- published: 05 Dec 2012
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- author: USNavalInstitute
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California
California (pronounced
i/kælɨˈfɔrnjə/) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third most extensive (after Alaska and Texas). It is home to the nation's second- and sixth-largest census statistical areas (Los Angeles Metropolitan Area and San Francisco Bay Area), and eight of the nation's fifty most populated cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach and Oakland). The capital city is Sacramento.
California's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west, to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east – from the Redwood–Douglas-fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state is dominated by Central Valley, a major agricultural area. California contains both the highest and lowest points in the contiguous United States (Mount Whitney and Death Valley), and has the third-longest coastline of all states (after Alaska and Florida). Earthquakes are a common occurrence due to the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire: about 37,000 are recorded annually.
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Illinois
Illinois (i/ˌɪlɨˈnɔɪ/ IL-i-NOY) is the 25th most extensive and the 5th most populous of the 50 United States, and is often noted as a microcosm of the entire country. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois, and natural resources like coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a broad economic base. Illinois is a major transportation hub. The Port of Chicago connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes, via the Saint Lawrence Seaway, to the Atlantic Ocean; as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River, via the Illinois River. For decades, O'Hare International Airport has ranked as one of the world's busiest airports. Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics.
Although the state's largest population centers today are in northern Illinois, originally the state's population grew from south to north, with settlers arriving from Kentucky in the 1810s. In 1818, Illinois achieved statehood. Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River, one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan. Railroads and John Deere's invention of the self-scouring steel plow turned Illinois' rich prairie into some of the world's most productive and valuable farmlands, attracting immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden. By 1900, the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars. The Great Migration established a large community of African Americans in Chicago that created the city's famous jazz and blues cultures.
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Maine
Maine (i/ˈmeɪn/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and south, New Hampshire to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the northwest and New Brunswick to the northeast. Maine is both the northernmost and easternmost portion of New England. It is known for its scenery—its jagged, mostly rocky coastline, its low, rolling mountains, its heavily forested interior and picturesque waterways—as well as for its seafood cuisine, especially lobsters and clams.
For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the only inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European encounter, several Algonquian-speaking peoples inhabited the area. The first European settlement in Maine was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement in Maine, the short-lived Popham Colony, was established by the Plymouth Company in 1607. A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s, although the rugged climate, deprivations, and conflict with the local peoples caused many to fail over the years. As Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements survived. Patriot and British forces contended for Maine's territory during the American Revolution and the War of 1812. Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts. On March 15, 1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the 50 United States.
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Massachusetts
Massachusetts (i/ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɨts/), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is a U.S. state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Massachusetts is the 7th least extensive, but the 14th most populous and the 3rd most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state features two separate metropolitan areas – the eastern Boston metropolitan area and the western Springfield metropolitan area. Approximately two thirds of the state's population lives in Greater Boston, most of which is either urban or suburban. Western Massachusetts features one urban area – the Knowledge Corridor along the Connecticut River – and a mix of college towns and rural areas. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and has the US's sixth highest GDP per capita.
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Michigan
Michigan (i/ˈmɪʃɨɡən/) is a state located in the Great Lakes region of the Midwestern United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake". Michigan is the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and the largest city is Detroit. Michigan was admitted into the Union on January 26, 1837 as the 26th state.
Michigan has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, plus Lake Saint Clair. Michigan is one of the leading U.S. states for recreational boating. The state has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds. A person in the state is never more than six miles (9.7 km) from a natural water source or more than 85 miles (137 km) from a Great Lakes shoreline. It is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River.
Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is often noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula (often referred to as "the U.P.") is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, a five-mile (8 km) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan. The two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The Upper Peninsula is economically important due to its status as a tourist destination. There is also a variety of natural resources to be found there, including a sizable amount of iron ore.
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New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] (
listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
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Ohio
Ohio (i/oʊˈhaɪ.oʊ/) is a state in the Midwestern United States. Ohio is the 34th most extensive, the 7th most populous, and the 10th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's capital and largest city is Columbus.
The name "Ohio" originated from Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning "great river". The state, originally partitioned from the Northwest Territory, was admitted to the Union as the 17th state (and the first under the Northwest Ordinance) on March 1, 1803. Although there are conflicting narratives regarding the origin of the nickname, Ohio is historically known as the "Buckeye State" (relating to the Ohio buckeye tree) and Ohioans are also known as "Buckeyes".
The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the Governor; the legislative branch, which comprises the Ohio General Assembly; and the judicial branch, which is led by the Supreme Court. Currently, Ohio occupies 18 seats in the United States House of Representatives. Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections.
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Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (
i/ˌpɛnsɨlˈveɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a US state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, and the Great Lakes Region. The state borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Ontario, Canada to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.
Pennsylvania is the 33rd most extensive, the 6th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of shoreline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west. Of a total 46,055 square miles (119,282 km2), 44,817 square miles (116,075 km2) are land, 490 square miles (1,269 km2) are inland waters, and 749 square miles (1,940 km2) are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
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Texas
Texas (i/ˈtɛksəs/) (Alibamu: Teksi ) is the second most populous and the second most extensive of the 50 United States, and the most extensive state of the 48 contiguous United States. The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in East Texas. Located in the South Central United States, Texas shares an international border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south, and borders the US states of New Mexico to the west, Oklahoma to the north, Arkansas to the northeast, and Louisiana to the east. Texas has an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km2), and a growing population of 25.7 million residents.
During the Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas: La Provincia de Texas. Antonio Margil de Jesús was known to be the first person to use the name in a letter to the Viceroy of Mexico in July 20, 1716. The name was not popularly used in daily speech but often appeared in legal documents until the end of the 1800s.
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Virginia
Virginia (i/vərˈdʒɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state located in the South Atlantic region of the United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's population is over eight million.
The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution and joined the Confederacy in the American Civil War, during which Richmond was made the Confederate capital and Virginia's northwestern counties separated to form the state of West Virginia. Although the Commonwealth was under conservative single-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a federal district to become the national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution. The District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state. It was formed from land along the Potomac River donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia; however, the Virginia portion was returned by Congress in 1846.
A new capital city named after George Washington was founded in 1791 to the east of the preexisting port of Georgetown. Congress consolidated the City of Washington, Georgetown, and the remaining unincorporated area within the District under a single municipal government in 1871. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, located on the country's Pacific coast.
Washington, D.C., had an estimated population of 617,996 in 2011. The city was the 24th most populous place in the United States as of 2010. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city's population to over one million during the workweek. The Washington Metropolitan Area, of which the District is a part, has a population of nearly 5.6 million, the seventh-largest metropolitan area in the country.
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West Virginia
West Virginia (i/ˌwɛst vərˈdʒɪnjə/) is a state in the Appalachian region of the Eastern United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, Pennsylvania to the northeast and Maryland to the east. West Virginia is the 41st most extensive and the 37th most populous of the 50 United States. The capital and largest city is Charleston.
West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions and broke away from Virginia during the American Civil War. The new state was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863, and was a key Civil War border state. West Virginia was the only state to form by seceding from a Confederate state, and was one of two states formed during the American Civil War (the other one being Nevada, which separated from Utah Territory).
The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the South. The northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio, with the West Virginia cities of Wheeling and Weirton just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than 70 miles (110 km) from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered to be a part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. Notably, it is the only state that is entirely within the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission; the area is commonly defined as "Appalachia".
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Wisconsin
Wisconsin (i/wɨsˈkɒnsɨn/) is a US state located in the north-central United States and is part of the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin is the 23rd most extensive and the 20th most populous of the 50 United States. Wisconsin's capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee. The state is divided into 72 counties.
The word Wisconsin originates from the name given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian speaking American Indian groups living in the region at the time of European contact. French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River and record its name, arriving in 1673 and calling the river Meskousing in his journal. This spelling was later corrupted to Ouisconsin by other French explorers, and over time this version became the French name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling to its modern form when they began to arrive in greater numbers during the early 19th century. The current spelling was made official by the legislature of Wisconsin Territory in 1845.
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Wyoming
Wyoming (i/waɪˈoʊmɪŋ/) is a state in the mountain region of the Western United States. Wyoming is the 10th most extensive, but the least populous and the 2nd least densely populated of the 50 States. The western two thirds of the state is covered mostly with the mountain ranges and rangelands in the foothills of the Eastern Rocky Mountains, while the eastern third of the state is high elevation prairie known as the High Plains. Cheyenne is the capital and the most populous city of Wyoming with a population of nearly 60,000 people within its city proper.
As specified in the designating legislation for the Territory of Wyoming, Wyoming's borders are lines of latitude, 41°N and 45°N, and longitude, 104°3'W and 111°3'W (27° W and 34° W of the Washington Meridian), making the shape of the state a latitude-longitude quadrangle. Wyoming is one of only three states (along with Colorado and Utah) to have borders along only straight latitudinal and longitudinal lines, rather than being defined by natural landmarks. Due to surveying inaccuracies during the 19th century, Wyoming's legal border deviates from the true latitude and longitude lines by up to half of a mile (.8 km) in some spots, especially in the mountainous region along the 45th parallel. Wyoming is bordered on the north by Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado, on the southwest by Utah, and on the west by Idaho. It is the ninth largest state in the United States in total area, containing 97,818 square miles (253,350 km2) and is made up of 23 counties. From the north border to the south border it is 276 miles (444 km); and from the east to the west border is 365 miles (587 km) at its south end and 342 miles (550 km) at the north end.
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Ashton Carter
Ashton Baldwin Carter (born September 14, 1954) is a United States national security professional serving as the United States Deputy Secretary of Defense. Prior to that, He served as Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics (AT&L) for President Barack Obama. He is currently on leave from his post as Co-Director (with former Secretary of Defense William J. Perry) of the Preventive Defense Project, a research collaboration of Harvard and Stanford universities. He is also on leave from the International Relations, Security, and Science faculty at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government. He is a member of the guiding coalition of the Project on National Security Reform. On August 2, 2011, President Obama nominated Carter to be the new Deputy Secretary of Defense, and on September 23, 2011 the United States Senate confirmed him by unanimous consent. He assumed his office as Deputy Secretary of Defense on October 6, 2011.
Carter served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy in the Clinton Administration from 1993 to 1996. He was nominated to his current post on March 18, 2009. Dr Carter served as a member of the Defense Science Board from 1991–1993 and 1997–2001, the Defense Policy Board from 1997–2001, and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice's International Security Advisory Board from 2006-2008. In 1997, Dr. Carter co-chaired the Catastrophic Terrorism Study Group with former CIA Director John M. Deutch, which urged greater attention to terrorism. From 1998 to 2000, he was deputy to William J. Perry in the North Korea Policy Review and traveled with him to Pyongyang. In 2001-2002, he served on the National Academy of Sciences Committee on Science and Technology for Countering Terrorism and advised on the creation of the Department of Homeland Security.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (i/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. In January 2005, Obama was sworn in as a U.S. Senator in the state of Illinois. He would hold this office until November 2008, when he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.
Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.
Following an unsuccessful bid against the Democratic incumbent for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2000, Obama ran for the United States Senate in 2004. Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign, including his victory in the March 2004 Illinois Democratic primary for the Senate election and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in Illinois in November 2004. His presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 presidential election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain, and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In April 2011, he announced that he would be running for re-election in 2012.
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Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Inaugurated at age 46, he was the third-youngest president. He took office at the end of the Cold War, and was the first president of the baby boomer generation. Clinton has been described as a New Democrat. Many of his policies have been attributed to a centrist Third Way philosophy of governance.
Born and raised in Arkansas, Clinton became both a student leader and a skilled musician. He is an alumnus of Georgetown University where he was Phi Beta Kappa and earned a Rhodes Scholarship to attend the University of Oxford. He is married to Hillary Rodham Clinton, who has served as the United States Secretary of State since 2009 and was a Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009. Both Clintons received law degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the state's education system, and served as Chair of the National Governors Association.
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Caspar Weinberger
Caspar Willard "Cap" Weinberger (August 18, 1917 – March 28, 2006), was an American politician and businessman. He served in a variety of prominent state and federal positions for three decades, most prominently as Secretary of Defense under President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1987.
Born in San Francisco, California, Weinberger served in the 41st Infantry Division in the Pacific theater of World War II. His entry into politics was as a California State Assemblyman from 1953 to 1959, and he would go on to serve as Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission and Director of the Office of Management and Budget under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. An accomplished private sector businessman, he later became vice president and general counsel of Bechtel Corporation, and still later Chairman of Forbes.
His tenure as Secretary of Defense is the third longest in U.S. history, and spanned the final years of the Cold War. He is also known for his key role in the administration's Strategic Defense Initiative and later indictments in the Iran-Contra affair. He was awarded both the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1987 and an honorary British knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II.
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Charles Erwin Wilson
Charles Erwin Wilson (July 18, 1890 – September 26, 1961), American businessman and politician, was United States Secretary of Defense from 1953 to 1957 under President Eisenhower. Known as "Engine Charlie", he previously worked as CEO for General Motors. In the wake of the Korean War, he cut the defense budget significantly.
Wilson was born in Minerva, Ohio. After earning a degree in electrical engineering from the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1909, he joined the Westinghouse Electric Company in Pittsburgh, where eventually he supervised the engineering of automobile electrical equipment, and during World War I, the development of dynamotors and radio generators for the Army and Navy.
In 1919 Wilson moved to Remy Electric, a General Motors subsidiary, as chief engineer and sales manager. By January 1941 he was the president of General Motors. During World War II, Wilson directed the company's huge defense production effort, which earned him a U.S. Medal of Merit in 1946. He was still head of General Motors when President Eisenhower selected him as Secretary of Defense in January 1953.
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Clark Clifford
Clark McAdams Clifford (December 25, 1906 – October 10, 1998) was an American lawyer who served United States Presidents Harry S. Truman, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson and Jimmy Carter, serving as United States Secretary of Defense for Johnson.
In his later years, Clifford became involved in several controversies. He was a key figure in the Bank of Credit and Commerce International scandal, which led to a grand jury indictment. He also referred to President Ronald Reagan as an "amiable dunce" at a Washington dinner party.
Clifford was born in Fort Scott, Kansas. He attended college and law school at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, and built a solid reputation practicing law in St. Louis between 1928 and 1943.
He served as an officer in the U.S. Navy from 1944 to 1946, reaching the rank of Captain and serving as assistant naval aide and then naval aide to President Truman, for whom he became a trusted personal adviser and friend.
Clifford went to Washington, D.C., first to serve as Assistant to the President's Naval Advisor, after the naming of a personal friend from Missouri as the President's Naval Advisor. Following his discharge from the Navy, he remained at Truman's side as White House Counsel from 1946 to 1950, as Truman came rapidly to trust and rely upon Clifford.
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Dick Cheney
Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30, 1941) served as the 46th Vice President of the United States (2001–2009), under George W. Bush.
Born in Lincoln, Nebraska, Cheney was primarily raised in Sumner, Nebraska, and Casper, Wyoming. He began his political career as an intern for Congressman William A. Steiger, eventually working his way into the White House during the Nixon and Ford administrations, where he served the latter as White House Chief of Staff. In 1978, Cheney was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Wyoming; he was reelected five times, eventually becoming House Minority Whip. Cheney was selected to be the Secretary of Defense during the presidency of George H. W. Bush, holding the position for the majority of Bush's term. During this time, Cheney oversaw the 1991 Operation Desert Storm, among other actions.
Out of office during the Clinton presidency, Cheney was chairman and CEO of Halliburton Company from 1995 to 2000.
Cheney was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, the son of Marjorie Lorraine (née Dickey) and Richard Herbert Cheney. He is of predominantly English, as well as Welsh, Irish, and French Huguenot, ancestry; Cheney's 8th great-grandfather, William Cheney, immigrated from England to Massachusetts in the 17th century. Although not a direct descendant, he is collaterally related to Benjamin Pierce Cheney (1815–1895), the early American expressman. Cheney is a very distant cousin of both Harry S. Truman and Barack Obama; the three share a common ancestor in Mareen Duvall, a Huguenot who fled from France to England in the 17th century and later settled in Maryland. His father was a soil conservation agent for the U.S. Department of Agriculture and his mother was a softball star in the 1930s; Cheney was one of three children.
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Donald Rumsfeld
Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9, 1932) is an American politician and businessman. Rumsfeld served as the 13th Secretary of Defense from 1975 to 1977 under President Gerald Ford, and as the 21st Secretary of Defense from 2001 to 2006 under President George W. Bush. He is both the youngest and the oldest person to have served as Secretary of Defense. Additionally, Rumsfeld was a four-term U.S. Congressman from Illinois (1962–1969), Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity (1969–1970), Counsellor to the President (1969–1973), the United States Permanent Representative to NATO (1973–1974), and White House Chief of Staff (1974–1975).
Born in Illinois, Rumsfeld attended Princeton University, graduating in 1954 with a degree in political science. After serving in the Navy for three years, he mounted a campaign for Congress in Illinois' 13th Congressional District, winning in 1962 at the age of 30. Reelected four times, he was a leading co-sponsor of the Freedom of Information Act. Rumsfeld was reluctantly appointed by President Richard Nixon to head the Office of Economic Opportunity in 1969; appointed Counselor by Nixon and entitled to Cabinet-level status, he would also head up the Economic Stabilization Program before being appointed Ambassador to NATO. Called back to Washington in August 1974, Rumsfeld was appointed Chief of Staff by President Ford, recruiting a young one-time staffer of his, Dick Cheney, to succeed him when Ford nominated Rumsfeld Secretary of Defense in 1975.
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Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (pronounced /ˈaɪzənhaʊər/, EYE-zən-how-ər; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He had previously been a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II, and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe; he had responsibility for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45, from the Western Front. In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of NATO.
Eisenhower was of Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry, and was reared in a large family in Kansas, by parents with a robust work ethic and religious background. As one of five sons, he was conditioned by a competitive atmosphere which instilled self-reliance. He attended and graduated from West Point, and later was married with two sons. After World War II Eisenhower served as Chief of Staff under President Harry S. Truman, then assumed the post of President at Columbia University.
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Eliot A. Cohen
Eliot A. Cohen (born April 3, 1956) is the Robert E. Osgood Professor of Strategic Studies at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at the Johns Hopkins University. Cohen is the Director of the Strategic Studies Program at SAIS and has specialized in the Middle East, Persian Gulf, Iraq, arms control, and NATO. He is a member of the Project for the New American Century and "is one of the few teachers in the American academy to treat military history as a serious field" according to International Law scholar Ruth Wedgwood. He served as Counselor to the United States Department of State under Secretary Condoleezza Rice from 2007 to 2009.
Cohen received his B.A. in government at Harvard University in 1977. He went on to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard in 1982 in political science, and during his PhD training went through the Army ROTC program at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
He was an assistant professor of government and assistant dean at Harvard University from 1982 to 1985. Following this, he taught for four years at the Naval War College in the Department of Strategy, before a brief period in 1990 serving on the policy planning staff in the Office of the Secretary of Defense. In 1990, Cohen began his position at SAIS. Following the 1991 Persian Gulf War, he directed the U.S. Air Force's official four-volume survey, the Gulf War Air Power Survey, until 1993, for which he received the Air Force’s Exemplary Civilian Service Award. This analysis of the effect of U.S. air power was widely referenced in regards to the Revolution in Military Affairs concept.
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Elliot Richardson
Elliot Lee Richardson (July 20, 1920 – December 31, 1999) was an American lawyer and politician who was a member of the cabinet of Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. As U.S. Attorney General, he was a prominent figure in the Watergate Scandal, and resigned rather than refuse President Nixon's order to fire special prosecutor Archibald Cox.
Richardson is the only individual to serve in four Cabinet-level positions within the United States government: Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare from 1970 to 1973, Secretary of Defense from January to May 1973, Attorney General from May 24 to October 1973, and Secretary of Commerce from 1976 to 1977.
Richardson was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of Clara Lee (née Shattuck) and Edward Peirson Richardson, a doctor and professor at Harvard Medical School. He attended the Park School in Brookline, Massachusetts, and then obtained his undergraduate degree from Harvard University, where he resided in Winthrop House, graduated cum laude in 1941, and was an editor of the Harvard Lampoon.
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Frank Carlucci
Frank Charles Carlucci III (born October 18, 1930) served as the United States Secretary of Defense from 1987 to 1989 in administration of President Ronald Reagan. Prior to that, Carlucci served in a variety of senior-level governmental positions, including Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity in the Richard Nixon administration, Deputy Director of the CIA in the Jimmy Carter administration, and Deputy Secretary of Defense and National Security Adviser in the Reagan administration.
Carlucci was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, the son of Roxanne (née Bacon) and Frank Charles Carlucci, Jr., an insurance broker. His father was of Italian and Swiss descent. He graduated from Wyoming Seminary in 1948 and Princeton University in 1952, where he roomed with Donald Rumsfeld, and attended Harvard Business School for an MBA in 1954-55. He was a Naval officer from 1952-54. He joined the Foreign Service, working for the State Department from 1956 until 1969. In 1961 he participated in a CIA mission to Congo, in which he helped to rescue US citizens from mobs.
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Frank Kendall III
Frank Kendall III (born January 26, 1949) is an American lawyer serving under President Barack Obama and Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta as Acting Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics.
Kendall is a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. He also holds a Master's degree in aeronautical engineering from California Institute of Technology, a Master of Business Administration degree (MBA) from C.W Post Center of Long Island University and a Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center. At the USMA, Kendall was a classmate of Jack Reed, who is currently serving as senior United States Senator from Rhode Island.
In his civilian life Kendall has performed pro bono human rights work. According to his official DoD biography he served on the board of directors of Amnesty International, of Human Rights First and of the Tahirih Justice Center. He has traveled to the Guantanamo Bay detention camps, as a human rights observer.
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George C. Marshall
George Catlett Marshall (December 31, 1880 – October 16, 1959) was an American military leader, Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of State, and the third Secretary of Defense. Once noted as the "organizer of victory" by Winston Churchill for his leadership of the Allied victory in World War II, Marshall served as the United States Army Chief of Staff during the war and as the chief military adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. As Secretary of State, his name was given to the Marshall Plan, for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953.
George Catlett Marshall was born into a middle-class family in Uniontown, Pennsylvania, the son of George Catlett Marshall, Sr. and Laura Emily (Bradford) Marshall. Marshall was a scion of an old Virginia family, as well as a distant relative of former Chief Justice John Marshall. Marshall graduated from the Virginia Military Institute (VMI), where he was initiated into the Kappa Alpha Order, in 1901.
Following graduation from VMI, Marshall was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. Until World War I, he was posted to various positions in the US and the Philippines. He served as an infantry platoon leader and company commander in the Phillipines during the Phillipine-American War and several other guerilla uprisings. He was schooled and trained in modern warfare. His pre-war service included a tour at Fort Leavenworth, KS from 1906 to 1910 as both a student and an instructor.
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George H. W. Bush
George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States (1989–93). He had previously served as the 43rd Vice President of the United States (1981–89), a congressman, an ambassador, a Director of Central Intelligence, and is currently the oldest surviving president.
Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to Senator Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed going to college, enlisted in the US Navy on his 18th birthday, and became the youngest aviator in the Navy at the time. He served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, becoming a millionaire by the age of 40.
He became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of Representatives, among other positions. He ran unsuccessfully for president of the United States in 1980, but was chosen by party nominee Ronald Reagan to be the vice presidential nominee, and the two were subsequently elected. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation and fighting drug abuse.
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George Marshall
George Catlett Marshall (December 31, 1880 – October 16, 1959) was an American military leader, Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of State, and the third Secretary of Defense. Once noted as the "organizer of victory" by Winston Churchill for his leadership of the Allied victory in World War II, Marshall served as the United States Army Chief of Staff during the war and as the chief military adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. As Secretary of State, his name was given to the Marshall Plan, for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953.
George Catlett Marshall was born into a middle-class family in Uniontown, Pennsylvania, the son of George Catlett Marshall, Sr. and Laura Emily (Bradford) Marshall. Marshall was a scion of an old Virginia family, as well as a distant relative of former Chief Justice John Marshall. Marshall graduated from the Virginia Military Institute (VMI), where he was initiated into the Kappa Alpha Order, in 1901.
Following graduation from VMI, Marshall was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. Until World War I, he was posted to various positions in the US and the Philippines. He served as an infantry platoon leader and company commander in the Phillipines during the Phillipine-American War and several other guerilla uprisings. He was schooled and trained in modern warfare. His pre-war service included a tour at Fort Leavenworth, KS from 1906 to 1910 as both a student and an instructor.
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George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who was the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 and the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. The eldest son of Barbara Bush and George H. W. Bush, he was born in New Haven, Connecticut. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush worked in oil businesses. He married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election. In a close and controversial election, Bush was elected President in 2000 as the Republican candidate, defeating Vice President Al Gore in the Electoral College. Bush is the second American president to have been the son of a former president. He is also the brother of Jeb Bush, former Governor of Florida.
Terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bush's first term as president on September 11, 2001. In response, Bush announced the War on Terror, an international military campaign which included the war in Afghanistan launched in 2001 and the war in Iraq launched in 2003. In addition to national security issues, Bush promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, and social security reform. He signed into law broad tax cuts, the PATRIOT Act, the No Child Left Behind Act, the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, and Medicare prescription drug benefits for seniors. His tenure saw national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and enhanced interrogation techniques. His administration also withdrew the U.S. from a some international treaty processes, including the Kyoto Protocol on global warming.
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Gerald Ford
Gerald Rudolph "Jerry" Ford, Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the 38th President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the 40th Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. As the first person appointed to the vice-presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment (after Spiro Agnew had resigned), when he became President upon Richard Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974, he became the only President of the United States who was never elected President nor Vice-President by the Electoral College. Before ascending to the vice-presidency, Ford served nearly 25 years as the Representative from Michigan's 5th congressional district, eight of them as the Republican Minority Leader.
As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward détente in the Cold War. With the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U.S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. Domestically, Ford presided over arguably the weakest economy since the Great Depression, with growing inflation and a recession during his tenure. One of his more controversial acts was to grant a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Ford's incumbency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the President. In 1976, Ford narrowly defeated Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination, but lost the presidential election to Democrat Jimmy Carter.
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Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953). As President Franklin D. Roosevelt's third vice president and the 34th Vice President of the United States (1945), he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when President Roosevelt died less than three months after beginning his unprecedented fourth term.
During World War I, Truman served in combat in France as an artillery officer in his National Guard unit. After the war, he joined the Democratic Party political machine of Tom Pendergast in Kansas City, Missouri. He was elected a county official and in 1934 United States senator. After he had gained national prominence as head of the wartime Truman Committee, Truman replaced vice president Henry A. Wallace as Roosevelt's running mate in 1944.
Truman faced many challenges in domestic affairs. The disorderly postwar reconversion of the economy of the United States was marked by severe shortages, numerous strikes, and the passage of the Taft–Hartley Act over his veto. He confounded all predictions to win election in 1948, helped by his famous Whistle Stop Tour of rural America. After his election, he passed only one of the proposals in his liberal Fair Deal program. He used executive orders to end racial discrimination in the armed forces and created loyalty checks that dismissed thousands of communist supporters from office.
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James F. Amos
James F. Amos (born November 12, 1946) is a four-star general in the United States Marine Corps and the 35th and current Commandant of the Marine Corps. A naval aviator by trade, Amos commanded the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing during Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003 and 2004. He served as the 31st Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps from July 3, 2008 to October 22, 2010. Amos assumed his current assignment on October 22, 2010.
After graduating from the University of Idaho in 1970, Amos was designated a Naval Aviator in 1971, and has held a variety of operational and staff assignments since 1972. His operational assignments include tours with VMFA-212, VMFA-235, VMFA-232 and VMFA-122 where he flew the F-4 Phantom II. In 1985 then-Lieutenant Colonel Amos assumed command of Marine Air Base Squadron 24. Transitioning to the F/A-18 Hornet, he assumed command of VMFA-312 and subsequently joined Carrier Air Wing Eight on board the USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71). In May 1996, General Amos took command of Marine Aircraft Group 31 in Beaufort, South Carolina. In August 2002, he assumed command of the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing and deployed with them to Kuwait and Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Amos served as Commanding General of the II Marine Expeditionary Force from July 2004 to July 2006.
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James Forrestal
James Vincent Forrestal (February 15, 1892 – May 22, 1949) was the last Cabinet-level United States Secretary of the Navy and the first United States Secretary of Defense.
Forrestal was a supporter of naval battle groups centered on aircraft carriers. In 1954, the world's first supercarrier was named USS Forrestal in his honor, as is the headquarters of the United States Department of Energy. He is also the namesake of the Forrestal Lecture Series at the United States Naval Academy, which brings prominent military and civilian leaders to speak to the Brigade of Midshipmen, and of the James Forrestal Campus of Princeton University in Plainsboro Township, New Jersey.
Forrestal observed a famously punishing work schedule in the last years of his life, and rumors had circulated in the press as to his health. President Truman's decision to dismiss him as Secretary of Defense on March 31, 1949 is said to have caused him to suffer a "nervous breakdown", a charge denied by Forrestal's brother. Forrestal was hospitalized on April 2, 1949. On May 22, 1949 he was found dead on the roof of a covered walkway below the window of a kitchen across the hall from his 16th floor room at the National Naval Medical Center (NNMC, commonly known as the Bethesda Naval Hospital), a bathrobe sash knotted tightly around his neck. This happened on the day Forrestal was to be discharged from the hospital. The news media reported that he had committed suicide, and the local coroner and U.S. Navy officials agreed. The circumstances of the death were reviewed, however, by a committee convened by Rear Admiral Morton D. Willcutts, the head of NNMC (1948–1951). The committee released only a brief list of conclusions several months after it had completed its work. The conclusions noted only that Forrestal "died following a fall" and that the fall caused his death. The board did not speculate as to what might have caused the fall.
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Jimmy Carter
James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States (1977–1981) and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Before he became President, Carter served as a U.S. Naval officer, was a peanut farmer, served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia (1971–1975).
During Carter's term as President, two new cabinet-level departments were created: the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. He established a national energy policy that included conservation, price control, and new technology. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II), and returned the Panama Canal Zone to Panama. Throughout his career, Carter strongly emphasized human rights. He took office during a period of international stagflation, which persisted throughout his term. The end of his presidential tenure was marked by the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (at the end of 1979), 1980 Summer Olympics boycott by the United States of the Moscow Olympics and the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.
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John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy
pronunciation (help·info) (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.
After military service as commander of the Motor Torpedo Boats PT-109 and PT-59 during World War II in the South Pacific, Kennedy represented Massachusetts's 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 as a Democrat. Thereafter, he served in the U.S. Senate from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated then Vice President and Republican candidate Richard Nixon in the 1960 U.S. presidential election. He was the youngest elected to the office, at the age of 43, the second-youngest President (after Theodore Roosevelt), and the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president. Kennedy is the only Catholic president, and is the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Events during his presidency included the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement, and early stages of the Vietnam War.
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John M. McHugh
John Michael McHugh (born September 29, 1948) is the 21st United States Secretary of the Army and a former Republican politician from the state of New York, who represented the state's 23rd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives.
On June 2, 2009, President Barack Obama nominated him to the position of United States Secretary of the Army. The United States Senate confirmed McHugh in a voice vote on September 16, 2009. He was sworn in as the 21st Secretary of the Army at a Pentagon ceremony on September 21, 2009.
McHugh was born in Watertown, New York. He graduated from Watertown High School in 1966 and went on to Utica College where he graduated with a B.A. in political science in 1970. He later went on to receive a Master of Public Administration degree from the Nelson A. Rockefeller Graduate School of Public Affairs at the State University of New York at Albany in 1977.[citation needed]
McHugh served as an assistant to Watertown's city manager from 1971 to 1977. He then served as an aide to State Senator H. Douglas Barclay from 1977 to 1984, when he was elected as his successor. He served as a member of the State Senate until his election to Congress.[citation needed]
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Jonathan W. Greenert
Jonathan William "Jon" Greenert (born May 15, 1953) is a United States Navy admiral currently serving as the 30th Chief of Naval Operations. He previously served as the 36th Vice Chief of Naval Operations from August 13, 2009 to August 22, 2011. Prior to that, he served as Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command from September 29, 2007 to July 29, 2009, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Integration of Capabilities and Resources from September 2006 to September 2007 and Commander, U.S. Seventh Fleet from August 2004 to September 2006. He assumed his current assignment on September 23, 2011.
A native of the Pittsburgh suburb of Butler, Pennsylvania,[1] he graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1975 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Ocean Engineering and completed studies in nuclear power for service as a submarine officer.
His career as a submariner included assignments onboard USS Flying Fish (SSN-673) as Electrical Material Officer, USS Tautog (SSN-639) as Electrical/Operations Officer, and Submarine NR-1 as Engineer Officer. He served as Executive Officer of USS Michigan (SSBN-727) Gold Crew before taking command of USS Honolulu (SSN-718) in March 1991.
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Leon Panetta
Leon Edward Panetta (born June 28, 1938) is the 23rd and current United States Secretary of Defense, serving in the administration of President Barack Obama since 2011. Prior to taking office, he served as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. An Italian-American Democratic politician, lawyer, and professor, Panetta served as President Bill Clinton's White House Chief of Staff from 1994 to 1997, Director of the Office of Management and Budget from 1993–1994, and was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1977 to 1993. He is the founder of the Panetta Institute for Public Policy, served as Distinguished Scholar to Chancellor Charles B. Reed of the California State University System and professor of public policy at Santa Clara University.
In January 2009, President Obama nominated Panetta for the post of CIA Director. Panetta was confirmed by the full Senate in February 2009. As director of the CIA, Panetta oversaw the U.S. military operation that led to Osama bin Laden's death.
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Les Aspin
Leslie "Les" Aspin, Jr. (July 21, 1938 – May 21, 1995) was a United States Representative from 1971 to 1993, and the United States Secretary of Defense under President Bill Clinton from January 21, 1993 to February 3, 1994.
Aspin was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He graduated from Shorewood High School. He attended Yale University, where he was admitted to the Zeta Psi fraternity, and graduated summa cum laude in 1960 with a Bachelor of Arts in history. In 1962, he received his Master of Arts in economics from Oxford University, where he was a Rhodes Scholar, and his Ph.D in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1966.
As an officer in the U.S. Army from 1966 to 1968, he served as a systems analyst in the Pentagon under Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara, serving in the Office of Systems Analysis. Before his election as a Democrat to Congress in 1970, Aspin had been active in Wisconsin politics and had taught economics at Marquette University.
Aspin ran as a peace candidate in 1970, opposing the Vietnam War. In the Democratic primary he was opposed by Doug LaFollette, who was endorsed by the party. After losing the initial count by a few dozen votes, he demanded a recount and won the primary, by a few dozen votes. In the general election he defeated the incumbent, Henry Schadeberg.
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Louis A. Johnson
Louis Arthur Johnson (January 10, 1891 - April 24, 1966) was the second United States Secretary of Defense, serving in the cabinet of President Harry S. Truman from March 28, 1949 to September 19, 1950.
Born in Roanoke, Virginia, he earned a law degree from the University of Virginia. After graduation he practiced law in Clarksburg, West Virginia; his firm, Steptoe & Johnson, PLLC eventually opened offices in Charleston, West Virginia, and Washington, D.C.. Elected to the West Virginia House of Delegates in 1916, he served as majority floor leader and chairman of the Judiciary Committee. During World War I, Johnson saw action as an Army Captain in France, where he compiled a long report to the War Department on Army management and materiel requisition practices. After the war he resumed his law practice and was active in veterans' affairs, helping to found the American Legion and serving as its national commander in 1932-33.
As Assistant Secretary of War from 1937 to 1940, Johnson advocated Universal Military education and training, rearmament, and expansion of military aviation. He feuded with isolationist Secretary of War Harry Hines Woodring over the sending of armaments to Great Britain. In mid-1940, after Woodring's resignation and the fall of France revealed the precarious state of the nation's defenses, Franklin D. Roosevelt bypassed Johnson for the position of Secretary of War, instead choosing Henry Stimson. Having aspired to the position of Secretary, which he felt he had earned, Johnson felt betrayed by Roosevelt.
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Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was the 36th President of the United States (1963–1969), a position he assumed after his service as the 37th Vice President of the United States (1961–1963). He is one of only four people who served in all four elected federal offices of the United States: Representative, Senator, Vice President, and President. Johnson, a Texas Democrat, served as a United States Representative from 1937–1949 and as a Senator from 1949–1961, including six years as United States Senate Majority Leader, two as Senate Minority Leader and two as Senate Majority Whip. After campaigning unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination in 1960, Johnson was asked by John F. Kennedy to be his running mate for the 1960 presidential election.
Johnson succeeded to the presidency following the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, completed the rest of Kennedy's term and was elected President in his own right, winning by a large margin in the 1964 election. Johnson was greatly supported by the Democratic Party and as President, he was responsible for designing the "Great Society" legislation that included laws that upheld civil rights, public broadcasting, Medicare, Medicaid, environmental protection, aid to education, and his "War on Poverty." He was renowned for his domineering personality and the "Johnson treatment," his coercion of powerful politicians in order to advance legislation.
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Martin Dempsey
General Martin E. Dempsey, USA (born March 14, 1952) is the 18th and current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He previously served 149 days as the 37th Chief of Staff of the Army from April 11, 2011, to September 7, 2011. Prior to that, he served as Commanding General, U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command, from December 8, 2008, to April 11, 2011, as Acting Commander, U.S. Central Command, from March 24, 2008, to October 30, 2008, as Deputy Commander, U.S. Central Command, from August 2007 to March 23, 2008, and as Commanding General, Multi-National Security Transition Command – Iraq (MNSTC-I), from August 2005 to August 2007. As Chairman, Dempsey is the highest ranking officer in the United States Armed Forces. He assumed his current assignment on October 1, 2011.
Dempsey attended John S. Burke Catholic High School in Goshen, New York, and received a commission as an Armor officer upon graduation from the United States Military Academy in 1974. As a company-grade officer, he served in 1st Squadron, 2d Armored Cavalry Regiment as the S-1 OIC. He went on to be the Executive Officer of the 3rd Brigade 3rd Armored Division during Operation Desert Shield/Storm. He then commanded the 4th Battalion of the 67th Armored Regiment "Bandits" from 1992–1995 in the 1st Armored Division in Friedberg, Hesse, Germany.
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Melvin R. Laird
Melvin Robert "Bom" Laird (born September 1, 1922) is an American politician and writer. He was a U.S. congressman from Wisconsin before serving as Secretary of Defense from 1969 to 1973 under President Richard Nixon. Laird was instrumental in forming the administration's policy of withdrawing U.S. soldiers from the Vietnam War; he invented the expression "Vietnamization," referring to the process of transferring more responsibility for combat to the South Vietnamese forces.
He was born in Omaha, Nebraska, grew up and attended high school in Marshfield, Wisconsin, although he attended Lake Forest Academy in Lake Forest, Illinois his junior year. He was nicknamed "Bambino" (shortened to "Bom" and pronounced like the word 'bomb') by his mother.
Laird was the grandson of William D. Connor, the Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin from 1907 to 1909. His niece is Jessica Laird Doyle, wife of former Wisconsin Governor Jim Doyle.
He graduated from Carleton College in Minnesota in May 1944, having enlisted in the United States Navy a year earlier. Following his commissioning as an ensign, he served on a destroyer, the USS Maddox (DD-731), in the Pacific. A recipient of the Purple Heart and several other decorations, Laird left the Navy in April 1946.
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Michael B. Donley
Michael Bruce Donley (born October 4, 1952) is the 22nd Secretary of the United States Air Force. Donley has 30 years of experience in the national security community, including service on the staff of the United States Senate, White House and The Pentagon. Prior to assuming his current position, Donley served as the Director of Administration and Management in the Office of the Secretary of Defense.
Donley was born in Novato, California. He earned his B.A. (1977) and M.A. (1978) in international relations from the University of Southern California. He also attended the Program for Senior Executives in National Security at Harvard University.
Donley served in the United States Army (1972–1975). He attended the Army’s Intelligence School (1972), Airborne school (1974), and Defense Language Institute (1973). He served in the 18th Airborne Corps and 5th Special Forces Group.
Donley was editor of the National Security Record for the Heritage Foundation in 1978 and part of 1979. He was a Legislative Assistant in the United States Senate from 1979 to 1981, and then a professional staff member on the Senate Armed Services Committee from 1981 to 1984.
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Michael G. Mullen
Michael Glenn "Mike" Mullen (born October 4, 1946) is a retired United States Navy admiral, who served as the 17th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from October 1, 2007 to September 30, 2011. Mullen previously served as the Navy's 28th Chief of Naval Operations from July 22, 2005 to September 29, 2007. He was only the third naval officer in Navy history to be appointed to four different four-star assignments; the others being the Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Europe and Commander, Allied Joint Force Command Naples from October 2004 to May 2005, and as the 32nd Vice Chief of Naval Operations from August 2003 to August 2004. As Chairman, Mullen was the highest ranking officer in the United States Armed Forces. He retired from the Navy after over 43 years of service.
The eldest of five children of Hollywood press agent Jack Mullen and his wife Jane, who worked as an assistant to Jimmy Durante, Mullen was born in Los Angeles, California. He attended St. Charles Borromeo Church (North Hollywood) grade school, and graduated from Notre Dame High School (Sherman Oaks) in 1964. Mullen then attended the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, as a recruited basketball player, graduating in 1968.
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Michael G. Vickers
Michael G. Vickers (born 1953) is an American defense official who is currently serving as the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence (USD-I) within the United States Department of Defense. As USD-I, Vickers, who was appointed by President Barack Obama in 2010, is the Defense Department's top civilian military intelligence official. Before becoming USD-I, Vickers served as United States Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict.
Before joining the Defense Department, Vickers served in the Army Special Forces as both a non-commissioned and commissioned officer, as well as a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) paramilitary operations officer from their elite Special Activities Division. While in the CIA, he played a key role in the arming of the resistance to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
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Norton A. Schwartz
Norton Allan Schwartz (born December 14, 1951) is a United States Air Force general who is serving as the 19th Chief of Staff of the Air Force. He previously served as Commander, United States Transportation Command from September 2005 to August 2008. As Chief of Staff, he serves as the senior uniformed Air Force officer responsible for the organization, training and equipping of nearly 700,000 active-duty, Guard, Reserve and civilian forces serving in the United States and overseas. As a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the general and other service chiefs function as military advisers to the Secretary of Defense, National Security Council and the President. He assumed his current assignment on August 12, 2008.
General Schwartz graduated from the United States Air Force Academy in 1973. He is an alumnus of the National War College, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and a 1994 Fellow of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Seminar XXI. He has served as Commander of the U.S. Special Operations Command-Pacific, as well as Alaskan Command, Alaskan North American Aerospace Defense Command Region and the 11th Air Force.
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Ray Mabus
Raymond Edwin "Ray" Mabus, Jr. (born October 11, 1948) is the 75th United States Secretary of the Navy. Mabus served as the 60th Governor of the U.S. state of Mississippi from 1988 to 1992 and as United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia from 1994 to 1996.
Mabus was born in Starkville and is a fourth-generation Mississippian; he grew up in Ackerman, the only child of the owner of the local hardware store. After attending public schools, he graduated summa cum laude from the University of Mississippi, where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi, with a B.A. in English and political science. He earned an M.A. in political science from Johns Hopkins University and a Juris Doctor, magna cum laude, from Harvard Law School. He also served two years in the Navy as a surface warfare officer from 1970 to 1972 aboard the cruiser USS Little Rock, and worked as a law clerk in the United States Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals.
Mabus began his professional career working in Washington as legal counsel to the U.S. House Agriculture Committee. Following the election of Governor William Winter, he returned to Mississippi to work in the governor's office, where the youthful staff– which included Mabus, Dick Molpus, John Henegan and Andy Mullins– earned the nickname "Boys of Spring" from a rival state legislator.
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Raymond T. Odierno
Raymond T. "Ray" Odierno (pronounced /oʊdiˈɛərnoʊ/; born September 8, 1954) is a United States Army general and the 38th and current Chief of Staff of the Army. Odierno most recently commanded United States Joint Forces Command from October 2010 until its disestablishment in August 2011. He served as Commanding General, United States Forces – Iraq and its predecessor, Multi-National Force – Iraq, from September 2008 through September 2010. Prior to that, he served as Commanding General, III Corps, from May 2006 to May 2008. General Odierno is the twelfth American military officer to command at the Division, Corps, and Army level during the same conflict and only the second to have this honor since the Vietnam War. He assumed his current assignment on September 7, 2011.
Prior to commanding III Corps, he served as Assistant to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington, where he was the primary military advisor to Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice from 3 November 2004 to 1 May 2006.
wn.com/Raymond_T._Odierno -
Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. The only president to resign the office, Nixon had previously served as a US representative and senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.
Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate work at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937, and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife, Pat Nixon, moved to Washington to work for the federal government in 1942. He subsequently served in the United States Navy during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950. His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president. He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California in 1962. In 1968, he ran again for the presidency and was elected.
wn.com/Richard_Nixon -
Robert F. Hale
Robert F. Hale (born 1947) is the United States Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) and former Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Financial Management and Comptroller). Hale has over thirty years of experience as a professional financial manager serving in a wide range of national defense related roles. In addition to his current position as Under Secretary of Defense and his previous appointment as Assistant Secreatary of the Air Force, Hale has also served in the National Security Division of the Congressional Budget Office and as Executive Director of the American Society of Military Comptrollers. Hale is a fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration and a former member of the Defense Business Board.
Hale was born on January 21, 1947. He was raised in Fairfield, California, graduating from Armijo High School in 1964. He attended Stanford University, graduating with honors and receiving a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics and statistics. He earned a Master’s degree in operations research from Stanford, and later a Master of Business Administration from George Washington University.
wn.com/Robert_F._Hale -
Robert Gates
Robert Michael Gates (born September 25, 1943) is the 24th Chancellor of the College of William and Mary and a retired civil servant and university president who served as the 22nd United States Secretary of Defense from 2006 to 2011. Prior to this, Gates served for 26 years in the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Council, and under President George H. W. Bush as Director of Central Intelligence. Gates was also an officer in the United States Air Force and during the early part of his military career, he was recruited by the CIA. After leaving the CIA, Gates became president of Texas A&M University and was a member of several corporate boards. Gates also served as a member of the Iraq Study Group, the bipartisan commission co-chaired by James A. Baker III and Lee H. Hamilton, that has studied the Iraq War. He was also the first pick to serve as the first Director of National Intelligence (DNI), but he declined the appointment in order to remain President of Texas A&M University.
wn.com/Robert_Gates -
Robert M. Gates
Robert Michael Gates (born September 25, 1943) is the 24th Chancellor of the College of William and Mary and a retired civil servant and university president who served as the 22nd United States Secretary of Defense from 2006 to 2011. Prior to this, Gates served for 26 years in the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Council, and under President George H. W. Bush as Director of Central Intelligence. Gates was also an officer in the United States Air Force and during the early part of his military career, he was recruited by the CIA. After leaving the CIA, Gates became president of Texas A&M University and was a member of several corporate boards. Gates also served as a member of the Iraq Study Group, the bipartisan commission co-chaired by James A. Baker III and Lee H. Hamilton, that has studied the Iraq War. He was also the first pick to serve as the first Director of National Intelligence (DNI), but he declined the appointment in order to remain President of Texas A&M University.
wn.com/Robert_M._Gates -
Robert McNamara
Robert Strange McNamara (June 9, 1916 – July 6, 2009) was an American business executive and the eighth Secretary of Defense, serving under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson from 1961 to 1968, during which time he played a large role in escalating the United States involvement in the Vietnam War. Following that, he served as President of the World Bank from 1968 to 1981. McNamara was responsible for the institution of systems analysis in public policy, which developed into the discipline known today as policy analysis.
Prior to public service, McNamara was one of the "Whiz Kids" who helped rebuild Ford Motor Company after World War II, and briefly served as Ford's President before becoming Secretary of Defense.
Robert McNamara was born in San Francisco, California. His father was Robert James McNamara, sales manager of a wholesale shoe company. His mother was Clara Nell Strange McNamara. His father's family was Irish and in about 1850, following the Great Irish Famine, had emigrated to Massachusetts and later to California. He graduated from Piedmont High School in Piedmont, California in 1933 where he was president of the Rigma Lions boys club and earned the rank of Eagle Scout. He graduated from the University of California, Berkeley in 1937 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics with minors in mathematics and philosophy. He was a member of Phi Gamma Delta fraternity, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa his sophomore year and earned a varsity letter in crew. He was also a member of the UC Berkeley's Order of the Golden Bear which was a fellowship of students and leading faculty members formed to promote leadership within the student body. He earned an MBA from Harvard Business School in 1939.
wn.com/Robert_McNamara -
Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan ( /ˈrɒnəld ˈwɪlsən ˈreɪɡən/; February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States, serving from 1981 to 1989. Prior to that, he was the 33rd Governor of California from 1967 to 1975 and a radio, film and television actor.
Born in Tampico, Illinois and raised in Dixon, Reagan was educated at Eureka College, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and sociology. After his graduation, Reagan moved first to Iowa to work as a radio broadcaster and then in to Los Angeles in 1937 where he began a career as an actor, first in films and later television. Some of his most notable films include Knute Rockne, All American, Kings Row, and Bedtime for Bonzo. Reagan served as president of the Screen Actors Guild, and later as a spokesman for General Electric (GE); his start in politics occurred during his work for GE. Originally a member of the Democratic Party, his positions began shifting rightward in the late 1950s, and he switched to the Republican Party in 1962. After delivering a rousing speech in support of Barry Goldwater's presidential candidacy in 1964, he was persuaded to seek the California governorship, winning two years later and again in 1970. He was defeated in his run for the Republican presidential nomination in 1968 as well as 1976, but won both the nomination and general election in 1980, defeating incumbent Jimmy Carter.
wn.com/Ronald_Reagan -
William Cohen
William Sebastian Cohen (born August 28, 1940) is an author and American politician from the U.S. state of Maine. A Republican, Cohen served as both a member of the United States House of Representatives and Senate, and as Secretary of Defense (1997–2001) under Democratic President Bill Clinton.
Cohen was born in Bangor, Maine. His mother, Clara (née Hartley), was of Protestant Irish ancestry, and his father, Reuben Cohen, was a Russian Jewish immigrant; the two owned the Bangor Rye Bread Co.
After graduating from Bangor High School in 1958, Cohen attended Bowdoin College, graduating cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Latin in 1962.
While in high school and college, Cohen was a basketball player and was named to the Maine all-state high school and college basketball team, and at Bowdoin was inducted into the New England All-Star Hall of Fame. Cohen attended law school at the Boston University School of Law, graduating with a Bachelor of Laws degree cum laude in 1965.
After graduating from law school, Cohen earned partnership in a Bangor law firm. He became an assistant county attorney for Penobscot County (1968–1970). In 1968 he became an instructor at Husson College in Bangor, and later was an instructor in business administration at the University of Maine (1968–1972).
wn.com/William_Cohen -
William Perry
William James Perry (born October 11, 1927) is an American businessman and engineer who was the United States Secretary of Defense from February 3, 1994, to January 23, 1997, under President Bill Clinton. He also served as Deputy Secretary of Defense (1993–1994) and Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (1977-1981).
Perry is currently the Michael and Barbara Berberian Professor at Stanford University, with a joint appointment in the School of Engineering. He is also a senior fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution. He is a senior fellow at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies and serves as co-director of the Nuclear Risk Reduction initiative and the Preventive Defense Project. He is an expert in U.S. foreign policy, national security and arms control.
Former Secretary Perry also has extensive business experience and currently serves on the boards of several high-tech companies and is Chairman of Global Technology Partners. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Among Perry's numerous awards are the Presidential Medal of Freedom (1997), Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (1998) and the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (2002), awarded by the Emperor of Japan.
wn.com/William_Perry
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2012 Defense Forum Washington: Welcome Remarks and Keynote Address
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 60:17
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
VADM Peter H. Daly, USN (Ret.), CEO of the US Naval Institute delivers opening remarks. The Honorable William J. Lynn III gives the opening keynote address. December 5, 2012 Washington, DC usni.org/dfw2012
http://wn.com/2012_Defense_Forum_Washington_Welcome_Remarks_and_Keynote_Address
VADM Peter H. Daly, USN (Ret.), CEO of the US Naval Institute delivers opening remarks. The Honorable William J. Lynn III gives the opening keynote address. December 5, 2012 Washington, DC usni.org/dfw2012
The Death Of Secretary Of Defense Building Brothers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
The Death of Secretary of Defense Building Brothers. Death 8/12/2012 Around 4:50PM
http://wn.com/The_Death_Of_Secretary_Of_Defense_Building_Brothers
The Death of Secretary of Defense Building Brothers. Death 8/12/2012 Around 4:50PM
- published: 08 Dec 2012
- views: 28
- author: 1D3Gaming
Donald Rumsfeld Unknown Unknowns !
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:35
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
Feel free to spread this video around.
http://wn.com/Donald_Rumsfeld_Unknown_Unknowns_!
Feel free to spread this video around.
- published: 07 Aug 2009
- views: 164944
- author: BezanDarro
Gates Scout Remarks
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:52
- Updated: 20 May 2012
Secretary of Defense Robert Gates speaks at the 100th Anniversary National Scout Jamboree at Fort AP Hill, VA. See more DoD videos at dodvclips.mil
http://wn.com/Gates_Scout_Remarks
Secretary of Defense Robert Gates speaks at the 100th Anniversary National Scout Jamboree at Fort AP Hill, VA. See more DoD videos at dodvclips.mil
- published: 28 Jul 2010
- views: 2598
- author: DODvClips
Cheney on Invading Iraq - 9/14/1992
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
Then-SecDef Dick Cheney explaining why *not* to invade Iraq. But let's assume for the moment that we would have been able to do it — ... Then the question comes [of] putting a government in place of the one you've just gotten rid of; you can't just sort of turn around and walk away — you have now accepted the responsibility for what happens in Iraq. What kind of government do you want us to create in place of the old Saddam Hussein government? Do you want a Sunni government, or a Shi'a government or maybe it ought to be a Kurdish government, or maybe one based on the Ba'ath Party or maybe some combination of all of those? How long is that government likely to survive without US military forces there to keep it propped up? If you get into the business of committing US forces on the ground in Iraq, to occupy the place, my guess is I'd probably still have people there today instead of having been able to bring them home. ... The bottom line question for me was: How many additional American lives is Saddam Hussein worth? The answer: not very damn many.
http://wn.com/Cheney_on_Invading_Iraq_9_14_1992
Then-SecDef Dick Cheney explaining why *not* to invade Iraq. But let's assume for the moment that we would have been able to do it — ... Then the question comes [of] putting a government in place of the one you've just gotten rid of; you can't just sort of turn around and walk away — you have now accepted the responsibility for what happens in Iraq. What kind of government do you want us to create in place of the old Saddam Hussein government? Do you want a Sunni government, or a Shi'a government or maybe it ought to be a Kurdish government, or maybe one based on the Ba'ath Party or maybe some combination of all of those? How long is that government likely to survive without US military forces there to keep it propped up? If you get into the business of committing US forces on the ground in Iraq, to occupy the place, my guess is I'd probably still have people there today instead of having been able to bring them home. ... The bottom line question for me was: How many additional American lives is Saddam Hussein worth? The answer: not very damn many.
- published: 27 Sep 2007
- views: 56786
- author: DemRapidResponse
Leon Panetta: The US Rebalance Towards the Asia-Pacific
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 39:13
- Updated: 31 Jul 2012
US Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta gave a major policy speech on the so called 'US pivot to Asia' at the First PLenary Session of the IISS Shangri-La Diaolgue in Singapore on Saturday 01 July 2012.
http://wn.com/Leon_Panetta_The_US_Rebalance_Towards_the_Asia-Pacific
US Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta gave a major policy speech on the so called 'US pivot to Asia' at the First PLenary Session of the IISS Shangri-La Diaolgue in Singapore on Saturday 01 July 2012.
- published: 02 Jun 2012
- views: 2960
- author: IISSorg
OU Commencement Address 2011: US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:53
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, who also has served as Director for the CIA and President of Texas A&M; University, delivered the University of Oklahoma's 2011 Commencement address on Friday, May 13. On the web: www.ou.edu Purchase the OU Commencement 2011 DVD: www.gradmemory.com
http://wn.com/OU_Commencement_Address_2011_US_Secretary_of_Defense_Robert_Gates
US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, who also has served as Director for the CIA and President of Texas A&M; University, delivered the University of Oklahoma's 2011 Commencement address on Friday, May 13. On the web: www.ou.edu Purchase the OU Commencement 2011 DVD: www.gradmemory.com
- published: 19 May 2011
- views: 3565
- author: UniversityofOklahoma
Charlie Rose - An Appreciation of Robert McNamara
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
An appreciation of Robert McNamara, former United States Secretary of Defense. McNamara died in his sleep at his home in Washington early in the morning on July 6, 2009. He was 93. Visit Charlierose.com
http://wn.com/Charlie_Rose_An_Appreciation_of_Robert_McNamara
An appreciation of Robert McNamara, former United States Secretary of Defense. McNamara died in his sleep at his home in Washington early in the morning on July 6, 2009. He was 93. Visit Charlierose.com
- published: 10 Jul 2009
- views: 11959
- author: CharlieRose
Secretary of Defense Richard Cheney: First Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:42
- Updated: 05 Aug 2012
President Bush's Secretary of Defense Richard Cheney gives the first Pentagon briefing after the ground war started in the first Gulf War in 1991. The Persian Gulf War (1990-1991) The first major conflict involving the United States since Vietnam proved to be a catharsis of sorts for the American military and public. Just as the Spanish-American War of 1898 gave the nation a "short victorious war" following the angst of the Civil War, the Gulf War lifted the US out of a self-conscious, post-Vietnam malaise. However, just as the short war of 1898 quickly led to the bloody Philippine-American War, the Gulf War's dark legacy soon reared it's ugly head; the Gulf War Syndrome plagues veterans and the No-Fly Zone War, kept alive the violence and confrontation as a lead-in to the current Third Persian Gulf War, also known in the US as the Iraq War. There are nearly as many links dealing with Gulf War Syndrome as there are on the war itself. This is not really a surprise, considering the relative brevity of the war compared to the serious long-term consequences of the disease from which many veterans suffer. Richard B. Cheney March 21, 1989- January 20, 1993 17th Secretary of Defense Bush Administration President George Bush initially chose former Texas Sen. John G. Tower to be his secretary of defense. When the Senate in March 1989 rejected his nomination, Bush selected Rep. Richard B. (Dick) Cheney of Wyoming. Cheney, born in Lincoln, Nebraska, on 30 January 1941, attended Yale ...
http://wn.com/Secretary_of_Defense_Richard_Cheney_First_Gulf_War_Operation_Desert_Storm
President Bush's Secretary of Defense Richard Cheney gives the first Pentagon briefing after the ground war started in the first Gulf War in 1991. The Persian Gulf War (1990-1991) The first major conflict involving the United States since Vietnam proved to be a catharsis of sorts for the American military and public. Just as the Spanish-American War of 1898 gave the nation a "short victorious war" following the angst of the Civil War, the Gulf War lifted the US out of a self-conscious, post-Vietnam malaise. However, just as the short war of 1898 quickly led to the bloody Philippine-American War, the Gulf War's dark legacy soon reared it's ugly head; the Gulf War Syndrome plagues veterans and the No-Fly Zone War, kept alive the violence and confrontation as a lead-in to the current Third Persian Gulf War, also known in the US as the Iraq War. There are nearly as many links dealing with Gulf War Syndrome as there are on the war itself. This is not really a surprise, considering the relative brevity of the war compared to the serious long-term consequences of the disease from which many veterans suffer. Richard B. Cheney March 21, 1989- January 20, 1993 17th Secretary of Defense Bush Administration President George Bush initially chose former Texas Sen. John G. Tower to be his secretary of defense. When the Senate in March 1989 rejected his nomination, Bush selected Rep. Richard B. (Dick) Cheney of Wyoming. Cheney, born in Lincoln, Nebraska, on 30 January 1941, attended Yale ...
- published: 28 Jun 2008
- views: 6080
- author: jbranstetter04
Ron Paul's Secretary of Defense Ret. Col. Douglas Macgregor.flv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
Please help fund this amazing Ron Paul "Oath" Ad in the top Iowa Newspapers before the January 3rd caucus NOW! www.ronpaulforums.com twrocked.chipin.com
http://wn.com/Ron_Paul's_Secretary_of_Defense_Ret_Col_Douglas_Macgregorflv
Please help fund this amazing Ron Paul "Oath" Ad in the top Iowa Newspapers before the January 3rd caucus NOW! www.ronpaulforums.com twrocked.chipin.com
- published: 22 Nov 2011
- views: 2481
- author: Eric21ND
Defense Secretary Panetta tells Senator Sessions that military gets its authority from UN or NATO.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:49
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Senate Armed Services Committee - March 7, 2012 - Defense Secretary Leon Panetta declares to Senator Sessions that the military can take action authorized by the UN or NATO before it is authorized by the US Congress.
http://wn.com/Defense_Secretary_Panetta_tells_Senator_Sessions_that_military_gets_its_authority_from_UN_or_NATO
Senate Armed Services Committee - March 7, 2012 - Defense Secretary Leon Panetta declares to Senator Sessions that the military can take action authorized by the UN or NATO before it is authorized by the US Congress.
- published: 09 Mar 2012
- views: 5168
- author: Key2LibertyJim
Gulf of Tonkin: McNamara admits It didn't happen.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:34
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
An extract From "The Fog of War". An interview with Robert S McNamara who was Secretary of Defense during the Vietnam war.
http://wn.com/Gulf_of_Tonkin_McNamara_admits_It_didn't_happen
An extract From "The Fog of War". An interview with Robert S McNamara who was Secretary of Defense during the Vietnam war.
- published: 04 Mar 2008
- views: 52152
- author: compelled2283
UFOTV: UFOs & Area 51 - Secret Advanced Technology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 48:51
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
William Perry, former Secretary of Defense under Presidents Reagan and Bush confirms the existence of Area 51. Col. Phillip J. Corso, a member of President Eisenhower's National Security Council and Head of the US Army's Foreign Technology Division at the Pentagon speaks of overseeing the recovery of alien spacecraft and the harvesting of technology from recovered crash debris of extraterrestrial origin. Apollo 14 Astronaut Dr. Edgar Mitchell reveals that the Roswell UFO crash of 1947 was a real incident and discusses the 60 years of cover-up that followed. Command Sgt. Major (ret.) Robert O. Dean, former intelligence analyst, discusses a top secret study conducted by NATO in the 1960s entitled "An Assessment", classified as "Cosmic Top Secret". All this and more is revealed for the first time in this explosive award winning program. Includes complete and unedited interviews with Philip J. Coroso and Astronaut Dr. Edgar Mitchell. NOW on DVD and Loaded with Extra Bonus Features and Uncut Interviews with Col. Phillip J. Corso and Apollo 14 Astronaut Dr. Edgar Mitchell - Cat# U640 - Go to www.UFOTV.com.
http://wn.com/UFOTV_UFOs_Area_51_Secret_Advanced_Technology
William Perry, former Secretary of Defense under Presidents Reagan and Bush confirms the existence of Area 51. Col. Phillip J. Corso, a member of President Eisenhower's National Security Council and Head of the US Army's Foreign Technology Division at the Pentagon speaks of overseeing the recovery of alien spacecraft and the harvesting of technology from recovered crash debris of extraterrestrial origin. Apollo 14 Astronaut Dr. Edgar Mitchell reveals that the Roswell UFO crash of 1947 was a real incident and discusses the 60 years of cover-up that followed. Command Sgt. Major (ret.) Robert O. Dean, former intelligence analyst, discusses a top secret study conducted by NATO in the 1960s entitled "An Assessment", classified as "Cosmic Top Secret". All this and more is revealed for the first time in this explosive award winning program. Includes complete and unedited interviews with Philip J. Coroso and Astronaut Dr. Edgar Mitchell. NOW on DVD and Loaded with Extra Bonus Features and Uncut Interviews with Col. Phillip J. Corso and Apollo 14 Astronaut Dr. Edgar Mitchell - Cat# U640 - Go to www.UFOTV.com.
- published: 20 Oct 2010
- views: 284237
- author: UFOTVstudios
DONALD Rumsfeld pours out word from his mouth by mistake.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:20
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
Long live Donald Rumsfeld !! he says that the flight 93 was shot down.. watch how the two person behind him reacts when they heard donald said that the plane shot down over pennsylvania.. it is absolutely obvious that they are shocked !! hehh.. thanks Mr. Rumsfeld.. im your fan !! so what is flight 93 ?? that is the plane that hit pentagon.!!!!! what ?? yes thats true !! it is told to be the plane that hit pentagon !! YES ! usa is a liar country.. democracy is dead.. usa freedom is dead.. usa people is living in a prison.. so if we think more.. maybe pentagon intelligence really perceived this flight 93 and they destroyed it.. but it was supposed to hit pentagon.. it was planned that way.. because it was a part of 911 wtc attacks.. flight 93 was an inside job just like wtc 911 attacks.. they are trying to get rid of religion on this planet.. but actually they failed.. they prooved that we have religion on this planet so much.. otherwise these people who are disbelievers like bush will take the world in to chaos.. they raped iraq.. and its not enough.. now they want iran because they are insatiable perverts..
http://wn.com/DONALD_Rumsfeld_pours_out_word_from_his_mouth_by_mistake
Long live Donald Rumsfeld !! he says that the flight 93 was shot down.. watch how the two person behind him reacts when they heard donald said that the plane shot down over pennsylvania.. it is absolutely obvious that they are shocked !! hehh.. thanks Mr. Rumsfeld.. im your fan !! so what is flight 93 ?? that is the plane that hit pentagon.!!!!! what ?? yes thats true !! it is told to be the plane that hit pentagon !! YES ! usa is a liar country.. democracy is dead.. usa freedom is dead.. usa people is living in a prison.. so if we think more.. maybe pentagon intelligence really perceived this flight 93 and they destroyed it.. but it was supposed to hit pentagon.. it was planned that way.. because it was a part of 911 wtc attacks.. flight 93 was an inside job just like wtc 911 attacks.. they are trying to get rid of religion on this planet.. but actually they failed.. they prooved that we have religion on this planet so much.. otherwise these people who are disbelievers like bush will take the world in to chaos.. they raped iraq.. and its not enough.. now they want iran because they are insatiable perverts..
- published: 16 Apr 2007
- views: 89108
- author: kisskaan
Rep. Giffords Questions Defense Secretary Robert Gates 5.13.09
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:17
- Updated: 09 Apr 2012
Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords questions Secretary of Defense Robert Gates and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mike Mullen on the Presidents 2010 Budget request for the Department of Defense. Two issues of concern are continued reductions in the fighter aircraft inventory and cancellation of the Combat Search and Rescue helicopter.
http://wn.com/Rep_Giffords_Questions_Defense_Secretary_Robert_Gates_51309
Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords questions Secretary of Defense Robert Gates and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Mike Mullen on the Presidents 2010 Budget request for the Department of Defense. Two issues of concern are continued reductions in the fighter aircraft inventory and cancellation of the Combat Search and Rescue helicopter.
- published: 13 May 2009
- views: 7231
- author: giffords2
Talk to Al Jazeera - Donald Rumsfeld
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:42
- Updated: 28 Sep 2012
The former US secretary of defence reflects on the change he would like to see in the Arab world.
http://wn.com/Talk_to_Al_Jazeera_Donald_Rumsfeld
The former US secretary of defence reflects on the change he would like to see in the Arab world.
- published: 10 Oct 2011
- views: 3915
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Conversations with History: Robert S. McNamara
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 60:36
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Robert S. McNamara, former Secretary of Defense and former President of the World Bank reminisces with host Harry Kreisler about public service, the War in Vietnam, znc the dangers of the superpower confrontation during the Cold War. Series: Conversations with History [Public Affairs] [Humanities] [Show ID: 7131]
http://wn.com/Conversations_with_History_Robert_S_McNamara
Robert S. McNamara, former Secretary of Defense and former President of the World Bank reminisces with host Harry Kreisler about public service, the War in Vietnam, znc the dangers of the superpower confrontation during the Cold War. Series: Conversations with History [Public Affairs] [Humanities] [Show ID: 7131]
- published: 12 Jun 2008
- views: 49088
- author: UCtelevision
Pentagon deploys military forces to Jordan-Syria border
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
US Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta has confirmed that US troops have been dispatched to the Jordan-Syrian border to help bolster the former's military capabilities in case violence escalates in the volatile region - READ MORE on.rt.com Independent journalist Nile Bowie thinks border protection is just a pretext to press harder for a change of the Syrian regime. RT LIVE rt.com Subscribe to RT! www.youtube.com Like us on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter twitter.com Follow us on Google+ plus.google.com RT (Russia Today) is a global news network broadcasting from Moscow and Washington studios. RT is the first news channel to break the 500 million YouTube views benchmark.
http://wn.com/Pentagon_deploys_military_forces_to_Jordan-Syria_border
US Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta has confirmed that US troops have been dispatched to the Jordan-Syrian border to help bolster the former's military capabilities in case violence escalates in the volatile region - READ MORE on.rt.com Independent journalist Nile Bowie thinks border protection is just a pretext to press harder for a change of the Syrian regime. RT LIVE rt.com Subscribe to RT! www.youtube.com Like us on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter twitter.com Follow us on Google+ plus.google.com RT (Russia Today) is a global news network broadcasting from Moscow and Washington studios. RT is the first news channel to break the 500 million YouTube views benchmark.
- published: 10 Oct 2012
- views: 38085
- author: RussiaToday
Louis CK Donald Rumsfeld Lizard O and A
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:23
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
this is and EDITED VERSION of me as a guest on the Opie and Anthony show on Sirrius XM radio 202. I asked the former secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld, if he and Dick CHeney are lizards from outerspace who eat human flesh, for example: Mexican babies. He did not answer the question directly. He did not deny it. Much was discussed. Anthony Cumia of the show was simultaneously asking some interesting political questions. Mister Rumsfeld was courteous, but he gave me no reason to doubt that he is a lizard. www.louisck.com
http://wn.com/Louis_CK_Donald_Rumsfeld_Lizard_O_and_A
this is and EDITED VERSION of me as a guest on the Opie and Anthony show on Sirrius XM radio 202. I asked the former secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld, if he and Dick CHeney are lizards from outerspace who eat human flesh, for example: Mexican babies. He did not answer the question directly. He did not deny it. Much was discussed. Anthony Cumia of the show was simultaneously asking some interesting political questions. Mister Rumsfeld was courteous, but he gave me no reason to doubt that he is a lizard. www.louisck.com
- published: 24 Feb 2011
- views: 536134
- author: louisck
Robert Gates: The soldiers' secretary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:34
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in his first interview since the killing of Osama bin Laden. Katie Couric also traveled with the secretary on a five-day mission to the Middle East that included a stop in Iraq.
http://wn.com/Robert_Gates_The_soldiers'_secretary
Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in his first interview since the killing of Osama bin Laden. Katie Couric also traveled with the secretary on a five-day mission to the Middle East that included a stop in Iraq.
- published: 15 May 2011
- views: 4916
- author: CBSNewsOnline
Robert Gates interview with David Frost Pt 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:23
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
US secretary of defence talks about Iran's nuclear programme and economic sanctions with David Frost.
http://wn.com/Robert_Gates_interview_with_David_Frost_Pt_1
US secretary of defence talks about Iran's nuclear programme and economic sanctions with David Frost.
- published: 10 Jun 2010
- views: 3799
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
TRILLIONS MISSING - And so it CONTINUES. Will things EVER change!?!?!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:57
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
On Sept. 10, 2001, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld declared war. Not on foreign terrorists, "the adversary's closer to home. It's the Pentagon bureaucracy," he said. He said money wasted by the military poses a serious threat. "In fact, it could be said it's a matter of life and death," he said. Rumsfeld promised change but the next day Sept. 11-- the world changed and in the rush to fund the war on terrorism, the war on waste seems to have been forgotten. Just last week President Bush announced, "my 2003 budget calls for more than $48 billion in new defense spending." More money for the Pentagon, CBS News Correspondent Vince Gonzales reports, while its own auditors admit the military cannot account for 25 percent of what it spends. "According to some estimates we cannot track $2.3 trillion in transactions," Rumsfeld admitted. $2.3 trillion — that's $8000 for every man, woman and child in America. To understand how the Pentagon can lose track of trillions, consider the case of one military accountant who tried to find out what happened to a mere $300 million. "We know it's gone. But we don't know what they spent it on," said Jim Minnery, Defense Finance and Accounting Service. Minnery, a former Marine turned whistle-blower, is risking his job by speaking out for the first time about the millions he noticed were missing from one defense agency's balance sheets. Minnery tried to follow the money trail, even crisscrossing the country looking for records. "The director ...
http://wn.com/TRILLIONS_MISSING_And_so_it_CONTINUES_Will_things_EVER_change!?!?!
On Sept. 10, 2001, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld declared war. Not on foreign terrorists, "the adversary's closer to home. It's the Pentagon bureaucracy," he said. He said money wasted by the military poses a serious threat. "In fact, it could be said it's a matter of life and death," he said. Rumsfeld promised change but the next day Sept. 11-- the world changed and in the rush to fund the war on terrorism, the war on waste seems to have been forgotten. Just last week President Bush announced, "my 2003 budget calls for more than $48 billion in new defense spending." More money for the Pentagon, CBS News Correspondent Vince Gonzales reports, while its own auditors admit the military cannot account for 25 percent of what it spends. "According to some estimates we cannot track $2.3 trillion in transactions," Rumsfeld admitted. $2.3 trillion — that's $8000 for every man, woman and child in America. To understand how the Pentagon can lose track of trillions, consider the case of one military accountant who tried to find out what happened to a mere $300 million. "We know it's gone. But we don't know what they spent it on," said Jim Minnery, Defense Finance and Accounting Service. Minnery, a former Marine turned whistle-blower, is risking his job by speaking out for the first time about the millions he noticed were missing from one defense agency's balance sheets. Minnery tried to follow the money trail, even crisscrossing the country looking for records. "The director ...
- published: 16 Jun 2009
- views: 11344
- author: Harry C
SA@TAC - Defending the Constitution
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:26
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Whether awarding former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld for "defending" it, or pretending Obamacare is not in violation of it, both Right and Left are consistent enemies of the Constitution.
http://wn.com/SA@TAC_Defending_the_Constitution
Whether awarding former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld for "defending" it, or pretending Obamacare is not in violation of it, both Right and Left are consistent enemies of the Constitution.
- published: 04 Feb 2011
- views: 5235
- author: southernavenger
photo: AP / Khalil Hamra
09 Dec 2012
The new body, expected to be announced officially on Sunday, hopes to form the basis of a united rebel front. About 500 delegates elected the 30-person Supreme Military Council and a Chief of Staff on Friday in Turkish resort of Antalya and planned to meet soon with representatives from the opposition's newly re-organised political leadership, participants said ... The politics of climate change ... The return of the queen?....(size: 18.6Kb)
photo: AP / Vahid Salemi
07 Dec 2012
The in- and out-fighting between present-day Saudi Arabia and Iran is a mirror image of what occurred to Prophet Muhammad's Islamic Movement right after his death ... Still, and due to prosperity and wealth, an influx of trade goods, religious toleration, an emphasis on learning, and increased food supplies, Islam was becoming a vast empire ... Sunnis emphasized the example and life of Prophet Muhammad....(size: 7.5Kb)
photo: AP / Hassan Ammar
08 Dec 2012
Morsi's planned dialogue meeting was expected to go ahead on Saturday in the absence of most opposition factions ... The Front's co-ordinator, Mohamed ElBaradei, a Nobel peace laureate, dismissed the offer as "arm-twisting and imposition of a fait accompli" ... But the concession fails to meet the full demands of the opposition, who also want Morsi to discard the decree awarding himself extra powers ... The politics of climate change....(size: 19.5Kb)
photo: AP / Osama Faisal
08 Dec 2012
There has been a historic shift in the UN climate talks in Qatar, with the prospect of rich nations having to compensate poor nations for losses due to climate change ... But after angry tussles throughout the night the principle of Loss and Damage is now in the final negotiating text ... It is a point of principle that is at stake here for developing countries....(size: 3.1Kb)
noodls
10 Dec 2012
Changes to the starting line-up for next week's tough game in Adelaide could be in the offing after a disappointing 2-1 loss to Sydney City at the Westpac Stadium yesterday. Head coach Ricki Herbert hinted at that scenario after throwing substitutes Louis Fenton, Tyler Boyd and Benji Totori into the fray in the closing stages of a lacklustre Phoenix performance....(size: 3.3Kb)
The Times of India
10 Dec 2012
After remaining dormant for several quarters, the primary market is showing signs of revival. A slew of public issues is slated to come out in the coming months, much to the delight of the market participants. "The revival of the primary market is a positive sign because it reflects the improving sentiment ... The first lot includes IPOs of companies that were waiting for the sentiment to improve before tapping the market ... FPOs & OFS....(size: 6.5Kb)
Daily Press
10 Dec 2012
Department of Defense ... "Tragically, we lost one of our special operators in this effort ... General John Allen, commander of NATO-led ... "The special operators who conducted this raid knew they were putting their lives on the line to free a fellow American from the enemy's grip," Defense Secretary Leon Panetta said in a statement released by the Pentagon....(size: 4.4Kb)
STL Today
10 Dec 2012
In a separate statement, Defense Secretary Leon Panetta says the "fallen hero, and all of our special operators" represent the "highest ideals ......(size: 0.7Kb)
The Star
10 Dec 2012
"Tragically, we lost one of our special operators in this effort ... "The special operators who conducted this raid knew they were putting their lives on the line to free a fellow American from the enemy's grip," Defense Secretary Leon Panetta said in a statement released by the Pentagon....(size: 1.6Kb)
Belfast Telegraph
10 Dec 2012
The award-winning creator of hit TV show Homeland has written to the Defence Secretary protesting against the British Army's participation in medical training involving live pigs shot by marksmen. Gideon Raff - the former Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) paratrooper behind the espionage thriller, which counts President Barack Obama among its fans - urged Philip Hammond to switch to more "humane and effective" practices....(size: 2.2Kb)
Star Tribune
10 Dec 2012
WASHINGTON - A member of a U.S. special operations team was killed during a weekend rescue mission in Afghanistan that freed an American doctor abducted by the Taliban outside of Kabul five days ago ... In a separate statement Sunday, Defense Secretary Leon Panetta said, "In this fallen hero, and all of our special operators, Americans see the highest ideals of citizenship, sacrifice and service upheld."....(size: 2.6Kb)
The Guardian
10 Dec 2012
Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton said Washington was deeply concerned about the launch, and urged foreign ministers from NATO and Russia to demand that Pyongyang cancel its plans ... In Seoul, officials at the Defense Ministry, Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Foreign Ministry said they couldn't immediately determine what might be behind the possible delay....(size: 11.4Kb)
noodls
10 Dec 2012
New Straits/Business Times
10 Dec 2012
Wait for announcement, says chief secretary to govt ... CHIEF Secretary to the Government Datuk Seri Dr Ali Hamsa said the appointment of a new health director-general to replace Datuk Seri Dr Hasan Abdul Rahman, who was demoted following a khalwat case last month, will follow the standard civil service procedures. ....(size: 1.8Kb)
Chicago Sun-Times
10 Dec 2012
At least not seriously enough to come up with some middle ground that will change the trend of huge deficits and increasing government spending. Of course we all know the real solution ... Without a deal, expect notices of job cuts and pay cuts — ranging from civilian to military, giving the media graphic ways to illustrate the plight of government workers and the impact on national defense....(size: 5.1Kb)
Chicago Sun-Times
10 Dec 2012
At least not seriously enough to come up with some middle ground that will change the trend of huge deficits and increasing government spending. Of course we all know the real solution ... Without a deal, expect notices of job cuts and pay cuts — ranging from civilian to military, giving the media graphic ways to illustrate the plight of government workers and the impact on national defense....(size: 5.1Kb)
| Secretary of Defense of the United States of America |
|
|---|---|
 Flag of the Secretary of Defense[1] |
|
 Seal of the Department of Defense Department of Defense Office of the Secretary of Defense |
|
| Style | Mister Secretary |
| Formation | September 19, 1947 |
| First holder | James Forrestal[2] |
| Succession | Sixth in the presidential line of succession.[3] |
| Deputy | The Deputy Secretary of Defense |
| Salary | Executive Schedule, Level 1[4] |
| Website | The Official Home of the Department of Defense |
The Secretary of Defense (SecDef) is the head and chief executive officer of the Department of Defense, an Executive Department of the Government of the United States of America.[5][6][7] This position corresponds to what is generally known as a Defense Minister in many other countries.[8] The Secretary of Defense is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, and is by custom a member of the Cabinet and by law a member of the National Security Council.[9]
Secretary of Defense is a statutory office, and the general provision in 10 U.S.C. § 113 provides that the Secretary of Defense has "authority, direction and control over the Department of Defense", and is further designated by the same statute as "the principal assistant to the President in all matters relating to the Department of Defense."[10] Ensuring civilian control of the military, an individual may not be appointed as Secretary of Defense within seven years after relief from active duty as a commissioned officer of a regular (i.e., non-reserve) component of an armed force.[11]
The Secretary of Defense is in the chain of command and exercises command and control, subject only to the orders of the President, over all Department of Defense forces (the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps) for both operational and administrative purposes.[12][13][14][15] Only the Secretary of Defense (or the President) can authorize the transfer of operational control of forces between the three Military Departments (Departments of the Army, Navy & Air Force) and the currently nine Combatant Commands (Africa Command, Central Command, European Command, Northern Command, Pacific Command, Southern Command, Special Operations Command, Strategic Command, Transportation Command), and between the Combatant Commands.[16] Because the Office of Secretary of Defense is vested with legal powers which exceeds those of any commissioned officer, and is second only to the Office of President in the military hierarchy, it has sometimes unofficially been referred to as a de facto "deputy commander-in-chief".[17][18][19] The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is the principal military adviser to the Secretary of Defense and the President, and while the Chairman may assist the Secretary and President in their command functions, the Chairman is not in the chain of command.[20]
The Secretary of Defense, Secretary of State, the Attorney General and the Secretary of the Treasury, are generally regarded as the four most important cabinet officials because of the importance of their departments.[21] Secretary of Defense is a Level I position of the Executive Schedule and thus earns a salary of $199,700 per year. The current Secretary is Leon Panetta who assumed office July 1, 2011.
Contents |
History[link]
The Army, Navy, and Marine Corps were established in 1775, in concurrence with the American Revolution. The War Department, headed by the Secretary of War, was created by Act of Congress in 1789 and was responsible for both the Army and Navy until the founding of a separate Department of the Navy in 1798.
Based on the experiences of World War II, proposals were soon made on how to more effectively manage the large combined military establishment over which only the President had direct line authority. The Army generally favored centralization while the Navy had institutional preferences for decentralization and the status quo. The resulting National Security Act of 1947 was largely a compromise between these divergent viewpoints. The Act split the War Department into the Department of the Army and the Department of the Air Force, each with their own Secretary, and created a sui generis National Military Establishment led by a Secretary of Defense. At first, each of the service secretaries maintained quasi-cabinet status. The first Secretary of Defense, James Forrestal, who in his previous capacity as Secretary of the Navy had opposed creation of the new position, found it difficult to exercise authority over them with the limited powers his office had at the time. To address this and other problems, the National Security Act was amended in 1949 to further consolidate the national defense structure in order to reduce interservice rivalry, directly subordinate the Secretaries of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force to the Secretary of Defense in the chain of command, and rename the National Military Establishment to the Department of Defense as one Executive Department. The position of the Deputy Secretary of Defense, the number two position in the department, was also created at this time.
The general trend since 1949 has been to further centralize management in the Department of Defense, elevating the status and authorities of civilian OSD appointees and defense-wide organizations at the expense of the military departments and the services within them. The last major revision of the statutory framework concerning the position was done in the Goldwater–Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986. In particular, it elevated the status of joint service for commissioned officers, making it in practice a requirement before appointments to general officer and flag officer grades could be made.
Powers and functions[link]
In the U.S. Armed Forces, the Secretary of Defense is often referred to as SecDef or SD. The Secretary of Defense and the President together constitute the National Command Authorities (NCA),[22] which has sole authority to launch strategic nuclear weapons. All nuclear weapons are governed by this dual-authority – both must concur before a strategic nuclear strike may be ordered.
The Secretary's staff element is called the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) and is composed of a Deputy Secretary of Defense (DEPSECDEF) and five Under Secretaries of Defense in the fields of Acquisition, Technology & Logistics; Comptroller/Chief Financial Officer; Intelligence; Personnel & Readiness; and Policy.
The Secretary of Defense by statute also exercises "authority, direction and control" over the three Secretaries of the military departments (Secretary of the Army, Secretary of the Navy, and Secretary of the Air Force), the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Army Chief of Staff, Commandant of the Marine Corps, Chief of Naval Operations, and Air Force Chief of Staff), the Combatant Commanders of the Unified Combatant Commands, the Directors of the Defense Agencies (for example the Director of the National Security Agency) and of the DoD Field Activities. All of these high-ranking positions require Senate confirmation.
The Secretary is one of few civilians[23] who is authorized to act as convening authority in the military justice system for General Courts-Martial (10 U.S.C. § 822: article 22, UCMJ), Special Courts-Martial (10 U.S.C. § 823: article 23, UCMJ), and Summary Courts-Martial (10 U.S.C. § 824: article 24 UCMJ).
List of Secretaries of Defense[link]
The longest-serving Secretary of Defense is the late Robert McNamara, who served for a total of 2,595 days. Combining his two non-sequential services as Secretary of Defense, the second longest serving is Donald Rumsfeld, who served merely ten days less than McNamara.
- Parties
- Status
Denotes an Acting Secretary of Defense
| No. | Portrait | Name | State of Residence | Took Office | Left Office | Days served | President serving under |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  |
James Vincent Forrestal | New York | September 19, 1947 | March 19, 1949 | 558 | Harry S. Truman | |
| 2 |  |
Louis Arthur Johnson | West Virginia | March 28, 1949 | September 19, 1950 | 540 | ||
| 3 |  |
George Catlett Marshall, Jr. | Virginia | September 19, 1950 | September 19, 1951 | 365 | ||
| 4 |  |
Robert Abercrombie Lovett | New York | September 19, 1951 | January 20, 1953 | 491 | ||
| 5 |  |
Charles Erwin Wilson | Indiana | January 20, 1953 | October 8, 1957 | 1,722 | Dwight D. Eisenhower | |
| 6 |  |
Neil Hosler McElroy | Ohio | October 9, 1957 | December 1, 1959 | 783 | ||
| 7 |  |
Thomas Sovereign Gates, Jr. | Pennsylvania | December 2, 1959 | January 20, 1961 | 415 | ||
| 8 |  |
Robert Strange McNamara | Michigan | January 21, 1961 | February 29, 1968 | 2,595 | John F. Kennedy | |
| Lyndon B. Johnson | ||||||||
| 9 |  |
Clark McAdams Clifford | Washington, D.C. | March 1, 1968 | January 20, 1969 | 326 | ||
| 10 |  |
Melvin Robert Laird | Wisconsin | January 22, 1969 | January 29, 1973 | 1,469 | Richard Nixon | |
| 11 |  |
Elliot Lee Richardson | Massachusetts | January 30, 1973 | May 24, 1973 | 114 | ||
| – |  |
William Perry Clements, Jr. (as Deputy Secretary) |
Texas | May 24, 1973 | July 2, 1973 | 39 | ||
| 12 |  |
James Rodney Schlesinger | Virginia | July 2, 1973 | November 19, 1975 | 870 | ||
| Gerald Ford | ||||||||
| 13 |  |
Donald Rumsfeld | Illinois | November 20, 1975 | January 20, 1977 | 427 | ||
| 14 |  |
Harold Brown | New York | January 21, 1977 | January 20, 1981 | 1,460 | Jimmy Carter | |
| 15 |  |
Caspar Willard Weinberger | California | January 21, 1981 | November 23, 1987 | 2,497 | Ronald Reagan | |
| 16 |  |
Frank Charles Carlucci III | Pennsylvania | November 23, 1987 | January 20, 1989 | 424 | ||
| – |  |
William Howard Taft IV (as Deputy Secretary) |
Ohio | January 20, 1989 | March 20, 1989 | 59 | George H. W. Bush | |
| 17 |  |
Richard Bruce Cheney | Wyoming | March 21, 1989 | January 20, 1993 | 1,402 | ||
| 18 |  |
Leslie Aspin, Jr. | Wisconsin | January 21, 1993 | February 3, 1994 | 378 | Bill Clinton | |
| 19 |  |
William James Perry | Pennsylvania | February 3, 1994 | January 24, 1997 | 1,085 | ||
| 20 |  |
William Sebastian Cohen | Maine | January 24, 1997 | January 20, 2001 | 1,457 | ||
| 21 |  |
Donald Rumsfeld | Illinois | January 20, 2001 | December 18, 2006 | 2,158 | George W. Bush | |
| 22 |  |
Robert M. Gates | Texas | December 18, 2006 | July 1, 2011[24] | 1,643 | ||
| Barack Obama | ||||||||
| 23 |  |
Leon Panetta | California | July 1, 2011 | Incumbent | &10000000000000362000000362 | ||
Succession[link]
Presidential succession[link]
The Secretary of Defense is sixth in the presidential line of succession, following the Secretary of the Treasury and preceding the Attorney General.[25]
Secretary of Defense succession[link]
In Executive Order 13533 of March 1, 2010, President Barack Obama modified the line of succession regarding who would act as Secretary of Defense in the event of a vacancy or incapacitation, thus reversing the changes made by President George W. Bush in Executive Order 13394 as to the relative positions of the Secretaries of the Military Departments. All of the officials in the line of succession are civilians appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate:
Living former Secretaries of Defense[link]
- 10th: Melvin Robert Laird
- 12th: James Rodney Schlesinger
- 13th and 21st: Donald Henry Rumsfeld
- 14th: Harold Brown
- 16th: Frank Charles Carlucci III
- 17th: Richard Bruce Cheney
- 19th: William James Perry
- 20th: William Sebastian Cohen
- 22nd: Robert Michael Gates
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/UniformedServices/Flags/Pos_Colors_DoD.aspx, accessed on 2012-01-04.
- ^ http://osdhistory.defense.gov/SODs/forrestal.html, accessed on 2012-01-04.
- ^ 3 U.S.C. § 19
- ^ 5 U.S.C. § 5312.
- ^ 10 U.S.C. § 113.
- ^ Enclosure 2 (a), DoDD5100.1 (2010).
- ^ 5 U.S.C. § 101.
- ^ http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-C0FDE451-36F2483B/natolive/nato_countries.htm, accessed on 2012-01-04.
- ^ 50 U.S.C. § 402.
- ^ Title 10 of the United States Code §113
- ^ The National Security Act of 1947 originally required an interval of ten years after relief from active duty, which was reduced to seven years by Sec. 903(a) of the 2008 National Defense Authorization Act. In 1950 Congress passed special legislation (Pub. Law 81-788) to allow George C. Marshall to serve as Secretary of Defense while remaining a commissioned officer on the active list of the Army (Army regulations kept all five-star generals on active duty for life), but warned:
It is hereby expressed as the intent of the Congress that the authority granted by this Act is not to be construed as approval by the Congress of continuing appointments of military men to the office of Secretary of Defense in the future. It is hereby expressed as the sense of the Congress that after General Marshall leaves the office of Secretary of Defense, no additional appointments of military men to that office shall be approved.
See Defenselink bio, retrieved 8/2/2010; and Marshall Foundation bio, retrieved 8/2/2010.
- ^ Title 10 of the United States Code §162(b)
- ^ Title 10 of the United States Code §3011
- ^ Title 10 of the United States Code §5011
- ^ Title 10 of the United States Code §8011
- ^ Title 10 of the United States Code §162(a)
- ^ Trask & Goldberg (1997). pp.11 & 52.
- ^ Cohen, Eliot A., Supreme Command: soldiers, statesmen and leadership in wartime (2003). p.231. ISBN 978-1-4000-3404-8
- ^ http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2006/10/rumsfeld.html, accessed on 2012-01-06.
- ^ Title 10 of the United States Code §152(c)
- ^ Cabinets and Counselors: The President and the Executive Branch (1997). Congressional Quarterly. p. 87.
- ^ http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O63-NationalCommandAuthoritis.html
- ^ The others are the President, the three "service secretaries" (the Secretary of the Army, Secretary of the Navy, and Secretary of the Air Force), and the Secretary of Homeland Security (when the United States Coast Guard is under the United States Department of Homeland Security and has not been transferred to the Department of the Navy under the Department of Defense).
- ^ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43591679/ns/politics-more_politics/
- ^ 3 U.S.C. § 19.
References[link]
Federal law[link]
Directives and doctrine[link]
- Gates, Robert M. (2010-12-21). Department of Defense Directive 5100.1: Functions of the Department of Defense and Its Major Components. Department of Defense Directive. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Defense. http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/510001p.pdf.
- Mullen, Michael G. (2009-03-20). Joint Publication 1 – Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States. Joint Publications. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Defense. http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1.pdf.
Print sources[link]
- Trask, Roger R.; Goldberg, Alfred (1997). The Department of Defense 1997-1947: Organization and Leaders. Washington, D.C.: Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense/U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0-16-049163-0. http://osdhistory.defense.gov/docs/DOD%201947-1997%20Organization%20and%20Leaders.pdf.
Online sources[link]
- "Histories of the Secretaries of Defense". U.S. Department of Defense. http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/. Retrieved September 3, 2002.
- "The Department of Defense Organizational Structure". U.S. Department of Defense. http://www.dod.mil/odam/omp/pubs/GuideBook/DoD.htm#Secretary%20of%20Defense. Retrieved November 13, 2006.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: United States Secretary of Defense |
- The Reinvention of Robert Gates by Michael Crowley, The New Republic, November 9, 2009
- "Top Civilian and Military Leaders". U.S. Department of Defense. http://www.defenselink.mil/osd/topleaders.aspx. Retrieved October 13, 2007. [dead link] – Includes the Secretary of Defense
- More information on each position and biographies of the current Deputy Secretary (DepSecDef) and Under Secretaries (USDs)
| United States presidential line of succession | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Secretary of the Treasury |
6th in line | Succeeded by Attorney General |
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| Donald Rumsfeld | |
|---|---|
|
|
| 13th and 21st United States Secretary of Defense | |
| In office January 20, 2001 – December 18, 2006 |
|
| President | George W. Bush |
| Deputy | Paul Wolfowitz Gordon England |
| Preceded by | William Cohen |
| Succeeded by | Robert Gates |
| In office November 20, 1975 – January 20, 1977 |
|
| President | Gerald Ford |
| Deputy | Bill Clements |
| Preceded by | James Schlesinger |
| Succeeded by | Harold Brown |
| 6th White House Chief of Staff | |
| In office September 21, 1974 – November 20, 1975 |
|
| President | Gerald Ford |
| Preceded by | Alexander Haig |
| Succeeded by | Dick Cheney |
| 9th United States Ambassador to NATO | |
| In office February 2, 1973 – September 21, 1974 |
|
| Appointed by | Richard Nixon |
| Preceded by | David Kennedy |
| Succeeded by | David Bruce |
| 3rd Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity | |
| In office May 27, 1969 – December 11, 1970 |
|
| President | Richard Nixon |
| Preceded by | Bertrand Harding |
| Succeeded by | Frank Carlucci |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois's 13th district |
|
| In office January 3, 1963 – March 20, 1969 |
|
| Preceded by | Marguerite Church |
| Succeeded by | Phil Crane |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1932-07-09) July 9, 1932 (age 79) Evanston, Illinois, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Joyce Pierson |
| Children | Valerie Marcy Donald |
| Alma mater | Princeton University Georgetown University |
| Signature |  |
| Website | Library website[1] |
| Military service | |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1954–1975 |
| Rank |  Captain |
| Unit | Active Duty (1954–1957) Navy Reserve (1957–1975) Individual Ready Reserve (1975–1989) |
Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9, 1932) is an American politician and businessman. Rumsfeld served as the 13th Secretary of Defense from 1975 to 1977 under President Gerald Ford, and as the 21st Secretary of Defense from 2001 to 2006 under President George W. Bush. He is both the youngest and the oldest person to have served as Secretary of Defense. Additionally, Rumsfeld was a four-term U.S. Congressman from Illinois (1962–1969), Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity (1969–1970), Counsellor to the President (1969–1973), the United States Permanent Representative to NATO (1973–1974), and White House Chief of Staff (1974–1975).
Born in Illinois, Rumsfeld attended Princeton University, graduating in 1954 with a degree in political science. After serving in the Navy for three years, he mounted a campaign for Congress in Illinois' 13th Congressional District, winning in 1962 at the age of 30. Reelected four times, he was a leading co-sponsor of the Freedom of Information Act. Rumsfeld was reluctantly appointed by President Richard Nixon to head the Office of Economic Opportunity in 1969; appointed Counselor by Nixon and entitled to Cabinet-level status, he would also head up the Economic Stabilization Program before being appointed Ambassador to NATO. Called back to Washington in August 1974, Rumsfeld was appointed Chief of Staff by President Ford, recruiting a young one-time staffer of his, Dick Cheney, to succeed him when Ford nominated Rumsfeld Secretary of Defense in 1975.
When Ford lost the 1976 election, Rumsfeld returned to private business life, and was named president of G. D. Searle & Company, a noted pharmaceutical company, during which time he led the legalization of Aspartame. He was later named CEO of General Instrument from 1990 to 1993, and chairman of Gilead Sciences from 1997 to 2001.
Rumsfeld was recommended for the position of Defense Secretary by incoming Vice President Dick Cheney in late 2000, and was appointed in January 2001 by President George W. Bush. His tenure has been noted to be one of the most pivotal in recent history; as one of the key individuals responsible for the restructuring of the military in the new 21st century, Rumsfeld was crucial in planning the United States' response to the September 11, 2001 attacks, which included two wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Highly popular with the media for his outspokenness and candor, he gradually lost political support as the wars continued and resigned in late 2006.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Donald Henry Rumsfeld was born on July 9, 1932, in Evanston, Illinois, to George Donald Rumsfeld and Jeannette (née Huster). His father came from a Swiss American family that had emigrated in the 1870s, and young Donald was sometimes ribbed about looking like a "tough Swiss".[2] Growing up in Winnetka, Illinois, Rumsfeld became an Eagle Scout in 1949 and is the recipient of both the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America[3] and its Silver Buffalo Award in 2006. He was a camp counselor at the Northeast Illinois Council's Camp Ma-Ka-Ja-Wan in the late 1940s and a ranger at Philmont Scout Ranch in 1949.[4]
Rumsfeld attended Baker Demonstration School, a private middle school, and later graduated[5] from New Trier High School. He attended Princeton University on academic and NROTC partial scholarships (A.B., 1954). During his time at Princeton, he was an accomplished amateur wrestler, becoming captain of the wrestling team, and captain of the Lightweight Football team playing defensive back. His Princeton University senior thesis was titled "The Steel Seizure Case of 1952 and Its Effects on Presidential Powers."[6] While at Princeton he roomed with another future Secretary of Defense, Frank Carlucci.
Rumsfeld married his high school sweetheart Joyce H. Pierson on December 27, 1954. They have three children and six grandchildren. He attempted to get his law degree in 1956, and attended Georgetown University Law Center, but did not graduate.
Rumsfeld served in the United States Navy during peacetime, from 1954 to 1957, as a naval aviator and flight instructor. His initial training was in the North American SNJ Texan basic trainer after which he transitioned to flying the Grumman F9F Panther fighter. In 1957, he transferred to the Naval Reserve and continued his naval service in flying and administrative assignments as a drilling reservist. On 1 July 1958, he was assigned to Anti-submarine Squadron 662 at Naval Air Station Anacostia, District of Columbia, as a selective reservist.[7] Rumsfeld was designated aircraft commander of Anti-submarine Squadron 731 on 1 October 1960, at Naval Air Station Grosse Ile, Michigan, where he flew the S2F Tracker.[7] He transferred to the Individual Ready Reserve when he became Secretary of Defense in 1975 and retired with the rank of captain in 1989.[8]
Career in government (1962-1977)[link]
Member of Congress[link]
In 1957, during the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration, Rumsfeld served as Administrative Assistant to David S. Dennison, Jr., a Congressman representing the 11th district of Ohio. In 1959, he moved on to become a staff assistant to Congressman Robert P. Griffin of Michigan.[9] Engaging in a two-year stint with an investment banking firm, A. G. Becker, from 1960 to 1962,[10] Rumsfeld would instead set his sights on becoming a member of Congress.
He was elected to the United States House of Representatives for Illinois' 13th congressional district in 1962, at the age of 30, and was re-elected by large majorities in 1964, 1966, and 1968.[11] While in Congress, he served on the Joint Economic Committee, the Committee on Science and Aeronautics, and the Government Operations Committee, as well as on the Subcommittees on Military and Foreign Operations. He was also a co-founder of the Japanese-American Inter-Parliamentary Council[12] in addition to being a leading cosponsor of the Freedom of Information Act.[13]
As a young Congressman, Rumsfeld attended seminars at the University of Chicago, an experience he credits with introducing him to the idea of an all volunteer military, and to the economist Milton Friedman and the Chicago School of Economics.[14] He would later take part in Friedman's PBS series Free to Choose.[15]
Nixon Administration[link]
Rumsfeld resigned from Congress in 1969 — his fourth term — to serve President Richard Nixon in his administration, and he would serve in a variety of executive branch positions throughout the Nixon presidency. In 1969, Nixon sought to reform and reorganize the United States Office of Economic Opportunity, an organization created during the Kennedy administration and greatly expanded as a part of Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs, rather than eliminate it outright. He appointed Rumsfeld Director of the organization. Rumsfeld had voted against the creation of OEO when he was in Congress, and initially rejected president's offer, citing his own inherent belief that the OEO did more harm than good, and he felt that he was not the right person for the job.[16] He only accepted after a personal plea from the president.
While Director of OEO, Rumsfeld sought to reorganize OEO to serve as "a laboratory for experimental programs."[17] Several beneficial anti-poverty programs were saved by allocated funds to them from other less-successful government programs. During this time, he hired Frank Carlucci and Dick Cheney to serve under him.
He was the subject of one of legendary writer Jack Anderson's columns, alleging that "anti-poverty czar" Rumsfeld had cut programs to aid the poor while spending thousands to redecorate his office. Rumsfeld dictated a four page response to Anderson, labeling the accusations as falsehoods, and invited Anderson to tour his office. Despite the tour, Anderson did not retract his claims, and would only later admit that his column was a mistake.[17]
When he left OEO in December 1970, President Nixon named Rumsfeld Counsellor to the President, a general advisory position that earned him Cabinet-status.[18] He was given an office in the West Wing and now regularly interacted with the Nixon administration hierarchy. He was named Director of the Economic Stabilization Program in 1970 as well, and headed up the Cost of Living Council. In 1971 Nixon was recorded saying about Rumsfeld "at least Rummy is tough enough" and "He's a ruthless little bastard. You can be sure of that."[19][20][21][22][23]
In February 1973, Rumsfeld left Washington to serve as U.S. Ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in Brussels, Belgium. He served as the United States' Permanent Representative to the North Atlantic Council and the Defense Planning Committee, and the Nuclear Planning Group. In this capacity, he represented the United States in wide-ranging military and diplomatic matters, and was asked to help mediate a conflict on behalf of the United States between Cyprus and Turkey.[24]
Ford Administration[link]
In August 1974, Rumsfeld was called back to Washington to serve as transition chairman for the new president, Gerald R. Ford. He had been Ford's confidant since their days in the House when Ford was House minority leader. As the new president became settled in, Ford appointed Rumsfeld White House Chief of Staff, where he served from 1974 to 1975.
In October 1975, Ford reshuffled his cabinet in the Halloween Massacre. He named Rumsfeld to become the 13th U.S. Secretary of Defense; George H. W. Bush became Director of Central Intelligence. According to Bob Woodward's 2002 book Bush at War, a rivalry developed between the two men and "Bush senior was convinced that Rumsfeld was pushing him out to the CIA to end his political career."[25]
At the Pentagon, Rumsfeld oversaw the transition to an all-volunteer military. He sought to reverse the gradual decline in the defense budget and to build up U.S. strategic and conventional forces, skillfully undermining Secretary of State Henry Kissinger at the SALT talks.[26] He asserted, along with Team B (which he helped to set up),[27] that trends in comparative U.S.-Soviet military strength had not favored the United States for 15 to 20 years and that, if continued, they "would have the effect of injecting a fundamental instability in the world."[8] For this reason, he oversaw the development of cruise missiles, the B-1 bomber, and a major naval shipbuilding program.[26]
In 1977, Rumsfeld was awarded the nation's highest civilian award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom.[28] Kissinger, his bureaucratic adversary, would later pay him a different sort of compliment, pronouncing him "a special Washington phenomenon: the skilled full-time politician-bureaucrat in whom ambition, ability, and substance fuse seamlessly."[29]
Return to the private sector (1977–2000)[link]
Business career[link]
In early 1977 Rumsfeld briefly lectured at Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School and Northwestern's Kellogg School of Management, located in Chicago, Illinois near his home town of Evanston. His sights instead turned to business, and from 1977 to 1985 Rumsfeld served as Chief Executive Officer, President, and then Chairman of G. D. Searle & Company, a worldwide pharmaceutical company based in Skokie, Illinois. During his tenure at Searle, Rumsfeld led the company's financial turnaround, thereby earning awards as the Outstanding Chief Executive Officer in the Pharmaceutical Industry from the Wall Street Transcript (1980) and Financial World (1981). In 1985, Searle was sold to Monsanto Company. Rumsfeld is believed to have earned around $12 million from this sale.[30]
Rumsfeld served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of General Instrument Corporation from 1990 to 1993. A leader in broadband transmission, distribution, and access control technologies for cable, satellite and terrestrial broadcasting applications, the company pioneered the development of the first all-digital high-definition television (HDTV) technology. After taking the company public and returning it to profitability, Rumsfeld returned to private business in late 1993.
From January 1997 until being sworn in as the 21st Secretary of Defense in January 2001, Rumsfeld served as Chairman of Gilead Sciences, Inc. Gilead Sciences is the developer of Tamiflu (Oseltamivir), which is used in the treatment of bird flu.[31] As a result, Rumsfeld's holdings in the company grew significantly when avian flu became a subject of popular anxiety during his later term as Secretary of Defense. Following standard practice, Rumsfeld recused himself from any decisions involving Gilead, and he directed the Pentagon's General Counsel to issue instructions outlining what he could and could not be involved in if there were an avian flu pandemic and the Pentagon had to respond.[32][33][34]
Part-time public service[link]
During his business career, Rumsfeld continued part-time public service in various posts. In November 1983, Rumsfeld was appointed Special Envoy to the Middle East by President Ronald Reagan, at a turbulent time in modern Middle Eastern history when Iraq was fighting Iran in the Iran–Iraq War. The United States wished for the conflict to end, and Rumsfeld was sent to the Middle East to serve as a mediator on behalf of the President.
When Rumsfeld visited Baghdad on December 20, 1983, he met Saddam Hussein at Saddam's palace and had a 90-minute discussion. They largely agreed on opposing Syria's occupation of Lebanon; preventing Syrian and Iranian expansion; and preventing arms sales to Iran. Rumsfeld suggested that if U.S.-Iraq relations could improve the U.S. might support a new oil pipeline across Jordan, which Iraq had opposed but was now willing to reconsider. Rumsfeld also informed Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz that "Our efforts to assist were inhibited by certain things that made it difficult for us ... citing the use of chemical weapons."[35]
Rumsfeld wrote in his memoir Known and Unknown that his meeting with Hussein "has been the subject of gossip, rumors, and crackpot conspiracy theories for more than a quarter of a century... Supposedly I had been sent to see Saddam by President Reagan either to negotiate a secret oil deal, to help arm Iraq, or to make Iraq an American client state. The truth is that our encounter was more straightforward and less dramatic."[36]
In addition to taking the position of Middle East envoy, Rumsfeld served as a member of the President's General Advisory Committee on Arms Control (1982–1986); President Reagan's Special Envoy on the Law of the Sea Treaty (1982–1983); a senior adviser to President Reagan's Panel on Strategic Systems (1983–1984); a member of the Joint Advisory Commission on U.S./Japan Relations (1983–1984); a member of the National Commission on the Public Service (1987–1990); a member of the National Economic Commission (1988–1989); a member of the Board of Visitors of the National Defense University (1988–1992); a member of the FCC's High Definition Television Advisory Committee (1992–1993); a member of the U.S. Trade Deficit Review Commission (1999–2000); a member of the Council on Foreign Relations; and Chairman of the U.S. Commission to Assess National Security Space Management and Organization (2000). Among his most noteworthy positions was Chairman of the nine-member Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States from January to July 1998. In its findings, the commission concluded that Iraq, Iran, and North Korea could develop intercontinental ballistic missile capabilities in five to ten years and that U.S. intelligence would have little warning before such systems were deployed.[37]
During the 1980s, Rumsfeld became a member of the National Academy of Public Administration, and was named a member of the boards of trustees of the Gerald R. Ford Foundation, the Eisenhower Exchange Fellowships, the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and the National Park Foundation. He was also a member of the U.S./Russia Business Forum and Chairman of the Congressional Leadership's National Security Advisory Group.[citation needed] Rumsfeld was a founder and active member of the Project for the New American Century, a neo-conservative think-tank dedicated to maintaining U.S. primacy. In addition, he served as United Way Inter-governmental Affairs Director in Washington, D.C. from 1986 to 1989 and was asked to serve the U.S. State Department as a foreign policy consultant from 1990 to 1993. He also sat on European Engineering giant Asea Brown Boveri's board from 1990 to 2001, a company which sold two light-water nuclear reactors to the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization for installation in North Korea, as part of the 1994 agreed framework reached under President Bill Clinton. Rumsfeld's office said that he did not "recall it being brought before the board at any time" though Fortune magazine reported that "board members were informed about this project."[38]
To honor his foreign policy work, Rumsfeld was named honorary Vice-Chancellor of Yale University in 2001.[citation needed]
Presidential and vice presidential aspirations[link]
During 1976 Republican National Convention, Rumsfeld received one vote for Vice President of the United States, although he did not seek the office, and the nomination was easily won by Ford's choice, Senator Bob Dole.[39] During the 1980 Republican National Convention he also received one vote for Vice President.[40] Economist Milton Friedman later noted that he, Friedman, regarded Reagan's pick of Bush as "the worst decision not only of his campaign but of his presidency," and that Rumsfeld was instead his preference. "Had he been chosen," Friedman said, "I believe he would have succeeded Reagan as president and the sorry Bush-Clinton period would never have occurred."[41]
Rumsfeld briefly sought the Presidential nomination in 1988, but withdrew from the race before primaries began.[42] During the 1996 election he initially formed a presidential exploratory committee, but declined to formally enter the race. He was instead named national chairman for Republican nominee Bob Dole's campaign.[43]
Return to government (2001–2006)[link]
Rumsfeld was named Secretary of Defense soon after President George W. Bush took office in 2001 despite Rumsfeld's past rivalry with the previous President Bush. Bush's first choice, FedEx founder Fred Smith, was unavailable and Vice President-elect Cheney recommended Rumsfeld for the job.[44]
Rumsfeld's second tenure as Secretary of Defense cemented him as the most powerful Pentagon chief since Robert McNamara and one of the most influential Cabinet members in the Bush administration.[45] His tenure would prove to be a pivotal and rocky one which led the United States military into the 21st century. Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, Rumsfeld led the military planning and execution of the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan and the subsequent 2003 invasion of Iraq. He pushed hard to send as small a force as possible to both conflicts, a concept codified as the Rumsfeld Doctrine.
Throughout his time as Defense Secretary, Rumsfeld was noted for his candor and quick wit when giving weekly press conferences or speaking with the press.[46] U.S. News & World Report called him "a straight-talking Midwesterner" who "routinely has the press corps doubled over in fits of laughter."[46]
Modernizing the military[link]
Rumsfeld's initial task, as outlined by President Bush, was to modernize the military and transform it into a lighter fighting force. Once in office, Rumsfeld immediately announced a series of sweeping reviews intended to accomplish this, and developed a new strategy for defense more relevant to the 21st century. Central to his proposal was to reorganize the global command structure, otherwise known as the Unified Command, replacing it with both the U.S. Strategic Command and Northern Command systems. Strategic Command would take over responsibilities that were held by the Strategic Command and Space Command, both of which were disestablished. This plan was approved by President Bush and implemented under the oversight of Rumsfeld.[8]
September 11, 2001[link]
The United States was attacked on September 11, 2001 by al Qaeda terrorists who hijacked commercial airliners and crashed them in coordinated strikes into both towers of the World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. The fourth plane crashed into a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, and its target was likely a prominent building in Washington, D.C., most probably either the Capitol Building or the White House.[47] Within three hours of the start of the first hijacking and two hours after American Airlines Flight 11 struck the World Trade Center, Rumsfeld raised the defense condition signaling of the United States offensive readiness to DEFCON 3, the highest it had been since the Arab-Israeli war in 1973.[48]
On the morning of 9/11, Rumsfeld spoke at a Pentagon breakfast meeting. According to his later description to Larry King, he stated at the meeting that "sometime in the next two, four, six, eight, ten, twelve months there would be an event that would occur in the world that would be sufficiently shocking that it would remind people again how important it is to have a strong healthy defense department that contributes to... that underpins peace and stability in our world. And that is what underpins peace and stability."[49]
After the strike on the Pentagon by American Airlines Flight 77, Rumsfeld went out to the parking lot to assist with rescue efforts.[50] He later recalled that "I wanted to see what had happened. I wanted to see if people needed help. I went downstairs and helped for a bit with some people on stretchers. Then I came back up here and started — I realized I had to get back up here and get at it."[49]
Military decisions in the wake of 9/11[link]
On the afternoon of September 11, Rumsfeld issued rapid orders to his aides to look for evidence of possible Iraqi involvement in regard to what had just occurred, according to notes taken by senior policy official Stephen Cambone. "Best info fast. Judge whether good enough hit S.H." — meaning Saddam Hussein — "at same time. Not only UBL" (Osama bin Laden), Cambone's notes quoted Rumsfeld as saying. "Need to move swiftly — Near term target needs — go massive — sweep it all up. Things related and not."[51][52]
That evening, after President Bush spoke to the nation from the Oval Office, Rumsfeld recalled musing about the President's intended response to attack terrorists from whatever territory they planned and operated. He reported questioning whether that would include attacking American allies, and suggested that the problem be magnified and viewed from a broader scope. He recommended that state-sponsors of terror, including Sudan, Libya, Iraq and Iran, be considered as possible places of sanctuary if the U.S. were to attack Afghanistan.[53]
Rumsfeld wrote in Known and Unknown, "Much has been written about the Bush administration's focus on Iraq after 9/11. Commentators have suggested that it was strange or obsessive for the President and his advisers to have raised questions about whether Saddam Hussein was somehow behind the attack. I have never understood the controversy. I had no idea if Iraq was or was not involved, but it would have been irresponsible for any administration not to have asked the question."[54]
"Looking back on the weeks following 9/11," he wrote, "Some accounts suggest an administration that seemed to have a preordained response to the attacks. From my vantage point, however, quite the opposite was the case. It was a time of discovery–of seeking elusive, imperfect solutions for new problems that would not be solved quickly. There was no guidebook or road map for us to follow."[55]
Afghanistan and Iraq[link]
After the war in Afghanistan was launched, Rumsfeld participated in a meeting in regard to the review of the Department of Defense's Contingency Plan in the event of a war with Iraq. The plan, as it was then conceived, contemplated troop levels of up to 500,000, which Rumsfeld felt was far too many. Gordon and Trainor wrote:
As [General] Newbold outlined the plan ... it was clear that Rumsfeld was growing increasingly irritated. For Rumsfeld, the plan required too many troops and supplies and took far too long to execute. It was, Rumsfeld declared, the "product of old thinking and the embodiment of everything that was wrong with the military."[56]
Rumsfeld's plan resulted in a lightning invasion that took Baghdad in well under a month with very few American casualties. Many government buildings, plus major museums, electrical generation infrastructure, and even oil equipment were looted and vandalized during the transition from the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime to the establishment of the Coalition Provisional Authority. A violent insurrection began shortly after the military operation started. After the German and French governments voiced opposition to invading Iraq, Rumsfeld labeled these countries as part of "Old Europe", implying that countries that supported the war were part of a newer, modern Europe.[57]
As a result, Rumsfeld stirred controversy as to whether the forces that did invade Iraq were enough in size.[56] In a September 2007 interview with The Daily Telegraph, General Mike Jackson, the head of the British army during the invasion, criticized Rumsfeld's plans for the invasion of Iraq as "intellectually bankrupt," adding that Rumsfeld is "one of those most responsible for the current situation in Iraq," and that he felt that "the US approach to combating global terrorism is 'inadequate' and too focused on military might rather than nation building and diplomacy."[58]
In 2006, Rumsfeld responded to a question by Brit Hume of Fox News as to whether he pressed General Tommy Franks to lower his request for 400,000 troops for the war:
Absolutely not. That's a mythology [sic]. This town [Washington, D.C] is filled with this kind of nonsense. The people who decide the levels of forces on the ground are not the Secretary of Defense or the President. We hear recommendations, but the recommendations are made by the combatant commanders and by members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and there hasn't been a minute in the last six years when we have not had the number of troops that the combatant commanders have requested.[59]
Rumsfeld told Hume that Franks ultimately decided against such a troop level.[60]
There was also controversy between Rumsfeld at the Pentagon and the CIA over who had the authority to fire Hellfire missiles from Predator drones.[61] Even though the drones were not ready for delpyment until 2002,[61] Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon have argued that "these quarrels kept the Predator from being used against al Qaeda.... One individual who was at the center of the action called this episode 'typical' and complained that 'Rumsfeld never missed an opportunity to fail to cooperate. The fact is, the Secretary of Defense is an obstacle. He has helped the terrorists.'[62]
After the Iraq invasion, U.S. troops were criticized for not protecting the historical artifacts and treasures located at the National Museum of Iraq. When asked at the time why U.S. troops did not actively seek to stop the lawlessness, Rumsfeld replied, "Stuff happens... and it's untidy and freedom's untidy, and free people are free to make mistakes and commit crimes and do bad things. They're also free to live their lives and do wonderful things. And that's what's going to happen here."[63] He further commented that, "The images you are seeing on television you are seeing over, and over, and over, and it's the same picture of some person walking out of some building with a vase, and you see it 20 times, and you think, "My goodness, were there that many vases?"[63]
Throughout his tenure, Rumsfeld sought to remind the American people of the 9/11 attacks and threats against Americans, noting at one time in a 2006 memo to "[m]ake the American people realize they are surrounded in the world by violent extremists."[64][65]
As Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld was deliberate in crafting the public message from the Department of Defense. People will "rally" to the word "sacrifice", Rumsfeld noted after a meeting. "They are looking for leadership. Sacrifice = Victory." In May 2004, Rumsfeld considered whether to redefine the war on terrorism as a fight against "worldwide insurgency." He advised aides "to test what the results could be" if the war on terrorism were renamed.[65] Rumsfeld also ordered specific public Pentagon attacks on and responses to U.S. newspaper columns that reported the negative aspects of the war, which he often personally reviewed before they were sent.[65]
In October 2003, Rumsfeld personally approved a secret Pentagon "roadmap" on public relations, calling for "boundaries" between information operations abroad and the news media at home. The Roadmap advances a policy according to which as long as the U.S. government does not intentionally target the American public, it does not matter that psychological operations, reach the American public.[66]
Prisoner abuse and enhanced interrogation techniques[link]
The Department of Defense's preliminary concerns for holding, housing, and interrogating captured prisoners on the battlefield were raised during the military build-up prior to the Iraq War. Because Saddam Hussein’s military forces surrendered when faced with military action, many within the DOD, including Rumsfeld and United States Central Command General Tommy Franks, decided it was in the best interest of all to hand these prisoners over to their respective countries. Additionally, it was determined that maintaining a large holding facility was, at the time, unrealistic. Instead, the use of many facilities such as Abu Ghraib would be utilized to house prisoners prior to handing them over and Rumsfeld defended the Bush administration's decision to detain enemy combatants without protection under the Third Geneva Convention. Because of this, critics, including the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee, would hold Rumsfeld responsible for the ensuing Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal. Rumsfeld himself said: "These events occurred on my watch as Secretary of Defense. I am accountable for them."[67] He offered his resignation to President Bush in the wake of the scandal, but it was not accepted.[68]
,_Donald_Rumsfeld_takes_a_photo_with_some_Marines_at_Camp_Fallujah,_Iraq.jpg)
In a memo read by Rumsfeld detailing how Guantanamo interrogators would induce stress in prisoners by forcing them to remain standing in one position for a maximum of four hours, Rumsfeld scrawled a handwritten note in the margin reading: "I stand for 8-10 hours a day. Why is standing [by prisoners] limited to four hours? D.R.".[69]
Various organizations, such as Human Rights Watch, have called for investigations of Rumsfeld regarding his involvement in managing the Iraq War and his support of the Bush administration's policies of enhanced interrogation techniques.[70][71] In 2005 the ACLU and Human Rights First filed a lawsuit against Rumsfeld and other top government officials, "on behalf of eight men who they say were subjected to torture and abuse by U.S. forces under the command of Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld."[72] In 2005, a suit was filed against Rumsfeld by several human rights organizations for allegedly violating U.S. and international law that prohibits "torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading punishment."[72] Donald Vance and Nathan Ertel filed suit against the U.S. government and Rumsfeld on similar grounds, alleging that they were tortured and their rights of habeas corpus were violated.[73][74][75][76][77][78] In 2007, U.S. District Judge Thomas F. Hogan ruled that Rumsfeld could not "be held personally responsible for actions taken in connection with his government job."[79] The ACLU tried to revive the case in 2011 with no luck.[80]
Resignation[link]
Eight retired generals and admirals called for Rumsfeld to resign in early 2006 in what was called the "Generals Revolt," accusing him of "abysmal" military planning and lack of strategic competence.[81][82][83] Commentator Pat Buchanan reported at the time that Washington Post columnist David Ignatius, who traveled often to Iraq and supported the war, claimed that the generals' and admirals' views mirror those of 75 percent of the officers in the field, and probably more."[84] Rumsfeld rebuffed these criticisms, stating that "out of thousands and thousands of admirals and generals, if every time two or three people disagreed we changed the secretary of defense of the United States, it would be like a merry-go-round."[85] Bush defended his secretary throughout, and responded by stating that Rumsfeld is "exactly what is needed".[86]
On November 1, 2006, Bush stated he would stand by Rumsfeld as defense secretary for the length of his term as president.[87] Rumsfeld wrote a resignation letter dated November 6, and, per the stamp on the letter, Bush saw it on Election Day, November 7.[88] In the elections, the House and the Senate shifted to Democratic control. After the elections, on November 8, Bush announced Rumsfeld would resign his position as Secretary of Defense. Many Republicans were unhappy with the delay, believing they would have won more votes if voters had known Rumsfeld was resigning.[88]
Bush nominated Robert Gates to succeed Rumsfeld[89][90][91] and at a press conference announcing Rumsfeld's resignation and Gates' nomination, Bush remarked, "America is safer and the world is more secure because of the service and the leadership of Donald Rumsfeld."[92]
On December 18, 2006, Rumsfeld's resignation took effect. One of his last actions as defense secretary was to pay a surprise visit to Iraq on December 10, 2006, to bid farewell to the United States military serving there.[93] In a farewell ceremony on December 16, 2006, Rumsfeld's long-time political ally Vice President Dick Cheney, who worked with him in the Ford administration and who also had served as a secretary of defense, called the secretary "the finest secretary of defense this nation has ever had."
Including his time serving as the 13th Secretary of Defense under Ford from 1975 to 1977, Rumsfeld is the second-longest-serving Secretary of Defense in history, falling nine days short of the term of the longest-serving Pentagon chief, the Vietnam-era Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara.
Retirement and later life (2006–present)[link]
In the months after his resignation, Rumsfeld toured the New York publishing houses in preparation for a potential memoir.[94] After receiving what one industry source labeled "big bids", he reached an agreement with the Penguin Group to publish the book under its Sentinel HC imprint.
In 2007, Rumsfeld established The Rumsfeld Foundation, an educational foundation that provides fellowships to talented individuals from the private sector who want to serve for some time in government.[95] Rumsfeld personally financed the foundation.[96] The foundation has granted over 50 fellowships to graduate students from Central Asia, provided over $2.1 million in microfinance grants, and donated over $200,000 to charities for veterans affairs.[95]
In September 2007, Rumsfeld received a one-year appointment as a Distinguished Visiting Fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University,[97] joining (among others) retired army General John P. Abizaid, former commander of U.S. Central Command, and fellow conservatives George Shultz and Newt Gingrich. He participated in the institution's new task force studying post–September 11 ideology and non-state terror.[citation needed]
Rumsfeld declined to accept an advance for the publication of his memoir, and has said he is donating any proceeds from the work to veterans groups.[95] His book, entitled Known and Unknown: A Memoir, was released on February 8, 2011.[98]
In conjunction with the publication of Known and Unknown, Rumsfeld established "The Rumsfeld Papers", a website with documents "related to the endnotes" of the book and his service during the George W. Bush administration;[1] during the months that followed the book's publication, the website is being expanded to include "a number of other documents from [his] archive"; as of June 2011,[dated info] the topics include his Congressional voting record, the Nixon administration, documents and memos of meetings while he was part of the Ford administration, private sector documents, and NATO documents, among others.[1]
Rumsfeld was awarded the "Defender of the Constitution Award" at the 2011 Conservative Political Action Conference in Washington, D.C., on February 10, 2011. After leaving office, Rumsfeld repeatedly criticized former fellow Cabinet member Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of State. In 2011 she finally responded, saying that Rumsfeld "doesn't know what he's talking about."[99]
Electoral history[link]
Main article: Electoral history of Donald Rumsfeld
During the four elections during which he ran to represent Illinois's 13th congressional district, Rumsfeld received shares of the popular vote that ranged from 57.82% (in 1964) to 76.01% (in 1966). In 1975 and 2001, Rumsfeld was overwhelmingly confirmed by the U.S. Senate after Presidents Gerald Ford and George W. Bush, respectively, appointed him as U.S. Secretary of Defense.
Awards[link]
 |
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011) |
Rumsfeld has been awarded 11 honorary degrees.[citation needed] Following his years as CEO, president, and later chairman of G. D. Searle & Company, he was recognized as Outstanding CEO in the pharmaceutical industry by the Wall Street Transcript (1980) and Financial World (1981).[citation needed]
His other awards include:
- The Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Ford (1977)
- Royal Order of the Intare by King Kigeli V of Rwanda
- George C. Marshall Medal by the U.S. Army Association (1984)
- Woodrow Wilson Medal by Princeton University (1985)
- Dwight D. Eisenhower Medal (1993)
- Lone Sailor Award by the U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation (2002)
- Statesmanship Award by the U.S. Assoc of Former Members of Congress (2003)
- James H. Doolittle Award by the Hudson Institute (2003)
- Gerald R. Ford Medal presented by President Ford and the Ford Foundation (2004)[100]
- Distinguished Eagle Scout Award by the Boy Scouts of America
- Union League of Philadelphia Gold Medal for Citizenship (2006)
- Claremont Institute Statesmanship Award (2007)
- Victory of Freedom Award from the Richard Nixon Foundation (2010)[101]
- Order of Anthony Wayne from Valley Forge Military Academy
Affiliation history[link]
Institutional affiliations[link]
- Center for Security Policy: Longtime associate; winner of the CSP's 1998 "Keeper of the Flame" award (5)
- Hoover Institution: Member, board of trustees
- Project for the New American Century: Signed PNAC's founding statement of principles as well as two policy letters on Iraq
- Freedom House: Board member
- RAND Corporation: Board member
- Committee for the Free World: Former chairman
- Bohemian Club: Member
Government posts, panels, and commissions[link]
- Secretary of Defense (2001–06)
- U.S. Commission to Assess National Security Space Management and Organization: Chairman (2000)
- U.S. Ballistic Missile Threat Commission: Chairman (1998)
- Secretary of Defense (1975–77)
- White House Chief of Staff in Ford administration (1974–75)
- U.S. Ambassador to NATO (1973–74)
- U.S. Congress: Representative from Illinois (1962–69)
- United States Navy: Various posts, including aviator (1954–57); reserves (1957–1975) Retired as a Navy Captain (1989)
Corporate connections and business interests[link]
- Gilead Sciences: joined Gilead as a director in 1988 Chairman (1997–2001)
- General Instrument Corporation: Chairman and CEO (1990–93)
- G.D. Searle pharmaceutical company: CEO/Chairman/President (1977–1985)
- Bechtel Corporation: Was involved in Iraq-Bechtel negotiations in the 1980s on a pipeline project
- Gulfstream Aerospace: Former director
- Tribune Company: Former director
- Metricom, Inc.: Former director
- Sears, Roebuck and Co.: Former director
- ABB AB: Former director
- Kellogg Company: director 1985–199? while Carlos Gutierrez (x Cuba 1960) president CEO and chairman Kellogg until named Secretary Commerce under Bush from 2005
- RAND Corporation: Chairman of Board from 1981–1986; 1995–1996
- Bilderberg Group: Member[citation needed]
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals: Former director
Education[link]
- Princeton University: A.B. (1954)
Intellectual heritage[link]
See also[link]
- Agathidium rumsfeldi — the naming of a beetle in homage to Rumsfeld
- Hillbilly armor — Rumsfeld questioned by a soldier about the use of "ad hoc" armor
- 'Known knowns' - quotation
- Known and Unknown: A Memoir, Rumsfeld's memoir of his life
Footnotes[link]
- ^ a b c "About the Library". The Rumsfeld Papers. DHR Holdings LLC. http://www.rumsfeld.com/library/page/about-the-library. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
- ^ Bradley Graham, By His Own Rules (2009) pp 16, 31
- ^ Scouting magazine "Speakers Highlight Scouting's Core Values". Scouting 94 (4): 35. http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0609/a-chrt.html Scouting magazine. September 2006
- ^ Secretary Rumsfeld's Remarks at the White House Conference on Cooperative Conservation — U.S. Department of Defense News Transcript — August 29, 2005
- ^ Habermehl, Kris (2007-01-25). "Fire Breaks Out At Prestigious High School". http://cbs2chicago.com/local/New.Trier.High.2.334860.html. Retrieved 2008-06-28. [dead link]
- ^ Princeton University Senior Theses Full Record: Donald Henry Rumsfeld
- ^ a b http://www.airforcetimes.com/legacy/new/0-AIRPAPER-1610997.php
- ^ a b c DefenseLink's Rumsfeld Biography
- ^ RUMSFELD, Donald Henry on Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Accessed April 22, 2007.
- ^ Donald Rumsfeld biography from the Associated Press. Accessed April 22, 2007.
- ^ Donald Rumsfeld biography from Whitehouse.gov. Accessed April 22, 2007.
- ^ Donald Rumsfeld biography from White House press release dated November 3, 1975. Accessed April 22, 2007.
- ^ Freedom of Information Act at 40
- ^ "Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld speaking at Tribute to Milton Friedman (transcript)". United States Department of Defense. http://www.defenselink.mil/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=216.
- ^ Free to Choose: Tyranny of Control
- ^ Rumsfeld, Donald (2011), pp. 119-121
- ^ a b Rumsfeld, Donald (2011), p. 125
- ^ Graham, By His Own Rules p 75
- ^ Nixon White House conversation 464-12
- ^ Alexander Cockburn, Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy, Simon and Schuster, 2007, page 20
- ^ Craig Unger, The Fall of the House of Bush: The Untold Story of how a Band of True Believers Seized the Executive Branch, Started the Iraq War, and Still Imperils America's Future, Simon and Schuster, 2007, page 50
- ^ Craig Unger, American Armageddon: How the Delusions of the Neoconservatives and the Christian Right Triggered the Descent of America--and Still Imperil Our Future, Simon and Schuster, 2008, page 50
- ^ Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism, Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt, 2007
- ^ Rumsfeld, Donald (2011), p. 157
- ^ Woodward, Bob (2002). Bush At War. Simon and Schuster. pp. 21–22. ISBN 0-7432-4461-3. http://books.google.com/?id=BRzVPPstf3EC&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=rumsfeld+ford+bush+cia+director.
- ^ a b "Defense Choice Made a Name As an Infighter". New York Times. 2001-01-08. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9406EFD8153AF93BA35752C0A9679C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
- ^ The Long March of Dick Cheney
- ^ DefenseLink's Secretary of Defense Biography
- ^ Mann, James (2003-10-08). "Rumsfeld's Roots". The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200310u/int2003-10-08. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
- ^ "Winter comes for a Beltway lion; Rumsfeld rose and fell with his conviction intact". Chicago Tribune: p. 17. 2006-11-12.
- ^ Press Releases: Gilead
- ^ Schmit, Julie (November 17, 2005). "Roche, Gilead Sciences resolve Tamiflu conflict". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-11-16-tamiflu-usat_x.htm. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- ^ Schwartz, Nelson D. (October 31, 2005). "Rumsfeld's growing stake in Tamiflu". CNN. http://money.cnn.com/2005/10/31/news/newsmakers/fortune_rumsfeld/. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- ^ "Bird Flu: A Corporate Bonanza for the Biotech Industry". GlobalResearch.ca. http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=ENG20051106&articleId=1190. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
- ^ Graham, By His Own Rules (2009) pp 159-60
- ^ Rumsfeld, Donald (2011), p. 6
- ^ Report of the Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States
- ^ "Rummy's North Korea Connection; What did Donald Rumsfeld know about ABB's deal to build nuclear reactors there? And why won't he talk about it?". Fortune: p. 75. 2003-05-12.
- ^ OurCampaigns
- ^ OurCampaigns
- ^ "Two Lucky People: Memoirs" by Milton Friedman and Rose Friedman. 1998. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press): p. 391
- ^ OurCampaigns
- ^ "Dole-Kemp Campaign names former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld as its national chairman," Press Release by Dole-Kemp 1996, August 27, 1996
- ^ Bush, George W. (2010), pp. 83–84
- ^ Moniz, Dave (December 9, 2002). "Rumsfeld's abrasive style sparks conflict". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2002-12-09-1a-cover_x.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
- ^ a b Wright, Robert (January 20, 2002). "Rumsfeld's Moment". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/20/opinion/rumsfeld-s-moment.html. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
- ^ Shuster, David (September 12, 2006). "9/11 mystery: What was Flight 93's target?". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14778963/. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
- ^ The 9/11 Commission Report
- ^ a b http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=2603
- ^ http://www.911commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf, p.54
- ^ Roberts, Joel (September 4, 2002). "Plans For Iraq Attack Began On 9/11". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/04/september11/main520830.shtml. Retrieved October 7, 2009.
- ^ Borger, Julian (February 24, 2006). "Blogger bares Rumsfeld's post 9/11 orders". Guardian News and Media Limited (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/feb/24/freedomofinformation.september11. Retrieved October 7, 2009.
- ^ Rumsfeld, Donald (2011), p. 346
- ^ Rumsfeld, Donald (2011), p. 347
- ^ Rumsfeld, Donald (2011), p. 352
- ^ a b Id.Gordon, Michael R. and Bernard E. Trainor, Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq, 2006. Book excerpt from the Denver Post
- ^ "Outrage at 'old Europe' remarks". BBC News. January 23, 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2687403.stm. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- ^ "Gen Sir Mike Jackson's attack draws US ire", Daily Telegraph (online), September 1, 2007
- ^ Special Report with Brit Hume December 14, 2006
- ^ Bumiller, Elisabeth (October 13, 2007). "Blunt Talk About Iraq at Army School". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/13/us/13cnd-army.html?pagewanted=1&hp. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- ^ a b [1] (pp. 189–90, 211–214)
- ^ Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, The Next Attack (New York: Times Books, 2005) ISBN 0-8050-7941-6 p. 161.
- ^ a b "D Rumsfelt - Stuff Happens", April 11, 2003 2:00 PM EDT
- ^ "Rumsfeld 'kept up fear of terror attacks, Daily Telegraph UK, March 11, 2007
- ^ a b c "From the Desk of Donald Rumsfeld ...", Washington Post, November 1, 2007
- ^ National Security Archive, "Rumsfeld's Roadmap to Propaganda," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 177, January 26, 2006, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB177/
- ^ "Rumsfeld 'the best'" — CNN
- ^ Bush, George W. (2010), p. 88
- ^ Diamond, John (2004-06-23). "Rumsfeld OK'd harsh treatment". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2004-06-22-rumsfeld-abuse-usat_x.htm. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- ^ "Bush Should Face Prosecution, Says UN Representative". Deutsche Welle (German Public Radio - World Service). 2009-01-21. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3966038,00.html.
- ^ http://www.democracynow.org/2005/4/25/getting_away_with_torture_human_rights
- ^ a b Bowers, Faye (March 1, 2005). "Lawsuit blames Rumsfeld for overseas torture". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2005-03-01-CSM-torture_x.htm.
- ^ Moss, Michael (2006-12-18). "Former U.S. Detainee in Iraq Recalls Torment". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/18/world/middleeast/18justice.html?_r=1&ref=todayspaper&pagewanted=print&oref=slogin. Retrieved 2006-12-18.
- ^ http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2011/08/09/donald-rumsfeld-faces-another-torture-lawsuit/ Donald Rumsfeld Faces Another Torture Lawsuit by Patrick G. Lee August 9, 2011 WSJ
- ^ http://www.presstv.ir/usdetail/194090.html Court allows torture lawsuit against Rumsfeld Aug 15, 2011 Press TV
- ^ http://gulfnews.com/opinions/editorials/iraq-crimes-return-to-haunt-rumsfeld-1.849853 Iraq crimes return to haunt Rumsfeld; Former US defence secretary can no longer deflect responsibility for abuse of detainees August 11, 2011 Gulf News
- ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2024036/2-Americans-CAN-sue-Donald-Rumsfeld-tortured-US-army-Iraq.html?ito=feeds-newsxml Two American men CAN sue Donald Rumsfeld after 'being tortured by U.S. army in Iraq when they worked for security firm' by Oliver Pickup 9th August 2011 Mail Online
- ^ http://articles.boston.com/2011-08-09/news/29868919_1_appeals-court-interrogation-techniques-torture Rumsfeld must face torture suit, appeals court says August 09, 2011 Bloomberg News via Boston.com
- ^ Apuzzo, Matt (March 28, 2007). "Judge Dismisses Lawsuit Against Rumsfeld". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/27/AR2007032701338.html.
- ^ Froomkin, Dan (January 13, 2011). "Donald Rumsfeld Torture Lawsuit Fizzles, Again". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/13/attempt-to-reinstate-tort_n_808621.html.
- ^ Cloud, David S.; Schmitt, Eric (April 14, 2006). "More Retired Generals Call for Rumsfeld's Resignation". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/14/washington/14military.html. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- ^ Baldwin, Tom (2006-04-18). "Revenge of the battered generals". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article706556.ece. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
- ^ Baker, Peter; White, Josh. "Bush Speaks Out for Rumsfeld". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/14/AR2006041401649_pf.html. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- ^ WorldNetDaily: The generals' revolt
- ^ How many retired generals are there? - By Daniel Engber - Slate Magazine
- ^ "CNN.com - Bush: Rumsfeld 'exactly what is needed' - Apr 14, 2006". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/04/14/iraq.rumsfeld/index.html. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- ^ ABC News: ABC News
- ^ a b Roberts, Kristin (2007-08-15). "Rumsfeld resigned before election, letter shows". Yahoo! News (Reuters). http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/08/15/us-usa-rumsfeld-resignation-idUSN1524505720070815. Retrieved 2011-08-08.
- ^ "Rumsfeld replaced after poll loss". BBC News. November 9, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/6130296.stm. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- ^ "Rice Offered to Resign Following Bush's 2004 Re-Election". Fox News. October 2, 2006. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,217119,00.html. [dead link]
- ^ Rumsfeld quitting as defense secretary. CNN.com Retrieved November 8, 2006.
- ^ President Bush Nominates Dr. Robert M. Gates to be Secretary of Defense
- ^ Rumsfeld Bids Farewell to GIs in Iraq
- ^ Publishers Abuzz Over Possible Rumsfeld Book - June 27, 2007 - The New York Sun
- ^ a b c "About the Rumsfeld Foundation". Rumsfeld Foundation. http://www.rumsfeldfoundation.org/about/. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
- ^ Michael Duffy, "Donald Rumsfeld's Next Move", Time magazine, May 18, 2007
- ^ Rumsfeld appointed distinguished visiting fellow at Hoover. Accessed October 10, 2007. Stanford Report, September 12, 2007.
- ^ "Donald Rumsfeld's memoir: Ducking and diving - His study in self-defence". The Economist. February 17, 2011. http://www.economist.com/node/18175359. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
- ^ Hartman, Rachel Rose (2011-04-28). "Condoleezza Rice fires back at 'grumpy' Donald Rumsfeld". Ticket. http://news.yahoo.com/s/yblog_theticket/20110428/ts_yblog_theticket/condoleezza-rice-fires-back-at-grumpy-donald-rumsfeld. Retrieved 2011-04-28.
- ^ http://www.defenselink.mil/bios/rumsfeld_bio.html
- ^ http://www.ocregister.com/news/rumsfeld-279081-nixon-library.html
Works[link]
- Rumsfeld, Donald (2011). Known and Unknown: A Memoir. Sentinel. ISBN 978-1-59523-067-6.
- Rumsfeld, Donald (1988). Strategic imperatives in East Asia. Heritage lectures, no. 605. Washington, D.C.: Heritage Foundation. Speech given Mar. 3, 1998 in Washington, D.C.
References[link]
- By His Own Rules: The Ambitions, Successes, and Ultimate Failures of Donald Rumsfeld by Bradley Graham (PublicAffairs, 2009) ISBN 978-1-58648-421-7
- Rumsfeld's War: The Untold Story of America's Anti-Terrorist Commander by Rowan Scarborough (Regnery Publishing, 2004) ISBN 0-89526-069-7
- Rumsfeld: A Personal Portrait by Midge Decter (Regan Books, 2003) ISBN 0-06-056091-6
- The Rumsfeld Way: The Leadership Wisdom of a Battle-Hardened Maverick by Jeffrey A. Krames (McGraw-Hill, 2002) ISBN 0-07-140641-7
- Hoehn, Andrew R. Albert A. Robbert, Margaret C. Harrell (2011). Succession management for senior military positions : the Rumsfeld model for Secretary of Defense involvement. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. ISBN 978-0-8330-5228-5.
- Rumsfeld: His Rise, Fall, and Catastrophic Legacy by Andrew Cockburn (Scribners, 2007) ISBN 1-4165-3574-8
- Decision Points by George W. Bush (Crown, 2010) ISBN 978-0-307-59061-9
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Donald Rumsfeld |
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Wikisource has original works written by or about: |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Donald Rumsfeld |
Works[link]
- The Rumsfeld Papers, his official website
- U.S. Secretary of Defense official transcripts archive
- Rumsfeld's Rules advice on government, business and life, January 29, 2001
- Donald Rumsfeld's Project Syndicate op/eds
- Known and Unknown: A Memoir by Donald Rumsfeld (2011)
Government service[link]
- White House Biography
- Department of Defense Biography
- Donald Rumsfeld at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Appearances on Charlie Rose
- Appearances at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Donald Rumsfeld in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Donald Rumsfeld collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
- Donald Rumsfeld collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Donald Rumsfeld collected news and commentary at The Jerusalem Post
- Donald Rumsfeld collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Donald Rumsfeld collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
Documentary video[link]
- Video clip of Rumsfeld (as special U.S. envoy to Middle East) meeting Hussein
- The short film A View from the White House, Part I (1975) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
- The short film A View from the White House, Part II (1975) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
- The short film A Single Six Year Term for President (1987) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
- The short film Money, Television, and Politics (1988) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
- The short film The Private Lives of Public Servants (1989) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
- PBS Frontline — Rumsfeld's War October 2004 documentary
Articles profiling Rumsfeld[link]
- The Life and Times of Donald Rumsfeld, PBS
- Washington Post — Rumsfeld's War archives 2001–04
- Rumsfeld revealed, Vivienne Heines. The Air Force Times, 3 March 2003
- Close-Up: Young Rumsfeld, James Mann, The Atlantic Monthly, November 2003
- The Donald Rumsfeld Library of Quotations, BBC Radio 4
- Biographer Andrew Cockburn on Rumsfeld at London Frontline Club May 2007.
- The Don: A Look at Former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, Carol Felsenthal, Chicago magazine.
- Lunch with the FT: Donald Rumsfeld by Gideon Rachman, Financial Times, February 11, 2011
| United States House of Representatives | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Marguerite Church |
Member of the House of Representatives from Illinois's 13th congressional district 1963–1969 |
Succeeded by Phil Crane |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Bertrand Harding |
Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity 1969–1970 |
Succeeded by Frank Carlucci |
| Preceded by Alexander Haig |
White House Chief of Staff 1974–1975 |
Succeeded by Dick Cheney |
| Preceded by James Schlesinger |
United States Secretary of Defense 1975–1977 |
Succeeded by Harold Brown |
| Preceded by William Cohen |
United States Secretary of Defense 2001–2006 |
Succeeded by Robert Gates |
| Diplomatic posts | ||
| Preceded by David Kennedy |
United States Ambassador to NATO 1973–1974 |
Succeeded by David Bruce |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Rumsfeld, Donald Henry |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | U.S. Secretary of Defense |
| Date of birth | (1932-07-09) July 9, 1932 (age 79) |
| Place of birth | Evanston, Illinois, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld
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| Leon Panetta | |
|---|---|
|
|
| 23rd United States Secretary of Defense | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office July 1, 2011 |
|
| President | Barack Obama |
| Deputy | William Lynn Ashton Carter |
| Preceded by | Robert Gates |
| Director of the Central Intelligence Agency | |
| In office February 13, 2009 – June 30, 2011 |
|
| President | Barack Obama |
| Deputy | Stephen Kappes Michael Morell |
| Preceded by | Michael Hayden |
| Succeeded by | Michael Morell (Acting) David Petraeus |
| 18th White House Chief of Staff | |
| In office July 17, 1994 – January 20, 1997 |
|
| President | Bill Clinton |
| Preceded by | Mack McLarty |
| Succeeded by | Erskine Bowles |
| 29th Director of the Office of Management and Budget | |
| In office January 21, 1993 – July 17, 1994 |
|
| President | Bill Clinton |
| Preceded by | Richard Darman |
| Succeeded by | Alice Rivlin |
| Chairman of the House Committee on the Budget | |
| In office January 3, 1989 – January 21, 1993 |
|
| Preceded by | William Gray |
| Succeeded by | Martin Sabo |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California's 17th district |
|
| In office January 3, 1993 – January 21, 1993 |
|
| Preceded by | Burt Talcott |
| Succeeded by | Sam Farr |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California's 16th district |
|
| In office January 3, 1977 – January 3, 1993 |
|
| Preceded by | Burt Talcott |
| Succeeded by | Don Edwards |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Leon Edward Panetta (1938-06-28) June 28, 1938 (age 73) Monterey, California, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic Party (1971–present) |
| Other political affiliations |
Republican Party (Before 1971) |
| Spouse(s) | Sylvia |
| Alma mater | Santa Clara University |
| Profession | Lawyer Professor Politician Statesman |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism |
| Military service | |
| Service/branch | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1964–1966 |
| Rank |  First Lieutenant |
| Awards | Army Commendation Medal |
Leon Edward Panetta (born June 28, 1938) is the 23rd and current United States Secretary of Defense, serving in the administration of President Barack Obama since 2011. Prior to taking office, he served as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. An Italian-American Democratic politician, lawyer, and professor, Panetta served as President Bill Clinton's White House Chief of Staff from 1994 to 1997, Director of the Office of Management and Budget from 1993–1994, and was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1977 to 1993. He is the founder of the Panetta Institute for Public Policy, served as Distinguished Scholar to Chancellor Charles B. Reed of the California State University System and professor of public policy at Santa Clara University.
In January 2009, President Obama nominated Panetta for the post of CIA Director.[1][2] Panetta was confirmed by the full Senate in February 2009. As director of the CIA, Panetta oversaw the U.S. military operation that led to Osama bin Laden's death.
On April 28, 2011, Obama announced the nomination of Panetta as Defense Secretary when Robert Gates retired. In June the Senate confirmed Panetta unanimously as Secretary of Defense. He assumed the office on July 1.[3] David Petraeus took over as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency on September 6.[4]
Contents |
Early life, education, and military service[link]
Leon Panetta was born in Monterey, California, the son of Carmelina Maria and Carmelo Frank Panetta, Italian immigrants from Siderno in Calabria[5] who owned a restaurant in Monterey. He was raised in the Monterey area, and attended Catholic schools San Carlos Grammar School and Carmel Mission School. He continued his education at Monterey High School, a public school where he became involved in student politics, and was a JSA member.[6] As a junior he was Vice President of the Student Body, and became President of the Student Body as a senior.[7]
In 1956, he entered Santa Clara University, and in 1960 he graduated magna cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science. He also received a Juris Doctor in 1963 from the Santa Clara University School of Law. In 1964, he joined the United States Army as a Second Lieutenant, where he served as an officer in Army Military Intelligence.[8] There he received the Army Commendation Medal, and was discharged in 1966 as a First Lieutenant.[9]
Political career[link]
Panetta started in politics in 1966 as a legislative assistant to Republican Senator Thomas Kuchel, the United States Senate Minority Whip from California, whom Panetta has called "a tremendous role model".[10]
In 1969 he became the assistant to Robert H. Finch, Secretary of the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare under the Nixon administration. Soon thereafter he was appointed Director of the Office for Civil Rights.[11]
Panetta chose to enforce civil rights and equal education laws.[citation needed] Secretary Robert Finch and Assistant Secretary John Veneman refused to fire Panetta, threatening to resign if forced to do so.[citation needed] A few weeks later in 1970, Panetta resigned and left Washington to work as Executive Assistant for John Lindsay, the Republican Mayor of New York City. He wrote about this experience in his 1971 book Bring Us Together."
He moved back to Monterey to practice law at Panetta, Thompson & Panetta from 1971 through to 1976.[12]
Congressional work[link]
Panetta switched to the Democratic Party in 1971, because he thought that the Republican Party was moving away from the political center."Leon Panetta B.S. '60, J.D. '63". Lawyers Who Lead. Santa Clara University School of Law. http://law.scu.edu/lawyerswholead/leon-panetta.cfm. Retrieved March 29, 2012. In 1976, Panetta was elected to the U.S. Congress to represent California's 16th congressional district, unseating incumbent Republican Burt Talcott with 53% of the vote (the 17th district after the 1990 census), and was reelected for nine terms.[13][14][15]
During his time in Congress, his work concentrated mostly on budget issues, civil rights, education, healthcare. agriculture, immigration, and environmental issues, particularly preventing oil drilling off the California coast. He wrote the Hunger Prevention Act (Public Law 100-435) of 1988 and the Fair Employment Practices Resolution. He was the author of legislation establishing the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary,[16] and legislation providing Medicare coverage for hospice service.
His positions included:
- Chairman of the U.S. House Committee on the Budget
- Chairman of the Agriculture Committee's Subcommittee on Domestic Marketing, Consumer Relations, and Nutrition
- Chairman of the Administration Committee's Subcommittee on Personnel and Police
- Chairman of the Task Force on Domestic Hunger created by the U.S. House Select Committee on Hunger
- Vice Chairman of the Caucus of Vietnam-Era Veterans in Congress
- Member of the President's Commission on Foreign Language and International Studies.
Budget work[link]
A member of the U.S. House Committee on the Budget from 1979 to 1985 — and its chairman from 1989 to 1993 — he played a key role in the 1990 Budget Summit.[17][18]
Though elected to a ninth term, he left the House in 1993 after President Bill Clinton selected him to be Director of the United States Office of Management and Budget. He is credited with developing the budget package that would eventually result in the balanced budget of 1998. On July 17, 1994, he was appointed White House Chief of Staff by Clinton, a position he held until January 20, 1997. He was an important negotiator of the 1996 budget, which was another important step towards balancing the budget.[19][20]
Nomination as CIA Director[link]
President Barack Obama nominated him to the post of Director of the Central Intelligence Agency on January 5, 2009.[1]
After his selection, journalists and politicians raised concerns about his lack of intelligence experience.
Washington Post columnist David Ignatius said that Panetta did have tangential exposure to intelligence operations as Director of the OMB and as Chief of Staff for President Clinton, where he "sat in on the daily intelligence briefings as chief of staff, and he reviewed the nation's most secret intelligence-collection and covert-action programs in his previous post as director of the Office of Management and Budget".[21] Senator Dianne Feinstein, the California Democratic chairwoman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, wasn't happy with the Leon Panetta selection:
- “I was not informed about the selection of Leon Panetta to be the CIA Director. I know nothing about this, other than what I’ve read. My position has consistently been that I believe the Agency is best-served by having an intelligence professional in charge at this time.”[22]
Former CIA officer Ishmael Jones stated, that Panetta was a wise choice because of his close personal connection to the President and lack of exposure to the CIA bureaucracy.[23][24]
On February 12, 2009, Panetta was confirmed in the full Senate by voice vote.[25]
Director of the CIA[link]
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Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
On February 19, 2009, Leon Panetta was sworn in as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency by Vice President Joe Biden before an audience of CIA employees. Panetta reportedly received a "rock star welcome" from his new subordinates.[26]
In March 2009, Panetta visited India to discuss a host of issues including common strategy on dealing with Islamic extremism and Taliban. This was his first international visit since he assumed office.[27]
Panetta supported U.S. drone strikes in Pakistan, which he identified as the "most effective weapon" against senior Al-Qaeda leadership.[28][29] These attacks increased significantly under Panetta, with as many as 50 suspected Al-Qaeda militants being killed in May 2009 alone.[30][31][32]
As Director of the CIA, Panetta presided over the operations that led to Osama bin Laden's death on May 1, 2011.
Secretary of Defense[link]
On April 28, 2011, President Obama announced the nomination of Panetta as United States Secretary of Defense as a replacement for retiring Secretary Robert Gates. On June 21, 2011, the United States Senate confirmed Panetta in a 100-0 vote.[33] He was sworn in on July 1, 2011. One of Panetta's first major acts as Defense Secretary was to jointly certify with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff that the military was prepared to repeal "don't ask, don't tell", triggering final repeal after 60 days.
In August 2011 Panetta said that deeper cuts in the defense budget risked hollowing out the military and would hamper Pentagon efforts to deal with rising powers such as China, North Korea and Iran. It was the second day in a row that Panetta issued a public warning to Congress not to go beyond the roughly $400 billion in defense cuts required over the next decade under the debt reduction bill signed by President Obama. "You cannot deal with the size deficits the country is confronting by simply cutting the discretionary side of the budget," he said, referring to defense and other portions of the budget that Congress appropriates annually. "You have got to look at the mandatory side of the budget, which is two-thirds of the federal budget, and you also have to look at revenue."[34]
Like Gates before him, Panetta has fielded questions from the troops about their entitlements. He has said that future soldiers may see changes in retirement benefits and that healthcare may need reforms to protect care while reining in costs.[35]
When the supercommittee did not approve a deficit reduction plan[36] Panetta said “The failure of the congressional supercommittee to reach an agreement on deficit reduction is a setback for the country's efforts to achieve fiscal responsibility while protecting our national security”. He added that “If Congress fails to act over the next year, the Department of Defense will face devastating, automatic, across-the-board cuts that will tear a seam in the nation's defense”.[37]
I join the President in his call for Congress to avoid an easy way out of this crisis,...Congress cannot simply turn off the sequester mechanism, but instead must pass deficit reduction at least equal to the $1.2 trillion it was charged to pass under the Budget Control Act of 2011.
In January 2012 Panetta, speaking to soldiers at Fort Bliss in Texas, said that the United States is keeping all its options on the table, including military ones with regard to Iran. “Clearly there are those areas that for us are red lines,” Panetta said. “Number one, we cannot allow them to develop a nuclear weapon. That’s a red line. Number two, we cannot tolerate Iran blocking the Straits of Hormuz.”[38]
Activities outside politics[link]
Panetta and his wife founded the Leon & Sylvia Panetta Institute for Public Policy in December 1998, where they serve as the Institute's directors. The Institute is located at California State University, Monterey Bay. Panetta was instrumental in creating CSU Monterey Bay by converting Fort Ord, where he was chief of operations and planning of the intelligence section when he was in the army, into the university. Panetta served as Distinguished Scholar to the Chancellor of California State University[39] and as Presidential Professor at Santa Clara University. He was urged to consider running for Governor of California during the recall election in 2003, but declined in part because of the short time available to raise money.[40]
Panetta has long been an advocate for the health of the world's oceans. As a member of Congress from California’s 16th District, he wrote numerous successful acts of Congress to protect the California coast, including legislation creating the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary.[39][41][42] In 2003, Panetta was named chairman and commissioner of the Pew Oceans Commission, which in 2005 combined with the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy to establish the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative. Panetta now co-chairs the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative with Admiral James D. Watkins, U.S. Navy (Ret.).[43] Panetta continues to pursue his commitment to ocean and marine life issues, serving as a resource for legislators and the media, advocating for ocean reform on behalf of the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative as well as other ocean organizations, including the National Marine Sanctuary Foundation[44] and the Monterey Bay Aquarium.[45]
In 2006 he was part of the Iraq Study Group, also known as the Baker Commission.[46][47]
In 2009 Panetta delivered the commencement speech to the graduating class at The University of Maryland at College Park, emphasising the importance of public service and leadership.[48][49]
Responsibilities[link]
Joint Ocean Commission Initiative[50]
- Commissioner and Co-Chair[51]
Pew Oceans Commission
- Commissioner[52]
- Board of Directors
National Marine Sanctuary Foundation
- Member of the Board of Directors[53]
National Leadership Roundtable on Church Management
- Board of Directors, 2004–2009
- Co-chairman of the Corporate Accountability and Listing Standards Committee
- Board of Directors since 1997
- Board of Directors, Member since 1999
Connetics Investor Relations
- Board of Directors since March 2000[54]
- Co-chairman of the Corporate Accountability and Listing Standards Committee
- Co-chairman of the Corporate Credibility Advisory practice
- Member of the International Advisory Board
Junior Statesmen Foundation Inc.
- Trustee since 2004
Public Policy Institute of California
- Board of Directors since 2007[56]
In June 2002, the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops appointed Panetta to their National Review Board,[57] which was created to look into the Catholic Church's sexual abuse scandal. This created controversy because of Panetta's pro-choice stands on abortion and other views seen as conflicting with those of the Church.
Personal life[link]
Panetta married Sylvia Marie Varni,[58] who administered his home district offices during his terms in Congress.[59][60]
He and his wife live on his family's twelve-acre (49,000 m²) walnut farm in Carmel Valley, California. They have three sons and three grandchildren.[16]
Awards[link]
- 1966 – Army Commendation Medal
- 1969 – Abraham Lincoln Award, National Education Association
- 1984 – A. Philip Randolph Award
- 1988 – Golden Plow Award, American Farm Bureau Federation[61]
- 1991 – President's Award, American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages
- 1991 – Coastal and Ocean Management Award, Coastal Zone Foundation
- 1993 – Peter Burnett Award for Distinguished Public Service
- 1995 – Distinguished Public Service Medal, Center for the Study of the Presidency
- 1997 – Special Achievement Award for Public Service, National Italian American Foundation
- 2001 – John H. Chafee Coastal Stewardship Award, Coastal America
- 2002 – Law Alumni Special Achievement Award, Santa Clara University School of Law Alumni Association[62]
- 2003 – Julius A. Stratton "Champion of the Coast" Award for Coastal Leadership
- 2005 – Received an honorary Doctorate from University of Wisconsin–Parkside
- 2005 – Received an honorary Doctorate of Public Service from Northeastern University[63]
- 2006 – Paul Peck Award
References[link]
- ^ a b "Leon Panetta Tapped to Head CIA, Prompting Criticism From Lawmakers". Fox News. January 5, 2009. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/01/05/leon-panetta-tapped-head-cia-sources-say/.
- ^ "Obama names Panetta for CIA". Associated Press. January 9, 2009. http://www.seattlepi.com/national/1152ap_obama_intelligence.html. Retrieved January 9, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Obama bids farewell to defense secretary - politics - More politics - msnbc.com". MSNBC. 2011-06-30. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43591679/ns/politics-more_politics/. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
- ^ Quemener, Tangi (September 6, 2011). "Petraeus sworn in as new CIA chief". Agence France-Presse. http://news.yahoo.com/petraeus-sworn-cia-chief-152014281.html. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
- ^ http://www.politicalfamilytree.com/samples%20content/members/all_others/Panetta-CA-1.pdf
- ^ "Hon. Leon Panetta Appointed CIA Director". Alumni. JSA and the Junior Statesmen Foundation. May 21, 2009. http://www.jsa.org/alumni-friends/hon.-leon-panetta-appointed-cia-director.html. Retrieved December 11, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ Profile of Leon Panetta, Santa Clara University Law School web site, accessed April 28, 2011
- ^ "Message to the Department of Defense from Defense Secretary Leon Panetta". http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=14621. Retrieved 2011-07-01.
- ^ Biography, Leon Panetta, Public Broadcasting Service program News Hour guest profiles, accessed April 28, 2011
- ^ "Conversation with Leon Panetta", p. 2
- ^ Gizzi, John (April 28, 2011), "Leon Panetta: Bipartisan in Spirit but a Liberal at Heart", Human Events
- ^ Study group member profile, Leon Panetta, published by Iraq Study Group, accessed April 28, 2011
- ^ Opinion column, Democrats See Potential Gains, by Matt Pinkus, Congressional Quarterly, published in Eugene Register-Guard, August 23, 1976
- ^ Newspaper article, Democrats in Congress Keep Old Seats, Take 1 From GOP, Los Angeles Times, November 4, 1976
- ^ Newspaper article, State Democrats Gain By One Seat In Congress, by Associated Press, published in Modesto Bee, November 4, 1976
- ^ a b "Hon. Leon E. Panetta", U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops
- ^ Newspaper article, Budget Summit Opens, by Tom Raum, Associated Press, published in Hendersonville Times-News, May 16, 1990
- ^ Newspaper article, As Budget Chief, Panetta May Be Frugal Deficit Foe, Christian Science Monitor, December 11, 1992
- ^ Newspaper column, Clinton Is Winning On Balanced Budget, by Morton Kondracke, Pomeroy-Middleton Daily Sentinel, January 23, 1996
- ^ Newspaper article, Flexibility Shown in Budget Talks, by Associated Press, published in Williamson Daily News, September 17, 1996
- ^ Ignatius, David (January 7, 2009). "A Surprise for Langley". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/06/AR2009010602826.html. Retrieved January 23, 2009.
- ^ "Dianne Feinstein Not Too Pleased With Panetta Pick « The Washington Independent". Washingtonindependent.com. http://washingtonindependent.com/23827/dianne-feinstein-not-too-pleased-with-panetta-pick. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
- ^ "JONES: Where loyalty is vital". Washington Times. January 8, 2009. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/jan/08/where-loyalty-is-vital/. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
- ^ "Panetta a ‘Brave’ Choice, Says Former CIA Agent – The Corner – National Review Online". Corner.nationalreview.com. January 6, 2009. http://corner.nationalreview.com/post/?q=MDQ3ZmRmNTQyY2ZiNzY5NjIxMzk3NjJkZTNhNGMzNTY. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
- ^ "Senate confirms Panetta as CIA director". Associated Press. February 12, 2009. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jyswk6L_yXx0g3aoXJS8wm6Xj0vQD96ACPMG0. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
- ^ "Leon Panetta Gets a Rock Star Welcome at CIA Headquarters". The Wall Street Journal. February 19, 2009. http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2009/02/19/leon-panetta-gets-a-rock-star-welcome-at-cia-headquarters-2/.
- ^ "Report: U.S. CIA chief to be in India to discuss terrorism, Taliban". News.xinhuanet.com. 2009-03-18. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/18/content_11030853.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
- ^ CIA Pakistan Campaign Is Working, Director Says, Mark Mazzetti and Helene Cooper, New York Times, February 26, 2009, A15
- ^ Gerstein, Josh. "CIA Director Panetta Warns Against Politicization". NBC New York. http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/us_world/Panetta_warns_against_politicization.html?extpar=polit. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "25 Militants Are Killed In Attack In Pakistan". The New York Times. May 17, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/17/world/asia/17pstan.html. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
- ^ Bergen, Peter (June 3, 2009). "The Drone War". NewAmerica.net. http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2009/drone_war_13672. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
- ^ "U.S. Senate Periodical Press Gallery". Senate.gov. http://www.senate.gov/galleries/pdcl/index.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
- ^ Cloud, David S. (2011-08-04). "Panetta warns against defense cuts". Latimes.com. http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-pn-panetta-defense-cuts-20110804,0,6246715.story?track=rss. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
- ^ Pincus, Walter (October 10, 2011). "On Pentagon budget matters, telling it like it is". The Washington Post.
- ^ Lillis, Mike (2011-11-21). "Debt supercommittee dies". Thehill.com. http://thehill.com/blogs/on-the-money/budget/194941-supercommittee-co-chairmen-announce-failure. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
- ^ Bennett, John T.. "Panetta decries Defense cuts, opposes voiding them and blasts Congress". Thehill.com. http://thehill.com/blogs/defcon-hill/budget-approriations/195013-panetta-opposes-voiding-additional-dod-cuts-blasts-congress. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
- ^ US and Iran inch closer to military conflict
- ^ a b Panetta Institute – Leon Panetta – retrieved 11/22/2008[dead link]
- ^ Newspaper article, Panetta Doesn't Seek Governorship, San Jose Mercury News, July 20, 2003
- ^ "Joint Ocean Commission Initiative – Panetta bio". Jointoceancommission.org. http://www.jointoceancommission.org/cgi-bin/bios.cgi?panetta. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
- ^ Consortium for Ocean Leadership – Panetta bio[dead link]
- ^ "Watkins bio". Jointoceancommission.org. http://www.jointoceancommission.org/cgi-bin/bios.cgi?watkins. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
- ^ National Marine Sanctuary Foundation – Leon Panetta[dead link]
- ^ "Stanford University, Monterey Bay Aquarium launch center to save oceans". News.mongabay.com. January 9, 2008. http://news.mongabay.com/2008/0109-mbari.html. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
- ^ Television news report transcript, Iraq Survey Group Report Released, by Kim Landers, the World Today, ABC (Australia), December 7, 2006
- ^ Newspaper article, Iraq Study Group to Present Report to Bush, by Brian Knowlton, New York Times, December 3, 2006
- ^ Newspaper column, Commencement Season, by Laslo Boyd, The Gazette, Gaithersburg, Maryland, May 22, 2009
- ^ Newspaper article, Panetta Urges Service, Leadership, by Susan Kinzie, Washington Post, May 22, 2009
- ^ http://archive2.globalsolutions.org/publications/interview_leon_panetta_joint_ocean_commission_initiative
- ^ "Joint Ocean Commission Initiative Commissioners". Jointoceancommission.org. http://www.jointoceancommission.org/commissioners.html. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
- ^ "Pew Oceans Commission". Pewoceans.org. http://www.pewoceans.org/commissioners/. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
- ^ NMSF ~~ Board of Directors ~ Ex-Officio Members ~ Jeffery Mora ~~[dead link]
- ^ "Stiefel Laboratories, Inc. | Home". Connetics.com. http://www.connetics.com/2002/about/leadership.html. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ "Leon E. Panetta". Ppic.org. http://www.ppic.org/main/bio.asp?i=383. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
- ^ "Membership of National Review Board Completed". U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. August 23, 2002. http://www.usccb.org/comm/archives/2002/02-163.shtml. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
- ^ "Sylvia M. Varni", SourceWatch
- ^ O'Shea, Jennifer (January 8, 2009), "10 Things You Didn't Know about Leon Panetta", U.S. News and World Report
- ^ Doyle, Michael (April 27, 2011), "Panetta will Bring a Lifetime of Service to the Pentagon", Modesto Bee, McClatchy Newspapers
- ^ "AFBF Golden Plow Award,". American Farm Bureau Federation. http://www.fb.org/index.php?action=legislative.gp. Retrieved March 08, 2012.
- ^ "Santa Clara (U.) Law School – Law Alumni Special Achievement Award". Law.scu.edu. 2010-04-29. http://law.scu.edu/alumni/achievement-award.cfm. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
- ^ "Speakers for 103rd Commencement". Newswise.com. April 29, 2005. http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/511446/. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
Further reading[link]
- Clinton, Bill (2005). My Life. Vintage. ISBN 1-4000-3003-X.
- "The Defense Secretary: An interview with Leon Panetta". CBS News. January 29, 2012. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18560_162-57367997/the-defense-secretary-an-interview-with-leon-panetta/?tag=contentMain;cbsCarousel.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Leon Panetta |
- Office of the Secretary of Defense
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Leon Panetta at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Leon Panetta in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Leon Panetta collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Biography of the Central Intelligence Agency (archived)
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
- Leon Panetta Biography at WhoRunsGov at The Washington Post
- Biography of Panetta, Hartnell University
- Conversations with History – Interview with Leon Panetta, UC Berkeley Institute of International Studies
- The Panetta Institute for Public Policy
| United States House of Representatives | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Burt Talcott |
Member of the House of Representatives from California's 16th congressional district 1977–1993 |
Succeeded by Don Edwards |
| Preceded by William Gray |
Chairperson of the House Committee on the Budget 1989–1993 |
Succeeded by Martin Sabo |
| Preceded by Cal Dooley |
Member of the House of Representatives from California's 17th congressional district 1993 |
Succeeded by Sam Farr |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Richard Darman |
Director of the Office of Management and Budget 1993–1994 |
Succeeded by Alice Rivlin |
| Preceded by Mack McLarty |
White House Chief of Staff 1994–1997 |
Succeeded by Erskine Bowles |
| Preceded by Robert Gates |
United States Secretary of Defense 2011–present |
Incumbent |
| Government offices | ||
| Preceded by Michael Hayden |
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency 2009–2011 |
Succeeded by David Petraeus |
| United States order of precedence | ||
| Preceded by Timothy Geithner as Secretary of the Treasury |
Order of Precedence of the United States as Secretary of Defense |
Succeeded by Eric Holder as Attorney General |
| United States presidential line of succession | ||
| Preceded by Timothy Geithner as Secretary of the Treasury |
6th in line as Secretary of Defense |
Succeeded by Eric Holder as Attorney General |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Panetta, Leon |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American politician, Secretary of Defense |
| Date of birth | June 28, 1938 |
| Place of birth | Monterey, California, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Panetta
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Robert Gates | |
|---|---|
|
|
| 24th Chancellor of The College of William & Mary | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office February 3, 2012 |
|
| Preceded by | Sandra Day O'Connor |
| 22nd United States Secretary of Defense | |
| In office December 18, 2006 – July 1, 2011 |
|
| President | George W. Bush Barack Obama |
| Deputy | Gordon England William Lynn |
| Preceded by | Donald Rumsfeld |
| Succeeded by | Leon Panetta |
| 22nd President of Texas A&M University | |
| In office August 1, 2002 – December 16, 2006 |
|
| Preceded by | Ray M. Bowen |
| Succeeded by | Eddie J. Davis |
| 15th Director of Central Intelligence | |
| In office November 6, 1991 – January 20, 1993 |
|
| President | George H. W. Bush |
| Deputy | Richard Kerr Bill Studeman |
| Preceded by | William Webster |
| Succeeded by | James Woolsey |
| Deputy National Security Advisor | |
| In office March 20, 1989 – November 6, 1991 |
|
| President | George H. W. Bush |
| Preceded by | John Negroponte |
| Succeeded by | Jonathan Howe |
| 16th Deputy Director of Central Intelligence | |
| In office April 18, 1986 – March 20, 1989 |
|
| President | Ronald Reagan George H. W. Bush |
| Preceded by | John McMahon |
| Succeeded by | Richard Kerr |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Robert Michael Gates (1943-09-25) September 25, 1943 (age 68) Wichita, Kansas |
| Political party | Republican Party[1] |
| Spouse(s) | Becky Gates |
| Alma mater | College of William and Mary (B.A.) Indiana University (M.A.) Georgetown University (Ph.D.) |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Service/branch | United States Air Force |
| Years of service | 1967–1969 |
| Rank | 8px Second Lieutenant |
Robert Michael Gates (born September 25, 1943) is the 24th Chancellor of the College of William and Mary[2] and a retired civil servant and university president who served as the 22nd United States Secretary of Defense from 2006 to 2011. Prior to this, Gates served for 26 years in the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Council, and under President George H. W. Bush as Director of Central Intelligence. Gates was also an officer in the United States Air Force and during the early part of his military career, he was recruited by the CIA.[3][4] After leaving the CIA, Gates became president of Texas A&M University and was a member of several corporate boards. Gates also served as a member of the Iraq Study Group, the bipartisan commission co-chaired by James A. Baker III and Lee H. Hamilton, that has studied the Iraq War. He was also the first pick to serve as the first Director of National Intelligence (DNI), but he declined the appointment in order to remain President of Texas A&M University.[5]
Gates accepted the nomination for Secretary of Defense on November 8, 2006, replacing Donald Rumsfeld. He was confirmed with bipartisan support.[6] In a 2007 profile written by former National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski, Time named Gates one of the year's most influential people.[6] In 2008, Gates was named one of America's Best Leaders by U.S. News & World Report.[7] He continued to serve as Secretary of Defense in President Barack Obama's administration.[8] Gates announced in August 2010 that he planned to retire in 2011, and President Barack Obama announced in April 2011 that he would be replaced by CIA director Leon Panetta.[9][10] “He’ll be remembered for making us aware of the danger of over-reliance on military intervention as an instrument of American foreign policy,” said former Senator David L. Boren.[11] Gates was presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian award, by President Obama during his retirement ceremony.[12] On September 6, 2011, Gates was named to be 24th Chancellor of The College of William and Mary; he succeeded Sandra Day O'Connor on February 3, 2012.[13]
Contents |
Early life and education[link]
Gates was born in Wichita, Kansas, the son of Isabel V. (née Goss) and Melville A. "Mel" Gates.[14] Gates attained the rank of Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) and received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the BSA as an adult.[15][16] He graduated from Wichita High School East in 1961.[17] Gates is also a Vigil Honor member within the Order of the Arrow, Scouting's National Honor Society.
Gates then received a scholarship to attend the College of William and Mary, graduating in 1965 with a B.A. in history. At William & Mary, Gates was an active member and president of the Alpha Phi Omega (national service fraternity) chapter and the Young Republicans; he was also the business manager for the William and Mary Review, a literary and art magazine.[13] At his William & Mary graduation ceremony, Gates received the Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award naming him the graduate who "has made the greatest contribution to his fellow man".[13]
Gates then received an M.A. in history from Indiana University in 1966. He completed his Ph.D. in Russian and Soviet history from Georgetown University in 1974. The title of his Georgetown doctoral dissertation is "Soviet Sinology: An Untapped Source for Kremlin Views and Disputes Relating to Contemporary Events in China" and is available from University Microfilms International as document number 7421652. He received an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from both William & Mary (1998) and the University of Oklahoma (2011).[citation needed]
He married his wife Becky on January 7, 1967.[18] They have two children.
Intelligence career[link]
Positions[link]
While at Indiana University, Gates was recruited by the Central Intelligence Agency and joined in 1966.[19] On January 4, 1967, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Air Force after attending Officer Training School under CIA sponsorship.[18][19] From 1967 to 1969, he was assigned to the Strategic Air Command as an intelligence officer, which included a year at Whiteman Air Force Base in Missouri, where he delivered intelligence briefings to Intercontinental Ballistic Missile crews.[20] After fulfilling his military obligation, he rejoined the CIA as an intelligence analyst.[21]
Gates left the CIA in 1974 to serve on the staff of the National Security Council. He returned to the CIA in late 1979, serving briefly as the director of the Strategic Evaluation Center, Office of Strategic Research. He was named the Director of the DCI/DDCI Executive Staff in 1981, Deputy Director for Intelligence in 1982, and Deputy Director of Central Intelligence from April 18, 1986 to March 20, 1989.
Director of Central Intelligence[link]
Gates was Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from March until August 1989, and was Assistant to the President and Deputy National Security Adviser from August 1989 until November 1991.
Gates was nominated to become the Director of Central Intelligence (head of the CIA) in early 1987. He withdrew his name after it became clear the Senate would reject the nomination due to controversy about his role in the Iran-Contra affair.
Gates was nominated, for the second time, for the position of Director of Central Intelligence by President George H. W. Bush on May 14, 1991, confirmed by the Senate on November 5, and sworn in on November 6, becoming the only career officer in the CIA's history (as of 2005) to rise from entry-level employee to Director.
During a Senate committee hearing on his nomination, former division chief Melvin A. Goodman testified that the agency was the most corrupt and slanted during the tenure of William Casey with Gates serving as Deputy. According to Goodman, Gates was part of an agency leadership that proliferated false information and ignored 'reality'. National Intelligence Council chairman Harold P. Ford testified that during his tenure, Gates had transgressed professional boundaries.[22]
Deputy Directors during his tenure were Richard J. Kerr (from November 6, 1991 until March 2, 1992) and Adm. William O. Studeman (from April 9, 1992 through the remainder of Gates' tenure). He served until 1993.
Level of involvement in the Iran-Contra scandal[link]
Because of his senior status in the CIA, Gates was close to many figures who played significant roles in the Iran-Contra Affair and was in a position to have known of their activities. In 1984, as deputy director of CIA, Gates advocated that the U.S. initiate a bombing campaign against Nicaragua and that the U.S. do everything in its power short of direct military invasion of the country to remove the Sandinista government.[23] The evidence developed by Independent Counsel did not warrant indictment of Gates for his Iran-Contra activities or his responses to official inquiries.
Gates was an early subject of Independent Counsel's investigation, but the investigation of Gates intensified in the spring of 1991 as part of a larger inquiry into the Iran/contra activities of CIA officials. This investigation received an additional impetus in May 1991, when President George H.W. Bush nominated Gates to be Director of Central Intelligence (DCI). The chairman and vice chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI) requested, in a letter to the Independent Counsel on May 15, 1991, any information that would "significantly bear on the fitness" of Gates for the CIA post.
Gates consistently testified that he first heard on October 1, 1986, from Charles E. Allen, the national intelligence officer who was closest to the Iran initiative, that proceeds from the Iran arms sales may have been diverted to support the Contras. Other evidence proves, however, that Gates received a report on the diversion during the summer of 1986 from DDI Richard Kerr.[24] The issue was whether the Independent Counsel could prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Gates was deliberately not telling the truth when he later claimed not to have remembered any reference to the diversion before meeting with Allen in October.
Grand jury secrecy rules hampered Independent Counsel's response. Nevertheless, in order to answer questions about Gates' prior testimony, Independent Counsel accelerated his investigation of Gates in the summer of 1991. This investigation was substantially completed by September 3, 1991, at which time Independent Counsel determined that Gates' Iran-Contra activities and testimony did not warrant prosecution.
Independent Counsel made this decision subject to developments that could have warranted reopening his inquiry, including testimony by Clair E. George, the CIA's former deputy director for operations. At the time Independent Counsel reached this decision, the possibility remained that George could have provided information warranting reconsideration of Gates' status in the investigation. George refused to cooperate with Independent Counsel and was indicted on September 19, 1991. George subpoenaed Gates to testify as a defense witness at George's first trial in the summer of 1994, but Gates was never called.
The final report of the Independent Counsel for Iran-Contra Scandal, issued on August 4, 1993, said that Gates "was close to many figures who played significant roles in the Iran/contra affair and was in a position to have known of their activities. The evidence developed by Independent Counsel did not warrant indictment..."[25]
Career after leaving the CIA[link]
1993–1999[link]
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After retiring from the CIA in 1993, Gates worked as an academic and lecturer. He evaluated student theses for the International Studies Program of the University of Washington. He lectured at Harvard, Yale, Johns Hopkins, Vanderbilt, Georgetown, Indiana, Louisiana State, Oklahoma, and the College of William and Mary. Gates served as a member of the Board of Visitors of the University of Oklahoma International Programs Center and a trustee of the endowment fund for the College of William and Mary, his alma mater, which in 1998 conferred upon him honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters.
In 1996, Gates' autobiography, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War, was published. Gates has also written numerous articles on government and foreign policy and has been a frequent contributor to the op-ed page of The New York Times.[26]
Texas A&M[link]
Gates was the interim Dean of the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University from 1999 to 2001. On August 1, 2002, he became the 22nd President of Texas A&M. As the university president, Gates made significant progress in four key areas of the university's "Vision 2020" plan, a plan to become one of the top 10 public universities by the year 2020. The four key areas include improving student diversity, increasing the size of the faculty, building new academic facilities, and enriching the undergraduate and graduate education experience.[27] During his tenure, Gates encouraged the addition of 440 new faculty positions and a $300 million campus construction program, and saw increases in minority enrollment. On February 2, 2007, Gates was conferred the title of President Emeritus by unanimous vote of the Texas A&M University System Board of Regents. Gates and his wife Becky received honorary doctoral degrees from Texas A&M on August 10, 2007.[28]
Gates returned to Texas A&M on April 21, 2009, as the speaker for the annual Aggie Muster ceremony. He is one of only 6 speakers not to be a graduate of Texas A&M University since Dwight D. Eisenhower spoke in 1946.[29] In his affiliation with A&M, Gates has served on the National Security Higher Education Advisory Board.[30]
Corporate boards[link]
Gates has been a member of the board of trustees of Fidelity Investments, and on the board of directors of NACCO Industries, Inc., Brinker International, Inc., Parker Drilling Company, Science Applications International Corporation, and VoteHere, a technology company which sought to provide cryptography and computer software security for the electronic election industry.[31] Following his nomination, a White House spokeswoman said that Gates planned to sell all the stock he owns in individual companies and sever all ties with them if confirmed by the Senate.[32]
Public service[link]
Gates is a former president of the National Eagle Scout Association.[33]
In January 2004, Gates co-chaired a Council on Foreign Relations task force on U.S. relations towards Iran. Among the task force's primary recommendation was to directly engage Iran on a diplomatic level regarding Iranian nuclear technology. Key points included a negotiated position that would allow Iran to develop its nuclear program in exchange for a commitment from Iran to use the program only for peaceful means.[34]
At the time of his nomination by President George W. Bush to the position of Secretary of Defense, Gates was also a member of the Iraq Study Group, also called the Baker Commission, which was expected to issue its report in November 2006, following the mid-term election on November 7. He was replaced by former Secretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger.
Declined appointment as Director of National Intelligence[link]
In February 2005, Gates wrote in a message posted on his school's website that "there seems to be a growing number of rumors in the media and around campus that I am leaving Texas A&M to become the new director of national intelligence in Washington, D.C."[cite this quote] The message said that "To put the rumors to rest, I was indeed asked to take the position, wrestled with perhaps the most difficult — and close — decision of my life, and last week declined the position."[cite this quote]
Gates committed to remain as President of Texas A&M University through the summer of 2008; President George W. Bush offered the position of United States Director of National Intelligence (DNI) to John Negroponte, who accepted.[35]
Gates said in a 2005 discussion with the university's Academy for Future International Leaders that he had tentatively decided to accept the DNI position out of a sense of duty and had written an email that would be sent to students during the press conference to announce his decision, explaining that he was leaving to serve the U.S. once again. Gates, however, took the weekend to consider what his final decision should be, and ultimately decided that he was unwilling to return to Washington, D.C., in any capacity simply because he "had nothing to look forward to in D.C. and plenty to look forward to at A&M".[36]
Appointment as 24th Chancellor at the College of William and Mary[link]
On September 6, 2011 it was announced that Gates accepted the position of Chancellor at the College of William and Mary, succeeding Sandra Day O'Connor. He took the office of the Chancellor on February 3, 2012.
Secretary of Defense[link]
Bush Administration[link]
On November 8, 2006, after the 2006 midterm election, President George W. Bush announced his intent to nominate Gates to succeed the resigning Donald Rumsfeld as U.S. Secretary of Defense.[37][38]
Gates was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate Armed Services Committee on December 5, 2006. During his confirmation hearing on December 5, 2006, Gates replied to a question that in his opinion the United States was neither winning nor losing the war in Iraq.[39] The next day, Gates was confirmed by the full Senate by a margin of 95-2, with Republican Senators Rick Santorum and Jim Bunning casting the two dissenting votes and senators Elizabeth Dole, Evan Bayh, and Joe Biden not voting.[40] On December 18, 2006, Gates was sworn in as Secretary of Defense by White House Chief of Staff Josh Bolten at a private White House ceremony and then by Vice President Dick Cheney at the Pentagon.[41]
Under the Bush administration, Gates directed the war in Iraq's troop surge, a marked change in tactics from his predecessor. With violence on the decline in Iraq, in 2008, Gates also began the troop withdrawal of Iraq, a policy continued into the Obama administration.
Walter Reed Medical Center scandal[link]
Several months after his appointment, The Washington Post published a series of articles beginning February 18, 2007 that brought to the spotlight the Walter Reed Army Medical Center neglect scandal.[42] As a result of the fallout from the incident, Gates announced the removal of Secretary of the Army Francis J. Harvey, and later, he approved the removal of Army Surgeon General Kevin C. Kiley.[43]
Controversy over Joint Chiefs[link]
On June 8, 2007, Gates announced that he would not recommend the renomination of Peter Pace, the Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff, due to anticipated difficulties with the confirmation process. Instead, Gates recommended Mike Mullen, the Chief of Naval Operations at the time, to fill the position. Gates stated: "I am no stranger to contentious confirmations, and I do not shrink from them. However, I have decided that at this moment in our history, the nation, our men and women in uniform, and General Pace himself would not be well-served by a divisive ordeal in selecting the next chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff." Gates referred to Pace as a friend and praised his service as a Marine.[44]
Misshipments of nuclear weapons[link]
On June 5, 2008, in response to the findings on Air Force misshipments of nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons components, Gates announced the resignations of Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne and Air Force Chief of Staff Michael Moseley.[45]
Obama Administration[link]
On December 1, 2008, President-elect Obama announced that Robert Gates would remain in his position as Secretary of Defense during his administration,[8] reportedly for at least the first year of Obama's presidency.[46] Gates was the fourteenth Cabinet member in history to serve under two Presidents of different parties, and the first to do so as Secretary of Defense. One of the first priorities under President Barack Obama's administration for Gates was a review of U.S. policy and strategy in Afghanistan.[47] Gates, sixth in the presidential line of succession, was selected as designated survivor during Obama's inauguration.[48] On March 1, 2009, he told David Gregory on Meet the Press that he would not commit to how long he would serve as Secretary of Defense but implied that he would not serve the entire first term.[49]
While Gates continued the troop withdrawals in Iraq, which already had begun in the Bush administration, he also implemented a rapid, limited surge of troops in Afghanistan in 2009.[50] Robert Gates removed General David D. McKiernan from command in Afghanistan on May 6, 2009[51][52] and replaced him with General Stanley A. McChrystal. The Washington Post called it "a rare decision to remove a wartime commander". The Washington Post described the replacement as one of several replacements of Generals who represented the "traditional Army" with Generals "who have pressed for the use of counter-insurgency tactics".[51]
In December 2009 Gates visited Afghanistan following President Barack Obama's announcement of the deployment of 30,000 additional personnel against the Taliban insurgency.[53]
Time magazine notes that Gates and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton have "forged a formidable partnership", speaking frequently, "comparing notes before they go to the White House", meeting with each other weekly and having lunch once a month at either the Pentagon or the State Department.[54]
In a March 2010 speech to a NATO conference in Washington, Secretary Gates said that "The demilitarization of Europe — where large swaths of the general public and political class are averse to military force and the risks that go with it — has gone from a blessing in the 20th century to an impediment to achieving real security and lasting peace in the 21st".[55]
Gates announced in February 2010 that the department would lift its ban on women serving on submarines.[56] Gates is also preparing the armed forces for the repeal of the don't ask, don't tell policy. When implemented, homosexuals will be able to serve in the military openly.[57] In service of that goal, he announced in late March 2010 the approval of new regulations that would make it more difficult to kick gays out of the military. Gates called the guideline changes, which went into effect immediately, a matter of "common sense and common decency" that would be "an important improvement" allowing the Pentagon to apply current law in "a fairer and more appropriate" manner, until Congress repeals the law commonly known as "don’t ask, don't tell." The Pentagon's legal counsel, Jeh Johnson, said the new regulations are by no means a moratorium on the current law and stressed that cases would move forward under the new standards.[58]
Gates was photographed in the White House Situation Room photograph taken on May 1, 2011 by Pete Souza.
In August 2010, speaking to Foreign Policy magazine Secretary Gates said that he would remain as Secretary of Defense until 2011 and then retire. "I think that it would be a mistake to wait until January 2012," he said. "This is not the kind of job you want to fill in the spring of an election year."[59][60]
In his last speech in June 2011 [61] before NATO, Gates again stated that other NATO members must do more as the United States tackles its budget deficit. He said bluntly that “In the past, I’ve worried openly about NATO turning into a two-tiered alliance: Between members who specialize in ’soft’ humanitarian, development, peacekeeping and talking tasks, and those conducting the ‘hard’ combat missions. Between those willing and able to pay the price and bear the burdens of alliance commitments, and those who enjoy the benefits of NATO membership – be they security guarantees or headquarters billets – but don’t want to share the risks and the costs. This is no longer a hypothetical worry. We are there today. And it is unacceptable. The blunt reality is that there will be dwindling appetite and patience in the U.S. Congress – and in the American body politic writ large – to expend increasingly precious funds on behalf of nations that are apparently unwilling to devote the necessary resources or make the necessary changes to be serious and capable partners in their own defense. Nations apparently willing and eager for American taxpayers to assume the growing security burden left by reductions in European defense budgets. Indeed, if current trends in the decline of European defense capabilities are not halted and reversed, future U.S. political leaders – those for whom the Cold War was not the formative experience that it was for me – may not consider the return on America’s investment in NATO worth the cost.”
Gates officially retired as Secretary of Defense on July 1, 2011 and was presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian award, by President Obama during his retirement ceremony.[12]
Fiscal restraint[link]
Gates' tenure with the Obama administration has included a huge shift in military spending. In April 2009, Gates proposed a large shift in budget priorities in the U.S. Department of Defense 2010 budget. The budget cuts many programs geared toward conventional warfare such as the end of new orders of the F-22 Raptor and further development of Future Combat Systems manned vehicles, but increases funding for programs like the special forces.[62] Gates called this the "nation's first truly 21st century defense budget."[63] In late April 2010, he suggested the Navy cease funding development of a new multibillion-dollar ballistic missile submarine program on the grounds of cost and relevancy.[64] He has suggested the hundreds of billions of dollars would be better spent on a new generation of vessels tailored to the threats and tactics more likely to be faced, noting, "Mark my words, the Navy and Marine Corps must be willing to re-examine and question basic assumptions in light of evolving technologies, new threats and budget realities."[65] In a speech made on May 8, 2010, Gates stated that he would make politically unpopular cuts to the Pentagon bureaucracy in his future budgets.[66][67]
"The attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, opened a gusher of defense spending that nearly doubled the base budget over the last decade. . . Military spending on things large and small can and should expect closer, harsher scrutiny. The gusher has been turned off, and will stay off for a good period of time."[66][67]
It was announced in August 2010 that Gates is trying to find $100 billion in Defense savings over the next five years in order to instill a “culture of savings and restraint” in the military. Secretary Gates said that “It is important that we not repeat the mistakes of the past, where tough economic times or the winding down of a military campaign leads to steep and unwise reductions in defense,” Gates said "As a matter of principle and political reality, the Department of Defense cannot expect America's elected representatives to approve budget increases each year unless we are doing a good job, indeed everything possible, to make every dollar count."[68] These cuts include the closing of Joint Forces Command, fifty general and admirals, and the removal of 150 senior civilian positions.
NATO comments[link]
On January 16, 2008, Gates was quoted in the Los Angeles Times as saying NATO forces in southern Afghanistan do not know how to properly combat a guerrilla insurgency and that could be contributing to rising violence in the country.[69] The Netherlands[70] and United Kingdom[71] protested.
In a June 10, 2011 speech in Brussels, The New York Times reported that "Mr. Gates slammed NATO nations for failing to meet their commitments in Afghanistan — or for imposing sweeping restrictions on those forces they do send — which he said hobbled the mission. ... Perhaps most significantly, Mr. Gates issued a dire warning that the United States, exhausted by a decade of war and dreading its own mounting budget deficits, simply may not see NATO as worth supporting any longer."[72]
Frustration with Israeli government[link]
Shortly after his retirement from his tenure as Defense Secretary in Summer 2011, during a meeting of the National Security Council Principals Committee, Gates highlighted many of the measures taken by the U.S. to advance Israel’s security during the Obama Administration, including providing access to state of the art weaponry, assisting with the development of missile-defense systems, and sharing high-level intelligence, before expressing his view that the U.S. has received nothing in return from the Israeli government. Gates cited in particular Israel's failure to advance the peace process as requested by the Obama Administration. According to senior U.S. administration sources, other officials present offered no rebuttal to Gates' analysis. This was not the first time Gates publicly expressed frustration with the Netanyahu government, to which he had worked hard to provide wide-scale and deep military cooperation.[73]
Criticism[link]
As deputy director and director of America's leading intelligence agency for many years, Gates and his CIA staff have been faulted for failing to accurately gauge the decline and disintegration of the Soviet Union. More particularly, Gates has been criticized for allegedly concocting evidence to show that the Soviet Union was stronger than it actually was.[74] Also, according to Newsweek, Gates, as deputy director of CIA, allegedly vouched for the comprehensiveness of a CIA study presented to the Senate and President Reagan alleging that the Soviet Union played a role in the 1981 shooting of Pope John Paul II. A CIA internal review later denounced the report as being skewed,[74] but that Gates did not try to influence the report's conclusions.[75]
The Likud party of Israel responded to Gate's description of Benjamin Netanyahu as a danger to Israel's future by claiming that most Israelis support the prime minister.[76]
Awards and decorations[link]
Gates' awards and decorations include:
- Government awards
- Presidential Medal of Freedom[77]
- Presidential Citizens Medal
- National Security Medal
- National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal (2 awards)
- Distinguished Intelligence Medal (3 awards)
- Other awards
- Eagle Scout
- Distinguished Eagle Scout Award
- Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from College of William and Mary
- Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Indiana University
- Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from The University of Oklahoma
- Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Yale University
- Honorary Doctorate of Laws from the University of Notre Dame[78]
- College of William and Mary - Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award
- College of William and Mary Alumni Association - Alumni Medallion
- Corps of Cadets Hall of Honor (First and only Non-Corps Honoree) - Texas A&M University
- George Bush Award (2007) - George Bush Presidential Library Foundation
- MTV University 2010 Man of the Year[79][80]
- Foreign Policy's list of top global thinkers for "being America's last bipartisan figure"[81]
- Sylvanus Thayer Award (United States Military Academy)[82]
Notes[link]
- ^ Gates is not registered with any political party, but considers himself Republican. "Gates: Military looks to accelerate Iraq pullout". Associated Press (Associated Press). December 1, 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28022197/. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
- ^ Robert M. Gates '65, Chancellor
- ^ Robert Gates, From The Shadows, 1996 (pp. 20-21 of Simon & Shuster 2006 paperback edition)
- ^ Accountability Office Urges Air Force to Re-Bid Tanker Contract
- ^ "Gates' Government Intelligence Experience Runs Deep". National Public Radio. November 9, 2006. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6460623. Retrieved November 9, 2006.
- ^ a b Robert Gates By Zbigniew Brzezinski. Time. Accessed May 31, 2008.
- ^ "America's Best Leaders: Robert Gates, U.S. Secretary of Defense". http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/best-leaders/2008/11/19/americas-best-leaders-robert-gates-us-secretary-of-defense.html. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
- ^ a b Change.gov (December 1, 2008). "Key members of Obama-Biden national security team announced" (Press release). Newsroom. Office of the President-elect. http://change.gov/newsroom/entry/key_members_of_obama_biden_national_security_team_announced/. Retrieved December 1, 2008.
- ^ "CIA Director Leon Panetta to replace Defense Secretary Robert Gates". CNN. April 28, 2011. http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/04/27/why.panetta/index.html?hpt=T2. Retrieved 2011-04-27.
- ^ Andrew Tilghman (August 16, 2010). "Gates says he’ll leave Pentagon in 2011". Army Times Publishing Company. http://militarytimes.com/news/2010/08/military_gates_leaving_081610w/. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
- ^ Looking Back, Gates Says He’s Grown Wary of ‘Wars of Choice’, NY Times, June 18, 2011
- ^ a b "Obama Awards Gates Presidential Medal of Freedom". American Forces Press Service via Defense.gov. June 30, 2011. http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=64526. Retrieved 2011-06-30.
- ^ a b c Whitson, Brian (September 6, 2011). "Former Defense Secretary Robert Gates ’65 to Serve as W&M Chancellor". W&M News (College of William & Mary Office of University Relations): Front. http://www.wm.edu/news/stories/2011/former-defense-secretary-robert-gates-65-to-serve-as-wm-chancellor-123.php. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
- ^ http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~battle/celeb/robertgates.htm
- ^ "Distinguished Eagle Scouts". Scouting.org. http://www.scouting.org/filestore/pdf/02-529.pdf. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
- ^ Townley, Alvin (2007) [December 26, 2006]. Legacy of Honor: The Values and Influence of America's Eagle Scouts. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 217–218. ISBN 0-312-36653-1. http://www.thomasdunnebooks.com/TD_TitleDetail.aspx?ISBN=0312366531. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
- ^ Shane, Scott (November 19, 2006). "Pentagon Pick Returns to City He Gladly Left". New York Times: p. front. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/19/washington/19gates.html. Retrieved September 25, 2006.
- ^ a b Gates, Robert (April 21, 2008). "Secretary Gates Remarks at Maxwell-Gunter Air Force Base, Montgomery Alabama" (transcript). DefenseLink News (U.S. Department of Defense). http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=4214. Retrieved December 23, 2008.
- ^ a b "DefenseLink Biography: Robert M. Gates". U.S. Dept. of Defense. July 2007. http://www.defenselink.mil/bios/biographydetail.aspx?biographyid=115. Retrieved April 21, 2008.
- ^ Powers, Thomas (June 20, 1996). "Who Won the Cold War?". New York Review of Books 43 (11). http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/powers.htm.
- ^ http://www.allgov.com/Official/Gates__Robert
- ^ "Ex-Aide Calls CIA Under Casey and Gates Corrupt and Slanted", Paul Horvitz. New York Times. October 2, 1991. Accessed June 8, 2011
- ^ Los Angeles Times, Nov. 25, 2006, free archived version at http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/1125-04.htm last visited Nov. 26, 2006.
- ^ GlobalSecurity.org. Iran-Contra Report, Chapter 16.
- ^ Lawrence E. Walsh, Final report of the independent counsel for Iran/Contra matters, August 4, 1993, and in particular Chapter 16, "Robert M. Gates"
- ^ Texas A&M press release, July 1999.
- ^ "Texas A&M Academic Convocation 2005". President Robert M. Gates.
- ^ "Aggies Wrap First Week of Fall Camp with Pair of Workouts". Texas A&M University Athletic Department. August 11, 2007. http://www.aggieathletics.com/pressRelease.php?SID=MFB&PRID=13187. Retrieved August 15, 2007. [dead link]
- ^ Muster.tamu.edu
- ^ National Press Release, "FBI Director Appoints National Security Higher Education Advisory Board," December 15, 2005: [1].
- ^ Lewellen-Biddle, Mark (December 11, 2003). "Voting Machines Gone Wild!". In These Times. http://www.inthesetimes.com/site/main/article/voting_machines_gone_wild. Retrieved September 25, 2007.
- ^ Theimer, Sharon (December 6, 2006; 3:54 AM). "Gates' Assets Include Defense Stock". Washington Post / Associated Press. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/06/AR2006120600188.html. Retrieved September 25, 2007.
- ^ "NESA Mourns Loss of Eagles in Operation Iraqi Freedom". Boy Scouts of America. 2008. http://www.scouting.org/Media/ScoutingIntheNews/030802.aspx. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
- ^ Iran: Time for a New Approach, final report of an independent task force, July 2004, Council of Foreign Relations Press
- ^ "Bush names Negroponte intelligence chief". CNN.com. February 18, 2005. Archived from the original on September 22, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060922074002/http://www.cnn.com/2005/ALLPOLITICS/02/17/intelligence.chief/index.html. Retrieved November 8, 2006.
- ^ Esterbrook, John (November 8, 2006). "A Closer Look At Robert Gates". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/11/08/terror/main2163357.shtml. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
- ^ "Bush replaces Rumsfeld to get 'fresh perspective'". CNN.com. November 8, 2006. http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/11/08/rumsfeld/index.html. Retrieved November 8, 2006.
- ^ Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Jim Rutenberg (November 8, 2006). "Rumsfeld Resigns as Defense Secretary After Big Election Gains for Democrats". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/08/us/politics/09BUSHCND.html?hp&ex=1163048400&en=90b2a0d9c77157ea&ei=5094&partner=homepage. Retrieved November 8, 2006.
- ^ Jim Garamone (December 6, 2006). "Senate Confirms Gates as 22nd Defense Secretary". American Forces Press Service. http://www.defenselink.mil/News/NewsArticle.aspx?id=2330. Retrieved December 6, 2006.
- ^ "Robert Gates confirmed as secretary of defense". Associated Press. December 6, 2006. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16068845/. Retrieved December 6, 2006.
- ^ "New US defence secretary sworn in". BBC News. December 18, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6190279.stm. Retrieved December 18, 2006.
- ^ "The Other Walter Reed".
- ^ ".". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/03/12/kiley.retire/index.html. [dead link]
- ^ [2]
- ^ "DoD News Briefing with Secretary Gates from the Pentagon". U.S. Department of Defense. June 5, 2008. http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=4236. Retrieved June 5, 2008.
- ^ "Gates Cabinet Appointment 'A Done Deal'" (Blog). Political Radar (ABC News). November 25, 2008. http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalradar/2008/11/gates-cabinet-a.html. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
- ^ Fireman, Ken; Capaccio, Tony (December 2, 2008). "Gates Says Review of Afghanistan Policy Will Be ‘High Priority’" (Article). Worldwide News (Bloomberg). http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=ad9s4rYeO7d8&refer=home. Retrieved December 2, 2008.
- ^ CNN (January 20, 2009). "Defense Secretary Gates to be 'designated successor' Tuesday" (News article). CNN (CNN). http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/01/19/defense-secretary-gates-to-be-designated-successor-tuesday/. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
- ^ Rueb, Emily S. (March 2, 2009). "Gates Defends Iraq Withdrawal Plan". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/02/us/politics/02gates.html?_r=1&hp. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
- ^ "Gates against further surge of US troops in Afghanistan". The Times Of India. May 4, 2009. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/US/Gates-against-further-surge-of-US-troops-in-Afghanistan/articleshow/4480334.cms.
- ^ a b Ann Scott Tyson (2009-05-12). "Top U.S. Commander in Afghanistan Is Fired". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2009-05-17. http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F05%2F11%2FAR2009051101864.html&date=2009-05-17.
- ^ Yochi J. Dreazen, Peter Spiegel (2009-05-12). "U.S. Fires Afghan War Chief: Four-Star General Replaced by Counterinsurgency Expert as Campaign Stumbles". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2009-05-17. http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB124206036635107351.html&date=2009-05-17.
- ^ "Karzai Delays Naming Cabinet as Pentagon Chief Lands for Talks"
- ^ What Is Robert Gates Really Fighting For?
- ^ Shaping Policy by Playing Safe
- ^ Women Allowed on Submarines
- ^ "Gates: Pentagon preparing repeal of 'don't ask, don't tell' policy - CNN.com". CNN. February 2, 2010. http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/02/02/gays.military/index.html. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
- ^ Gates approves new regs on gays in military
- ^ "Secretary of defense Robert Gates looking to retire in 2011". New York. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/2010/08/16/20100816_secretary_of_defense_robert_gates_looking_to_retire_in_2011.html#ixzz0wmloPGe4. [dead link]
- ^ The Transformer
- ^ The Security and Defense Agenda (Future of NATO)
- ^ "Gates Announces Major Pentagon Priority Shifts." CNN, April 9, 2009. Retrieved: April 14, 2009.
- ^ Economic Club of Chicago
- ^ Defense secretary Gates confronts cost of new subs
- ^ Officials Question the Need For Expensive U.S. Navy Ships
- ^ a b Shanker, Thom (2010-05-08). "Gates Takes Aim at Pentagon Spending". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/us/politics/09gates.html. Retrieved May 9, 2010.
- ^ a b Jaffe, Greg (2010-05-09). "Gates: Cuts in Pentagon bureaucracy needed to help maintain military force". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/08/AR2010050802495.html. Retrieved May 9, 2010.
- ^ Gates announces major job cuts as Pentagon looks to cut spending
- ^ Spiegel, Peter (January 16, 2008). "Gates says NATO force unable to fight guerrillas". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-usafghan16jan16,1,163569.story?coll=la-headlines-world&ctrack=2&cset=true. Retrieved May 22, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "U.S. envoy quizzed on Gates' remarks". Los Angeles Times. January 17, 2008. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-gates17jan17,1,6875867.story?coll=la-headlines-world&ctrack=1&cset=true. Retrieved May 22, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Evans, Michael (January 17, 2008). "Outrage as US accuses Britain of inexperience in Taleban conflict". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article3201002.ece. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
- ^ Shanker, Thom (June 10, 2011). "Defense Secretary Warns NATO of ‘Dim’ Future". The New York Times (U.S.). http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/11/world/europe/11gates.html?_r=1&hp. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
- ^ Bloomberg, 5 Sept. 2011, "Robert Gates Says Israel Is an Ungrateful Ally: Jeffrey Goldberg," http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-06/robert-gates-says-israel-is-an-ungrateful-ally-jeffrey-goldberg.html
- ^ a b "Old Names, Old Scandals". Newsweek. November 8, 2006. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15627855/site/newsweek.
- ^ "In Rebuttal to Senate Panel, C.I.A. Nominee Seems Truthful but Incomplete". The New York Times.
- ^ "Likud defends Netanyahu after report Gates called him 'ungrateful'." Haaretz Newspaper, September 6, 2011.
- ^ Associated Press (2011-06-30). "On final day as defense secretary, Obama honors Gates with Presidential Medal of Freedom". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/national-security/on-final-day-as-defense-secretary-obama-honors-gates-with-presidential-medal-of-freedom/2011/06/30/AGv055rH_print.html. Retrieved 2011-06-30.
- ^ "12 Distinguished Figures to Join Gates as Honorary Degree Recipients". http://newsinfo.nd.edu/news/19021-12-distinguished-figures-to-join-gates-as-honorary-degree-recipients/.
- ^ "MAN OF THE YEAR: Secretary of Defense Robert Gates". mtvU. Viacom. December 29, 2010. http://www.mtvu.com/on-campus/honors/man-of-the-year-secretary-of-defense-robert-gates/. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
- ^ Martinez, Luis (December 23, 2010). "mtvU: Defense Secretary is a Rock Star". ABC News.com. http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/defense-secretary-robert-gates-man-year-award-mtvu/story?id=12468294. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
- ^ "The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers". Foreign Policy. The Washington Post Company. November 28, 2011. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/11/28/the_fp_top_100_global_thinkers?page=0,34. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
- ^ "Gates named recipient of 2011 Sylvanus Thayer Award". http://www.army.mil/article/53011/Gates_named_recipient_of_2011_Sylvanus_Thayer_Award/. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
References[link]
- "Biography, Robert M. Gates, President, Texas A&M University". Texas A&M University. 2003. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20060920100505/http://www.tamu.edu/president/biography.html.
- Clark, J. Ransom. "Directors of Central Intelligence: Robert Michael Gates (1943- ), DCI, Nov 6. 1991-Jan. 20 1993". The Literature of Intelligence: A Bibliography of Materials, with Essays, Reviews, and Comments. http://intellit.muskingum.edu/cia_folder/ciadcis_folder/dcisgates.html.
- Gates, Robert M. (1997). From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-83497-9.
- Nauman, Brett (February 1, 2005). "Gates passes on intelligence czar post". The Bryan-College Station Eagle. Archived from the original on September 27, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927234236/http://www.theeagle.com/aandmnews/020105gates.php.
- "Robert Gates" (biography). Spartacus Educational. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/MDgatesR.htm.
- "Robert Michael Gates". Directors & Deputy Directors of Central Intelligence. Center for the Study of Intelligence, CIA. 2004. https://www.cia.gov/csi/books/dddcia/gates.html.
Further reading[link]
- Paul Burka, "Agent of Change", Texas Monthly (November 2006)
- Robert Gates, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War, Simon & Schuster; Reprint edition (May 7, 1997).
- Robert Gates, US Intelligence and the End of the Cold War, 1999, CIA
- Robert Gates, Frontline The Gulf War: An Oral History: Interview with Robert Gates, Deputy National Security Advisor, 2001, PBS.org
- Robert Gates, A Balanced Strategy: Reprogramming the Pentagon for a New Age, Foreign Affairs (January/February 2009)
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Robert Gates |
|
Wikisource has original works written by or about: |
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Robert Gates |
- Biography at the United States Department of Defense
- Robert Gates' The ABC's of Spying
- Robert Gates' Interview with app2us.com
- DefenseLink Biography: Robert M. Gates
- Robert M. Gates, Secretary of Defense Nominee: A Bibliography at Georgetown University Law Library
- The Robert Gates File - The Iran-Contra Scandal, 1991 Confirmation Hearings, and Excerpts from new book Safe for Democracy
- Ubben Lecture at DePauw University
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Robert Gates on Charlie Rose
- Robert Gates at WhoRunsGov at The Washington Post
- Robert Gates collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Works by or about Robert Gates in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Gates on relations with China:Nov. 2007 visit, 1, 2007
- The Reinvention of Robert Gates by Michael Crowley, The New Republic, November 9, 2009
- "Debate on Robert Gates". The Education Forum. http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=8488.
| Government offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by John McMahon |
Deputy Director of Central Intelligence 1986–1989 |
Succeeded by Richard Kerr |
| Preceded by William Webster |
Director of Central Intelligence 1991–1993 |
Succeeded by James Woolsey |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by John Negroponte |
Deputy National Security Adviser 1989–1991 |
Succeeded by Jonathan Howe |
| Preceded by Donald Rumsfeld |
United States Secretary of Defense Served under: George W. Bush, Barack Obama 2006–2011 |
Succeeded by Leon Panetta |
| Academic offices | ||
| Preceded by Ray Bowen |
President of Texas A&M University 2002–2006 |
Succeeded by Elsa Murano |
| Preceded by Sandra Day O'Connor |
Chancellor of The College of William & Mary 2012-present |
Incumbent |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Gates, Robert Michael |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | CIA director, U.S. Secretary of Defense, and university president |
| Date of birth | September 25, 1943 |
| Place of birth | Wichita, Kansas |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the American journalist. For the talk show, see Charlie Rose (talk show). For other people with the same name, see Charlie Rose (disambiguation).
| Charlie Rose | |
|---|---|
 Rose in May 2010 |
|
| Born | Charles Peete Rose, Jr. (1942-01-05) January 5, 1942 (age 70) Henderson, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Education | Duke University B.A. (1964) Duke University J.D. (1968) |
| Occupation | Talk show host Journalist |
| Years active | 1972–present |
| Notable credit(s) | Charlie Rose, 60 Minutes II, 60 Minutes, CBS News Nightwatch, CBS This Morning |
| Website | |
| http://www.charlierose.com/ | |
Charles Peete "Charlie" Rose, Jr. (born January 5, 1942)[1] is an American television talk show host and journalist. Since 1991 he has hosted Charlie Rose, an interview show distributed nationally by PBS since 1993. He has also co-anchored CBS This Morning since January 2012. Rose, along with Lara Logan, has hosted the revived CBS classic Person to Person, a news program during which celebrities are interviewed in their homes, originally hosted from 1953 to 1961 by Edward R. Murrow.[2]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Rose was born in Henderson, North Carolina, the only child[3] of Margaret Frazier and Charles Peete Rose, Sr., tobacco farmers who owned a country store.[4][5] As a child, Rose lived above his parents' store in Henderson and helped out with the family business from age seven.[6] Rose admitted in a Fresh Dialogues interview that as a child his insatiable curiosity was constantly getting him in trouble.[7] A high school basketball star, Rose entered Duke University intending to pursue a degree with a pre-med track, but an internship in the office of Democratic North Carolina Senator B. Everett Jordan got him interested in politics.[8] Rose graduated in 1964 with a bachelor's degree in history. At Duke, he was a member of the Kappa Alpha Order fraternity. He earned a Juris Doctor from the Duke University School of Law in 1968.[6] He met his wife, Mary (née King), while attending Duke.[3][4]
Career[link]
After his wife was hired by the BBC (in New York), Rose handled some assignments for the BBC on a freelance basis. In 1972, while continuing to work at Bankers Trust, he landed a job as a weekend reporter for WPIX-TV. His break came in 1974, after Bill Moyers hired Rose as managing editor for the PBS series Bill Moyers' International Report. In 1975, Moyers named Rose executive producer of Bill Moyers Journal. Rose soon began appearing on camera. "A Conversation with Jimmy Carter," one installment of Moyers's series U.S.A.: People and Politics, won a 1976 Peabody Award. Rose worked at several networks honing his interview skills until KXAS-TV in Dallas-Fort Worth hired him as program manager and gave him the late-night time slot that would become the Charlie Rose show.
Rose worked for CBS News (1984–1990) as the anchor of CBS News Nightwatch, the network's first late-night news broadcast. The Nightwatch broadcast of Rose's interview with Charles Manson won an Emmy Award in 1987.[4] In 1990, Rose left CBS to serve as anchor of Personalities, a syndicated program produced by Fox Broadcasting Company, but he got out of his contract after six weeks because of the tabloid-style content of the show. Charlie Rose premiered on PBS station Thirteen/WNET on September 30, 1991, and has been nationally syndicated since January 1993. In 1994, Rose moved the show to a studio owned by Bloomberg Television, which allowed for improved satellite interviewing.[9]
Rose was a correspondent for 60 Minutes II[10] from its inception in January 1999 until its cancellation in September 2005, and was later named a correspondent on 60 Minutes.[11]
Rose was a member of the board of directors of Citadel Broadcasting Corporation from 2003 to 2009.[3] In May 2010, Charlie Rose delivered the commencement address at North Carolina State University.
On November 15, 2011, it was announced that Rose would return to CBS to help anchor CBS This Morning, replacing The Early Show, commencing January 9, 2012, along with co-anchors Erica Hill and Gayle King.
Cameo appearances[link]
Rose has appeared as himself in the 1998 film Primary Colors,[12] in a 2000 episode of The Simpsons[13] and in the 2008 movie Elegy.[14] He and his show were also used in the Wes Anderson film The Royal Tenenbaums. He also appears as himself in the 2011 George Clooney directed film, The Ides of March.
[edit] Accusations of conflict of interest
While hosting the 2002 Coca-Cola Company shareholders' meeting, Rose said "few companies are able to connect as completely with consumers in the way that Coca-Cola is. It is a privilege to be associated with [The Coca-Cola family] ... This is the business of Coca-Cola: being part of a family, being worldwide, doing well and doing good at the same time."[15] Afterward, Coca-Cola agreed to become what Rose called "a leading underwriter" of The Charlie Rose Show, paying "six or possibly seven figures."[16] Even the Charlie Rose mugs used on his PBS show feature a Coca-Cola logo on one side.[17][18] Although CBS News policy bars correspondents from doing commercials and product endorsements, the Washington Post reported CBS was "comfortable" with Rose's actions. Rose insists he "would never do a story on 60 Minutes II about anybody who underwrites my PBS show."[16]
[edit] Quiet influence
The New York Times reported that Rose encouraged a discussion between the leaders of NBC and Fox, that led eventually to a mutual reduction in ad hominem attacks between Keith Olbermann and Bill O'Reilly on their respective news programs.[19]
Rose has attended several Bilderberg Group conference meetings, including meetings held in the United States in 2008;[20] Spain in 2010;[21] and Switzerland in 2011.[22] These unofficial conferences hold guests from North America and Western Europe, most of whom are political leaders and businessmen. Details of meetings are closed off to the public and strictly invitation-only, and critics[who?] speculate the controversial nature of these meetings of highly influential people. Accusations from conspiracy theorists against The Charlie Rose show claim that it has become the US media outlet for Bilderberg.[23][unreliable source?]
Personal life[link]
Rose's twelve-year marriage to Mary Rose (née King) ended in divorce in 1980. Mary is the sister-in-law of Morgan Stanley Chairman John J. Mack. Since 1993, his companion has been socialite and chairman of the New York City Planning Commission and director of the city department of planning Amanda Burden, a stepdaughter of CBS founder William S. Paley.[24]
On March 29, 2006, after experiencing shortness of breath in Syria, Rose was flown to Paris and underwent surgery for mitral valve repair in the Georges-Pompidou European Hospital. His surgery was performed under the supervision of Alain F. Carpentier, a pioneer of the procedure.[25] Rose returned to the air on June 12, 2006, with Bill Moyers and Yvette Vega (the show's executive producer), to discuss his surgery and recuperation.
In a 2009 Fresh Dialogues interview, Rose described his life as "great and glorious."[7] He added, '"I get up every morning with a new adventure. The adventure is fueled by interesting people. I get a chance to control my own destiny. I do something that is immediately either appreciated or not. I get feedback."
Rose owns a 575-acre (2.33 km2) farm in Oxford, North Carolina, an apartment overlooking Central Park in New York City, a beach house in Bellport, New York, an apartment in Washington D.C.[3] and an apartment in Paris, France.
References[link]
- ^ Marks, Peter (January 5, 1993). "The Love Cult of Charlie Rose". Newsday: p. 42.
- ^ "Charlie Rose, Lara Logan on "Person to Person". Person to Person (CBS News). February 8, 2012. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505383_162-57373639/charlie-rose-lara-logan-on-person-to-person/. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
- ^ a b c d Kaplan, David A. (September 28, 2009). "Why business loves Charlie Rose". Fortune. http://money.cnn.com/2009/09/25/magazines/fortune/charlie_rose.fortune/index.htm?section=money_latest. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
- ^ a b c O'Shaughnessy, Elise (September 1993). "The Fame of the Rose". Vanity Fair 56 (9): pp. 172–181. ISSN 0733-8899.
- ^ "Charlie Rose Biography (1942–)". Filmreference.com. January 5, 1942. http://www.filmreference.com/film/1/Charlie-Rose.html. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
- ^ a b Charlie Rose biography from Bloomberg News
- ^ a b van Diggelen, Alison (February 26, 2009). "Transcript of Interview with Charlie Rose". Fresh Dialogues. http://www.freshdialogues.com/2009/02/26/transcript-of-fresh-dialogues-with-charlie-rose/. Retrieved February 7, 2012.
- ^ The North Carolina Awards: Charlie Rose (1942 -) Public Service 2007 from the website of the State Library of North Carolina
- ^ Charlie Rose, Bloomberg News
- ^ 60 Minutes II profile from CBS News
- ^ "Charlie Rose". CBS News. January 17, 2008. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/01/17/60minutes/bios/main3725276.shtml. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
- ^ Charlie Rose at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Nancy Basile. ""The Simpsons" Episode Guide – Season Eleven". About.com. http://animatedtv.about.com/od/thesimpsonsepisodes/a/epguidesimp11.htm. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
- ^ Leslie Felperin (February 10, 2008). "Review of Elegy". Variety. http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=festivals&jump=review&id=2478&reviewid=VE1117936157&starting=1. Retrieved August 8, 2008.
- ^ audio, aired on Le Show
- ^ a b Lloyd Grove, "The Reliable Source," Washington Post, April 23, 2002, C03
- ^ Orange County Weekly, January 24, 2003
- ^ Fear & Favor 2003: How power shapes the news, Extra!, FAIR, March/April 2003
- ^ Stelter, Brian (August 1, 2009). "Voices From Above Silence a Cable TV Feud". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/01/business/media/01feud.html. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
- ^ Fobes, Stefan (June 23, 2008). "My analysis of Bilderberg 2008". A War of Illusions. WordPress.com. http://warofillusions.wordpress.com/2008/06/23/my-analysis-of-bilderberg-2008. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
- ^ "Bilderberg 2010 list of participants". BilderbergMeetings.org. http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/participants_2010.html. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
- ^ "Bilderberg 2011 list of participants". BilderbergMeetings.org. http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/participants_2011.html. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
- ^ Newman, Alex (June 12, 2011). "Awareness of Bilderberg Cabal Explodes in 2011". The New American. http://thenewamerican.com/world-mainmenu-26/europe-mainmenu-35/7841-awareness-of-bilderberg-cabal-explodes-in-2011. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
- ^ Gardner, Ralph (May 13, 2002). "Social Planner". Nymag.com. http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/politics/newyork/features/6005/. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
- ^ Kaplan, David A. (September 28, 2009). "Why business loves Charlie Rose". CNN. http://money.cnn.com/2009/09/25/magazines/fortune/charlie_rose.fortune/index.htm?postversion=2009092811. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
External links[link]
 |
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (March 2012) |
- Charlie Rose Official website of his eponymous show
- Charlie Rose official channel on YouTube
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Charlie Rose at the Internet Movie Database
- Charlie Rose collected news and commentary at the Los Angeles Times
- Charlie Rose collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Charlie Rose at the Notable Names Database
- Charlie Rose shows on Hulu
- celebritynetworth.com, Celebrity Net Worth, Charlie Rose
- Why Business Loves Charlie Rose David A. Kaplan, Fortune, September 28, 2009
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Rose, Charlie |
| Alternative names | Rose, Charles Peete, Jr. |
| Short description | American TV interviewer and journalist |
| Date of birth | 1942-01-05 |
| Place of birth | Henderson, North Carolina |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Charlie_Rose
Related pages:
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http://fr.wn.com/Charlie Rose
http://de.wn.com/Charlie Rose
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Rose
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
