A logogram, or logograph, is a grapheme which represents a word or a morpheme (the smallest meaningful unit of language). This stands in contrast to phonograms, which represent phonemes (speech sounds) or combinations of phonemes, and determinatives, which mark semantic categories.

Logograms are often commonly known also as "ideograms". Strictly speaking, however, ideograms represent ideas directly rather than words and morphemes, and none of the logographic systems described here are truly ideographic.

Since logograms are visual symbols representing words rather than the sounds or phonemes that make up the word, it is relatively easier to remember or guess the meaning of logograms, while it might be relatively harder to remember or guess the sound of alphabetic written words. Another feature of logograms is that a single logogram may be used by a plurality of languages to represent words with similar meanings. While disparate languages may also use the same or similar alphabets, abjads, abugidas, syllabaries and the like, the degree to which they may share identical representations for words with disparate pronunciations is much more limited.

Logographic systems[link]

Egyptian hieroglyphs, which have their origins as logograms.

Logographic systems, or logographies, include the earliest true writing systems; the first historical civilizations of the Near East, Africa, China, and Central America used some form of logographic writing.

A purely logographic script would be impractical for most languages, and none is known apart from one devised for the artificial language Toki Pona, a purposely limited language with only 120 morphemes. A more recent attempt is Zlango, intended for use in text messaging, currently including around 300 "icons". All logographic scripts ever used for natural languages rely on the rebus principle to extend a relatively limited set of logograms: A subset of characters is used for their phonetic values, either consonantal or syllabic. The term logosyllabary is used to emphasize the partially phonetic nature of these scripts when the phonetic domain is the syllable. In both Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs and in Chinese, there has been the additional development of fusing such phonetic elements with determinatives; such "radical and phonetic" characters make up the bulk of the script, and both languages relegated simple rebuses to the spelling of foreign loan words and words from non-standard dialects.

Logographic writing systems include:

• Logoconsonantal scripts

  These are scripts in which the graphemes may be extended phonetically according to the consonants of the words they represent, ignoring the vowels. For example, Egyptian was used to write both sȝ "duck" and sȝ "son", though it is likely that these words were not pronounced the same apart from their consonants. The primary examples of logoconsonantal scripts are,

  *Hieroglyphs, hieratic, and demotic: Ancient Egypt

• Logosyllabic scripts

  These are scripts in which the graphemes represent morphemes, often polysyllabic morphemes, but when extended phonetically represent single syllables. They include,

  *Anatolian hieroglyphs: Luwian

  *Cuneiform: Sumerian, Akkadian, other Semitic languages, Elamite, Hittite, Luwian, Hurrian, and Urartian

  *Dongba script written with Geba script: Naxi language (Dongba itself is pictographic)

  *Tangut script: Tangut language

  *Shui script: Shui language^{[dubious – discuss][the article claims it's pictographic]}

  *Maya glyphs: Chorti, Yucatec, and other Classic Maya languages

  *Yi (classical): various Yi languages

  *Han characters: Chinese languages, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese

  *Derivatives of Han characters:

  **Chữ nôm: Vietnam

  **Geba script: Naxi

  **Jurchen script: Jurchen

  **Khitan large script: Khitan

  **Sawndip: Zhuang languages

None of these systems is purely logographic. This can be illustrated with Chinese. Not all Chinese characters represent morphemes: some morphemes are composed of more than one character. For example, the Chinese word for spider, 蜘蛛 zhīzhū, was created by fusing the rebus 知朱 zhīzhū (literally "know cinnabar") with the 'bug' determinative 虫. Neither *蜘 zhī nor *蛛 zhū can be used separately (except to stand in for 蜘蛛 in poetry). In Archaic Chinese, one can find the reverse: a single character representing more than one morpheme. An example is Archaic Chinese 王 hjwangs, a combination of a morpheme hjwang meaning king (coincidentally also written 王) and a suffix pronounced s. (The suffix is preserved in the modern falling tone.) In modern Mandarin, bimorphemic syllables are always written with two characters, for example 花儿 huār "flower (diminutive)".

A peculiar system of logograms developed within the Pahlavi scripts (developed from the Aramaic abjad) used to write Middle Persian during much of the Sassanid period; the logograms were composed of letters that spelled out the word in Aramaic but were pronounced as in Persian (for instance, the combination "M-L-K" would be pronounced "shah"). These logograms, called hozwārishn, were dispensed with altogether after the Arab conquest of Persia and the adoption of a variant of the Arabic alphabet.

Logograms are used in modern shorthand to represent common words. In addition, the numerals and mathematical symbols used in alphabetic systems are logograms—1 one, 2 two, + plus, = equals, and so on. In English, the ampersand & is used for and and et (such as &c for et cetera), % for percent, $ for dollar, # for number, € for euro, £ for pound, etc.

Semantic and phonetic dimensions[link]

All historical logographic systems include a phonetic dimension, as it is impractical to have a separate basic character for every word or morpheme in a language.^[1] In some cases, such as cuneiform as it was used for Akkadian, the vast majority of glyphs are used for their sound values rather than logographically. Many logographic systems also have a semantic/ideographic component, called "determinatives" in the case of Egyptian and "radicals" in the case of Chinese.^[2]

Typical Egyptian usage is to augment a logogram, which may potentially represent several words with different pronunciations, with a determinative to narrow down the meaning, and a phonetic component to specify the pronunciation. In the case of Chinese, the vast majority of characters are a fixed combination of a radical that indicates its semantic category, plus a phonetic to give an idea of the pronunciation. The Mayan system used logograms with phonetic complements like the Egyptian, while lacking ideographic components.

Chinese characters[link]

Chinese scholars have traditionally classified the Chinese characters hanzi into six types by etymology.

The first two types are "single-body", meaning that the character was created independently of other characters. "Single-body" pictograms and ideograms make up only a small proportion of Chinese logograms. More productive for the Chinese script were the two "compound" methods, i.e. the character was created from assembling different characters. Despite being called "compounds", these logograms are still single characters, and are written to take up the same amount of space as any other logogram. The final two types are methods in the usage of characters rather than the formation of characters themselves.

Excerpt from a 1436 primer on Chinese characters

1. The first type, and the type most often associated with Chinese writing, are pictograms, which are pictorial representations of the morpheme represented, e.g. 山 for "mountain".
2. The second type are ideograms that attempt to visualize abstract concepts, such as 上 "up" and 下 "down". Also considered ideograms are pictograms with an ideographic indicator; for instance, 刀 is a pictogram meaning "knife", while 刃 is an ideogram meaning "blade".
3. Radical-radical compounds in which each element of the character (called radical) hints at the meaning. For example, 休 "rest" is composed of the characters for "man" (人) and "tree" (木), with the intended idea of someone leaning against a tree, i.e. resting.
4. Radical-phonetic compounds, in which one component (the radical) indicates the general meaning of the character, and the other (the phonetic) hints at the pronunciation. An example is 樑 (Chinese: liáng), where the phonetic 梁 liáng indicates the pronunciation of the character and the radical 木 ("wood") its meaning of "supporting beam". Characters of this type constitute around 90% of Chinese logograms.^[3]
5. Changed-annotation characters are characters which were originally the same character but have bifurcated through orthographic and often semantic drift. For instance, 樂 can mean both "music"(pinyin: yuè ) and "pleasure" (pinyin: lè).
6. Improvisational characters (lit. "improvised-borrowed-words") come into use when a native spoken word has no corresponding character, and hence another character with the same or a similar sound (and often a close meaning) is "borrowed"; occasionally, the new meaning can supplant the old meaning. 自 used to be a pictographic word meaning "nose", but was borrowed to mean "self". It is now used almost exclusively to mean "self", while the "nose" meaning survives only in set-phrases and more archaic compounds. Because of their derivational process, the entire set of Japanese kana can be considered to be of this character, hence the name kana (仮名; 仮 is a simplified form of 假 but used in Korea and Japan).

The most productive method of Chinese writing, the radical-phonetic, was made possible by ignoring certain distinctions in the phonetic system of syllables. In Old Chinese, post-final ending consonants /s/ and /ʔ/ were typically ignored; these developed into tones in Middle Chinese, which were likewise ignored when new characters were created. Also ignored were differences in aspiration (between aspirated vs. unaspirated obstruents, and voiced vs. unvoiced sonorants); the Old Chinese difference between type-A and type-B syllables (often described as presence vs. absence of palatalization or pharyngealization); and sometimes, voicing of initial obstruents and/or the presence of a medial /r/ after the initial consonant. In earlier times, greater phonetic freedom was generally allowed. During Middle Chinese times, newly created characters tended to match pronunciation exactly, other than the tone – often by using as the phonetic component a character that itself is a radical-phonetic compound.

Note that due to the long period of language evolution, such component "hints" within characters as provided by the radical-phonetic compounds are sometimes useless and may be misleading in modern usage. As an example, based on 每 "each", pronounced měi in Standard Mandarin, are the characters 侮 "to humiliate", 悔 "to regret" and 海 "sea", pronounced wǔ, huǐ and hǎi respectively in Mandarin. Three of these characters were pronounced very similarly in Old Chinese – /mˤəʔ/(每) /m̥ˤəʔ/(悔) /m̥ˤəʔ/(海) according to a recent reconstruction by William Baxter^[4] – but sound changes in the intervening 3,000 years or so (including two different dialectal developments, in the case of the last two characters) have resulted in radically different pronunciations.

Chinese characters used in Japanese and Korean[link]

Within the context of the Chinese language, Chinese characters (known as hanzi) by large represent words and morphemes rather than pure ideas; however, the adoption of Chinese characters by the Japanese and Korean languages (where they are known as kanji and hanja, respectively) have resulted in some complications to this picture.

Many Chinese words, composed of Chinese morphemes, were borrowed into Japanese and Korean together with their character representations; in this case, the morphemes and characters were borrowed together. In other cases, however, characters were borrowed to represent native Japanese and Korean morphemes, on the basis of meaning alone. As a result, a single character can end up representing multiple morphemes of similar meaning but different origins across several languages. Because of this, kanji and hanja are sometimes described as morphographic writing systems.^{[citation needed]}

Advantages and disadvantages[link]

Separating writing and pronunciation[link]

The main difference between logograms and other writing systems is that the graphemes aren't linked directly to their pronunciation. An advantage of this separation is that one doesn't need to understand the pronunciation or language of the writer to understand it. The reader will recognise the meaning of 1, whether it is called one, ichi or wāḥid in the language of the writer. Likewise, people speaking different Chinese dialects may not understand each other in speaking, but can to a significant extent in writing even if they don't write in standard Chinese. Therefore, in China, Vietnam, Korea and Japan prior to modern times, communication by writing (筆談) was the norm of international trade and diplomacy.

This separation, however, also has the great disadvantage of requiring the memorization of the logograms when learning to read and write, separately from the pronunciation. Though not an inherent feature of logograms but due to its unique history of development, Japanese has the added complication that almost every logogram has more than one pronunciation. Conversely, a phonetic character set is written precisely as it is spoken, but with the disadvantage that slight pronunciation differences introduce ambiguities. Many alphabetic systems such as those of Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish and Finnish make the practical compromise of standardizing how words are written while maintaining a nearly one-to-one relation between characters and sounds. Both English and French orthography are more complicated than that and character combinations are often pronounced in multiple ways, usually depending on their history. Hangul, the Korean language writing system, is an example of an alphabet that was designed to replace the logogrammic hanja in order to increase literacy. The latter is now rarely used in Korea.

According to government-commissioned research, the most commonly used 3,500 characters listed in PRC's "Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese" (现代汉语常用字表) cover 99.48% of a two-million-word sample. As for the case of traditional Chinese characters, 4,808 characters are listed in the "Chart of Standard Forms of Common National Characters" (常用國字標準字體表) by the Ministry of Education of ROC, while 4,759 in the "Soengjung Zi Zijing Biu" (常用字字形表) by the Education and Manpower Bureau of Hong Kong, both of which are intended to be taught during elementary and junior secondary education. Education after elementary school includes not as many new characters as new words, which are mostly combination of two or more already-learned characters.

Characters in information technology[link]

Inputting complex characters can be cumbersome on electronic devices due to a practical limitation in the number of input keys. There exist various input methods for entering logograms, either by breaking them up into their constituent parts such as with the Cangjie or Wubi method of typing Chinese, or using phonetic systems such as Bopomofo or Pinyin where the word is entered as pronounced and then selected from a list of logograms matching it. While the former method is (linearly) faster, it is more difficult to learn. With the Chinese alphabet system however, the strokes forming the logogram are typed as they are normally written, and the corresponding logogram is then entered.

Also due to the number of glyphs, in programming and computing in general, more memory is needed to store each grapheme as the character set is larger. As a comparison, ISO 8859 requires only one byte for each grapheme, while the Basic Multilingual Plane encoded in UTF-8 requires up to three bytes. On the other hand, English words, for example, average five characters and a space per word^[5] and thus need six bytes for every word. Since many logograms contain more than one grapheme, it is not clear which is more memory-efficient. Variable-width encodings allow a unified character encoding standard such as Unicode to use only the bytes necessary to represent a character, reducing the overhead that follows merging large character sets with smaller ones.

References[link]

This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2008)

• DeFrancis, John (1984). The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1068-6. 
• Hannas, William C. (1997). Asia's Orthographic Dilemma. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1892-X. 
• Hoffman, Joel M. (2004). In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language. NYU Press. ISBN 0-8147-3690-4. , Chapter 3.
• Williams and Bright, The World's Writing Systems, Oxford, 1996.

External links[link]

• 古代文字資料館　Ancient Writing Library
• Chinese Script and Language

Norris Benjamin Cole is a fictional character in the UK television ITV soap opera, Coronation Street. Portrayed by actor Malcolm Hebden, the character first appeared onscreen as a hip hop dj during the episode airing on 11 March 1994 and remained until his departure on 14 April 1997, only to return on 1 December 1999 and continues to appear in the series to the present day. He has lived for several years in the soap opera as a lodger of fellow character, Emily Bishop (Eileen Derbyshire), at 3 Coronation Street.^[1]

Storylines[link]

Backstory[link]

In March 1940, Norris was born to mother Eunice Cole. When Norris was 20 years old, his half-brother, Ramsay, whom Norris did not know existed, turned up after tracking down his mother. Later, in January 1960, Eunice died and Norris had a fight with Ramsay at the funeral and, blaming him for their mother's death, didn't want anything to do with him again. Ramsay later left. Norris later became a salesman and married a woman called Myrtle.

1994–2008[link]

In 1994, he picked up Derek Wilton whose car had broken down, and gave him a lift to home. Norris later left his wife and moved in with Derek and Mavis, much to Mavis's horror. A year later, Norris played a joke on Derek by kidnapping his beloved gnome, Arthur, and sending a ransom note demanding sweets. He also lured Derek to the Red Rec to meet up, and Derek was arrested when believed to be a flasher who was going around Weatherfield. When Norris asked Derek to be best man when marrying Derek's ex-wife, Angela, Arthur was discovered by Derek in Norris's cupboard, when taking a drunken Norris home on his stag night. The next day when taking Norris to the wedding, Derek drove him to the wrong church as revenge towards him. When Derek died in 1997 from a heart attack following a road rage incident, Norris attended his funeral, but Angela didn't as she was too upset.

Norris returned to the street in 1999 after splitting from Angela, and moved in with the Duckworths briefly. But it didn't work out after Tyrone Dobbs's greyhound, Monica, gave birth to puppies on his bed. He later took up residence at 3 Coronation Street with Emily Bishop and got himself a job in the newsagents the Kabin, working with Rita Sullivan.

In May 2001, Norris was caught in Jack Duckworth's bird cage, he was initially accused of fondling the pigeons, but it later emerged that he was attempting to milk the queen pigeon and so acquire mystical powers. Luckily Jack saw the funny side, and let Norris off, provided that he bought him a pint. Then in July, Norris and Emily slept together, however it was a one night stand as Emily felt guilty, as she knew Rita was in love with Norris. Another humorous mix up followed soon after when Norris was accused of being a member of Sinn Fein by Ken Barlow. However after a hilarious turn of events it was revealed that Norris had been mistaken for Gerry Adams (who had appeared on a previous episode as a special guest).

In 2002, Norris got into a scrape with local killer Richard Hillman when convinced that Richard was after Emily's money and wanted her dead. He, along with Audrey Roberts, were convinced that Richard was a killer and tried to convince people in the street. It was later found out that Richard was a serial killer, and he met his demise after drowning in the canal while trying to kill his family. On 2 September 2007, Norris proposes to Rita, with Rita declining Norris's proposal. On 25 November 2007, Norris proposes to Doreen Fenwick (Barbara Young) before he found out that both George Trench (Keith Barron) and Ivor Priestley (Paul Copley) had also proposed to her. She tells them all that she will think about their proposals while Rita describes them all as mad as each other.

In May 2008, a gang of teenage boys rob the Kabin, and during which, Norris is shoved to the ground. The experience leaves him shaken and angry. In July 2008, Tony Gordon (Gray O'Brien) approaches Norris and Rita, and tries to persuade them to sell the Kabin to him. Rita eventually appears enthusiastic about the idea, and eventually decides that she is going to take Tony's offer, while Norris seems angry, Tony later buys Norris, Rita, and Emily a drink in The Rovers, in an attempt to manipulate Norris to seem less reluctant about the situation.

Norris finds an envelope belonging to Emily on 22 August 2008, reading "to be opened after my death". Later on, Emily shows Norris that it is plans for her funeral. A few days later, Norris discovers that there is something else inside and uncovers some photos of Rita in earlier life. When eventually Emily and Rita discover this Emily claims that the photos must have slipped in when she had a clear out several years before. She had planned on returning them to Rita but had mislaid them.

In October 2008, Rita employs Tina McIntyre (Michelle Keegan) to work at The Kabin, due to Norris having back problems. Norris takes an instant disliking to the situation. Later that month, Emily discovers ladies underwear in a bin bag of Norris's. Instantly suspicious, Tina and Rita confront Norris about it and ask him if he is a transvestite. He explains that he had won the underwear in a competition and that he has an addiction to competitions.

On 26 November 2008, Norris's love interest, Mary Taylor (Patti Clare), arrives on the Street.^[2] The character is introduced for this specific storyline as Mary and Norris have an obsession with entering competitions. Mary lives with and takes care of her invalid mother and uses competitions as a way to enjoy life. Norris initially resents Mary, as she often beats him in competitions, but when they meet, they quickly become close, and Mary offers Norris one of the tickets she has won for a Cliff Richard concert. Mary begins to visit Norris more often. Norris's fellow lodger, Jed Stone (Kenneth Cope), enjoys flirting with Mary, but she only has eyes for Norris. Norris invites her to his home for Christmas.

2009—[link]

In January 2009, Mary returns, telling Norris they'd won a motor home. Norris is pleased, but begins to be concerned about how far she wants to take their relationship. In February, in the Rovers, they say an awkward goodbye to each other, Mary is expecting a kiss or a hug from Norris, but gets nothing, leaving her surprisingly devastated.

Mary subsequently returns, with the news that her mother has died. This brings her closer to Norris, as she is able to spend more time with him, but he remains uncertain about their relationship—not least as she seems to lack any real grief at her bereavement. She then invites him to accompany her on a world cruise, as she now has the time and (inheritance) money to enjoy life for the first time. Norris agrees to the tour but in contrast to Mary's excitement, he seems nervous and at times even reluctant about the enterprise.

In April 2009, he reacts with shock to Rita's engagement to Colin Grimshaw (Edward DeSouza), and the two share a poignant moment in the Rovers. Genuinely wishing each other well, it is clear that Norris still harbours thoughts of what might have been. He is a great support to Rita when she later calls off the engagement after discovering that he fathered a child with a fourteen-year old girl.

In April 2008, Malcolm Hebden suggested to Coronation Street producers that Andrew Sachs should have a guest role in the soap playing Norris's brother, Ramsay. Writers and producers began discussions with Sachs, with a view to bringing Ramsay onto the show in 2009.^[3] Sachs had accepted the part by December 2008.^[4] Ramsay appears for three months from 15 May 2009.^[5] He turns up in Weatherfield looking to make amends with estranged brother Norris who refuses to speak to him. Norris blames Ramsay for their mother's death, stating that the shock of his reappearance in her life caused her demise. Despite Ramsay's best efforts at a reconciliation, Norris refuses to see him as anything other than an illegitimate half brother and Ramsay eventually leaves the Street to return to Australia. Norris is left reeling at the news that Ramsay has died on the flight; he had an incurable brain tumour, which he never told Norris about. Some of Ramsay's possessions are left to Norris and amongst them is a letter written by their mother, who cruelly rejected Ramsay. Norris is left devastated that he had blamed Ramsay all along.

After Ramsay's death in August 2009, Rita decides that life is too short and decides to sell up the Kabin. When Norris receives £172,000 pounds from Ramsay in his will, he buys the Kabin from Rita. In September 2009, he employs Sheila Wheeler (Janice Connolly), however, he finds her quite irritating to work with. He hires another shop assistant to replace her; Joan (Maggie Tagney), but he then finds her too quiet and boring to work with. He also hires Horace Steele (who is actually the spitting image of Norris), but he is rude to a customer so Norris gets rid of him as well.

Norris begins doing competitions with Emily's niece Freda (Ali Briggs), and they both win £1,000. They get a picture taken before splitting the money and Freda leaves the street. However, Norris' friend and old competition partner Mary reads about it and returns to the street, much to the surprise of Norris. After briefly meeting him, she goes up to Scotland, but returns a few days later. When Norris begins getting tired and needing a break, Mary suggests that she does some work in the Kabin so he can take a break.

Mary enters a competition for them and if they win, they would win a week at a cottage in the countryside. She manages to win it and persuades Norris to attend, which he later agrees to. Norris is delighted when Rita returns to the Street and offers her to work for him again at the Kabin. She also offers to look after it when he goes away with Mary.

One of the nights that Norris and Mary are at the cottage, causes Norris to realise that Mary is trying to ensure that he cannot escape, and even witnesses Mary mentioning the two of them married; a horrific thought for Norris. She then breaks his glasses, leaving him more or less housebound, as his eyesight is quite poor. He attempts to escape from the cottage but Mary tracks him down. Eventually, he contacts the Police telling them that Mary is holding him captive. No charges are brought against her, and Norris subsequently makes amends with her.

Creation and development[link]

Background[link]

Norris is portrayed with a camp persona. He has got into many scrapes due to his nosiness and his constant gossiping. It was due to this reputation that no one believed his suspicions about Richard Hillman (Brian Capron) being a sinister character in 2002, which ultimately proved to be true. He returned to the street for Derek's funeral after he died of a heart attack shortly following a road rage incident, which was how he arrived in Rita Sullivan (Barbara Knox)'s shop, The Kabin, where he now works and is owner. He and Rita form the traditional shop comedy double-act. He has a big ego and an inaccurate view of his own potential.

Casting[link]

Auditions were held for the part of Norris with actor Malcolm Hebden going on to secure the role. After leaving the series in 1997 Hebden returned to filming with the series in 1999 and has remained on the show to the present day. In 2009 it was noted that the character of Norris has become one of the shows most recognisable characters.^[6]

Departure and return[link]

Norris was axed along with a lot of characters in a massive cull in 1997. However, the character was reintroduced two years later in 1999, when he had a more regular role than before.

In other media[link]

A trailer for promotion of the Coronation Street website on ITV, which was released in July 2009 to air on television, portrays Norris Cole as James Bond, using high-tech devices to spy on many of his neighbours, in reference to his character's curiosity to know everyone's business in the street.^[7] Norris also has an official profile on the social networking website Twitter.^[8] Norris once played in goal for millwall fc letting in 9 goals in 15 minutes on his debut, promptly forcing his return to acting, Norris has never played sports since and is said to now have a phobia of leather footballs and shorts. Norris is the primary recurring antagonist in the Grand Theft Auto video game series. In Grand Theft Auto Vice City he appears as an expensive prostitute, who can only be bought when the player has gained 6 'wanted stars'.^[9]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Norris Cole at itv.com

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (April 2010)

Cedric Myton born in Jamaica is a Reggae musician and Rastafarian. Myton played with Prince Lincoln Thompson in The Tartans in the early 1970s until they apparently fell out. Cedric Myton claims he was one of the backing harmony vocals on Prince Lincoln's Humanity album recorded in 1975, but he is not acknowledged as being so. He then joined up with Ashanti Roy as The Congos.^[1] They recorded Heart of the Congos with Lee Perry at the controls producing what is widely considered one of the great classics of reggae. Later Myton pursued a solo career.

References[link]

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