FDI can refer to:

Medical[link]

• FDI World Dental Federation, Fédération dentaire internationale. The World Dental Federation also have an Annual World Dental Congress, also known as the FDI.
• first dorsal interosseous, one of the four dorsal interossei muscles of the hand (not to be confused with the fourth dorsal interosseous)

Finance[link]

• FDi magazine, a UK-based publication that covers foreign direct investment
• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, usually FDIC
• Foreign direct investment, investment outside the economy of the investor
• Fraudulent Device Inhibitor, security to prevent skimming devices on automated teller machines
• Financial Derivative Instrument

Computing[link]

• Flexible Display Interface, an interface to permit Intel CPUs with embedded graphics to communicate with compatible chipsets
• Formatted Disk Image, a computer disc image format file

Other[link]

• Fault detection and isolation, in control engineering
• Formative Driven Instruction, an instructional model
• Foundation for Democracy in Iran, US based Iranian dissident organization

See also[link]

• All pages beginning with "FDI"
• All pages with titles containing "FDI"

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Sushma Swaraj
Leader of Opposition (Lok Sabha)
Incumbent
Assumed office 18 December 2009
Preceded by	Lal Krishna Advani
Constituency	Vidisha (Madhya Pradesh)
Minister of Information and Broadcasting
In office 30 September 2000 – 29 January 2003
Prime Minister	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Chief Minister of Delhi
In office 13 October 1998 – 3 December 1998
Minister of Information and Broadcasting and Telecommunications
In office 19 March 1998 – 12 October 1998
Prime Minister	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Minister of Information and Broadcasting
In office 16 May 1996 – 1 June 1996
Prime Minister	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Haryana State Minister of Education, Food and Civil Supplies
In office 1987–1990
Haryana State Minister of Labour and Employment
In office 1977–1979
Personal details
Born	(1952-02-14) 14 February 1952 (age 60) Palwal, Haryana
Political party	Bharatiya Janata Party
Spouse(s)	Swaraj Kaushal
Residence	New Delhi
Alma mater	Punjab University, Chandigarh
Profession	Lawyer
Military service
Awards	Outstanding Parliamentarian Award in 2004 and 2010

Sushma Swaraj (Hindi: सुष्मा स्वराज pronunciation (help·info)) (born 14 February 1952) is an Indian politician of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)and Member of Parliament. She is currently the Leader of the Opposition in the 15th Lok Sabha. She is a former union cabinet minister of India and a former Chief Minister of Delhi. Also she served as the Chairperson of the BJP's 19 member campaign committee for the 2009 General Elections. She was the first female Chief Minister of Delhi.

Early life[link]

She was born in Palwal, Haryana. She was educated at Sanatan Dharma College, Ambala Cantonment and earned a B.A. degree. She studied LL.B. from the Law Department of Punjab University, Chandigarh. She is an advocate by profession.^[1]

She has been associated with many social and cultural bodies in various capacities. She was President of the Sahitya Sammelan, Haryana for four years.

Political career[link]

Sushma Swaraj began her political career as a student leader in the 1970s, organizing protests against Indira Gandhi's government. She was a member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly from 1977–82 and then from 1987–90. As a Janata Party MLA in Devi Lal's government, she was the Cabinet Minister of Labour and Employment (1977–1979). She joined the BJP in 1980. Under a combined Lok Dal-BJP government led by Devi Lal, she was the Cabinet Minister of Education, Food and Civil Supplies (1987–1990). She was judged Best Speaker of Haryana State Assembly for three consecutive years.

In 1980, 1984, and 1989, she unsuccessfully contested the Lok Sabha elections from Karnal in Haryana. All three times, she was defeated by the Congress Party's Chiranji Lal Sharma.

She was elected as a member of the Rajya Sabha in 1990. In 1996, she was elected to the 11th Lok Sabha from South Delhi. She was Union Cabinet Minister of Information and Broadcasting in 1996, during the 13-day Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government.

She was re-elected to 12th Lok Sabha for a 2nd term in 1998. Under the second Vajpayee government, she retained the Information and Broadcasting ministry and had additional charge of the Ministry of Telecommunications from 19 March to 12 October 1998.

She left the Union Cabinet from October – December 1998 to serve as the first woman Chief Minister of Delhi. The BJP lost the assembly elections, and she returned to national politics.

In 1999, she took on a high profile as she contested against the Congress party's President, Sonia Gandhi, from the Bellary constituency in Karnatka, which had returned Congress winners since India's independence. The fervent, high-pitched campaign came to an end with the expected loss of Sushma.

She returned to Parliament in April 2000 as a Rajya Sabha member from Uttarakhand.^[2] She was re-inducted into the cabinet as the Minister of Information and Broadcasting, which she held from September 2000 until January 2003. At that time, she was made the Minister of Health and Family Welfare, and also held the post of Minister of Parliamentary Affairs. She held these posts from January 2003 until May 2004, when the National Democratic Alliance government lost elections.

In a heavily publicized and emotionally charged episode following the elections, Sushma Swaraj threatened to shave her head, don a white saree and eat groundnuts (symbolically mourning) if Sonia Gandhi, the Italian-born Congress leader, became Prime Minister of India.

She was re-elected to the Rajya Sabha in April 2006 from Madhya Pradesh. She served as the deputy leader of BJP in Rajya Sabha. Speculation ran high that Sushma Swaraj was one of the top contenders to be President of the BJP, following Advani's resignation from that role in late 2005. Rajnath Singh ultimately was elected to that post.

She won the 2009 election to the 15th Lok Sabha from the Vidisha constituency in Madhya Pradesh, on a BJP candidacy, by a highest margin of 4.01 lakh votes. This is her 10th election.

She has been awarded by Outstanding Parliamentarian Award twice.

Leader of the opposition[link]

Sushma Swaraj appointed as leader of the opposition party and replaced Lal Krishna Advani in December 2009 in the 15th Lok Sabha,^[3]

Personal life[link]

She married Swaraj Kaushal Madahar on 13 July 1975 and has a daughter.

Positions held[link]

• 1977–82 and 1987–90 Member, Haryana Legislative Assembly.^[1]
• 1977–79 Cabinet Minister, Labour and Employment, Government of Haryana.^[1]
• 1987–90 Cabinet Minister, Education, Food and Civil Supplies, Government of Haryana.^[1]
• April 1990 Elected to Rajya Sabha
• 1996 Member, Eleventh Lok Sabha
• 16 May-1 June 1996 Union Cabinet Minister, Information and Broadcasting.^[1]
• 1998 Member, Twelfth Lok Sabha (2nd term)
• 19 March-12 Oct.1998 Union Cabinet Minister, Information and Broadcasting and Telecommunications (Additional charge)
• 13 Oct.-3 Dec. 1998 Chief Minister, Delhi
• April 2000 Elected to Rajya Sabha (2nd term)^[4]
• 30 Sept. 2000–29 Jan. 2003 Minister of Information and Broadcasting
• 29 Jan. 2003 – 22 May 2004 Minister of Health and Family Welfare and Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
• April 2006 Re-elected to Rajya Sabha (3rd term)^[5]
• 16 May 2009 Elected to the 15th Lok Sabha.^[1]
• 3 June 2009 Elected as Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha.^[1]
• 18 Dec 2009 Sushma Swaraj appointed as leader of the opposition party and replaced Lal Krishna Advani in December 2009.

External links[link]

• Official website of BJP

References[link]

Subodh Gupta (born in 1964) is an artist based in New Delhi. He was born in Khagaul, land famous for ancient mathematician Aryabhatta in Patna. He studied at the College of Art, Patna in 1983–1988, before moving to New Delhi where he currently lives and works. Trained as a painter, he went on to experiment with a variety of media. His work encompasses sculpture, installation, painting, photography, performance and video. He is married to artist Bharti Kher.

Work[link]

Subodh Gupta is best known for incorporating everyday objects that are ubiquitous throughout India, such as the steel tiffin boxes used by millions to carry their lunch as well as thali pans, bicycles, and milk pails. From such ordinary items the artist produces sculptures that reflect on the economic transformation of his homeland and which relate to Gupta's own life and memories. As Gupta says: 'All these things were part of the way I grew up. They are used in the rituals and ceremonies that were part of my childhood. Indians either remember them from their youth, or they want to remember them.'^[1] And: 'I am the idol thief. I steal from the drama of Hindu life. And from the kitchen - these pots, they are like stolen gods, smuggled out of the country. Hindu kitchens are as important as prayer rooms.'^[2]

Gupta transforms the icons of Indian everyday life into artworks that are readable globally. He is among a generation of young Indian artists whose commentary tells of a country on the move, fuelled by boiling economic growth and a more materialistic mindset. Gupta's strategy of appropriating everyday objects and turning them into artworks that dissolve their former meaning and function brings him close to artists like Duchamp; The Guardian called him 'the Damien Hirst of Delhi.'^[3] He succeeds in finding an art language that references India and at the same time can be appreciated for its aesthetic throughout world; as Gupta says: 'Art language is the same all over the world. Which allows me to be anywhere.'^[4]

One of his recent major works, consisting of Indian cooking utensils, is 'Line of Control' (2008), a colossal mushroom cloud constructed entirely of pots and pans. The work was shown in the Tate Triennial at Tate Britain in 2009.

Painting is also an important part of Subodh Gupta's art practice. His series 'Still Steal Steel' consists of photorealistic paintings of kitchen utensils falling and moving in space. In his early paintings, Gupta used another element of Indian every day life, cow dung. This is used in India for building houses and as fuel for cooking fires. Moreover, it is a cleaning agent. The idea that cow dung is inherently clean is ingrained in rural India. There, it is a purifying element, both ritual and symbolic. In his video 'Pure' (2000, 9 min.), Gupta takes the detergent concept literally and has filmed himself taking a shower, to free himself of the thick layer of dung that covers his body.

An earlier series of paintings is 'Saat Samunder Paar'. Baggages, migration and the "return home" have been enduring concerns of Subodh Gupta. It is a theme that crystallised in works such as 'Across the Seven Seas' (2006) where he uses baggage trolleys of modern airports to allude to the grim historical reality of migration from India, especially from his home state of Bihar.

In works that Subodh Gupta presented at Hauser & Wirth in October 2009, the artist moved away from composite sculptures toward objects that possess an auratic quality. Ready-made commodities experience transformations in scale and material. Relations to European art history were now to be found. Among the new works is a three-dimensional reworking in bronze of Duchamp's mustachioed Mona Lisa 'L.H.O.O.Q.' (1919).

His oil on canvas painting 'Saat Samundar Paar' went under the hammer for Rs 3.4 crores in the Saffronart autumn online auction.^[5] In 2008, he along with several other artists raised 3.93 crores for Bihar flood victims.^[6]

In 2010, Gupta designed the stage set for the ballet CREATION 2010 by Angelin Preljocaj, the French choreographer. The ballet was produced by the Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow, and the Ballet Preljocaj.

Recent solo exhibitions include 2011's ' Et Tu, Duchamp', at the KÖR am Kunsthalle in Vienna and ' A glass of water' at Hauser & Wirth, New York.

Subodh Gupta is represented by Hauser & Wirth.

Selected solo exhibitions[link]

2011

• A glass of water, Hauser & Wirth, New York NY
• Sara Hildén Art Museum, Tampere, Finland

2010

• Faith Matters, PinchukArtCentre, Kiev, Ukraine
• Take off your shoes and wash your hands, Tramway, Glasgow, UK
• Arario Gallery, Cheonan, Korea
• Arario Gallery, Seoul, Korea
• Et tu, Duchamp, KÖR Kunst im öffentlichen Raum Kunsthalle Wien project space, Vienna, Austria
• Gallery Nature Morte, New Delhi, India
• Hauser & Wirth, Zurich, Switzerland

2009

• Common Man, Hauser & Wirth, London, UK
• Line of Control, The Gallery of Modern Art, Brisbane, Australia

2008

• Still Steal Steel, Jack Shainman Gallery, New York City, USA
• There is always Cinema, Galleria Continua, San Gimignano, Italy
• Line of Control, Arario Beijing, China

2007

• Start.Stop, Bodhi Art Gallery, Bombay
• Silk Route, Baltic Art Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
• Idol Thief, IN SITU - Fabienne Leclerc, Paris, France

2006

• Hungry God, Gallery Nature Morte, New Delhi
• Artes Mundi Prize, Cardiff National Museum, UK

2005

• Jootha, IN SITU - Fabienne Leclerc, Paris, France
• I go home every single day, Jack Shainman Gallery, New York NY, USA
• Jootha, Sakshi Gallery, Mumbai, India

2004

• I go home every single day, The Showroom Gallery, London, UK

'2003

• Saat Samunder Paar, Gallery Nature Morte, New Delhi, India
• This side is the other side, Art & Public, Geneva, Switzerland

2000

• Recent Works, Gallery Nature Morte, New Delhi, India

1999

• Recent Works, Gallery Foundation for Indian Art, Amsterdam, Netherlands

1997

• Bose Pacia Modern, New York NY, USA
• The Way Home, Gallery Chemould, Mumbai, India

1996

• Grey Zones, Jehangir Art Gallery, Mumbai, India

Selected group exhibitions[link]

2011

• Beijing Online Inlive. 10 Hands 100 Fingers, Beijing, China
• Camulodunum, Firstsite, Colchester, England
• One, Another, FLAG Art Foundation, New York NY
• Home Spun, Devi Art Foundation, New Delhi, India
• Artzuid 2011, Avenues of Berlage's Plan-Zuid, Amsterdam, Netherlands
• Indian Highway V, MAXXI Museo Nazionale delle Arti del XXI Secolo, Rome, Italy (Travelling Exhibition)
• Eating Art: From Goya to Ferran Adrià, La Peddrera, CatalunyaCaixa, Barcelona, Spain
• In Praise of Doubt, Punta della Dogana, François Pinault Foundation, Venice, Italy
• Paris-Delhi-Bombay, Centre Pompidou, Paris, France
• Indian Highway IV, Lyon Museum of Contemporary Art, Lyon, France (Travelling Exhibition)
• Time Unfolded, Kiran Nadar Museum of Contemporary Art, New Delhi, India

2010

• Hareng Sauer: Ensor and Contemporary Art, S.M.A.K - Stedelijk Museum voor Actueke Kunst, Ghent, Belgium
• REM(A)INDERS, Galleria Continua, Beijiing, China
• Da Sopra, Castello Svevo di Bari, Bari, Italy
• C'est La Vie. Vanities from Caravaggio to Damien Hirst, Fondation Dina Vierny, Paris, France
• The Empire Strikes Back: Indian Art Today, The Saatchi Gallery, London, England
• Contemplating the Void, Guggenheim Museum, New York NY

2009

• The Sixth Asia Pacific Triennial of Contemporary Art, Queensland Art Gallery, Brisbane, Australia
• Altermodern. Tate Triennial 2009, Tate Britain, London, UK
• Un certain État du Monde?, The Garage Centre for Contemporary Culture in Moscow, Russia
• The 4th Fukuoka Asian Art Triennial, Fukuoka Asian Art Museum, Fukuoka, Japan
• Chalo! India: A New Era of Indian Art, Essl Museum, Klosterneuburg, Austria (Travelling Exhibition)
• Indian Highway, Astrup Fearnley Museum, Oslo, Norway (Travelling Exhibition)
• Chalo! India: A New Era of Indian Art, National Museum of Contemporary Art, Seoul, Korea (Travelling Exhibition)

2008

• Lustwarande 08 - Wanderland. 3rd Edition Lustwarande, Park de Oude Warande & Museum De Pont, Tilburg, Netherlands
• Re-imagining Asia. A Thousand Years of Separation, Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany (Travelling Exhibition)
• Distant Nearness, The Nerman Museum of Contemporary Art at Johnson Community College, Kansas City KS
• Aurum. Gold in der zeitgenössischen Kunst, Centre PasquArt, Biel, Switzerland
• Martian Museum of Terrestrial Art, Barbican Art Gallery, London, England
• Heavy Metal: The Inexplicable Lightness of a Material, Kunsthalle zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
• India Moderna, Institut Valencia d'Art Modern, Valencia, Spain
• God & Goods – Spirituality and Mass Confusion, Villa Manin, Udine, Italy
• Indian Focus. Artistes Indiens Contemporains dans la Collection de Claude Berri, Espace Claude Berri, Paris, France
• Chalo! India: A new Era of Indian Art, Mori Art Museum, Tokyo, Japan (Travelling Exhibition)
• Indian Highway, Serpentine Gallery, London, England (Travelling Exhibition)
• Where in the World, Devi Art Foundation, New Delhi, India

2007

• Sequence 1. Painting & Sculpture from the François Pinault Collection, Palazzo Grassi, Venice, Italy
• Edge Of Desire: Recent Art in India, National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai, India (Travelling Exhibition)
• New Delhi – New Wave, Primo Marella Gallery, Milan, Italy
• India: Public Places / Private Spaces, The Newark Museum, Newark NJ, USA

2006

• Hungry God, Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Canada
• Sequence 1. Painting and Sculpture from the François Pinault Collection, Venice, Italy
• Altered, Stiched & Gathered, P.S.1 MoMA, New York NY, USA
• Venice – Istanbul, Istanbul Modern, Istanbul, Turkey
• Taipei Biennial 2006, China
• Lille 3000, Lille, France
• Edge Of Desire: Recent Art in India, Montalvo Arts Center, Saratoga CA, USA (Travelling Exhibition)
• Edge Of Desire: Recent Art in India, Berkeley Art Museum, Berkeley CA, USA (Travelling Exhibition

2005

• Edge of Desire: Recent Art in India, Queens Museum of Modern Art, Queens NY (Travelling Exhibition)
• Edge of Desire: Recent Art in India, The Asia Society, New York NY (Travelling Exhibition)
• 51st Venice Biennale, Italy
• Weightless Space, The Herzliya Museum Of Contemporary Art, Israel
• The Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Dialectics of Hope, Russia
• Universal Experience: Art, Life and the Tourist's Eye, Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago IL, USA (Travelling Exhibition)
• Universal Experience: Art, Life and the Tourist's Eye, Hayward Gallery, London, England (Travelling Exhibition)

2004

• Indian Video Art: History in Motion, Fukuopka Asian Art Museum, Fukuoka, Japan
• Edge Of Desire: Recent Art in India, The Art Gallery Of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
• Vanitas Vanitatum, Sakshi Gallery, Mumbai, India

2003

• 8. Biennale Havanna, Cuba
• Body. City. Citing Contemporary Culture in India, House of World Cultures, Berlin, Germany
• The Tree from the Seed, Contemporary Art from India, Henie Onstad Kunstsenter, Høvikodden, Norway

2002

• Creative Space, Sakshi Gallery at Habitat Centre, New Delhi, India
• Self: Contemporary Indian Video Art, IMA - Institute of Modern Art, Brisbane, Australia
• Inaugural Show, Palais de Toyko, Paris, France
• Kapital & Karma, Kunsthalle Wien, Vienna, Austria
• Photosphere, Gallery Nature Morte, New Delhi, India

2001

• Post Production (Sampling, Programming & Displaying), Galleria Continua, San Gimignano, Italy
• Context as Content – Museum as Metaphor – Museum of Fine Art, Museum of Fine Art, Chandigarh, India (Travelling Exhibition)
• Context as Content / Museum as Metaphor, Gallery Nature Morte, New Delhi, India (Travelling Exhibition)

2000

• Vilas, Birla Academy, Mumbai, India
• Kwangju Biennial, Korea
• Invisible Boundary: Metamorphosed Asian Art, Utsunomiya Museum of Art, Japan

1999

• Fukuoka Asian Art Triennial, Fukuoka, Japan
• Of, based on, or obtained, Gallery Nature Morte, New Delhi, India

1998

• New Millenum, New Media, Jehangir Art Gallery, Mumbai, India

1997

• UNESCO-ASHBERG Bursaries for Artists hosted by InIVA, Gaswork Studios, London, England
• Points of Contact, Shirley Fiterman Gallery, New York NY, USA
• Khoj International Artists Exhibition, British Council, New Delhi, India

1996

• Indo-Cuban Exhibition of Contemporary Art, Lalit Kala Academy, New Delhi, India

1995

• Nessuno Tocchi Caino (Hands off Cain,), La Biennale di Venezia, Venice, Italy

Selected works[link]

• Et tu, Duchamp?, black bronze, 114 x 88 x 59 cm, 2009
• Jeff the Koons, aluminium, painted, 2009
• Aam Aadmi, painted bronze mangoes, 2009
• Wall, fibreglass cast of tree and wall, 2009
• Spooning, 2 cast spoons, stainless steel, 34 x 275 x 52 cm, 2009
• Line of Control, stainless steel utensils, 10 x 10 x 10 m, 2008
• Date by Date, installation, 2008
• Mind shut down, skull of stainless steel utensils and old utensils, 240 x 150 x 205 cm, 2008
• Still Steal Steel #9, oil and enamel on canvas, 198 x 364 cm, 2008
• Still Steal Steel #8, oil and enamel on canvas, 198 x 364 cm, 2008
• School, 45 brass cast stools and stainless steel utensils, installation, 2008
• Gandhi's Three Monkeys, bronze, old utensils, steel, three heads, one with terrorist mask, one with military helmet, one with gas mask, 2007–2008
• Faith matters, sushibelt with cooking utensils, 2007–2008
• U.F.O., brass and stainless steel utensils, 2007
• 1 kg War, 1 kg gold, 24 carat, 2007
• Potato Eaters, bronze potatoes, plastic bag, 45 x 35 x 15 cm, 2007
• Bhandarghar, Indian pots, metal, ropes, 2007
• Leap of Faith, stainless steel buckets, 700 x 180 x 180 cm, 2006
• Cheap Rice, life size rickshaw, brass utensils, metal, 170 x 120 x 280 cm, 2006
• Very Hungry God, skull of stainless steel utensils, 2006
• Across Seven Seas, conveyor belt with luggage cast in bronze and aluminium, 2006
• Curry, stainless steel utensils, 5 cabinets, 360 x 270 x 330 cm each cabinet, 2006
• Cow, lifesize aluminium and bronze cast from bicycle and milk pails, 2005
• Everything is Inside, taxi roof, luggage cast in bronze, 162 x 276 x 104 cm, 2004
• Doot, lifesize aluminium cast of an Ambassador car, 2003
• Saat Samunder Paar VII, oil on canvas, 167 x 228 cm, 2003
• Bihari, cow dung, acrylic, sequence light on handmade paper, 109 x 76 cm, 1999
• How to spell cow in Hindi (III), oil, acrylic, cowdung on canvas, 225 x 153 cm, 1999

Selected films and performances[link]

• Still Life Juggler, film on DVD, 1:50', 2008
• All Things are Inside, film on DVD, 4:30', 2007
• Haasil, appeared in his friend Tigmanshu Dhulia's film, 2003
• Pure (I), performance at Khoj workshop, Modi Nagar, India, 1999
• Pure, video on DVD, 9', 1999

See also[link]

• Gallery Nature Morte's Subodh Gupta page for biography, curriculum vitae and images.
• hauserwirth.com^[7]

Biography, bibliography, images and press - Subodh Gupta

• artfacts.net^[8]

Additional information and images – Subodh Gupta

• artnet.com^[9]

Various other resources and images – Subodh Gupta

• artists-org^[10]

Modern and contemporary artists and art – Subodh Gupta

• artpublic.ch^[11]

Raised in the northern province of Bihar (India's poorest and most violent) Subodh Gupta spent his formative years traveling with a Hindi language theatre group, working as a set designer and fabricator as well as an actor.

• bbc.co.uk^[12]

In her exhibition entitled Around and Around 1000 Times, Schandra Singh presents large-scale paintings that address the issue of escapism as a means of coping with suffering.

• paletteartgallery.com^[13]

Subodh Gupta was born in Khagaul, Bihar. He did his BFA (Painting) from the College of Art Patna. He has had several solo shows including one at Bose Pacia Modern, New York in 1997.

• jackshainman.com^[14]

American Gallery representing Subodh Gupta – additional images and information on past and current exhibitions

• universes-in-universe.de^[15]

• The installation refers to Indian workers in the Gulf States. On their way home after months of slaving away and living in the closest of quarters, they proudly carry their acquisitions with them in such cartons (never in suitcases).

• saatchigallery.com^[16]

Whilst the skull on everyone's lips of late has been Damien Hirst's diamond-encrusted 'For the Love of God', the skull exciting many people at the Venice Biennale is by Indian artist Subodh Gupta. 'Very Hungry God', an enormous skull made out of stainless steel utensils, was first exhibited in Paris in 2006 and is now in the collection of François Pinault. 'Very Hungry God' is currently on view by the Grand Canal outside Pinault's Palazzo Grassi in Venice. Subdoh explains here the background to this work.

• manchesterinternationalfestival.com^[17]

Subodh Gupta is one of India's most prolific artists and has participated in numerous highly-acclaimed international exhibitions. Gupta works in a wide range of mediums from sculpture and painting to installation, photography, video and performance.

• asianart.com^[18]

New Perspectives From India – images of work by contemporary Indian artists, including work of Subodh Gupta

• artsmundi.org^[19]

Subodh Gupta works in a wide range of mediums from sculpture and painting to installation, photography, video and performance. He elevates the status of found objects from everyday items to artworks; using the products of rural India such as cow dung, milk buckets, kitchen utensils, scooters, guns and gulal powder as his materials.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Subodh Gupta at Hauser & Wirth
• Subodh Gupta at Gallery Nature Morte
• Subodh Gupta Solo review at Arario on The Arts Trust Online Magazine
• Subodh Gupta on ArtNet.com
• More information and images from the Saatchi Gallery
• Further images and biography from Jack Shainman
• Galleria Continua

Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi
Union Human Resources Development minister
In office 1998–2004
Succeeded by	Arjun Singh
Constituency	Rajya Sabha
Minister of Science and Technology
In office 1999–2004
Succeeded by	Kapil Sibal
MP
Incumbent
Assumed office 2009
Preceded by	Dr. Rajesh Kumar Mishra
Constituency	Varanasi
MP
In office 1977–1980
Preceded by	Narendra Singh Bisht
Succeeded by	Harish Rawat
Constituency	Almora
Personal details
Born	(1934-01-05) 5 January 1934 (age 78) New Delhi, India
Political party	Bharatiya Janata Party
Religion	Hindu
Signature

Murli Manohar Joshi (born 1934) was the Union Human Resources Development minister of India in the NDA government. Joshi is a leading member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He is best known for his views on Indian socio-politics and for his affiliation with the RSS.

He was born in Nainital on 5 January 1934, hailing from the Kumaon Hills region of Nainital northern India which today form a part of the state of Uttarakhand. Joshi had his early education in Chandpur, District Bijnore and Almora (currently part of Uttarakhand). He completed his B.Sc. from Meerut College and M.Sc. from Allahabad University. Here one of his teachers was Professor Rajendra Singh, who later became RSS Sarsanghchalaks. He did his doctorate from Allahabad University. The subject of his doctoral thesis was Spectroscopy. He was the first scientist to submit his thesis in Hindi.

After completing his PhD, Joshi started teaching Physics at Allahabad University. He came in contact with the RSS in Delhi at a young age and took part in the Cow Protection Movement in 1953–54, in the Kumbh Kisan Andolan of UP in 1955, demanding halving of land revenue assessment. During the Emergency period (1975–1977) in India, Joshi was in jail from 26 June 1975 until the Lok Sabha elections in 1977. He was elected Member of Parliament from Almora. When the Janata Party (which then included his party) came to power forming the first non-Congress government in Indian history, Joshi was elected General Secretary of the Janata Parliamentary Party. After the fall of the government, his party came out of Janata Party in 1980, and formed the Bharatiya Janata Party or the BJP. Joshi first looked after the Central Office as a General Secretary and later became Party Treasurer. As General Secretary of BJP, he was directly in charge of Bihar, Bengal and North-Eastern States. Later, when BJP formed a government in India under Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Joshi served as the Human Resource Development Minister in the cabinet.

Joshi is known to have been influenced by the life and work of Veer Savarkar, Shri Guruji and Deendayal Upadhyaya. Joshi was a three-term M.P. from Allahabad before he was defeated in the Lok Sabha elections of May, 2004. He won election to the 15th Lok Sabha from Varanasi as a BJP candidate.^[1] He also served as the home minister for 13 days government in 1996. Prof. Joshi Honored with “Proud Past Alumni" in the list of 42 members, from "Allahabad University Alumni Association", NCR, Ghaziabad (Greater Noida) Chapter 2007–2008 registered under society act 1860 with registration no. 407/2000.^[2] Dr.Joshi was appointed as Chairman of the Manifesto Preparation Board of the BJP in 2009.

Positions Held[link]

• 1934 Born
• 1944 Member, Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh (R.S.S.)
• 1949 Member, Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarathi Parishad (A.B.V.P.)
• 1953–56 General Secretary, A.B.V.P., Uttar Pradesh; All India General Secretary, A.B.V.P.
• 1957 Organising Secretary, Bharatiya Jana Sangh (B.J.S.), Allahabad
• 1959–67 Zonal Organising Secretary, B.J.S., Uttar Pradesh
• 1967–75 Secretary, B.J.S., Uttar Pradesh; Treasurer, B.J.S., Uttar Pradesh; Vice-President, B.J.S., Uttar Pradesh (prior to its merger in Janata Party)
• 1977 Elected to 6th Lok Sabha
• 1977–79 General-Secretary, Janata Party in Parliament
• 1980 Founder General Secretary, B.J.P.
• 1981–83 Treasurer, B.J.P.
• 1986–90 General-Secretary, B.J.P.
• 1991–93 President, B.J.P.
• 1992 Member, Rajya Sabha
• 1992–96 Member, Committee on Science and Technology, Environment and Forests; Member, Committee on Public Undertakings; Member, Select Committee on Patent Law; Member, Select Committee on Trade Marks Bill
• 1996 Re-elected to 11th Lok Sabha (2nd term)
• 16 May – 1 June 1996 Union Cabinet Minister, Home Affairs
• 1996–97 Chairman, Public Accounts Committee; Member, Committee on Finance; Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Defence; Member, Expert Committee on Low Productivity Areas, Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operation
• 1998 Re-elected to 12th Lok Sabha (3rd term)
• 1998–99 Union Cabinet Minister, Human Resource Development; and Science and Technology
• 1999 Re-elected to 13th Lok Sabha (4th term)
• Oct–Nov 1999 Union Cabinet Minister, Human Resource Development and Science & Technology
• 22 Nov 1999 – 2004 Union Cabinet Minister, Human Resource Development; Science & Technology and Department of Ocean Development
• 2009 Elected to 15th Lok Sabha from Varanasi, UP
• February 2009 Member, Council of the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
• March 2009 Chairman, Ministry of Finance
• April 2009 Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Defence
• May 2009 Member, Committee on Ethics
• January 2010 Member, General Purpose Committee
• October 2010 Member, Parliamentary Forum on Global Warming and Climate Change
• November 2010 Chairman, Committee on Public Accounts
• December 2010 Member, Committee on Budget^[3]

References[link]

• Police arrest right-wing Hindu leaders. TIM MCGIRK, The Independent. 9 December 1992.
• Court clears India's deputy PM. Maseeh Rahman, The Guardian, Saturday 20 September 2003.
• Minister wins Ayodhya reprieve. BBC. 20 September 2003.
• Tearing down the Babri Masjid. Mark Tully, BBC. 5 December 2002.
• Indian dismay over UN ranking. Satish Jacob, BBC. 24 July 2002.
• India targets cow slaughter. Jyotsna Singh, BBC 11 August 2003.
• Sustainable consumption is the need of the hour, says Murli Manohar Joshi. The Hindu. 15 January 2007.
• Sex education runs into trouble. BBC. 27 August 2007.
• Murli Manohar Joshi attacks Congress on N-deal, agrarian policies. Times of India. 6 March 2008
• Yoga institute celebrations. The Hindu. 19 February 2009.
• Joshi gets death threat from Indian Mujahideen. India Express. 12 April 2009.
• I won’t mind being Leader of Opposition: Murli Manohar Joshi. ANI. 17 May 2009.
• BJP probably failed to communicate its message: Joshi. The Hindu. 16 May 2009.
• Advani's decision in BJP's interest: Murli Manohar Joshi. The Economic Times. 17 May 2009

External links[link]

• http://www.drmurlimanoharjoshi.in/ Official Website of Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi
• http://drmurlimjoshi.blogspot.com/ Dr. Murli Manohar Joshi's blog
• BJP profile of M.M. Joshi

Manohar Joshi
15th Chief Minister of Maharashtra State  India
In office 14 March 1995 – 31 January 1999
Preceded by	Sharad Pawar
Succeeded by	Narayan Rane
Speaker of the Lok Sabha
In office 10 May 2002 – 2 June 2004
Preceded by	G. M. C. Balayogi
Succeeded by	Somnath Chatterjee
Personal details
Born	(1937-12-02) 2 December 1937 (age 74)
Political party	Shiv Sena
Religion	Hindu

Manohar Gajanan Joshi, (Marathi: मनोहर गजानन जोशी) (born 2 December 1937) is an Indian politician from the state of Maharashtra. He is one of the prominent leaders of the Shiv Sena political party. He was the Chief Minister of Maharashtra from 1995–1999.

Background and family[link]

He was born in lower-middle class family hailing from Raigad district. His forthfathers migrated from Beed district to Goregaon village of Raigad district. He got help from his other middle class relatives while studying. He was married on 14 May 1964 to Smt. Anagha Joshi, and has a son, Unmesh, and two daughters. Shri Manohar Joshi has been awarded a Doctorate (in Political Science) by Mumbai University in 2010.

Formation of Kohinoor[link]

After MA in Law he joined in Brihan Mumbai Corporation (BMC) as an officer, but later started the Kohinoor technical/vocational training institute with the idea of an institute for semi–skilled youths to offer training as electrician, plumber, TV/radio/scooter repairman, photography. Eventually, he started multiple branches of Kohinoor in Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur, Nashik, etc., and later he made an entry in construction and other capital-oriented business.

Manohar Joshi also founded the Kohinoor Business School & Kohinoor-IMI (Hospitality) Institutes in Khandala, Maharashtra.

Political career[link]

Early years[link]

He began his career by being elected to the Legislative Council from the Shiv Sena. He became the Mayor of Mumbai during 1976 to 1977. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly from a Shiv Sena ticket in 1990.

Chief Minister[link]

He became the first non-Congress Chief Minister of Maharashtra when the Shiv Sena-Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) coalition came to power.

Controversy and Resignation[link]

During his term as Chief Minister he was embroiled in a scam involving the change of reservation of a plot of land in Pune, which was being developed by his son-in-law, Girish Vyas. Just a couple of months prior to the High Court of Mumbai passing a verdict against Girish Vyas and terming the housing complex "Sundew", illegal, under severe pressure from the opposition, Mr. Joshi resigned.^[1] Later, the Supreme Court upheld the decision of the High Court^[2] but set aside the order to conduct criminal investigation against the former Chief Minister. It asked Mr. Joshi to pay the litigant Rs 25,000, which he complied with.^[3]

Lok Sabha and Speaker[link]

He was promoted to the Lok Sabha when he won from Central Mumbai in the 1999 General Elections. He was the Speaker of the Lok Sabha from 2002 to 2004 during the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) administration.

He was elected for a six-year term to the Rajya Sabha on 20 March 2006^[4] after being defeated in the previous Lok Sabha election from the Central Mumbai constituency.

75th Birthday[link]

Joshi's 75th birthday celebrated at Ravindra Natya Mandir in Prabhadevi.Union minister Sharad Pawar,RPI leader Ramdas Athawale and Shivsena executive president Uddhav Thackeray were present on this occasion.^[5]

Positions held[link]

• 1967–1972 – Corporator, Bombay Municipal Corporation
• 1972–1989 – Member, Maharashtra Legislative Council
• 1976–1977 – Mayor of Mumbai
• 1990–1991 – Member and Leader of Opposition in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
• 1995–1999 – Chief Minister of Maharashtra
• 1999–2004 – Member of Lok Sabha
• 2002–2004 – Speaker of Lok Sabha
• 2002 to 2004 Heavy industrial minister
• 2006 to April 2012 – Member of Rajya Sabha

See also[link]

• List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra

References[link]

External links[link]

• May 8, 2002 news article "Manohar Joshi to be next LS speaker" – Times of India
• Photos from site of Speaker of Lok Sabha