Eskimo was critically acclaimed and released worldwide; as a result, Mala became an international movie star. Eskimo won the first Oscar for Best Film Editing at the Academy Awards, and was also responsible for showcasing and preserving aspects of Inupiat culture on film.
The 1983 Disney movie Never Cry Wolf was at least partially shot in Alaska. The 1991 film White Fang, starring Ethan Hawke, was filmed in and around Haines, Alaska. Steven Seagal's 1994 On Deadly Ground, starring Michael Caine, was filmed in part at the Worthington Glacier near Valdez.[87] The 1999 John Sayles film Limbo, starring David Strathairn, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, and Kris Kristofferson, was filmed in Juneau.
The psychological thriller Insomnia, starring Al Pacino and Robin Williams, was shot in Canada, but was set in Alaska. The 2007 horror feature 30 Days of Night is set in Barrow, Alaska, but was filmed in New Zealand. Most films and television shows set in Alaska are not filmed there; for example, Northern Exposure, set in the fictional town of Cicely, Alaska, was actually filmed in Roslyn, Washington.
The 2007 film directed by Sean Penn, Into The Wild, was partially filmed and set in Alaska. The film, which is based on the novel of the same name, follows the adventures of Christopher McCandless, who died in a remote abandoned bus along the Stampede Trail west of Healy in 1992.
State symbols[link]
Main article: State symbols of Alaska
- State Motto: North to the Future
- Nicknames: "The Last Frontier" or "Land of the Midnight Sun" or "Seward's Icebox"
- State bird: Willow Ptarmigan, adopted by the Territorial Legislature in 1955. It is a small (15–17 inches) Arctic grouse that lives among willows and on open tundra and muskeg. Plumage is brown in summer, changing to white in winter. The Willow Ptarmigan is common in much of Alaska.
- State fish: King Salmon, adopted 1962.
- State flower: wild/native Forget-Me-Not, adopted by the Territorial Legislature in 1917.[88] It is a perennial that is found throughout Alaska, from Hyder to the Arctic Coast, and west to the Aleutians.
File:2008-05-04 at 18-26-44-Forgetmenot-Flower.jpg
The Forget-me-not is the state's official flower and bears the same blue and gold as the state flag
- State fossil: Woolly Mammoth, adopted 1986.
- State gem: Jade, adopted 1968.
- State insect: Four-spot skimmer dragonfly, adopted 1995.
- State land mammal: Moose, adopted 1998.
- State marine mammal: Bowhead Whale, adopted 1983.
- State mineral: Gold, adopted 1968.
- State song: "Alaska's Flag"
- State sport: Dog Mushing, adopted 1972.
- State tree: Sitka Spruce, adopted 1962.
- State dog: Alaskan Malamute, adopted 2010.[89]
- State soil: Tanana,[90] adopted unknown.
Alaska Heritage Resources Survey[link]
The Alaska Heritage Resources Survey (AHRS) is a restricted inventory of all reported historic and prehistoric sites within the state of Alaska and is maintained by the Office of History and Archaeology. The survey's inventory of cultural resources includes objects, structures, buildings, sites, districts, and travel ways, with a general provision that they are over 50 years old. As of January 31, 2012 over 35,000 sites have been reported.[91]
See also[link]
 |
Book: United States |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
 |
See more Wikipedia articles related to Alaska. |
- Outline of history
- Outline of geography
- List of National Register of Historic Places in Alaska
- List of people from Alaska
- List of places in Alaska
References[link]
- ^ "Language Legislation in the U.S.A.". CompuServe.com. Archived from the original on 2009-04-26. http://web.archive.org/web/20090426134135/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/JWCRAWFORD/langleg.htm.
- ^ "IN THE SUPERIOR COURT FOR THE STATE OF ALASKA". RCN. http://users.rcn.com/crawj/kritz.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ a b c "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011" (CSV). 2011 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 2011. http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2011/tables/NST-EST2011-01.csv. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
- ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- ^ Video: 49th Star. Alaska Statehood, New Flag, Official, 1959/01/05 (1959). Universal Newsreel. 1959. http://www.archive.org/details/1959-01-05_49th_Star_Alaska_Statehood. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ Ransom, J. Ellis. 1940. Derivation of the Word "Alaska"'. American Anthropologist n.s., 42: pp. 550–551
- ^ Benson, Carl (September 2, 1998). "Alaska's Size in Perspective". Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks. http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF14/1404.html. Retrieved November 19, 2007.
- ^ The other three exclaves of the United States are the Northwest Angle of Minnesota, Point Roberts, Washington and Alburgh, Vermont.
- ^ Alaska.com. "Alaska.com". Alaska.com. http://www.alaska.com/regions/. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ Porco, Peter (June 23, 2003). "Long said to be second to Fundy, city tides aren't even close". Anchorage Daily News: A1.
- ^ "Alaska Hydrology Survey". Division of Mining, Land, and Water; Alaska Department of Natural Resources. http://www.dnr.state.ak.us/mlw/water/hydro/.
- ^ "Alaska Facts". Knls.org. Archived from the original on February 28, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080228134807/http%3A//www.knls.org/English/akfact.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "Western States Data Public Land Acreage". Wildlandfire.com. 2007-11-13. http://www.wildlandfire.com/docs/2007/western-states-data-public-land.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ Mean Annual Precipitation in Alaska-Yukon. Oregon Climate Service at Oregon State University. Retrieved October 23, 2006.[dead link]
- ^ a b "NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards Information — Alaska Weather Interesting Facts and Records" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.arh.noaa.gov/docs/AKWXfacts.pdf. Retrieved 2007-01-03.
- ^ a b "State Extremes". Western Regional Climate Center, Desert Research Institute. http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/htmlfiles/state.extremes.html. Retrieved 2007-01-03.
- ^ NOAA – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration "SD Weather History and Trivia for May: May 1". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.crh.noaa.gov/fsd/?n=fsdtrivia05 NOAA – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2007-01-03.
- ^ "FAQ ALASKA — Frequently Asked Questions About Alaska: Weather". Statewide Library Electronic Doorway, University of Alaska Fairbanks. 2005-01-17. Archived from the original on January 2, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070102180919/http://sled.alaska.edu/akfaq/aksuper.html. Retrieved 2007-01-03.
- ^ Ned Rozell (2003-01-23). "The Coldest Place in North America". Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska Fairbanks. http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF16/1630.html. Retrieved 2007-01-03.
- ^ History for Barrow, Alaska. Monthly Summary for July 2006. Weather Underground. Retrieved October 23, 2006.
- ^ Свердлов Л. М. Русское поселение на Аляске в XVII в.? «Природа». М., 1992. № 4. С.67–69.
- ^ "Онгмюбюрекэмши Пеяспя Псяяйн-Юлепхйюмяйни Йнлоюмхх". Fartuna.ru. http://www.fartuna.ru/go.php?ad=489047. Retrieved 2011-12-03. [dead link]
- ^ Аронов В. Н. Патриарх Камчатского мореходства. // «Вопросы истории рыбной промышленности Камчатки»: Историко-краеведческий сб. – Вып. 3. – 2000. Вахрин С. Покорители великого океана. Петроп.-Камч.: Камштат, 1993.
- ^ these three Aleutian outer islands are about 460 miles (740 km) away from continental USSR, 920 miles (1,480 km) from continental Alaska (U.S.), 950 miles (1,530 km) from Japan.
- ^ "Resident Population Data – 2010 Census". 2010.census.gov. http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
- ^ a b c U.S. Census Bureau (2008-12-15). "Cumulative Estimates of the Components of Population Change for the United States, Regions and States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 (NST-EST2008-04)" (CSV). http://www.census.gov/popest/states/tables/NST-EST2008-04.csv. Retrieved 2009-01-16. [dead link]
- ^ "Census Bureau". census.gov. http://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/phc-t2/tab01.txt. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
- ^ Bls.gov; Local Area Unemployment Statistics
- ^ "American FactFinder". Factfinder2.census.gov. 2010-10-05. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_QTPL&prodType=table. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
- ^ "Alaska - Race and Hispanic Origin: 1880 to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
- ^ American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "Census Bureau". Factfinder.census.gov. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US02&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "Adherents.com". Adherents.com. http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_472.html. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "Believe it or not, Alaska's one of nation's least religious states". Anchorage Daily News. 2008-07-13. Archived from the original on 2009-01-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20090116035021/http://www.adn.com/life/story/463303.html.
- ^ "Religious Affiliations 2000". Alaska State Membership Report. Association of Religion Data Archives. http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/02_2000.asp. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
- ^ "LDS Newsroom Statistical Information". Newsroom.lds.org. Archived from the original on July 30, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080730060850/http%3A//newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/statistical-information. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ Dixon, Martha (2004-09-12). "Religious legacy lives on in Alaska". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3531458.stm. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "Welcome to SLED: FAQ Alaska". Sled.alaska.edu. Archived from the original on April 16, 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20100416045311/http://sled.alaska.edu/akfaq/akchron.html. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "An early Russian Orthodox Church". Vilda.alaska.edu. http://vilda.alaska.edu/u?/cdmg11,4904. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "Association of Religion Data Archive". Thearda.com. http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/maps/map.asp?state=101&variable=201. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2011/tables/11s0077.pdf
- ^ "First Muslim cemetery opens in Alaska". Archived from the original on 2009-01-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20090116035850/http://dwb.adn.com/news/alaska/ap_alaska/story/8656236p-8548061c.html.
- ^ "Engaging Muslim: Religion, Culture, Politics". Archived from the original on 2009-02-15. http://web.archive.org/web/20090215202834/http://engagingmuslims.alaskapacific.edu/.
- ^ "Alaskan Muslims Avoid Conflict". Humanitynews.net. 2005-07-07. http://www.humanitynews.net/index.php/main/more/alaskan_muslims_avoid_conflict/. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "Mosque milestone for Alaska Muslims – Americas". Al Jazeera English. 2010-12-25. http://english.aljazeera.net/video/americas/2010/12/20101225111741183159.html. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
- ^ Kalyan, Mala. "Shri Ganesha Mandir of Alaska". Cultural Association of India Anchorage. Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20090201151519/http://caia.arctic.us/?Shri_Ganesha_Mandir_of_Alaska.
- ^ "Hindu Temples in USA – Hindu Mandirs in USA". Hindumandir.us. http://www.hindumandir.us/west-coast.html#AK. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "Holi & Baisakhi celebrated by Alaskan Hindus and Sikhs". Cultural Association of India Anchorage. Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20090201151459/http://caia.arctic.us/?Holi_%2F_Baisakhi_Celebration%3A.
- ^ "Alaska's 100 Largest Private Sector Employers in 2010 (July 2011 Alaska Economic Trends)." Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development (2007).
- ^ "Gas Hydrates on Alaska's North Slope". Usgs.gov. http://www.usgs.gov/corecast/details.asp?ep=74. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "EIA State Energy Profiles: Alaska". Tonto.eia.doe.gov. 2009-08-27. http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=AK. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
- ^ "Screening Report for Alaska Rural Energy Plan". 2001-04. Archived from the original on 2008-02-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20080216014031/http://www.dced.state.ak.us/dca/AEIS/PDF_Files/AIDEA_Energy_Screening.pdf.
- ^ Alaska Permanent Fund Corporation
- ^ "State of Alaska Permanent Fund Division". Pfd.state.ak.us. http://www.pfd.state.ak.us/dividendamounts/index.aspx. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ FreeShipping.org for examples of companies offering free shipping to Alaska
- ^ http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdamediafb?contentid=2011/08/0338.xml&printable=true&contentidonly=true
- ^ http://alaskapeonies.org/
- ^ "Alaska Department of Fish and Game". Adfg.alaska.gov. http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=fishingPersonalUse.main. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
- ^ "Reindeer Herding". Reindeer.salrm.uaf.edu. http://reindeer.salrm.uaf.edu/about_reindeer/seward_peninsula.php. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
- ^ completion of the 3.5 mile (5.6 km) Interstate 93 tunnel as part of the "Big Dig" project in Boston, Massachusetts.
- ^ Barbara Yaffe (2011-01-02). "Alaska Oil / BC Tar sands via rail". http://communities.canada.com/vancouversun/blogs/powerplay/archive/2010/12/13/transporting-oil-across-b-c.aspx. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
- ^ Allan Dowd (2007-06-27). "Economic study touts Alaska-Canada rail link". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2138860820070622. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
- ^ AlaskaCanadaRail.org (2005-01-02). "Alaska Canada Rail Link". http://alaskacanadarail.com/index.html. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
- ^ State of Alaska Office of Economic Development. Alaska Visitor Arrivals and Profile-Summer 2001. November, 2002. Retrieved September 11, 2006.[dead link]
- ^ State of Alaska Office of Economic Development. Alaska Visitor Arrivals and Profile-Fall/Winter 2001. November, 2002. Retrieved September 11, 2006.
- ^ Federal Aviation Administration. 2005 U.S. Civil Airman Statistics
- ^ "Norman Vaughan Serum Run". United Nations. 2010-04-15. http://www.serumrun.org/. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ Alaska United Fiber Optic System homepage
- ^ Alaska Communications Coverage Map. Alaska Communications.
- ^ Arctic fiber-optic cable could benefit far-flung Alaskans. Anchorage Daily News.
- ^ "State of Alaska". Dop.state.ak.us. http://dop.state.ak.us/employeeOrientation/introduction. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ a b c d "About the Alaska Court System". State.ak.us. http://www.state.ak.us/courts/ctinfo.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "National Journal Alaska State Profile". Election.nationaljournal.com. http://election.nationaljournal.com/states/ak.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ Volz, Matt (2006-07-11). "Judge rules against Alaska marijuana law". The Seattle Times (Frank A. Blethen). http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003118645_webpot10.html. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
- ^ "Questions And Answers — About Alaskan Independence". Alaskan Independence Party. 2006. http://www.akip.org/faqs.html.
- ^ CNN Money (2005). "How tax friendly is your state?" Retrieved from CNN website.
- ^ "Department of Revenue Tax Division". Tax.state.ak.us. http://www.tax.state.ak.us/. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "Educating Taxpayers Since 1937". The Tax Foundation. http://www.taxfoundation.org/research/topic/11.html. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "State of Alaska". Gov.state.ak.us. Archived from the original on 2008-02-25. http://web.archive.org/web/20080225223222/http://www.gov.state.ak.us/ltgov/elections/regbypty.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "Alaska ICE". Alaska ICE. http://www.alaskaice.org/material.php?matID=138. Retrieved 2010-06-02. [dead link]
- ^ These are the only three universities in the state ranked by US News and World Report. [1]
- ^ "UA Scholars Program – Frequently Asked Questions". Archived from the original on 2008-03-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20080309023826/http://www.alaska.edu/scholars/faq.xml. Retrieved 2009-12-28.
- ^ "AK Dept. of Public Safety Alcoholic Beverage Control Board". Dps.state.ak.us. http://www.dps.state.ak.us/abc/restrictions.aspx. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "State of Alaska". Hss.state.ak.us. http://www.hss.state.ak.us/suicideprevention/statistics_pages_sspc/AKsuiciderate_rural_urban_90-00.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ "Alaska State Troopers FY 2008 Byrne Grant Application" (PDF). http://notes3.state.ak.us/pn/pubnotic.nsf/0/8dad412f35cf9ba1892574e30001c413/$FILE/JAG+supplemental+program+narrative.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ D'oro, Rachel (2008-01-30). "Rural Alaska steeped in sexual violence". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-01-29-alaska-sexualassaults_N.htm. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
- ^ www.alaskanativearts.org
- ^ "On Deadly Ground". Filminamerica.com. http://www.filminamerica.com/Movies/OnDeadlyGround/. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
- ^ "Alaska Conservation Foundation – State Symbols". Archived from the original on 2009-02-25. http://web.archive.org/web/20090225094636/http://akcf.org/_pages/about_ACF/about_alaska/state_symbols.php.
- ^ "It's official: Malamute now Alaska's state dog – KTUU.com | Alaska's news and information source |". KTUU.com. 2010-05-12. http://www.ktuu.com/Global/story.asp?S=12473783. Retrieved 2010-06-02. [dead link]
- ^ TANANA – ALASKA STATE SOIL U.S. Department of Agriculture
- ^ Alaska Heritage Resources Survey – General Overview, Department of Natural Resources – Alaska.gov (retrieved February 22, 2012)
External links[link]
| Find more about Alaska on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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- Alaska Community Database System
- Alaska's Digital Archives
- Alaska, project area of the American Land Conservancy
- Alaska Inter-Tribal Council
- Alaska at the Open Directory Project
- Big, Beautiful Alaska[dead link] – slideshow by Life magazine
- The short film Alaska (1967) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
Geographic data related to Alaska at OpenStreetMap
- U.S. Government
- Energy & Environmental Data for Alaska
- USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Alaska
- US Census Bureau
- Alaska State Facts
- Documents on Alaskan Statehood at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library[dead link]
- Guide to collections containing information on Alaskan statehood at the Eisenhower Presidential Library[dead link]
- State government
- State of Alaska website
- Alaska State Databases – Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Alaska state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.
- Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Recorder's Office
Coordinates: 64°N 153°W / 64°N 153°W / 64; -153
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Chuckchi Sea | Russia Arctic Ocean |
Beaufort Sea | |
| Russia • Bering Strait Chukotka |
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 Canada Yukon |
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  Alaska East |
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| Bering Sea Pacific Ocean Japan |
Pacific Ocean Hawaii |
Canada British Columbia |
| Preceded by Arizona |
List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on January 3, 1959 (49th) |
Succeeded by Hawaii |
http://wn.com/Alaska
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Alaska
http://es.wn.com/Alaska
http://ru.wn.com/Аляска
http://cs.wn.com/Aljaška
http://pt.wn.com/Alasca
http://pl.wn.com/Alaska
http://hi.wn.com/अलास्का
http://it.wn.com/Alaska
http://id.wn.com/Alaska
http://nl.wn.com/Alaska
http://fr.wn.com/Alaska
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (December 2010) |
| Michelle Shocked | |
|---|---|
 Michelle Shocked at Strictly Bluegrass, 2007 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Michelle Karen Johnston |
| Born | February 1962 (1962-02) (age 50) |
| Origin | Dallas, Texas |
| Genres | Alternative folk |
| Occupations | Musician, songwriter |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar |
| Labels | Mercury/Polygram Records, Private Music |
| Website | MichelleShocked.com |
Michelle Shocked (born Michelle Karen Johnston, February 24, 1962) is an American singer-songwriter.
Contents |
History[link]
In 1984, Johnston starting using the name "Michelle Shocked", a contraction of "Miss Shell Shocked". She told Green Left Weekly: "The term 'Miss Shell Shocked' is a direct reference to the 1000 yard-stare which was a term that they first used to describe the victims of shell-shock in World War One. These people from outward appearances had survived the war quite well when in fact inside their minds were blown. I first used that name in 1984 at the Democratic Convention in San Francisco where I was arrested for protesting and demonstrating against corporations who contribute money to both the Democratic Party and the Republican Party campaigns."[1]
Shocked received her first international exposure in Europe, particularly the United Kingdom, with her debut album The Texas Campfire Tapes (1986).
Her first US success came with the release of her 1988 album Short Sharp Shocked on college radio rotations around the country, which was met with strong acclaim from listeners. On the crest of this independent momentum, her 1989 album Captain Swing on Mercury Records was released.
In 1995, she contributed an original song to the soundtrack for the film Dead Man Walking called "Quality of Mercy". In 1996, she released a studio version of an underground release Kind Hearted Woman (black cover) on the short-lived Private Music label.
Starting in 2002 with the release of Deep Natural, Shocked established her own label, Mighty Sound. She reissued expanded versions of her entire catalog, made possible by having retained complete ownership of her work when she signed with Mercury in 1987.
An acoustic version of her song "How You Play the Game" was featured as the opening and credits soundtrack in the DVD of the 2004 documentary film Bush's Brain.
Shocked continues to make music as an independent artist. In June 2005 she released a trilogy of albums called Threesome (Don't Ask Don't Tell, Mexican Standoff and Got No Strings). In September 2007 she released the album ToHeavenURide.
On May 12, 2009, her album Soul of My Soul was released on Mighty Sound (distributed by Megaforce/MRI through RED Distribution).[2]
Personal life[link]
In 1992, Shocked married journalist Bart Bull. They divorced in 2004.[3] Her half-brother is musician Max Johnston. She attends West Angeles Church of God.[4]
Shocked was arrested during the November 29, 2011, eviction of the Occupy Los Angeles movement.[5][6]
Discography[link]
Albums[link]
Selected recordings:
- The Texas Campfire Tapes (1986)
- Short Sharp Shocked (1988) #73 US, #33 UK
- Captain Swing (1989) #95 US, #31 UK
- Arkansas Traveler (1992) #46 UK
- Kind Hearted Woman 1994, with label release (on Private Music) in 1996
- Artists Make Lousy Slaves (with Fiachna O'Braonain, 1996) sold only at performances, now issued as CDRs and MP3s at michelleshocked.com
- Good News (1998) sold only at performances, now issued as CDRs and MP3s at michelleshocked.com
- Deep Natural (2001)
- Dub Natural (2001) sold only at performances, later issued as a bonus disc with Deep Natural
- These three are included on a triple album packaged as Threesome:
- Don't Ask Don't Tell (2005)
- Mexican Standoff (2005)
- Got No Strings (2005)
- ToHeavenURide (2007) live gospel CD
- Soul of My Soul (2009)[7]
Re-releases[link]
Mighty Sound has re-released her Mercury releases, each having a second CD of bonus tracks:
- The Texas Campfire Tapes as Texas Campfire Takes (April 22, 2003)
- Short Sharp Shocked (September 23, 2003)
- Captain Swing (March 16, 2004)
- Arkansas Traveler (September 14, 2004)
Singles[link]
| Year | Title | Chart positions | Album | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US | US Mod Rock | US MSR | UK[7] | |||
| 1988 | "Anchorage" | 66 | 16 | – | 60 | Short Sharp Shocked |
| "If Love Was a Train" | – | 20 | 33 | 63 | ||
| "When I Grow Up" | – | – | – | 67 | ||
| 1989 | "On the Greener Side" | – | 19 | – | – | Captain Swing |
References[link]
- ^ 1992 Interview with Green Left Weekly. Retrieved 29 Dec 2011.
- ^ Westerly, Mal (2009-02-25). [Mighty Sound Records (distributed by Megaforce/MRI through RED Distribution) "MICHELLE SHOCKED Back with "Soul of My Soul" Album..."]. MusicNewsNet.com. Mighty Sound Records (distributed by Megaforce/MRI through RED Distribution). Retrieved 2009-02-25.
- ^ Rogers, Jude (July 31, 2005). "Keep the campfire burning, Michelle". The Observer. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2005/jul/31/1. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ^ "Michelle Shocked - Yes God is Real - michelleshocked.com". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xJq11taAJgY. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
- ^ "LA Times Posts Names of Those Arrested at Occupy LA, Stories Begin to Unfold About What Happened During the Raid: LAist". Gothamist. http://laist.com/2011/12/02/la_times_posts_list_of_those_arrest.php. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
- ^ "Protesters arrested at Occupy L.A. - Spreadsheets - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. http://spreadsheets.latimes.com/protestors-arrested-occupy-la/. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
- ^ a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 496. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Shocked, Michelle |
| Alternative names | Johnston, Michelle Karen |
| Short description | American singer-songwriter |
| Date of birth | February 24, 1962 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Michelle_Shocked
Related pages:
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http://nl.wn.com/Michelle Shocked
http://de.wn.com/Michelle Shocked
http://it.wn.com/Michelle Shocked
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Shocked
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named Alice Smith, see Alice Smith (disambiguation).
Alice Smith (born 1978) is a New York City-based singer, her style anchored in rock, R&B, blues, jazz and soul. Raised between Washington, D.C. and a farm in Georgia, she sang in Moomtez and Black Rock Coalition while studying History at Fordham University. Releasing her first LP in 2006, Smith has a powerful voice,[says who?] and Rolling Stone said of her, "Smith could easily be lumped in with expressive chanteuses like Norah Jones and Alicia Keys, but she has a broader palette than either." The magazine listed her as one of the 10 Artists to Watch in 2006.[1].
Her debut album, For Lovers, Dreamers & Me, is a collection of songs spanning genres from country to rock to funk and almost everything in between but rap. The title is also eclectic, having been borrowed from an unexpected[says who?] source—the Muppets. "We were just trying to think of a title because I haven’t thought of a name after it was all done," she said in an interview with Hiphoprnbsoul.com. "We were thinking about the music and we were throwing ideas around. We were thinking about The Beatles and The Wizard of Oz and whatever else made us think of. Then something made me think of The Muppets. I don’t even know. It wasn’t something in the forefront of my mind. I just thought of it and it came to me like that."[1]
The song "Dream" was featured on an episode of Entourage (season four) during the closing credits. "Dream" was also featured in the final act of episode four, season five, of the Showtime series The L Word ("Let's Get This Party Started"). In 2007, she was nominated for a Grammy Award under the Best Urban/Alternative category.
In 2011, she collaborated with Aloe Blacc to contribute the track "Baby" to the Red Hot Organization's most recent charitable album Red Hot+Rio 2. The album is a follow-up to the 1996 Red Hot + Rio. Proceeds from the sales will be donated to raise awareness and money to fight AIDS/HIV and related health and social issues.
Contents |
Discography[link]
- For Lovers, Dreamers & Me (BBE, 2006)
References[link]
- ^ http://hiphoprnbsoul.com/content/view/306/55 HiphopRnbSoul.com - Alice Smith: Eclectic And Lovin' It, website
Reviews[link]
- Giant Step - For Lovers, Dreamers & Me / Alice Smith
- Sound Generator - For Lovers, Dreamers & Me / Alice Smith
- Rainbow Network - For Lovers, Dreamers & Me / Alice Smith
- Music Emissions - For Lovers, Dreamers & Me / Alice Smith
External links[link]
- Alice Smith Official site
- Alice Smith on Myspace
- Alice Smith On Reelblack TV
- Alice Smith Performs NEW RELIGION (Live)
- Alice Smith performs DREAM (Live)
- Alice Smith Spinner/AOL video podcast
- Alice Smith at NPR Music
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Smith, Alice |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1978 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Alice_Smith
Related pages:
http://pt.wn.com/Alice Smith
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Smith
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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| Founded | September 24 1946 | |||
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| Hubs | Hong Kong International Airport | |||
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| Alliance | Oneworld | |||
| Subsidiaries | ||||
| Fleet size | 138 (+90 orders) | |||
| Destinations | 112 incl. cargo | |||
| Company slogan | People. They make an airline. | |||
| Parent company | Swire Pacific | |||
| Headquarters | Registered office: One Pacific Place, Hong Kong Head office: Hong Kong International Airport, Chek Lap Kok, Hong Kong |
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| Revenue |  HK$89,524 million (2010) |
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| Operating income | HK$9,465 million (2010) |
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| Net income | HK$14,048 million (2010) |
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| Website | cathaypacific.com cathaypacificcargo.com |
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| Cathay Pacific | |||||||||||
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| Traditional Chinese | 國泰航空公司 | ||||||||||
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Cathay Pacific (SEHK: 0293) is the flag carrier of Hong Kong, with its head office and main hub located at Hong Kong International Airport, although the airline's registered office is on the 33rd floor of One Pacific Place. The airline's operations include scheduled passenger and cargo services to 114 destinations in 36 countries worldwide, including codeshares and joint ventures, with a fleet of wide-body aircraft, consisting of Airbus A330, Airbus A340, Boeing 747 and Boeing 777 equipment. The airline also operates fifth freedom flights from Bangkok and Taipei, its focus cities. Its wholly owned subsidiary, Dragonair, operates to 30 destinations in the Asia-Pacific region from its Hong Kong base. In 2009, Cathay Pacific and Dragonair carried nearly 23.2 million passengers and over 1.52 million tonnes of cargo and mail.
The airline was founded on September 24 1946 by American Roy C. Farrell and Australian Sydney H. de Kantzow, with each man putting up HK$1 to register the airline. The airline made the world's first non-stop transpolar flight flying over the North Pole in July 1998, and it also operated the maiden flight to arrive at the new Hong Kong International Airport. The airline celebrated its 60th anniversary in 2006; and as of October 2009[update], its major shareholders are Swire Pacific and Air China. It is reciprocally one of the major shareholders of Air China. Cathay Pacific currently holds the title of the world's third largest airline, measured in terms of market capitalisation, according to the International Air Transport Association.[1] In 2010, Cathay Pacific became the world's largest international cargo airline, along with main hub Hong Kong International Airport as the world's busiest airport in terms of cargo traffic.[2]
Cathay Pacific is a founding member of the Oneworld alliance, with its subsidiary, Dragonair, as an affiliate member.
Contents
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History[link]
1940s and 1950s: The early years[link]
Cathay Pacific was founded in Hong Kong on September 24 1946 by American Roy Farrell and Australian Sydney de Kantzow.[3] Both men were ex-air force pilots who had flown the Hump, a route over the Himalayan mountains.[4] Each man put up HK$1 to register the airline.[5] Although initially based in Shanghai, the two men moved to Hong Kong where they formally began Cathay Pacific.[3] They named it Cathay, the ancient name given to China, derived from "Khitan", and Pacific because Farrell speculated that they would one day fly across the Pacific (which happened in the 1970s). The Chinese name for the company "國泰" comes from a Chinese idiom meaning "Grand and Peaceful State".[6]
According to legend, the airline was conceived by Farrell and some foreign correspondents at the bar of the Manila Hotel.[3] On Cathay Pacific's maiden voyage, Farrell and de Kantzow flew from Hong Kong to Manila, and later on to Shanghai.[7] They had a single Douglas DC-3, nicknamed Betsy. The airline initially flew routes between Hong Kong, Sydney, Manila, Singapore, Shanghai, and Canton, while scheduled service was limited to Bangkok, Manila, and Singapore only.[3]
In 1948 Butterfield & Swire (now known as Swire Group) bought 45% of Cathay Pacific, with Australian National Airways taking 35% and Farrell and de Kantzow taking 10% each.[5] The new company began operations on 1 July 1948 and was registered as Cathay Pacific (1948) Ltd on 18 October 1948.[8] Swire later acquired 52% of Cathay Pacific and today the airline is still 40% owned by the Swire Group through Swire Pacific Limited.[9]
1960s, 1970s, and 1980s: Expansion[link]
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121224075226/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion with: more in-depth information about these decades, especially about the 1950s and 1960s.. |
The airline prospered in late 1950s and into the 1960s by buying its archrival, Hong Kong Airways, on 1 July 1959.[10] Between 1962 and 1967, the airline recorded double digit growth on average every year and the world's first to operate international services to Fukuoka, Nagoya and Osaka in Japan.[3] Eighteen years after the airline was founded, it carried its one millionth passenger and acquired its first jet engine aircraft Convair 880 in 1964.[4][11] In the 1970s, Cathay Pacific installed a computerised reservation system and flight simulators. In 1979, the airline acquired its first Boeing 747 and applied for traffic rights to begin flying to London in 1980. Expansion continued into the 1980s, with nonstop service to Vancouver in 1983, with continuing service on to San Francisco in 1986 when an industry-wide boom encouraged route growth to many European and North American centres.[11] On 15 May 1986, the airline went public and listed in the Main Board of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.[12]
1990s: Rebranding, renewal, and Oneworld[link]
In January 1990, Cathay Pacific and its parent company, Swire Pacific, acquired a significant shareholding in Dragonair, and a 75% stake in cargo airline Air Hong Kong in 1994.[13][14] During the early 1990s, the airline launched a programme to upgrade its passenger service. Also, the green and white striped livery was replaced with the current "brushwing" livery.[15] In 1994, the airline announced that it would establish its new corporate identity. It planned to implement a 23 million Hong Kong dollar (RM 7.3 million) program to update its image. The fleet was expected to have the new logo in place within four years.[16]
Later, the airline began a US$9 billion fleet replacement program during the mid-1990s that resulted with it having one of the youngest airline fleets in the world.[15] In 1996, CITIC Pacific increased its holdings in Cathay Pacific from 10% to 25%, while the Swire Group holding was reduced to 44% as two other Chinese companies, CNAC and CTS also bought substantial holdings.[4]
On 1 July 1997, administration of Hong Kong was transferred from the UK to the People's Republic of China. Most of the airline's aircraft were registered in Hong Kong and bore a registration beginning with "VR". Under the terms of an agreement within the Sino-British Joint Liaison Group (JLG), all registrations were changed to the prefix "B" by December 1997, which is used by the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China (Taiwan).[17] Cathay Pacific aircraft formerly carried a painted Union Jack on the tail but these were removed several years prior to the 1997 takeover.[18][19]
On 21 May 1998, Cathay Pacific became the launch carrier when it took the first delivery of the Boeing 777-300, the newest member of the Boeing 777 family, at a ceremony in Everett.[20] In February 1999, Cathay Pacific co-founded the Oneworld Alliance.[21] The airline was hurt by the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s, but recorded a record HK$5 billion profit in 2000.[22]
New Hong Kong airport and transpolar flights[link]
On 5 July 1998, Hong Kong Kai Tak Airport witnessed its last commercial departing flight, Cathay Pacific Flight 251 to London Heathrow Airport, after over 73 years of operation. The next day, Cathay Pacific Flight 889, from New York John F. Kennedy International Airport, piloted by Captain Mike Lowes and First Officer Kelvin Ma, was the maiden flight to arrive at the new Hong Kong International Airport, located at Chek Lap Kok, west of Hong Kong.[23] This flight was also the world's first non-stop transpolar flight from New York to Hong Kong. The flight, dubbed Polar One, takes approximately 16 hours to travel between Hong Kong and New York, saving about three to four hours on journey time, compared to the one stop service via Vancouver. It is Cathay Pacific's longest non-stop flight, as well as one of the longest non-stop flights by distance in the world at 8,055 mi (12,963 km).[24]
2000s: Industrial troubles and acquisitions[link]
The 2000s saw Cathay Pacific experience labour relations issues, and complete the acquisition of Dragonair. The airline operated the first commercial non-stop transpolar flight from Canada on 19 May 2000, with Cathay Pacific Flight 829 from Toronto to Hong Kong. The flight flew directly over Hudson Bay and passed within 50 nautical miles (93 km; 58 mi) of the North Pole, it took just 14 hours and 59 minutes and saved almost three hours from the normal route, which included a technical stop in Anchorage. It is Cathay Pacific's second longest non-stop flight with a distance of 7,809 mi (12,567 km).[25]
On 28 November 2002, the airline took delivery of its first Airbus A340-600 aircraft at a ceremony at the Airbus factory in Toulouse. Cathay Pacific was the launch customer in Asia for the A340-600 and the aircraft was the first of three leased from International Lease Finance Corporation (ILFC).[26] On 1 December 2005, Cathay Pacific announced an order for 16 Boeing 777-300ER aircraft, four on lease from ILFC, to be delivered between September 2007 and July 2010, plus options on 20 more of the type, two of which were converted to orders on 1 June 2006. The airline also ordered 3 more A330-300 the same day, with the delivery of the aircraft scheduled for 2008.[27][28][29] On 7 August 2007, Cathay Pacific announced that it had placed an additional order for five more wide-body Boeing 777-300ER aircraft for a total price of about US$1.4 billion, increasing its commitment to a total of 23 of the aircraft type.[30]
The 49ers – employment dispute[link]
In 2001, the Hong Kong Aircrew Officers Association (HKAOA) launched a "work to rule" campaign to further its campaign for pay improvements and changes to roster scheduling practices. The action involved pilots refusing to work flights that were not scheduled on their roster. Although this alone did not cause extensive disruption, rostered pilots began calling in sick for their flights. Combined with the work to rule campaign, the airline was unable to cover all of its scheduled flights and cancellations resulted. Cathay Pacific steadfastly refused to negotiate with the HKAOA under threat of industrial action.[31]
On 9 July 2001, reportedly following a comprehensive review of the employment histories of all its pilots, the company fired 49 of its 1,500 pilots. This group became known colloquially as "the 49ers". Nearly half of the fired pilots were captains, representing five percent of the total pilot group. Of the 21 officers of the HKAOA, nine were fired, including four of the seven union negotiators.[32]
Then-HKAOA president Captain Nigel Demery took the view that "the firing was pure intimidation, a union-bust straight up, designed to be random enough to put the fear in all pilots that they might be next, no reason given".[32] The dismissals were challenged in a number of legal proceedings, but none were reinstated. The airline later offered the 49 pilots it terminated in 2001 the chance to reapply for pilot positions with its cargo division, guaranteeing such applicants first interviews, subject to passing psychometric testing. Nineteen former employees applied and twelve were offered jobs.[33]
Current relations between the company and the HKAOA are cordial. The replacement of Captain Demery by Captain Murray Gardner is said to have had a lot to do with this change in relationship. Captain Gardner favoured a more diplomatic and conciliatory approach to dealing with management, and workplace relations between the two groups have been largely conciliatory since 2002.[34]
On 11 November 2009, 18 of The 49ers succeeded in the Hong Kong Court of First Instance concerning their joint claims for breach of contract, breach of the Employment Ordinance and defamation.
Judge Anselmo Reyes ruled the airline had contravened the Employment Ordinance by dismissing the pilots without a valid reason, adding that they had been sacked primarily because of union activities. He also held that remarks by then chief operating officer Philip Chen Nanlok and current chief executive Tony Tyler after the sackings were defamatory. The judge handed the pilots a victory in their long-running legal battle, with individual awards of HK$3.3 million for defamation together with a month's pay and HK$150,000 for the sackings.
On 24 December 2010, judges Frank Stock, Susan Kwan and Johnson Lam of the Court of Appeal overturned the judgment of the lower court to the extent that the claim for wrongful termination of contract was dismissed. The finding that Cathay Pacific wrongly sacked the 18 pilots for their union activities was upheld. The court upheld the defamation claim but reduced the damages for the defamatory comments made by Cathay Pacific management. The judges also modified the judgment awarding payment of legal costs to the pilots and instead said that they should now pay some of Cathay’s costs.[35]
The leader of the 49er Plaintiffs, Captain John Warham, launched a book titled "The 49ers – The True Story" on 25 March 2011.[36]
The pilots were awarded leave on 26 October 2011 to take their case to the Court of Final Appeal. The matter was heard before Hon. Mr. Justices Bokhary, Chan & Ribeiro who are all Permanent Judges of the Court of Final Appeal. The matters to be decided upon by the Court will concern wrongful termination of contract and the level of damages for defamation. The case will be heard by the Court of Final Appeal on 27 August 2012.
Acquisition and downsizing of Dragonair[link]
On 9 June 2006, the airline underwent a shareholding realignment under which Dragonair became a wholly owned subsidiary but continued to operate under its own brand. By acquiring Dragonair, this meant gaining more access to the restricted, yet rapidly growing, Mainland China market and more opportunities for sharing of resources. CNAC, and its subsidiary, Air China, acquired a 17.5 percent stake in Cathay Pacific, and the airline doubled its shareholding in Air China to 17.5 percent. CITIC Pacific reduced its shareholding to 17.5 percent and Swire Group reduced its shareholding to 40 percent.[9][37][38]
Dragonair had originally planned significant international expansion. It was already operating services to Bangkok and Tokyo, and was to have a dedicated cargo fleet of nine Boeing 747-400BCF aircraft by 2009 operating to New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco and Columbus.[39] It had also acquired three Airbus A330-300 aircraft to commence services to Sydney and Seoul.[40]
Following the acquisition by Cathay Pacific, Dragonair's proposed expansion plans underwent a comprehensive route compatibility analysis with the Cathay network, in an effort to reduce duplication. Dragonair services to Bangkok and Tokyo were terminated, and new services launched to Sendai, Phuket, Manila and Kathmandu. With the merging of similar departments at the two previously separate airlines, some Dragonair staff have had their employment contracts transferred to Cathay Pacific, and others made redundant due to the efficiencies gained in the merger. This has resulted in an approximately 37 percent decrease in the number of staff contractually employed by Dragonair.[41]
Although there has been speculation that Dragonair will cease as a brand and be fully absorbed into Cathay Pacific, this is unlikely as Dragonair enjoys significant market awareness in regional Chinese markets.[38]
Economic challenges[link]
To celebrate the airline's 60th anniversary in 2006, a year of road shows named the "Cathay Pacific 60th Anniversary Skyshow" was held where the public could see the developments of the airline, play games, meet some of the airline's staff, and view vintage uniforms. Cathay Pacific also introduced anniversary merchandise and in-flight meals served by famous restaurants in Hong Kong in collaboration with the celebrations.[42]
In June 2008, Cathay Pacific entered into a plea bargain with the United States Department of Justice in respect of antitrust investigations over air cargo price fixing agreements. It was fined US$60 million. The airline has subsequently set up an internal Competition Compliance Office, reporting to Chief Operating Officer John Slosar, to ensure that the Group complies with all relevant competition and antitrust laws in the jurisdiction in which it operates. The breaches for which Cathay Pacific Cargo were being investigated in the U.S. were not illegal under Hong Kong competition law.[43][44]
In March 2009, the airline reported a record full-year loss of HK$8.56 billion for 2008, which was also the carrier's first since the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. The record loss included fuel-hedging losses of HK$7.6 billion and a HK$468 million charge for a price-fixing fine in the U.S. It had to scrap its final dividend. The hedging losses were a result of locking in fuel prices at higher than prevailing market price. As of the end of 2008, Cathay Pacific has hedged about half of its fuel needs until the end of 2011. The airline at the time estimated that it would face no further cash costs from the hedges if the average market price stood at US$75, enabling it recoup provisions it made in 2008.[45]
The flattening out of fuel prices resulted in Cathay Pacific recording a paper fuel hedging gain for its half year reports for 2009. However, as a result of the global economic situation, the Group reported an operating loss. Given the current economic climate, and in line with the steps being taken by other major airlines around the world, the airline has undertaken a comprehensive review of all its routes and operations. This has resulted in frequencies being reduced to certain destinations, ad hoc cancellations on other routes, deferred capital expenditure, parked aircraft and introduced a Special Leave Scheme for staff to conserve money.[46] According to CEO Tony Tyler, the yield from passengers was "hugely down" and the airline had lost "a lot of premium traffic". He noted that it could take 20 passengers in economy to make up for the lost revenue of one fewer first class passenger flying to New York from Hong Kong.[47]
2010s: Current developments[link]
In 2010, the airline set another record high profit, amounting to HK$14.048 billion despite record losses set in the same decade. At the same time, Cathay Pacific had taken delivery of several new aircraft types, including the Airbus A330-300 and Boeing 777-300ER.[48] Tony Tyler left his position as CEO at the airline on 31 March 2010 to pursue his new job at the IATA. Chief Operating Officer John Slosar had succeeded Tony Tyler as the new CEO.[49] In addition, New Zealand's Commerce Commission had dropped charges against Cathay Pacific concerning the air cargo price fixing agreements.[50]
Corporate affairs and identity[link]
Cathay Pacific's head office, Cathay Pacific City (Traditional: 國泰城, Simplified: 国泰城, Cantonese: gwok3 taai3 sing4, Mandarin: Guótài Chéng), is located at Hong Kong International Airport, although the airline's registered office is on the 33rd floor of One Pacific Place.[51][52] Cathay Pacific City was scheduled to be built in increments between April and September 1998.[53] The headquarters opened in 1998.[54] Previously the airline's headquarters were at the Swire House, which was a complex in Central named after the airline's parent company.[55]
Branding[link]
Branding and publicity efforts have revolved primarily around the staff and passengers of Cathay Pacific. The airline's first campaign focusing on the passenger was "It's the little things that move you". It was followed by an advertising campaign. "Great Service. Great People. Great Fares."[56] In 2011, Cathay Pacific rolled out "People. They make an airline." as their latest motto. It was accompanied by a supplementary website "Meet the Team", which introduced some of the staff through profiles. The flash site revealed many behind-the-scenes stories many of which contain inspiring facts about their career life.[57]
Livery[link]
All Cathay Pacific aircraft carry the following livery, logos and trademarks: the "brushwing" livery on the body and on the vertical stabiliser, introduced in the early 1990s; the "Asia's world city" brandline, the Brand Hong Kong logotype and the dragon symbol; the Oneworld logo and the Swire Group logo.[58][59][60]
The brushwing logo consists of a calligraphic stroke against a green background; the stroke is intended to appear like the wing of a bird. The previous logo, consisting of green and white stripes, was in place from the early 1970s until 1994.[16]
Prior to 1997, all Cathay Pacific aircraft carried they British flag on the empennage. After the handover, aircraft carry the Brand Hong Kong logo and with HONG KONG or in Chinese 香港 under or beside the Brand Hong Kong logo instead of using the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) flag. In fact, the HKSAR flag has never appeared on any aircraft.
Destinations[link]
Further information: Cathay Pacific destinations
Cathay Pacific serves 115 destinations in 36 countries and territories on five continents, with a well-developed Asian network. The airline serves a number of gateway cities in North America and Europe, with easy connections with its Oneworld and codeshare partners, American Airlines and British Airways via Los Angeles and London, respectively. In addition, the airline serves 10 French cities via a codeshare partnership with French national rail operator, SNCF, from Paris. The airline also has access to over 17 destinations in China through its subsidiary, Dragonair.[61]
Cathay Pacific suspended its flight operations to and from Colombo on 26 March 2007 due to security concerns, following the closure of the Bandaranaike International Airport. The services between Hong Kong and Colombo via Bangkok and Singapore have subsequently resumed on 30 March 2008.[62][63] In 2008, the airline increased services to Auckland, Brisbane, Chennai, Delhi, Dubai, Mumbai, Perth, Singapore and Sydney, while reduced services to Toronto and Vancouver.[64] In 2009, the airline increased services to Jakarta and Shanghai, while services to Paris were increased from 29 March 2009 to 31 August 2009 and from 18 December 2009 to 6 January 2010. In addition, Jeddah will be Cathay Pacific's second destination in Saudi Arabia from 25 October, while services to Brisbane and San Francisco are temporarily reduced from September to 17 November and October, respectively. In late 2009, services increased back to Toronto and Vancouver at a frequency of twice daily.[65][66] Cathay Pacific announced it will launch daily passenger service to Chicago operated by Boeing 777-300ER on 1 September 2011 and increase service to New York with a fourth daily flight beginning 27 March 2011.[67] The airline also launched its four weekly service to Abu Dhabi by Airbus 330-300 on 2 June 2011; the airline's second destination in the United Arab Emirates complementing existing service to Dubai[68]
Codeshare agreements[link]
Cathay Pacific has codeshare agreements with the following airlines.[69][70][71]
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° indicates as Oneworld alliance partner
The airline also has a codeshare agreement with French high speed trains (SNCF) from TGV station at Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport to ten French cities.[61][73]
Fleet[link]
Main article: Cathay Pacific fleet
| Aircraft type | In service (by type) | Model | In service (by model) | Orders |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Airbus A330 | 33 | −300 | 33 | 18 |
| Airbus A340 | 11 | −300 | 11 | — |
| Airbus A350 | — | −900 | — | 38 |
| Boeing 747 | 48 | −400 | 21 | — |
| −400BCF | 9 | — | ||
| −400F | 6 | — | ||
| −400ERF | 6 | — | ||
| −8F | 6 | 4 | ||
| Boeing 777 | 45 | −200 | 5 | — |
| −300 | 12 | — | ||
| −300ER | 28 | 22 | ||
| –F | — | 8 | ||
| Total | 137 | 137 | 90 |
Passenger[link]
Cathay Pacific operates three-class configurations on all of its Boeing 747 and most Boeing 777-300ER fleet, and two-class configurations on all other aircraft. Cathay Pacific is one of the few airlines to solely operate wide-bodied jets. The Boeing customer code for Cathay Pacific is 67 (I.e. 747-467).
| Aircraft | Total in service | Orders | Passengers | Variation | Notes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| By Aircraft | By Variation | F | J | W | Y | Total | ||||
| Airbus A330-300 | 33 | 16 | 18 | — | 44 | — | 267 | 311 | 330 | Fitted with Regional Product; 2 will be transferred to Dragonair |
| 13 | — | 40 | — | 223 | 263 | 33B | Will be converted to 33G | |||
| 3 | — | 38 | — | 223 | 261 | 33E | Fitted with new long-haul Business Class; will be converted to 33G | |||
| 1 | — | 38 | 28 | 175 | 241 | 33G | Fitted with new long-haul Business and Economy Class | |||
| Airbus A340-300 | 11 | 11 | — | — | 26 | — | 257 | 283 | 34B | Replacement aircraft: Airbus A350-900 |
| Airbus A350-900 | — | — | 38 | TBA | Replacing: Airbus A340-300 and Boeing 747-400 | |||||
| Boeing 747-400 | 21 | 20 | — | 9 | 46 | — | 324 | 379 | 74A | Replacement aircraft: Boeing 777-300ER and Airbus A350-900; 7 of which will be converted to 74K |
| 1 | 9 | 46 | 26 | 278 | 359 | 74K | Replacement aircraft: Boeing 777-300ER and Airbus A350-900 | |||
| Boeing 777-200 | 5 | 5 | — | — | 45 | — | 291 | 336 | 777 | Fitted with Regional Product |
| Boeing 777-300 | 12 | 12 | — | — | 45 | — | 353 | 398 | 773 | Fitted with Regional Product |
| Boeing 777-300ER | 28 | 4 | 22 | 6 | 57 | — | 238 | 301 | 77A | Will be converted to 77H |
| 6 | 6 | 53 | — | 238 | 297 | 77D (New from manufacturer) |
Fitted with new long-haul Business Class | |||
| 11 | 6 | 53 | — | 229 | 288 | 77D (Converted from 77A) |
Fitted with new long-haul Business Class; will be converted to 77H | |||
| 4 | — | 40 | 32 | 268 | 340 | 77G | Fitted with new long-haul cabin in all classes | |||
| 3 | 6 | 53 | 34 | 182 | 275 | 77H | Fitted with new long-haul cabin in all classes | |||
| Total | 110 | 78 | ||||||||
Cathay Pacific's average fleet age is 10.6 years at March 2012.
Passenger fleet plans
On 8 November 2007, Cathay Pacific announced that it had placed an order for seven additional Boeing 777-300ERs and 10 747-8F freighters with a list price of US$5.2 billion.[74] In addition, it also took 14 options for the new freighter at that time. This order, if all options are exercised, would make Cathay Pacific the largest operator of 777-300ERs in Asia and largest operator of 747-8Fs in the world.[75] On 6 December 2007, the airline, already the biggest operator of the Airbus A330, placed a firm order for eight more Airbus A330-300 aircraft valued at approximately US$1.7 billion at list prices. Together with the commitment for 17 long-haul passenger aircraft and freighters announced the previous month, the new aircraft will take the Cathay Pacific Group's fleet size to 200 by 2012. From that 200 aircraft, the airline will operate 155 itself, and the rest will be used by its subsidiaries.[76]
The airline's CEO, Tony Tyler, stated on 30 October 2007 that the carrier had no plans regarding the purchase of either the Boeing 787 Dreamliner or the Airbus A380 for the time being.[77] On 8 June 2010, the carrier entered talks with both Boeing and Airbus about adding the 787 Dreamliner and/or the Airbus A350 to their fleet, with Tyler reported to have said that the airline was more interested in acquiring smaller, long-range jets that are better suited for carrying cargo, than it is in acquiring either the Boeing 747-8I or the Airbus A380. The twinjet aircraft would allow Cathay Pacific to both add new destinations to its network, and to replace those 747-400s and A340-300s that currently operate on its long-haul routes alongside 777-300ERs.[78]
On 11 March 2009, it was reported that the delivery of two aircraft due in 2008 was delayed after a strike at Boeing. Additionally, the delivery of two 747-8 freighters was pushed back to 2010 amid delays at the planemaker.[45] The delivery positions on new A330-300 and 777-300ER aircraft were deferred due to the economic recession. Cathay Pacific also sent four A340-300 and two 747-400 aircraft to Victorville Airport for storage.[79]
On 4 August 2010, it was confirmed that Cathay Pacific would buy 30 A350-900s and 6 more 777-300ERs.[80] The carrier remained open on a potential purchase of the A380 for long-haul and ultra long-haul routes to Australia, the US and Europe, with outgoing CEO Tyler saying "I wouldn't rule out the airline becoming a customer (for the A380) at some point."[81]
On 8 March 2011, it was reported that the airline had ordered another 15 A330-300s and 10 777-300ERs. The deal also included 2 more A350-900s which will be leased from ILFC.[82] On 10 August 2011, Cathay Pacific entered into an agreement with Boeing to purchase four 777-300ER passenger aircraft and eight Boeing 777F Freighters.[83] On 20 January 2012, it was confirmed that Cathay Pacific would buy another 6 A350-900s.[84]
On 20 August 2011, it was identified that Cathay Pacific would be launching a Premium Economy Class on its new 777-300ERs from March 2012. The aircraft will feature 40 Business Class, 32 Premium Economy Class and 268 Economy Class with the absence of a First Class cabin.[85] On 22 August 2011, it is expanded the Premium Economy Class offering to its new A330-300s from March 2012. The aircraft will feature 38 Business Class, 28 Premium Economy Class and 175 Economy Class.[86] Premium Economy Class will also be offered on 4-class 777-300ERs and 747-400s from summer 2012.[87][88][89]
Cargo[link]
Cathay Pacific Cargo operates a fleet of over 20 freighters to more than 40 destinations around the world, in addition to utilising the cargo space on its passenger aircraft. The cargo subsidiary was established in 1981 with a twice-a-week Hong Kong–Frankfurt–London service operated jointly with Lufthansa.[90] The cargo division ranked fifth in the freight category of the 2008 The World's Top 25 Airlines by Air Transport World.[91] Cathay Pacific Cargo handles ost of the airlines' passenger cargo. Together with its cargo routes, it serves more than 80 destinations and is able to operate to destinations that are not in the Cathay Pacific passenger network.
| Aircraft | Total | Orders |
|---|---|---|
| Boeing 747-400BCF |
|
|
| Boeing 747-400ERF |
|
|
| Boeing 747-400F |
|
|
| Boeing 747-8F |
|
|
| Boeing 777F |
|
|
| Total | 27 | 12 |
Cargo fleet notes
On 5 October 2005, the airline took delivery of its first Boeing 747–400 Boeing Converted Freighter (Boeing 747-400BCF) aircraft that was converted from a passenger plane to a freighter in Xiamen, China. Cathay Pacific Cargo is the launch customer for this aircraft type and it was also the first time Boeing had conducted a major flight test programme outside the United States.[92] On 22 June 2006, the airline announced an order of six Boeing 747-400ERF freighters, delivered in 2008 and 2009.[93] On 31 October 2011, Cathay Pacific took delivery of its first Boeing 747-8F.[94]
On 18 March 2008, Airport Authority Hong Kong (HKAA) awarded Cathay Pacific Services Ltd (CPSL), a wholly owned subsidiary, a non-exclusive 20-year franchise to invest in, design, construct and operate a new air cargo terminal at Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA). The new cargo terminal will be built in the cargo area at the airport, close to the existing cargo servicing facilities, with a site area of approximately 10 hectares. The new cargo terminal will be operated by a separate management team in CPSL.[95] On 15 January 2009, CPSL signed a supplementary agreement with the HKAA to defer the completion of its new cargo terminal by a maximum of 24 months to mid-2013, in response to the current market conditions. A non disclosed compensation amount for the deferral is included in the supplementary agreement.[96]
Cathay Pacific new cargo centre in Hong Kong International Airport is expected to be opened by mid 2013. The new cargo terminal is designed to maximise the usage of the site area and provide high land use efficiency of over 25 tonnes per m2. It will be equipped with a state-of-the-art Materials Handling System (MHS) that can handle the huge throughput in the limited space with high efficiency. The facility design will enable the most efficient flow of cargo through the terminal and facilitate speedy processing of all types of cargo while allowing for regulatory inspection and monitoring if required. The cargo terminal will deliver shorter cargo delivery times, reduced cut-off times for export cargo, a shorter trans-shipment connection window and shorter truck queue times, all of which are essential to sustain the competitiveness of Hong Kong as a leading cargo hub.
The Cathay Pacific Cargo Centre:
- Designed annual capacity: 2.6 million tonnes
- Site area: approximately 10 hectares
- Construction floor area: 246,000 sq m
- Land-use efficiency: over 25 tonnes per m2.
In December 2011, the company took delivery of its first state-of-the-art Boeing 747-8F freighters (B-LJF) in the plane makers factory in Paine Field, Seattle. The Boeing 747-8 Freighter has a higher payload of 154 tonnes and a longer range of 8,130 kilometres (5,050 mi) than the B747-400F that Cathay Pacific Cargo owns.
Special liveries[link]
In 1997, a Boeing 747–200 (B-HIB) named Spirit of Hong Kong, with a special livery, a big traditional Chinese brushstroke character "家" (means family/home), a traditional Chinese wording "繁榮進步 更創新高" painted on the left side of the aircraft and a wording "The Spirit of Hong Kong 97" painted on the right side of the aircraft, to commemorate the handover of Hong Kong back to China.[97] On 17 January 2000, Spirit of Hong Kong made a return on a Boeing 747-400 (B-HOX) to celebrate the legendary resilience of Hong Kong with a new special livery depicts a young athlete overcoming a series of challenges to reach his goal. A special wording "Same Team. Same Dream." was painted on the left side of the aircraft and a traditional Chinese wording "積極進取 飛越更高理想" was painted on the right side of the aircraft.[98][99][100]
On 5 July 2002, a Boeing 747–400 (B-HOY), named Asia's world city, carried a special livery, the "Asia's world city" brandline, the Brand Hong Kong logotype and the dragon symbol, to promote Hong Kong around the world.[101] In January 2008, a new Boeing 777-300ER (B-KPF) was painted in the Asia's world city livery.[102]
On 29 August 2006, the airline took delivery of its 100th aircraft, an Airbus A330-300 with the registration B-LAD. For the aircraft acceptance ceremony in Toulouse, the aircraft was painted in a 100th aircraft livery with a 60th anniversary sticker behind the second doors (2L and 2R), the wording "100th aircraft", and the traditional Chinese wording "進步精神" painted on the rear of the aircraft.[103] The aircraft was named Progress Hong Kong, a name that was chosen from a competition by the staff.[103][104]
In November 2011, Cathay received its second 747-8 Freighter (B-LJA) which was painted in the Hong Kong Trader livery. The livery was designed to commemorate the topping out of the new Cathay Pacific Cargo Terminal. The name of the livery is taken from Cathay Pacific’s very first 747 freighter which entered the fleet in 1982.
Currently, a total of three Cathay Pacific aircraft are painted in the Oneworld livery to commemorate the alliance's 10th anniversary. On 12 March 2009, Cathay Pacific's first Oneworld aircraft, an Airbus A340-300 (B-HXG), was painted in the new, standard Oneworld livery. An additional aircraft, an Airbus A330-300 (B-HLU), has also been painted in the Oneworld livery while a brand-new Boeing 777-300ER (B-KPL) was painted and delivered on 17 October 2009.[105][106][107]
Retired[link]
Since its conception in 1946, the airline had operated many types of aircraft. The first two aircraft were two World War II surplus Douglas DC-3s named Betsy and Niki. Betsy (VR-HDB), the first aircraft for Cathay Pacific, is now a permanent exhibit in the Hong Kong Science Museum. Niki (VR-HDA) was lost, but a similar DC-3 was purchased as a replacement. It was refurbished and repainted by the airline's Engineering Department and maintenance provider, Hong Kong Aircraft Engineering Company, and it now wears the second Cathay Pacific livery from the late 1940s. This aircraft received Niki's old VR-HDA aircraft registration and is now on public view in the car park outside the Flight Training Centre of Cathay City.[108]
Other aircraft that have been in service with Cathay Pacific are (in alphabetical order):
- Airbus A340-200[109] (leased from Philippine Airlines for three years before delivery of A340-300)
- Airbus A340-600 (leased from ILFC)
- Avro Anson
- Boeing 707–320
- Boeing 747-200B[109] (all retired in 2009)
- Boeing 747-300 (leased from Pakistan International Airlines since July 2002, 5 were on lease by PIA)[109]
- Bristol Britannia (leased from BOAC for a few months whilst the Electras were taken out of service due to defects)
- Consolidated PBY Catalina[110]
- Convair 880[111]
- Douglas DC-3[108]
- Douglas DC-4[112]
- Douglas DC-6
- Lockheed L-1011-100 TriStar[113]
- Lockheed L-188 Electra
During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Cathay Pacific was the largest operator of the Lockheed TriStar outside the United States.[113]
Loyalty programmes[link]
Cathay Pacific has two loyalty programmes: The Marco Polo Club (The Club), the loyalty programme, and Asia Miles, the travel reward programme. Members of The Club are automatically enrolled as Asia Miles members.[114] Asia Miles has been named the "Best Frequent Flyer Programme" in the 2009 Business Traveller Asia-Pacific Travel Awards and is the fifth consecutive year it has won the award.[115] As of April 2010, there were roughly 3.6 million Asia Miles members and 500,000 Marco Polo members.[116]
Marco Polo Club[link]
The Marco Polo Club is divided into four tiers, Green (entry level), Silver, Gold and Diamond, based on the member's past travel. A joining fee of US$50 or €35 is applicable for a Marco Polo Club membership. Members earn Club Miles and Club Sectors on eligible fare classes with Cathay Pacific, Dragonair and Oneworld member airlines. These are used to calculate the member's eligibility for membership renewal, upgrade or downgrade during the membership year. Higher-tiered members are provided with increased travel benefits such as guaranteed Economy Class seat, additional baggage allowance, priority flight booking and airport lounge access. The Marco Polo Club membership is terminated after 12 months of inactivity or failure to meet minimum travel criteria as outlined in the membership guide.[114][117]
- Green
The Green tier is the entry level to the Marco Polo Club. Benefits include dedicated 24-hour club service line for flight reservations, designated Marco Polo check-in counters, excess baggage allowance and lounge access redemptions, and priority boarding. Members are required to earn four Club Sectors for membership renewal.[118]
- Silver
Silver tier level is achieved or retained when the member earns 30,000 Club Miles or 20 Club Sectors during the membership year. Additional benefits for Silver Card members include advance seat reservations, priority waitlisting, Business Class check-in counters, 10 kg (22 lb) extra baggage allowance, priority baggage handling and Business Class lounge access when flying Cathay Pacific or Dragonair operated flights. Additionally, members are eligible to use the Frequent Visitor e-Channels, for seamless self-service immigration clearance at Hong Kong International Airport. Marco Polo Club Silver tier status is equivalent to Oneworld Ruby tier status, which entitles members to Oneworld Ruby benefits when travelling on a Oneworld member airline.[118][119]
- Gold
Gold tier level is achieved or retained when the member earns 60,000 Club Miles or 40 Club Sectors during the membership year. Additional benefits for Gold Card members include guaranteed Economy Class seat on Cathay Pacific or Dragonair flights booked 72 hours before departure, 15 kg (33 lb) or one piece of extra baggage allowance, Business Class lounge access with one guest when flying Cathay Pacific or Dragonair operated flights and arrival lounge access when flying Cathay Pacific or Dragonair operated and marketed flights. Marco Polo Club Gold tier status is equivalent to Oneworld Sapphire tier status, which entitles members to Oneworld Sapphire benefits when travelling on a Oneworld member airline.[118]
- Diamond
The second highest tier in the Marco Polo Club. Diamond tier level is achieved or retained when the member earns 120,000 Club Miles or 80 Club Sectors during the membership year. Additional benefits for Diamond Card members include top priority waitlisting, guaranteed Economy Class or Business Class seat on Cathay Pacific or Dragonair flights booked 24 hours before departure, First Class check-in counters, 20 kg (44 lb) or one piece of extra baggage allowance, First Priority baggage handling, First Class lounge access with two guests when flying Cathay Pacific or Dragonair operated flights and Business Class lounge access with two guests when flying on any airline. Marco Polo Club Diamond tier status is equivalent to Oneworld Emerald tier status, which entitles members to Oneworld Emerald benefits when travelling on a Oneworld member airline.[118]
- Diamond Plus
The highest tier in the Marco Polo Club. Diamond Plus tier level offered annually to the top one percent of Diamond members worldwide “in recognition of their exceptional and consistent travel performance and their contribution to Cathay Pacific and Dragonair. Diamond Plus and Diamond members are “considered in the same tier in every aspect”. However, Diamond Plus get extra perks consisting of "Nomination of one companion to the Diamond tier", "Access to CX First Class lounges regardless which airline they are flying". Marco Polo Club Diamond Plus tier status is equivalent to Oneworld Emerald tier status, which entitles members to Oneworld Emerald benefits when travelling on a Oneworld member airline.[120]
Asia Miles[link]
File:AsiaMiles Logo.png
Asia Miles logo
Asia Miles is a more traditional travel rewards programme in which Mileage Credits are accumulated by flying on Cathay Pacific, Dragonair or a partner airline. Mileage Credits can also be earned by spending through a number of hotels, credit card companies, car rental agencies, telecommunication companies and other non-airline channels. These miles can then be redeemed for flights or other products and services. Asia Miles membership is free; however, membership will be suspended after 36 months of inactivity, and can be closed without notice, once all remaining mileage credits have expired.[121][122]
Services[link]
Ground handling[link]
On 22 January 2007 and 18 December 2008 respectively, Cathay Pacific launched more methods to check-in for flights. Among them were self-check in utilising a kiosk at Hong Kong International Airport and select destinations globally. Another checking in via a mobile phone. Worldwide, only a limited number of other airlines offer these options. Cathay Pacific later announced, on April 17, 2009, the airline's first ever Mobile Boarding Pass application, dubbed CX Mobile, was launched. Passengers can use the application to check flight arrivals and departures, check-in for their flights, read about the destination they are flying to using City Guides. CX Mobile has become a hit with passengers, making Cathay Pacific into one of the industry leaders in offering mobile services to users of smart phones.[123][124][125]
Cathay Pacific is also now following a trend among many airlines to improve its brand image to customers and shareholders with social media, and is ranked fourth worldwide.[126] The airline now utilises range of social media tools including Facebook, Flickr, Twitter, YouTube and blogging to share ideas with customers.[127] In addition, it has launched a virtual tour to enable passengers to experience Cathay Pacific's new cabins and services without even having to step aboard the aircraft.[128]
As of 4 January 2011, the cargo division of the airline, Cathay Pacific Cargo, has become the first airline operating out of Hong Kong to fully switch to e-air waybill. This eliminates the need for all paper documents when issuing air waybills. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) selected nine countries/territories and airlines in which to run the e-AWB pilot programme, including Hong Kong and Cathay Pacific.[129]
Travel classes[link]
Cathay Pacific has been phasing in new cabin interiors and inflight entertainment since June 2011. The first aircraft with the new seats is an Airbus A330-300 registered B-LAN, which flew its first commercial flight as Cathay Pacific Flight 101 between Hong Kong and Sydney on 1 April 2012.
First class[link]
The First Class seats can be converted into a fully lie-flat bed measuring 36 × 81 in (91 × 210 cm). The seats include a massage function, a personal closet, an ottoman for stowage or guest seating, and an adjustable 17 in (43 cm), 16:9 PTV.[130][131][132]
Business class[link]
After receiving extensive criticism for its high-walled herring-bone configuration business class seating on long-haul flights, which many passengers felt was too narrow and confined, Cathay Pacific embarked on a total redesign of business class seating. The new design is more conventional, emphasising the passenger's sense of personal space while also retaining privacy.
The new business class seats will be fitted into all new Airbus A330-300 and Boeing 777-300ER deliveries, with existing A330-300 and 777-300ER aircraft to be upgraded to the new seating and cabin by February 2013.[133] However, the Boeing 747-400 and Airbus A340 aircraft will not be upgraded to the new seating and cabin due to the impending retirement of those planes. The new business class seats emphasize personal space and are equipped with a 15.4 in (39 cm) PTV with AVOD.
The existing Regional Business Class is provided on Cathay Pacific's Boeing 777s (excluding the 777-300ER) and selected Airbus A330-300s. Regional Business Class seats have 20 in (51 cm) width and recline to 45 in (110 cm) of pitch and feature electrical recline and leg rest. A 9 in (23 cm) PTV is located in the armrest provides 20 video and 22 audio channels but does not offer AVOD.[134][135][136]
Premium Economy class[link]
Cathay Pacific has been introducing a Premium Economy Class from March 2012.[85] The seat pitch will be 38 inches – six inches more than Economy Class – and the seat itself will be wider and have a bigger recline. It will have a large meal table, cocktail table, footrest, a 10.6-inch personal television, an in-seat power outlet, a multi-port connector for personal devices, and extra personal stowage space.The Premium Economy Class seat offers a higher level of comfort with more living space in a separate cabin before the Economy Class zone. Passengers will also receive an environmentally friendly amenity kit with dental kit, socks and eyeshade for use during the journey. Larger pillows and noise-cancelling headsets will be provided. The new Premium Economy cabin will be installed on most Cathay Pacific long-haul aircraft. The first Boeing 777-300ER and Airbus A330-300 featuring Premium Economy Class has entered into service in March (substituting for regional aircraft) and scheduled service in April.
Economy class[link]
Cathay Pacific has been introducing a new Economy Class from March 2012. They have a six inch recline (two inches over the current long-haul economy seat). These seats are 17.5 in (44 cm) in width and have 32 in (81 cm) of pitch.[137][138]
The old Economy Class seats, offered on aircraft outfitted with the refurbished long-haul interiors, were designed by B/E Aerospace. These seats include a fixed back design (shell) that allows passengers to recline without intruding on those seated behind, a 9 in (23 cm) PTV providing AVOD, AC power located behind a larger tray table, a coat hook and a literature pocket that has been relocated to below the seat cushion to create more leg room. The fixed shell of these seats has been criticised.[139] The previous Economy Class seats each feature personal 6 in (15 cm) PTVs with a choice of 25 channels. These seats are 17 in (43 cm) in width and have 32 in (81 cm) of pitch. These seats are being replaced with the New Economy Class seats on aircraft receiving the Cathay Pacific's new long-haul interior configuration.[140]
In-flight entertainment[link]
StudioCX, Cathay Pacific's in-flight entertainment system, equipped with personal TVs (PTVs) in every seat, offers the latest Hollywood blockbuster movies, popular Asian and Western TV programmes, music and games. In addition, the airline provides a range different newspapers and magazines from around the world, including the airline's award-winning in-flight magazine Discovery. Passengers with visual impairment can request for Hong Kong's South China Morning Post in Braille to be available on board.[141]
On medium- and long-haul aircraft featuring the new cabin designs, StudioCX provides Audio/Video On Demand (AVOD) for every passenger and offers up to 100 movies, 350 TV programmes, 888 CD albums in 24 different genres, 22 radio channels and more than 70 interactive games.[142] Panasonic's eX2 system is installed on aircraft with the new seat configuration, and is available on all Boeing 747-400s, 777-300ERs and A340-300s, and selected Airbus A330-300s.[143] All passengers on regional aircraft are offered up to 26 video channels, 22 audio channels and 15 games on a cycle basis.[144]
Catering[link]
Food and beverages are complimentary for all long haul passengers, with two hot meals generally served on each flight even in economy, and with free alcoholic beverages.[145] Food served on flights from Hong Kong are provided by Cathay Pacific Catering Services (CPCS) facilities in Hong Kong.[146] CLS Catering Services Limited, a joint venture with LSG Sky Chefs, provides the inflight catering from Toronto and Vancouver airports;[147][148] while Vietnam Air Caterers, a joint venture between CPCS and Vietnam Airlines, provides the inflight catering for flights from Ho Chi Minh City.[149]
Awards[link]
| Awards received by Cathay Pacific | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Subsidiaries and associates[link]
Cathay Pacific has diversified into related industries and sectors, including ground handling, aviation engineering, inflight catering.[158]
Companies with major Cathay Pacific Group stake include:
| Company | Type | Principal activities | Incorporated in | Group's Equity Shareholding (10 March 2010) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Air China | Cooperate | Airline | China | 18.77% |
| Air China Cargo | Joint Venture | Cargo airline | China | 49% |
| Air Hong Kong | Joint Venture | Cargo airline | Hong Kong | 60% |
| Dragonair | Subsidiary | Airline | Hong Kong | 100% |
| Cathay Pacific Cargo | Subsidiary | Cargo airline | Hong Kong | 100% |
| Cathay Pacific Catering Services (HK) Limited | Subsidiary | Catering services | Hong Kong | 100% |
| Cathay Pacific Services Limited | Subsidiary | Construction | Hong Kong | 100% |
| Cathay Holidays | Subsidiary | Travel agency | Hong Kong | 100% |
| Dragonair Holidays | Subsidiary | Travel agency | Hong Kong | 100% |
| Hong Kong Airport Services | Subsidiary | Ground handling | Hong Kong | 100% |
| Vogue Laundry Service Limited | Subsidiary | Laundry | Hong Kong | 100% |
| China Pacific Laundry Services | Joint Venture | Laundry | Taiwan | 45% |
| VN/CX Catering Services Limited | Joint Venture | Catering services | Vietnam | 40% |
| CLS Catering Services Limited | Joint Venture | Catering services | Canada | 30% |
Incidents and accidents[link]
- On 16 July 1948, Miss Macao, a Cathay Pacific-subsidiary-operated Consolidated PBY-5A Catalina (VR-HDT) from Macau to Hong Kong was hijacked by four men, who killed the pilot after take-off. The aircraft crashed in the Pearl River Delta near Zhuhai. Twenty-six people died, leaving only one survivor, a hijacker. This was the first hijacking of a commercial airliner in the world.[110]
- On 24 February 1949, a Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-3 (VR-HDG) from Manila to Hong Kong, crashed near Braemar Reservoir after a go-around in poor weather. All 23 people on board died.[159]
- On 13 September 1949, a Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-3 (VR-HDW) departing from Anisakan, Burma, crashed on take-off when the right hand main gear leg collapsed. There were no reported fatalities.[160]
- On 23 July 1954, a Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 (VR-HEU) from Bangkok to Hong Kong was shot down by aircraft of the People's Liberation Army Air Force in the South China Sea near Hainan Island. Ten people died, leaving eight survivors. After the incident, Cathay Pacific received an apology and compensation from the People's Liberation Army Air Force. It was apparently mistaken for a Nationalist Chinese military aircraft.[112]
- On 5 November 1967, Cathay Pacific Flight 33, operated by a Convair 880 (VR-HFX) from Hong Kong to Saigon, over-ran the runway at Kai Tak Airport. One person was killed and the aircraft was written-off.
- On 15 June 1972, Cathay Pacific Flight 700Z, operated by a Convair 880 (VR-HFZ) from Bangkok to Hong Kong, disintegrated and crashed while the aircraft was flying at 29,000 feet (8,800 m) over Pleiku, Vietnam after a bomb exploded in a suitcase placed under a seat in the cabin, killing all 81 people on board.[161]
- On 13 April 2010, Cathay Pacific Flight 780, operated by an Airbus A330-300 registered as B-HLL, experienced engine failure due to contaminated fuel, forcing the crew to land the aircraft at almost twice the speed of a normal landing at Hong Kong, suffering minor damage. 57 passengers were injured, of which 10 were taken to hospital.[162][163]
See also[link]
- List of airlines of Hong Kong
- List of airports in Hong Kong
- List of companies of Hong Kong
- Transport in Hong Kong
- Dragonair
References[link]
- Notes
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- ^ Cathay Pacific, Hong Kong Airport Become Biggest for Freight – Businessweek
- ^ a b c d e "History – Those Were the Days". Cathay Pacific. http://www.cathaypacific.com/cpa/en_INTL/aboutus/cxbackground/history. Retrieved 2 April 2009.
- ^ a b c Limited-Company-History.html "Cathay Pacific Limited". FundingUniverse. http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Cathay-Pacific Limited-Company-History.html. Retrieved 9 July 2009. [dead link]
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- ^ "Cathay Pacific sees opportunity in Shenzhen". , Air Highways. http://www.airhighways.com/cathay_pacific.htm. Retrieved 8 March 2006.
- ^ "Cathay Pacific chief executive meets President Arroyo as airline celebrates 60 years of serving the Philippines". Sun.Star Cebu. 12 October 2006. http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/ceb/2006/10/12/life/cathay.pacific.chief.executive.meets.president.arroyo.as.airline.celebrates.60.years.of.serving.the.philippines..html. Retrieved 11 July 2009.
- ^ "Directory: World Airlines". Flight International. 3 April 2007. p. 62.
- ^ a b "Fact Sheet – Major Shareholders". Cathay Pacific. http://www.cathaypacific.com/cpa/en_HK/aboutus/cxbackground/factsheet?refID=e8a30e56ef7cf010VgnVCM32000011d21c39____. Retrieved 9 July 2009.
- ^ Young, Gavin (1988). Beyond Lion Rock. Hutchinson. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-09-173724-5.
- ^ a b "History – New Horizons". Cathay Pacific. http://www.cathaypacific.com/cpa/en_INTL/aboutus/cxbackground/history?refID=9cf4b9b4b92eb010VgnVCM10000010d21c39____. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
- ^ "List of listed companies on Main Board" (PDF). Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing. 2006. p. 225. http://www.hkex.com.hk/data/factbook/2006/e/32.pdf. Retrieved 9 July 2009. [dead link]
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- ^ a b "Cathay Pacific takes to the sky with new logo." New Sunday Times/New Straits Times. Thursday 15 September 1994. Page 18. Retrieved from Google News (10 of 51) on 9 December 2011.
- ^ "Hong Kong – A New Era – Civil Aviation". Hong Kong SAR Government. http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/1997/ch15/e15v.htm. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
- ^ "Cathay Pacific – Picture of the Boeing 747-267B aircraft at Vancouver". Airliners.net. http://www.airliners.net/photo/Cathay-Pacific-Airways/Boeing-747-267B/0000646/L/. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
- ^ "Cathay Pacific – Picture of the Boeing 747-267B aircraft at Hong Kong". Airliners.net. http://www.airliners.net/photo/Cathay-Pacific-Airways/Boeing-747-267B/0815216/L/. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
- ^ "Boeing and Cathay Pacific Airways Celebrate First 777-300 Delivery" (Press release). Boeing. 21 May 1998. http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/1998/news_release_980521b.html. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
- ^ "Fact Sheet – Oneworld". Cathay Pacific. http://www.cathaypacific.com/cpa/en_INTL/aboutus/cxbackground/factsheet?refID=2105cd5d499cf010VgnVCM32000011d21c39____. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
- ^ "Cathay Pacific posts record annual profit for 2000" (Press release). Cathay Pacific. 7 March 2001. http://www.cathaypacific.com/cpa/en_HK/aboutus/pressroomdetails?refID=e2ed4e786c29a010VgnVCM22000022d21c39____. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
- ^ "Commemorative certificate for first-day passengers" (Press release). Airport Authority Hong Kong. 5 July 1998. http://www.hongkongairport.com/eng/media/press-releases/ex_128.html. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
- ^ "Cathay Pacific's non-stop New York flight 'strengthens Hong Kong's hub'" (Press release). Cathay Pacific. 11 June 2004. http://www.cathaypacific.com/cpa/en_HK/aboutus/pressroomdetails?refID=aa24e27ed1faa010VgnVCM22000022d21c39____. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
- ^ "Cathay Pacific operates first transpolar flight from Canada" (Press release). Cathay Pacific. 19 May 2000. http://www.cathaypacific.com/cpa/en_HK/aboutus/pressroomdetails?refID=cfff110706caa010VgnVCM22000022d21c39____. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
- ^ "Hon Antony Leung tours 1st Cathay Pacific Airbus A340-600" (Press release). Cathay Pacific. 28 November 2002. http://www.cathaypacific.com/cpa/en_INTL/aboutus/pressroomdetails?refID=9a4f22298339a010VgnVCM22000022d21c39____. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
- ^ "Boeing Statement on Cathay Pacific Airways 777-300ER Selection" (Press release). Boeing. 1 December 2005. http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/ews/2005/051201g.html. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
- ^ "Boeing, Cathay Pacific Airways Finalize Agreement for Additional 777-300ERs" (Press release). Boeing. 1 June 2006. http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2006/q2/060601c_nr.html. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
- ^ "Cathay Pacific Places Biggest Ever Order For New Aircraft" (Press release). Cathay Pacific. 1 December 2005. http://www.cathaypacific.com/cpa/en_HK/aboutus/pressroomdetails?refID=7f908a88c00ba010VgnVCM22000022d21c39____. Retrieved 11 July 2009.
- ^ "Cathay Pacific Airways Orders Five Additional Boeing 777-300ERs" (Press release). Boeing. 7 August 2007. http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2007/q3/070807a_nr.html. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
- ^ "Pilots' work-to-rule causing delays at Cathay Pacific". Kyodo News International, Inc.. 4 July 2001. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDP/is_2001_July_9/ai_76664432/. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
- ^ a b Hopkins, George E. (May/June 2002). "Cathay Pacific Pilots on the Brink" (PDF). Air Line Pilot. p. 20. http://www.cathaypilotsunion.org/generaldocs/USalpaarticle02.pdf. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
- ^ Parry, Simon (10 July 2005). "Sacked pilots win back Cathay jobs after 4-year break". South China Morning Post (Hong Kong). http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showpost.php?s=21c6a887a8f684e25aeaecb446f2ed0f&p=4715707&postcount=425. Retrieved 11 July 2009.
- ^ Gardner, Murray (16 December 2004). "Formal Offer on the 49ers" (PDF). Cathay Pilot Union. http://www.cathaypilotsunion.org/ILO/2186RefE1-FormalOfferonthe49ers.pdf. Retrieved 11 July 2009.
- ^ http://www.cathaypilotsunion.org/proceedings/CACV000268_2009.pdf
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- ^ Cathay Pacific Fleet of A340 (Stored) | Airfleets aviation
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External links[link]
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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Anchorage (officially called the Municipality of Anchorage) is a unified home rule municipality in the southcentral part of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is the 64th-largest city and northernmost major city in the United States. With 291,826 residents in 2010 (and 380,821 residents within its Metropolitan Statistical Area, which combines Anchorage with the neighboring Matanuska-Susitna Borough), it is Alaska's largest city and constitutes more than 40 percent of the state's total population; amongst the 50 states, only New York has a higher percentage of residents who live in the state's largest city.
Anchorage has been named All-America City four times, in 1956, 1965, 1984/1985 and 2002, by the National Civic League. It has also been named by Kiplinger as the most tax friendly city in the United States.
Russian presence in south central Alaska was well established in the 19th century. In 1867, U. S. Secretary of State William H. Seward brokered a deal to purchase Alaska from a debt-ridden Imperial Russia for $7.2 million (about two cents an acre). The deal was lampooned by political rivals as "Seward's folly", "Seward's icebox" and "Walrussia". By 1888, gold was discovered along Turnagain Arm.
