- published: 17 May 2010
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- author: Paul Brook
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Australia
Australia (
/əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
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British Museum
Coordinates: 51°31′10″N 0°07′37″W / 51.519459°N 0.126931°W / 51.519459; -0.126931
The British Museum, in London, is widely considered to be one of the world's greatest museums of human history and culture. Its permanent collection, numbering some eight million works, is amongst the finest, most comprehensive, and largest in existence and originates from all continents, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present.
The British Museum was established in 1753, largely based on the collections of the physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane. The museum first opened to the public on 15 January 1759 in Montagu House in Bloomsbury, on the site of the current museum building. Its expansion over the following two and a half centuries was largely a result of an expanding British colonial footprint and has resulted in the creation of several branch institutions, the first being the British Museum (Natural History) in South Kensington in 1887. Some objects in the collection, most notably the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon, are the objects of intense controversy and of calls for restitution to their countries of origin.
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China
China (
i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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England
Englandi/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] (
listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty (simplified Chinese: 汉朝; traditional Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn Cháo; Wade–Giles: Han Ch'ao; IPA: [xân tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]) (206 BCE – 220 CE) was an imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BCE) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE). It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty (9–23 CE) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han into two periods: the Western Han (206 BCE – 9 CE) and Eastern Han (25–220 CE). Spanning over four centuries, the period of the Han Dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people" and Chinese characters are referred to as "Han characters".
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Hubei
Hubei (help·info) (Chinese: 湖北; pinyin: Húběi; Wade–Giles: Hu-pei; Postal map spelling: Hupeh) is a province in Central China. The name of the province means "north of the lake", referring to its position north of Lake Dongting. The provincial capital is Wuhan.
Hubei is officially abbreviated to "鄂" (È), an ancient name associated with the eastern part of the province since the Qin dynasty, while a popular name for Hubei is "楚" (Chǔ), after the powerful state of Chu that existed here during the Eastern Zhou dynasty. It borders Henan to the north, Anhui to the east, Jiangxi to the southeast, Hunan to the south, Chongqing to the west, and Shaanxi to the northwest. The high-profile Three Gorges Dam is located at Yichang, in the west of the province.
By the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC - 476 BC), the territory of today's Hubei was part of the powerful state of Chu. Chu was nominally a tributary state of the Zhou Dynasty, and it was itself an extension of the Chinese civilization that had emerged some centuries before in the north; but it was also culturally unique, and was a powerful state that held onto much of the middle and lower Yangtze River, with power extending northwards into the North China Plain.
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Ireland
Coordinates: 53°20′N 08°00′W / 53.333°N 8°W / 53.333; -8
Ireland (pronounced [ˈaɪrlənd] ( listen); Irish: Éire [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen); Ulster Scots: Airlann or Airlan) is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth. To its east is the larger island of Great Britain, from which it is separated by the Irish Sea.
Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.4 million. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
Relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain epitomise Ireland's geography with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild but changeable oceanic climate, which avoids extremes in temperature. Thick woodlands covered the island until the 17th century. Today, it is one of the most deforested areas in Europe. There are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland.
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Nile Delta
Coordinates: 30°54′N 31°7′E / 30.9°N 31.117°E / 30.9; 31.117
The Nile Delta (Arabic: دلتا النيل) is the delta formed in Northern Egypt (Lower Egypt) where the Nile River spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea. It is one of the world's largest river deltas—from Alexandria in the west to Port Said in the east, it covers 240 km of Mediterranean coastline—and is a rich agricultural region. From north to south the delta is approximately 160 km in length. The Delta begins slightly down-river from Cairo.
From north south the delta is approximately 160 km in length. From west to east it covers some 240 km of coastline. The delta is sometimes divided into sections, with the Nile dividing into two main distributaries, the Damietta and the Rosetta, flowing into the Mediterranean at port cities with the same name. In the past, the delta had several distributaries, but these have been lost due to flood control, silting and changing relief. One such defunct distributary is Wadi Tumilat. The Suez Canal runs to the east of the delta, entering the coastal Lake Manzala in the north-east of the delta. To the north-west are three other coastal lakes or lagoons: Lake Burullus, Lake Idku and Lake Maryut
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Rotherham
Coordinates: 53°25′48″N 1°21′26″W / 53.4301°N 1.3572°W / 53.4301; -1.3572
Rotherham ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a town in South Yorkshire, England. It lies on the River Don, at its confluence with the River Rother, between Sheffield and Doncaster. Historically within the West Riding of Yorkshire, Rotherham, at 6 miles (10 km) from Sheffield City Centre, is surrounded by several smaller settlements, which together form the wider Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham. According to the 2001 Census the population of Rotherham at that time was 117,262.
Although there were Iron Age and Roman settlements in the area covered by the town, Rotherham was not founded until the early Middle Ages. It established itself as a key Saxon market town, lying on a Roman road near a forded part of the River Don.
By the late Saxon period, Rotherham was at the centre of a large parish on both sides of the River Don. Following the Norman Conquest, an absentee lord, Nigel Fossard, was put in place. His successors the De Vescis rarely visited the town and did not build a castle or contribute to the town's civic life, but maintained a Friday market and a fair. In the mid 13th century, John de Vesci and Ralph de Tili gave all their possessions in Rotherham to Rufford Abbey. The monks collected tithes from the town and gained rights to an additional market day on Monday and to extend the annual fair from two to three days.
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Watt
The watt ( /ˈwɒt/ WOT; symbol: W) is a derived unit of power in the International System of Units (SI), named after the Scottish engineer James Watt (1736–1819). The unit, defined as one joule per second, measures the rate of energy conversion or transfer.
) is the SI derived unit of electrical resistance.
The watt is named after the Scottish scientist James Watt for his contributions to the development of the steam engine. The unit was recognized by the Second Congress of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1882. The 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960 adopted it for the measurement of power into the International System of Units (SI).
The femtowatt is equal to one quadrillionth (10−15) of a watt. Technologically important powers that are measured in femtowatts are typically found in reference(s) to radio and radar receivers. For example, meaningful FM tuner performance figures for sensitivity, quieting and signal-to-noise require that the RF energy applied to the antenna input be specified. These input levels are often stated in dBf (decibels referenced to 1 femtowatt). This is 0.2739 microvolt across a 75 ohm load or 0.5477 microvolt across a 300 ohm load; the specification takes into account the RF input impedance of the tuner.
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Amish
The Amish ( /ˈɑːmɪʃ/ AH-mish; Pennsylvania Dutch: Amisch, German: Amische), sometimes referred to as Amish Mennonites, are a group of Christian church fellowships that form a subgroup of the Mennonite churches. The Amish are known for simple living, plain dress, and reluctance to adopt many conveniences of modern technology. The history of the Amish church began with a schism in Switzerland within a group of Swiss and Alsatian Anabaptists in 1693 led by Jakob Ammann. Those who followed Ammann became known as Amish.
In the early 18th century, many Amish and Mennonites emigrated to Pennsylvania for a variety of reasons. Today, the most traditional descendants of the Amish continue to speak Pennsylvania German, also known as Pennsylvania Dutch. However, a dialect of Swiss German predominates in some Old Order Amish communities, especially in the American state of Indiana. As of 2000, over 165,000 Old Order Amish live in the United States and approximately 1500 live in Canada. A 2008 study suggested their numbers have increased to 227,000, and in 2010 a study suggested their population had grown by 10% in the past two years to 249,000, with increasing movement to the West.
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Charles Newbold
Charles Newbold was an American blacksmith born in 1780 in Chesterfield, New Jersey. On June 26, 1797, Newbold received the first patent for a cast iron plow. However, he was unable to sell his plow because many farmers feared that the iron in it would poison the soil. On April 1, 1807, David Peacock was issued a patent for a three-piece iron plow (Newbold's plow was cast in one piece). Newbold then sued Peacock for patent infringement and won $1500.
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Edward Chester Plow
Edward Chester Plow, CBE DSO CD (September 28, 1904 – April 25, 1988) was a Canadian soldier and the 22nd Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia.
Born in St. Albans, Vermont, he was educated at Lower Canada College and then entered the Royal Military College of Canada in 1921, student # 1649.
He was commissioned in the Royal Canadian Horse Artillery in 1925. He served in Canada and England before World War II began. During World War II, he commanded the artillery of the 1st Canadian Corps. In 1944, he was promoted to Brigadier, Royal Artillery.
After the war, he was promoted to Major-General and became the commander of the Eastern Command in Halifax, Nova Scotia. In 1958, he was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia by Prime Minister John Diefenbaker and served until 1963.
He died of lung cancer in a Brockville, Ontario in 1988.
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John Peter Oleson
John Peter Oleson (born 1946) is a Canadian classical archaeologist and historian of ancient technology. His main interests are the Roman Near East, maritime archaeology (particularly Roman harbours), and ancient technology, especially hydraulic technology, water-lifting devices, and Roman concrete construction.
Born in 1946 in Hackensack, New Jersey, USA, Oleson was schooled at the Loomis School in Windsor, Connecticut (1960–64). He received his BA in Classics at Harvard University in 1967, where he studied with Herbert Bloch. Oleson received his MA (1971) and PhD (1973) in Classical Archaeology at Harvard University, working in particular with George M.A. Hanfmann and David Mitten.
From 1973–1976 Oleson taught in the Classics Department of Florida State University, Tallahassee. Since 1976 he has been a member of the Greek and Roman Studies Department of the University of Victoria, Canada, where he was appointed Distinguished Professor in 2003. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1994. From 1997 to 2001 he was a member of Council of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. From 1999–2002 he was a Trustee of the Board of the Royal British Columbia Museum. He was appointed a Killam Research Fellow for 2000–2002. Since 1997 he has been a member of the Board of the American Center for Oriental Research in Amman.
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Marc Bloch
Marc Léopold Benjamin Bloch (6 July 1886 in Lyon – 16 June 1944 in Saint-Didier-de-Formans) was a French historian who cofounded the highly influential Annales School of French social history. Bloch was a quintessential modernist. An assimilated Alsatian Jew from an academic family in Paris, he was deeply affected in his youth by the Dreyfus Affair. He studied at the elite École Normale Supérieure; in 1908-9 he studied at Berlin and Leipzig. He fought in the trenches of the Western Front for four years. In 1919 he became Lecturer in Medieval history at Strasbourg University, after the German professors were all expelled; he was called to the Sorbonne in Paris in 1936 as professor of economic history. He is best known for his pioneering studies French Rural History and Feudal Society and his posthumously-published unfinished meditation on the writing of history, The Historian's Craft. He was captured and shot by the Gestapo during the German occupation of France for his work in the French Resistance.
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World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
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Good ploughing techniques
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:46
- Updated: 05 Feb 2013
Simon Witty - World Reversible Ploughing champion shows how to set up a plough and discusses the importance of correct tyre selection.
http://wn.com/Good_ploughing_techniques
Simon Witty - World Reversible Ploughing champion shows how to set up a plough and discusses the importance of correct tyre selection.
Kverneland plough EG-LB
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:20
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
Kverneland plough at word, models: EG & LB
http://wn.com/Kverneland_plough_EG-LB
John Deere 6170R Ploughing 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:46
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
www.facebook.com Comment,Like,Subscribe cheers Paul Ploughing in his John Deere 6170R and kverneland 5 furrow plough. The John Deere is only ticking over on 1500 revs while ploughing. Quality of this video is not the greatest due to poor light and wind hampering filming efforts but i do hope it's enjoyable to watch.
http://wn.com/John_Deere_6170R_Ploughing_2012
www.facebook.com Comment,Like,Subscribe cheers Paul Ploughing in his John Deere 6170R and kverneland 5 furrow plough. The John Deere is only ticking over on 1500 revs while ploughing. Quality of this video is not the greatest due to poor light and wind hampering filming efforts but i do hope it's enjoyable to watch.
- published: 05 Mar 2012
- views: 113484
- author: AgriVidsProductions
Massey Ferguson 135 ploughing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Updated: 14 Feb 2013
Massey Ferguson 135 ploughing with kverneland spring loaded plough
http://wn.com/Massey_Ferguson_135_ploughing
Massey Ferguson 135 ploughing with kverneland spring loaded plough
- published: 05 Sep 2010
- views: 103476
- author: mphelan1234
Ploughing ,Tilling, Drilling with New Holland Agriculture, Kverneland, Vaderstad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:27
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
Please subscribe & comment Roger Perry Ploughing ,Tilling, Drilling Winter Wheat after a crop of maize harvested by Quigleys earlier in the day with New Holland TM 155,T7040 2 x T6080 Kverneland Ploughs,Vaderstad Rexius Twin and Rapid 300
http://wn.com/Ploughing_,Tilling,_Drilling_with_New_Holland_Agriculture,_Kverneland,_Vaderstad
Please subscribe & comment Roger Perry Ploughing ,Tilling, Drilling Winter Wheat after a crop of maize harvested by Quigleys earlier in the day with New Holland TM 155,T7040 2 x T6080 Kverneland Ploughs,Vaderstad Rexius Twin and Rapid 300
- published: 27 Jan 2012
- views: 30715
- author: johnwandersonagain
ford tw 35 two ploughs !! with front mounted 3 furrow and 6 furrow back !!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:55
- Updated: 15 Feb 2013
fantastic grip with 9 furrows! very long machine!! click for black smoke!!
http://wn.com/ford_tw_35_two_ploughs_!!_with_front_mounted_3_furrow_and_6_furrow_back_!!!
fantastic grip with 9 furrows! very long machine!! click for black smoke!!
- published: 27 Aug 2011
- views: 87850
- author: allistairc123
John Deere 6170R/5 Furrow Kverneland Plough - Ploughing 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:48
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
www.facebook.com Paul Ploughing in the John Deere 6170R with a 5 Furrow Kverneland Plough and furrow Press, Very hard going in places also rain didn't help matters but ploughed on anyway.
http://wn.com/John_Deere_6170R_5_Furrow_Kverneland_Plough_Ploughing_2012
www.facebook.com Paul Ploughing in the John Deere 6170R with a 5 Furrow Kverneland Plough and furrow Press, Very hard going in places also rain didn't help matters but ploughed on anyway.
- published: 30 Aug 2012
- views: 8813
- author: AgriVidsProductions
PLOUGHING ON!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
JOHN DEERE 6930 & KEVERNELAND 4 FURROW REVERSIBLE PLOUGH.
http://wn.com/PLOUGHING_ON!!
JOHN DEERE 6930 & KEVERNELAND 4 FURROW REVERSIBLE PLOUGH.
- published: 23 Jan 2009
- views: 21985
- author: maxxum1184
Fendt 720 & 820 Ploughing 2012 Donegal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:49
- Updated: 14 Feb 2013
Stephen Robb in the driving seat of a Fendt 720 Profi Plus and Kverneland 4 furrow reversible plough along with Cieran Robb in a Fendt 820 Vario and Kverneland 5 furrow plough in Donegal Ireland 2012. Website- liamrobbagri.com Liam Robb Agricultural Services, Newtowncunningham homepage.eircom.net
http://wn.com/Fendt_720_820_Ploughing_2012_Donegal
Stephen Robb in the driving seat of a Fendt 720 Profi Plus and Kverneland 4 furrow reversible plough along with Cieran Robb in a Fendt 820 Vario and Kverneland 5 furrow plough in Donegal Ireland 2012. Website- liamrobbagri.com Liam Robb Agricultural Services, Newtowncunningham homepage.eircom.net
- published: 17 Apr 2012
- views: 50765
- author: liamrobbagri
John Deere 6820 Ploughing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:46
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
www.facebook.com Paul in his john Deere 6820 ploughing with a 5 furrow kverneland plough
http://wn.com/John_Deere_6820_Ploughing
www.facebook.com Paul in his john Deere 6820 ploughing with a 5 furrow kverneland plough
- published: 21 Jan 2012
- views: 12993
- author: AgriVidsProductions
Massey Ferguson ploughing in Tipperary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:18
- Updated: 08 Feb 2013
Massey Ferguson tractors ploughing for Golden Mushrooms in Tipperary, Ireland
http://wn.com/Massey_Ferguson_ploughing_in_Tipperary
Massey Ferguson tractors ploughing for Golden Mushrooms in Tipperary, Ireland
- published: 17 Feb 2012
- views: 104205
- author: MushroomsGolden
Kverneland plough ES-LS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:41
- Updated: 05 Feb 2013
Kverneland plough at word, models: ES & LS
http://wn.com/Kverneland_plough_ES-LS
Newport Ploughing Match - the Big Ones Start.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:36
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
Massey Ferguson 7480, Lamborghini 6/150, New Holland TM 135 and Claas Ares 577 ATX The modern classes seem much better at getting on with ploughing than the vintage. They had the better field, anyway, as the Vintage boys had more stones, more weeds and, lower down, more clay.
http://wn.com/Newport_Ploughing_Match_the_Big_Ones_Start
Massey Ferguson 7480, Lamborghini 6/150, New Holland TM 135 and Claas Ares 577 ATX The modern classes seem much better at getting on with ploughing than the vintage. They had the better field, anyway, as the Vintage boys had more stones, more weeds and, lower down, more clay.
- published: 17 Oct 2011
- views: 100389
- author: balmesh
Fendt 826 Ploughing 2012!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:12
- Updated: 10 Feb 2013
Hello, I hope you enjoy this video, if you do, please like the video, or comment. I would love it if you were to subscribe to my channel for more. FREE music, from music4yourvids.co.uk The music is: ice planes of nohmadee, to download it, and more, visit: music4yourvids.co.uk.
http://wn.com/Fendt_826_Ploughing_2012!
Hello, I hope you enjoy this video, if you do, please like the video, or comment. I would love it if you were to subscribe to my channel for more. FREE music, from music4yourvids.co.uk The music is: ice planes of nohmadee, to download it, and more, visit: music4yourvids.co.uk.
- published: 01 Mar 2012
- views: 39676
- author: AgriVideos1
Big Tractor Ploughing with big plough in France
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 16 Feb 2013
www.lesagri51.com
http://wn.com/Big_Tractor_Ploughing_with_big_plough_in_France
QGC Spider Plough
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
QGC will be laying pipe three times faster, and with significantly less land disturbance, following the introduction of trenching technology new to Australia. QGC has secured use of the first two spider ploughs, which takes its name from its highly manoeuvrable wheeled limbs, which allow it to travel across a wide variety of terrains while digging trenches and laying pipe and cabling simultaneously. It will be used for trenching, laying water pipe and gas gathering lines associated with the QCLNG Project. As a result only a third of vegetation needs to be cleared compared to traditional pipe laying techniques.
http://wn.com/QGC_Spider_Plough
QGC will be laying pipe three times faster, and with significantly less land disturbance, following the introduction of trenching technology new to Australia. QGC has secured use of the first two spider ploughs, which takes its name from its highly manoeuvrable wheeled limbs, which allow it to travel across a wide variety of terrains while digging trenches and laying pipe and cabling simultaneously. It will be used for trenching, laying water pipe and gas gathering lines associated with the QCLNG Project. As a result only a third of vegetation needs to be cleared compared to traditional pipe laying techniques.
- published: 14 Jun 2011
- views: 14306
- author: QGCInfo
Ford 8830 Powershift with Kverneland 6 Furrow Ploughing - Suncroft Vintage Club Classic at Work
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
Please subscribe & comment Come along to Suncroft Vintage Club Spring Working Day 13th March 2011 All Vintage & Classic machinery welcome
http://wn.com/Ford_8830_Powershift_with_Kverneland_6_Furrow_Ploughing_Suncroft_Vintage_Club_Classic_at_Work
Please subscribe & comment Come along to Suncroft Vintage Club Spring Working Day 13th March 2011 All Vintage & Classic machinery welcome
- published: 06 Feb 2011
- views: 57884
- author: johnwandersonagain
Beginner Ski Lesson #1.4 - Snow Plough Turns
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 17 Feb 2013
www.SkiSchoolApp.com Once you've learnt how to snow plough on skis and can control your speed on the snow and stop, it's time how to learn how to turn using snow plough turns. In this skiing lesson Darren Turner explains how to make your first turns on skis using the snow plough or wedge and talks about common mistakes. A gentle slope is required for this demo - and remember for your safety that it is not a substitution, but a complement, to on-slope tuition with a qualified professional ski instructor. Ski School Beginners v2.0 on the iTunes App Store itunes.apple.com Check out the rest of the series on our youtube channel and look out for our apps - thousands of skiers worldwide are already using them to help improve their skiing. If this skiing lesson is too basic for you, check out our Intermediate and Advanced apps and YouTube series. Subscribe to our channel for ski technique and inspirational skiing videos through the winter.
http://wn.com/Beginner_Ski_Lesson_14_Snow_Plough_Turns
www.SkiSchoolApp.com Once you've learnt how to snow plough on skis and can control your speed on the snow and stop, it's time how to learn how to turn using snow plough turns. In this skiing lesson Darren Turner explains how to make your first turns on skis using the snow plough or wedge and talks about common mistakes. A gentle slope is required for this demo - and remember for your safety that it is not a substitution, but a complement, to on-slope tuition with a qualified professional ski instructor. Ski School Beginners v2.0 on the iTunes App Store itunes.apple.com Check out the rest of the series on our youtube channel and look out for our apps - thousands of skiers worldwide are already using them to help improve their skiing. If this skiing lesson is too basic for you, check out our Intermediate and Advanced apps and YouTube series. Subscribe to our channel for ski technique and inspirational skiing videos through the winter.
- published: 19 Dec 2011
- views: 150849
- author: elatemedia
John Deere 7930 Drilling with 6920 Kverneland Ploughing 6620 Pressing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:39
- Updated: 10 Feb 2013
www.facebook.com Please subscribe & comment Quigleys ploughing with John Deere 7800 & 5 Furrow Kverneland Plough JD 6920 with 4 furrow and 6620 with 4m furrow press & JD 7930 with Amazone 4 metre drill with front box
http://wn.com/John_Deere_7930_Drilling_with_6920_Kverneland_Ploughing_6620_Pressing
www.facebook.com Please subscribe & comment Quigleys ploughing with John Deere 7800 & 5 Furrow Kverneland Plough JD 6920 with 4 furrow and 6620 with 4m furrow press & JD 7930 with Amazone 4 metre drill with front box
- published: 11 Nov 2011
- views: 33051
- author: johnwandersonagain
Big ploughing 2010 with twinned before and back tractor - Case IH
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:30
- Updated: 17 Feb 2013
www.lesagri51.com
http://wn.com/Big_ploughing_2010_with_twinned_before_and_back_tractor_Case_IH
Ploughing 2012 John Deere 6R 6210R Kverneland 5 Furrow Ploughing Grass
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:44
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
Please subscribe and comment Keeping it green for St Patricks Day
http://wn.com/Ploughing_2012_John_Deere_6R_6210R_Kverneland_5_Furrow_Ploughing_Grass
Please subscribe and comment Keeping it green for St Patricks Day
- published: 17 Mar 2012
- views: 54322
- author: johnwandersonagain
Ploughing The Best Of Soil
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:31
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
Ploughing With Two John Deere Tractors & 5 Furrow Kverneland Ploughs (A Declan Video) Cork Ireland
http://wn.com/Ploughing_The_Best_Of_Soil
Ploughing With Two John Deere Tractors & 5 Furrow Kverneland Ploughs (A Declan Video) Cork Ireland
- published: 05 Jul 2010
- views: 60316
- author: rakerman
John Deere 6170R Ploughing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:22
- Updated: 13 Feb 2013
www.facebook.com On Ploughing in the John Deere 6170r & Kverneland 5 Furrow Plough
http://wn.com/John_Deere_6170R_Ploughing
www.facebook.com On Ploughing in the John Deere 6170r & Kverneland 5 Furrow Plough
- published: 13 Sep 2012
- views: 8202
- author: AgriVidsProductions
photo: AP
16 Feb 2013
February 16, 2013 -- Updated 0115 GMT (0915 HKT). Did you see the meteor? Share your images with CNN iReport. Moscow (CNN) -- A meteor streaked through the skies above Russia's Urals region Friday morning before exploding with a flash and boom that shattered glass in buildings and left about 1,000 people hurt, authorities said ... The injured included more than 200 children ... The meteor leaves a white streak through the sky ... HIDE CAPTION ... 1. 2....(size: 14.9Kb)
photo: AP / Nasha gazeta, www.ng.kz
15 Feb 2013
A meteor streaked across the sky above Russia's Ural Mountains today morning, causing sharp explosions and injuring more than 400 people, many of them hurt by broken glass. "There was panic. People had no idea what was happening ... Fragments of the meteor fell in a thinly populated area of the Chelyabinsk region, the Emergency Ministry said in a statement ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: UN / Mark Garten
16 Feb 2013
The United States has called on North Korea not to take any further provocative actions after report of plans for more nuclear tests. Friday's statement came after the North conducted its third nuclear test on Tuesday, drawing global condemnation ... Meanwhile, North Korea's leader has made his first public appearance since Tuesday's controversial nuclear test. ... Al Jazeera's Harry Fawcett, reporting from Seoul, said ... 479 Source.....(size: 7.5Kb)
photo: AP / Office of the Supreme Leader
17 Feb 2013
TEHRAN — Iran’s supreme leader said Saturday that his country was not seeking nuclear weapons but added that if Iran ever decided to build them, no “global power” could stop it. Related. Nuclear Watchdog Says No Deal Reached With Iran (February 15, 2013). Connect With Us on Twitter. Follow @nytimesworld for international breaking news and headlines. Twitter List. Reporters and Editors ... Mr ... During the same session, Mr....(size: 5.9Kb)
photo: AP
14 Feb 2013
In their hurry to flee last month, al Qaeda fighters left behind a crucial document. Tucked under a pile of papers and trash is a confidential letter, spelling out the terror network's strategy for conquering northern Mali and reflecting internal discord over how to rule the region ... Comparing the relationship of al Qaeda to Mali as that of an adult to an infant, he urges them to be more gentle, like a parent ... Ad Feedback ... - AP. ....(size: 12.4Kb)
Canberra Times
17 Feb 2013
BBC News
17 Feb 2013
BBC News
17 Feb 2013
A village shop that is run from the aisles of a working church has opened in Berkshire. The store in St Mary the Virgin Church in Beech Hill near Reading is run by locals and profits will be ploughed back into the community. It was officially opened by TV presenter and former model Melinda Messenger, who lives locally ... ....(size: 1.5Kb)
Canberra Times
17 Feb 2013
Top prize … Tatafu Polota-Nau, left, and Dave Dennis flank ARU chief executive Bill Pulver with the Tom Richards Trophy that is up for grabs when the British and Irish Lions tour this year. Photo ... The women's Sevens team is ranked No.2 in the world but both sides face threats from non-traditional rugby countries ploughing resources into the sport in the lead-up to its introduction at the Rio de Janeiro Olympics in 2016 ... . ....(size: 3.2Kb)
The Daily Telegraph Australia
17 Feb 2013
A MISADVENTURE in the Australian outback has led to a lucrative media deal for British backpacker Sam Woodhead. Rescue crews and volunteers spent three days searching for the 18-year-old ... "I just feel very fortunate to still be alive and to be standing here. I'm really grateful to all the guys that helped out and all the team." ... PIC ... It's not that he doesn't want to, it's now that some of the funds will be ploughed back in ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)
The Australian
17 Feb 2013
WA'S worst hoons will have their cars taken off them for good on their first strike under tough new penalties promised by Premier Colin Barnett if his Government is re-elected ... Meanwhile, trail-bike riders will also lose their vehicles for good if they are caught riding them unlicensed on the road ... End of sidebar ... Children have been killed, innocent bystanders have been killed and people have had vehicles plough into their homes ... ....(size: 3.9Kb)
The Independent
17 Feb 2013
Mark Haddon, 50. Having written children's books for 15 years, Haddon (right in picture) was catapulted to fame by his first adult book, 'The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time', in 2003. He has since written several more novels and published a collection of poetry. He lives in Oxford ... we seemed to share a hatred of the same plays ... when I'm on draft 35 I think of Simon with some annoyance, swiftly ploughing his way through....(size: 4.8Kb)
The Daily Telegraph Australia
17 Feb 2013
WA'S worst hoons will have their cars taken off them for good on their first strike under tough new penalties promised by Premier Colin Barnett if his Government is re-elected ... Meanwhile, trail-bike riders will also lose their vehicles for good if they are caught riding them unlicensed on the road ... Children have been killed, innocent bystanders have been killed and people have had vehicles plough into their homes ... LABOR REACTION ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
The Guardian
17 Feb 2013
As the fashion show season prepares to move to Italy, the luxury brand designer is basking in success – but she is far removed from any stereotype of the industry mogul. Miuccia Prada. 'There is a girlishness in her which makes her different.' Photograph. Venturelli/WireImage ... Things really couldn't be going better ... Now, years later, the couple have teamed to plough millions into sponsoring Italy's entries into the America's Cup ... ....(size: 9.1Kb)
The Observer
17 Feb 2013
Sumant Kumar photographed in Darveshpura, Bihar, India. Photograph. Chiara Goia for Observer Food Monthly. Sumant Kumar was overjoyed when he harvested his rice last year ... This was not six or even 10 or 20 tonnes ... And it was not just Sumant Kumar ... The Nalanda farmers were accused of cheating ... Photograph ... Here bullocks still pull ploughs as they have always done, their dung is still dried on the walls of houses and used to cook food ... Share ... ....(size: 12.5Kb)
noodls
16 Feb 2013
VGP - Vice State President Nguyen Thi Doan on February 16 attended Le Tich Dien or the Ceremonial Ploughing Festival in the northern province of Ha Nam to pray for good crops in the Year of Snake. The Ceremonial Ploughing Festival. The Ceremonial Ploughing Festival ......(size: 1.5Kb)
BBC News
16 Feb 2013
Up to 20 competitors will take to the fields later to mark 150 years of ploughing matches ......(size: 0.5Kb)
The Daily Telegraph Australia
16 Feb 2013
"Plow" redirects here. For the Canadian soldier, see Edward Chester Plow.
"Plowman" redirects here. For the surname, see Plowman (surname).
"Furrow" redirects here. For other uses, see Furrow (disambiguation).
For other uses, see Plough (disambiguation).
The plough (BrE) or plow (AmE; see spelling differences; /ˈplaʊ/) is a tool (or machine) used in farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting. It has been a basic instrument for most of recorded history, and represents one of the major advances in agriculture.
The primary purpose of ploughing is to turn over the upper layer of the soil, bringing fresh nutrients to the surface, while burying weeds, the remains of previous crops, and both crop and weed seeds, allowing them to break down. It also aerates the soil, allows it to hold moisture better and provides a seed-free medium for planting an alternate crop. In modern use, a ploughed field is typically left to dry out, and is then harrowed before planting. Modern competitions take place for ploughing enthusiasts like the National Ploughing Championships. Ploughs were initially pulled by oxen, and later in many areas by horses (generally draught horses) and mules. In industrialised countries, the first mechanical means of pulling a plough were steam-powered (ploughing engines or steam tractors), but these were gradually superseded by internal-combustion-powered tractors. In the past two decades plough use has reduced in some areas (where soil damage and erosion are problems), in favour of shallower ploughing and other less invasive tillage techniques.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
In English, as in other Germanic languages, the plough was traditionally known by other names, e.g. Old English sulh, Old High German medela, geiza, huohili, and Old Norse arðr (Swedish årder), all presumably referring to the scratch plough (ard).
The current word plough comes from Old Norse plógr, and therefore Germanic, but it appears relatively late (it is absent from Gothic), and is thought to be a loanword from one of the north Italic languages. Words with the same root appeared with different meanings: in Raetic plaumorati "wheeled heavy plough" (Pliny), and in Latin plaustrum "farm cart", plōstrum, plōstellum "cart", and plōxenum, plōximum "cart box".[1][2] The word must have originally referred to the wheeled heavy plough which was common in Roman northwestern Europe by the 5th century.[3]
Orel (2003)[4] tentatively attaches plough to a PIE stem *blōkó-, which gave Armenian peɫem "to dig" and Welsh bwlch "crack", though the word may not be of IE origin.
Parts[link]
The diagram (right) shows the basic parts of the modern plough:
- beam
- three-point hitch (UK: hake)
- height regulator
- coulter (knife coulter pictured, but disk coulter common)
- chisel
- share (ploughshare)
- mouldboard
Other parts not shown or labelled include the frog (or frame), runner, landside, shin, trashboard, and stilts (handles).
On modern ploughs and some older ploughs, the mouldboard is separate from the share and runner, allowing these parts to be replaced without replacing the mouldboard. Abrasion eventually destroys all parts of a plough that come into contact with the soil.
History[link]
Hoeing[link]
Main article: Hoe-farming
When agriculture was first developed, simple hand-held digging sticks or hoes would have been used in highly fertile areas, such as the banks of the Nile where the annual flood rejuvenates the soil, to create furrows wherein seeds could be sown. Digging sticks, hoes, and mattocks were not invented in any one place, and hoe-farming must have been common everywhere agriculture was practiced. Hoe-farming is the traditional tillage method in tropical or sub-tropical regions, which are characterized by stony soils, steep slope gradients, predominant root crops, and coarse grains grown at wide distances apart. While hoe-farming is best suited to these regions, it is used in some fashion everywhere.
Ard[link]
Main article: Ard (plough)
The domestication of oxen in Mesopotamia and by its contemporary Indus valley civilization, perhaps as early as the 6th millennium b.c., provided mankind with the draft power necessary to develop the ard (or scratch plough). The earliest was the bow ard, which consists of a draft-pole (or beam) pierced by a thinner vertical pointed stick called the head (or body), with one end being the stilt (handle) and the other a share (cutting blade) that was dragged through the topsoil to cut a shallow furrow ideal for most cereal crops. The ard does not clear new land well, so hoes or mattocks must be used to pull up grass and undergrowth, and a hand-held ristle could be used to cut deeper furrows ahead of the share. Because the ard leaves a strip of undisturbed earth between the furrows, the fields are often cross-ploughed lengthwise and across, and this tends to form squarish fields (Celtic fields).[5] The ard is best suited to loamy or sandy soils which are naturally fertilized by annual flooding, as in the Nile Delta or Fertile Crescent, and to a lesser extent any other cereal-growing region with light or thin soil.
Mouldboard plough[link]
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To grow crops regularly in less fertile areas, the soil must be turned to bring nutrients to the surface. A major advance was the mouldboard plough (American spelling: moldboard plow; or turnplough, frame-plough), which not only cuts furrows with a share (cutting blade) but turns the soil. A coulter (or skeith) could be added to cut vertically into the ground just ahead of the share (in front of the frog), a wedge-shaped cutting edge at the bottom front of the mouldboard with the landside of the frame supporting the undershare (below-ground component). The upper parts of the frame carry (from the front) the coupling for the motive power (horses), the coulter and the landside frame. Depending on the size of the implement, and the number of furrows it is designed to plough at one time, a forecarriage with a wheel or wheels (known as a furrow wheel and support wheel) may be added to support the frame (wheeled plough). In the case of a single-furrow plough there is only one wheel at the front and handles at the rear for the ploughman to steer and manoeuvre it.
When dragged through a field the coulter cuts down into the soil and the share cuts horizontally from the previous furrow to the vertical cut. This releases a rectangular strip of sod that is then lifted by the share and carried by the mouldboard up and over, so that the strip of sod (slice of the topsoil) that is being cut lifts and rolls over as the plough moves forward, dropping back to the ground upside down into the furrow and onto the turned soil from the previous run down the field. Each gap in the ground where the soil has been lifted and moved across (usually to the right) is called a furrow. The sod that has been lifted from it rests at about a 45 degree angle in the next-door furrow and lies up the back of the sod from the previous run.
In this way, a series of ploughing runs down a field leaves a row of sods that lie partly in the furrows and partly on the ground lifted earlier. Visually, across the rows, there is the land (unploughed part) on the left, a furrow (half the width of the removed strip of soil) and the removed strip almost upside-down lying on about half of the previous strip of inverted soil, and so on across the field. Each layer of soil and the gutter it came from forms the classic furrow.
The mouldboard plough greatly reduced the amount of time needed to prepare a field, and as a consequence, allowed a farmer to work a larger area of land. In addition, the resulting pattern of low (under the mouldboard) and high (beside it) ridges in the soil forms water channels, allowing the soil to drain. In areas where snow buildup is an issue, this allows the soil to be planted earlier as the snow runoff is drained away more quickly.
There are five major parts of a mouldboard plough:
- Mouldboard
- Share
- Landside
- Frog
- Tailpiece
A runner extending from behind the share to the rear of the plough controls the direction of the plough, because it is held against the bottom land-side corner of the new furrow being formed. The holding force is the weight of the sod, as it is raised and rotated, on the curved surface of the mouldboard. Because of this runner, the mouldboard plough is harder to turn around than the scratch plough, and its introduction brought about a change in the shape of fields – from mostly square fields into longer rectangular "strips" (hence the introduction of the furlong).
An advance on the basic design was the iron[dubious – discuss] ploughshare, a replaceable horizontal cutting surface mounted on the tip of the share. The earliest ploughs with a detachable and replaceable share date from around 1000 BC in the Ancient Near East,[6][dubious – discuss] and the earliest iron ploughshares from ca. 500 BC in China.[7][dubious – discuss] Early mouldboards were basically wedges that sat inside the cut formed by the coulter, turning over the soil to the side. The ploughshare spread the cut horizontally below the surface, so when the mouldboard lifted it, a wider area of soil was turned over. Mouldboards are known in Britain from the late 6th century[8] on.
Loy ploughing[link]
Main article: Loy (spade)
Loy ploughing was a form of manual ploughing which took place in Ireland on very small farms or on very hilly ground, where horses could not work or where farmers could not afford them.[9] It was used up until the 1960s in poorer land.[10] This suited the moist climate of Ireland as the trenches formed by turning in the sods providing drainage. It also allowed the growing of potatoes in bogs as well as on mountain slopes where no other cultivation could take place.[11]
Heavy ploughs[link]
In the basic mouldboard plough the depth of the cut is adjusted by lifting against the runner in the furrow, which limited the weight of the plough to what the ploughman could easily lift. This limited the construction to a small amount of wood (although metal edges were possible). These ploughs were fairly fragile, and were not suitable for breaking up the heavier soils of northern Europe. The introduction of wheels to replace the runner allowed the weight of the plough to increase, and in turn allowed the use of a much larger mouldboard faced in metal. These heavy ploughs led to greater food production and eventually a significant population increase around 600 AD.[citation needed]
Before the Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD), Chinese ploughs were made almost entirely of wood, except the iron blade of the ploughshare. By the Han period, the entire ploughshare was made of cast iron; these are the first known heavy mouldboard iron ploughs.[12][7]
The Romans achieved the heavy wheeled mouldboard plough in the late 3rd and 4th century AD, when archaeological evidence appears, inter alia, in Roman Britain.[13] The first indisputable appearance after the Roman period is from 643, in a northern Italian document.[14] Old words connected with the heavy plough and its use appear in Slavic, suggesting possible early use in this region.[15] The general adoption of the mouldboard plough in Europe appears to have accompanied the adoption of the three-field system in the later eighth and early ninth centuries, leading to an improvement of the agricultural productivity per unit of land in northern Europe.[16]
Research by the French historian Marc Bloch in medieval French agricultural history showed the existence of names for two different ploughs, "the ard (araire) was wheeless and had to be dragged across the fields, while the turnplough (charrue) was mounted on wheels".[17]
Improved designs[link]
The basic plough with coulter, ploughshare and mouldboard remained in use for a millennium. Major changes in design did not become common until the Age of Enlightenment, when there was rapid progress in design. Joseph Foljambe in Rotherham, England, in 1730 used new shapes as the basis for the Rotherham plough, which also covered the mouldboard with iron.[18] Unlike the heavy plough, the Rotherham (or Rotherham swing) plough consisted entirely of the coulter, mouldboard and handles. It was much lighter than conventional designs and became very popular in England. It may have been the first plough to be widely built in factories.
James Small further improved the design. Using mathematical methods he experimented with various designs until he arrived at a shape cast from a single piece of iron, the Scots plough. A single-piece cast iron plough was also developed and patented by Charles Newbold in the United States. This was again improved on by Jethro Wood, a blacksmith of Scipio, New York, who made a three-part Scots Plough that allowed a broken piece to be replaced. In 1837 John Deere introduced the first steel plough; it was so much stronger than iron designs that it was able to work the soil in areas of the US that had previously been considered unsuitable for farming. Improvements on this followed developments in metallurgy; steel coulters and shares with softer iron mouldboards to prevent breakage, the chilled plough which is an early example of surface-hardened steel,[19] and eventually the face of the mouldboard grew strong enough to dispense with the coulter.
Single-sided ploughing[link]
The first mouldboard ploughs could only turn the soil over in one direction (conventionally always to the right), as dictated by the shape of the mouldboard, and so the field had to be ploughed in long strips, or lands. The plough was usually worked clockwise around each land, ploughing the long sides and being dragged across the short sides without ploughing. The length of the strip was limited by the distance oxen (or later horses) could comfortably work without a rest, and their width by the distance the plough could conveniently be dragged. These distances determined the traditional size of the strips: a furlong, (or "furrow's length", 220 yards (200 m)) by a chain (22 yards (20 m)) – an area of one acre (about 0.4 hectares); this is the origin of the acre. The one-sided action gradually moved soil from the sides to the centre line of the strip. If the strip was in the same place each year, the soil built up into a ridge, creating the ridge and furrow topography still seen in some ancient fields.
Turnwrest plough[link]
The turnwrest plough allows ploughing to be done to either side. The mouldboard is removable, turning to the right for one furrow, then being moved to the other side of the plough to turn to the left (the coulter and ploughshare are fixed). In this way adjacent furrows can be ploughed in opposite directions, allowing ploughing to proceed continuously along the field and thus avoiding the ridge and furrow topography.
Reversible plough[link]
The reversible plough has two mouldboard ploughs mounted back-to-back, one turning to the right, the other to the left. While one is working the land, the other is carried upside-down in the air. At the end of each row, the paired ploughs are turned over, so the other can be used. This returns along the next furrow, again working the field in a consistent direction.
Riding and multiple-furrow ploughs[link]
Early steel ploughs, like those for thousands of years prior, were walking ploughs, directed by the ploughman holding onto handles on either side of the plough. The steel ploughs were so much easier to draw through the soil that the constant adjustments of the blade to react to roots or clods was no longer necessary, as the plough could easily cut through them. Consequently it was not long after that the first riding ploughs appeared. On these, wheels kept the plough at an adjustable level above the ground, while the ploughman sat on a seat where he would have earlier walked. Direction was now controlled mostly through the draught team, with levers allowing fine adjustments. This led very quickly to riding ploughs with multiple mouldboards, dramatically increasing ploughing performance.
A single draught horse can normally pull a single-furrow plough in clean light soil, but in heavier soils two horses are needed, one walking on the land and one in the furrow. For ploughs with two or more furrows more than two horses are needed and, usually, one or more horses have to walk on the loose ploughed sod—and that makes hard going for them, and the horse treads the newly ploughed land down. It is usual to rest such horses every half hour for about ten minutes.
Heavy volcanic loam soils, such as are found in New Zealand, require the use of four heavy draught horses to pull a double-furrow plough. Where paddocks are more square than long-rectangular it is more economical to have horses four wide in harness than two-by-two ahead, thus one horse is always on the ploughed land (the sod). The limits of strength and endurance of horses made greater than two-furrow ploughs uneconomic to use on one farm.[citation needed]
Amish farmers tend to use a team of about seven horses or mules when spring ploughing and as Amish farmers often help each other plough, teams are sometimes changed at noon. Using this method about 10 acres (40,000 m2) can be ploughed per day in light soils and about 2 acres (8,100 m2) in heavy soils.[citation needed]
Steam ploughing[link]
Built 1929, 220 PS, 21 tons.
The advent of the mobile steam engine allowed steam power to be applied to ploughing from about 1850. In Europe, soil conditions were often too soft to support the weight of heavy traction engines. Instead, counterbalanced, wheeled ploughs, known as balance ploughs, were drawn by cables across the fields by pairs of ploughing engines which worked along opposite field edges. The balance plough had two sets of ploughs facing each other, arranged so when one was in the ground, the other set was lifted into the air. When pulled in one direction the trailing ploughs were lowered onto the ground by the tension on the cable. When the plough reached the edge of the field, the opposite cable was pulled by the other engine, and the plough tilted (balanced), putting the other set of shares into the ground, and the plough worked back across the field.
One set of ploughs was right-handed, and the other left-handed, allowing continuous ploughing along the field, as with the turnwrest and reversible ploughs. The man credited with the invention of the ploughing engine and the associated balance plough, in the mid nineteenth century, was John Fowler, an English agricultural engineer and inventor.[citation needed]
In America the firm soil of the Plains allowed direct pulling with steam tractors, such as the big Case, Reeves or Sawyer-Massey breaking engines. Gang ploughs of up to fourteen bottoms were used. Often these big ploughs were used in regiments of engines, so that in a single field there might be ten steam tractors each drawing a plough. In this way hundreds of acres could be turned over in a day. Only steam engines had the power to draw the big units. When internal combustion engines appeared, they had neither the strength nor the ruggedness compared to the big steam tractors. Only by reducing the number of shares could the work be completed.
Stump-jump plough[link]
The Stump-jump plough was an Australian invention of the 1870s, designed to cope with the breaking up of new farming land, that contains many tree stumps and rocks that would be very expensive to remove. The plough uses a moveable weight to hold the ploughshare in position. When a tree stump or other obstruction such as a rock is encountered, the ploughshare is thrown upwards, clear of the obstacle, to avoid breaking the plough's harness or linkage; ploughing can be continued when the weight is returned to the earth after the obstacle is passed.
A simpler system, developed later, uses a concave disc (or a pair of them) set at a large angle to the direction of progress, that uses the concave shape to hold the disc into the soil – unless something hard strikes the circumference of the disk, causing it to roll up and over the obstruction. As the arrangement is dragged forward, the sharp edge of the disc cuts the soil, and the concave surface of the rotating disc lifts and throws the soil to the side. It doesn't make as good a job as the mouldboard plough (but this is not considered a disadvantage, because it helps fight the wind erosion), but it does lift and break up the soil (see disc harrow).
Modern ploughs[link]
File:WWILandArmyPoster.jpg
A British woman ploughing on a World War I recruitment poster for the Women's Land Army.
Modern ploughs are usually multiple reversible ploughs, mounted on a tractor via a three-point linkage. These commonly have between two and as many as seven mouldboards – and semi-mounted ploughs (the lifting of which is supplemented by a wheel about half-way along their length) can have as many as eighteen mouldboards. The hydraulic system of the tractor is used to lift and reverse the implement, as well as to adjust furrow width and depth. The ploughman still has to set the draughting linkage from the tractor so that the plough is carried at the proper angle in the soil. This angle and depth can be controlled automatically by modern tractors. As a complement to the rear plough a two or three mouldboards-plough can be mounted on the front of the tractor if it is equipped with front three-point linkage.
Specialist ploughs[link]
Chisel plough[link]
The chisel plough is a common tool to get deep tillage (prepared land) with limited soil disruption. The main function of this plough is to loosen and aerate the soils while leaving crop residue at the top of the soil. This plough can be used to reduce the effects of compaction and to help break up ploughpan and hardpan. Unlike many other ploughs the chisel will not invert or turn the soil. This characteristic has made it a useful addition to no-till and low-till farming practices which attempt to maximise the erosion-prevention benefits of keeping organic matter and farming residues present on the soil surface through the year. Because of these attributes, the use of a chisel plough is considered by some to be more sustainable than other types of plough, such as the mouldboard plough.
The chisel plough is typically set to run up to a depth of eight to twelve inches (200 to 300 mm). However some models may run much deeper. Each of the individual ploughs, or shanks, are typically set from nine inches (229 mm) to twelve inches (305 mm) apart. Such a plough can encounter significant soil drag, consequently a tractor of sufficient power and good traction is required. When planning to plough with a chisel plough it is important to bear in mind that 10 to 15 horsepower (7 to 11 kW) per shank will be required.
Cultivators are often similar in form to chisel ploughs, but their goals are different. Cultivator teeth work near the surface, usually for weed control, whereas chisel plough shanks work deep beneath the surface. Consequently, cultivating also takes much less power per shank than does chisel ploughing.
Ridging plough[link]
A ridging plough is used for crops, such as potatoes or scallions, which are grown buried in ridges of soil using a technique called ridging or hilling. A ridging plough has two mouldboards facing away from each other, cutting a deep furrow on each pass, with high ridges either side. The same plough may be used to split the ridges to harvest the crop.
Scottish hand plough[link]
This is a variety of ridge plough notable in that the blade points towards the operator. It is used solely by human effort rather than with animal or machine assistance, and is pulled backwards by the operator, requiring great physical effort. It is particularly used for second breaking of ground, and for potato planting. It is found in Shetland, some western crofts and more rarely Central Scotland. The tool is typically found on small holdings too small or poor to merit use of animals.
Mole plough[link]
Main article: Subsoiler
The mole plough or subsoiler allows underdrainage to be installed without trenches, or it breaks up deep impermeable soil layers which impede drainage. It is a very deep plough, with a torpedo-shaped or wedge-shaped tip, and a narrow blade connecting this to the body. When dragged through the ground, it leaves a channel deep under the ground, and this acts as a drain. Modern mole ploughs may also bury a flexible perforated plastic drain pipe as they go, making a more permanent drain – or they may be used to lay pipes for water supply or other purposes. Similar machines, so called pipe-and-cable-laying ploughs, are even used under the sea, for the laying of cables, as well as preparing the earth for side-scan sonar[citation needed] in a process used in oil exploration.
Advantages and disadvantages of the mouldboard plough[link]
Advantages
Mouldboard ploughing, in cold and temperate climates, no deeper than 20 cm, aerates the soil by loosening it. It incorporates crop residues, solid manures, limestone and commercial fertilizers along with some oxygen. By doing so, it reduces nitrogen losses by volatilization, accelerates mineralization and increases short-term nitrogen availability for transformation of organic matter into humus. It erases wheel tracks and ruts caused by harvesting equipment. It controls many perennial weeds and pushes back the growth of other weeds until the following spring. It accelerates soil warming and water evaporation in spring because of the lesser quantity of residues on the soil surface. It facilitates seeding with a lighter seeder. It controls many enemies of crops (slugs, crane flies, seedcorn maggots-bean seed flies, borers). It increases the number of "soil-eating" earthworms (endogea) but is detrimental to vertical-dwelling earthworms (anecic).
Disadvantages
Ploughing leaves very little crop residue on the surface, which otherwise could reduce both wind and water erosion. Over-ploughing can lead to the formation of hardpan. Typically farmers break up hardpan up with a subsoiler, which acts as a long, sharp knife to slice through the hardened layer of soil deep below the surface. Soil erosion due to improper land and plough utilization is possible. Contour ploughing mitigates soil erosion by ploughing across a slope, along elevation lines. Alternatives to ploughing, such as the no till method, have the potential to actually build soil levels and humus, and may be suitable to smaller, more intensively cultivated plots, and to farming on poor, shallow or degraded soils which will only be further damaged by ploughing.
See also[link]
- Boustrophedon (Greek: "ox-turning") – an ancient way of writing, each line being read in the opposite direction like reversible ploughing.
- Foot plough
- Headland (agriculture)
- History of agriculture
- Railroad plough
- Snowplough
- Whippletree
Notes[link]
- ^ C.T. Onions, ed., Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology, s.v. "plough" (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996).
- ^ Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, s.v. "plow" (NY: Gramercy Books, 1996).
- ^ Dr. Judith A. Weller, "Agricultural Use", in Roman Traction Systems: accessed 20 April 2012, available at [1]
- ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003). A Handbook of Germanic Etymology. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. s.v. "*plōȝuz".
- ^ Lynn White, Jr., Medieval Technology and Social Change (Oxford: University Press, 1962), p. 42.
- ^ White, K. D. (1984): Greek and Roman Technology, London: Thames and Hudson, p. 59.
- ^ a b Robert Greenberger, The Technology of Ancient China (New York: Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 2006), pp. 11–12.
- ^ Hill and Kucharski 1990.
- ^ Paul Hughes (03/03/2011). "Castlepollard venue to host Westmeath ploughing finals". Westmeath Examiner. http://www.westmeathexaminer.ie/news/roundup/articles/2009/03/03/36691-castlepollard-venue-to-host-westmeath-ploughing-finals/. Retrieved 01/06/2011.
- ^ Patrick Freyne (27/09/09). "The plough and the stars". Sunday Tribune (Dublin). http://tribune.maithu.com/archive/article/2009/sep/27/the-plough-and-the-stars/. Retrieved 01/06/2011.
- ^ "The Famine Potato". St Mary's Famine History Museum. http://www.faminemuseum.com/the-famine-potato/. Retrieved 01/06/2011.
- ^ Wang Zhongshu, trans. by K.C. Chang and Collaborators, Han Civilization (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1982).
- ^ Margaritis, Evi; Jones, Martin K.: "Greek and Roman Agriculture", in: Oleson, John Peter (ed.): The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World, Oxford University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-19-518731-1, pp. 158–174 (166, 170)
- ^ White, Medieval Technology, p. 50
- ^ White, Medieval Technology, pp. 49f
- ^ White, Medieval Technology, pp. 69-78
- ^ Marc Bloch, French Rural History, trans. Janet Sondheimer (Berkeley: University Press, 1966), 50.
- ^ A Brief History of The Plough
- ^ John Deere (1804–1886)
References[link]
- "Early Medieval Ploughing at Whithorn and the Chronology of Plough Pebbles", Hill, P. and Kucharski, K. in Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, Vol. LXV, 1990, pp 73–83.
Further reading[link]
- Nanchinadu: Harbinger of Rice and Plough Culture in the Ancient World by Dr. V. Sankaran Nair
External links[link]
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Look up plough in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Media related to Ploughs at Wikimedia Commons
- The Rotherham Plough – the first commercially successful iron plough
- History of the steel plough – as developed by John Deere in the US
- Breast Ploughs and other antique hand farm tools
- "Tractor Guide Saves Labor for the Farmer" Popular Mechanics, December 1934
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
