*Mitra (Proto-Indo-Iranian, nominative *Mitras) was an important Indo-Iranian divinity. Following the prehistoric cultural split of Indo-Aryan and Iranian cultures, names descended from *mitra were used for the following religious entities:

• Mitra (Sanskrit Mitrá-, Mitráḥ), a deity who appears frequently in the ancient Sanskrit text of the Rigveda.
• Mithra (Avestan Miθra-, Miθrō), a yazata mentioned in the Zoroastrian sacred scripture of the Avesta, whose New Persian equivalent is Mīhr / Mehr (مِهر).
• Maitreya, a bodhisattva who in the Buddhist tradition is to appear on Earth, achieve complete enlightenment, and teach the pure dharma.
• Mithras, the principal figure of the Greco-Roman religion of Mithraism.

Etymology[link]

Both Vedic Mitra and Avestan Mithra derive from an Indo-Iranian common noun *mitra-, generally reconstructed to have meant "covenant, treaty, agreement, promise." This meaning is preserved in Avestan miθra "covenant." In Sanskrit and modern Indo-Aryan languages, mitra means "friend," one of the aspects of binding^{[disambiguation needed ]} and alliance

The Indo-Iranian reconstruction is attributed^[1] to Christian Bartholomae,^[2] and was subsequently refined by A. Meillet (1907), who suggested derivation from the Proto-Indo-European root *mei "to exchange."

A suggested alternative derivation was *meh "to measure" (Gray 1929). Pokorny (IEW 1959) refined Meillet's *mei as "to bind." Combining the root *mei with the "tool suffix" -tra- "that which [causes] ..." (also found in man-tra-, "that which causes to think"), then literally means "that which binds," and thus "covenant, treaty, agreement, promise, oath" etc. Pokorny's interpretation also supports "to fasten, strengthen", which may be found in Latin moenia "city wall, fortification", and in an antonymic form, Old English (ge)maere "border, boundary-post".

Meillet and Pokorny's "contract" did however have its detractors. Lentz (1964, 1970) refused to accept abstract "contract" for so exalted a divinity and preferred the more religious "piety." Because present-day Sanskrit mitra means "friend," and New Persian mihr means "love" or "friendship," Gonda (1972, 1973) insisted on a Vedic meaning of "friend, friendship," not "contract".

Meillet's analysis also "rectified earlier interpretations"^[1] that suggested that the Indo-Iranian common noun *mitra- had anything to do with the light or the sun. When H. Lommel suggested^[3] that such an association was implied in the Younger Avesta (>6th c. BCE), that too was conclusively dismissed.^[4] Today, it is certain that "(al)though Miθra is closely associated with the sun in the Avesta, he is not the sun" and "Vedic Mitra is not either."^[1]

Old Persian Mitra or Miθ^ra - both only attested in a handful of 4th century BCE inscriptions of Artaxerxes II and III - "is generally admitted [to be] a borrowing from the Avesta,"^[5] the genuine Old Persian form being reconstructed as *Miça. (Kent initially suggested Sanskrit^[6] but later^[5] changed his mind). Middle Iranian myhr (Parthian, also in living Armenian usage) and mihr (Middle Persian), derive from Avestan Mithra.

Greek/Latin "Mithras," the focal deity of the Greco-Roman cult of Mithraism is the nominative form of vocative Mithra. In contrast to the original Avestan meaning of "contract" or "covenant" (and still evident in post-Sassanid Middle Persian texts), the Greco-Roman Mithraists probably thought the name meant "mediator." In Plutarch's first century discussion of dualistic theologies, Isis and Osiris (46.7) the Greek historiographer provides the following explanation of the name in his summary of the Zoroastrian religion: Mithra is a meson ("in the middle") between "the good Horomazdes and the evil Aremanius [...] and this is why the Pérsai call the Mediator Mithra". Zaehner^[7] attributes this false etymology to a role that Mithra (and the sun!) played in the now extinct branch of Zoroastrianism known as Zurvanism.

Indic Mitra[link]

Vedic Mitra is a prominent deity of the Rigveda distinguished by a relationship to Varuna, the protector of rta. Together with Varuna, he counted among the Adityas, a group of solar deities, also in later Vedic texts. Vedic Mitra is the patron divinity of honesty, friendship, contracts and meetings.

The first extant record of Indo-Aryan^[8] Mitra, in the form mi-it-ra-, is in the inscribed peace treaty of c. 1400 BC between Hittites and the Hurrian kingdom of the Mitanni in the area southeast of Lake Van in Asia Minor. There Mitra appears together with four other Indo-Aryan divinities as witnesses and keepers of the pact.

Iranian Mithra[link]

In Zoroastrianism, Mithra is a member of the trinity of ahuras, protectors of asha/arta, "truth" or "[that which is] right". Mithra's standard appellation is "of wide pastures" suggesting omnipresence. Mithra is "truth-speaking, ... with a thousand ears, ... with ten thousand eyes, high, with full knowledge, strong, sleepless, and ever awake." (Yasht 10.7). As preserver of covenants, Mithra is also protector and keeper of all aspects of interpersonal relationships, such as friendship and love.

Related to his position as protector of truth, Mithra is a judge (ratu), ensuring that individuals who break promises or are not righteous (artavan) are not admitted to paradise. As also in Indo-Iranian tradition, Mithra is associated with (the divinity of) the sun but originally distinct from it. Mithra is closely associated with the feminine yazata Aredvi Sura Anahita, the hypostasis of knowledge.

Buddhist Maitreya[link]

Maitreya is sometimes represented seated on a throne Western-style, and venerated both in Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna Buddhism. Some have speculated that inspiration for Maitreya may have come from the ancient Indo-Iranian deity Mithra. The primary comparison between the two characters appears to be the similarity of their names. According to a book entitled The Religion of the Iranian Peoples, "No one who has studied the Zoroastrian doctrine of the Saoshyants or the coming saviour-prophets can fail to see their resemblance to the future Maitreya.^[9]

Paul Williams claims that some Zoroastrian ideas like Saoshyant influenced the beliefs about Maitreya, such as "expectations of a heavenly helper, the need to opt for positive righteousness, the future millennium, and universal salvation". Possible objections are that these characteristics are not unique to Zoroastrianism, nor are they necessarily characteristic of the belief in Maitreya.

Graeco-Roman Mithras[link]

The name Mithra was adopted by the Greeks and Romans as Mithras, chief figure in the mystery religion of Mithraism. At first identified with the Sun-god Helios by the Greeks, the syncretic Mithra-Helios was transformed into the figure Mithras during the 2nd century BC, probably at Pergamon. This new cult was taken to Rome around the 1st century BC and was dispersed throughout the Roman Empire. Popular among the Roman military, Mithraism was spread as far north as Hadrian's Wall and the Germanic Limes.

References[link]

Prof. Sugata Mitra is Professor of Educational Technology at the School of Education, Communication and Language Sciences at Newcastle University, UK. He is best known for his "Hole in the Wall" experiment, and widely cited in works on literacy and education. He is also Chief Scientist, Emeritus, at NIIT.

Mitra has been described as a polymath by the University of London, as his 30 years of research spans a wide range of disciplines.

Life and work[link]

He was born in Calcutta, India on 12 February 1952.^[1]

Early scientific work[link]

Starting with molecular orbital computation in the 1970s, Mitra discovered that the structure of organic molecules determine their function more than the constituent atoms (Crystal structure sensitivity of the band structure of organic semiconductors. S.C. Mathur and S. Mitra, Journal of Phys.C Solid State, 12, (2) (1979) UK).

After earning a Ph.D. in Solid State Physics from the Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT), Delhi, he went on to research energy storage systems - first at the Centre for Energy Studies in the IIT, and later at the Technische Universität, Vienna. This resulted in a new design for zinc-chlorine batteries that is now in use by the military (A design for zinc-chlorine batteries. S. Mitra, Journal of Power Sources, 8, 359-367 (1982) USA).

His interests in the flow of electricity through biological systems, a consequence of his Ph.D. research on exciton dissociation in organic semiconductors, led on to a seminally speculative paper on why the human sense organs are located where they are (A correlation between the location and sensitivity of human sense organs. A.K. Banerjee and S. Mitra, Spec. Science and Technology, 5, (2), 141 (1982) Australia).

His interest in computer networking led him towards the emerging systems in printing in the 1980s. He set up India’s first local area network based newspaper publishing system in 1984 and went on to predict the desktop publishing industry (Compositors that compute, S. Mitra, Computers Today, May 1985, India). This in turn led to the invention of LAN based database publishing and he created the “Yellow Pages” industry in India and Bangladesh.

Education and cognitive science[link]

Mitra is a leading proponent of Minimally Invasive Education. He has a PhD in Physics and is credited with more than 25 inventions in the area of cognitive science and education technology. He was conferred the prestigious Dewang Mehta Award for Innovation in Information Technology in the year 2005.^[2]

His interest in the human mind once again led him into the areas of learning and memory and he was amongst the first in the world to show that simulated neural networks can help decipher the mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (The effect of synaptic disconnection on bi-directional associative recall. S. Mitra, Proc. IEEE/SMC Conf., Vol.1, 989, 1994 USA).

He was among the first people to invent "voluntary perception recording" (a continuously variable voting machine) and a hyperlinked computing environment, several years ahead of the Internet. ^[3]

Mitra’s work at NIIT created the first curricula and pedagogy for that organisation, followed by years of research on learning styles, learning devices, several of them now patented, multimedia and new methods of learning.

Since the 1970s, Professor Mitra’s publications and work has resulted in training and development of perhaps a million young Indians, amongst them some of the poorest children in the world.

Some of this work culminated in an interest in early literacy, and the Hole in the Wall experiments.

Hole in the Wall[link]

In an experiment conducted first in 1999, known as Hole in the Wall (HIW) experiments in children’s learning. In the initial experiment, a computer was placed in a kiosk created within a wall in a slum at Kalkaji, Delhi and children were allowed to use it freely.^[4] The experiment aimed at proving that kids could be taught by computers very easily without any formal training. Sugata termed this as Minimally Invasive Education (MIE). The experiment has since been repeated at many places, HIW has more than 23 kiosks in rural India. In 2004 the experiment was also carried on in Cambodia.^[5] His interests include Education, Remote Presence, Self-organising systems, Cognitive Systems, Physics and Consciousness.

This work demonstrated that groups of children, irrespective of who or where they are, can learn to use computers and the Internet on their own using public computers in open spaces such as roads and playgrounds, even without knowing English.^[6] His publication was judged the best open access publication in the world for 2005 and he was awarded the Diwang Mehta Award for innovation in IT that year.

The Hole in the Wall experiment left a mark on popular culture. Indian diplomat Vikas Swarup read about Mitra's experiment and was inspired to write his debut novel Q & A, which later became the movie Slumdog Millionaire.

External links[link]

• Hole in the wall official website
• The Hole in the Wall Experiment, TED Talks 2007
• The Child-Driven Education, TED talks 2010
• The Hole in the Wall, a documentary about the experiment
• Press release about Dewang Mehta Award
• HIW: Kids learn computer by themselves: An interview with Dr Mitra published in a Hindi webzine.
• Personal profile at Newcastle University
• Wiki referenced during Ted Talks

References[link]

Ravinder Grewal is a male Punjabi singer. He Ravinder Grewal Biographcomes from the Gujjarwal village in Ludhiana district of Punjab, India, and Grewal is the surname of the Jatt Sikh cummunity in that village.

Rarminder Grewal has a unique voice that sets him apart from traditional Punjabi voices of past generations. He has steadily produced hits in his recent album releases and has established himself as one of the well known Bhangra singers of modern generation. His songs tend to have clean likable lyrics and he's sung several religious songs as well.

Filmography[link]

Discography[link]

The following are some of Ravinder Grewal's albums:

• Aaja Ni Aaja
• Aaveen Baba Nanaka (Religious)
• Aj Din Shagna Da
• Botal Wargi Tu
• Eh Hai Khalsa (Religious)
• Fansi
• Gabroo Shokeen
• Gulabi Pagg Ban Mitra
• Guru Manieo Granth (Religious)
• Haaye Meri Billo (2011)
• Hatt Pichhe
• Haye Mera Dil
• Ik Din
• Ishq Tere Di Lor
• Jaan
• Jattan De Munde
• Kharka-Darka
• Mehfil Mittran Di
• Naal Nach Lei
• Parhan Naanke La Ti
• Parnaam Shaheedan Nu (Religious)
• Roula Pai Gaya
• Teri Haan Vich Haan
• Teri Meri Jodi

Ravinder Grewal's Haaye Meri Billo[link]

01.Balle

02.Let Down your Hair

03.Haaye Meri Billo

04.Dilla Nu

05.Jatt Maujan Karade

06.Kabaadi

07.Sochan Vich

08.Ishq Ho Gaya

09.Paundah Bhangra

10.Nachana

11.Tu Hi Tu

12.Chandigarah

Top songs[link]

The following are some of Ravinder Grewal's hit songs:

• Tedhi Pagg Walia (Album: Kharka-darka) [1]
• Kharka-darka (Album: Kharka-darka) [2]
• Taarian Di Lo (Album: Kharka-darka) [3]
• Botal Wargi Tu (Album: Roula Pai Gaya) [4]
• Mitran De Na Lagda (Album: Gabroo Shokeen)

References[link]

External links[link]

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Suchitra Mitra (19 September 1924 – 3 January 2011) was an Indian singer and composer, as well as a well-respected exponent of Rabindra Sangeet or the songs of Bengal's poet laureate Rabindranath Tagore. As an academic she remained a Professor and the Head of Rabindra Sangeet Department at the Rabindra Bharati University for many years. Mitra was a playback singer, acted in a Bengali films as well,^[1][2] and was many years associated with IPTA.

Mitra studied at the Scottish Church College, the University of Calcutta and at Visva-Bharati University in West Bengal, India. She has also remained the Sheriff of Kolkata (2001).^[3] After prolonged illness Mitra died of a cardiac ailment on 3 January 2011, in Kolkata.

Early life[link]

Mitra's father, the celebrated littérateur, Saurindra Mohan Mukherjee, was a close associate of the Tagore family of Jorasanko. Suchitra Mitra's natural aptitude in music was recognized by Pankaj Mullick, who gave her, her first lesson in Rabindra Sangeet. From her childhood as the youngest member of her family, Suchitra cultivated her love for the songs and poetry of Tagore. She had an unerring ear for music and a natural gift of voice and expression.

Musical career[link]

In 1941, Suchitra Mitra received a scholarship to Sangeet Bhavan in Santiniketan, where she had the rare privilege of learning from some of the greatest exponents of Rabindra Sangeet - Indiradevi Chaudhurani, Santidev Ghosh and Shailajaranjan Mazumdar. Having obtained her Diploma from Santiniketan, Suchitra Mitra returned to Calcutta in 1945. In 1946, she received her Master's degree in Bengali from Scottish Church College of the University of Calcutta.^[4] In the same year, her inherent love and commitment to Tagore's music encourage her to found the Rabitirtha along with Dwijen Chowdhury^[5] (which was named by renowned historian and Tagore scholar Professor Kalidas Nag)^[6]. Rabitirtha, named in honor of the Nobel laureate, is one of the leading schools of Rabindra Sangeet in Kolkata. Founder and Principal, Suchitra Mitra was an active figure and inspiration behind this establishment. Her dedication, sincerity and comprehension of the subtle nuances underlying Tagore's songs is indeed praiseworthy.^[7]

She was an exponent and an interpreter of Tagore's musical compositions. Her other interests included performing arts including theatrical performances, film-acting, painting etc. Mitra also produced Rabindra Nritya Natyas (or Tagore's dance dramas); she had acted and danced in many of them. She also acted in stage-plays and in films. Her other intellectual pursuits included reciting poetry, writing short stories, poems and children's rhymes, publishing essays and books on more thought provoking subjects such as the grammar and techniques involved in rendering Rabindra Sangeet or on the aesthetics of the music of Tagore. Her greatest achievements may have been her ability to immortalize Tagore's songs both at home and abroad to people of all ages. Invited to the USSR and Hungary, Mitra spread the message of Tagore to the western audience. With the Rabitirtha troupe, she performed Tagore's dance dramas in the USA and Canada. She was the author of many books in Bengali on Rabindra Sangeet, and had recently directed her efforts towards compiling an encyclopedia of Tagore's songs for students and researchers. Suchitra Mitra's repertoire and expertise, coupled with her ability to inculcate in others the love of Rabindra Sangeet was unparalleled and establishes her as one of the greatest names in the world of performing arts in India.^[8]

Her versatile personality projected when she sang songs of different moods. Her songs evoke visions of beauty and wonderment, color and fragrance, love and pain, memories and longing, joy and freedom. Suchitra was considered to be one of the most versatile exponents of Rabindra Sangeet and in recognition thereof she was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 1974.

Recognition[link]

Her reputation as a successful artiste resulted in her appointment as lecturer in Rabindra Bharati University, where she held the prestigious office of Head of the Department of Music. In recognition of her creative talents, Suchitra Mitra received numerous accolades. Some of Mitra's notable awards included.

• Tagore Hymn Prize in 1945 from London Tagore Hymn Society.
• Padma Shri in 1973 from the Government of India
• Sangeet Natak Academy Award in 1986 from the Government of India
• HMV Golden Disc Award,
• Shiromoni Puraskar from Asian Paints,
• Desikottama from Visva-Bharati,
• Allauddin Puraskar from the Government of West Bengal, among numerous others.

She was conferred honorary D.Litt.degrees by the Rabindra Bharati University, the University of Burdwan and Jadavpur University. As aforementioned, Mitra was also the recipient of the Desikottama (or honorary D.Litt) of the Visva-Bharati University, which is regarded as the pinnacle of recognition in the genre of Rabindra Sangeet.

She retired in 1984 from Rabindra Bharati University as a Professor and the Head of Rabindra Sangeet Department. ^[9]

Her presence was an inspiration to younger generations of artists who wish to master the art of Tagore.

In popular culture[link]

She has been the subject of multiple biographic documentary films. One of them, titled Suchitra Mitra (1993) by Raja Sen, went on to win the National Film Award for Best Cultural Film.^[10] She was awarded Rabindra-Tattwacharya by Tagore Research Institute, Kolkata.

List of Tagore songs sung by Suchitra Mitra[link]

Tagore Songs[link]

1. Maurauno Rey T(n)uhu Maumo Shyamo Somaan (1945)
2. Hridayer Ekul Okul Dukul Bheshey Jaay (1945)
3. Aamaar Ki Bedona shey ki jaano, Ogo Mita (1946)
4. Aaro Kichhukhaun na hoy boshiyo Paashey (1946)
5. Pub haaoaatey dey dola (1947)
6. Aar rekho naa aa(N)dhaarey (1947)
7. Naa chaahiley jaarey (1947)
8. Tor aapon jawney chha(D)bey (1947)
9. Desh desh nondito kauro (1947)
10. badal meghey madal baajey (1947)
11. Nrityero taaley taaley (1948)
12. Ogo kishore aaji (1948)
13. Jeebaun jaukhon shukaye jaay (1948)
14. Jodi tor daak shuney keu naa aashey taubey ekla chaulo rey (1948)
15. Shaarthok Janam Aamaar jonmechhi ei deshey (1948)
16. Aamaar sonaar baanglaa (1948)
17. Aami ki gaan gaabo jey bhebey naa paai (1949)
18. Okay bawl shokhi bawl (1949)
19. Kawkhon diley pauraaye (1949)
20. Neel nabaghawney (1949)
21. Kon Khyapa Sraabon chhutey elo aashwineri aanginaay (1950)
22. Aaj dhaaner khetey (1950)
23. Dyakho Dyakho Shuktaara A(n)khi meli chaay (1951)
24. Je kebol paaliye be(D)aay Drishti e(d)aay (1951)
25. Ei shaurat aalor kamal boney (1951)
26. Kon aalotey praaner prodip (1951)
27. Gaanguli mor saibaaleri dawl (1951)
28. Jaani jaani go din jaabey (1951)
29. Aamaar praaner maanush aachhey praaney (1952)
30. Aamaar mukti aaloy aaloy (1952)
31. Tomaar tuney aachhey (1952)
32. Megher koley koley jaay rey choley (1952)
33. Chhi Chhi, chokher jawley bhejashney aar maati (1953)
34. Jey tomaay chha(D)ey chaa(D)uk (1953)
35. Ebaar dukkho aamaar awsheem paathaar (1953)
36. Dukkher timirey jodi jawley (1953)
37. Arup Beena Ruper aa(D)aaley Lukiye Baajey (1954)
38. Aaj nobin megher sur legechhey (1954)
39. Bishwo jo(D)aa ph(N)aad petechho (1954)
40. Aamaar jawleyni aalo (1955)
41. Aamaarey b(N)aadhbi toraa (1955)
42. Dukkho jodi naa paabey to (1955)
43. Shawkol janam bhorey o mor daradiya (1955)
44. Sakhi oi bujhi b(N)aashi baajey (1955)
45. Ohey jeebanballava (1956)
46. Awbelaay jodi eshechho (1956)
47. Kothao aamaar haariye jaabaar (1956)
48. Pawthey jetey dekechhiley (1956)
49. Hriday aamaar prakash holo (1956)
50. Mori lo mori aamaay ba(n)shitey dekechhey ke (1957)
51. Aami jey aar shoitey paariney (1957)
52. Shawkaal belaar k(n)uri aamaar (1958)
53. Aami jey gaan gaai (1958)
54. Keno rey ei duaartuku (1958)
55. Megher paurey megh jomechhey (1958)
56. Jodi prem diley naa praaney (1958)
57. Deya neya phiriye deoa tomaay aamaay (1959)
58. Tumi kon bhangoner pauthey (1959)
59. Charan dhoritey diyo go aamaarey (Sometime in the 1950s)
60. Jagatey aanondojoggey (Sometime in the 1950s)
61. Nikatey dekhibo tomaarey (Sometime in the 1950s)
62. Tomaay gaan shunaabo (Sometime in the 1950s)
63. Tumi to shei jaabei choley (Sometime in the 1950s)
64. Neel digantey (Sometime in the 1950s)
65. Praaner praan jaagichhey (Sometime in the 1950s)
66. Jibaney aamaar jawto aanondo (Sometime in the 1950s)
67. Swapan jodi bhaangiley (Sometime in the 1950s)
68. Tomaar tuney aachhey o nithur (Sometime in the 1950s)
69. Bandhu raho raho shaathey (Sometime in the 1950s)
70. Tomaar moner ekti kautha (1960)
71. Diner belaay b(N)aashi tomaar (1960)
72. Purbachaler paaney taakaai (1960)
73. Bhebechhilem aashbey phirey (1960)
74. Krishnakoli aami taarei boli (1961)
75. Prabhu aaji tomaar dakshin haat (1961)
76. Prabhu bawlo bawlo kaubey (1961)
77. Puraano jaaniya cheyo naa (1961)
78. Aamaar aapon gaan (1962)
79. Aaj aakaasher moner kautha (1962)
80. Ei udaashi haaoyaar pauthey pauthey (1962)
81. Kawto jey tumi manohar (1962)
82. Phaaguner purnima elo kaar lipi haatey (1963)
83. Aaguner pauroshmoni (1963)
84. Dekhaa naa dekhaay meshaa (1963)
85. Aamaar maajhey tomari maya jaagaaley tumi kobi (1964)
86. Tobu Mone Rekho (1964)
87. Aaj taaraay taaraay (1964)
88. Likhauno Tomaar dhulaay hoyechhey dhuli (1965)
89. Tumi to shei jaabei choley (1965)
90. Sakhi aamaari duaarey (1965)
91. Himer raater oi gaugoner (1965)
92. Aaro Aaro probhu aaro aaro (1966)
93. K(n)adaar shomoy aulpo orey (1967)
94. Asrubhawraa bedona (1967)
95. Aaji jhau(D)er raatey (1967)
96. Ke dilo aabaar aaghaat (1967)
97. Dip nibey gechhey maumo (1967)
98. Ekdin chiney nebey taarey (1967)
99. Tumi jey aamaarey chaao (1967)
100. Raajpuri-tey baajaay b(N)aashi (1967)
101. Shukher maajhey tomaay dekhechhi (1968)
102. Oi rey tori dilo khuley (1968)
103. Phirbey naa taa jaani (1968)
104. Haar maanaaley go (1969)
105. Basantey aaj dhawraar chitta holo (1969)
106. Phaaguner purnimaa (1969)
107. Awnek diner moner maanush (1969)
108. Jhawro jhawro borishey (1969)
109. Naa b(N)aachaabey aamaay jodi (1969)
110. Jodi holo jaabaar kshawn (1969)
111. Baarey baarey peyechhi (1970)
112. Kaar milan chaao birohi (1970)
113. Keno nayan aapni bheshey jaay (1970)
114. Naai jodi baa eley tumi (1970)
115. Chokher jawley laaglo joar (1971)
116. Aamaar raat pohaalo (1971)
117. Aamaar sonaar baanglaa (1971)
118. Saarthok janam aamaar (1971)
119. Aay aay rey paagol (1971)
120. Tabo premsudharaushey (1971)
121. Brishtishesher haaoaa (1971)
122. Madhyadiner bijan baataayaney (1971)
123. Aamaay bhultey ditey naaki tomaar bhoy (1972)
124. Ogo aamaar sraabon megher kheya torir maajhi (1972)
125. Raakho raakho rey (1972)
126. Shaktirup hyaro t(N)aar (1972)
127. Nishidino chaaho rey t(n)aaro paaney (1973)
128. Shunya haatey phiri hey (1973)
129. Jautokhaun tumi aamaay boshiye raakho (1973)
130. Aamaar Bichaar tumi kauro (1973)
131. Pauth ekhauno shesh holo naa (1973)
132. Choliyaachhi grihopaaney khela dhula auboshaan (1973)
133. Aaji kon shurey b(n)aadhibo (1973)
134. Ekoda tumi priye (1973)
135. Tumi ushar sonaar bindu (1973)
136. Era paurkaay aapon kaurey (1973)
137. Awshim dhawn to aachhey (1974)
138. O aashaa(D)er purnimaa aamaar (1974)
139. Kee dibo tomaay (1974)
140. Sheydiney aapod aamaar jaabey ketey (1974)
141. Ghaatey boshey aachhi aanmawnaa (1975)
142. Shawb nitey chaai shawb nitey dhaai (1975)
143. Aa(N)dhaar raatey eklaa paagol (1975)
144. Gaurab maumo horechho (1975)
145. Maurauno rey t(N)uhu maumo (Bhanusingher Padabali) (1975)
146. Ogo pawther shaathi (with Kanika Banerjee and Hemanta Mukherjee) (1976)
147. Gaaner surer aashawnkhaani (1976)
148. Pawth diye ke jaay go choley (with Kanika Banerjee) (1976)
149. Choli go choli go (with Kanika Banerjee and Hemanta Mukherjee) (1976)
150. Tomaar baash kothaa jey pothik (with Kanika Banerjee and Hemanta Mukherjee) (1976)
151. Shey kon paagol jaay (1976)
152. Aami pawth bholaa ek pothik (with Kanika Banerjee and Hemanta Mukherjee) (1976)
153. Orey ki shunechhish ghumer ghorey (with Kanika Banerjee) (1976)
154. Ke bawley jaao jaao (with Hemanta Mukherjee) (1976)
155. Ebaar elo shomoy (1977)
156. Aamaar nayan tomaar nayan-tauley (1977)
157. Kawto ajaanaarey jaanaailey tumi (1977)
158. Beena baajaao hey (1977)
159. Sahaj hobi sahaj hobi (1977)
160. Phaagun haaoyaye ran(g)ey ran(g)ey (1978)
161. Kh(n)aachaar paakhi chhilo sonar kh(n)aachaatitey (1978)
162. Aamaarey kawro jeebaundaan (1978)
163. Bela gelo tomaar pauth cheye (1978)
164. Roilo boley raakhley kaarey (1978)
165. Aamaarey kawro tomaar beenaa (1978)
166. Andhajawney deho aalo (1978)
167. Din jaay rey (1978)
168. Krishnakoli aami taarei (1978)
169. Shudhu tomaar baani (1978)
170. Aamaay bolo naa gaahitey (1978)
171. Ogo kishore aaji (with Arghya Sen) (1978)
172. Neel anjan ghawno (with Arghya Sen) (1978)
173. Daakey baarbaar (1978)
174. Tumi aapni jaagaao morey (1979)
175. Maajhey maajhey tawbo dekhaa paai (1979)
176. Shaarthoko kauro Sadhan (1979)
177. Prabhu tomaar beena jemni baajey (1979)
178. Shawkaal sh(n)aajey dhaay (1979)
179. Shawmukhey shanti paaraabaar (1979)
180. Duaar more pawthopaashey (1979)
181. Prabhat aalorey more (1979)
182. Daarun agnibaaney rey (1979)
183. Oi jey jhaw(D)er megher koley (1979)
184. O manjari o manjari aamer manjari (1979)
185. B(n)aashi aami baajaaini ki (1979)
186. Aamaar jeerno paataa jaabaar belaay (1979)
187. Nutan praan daao (1980)
188. Jethaay thaakey shaubaar audhaum (1980)
189. Nomi nomi chaurauney (1980)
190. Aamaar aa(n)dhaar bhaalo (1980)
191. Jaagitey haubey rey (1980)
192. Ke go auntaurotauro shey (1980)
193. Naa rey naa rey haubey naa tor shaurgoshaadhon (1980)
194. Aamaar jaabaar belaatey (1980)
195. Chhutir b(n)aashi baajlo (1980)
196. Aaj taaler boner kaurotaali (1980)
197. Maumo mono upobauney (1980)
198. Tomaar naam jaaniney shur jaani (1980)
199. Raung laagaaley bauney bauney (1980)
200. Doshi kauro aamaay (1980)
201. Gopaun praaney eklaa maanush (1980)
202. Orey bhaai mithya bhebo naa (1980)
203. Jodi prem diley naa praaney (1981)
204. Gaanguli more shoibaaler-i dawl (1981)
205. Tumi to shei jaabei choley (1981)
206. Shokhi aamaari duaarey keno aashilo (1981)
207. Megher paurey megh jomechhey (1981)
208. Purbaachawl-er paaney taakaai (1981)
209. Chhi Chhi chokher jawl-ey (1981)
210. Aaji ey aanondoshondhya (with Kanika Banerjee) (1981)
211. Tomaarey jaaniney hey (1982)
212. Ekhono ghor bhaangey naa tor jey (1982)
213. Khauto jawto khoti jawto (1982)
214. Ei molin baustro chha(D)tey haubey (1982)
215. Prochondo gaurjauney aashilo eki durdin (1982)
216. Aamaar pauthey pauthey paathor chau(D)aano (1982)
217. Ei aashaa jaaoaar kheyar kuley aamaar baa(D)i (1982)
218. Paantho tumi paantho jauner shaukha (1982)
219. Aamaar ekti kautha b(n)aashi jaaney (1982)
220. Oi bujhi kaalboishaakhi (1982)
221. Bujhi elo bujhi elo orey praan (1982)
222. Ei sraaboner buker bhitor aagun aachhey (1982)
223. Shauhosha daalpaala tor utaulaa jey (1982)
224. Bhaanglo haashir b(n)aadh (1982)
225. Kothaay phirish pauraum shesher awnyeshauney (1982)
226. Aamaay bolo na gaahitey (1982)
227. Ogo aamaar sraabon-megher (1982)
228. Aami sraabon-aakaashey oi (1982)
229. Jhawrey jhawro jhawro (1982)
230. Mawmo dukkhero shadhan (1982)
231. Shawkaal belaar k(n)uri aamaar (1982)
232. Shesh belaakaar shesher gaaney (1982)
233. Kon puraatan praaner taaney (1982)
234. Baadal meghey madal baajey (1982)
235. Ei sraabon bela baadol jhawraa (1982)
236. Aamaar nishithraater baadoldhaaraa (1982)
237. Awnek kawthaa bolechhilem (1982)
238. Prem eshechhilo (1983)
239. Paantho ekhono keno (1983)
240. Hey nikhilbhaarodhaarono biswabidhaataa (1983)
241. Tomaari modhuro rupey (1983)
242. Ki phul jhorilo (1983)
243. Aakaash hotey khoshlo taaraa (1983)
244. Ei kauthaataai chhilem bhuley (1983)
245. Jey torey paagol bauley (1983)
246. Mone jey aasha loye eshechhi (1983)
247. Aamaarey tumi awshesh korechho (1983)
248. Jodi ay aamaaro (1983)
249. Tumi khushi thaako (1983)
250. Ekhono ghor bhangey naa tor jey (1983)
251. Aaponaarey diye rochilirey ki ay (1983)
252. Dukkho aamaar awsheem paathaar paar holo jey (1983)
253. Rupsaagorey dub diyechhi arup ratan aashaa korey (1983)
254. Jawkhon tumi ba(a(n)dhchhiley taar (1983)
255. Aamaar pawthey pawthey paathor chho(D)aano (1983)
256. Ebaar neerawb korey daao (1983)
257. Aay aay rey paagol bhulbi rey chawl (1983)
258. Shawpawnpaarer daak shunechhi (1983)
259. Graam chhaa(D)aa oi (1983)
260. Aakaash hotey aakaash pawthey (1983)
261. Oi shaagorer dheuey dheuey (1983)
262. Naa hoy tomaar jaa hoyechhey (1983)
263. Jawkhawn po(D)bey naa more paayer chinho (1983)
264. Aamaakey jey ba(n)dhbey dhorey (1983)
265. Aami phirbo naa rey (1983)
266. Aamaarey baa(n)dhbi tora (1983)
267. Tomaar shonaar thaalaay (1984)
268. Graam chhaa(D)aa oi (1984)
269. Aahaa tomaar shaungey (1984)
270. Tumi daak diyechho kon shaukaaley (1984)
271. Shaubaai jaarey shaub diyechhey (1984)
272. Ekhono gelona aa(n)dhaar (1984)
273. Aami maarer shaagor paari debo (1984)
274. Bhaalobaashi bhaalobaashi (1984)
275. B(n)edhechhi kaasher guchchho (1984)
276. B(n)aachaan b(n)aachi maaren mori (1984)
277. Aamraa shaubaai raajaa (1984)
278. Kothin loha kothin ghumey (1984)
279. Bhaalo maanush noirey mora (1984)
280. Aaguney holo aagunmoy (1984)
281. Naumo jauntro naumo jauntro (1984)
282. Poush toder daak diyechhey (1984)
283. Purbo gaugauno bhaagey (1984)
284. Bujhechhi ki bujhi naai (1984)
285. Jey thaakey thaak naa dwaarey (1984)
286. Shey jey moner maanush (1984)
287. Aamaay mukti jodi daao (1984)
288. Aapni aamaar konkhaaney (1984)
289. Borisho dhauraa maajhey shaantir baari (1984)
290. B(n)aadhon chh(n)e(D)aar shaadhon haubey (1984)
291. Aapni aubaush holi (1984)
292. Naa hoy tomaar jaa hoyechhey (1984)
293. Ei sraabonbela (1984)
294. Shiuli photaa phurolo jei (1984)
295. Basanta taar gaan likhey jaay (1984)
296. Tumi kon kaanoner phul (1984)
297. Shey jey baahir holo aami jaani (1984)
298. Din paurey jaay din (1984)
299. Jodi tor daak shuney keu (1984)
300. Shaarthoko jawnawm aamaar (1984)
301. Chitta pipashito rey (1986)
302. Gaaney gaaney taubo bandhan jaak tutey (1986)
303. Nauho maata nauho konya (1986)
304. Shey aashey dheerey (1986)
305. Kyano baajaao k(n)aakono kaunokauno (1986)
306. Monomondiro shundari (1986)
307. Nishi naa pohaatey (1986)
308. Shei bhaalo shei bhaalo (1986)
309. Aami chini go chini (1986)
310. Krishnakoli aami taarei boli (1986)
311. O dyakha diye jey choley gyalo (1986)
312. Taar haatey chhilo (1986)
313. Ogo pau(D)oshini (1986)
314. Jaabaar belaay shesh kauthaati jaao boley (1986)
315. Jey chhilo aamaar swapanochaarini (1986)
316. Aami Chitrangada (1986)
317. Bela gelo tomaar (1986)
318. Prabhu tomaa laagi (1986)
319. Tora shunishniki (1986)
320. Jodi tomaar dekhaa naa paai (1986)
321. Shakal janam bhorey o mor dawrodiya (1986)
322. Shawkaal Sh(n)aajey dhaay (1986)
323. Aami aachhi tomaar shawbhaar (1986)
324. Orey aagun aamaar bhaai (1986)
325. Pushpa diye maaro jaarey (1986)
326. Kon khela jey khelbo kawkhon (1986)
327. Aa(n)dhaar raatey eklaa paagol (1986)
328. Jaani jaani go din jaabey (1986)
329. Aakaash-bhawra shurja-taaraa (1986)
330. Kaannaa-haashir dol dolaano (1986)
331. Shei to aami chaai (1986)
332. Paataar bhelaa bhaashaai (1986)
333. Pauthey choley jetey jetey (1986)
334. Aamaar ei pawth chaoatei aanondo (1986)
335. Klaanti aamaar khawma kawro prabhu (1986)
336. Shesh naahi jey (1986)
337. Madhur tomaar shesh jey naa paai (1986)
338. Ghoraa rajani (1986)
339. Jaya jaya pawroma nishkriti hey (1986)
340. Jetey jodi hoy haubey (1986)
341. Aamaar shesh paa(D)aanir ko(D)i (1986)
342. Tumi hauthaat haaoyaaey bheshey aashaa dhawn (1986)
343. Maalaa hotey khoshey pau(D)aa (1986)
344. Sukhey aamaay raakhbey keno (1986)
345. Awchena-ke bhoy ki aamaar orey (1987)
346. Ebaar rongiye gelo hridoy gagan (1987)
347. Keno jey mon bholey (1987)
348. Paagol jey tui (1987)
349. Kee paaini (1987)
350. Maru bijayer ketan u(D)aao (1987)
351. Sraaboner pauboney aakul (1987)
352. Kothaay aalo kothaay oray aalo (1987)
353. Jawtobaar aalo jaalaatey chaai (1987)
354. Aamaarey b(N)aadhbi toraa (1988)
355. Orey orey orey aamaar mon metechhey (1988)
356. Keno tomraa aamaay daako (1988)
357. Chhutir b(N)aashi baajlo (1988)
358. Tumi aamaay dekechhiley chhutir nimontroney (1988)
359. Peyechhi chhuti bidaay deho bhaai (1988)
360. Purbachaler paaney taakaai (1989)
361. Aakaashey aaj kon chauroner aashaa-jaaoa (1989)
362. Pothik pauraan chaul (1989)
363. Ey pauthey aami jey (1989)
364. Dinguli mor shonaar kh(n)aachaay roilonaa (1989)
365. Kaar jyano ei moner bedon (1989)
366. Shaukaalbelaar k(n)uri aamaar (1989)
367. Ebaar bujhi bholaar bela holo (1989)
368. Taar bidaaybelaar maalaakhani (1989)
369. Dhushaur jibauner godhulitey (1989)
370. Anekdiner aamaar jey gaan (1989)
371. Ey pauth gechhey (1989)
372. Ei moumaachhider ghaur chhaa(D)aa (1989)
373. Tomaay gaan shonaabo (1989)
374. Dinantabelaay (1989)
375. Baajey baajey ramyabeena (1989)
376. Baajeyrey baajey damaru baajey (1989)
377. Aaji ey aanondoshondhya (with Ustad Amjad Ali Khan, Rama Mondal and Sudeshna Mukhopadhyay) (1990)
378. O aamaar ch(n)aader aalo (with Ustad Amjad Ali Khan) (1990)
379. Kon khela jey khelbo kaukhon (with Ustad Amjad Ali Khan, Rama Mondal and Sudeshna Mukhopadhyay) (1990)
380. Phirey phirey daak dekhi rey (with Ustad Amjad Ali Khan) (1990)
381. Aar naairey bela (with Ustad Amjad Ali Khan) (1990)
382. Jodi tor daak shuney keu (with Ustad Amjad Ali Khan, Rama Mondal and Sudeshna Mukhopadhyay) (1990)
383. Mone aachhey shei ekdin (1990)
384. Aamaarey kauro tomaar beena (1990)
385. Phul tulitey bhul korechhi (1990)
386. Naai jodi baa eley tumi (1990)
387. Aamaar pauraan jaaha chaay (1990)
388. Jawleni aalo (1990)
389. Haay go, byathay kautha (1990)
390. Kyano aano basantanishithey (1990)
391. Mukhopaaney cheye dekhi (1990)
392. Phirbenaa taa jaani (1990)
393. Tumi mor paao naai porichoy (1990)
394. Dwip nibey gechhey maumo (1990)
395. Chiniley na aamaarey ki (1990)
396. Ekdin chiney nebey taarey (1990)
397. Din abashaan holo (1991)
398. Orey maajhi orey aamaar (1991)
399. Aaro kauto durey (1991)
400. Tomaaro ausheemey (1991)
401. Aachhey dukkho aachhey mrityu (1991)
402. Deergho jeebanpauth (1991)
403. Kyano rey ei duaartuku (1991)
404. Rajanir shesh taara (1991)
405. Jey raatey mor duaarguli (1991)
406. Orey aagun aamaar bhaai (1991)
407. Tomaar kaachhey ey baur maagi (1994)
408. Aamaar dhaalaa gaaner dhaaraa (1994)
409. Gaan aamaar jaay bheshey jaay (1994)
410. Shomoy kaaro jey naai (1994)
411. Aamaar raat pohaalo (1994)
412. Emni korei jaay jodi din jaaknaa (1994)
413. Tomaari jharnatalar nirjauney (1994)
414. Aashaa jaaoaar pauther dhaarey (1994)
415. Diye genu basanter ei gaankhaani (1994)
416. Aamaar ekti kautha b(n)aashi jaaney (1994)

Tagore Songs from Films[link]

1. Jodi tor daak shuney keu - Sandipan Pathshala (1949)
2. Ei korechho bhaalo - Kamana (1949)
3. Deko naa aamaarey - Kamana (1949)
4. Orey bhaai phaagun legechhey - Ananya (1949)
5. Amader jatra holo suru - Ananya (1949) (with Kanan Devi)

Other songs by Suchitra Mitra[link]

1. Tomaay aamaay kshanek - Aadhunik (1948)
2. Phirey tumi aashbey - Aadhunik (1948)
3. Bande mataram - Jatiya Sangeet (1948)
4. Shei Meye - Aadhunik (Salil Chowdhury) (1950)
5. Shei Meye - Aadhunik (Salil Chowdhury) (1967)
6. Dhanya aami jonmechhilaam - IPTA-r gaan (1951)
7. Aamaader naanaan mautey - IPTA-r gaan (1951)
8. Aaj baanglaar bukey - IPTA-r gaan (1954)
9. Kothaay sonaar dhaan - IPTA-r gaan (1954)
10. O Aalor Pothojatri - IPTA-r gaan (with Debabrata Biswas)
11. Ekaa more gaaner tori - Atulprasad (1957)
12. Ke tumi boshi nodikuley - Atulprasad (1957)
13. Ch(N)aadini raatey ke go - Atulprasad (1958)
14. Ke jeno aamaarey baarey baarey - Atulprasad (1958)
15. Ke aabaar baajaay b(N)aashi - Atulprasad (1959)
16. Shey daakey aamaarey - Atulprasad (1959)
17. Eki moher chholonaa - Jyotirindranath-er gaan (1976)

Tagore Dance Dramas / Rabindra Nritya Natya[link]

1. Chandalika (Prakriti) (1947)
2. Shaapmochan (Kamalikaa) (1966)
3. Baalimiki Pratibhaa (Baalikaa/Saraswati) (1967)
4. Chitrangadaa (Kurupaa Chitraangadaa) (1974)
5. Shakuntala

Bibliography[link]

• Tagore songs (Encyclopedia). 1984.
• Gurer Putul. Ananda Publishers., 2000. ISBN 81-7215-457-7.
• Ratanpurer Rahasya. Ananda Publishers. ISBN 81-7756-077-8.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Suchitra Mitra Interview at Parabaas, a Bengali webzine
• Suchitra Mitra at "Rabitirtha" website
• Suchitra Mitra, webpage at Stanford University
• Suchitra Mitra biography at Stanford University
• from Calcuttaweb

Shyamal Mitra (14th January, 1929 - 15th November, 1987) was a Bengali singer, composer and producer. Along with Hemanta Mukherjee and Manna Dey, he was the most notable musician of the golden era of Bengali music industry. His baritone voice reflected a range of emotions. Beside recording a huge number of popular Bengali basic songs, he also worked as playback singer in more than hundred Bengali movies and directed music in more that fifty Bengali films. He also sang in various other Indian languages, like Hindi, Assamese and Oriya.

Early Life[link]

Shyamal Mitra was born in Naihati, a city near Kolkata, India. His father, Dr. Sadhan Kumar Mitra, was a reputed doctor over there. The father wanted his son to follow his foot steps and to become a doctor, but the son was very keen about music and always inspired by his mother and the local singer Mrinal Kanti Ghosh. People associated with the I.P.T.A. movement used to visit Sadhan-babu's house and this gave the chance to yound Shyamal Mitra to come in contact with Salil Chowdhury. Young Shyamal Mitra and his youngest sister Reba used to sing “O Aalor Pathajatree” on the road for I.P.T.A.

Shyamal Mitra went to Hooghly Mohsin College for graduation degree. There he met Satinath Mukhopadhyay, another prominent exponent of Modern music. Satinath inspired him like anything. Then Shyamal Mitra came to Kolkata and met Sudhirlal Chackraborty. That was the turning point of his life. He started struggling till he got a chance to playback in "Sunandar Biye”, with Supriti Ghosh in 1949, and recorded his first basic songs from H.M.V. under the supervision of Sudhirlal Chackraborty. After the sad demise of Sudhirlal Chackraborty in 1952, he recorded “Smriti Tumi Bedonar”. That was the turning point and he never looked back after that. He became one of the leading singer and composer of the country.

Journey as Musician[link]

Shyamal Mitra started working both as singer and music composer for the Bengali music industry. During the fifties and early sixties he composed music for hit films like "Joy Maa Kali Boarding", "Jamalaye Jibonto Manush", "Bhranti Bilash". During this period he also worked as playback singer in many Bengali films.

In 1963, he produced a film called “Deya Nega” and that film was another milestone of his carrier. Then he produced more films like “Rajkanya", "Kheya", and "Ami Se O Sakha”. He was also the distributor & producer of “Nasimpur”.

Shyamal Mitra went to Mumbai in early fifties with Salil Chowdhury. He worked in 3 films “Musafer”, “Biraj Bou”, and “Naukri”. In 1973, he again went to Mumbai. He worked in Shakti Samanta’s films, like “Amanush”, “Ananda Ashram”, F.C.Mehra’s film “Bandi”, Basu Chatterjee’s films like "Safed Shooth”, “Mamta” etc. He came back to Kolkata again and created many hit tracks in both Bengali basic and film songs.

Shyamal Mitra got a long association with All India Radio. He also sang in the famous Mahisasura Mardini programme of All India Radio.

Beside modern Bengali song and film song, Shyamal Mitra worked with many other different forms of Bengali music like Rabindrasangeet, Nazrul Geeti, "Chotoder Gaan", and Atul Prasadi. As a music composer, he also worked in a Yatra Pala called "Bibi Anondomoyee".

As music composer, Shyamal Mitra worked with almost all the major artists like [[Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay]], Tarun Bandyopadhyay, Dhananjay Bhattacharya, Pratima Bandyopadhyay, Sandhya Mukhopadhyay, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Ila Basu, Supriti Ghosh, Gayatri Basu, Talat Mahmood.

As an actor, Shyamal Mitra, worked in couple of Bengali movies like Sharey Chuattar and Saapmochan.

Shyamal Mitra died in 15th Nov. 1987, leaving behind his wife Protima Mitra, son Saibal Mitra and Saikat Mitra, daughter Monobina.

Bengali audience will never forget his songs like "Gaane Bhubon Bhoriye Debe", "Amar Sopne Dekha Rajkonyya", "Ami Tomar Kachei Phire Ashbo", "Ke Jane Kobe Abar", "O Mon Kokhon Suru", "Tinti Montro Niye Jader Jibon", "O Shimul Bon", "Emono Din Ashte Pare", "Sediner Sona Jhora Sondha", "Naam Rakhechi Bonolata", "Ei Sundor Prithibi Chere", and many others.

Shyamal Mitra as Music Composer[link]

Shyamal Mitra as Playback Singer[link]

References[link]

^[1]

External links[link]

• Shyamal Mitra at the Internet Movie Database
• List of Indian film music directors
• Shyamal Mitra

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