- published: 21 Jul 2009
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- Achaemenid Empire
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Abbottabad
Abbottabad /əˈbɒtəbɑːd/ (Urdu, Hindko: ایبٹ آباد Ābṭābād [aːbʈaːˈbaːd̪]) is a city located in the Hazara region of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, in Pakistan. The city is situated in the Orash Valley, 50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of the capital Islamabad and 150 kilometres (93 mi) east of Peshawar at an altitude of 1,260 metres (4,134 ft) and is the capital of the Abbottabad District. It borders Azad Kashmir to the east. The city is well-known throughout Pakistan for its pleasant weather, high-standard educational institutions and military establishments.
The town of Abbottabad, under the British Raj, was the headquarters of the Hazara District during British rule of India. It was named after Major James Abbott who founded the town and district in January 1853 after the annexation of Punjab. He remained the first Deputy Commissioner of the Hazara district from 1849 until April 1853. Major Abbott is noted for having written a poem titled "Abbottabad", before he went back to Britain, in which he wrote of his fondness for the town and his sadness at having to leave it. In the early 20th century, Abbottabad became an important military cantonment and sanatorium, serving as the headquarters of a brigade in the Second Division of the Northern Army Corps. The garrison consisted of four battalions of native infantry, of the Frontier Force (including the 5th Gurkha Rifles) and two native mountain batteries.
wn.com/Abbottabad -
Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire (/ækəˈmɛnɪˌdi/; Old Persian: Parsā, name of ruling dynasty: Haxāmanišiya) (c. 550–330 BCE), sometimes known as First Persian Empire, was an Iranian empire in Southwest Asia, founded in the 6th century BCE by Cyrus the Great who overthrew the Median confederation. It expanded to eventually rule over significant portions of the ancient world which at around 500 BCE stretched from the Indus Valley in the east, to Thrace and Macedon on the northeastern border of Greece making it the biggest empire the world had yet seen. The Achaemenid Empire would eventually control Egypt as well. It was ruled by a series of monarchs who unified its disparate tribes and nationalities by constructing a complex network of roads.
Calling themselves the Parsa after their original Aryan tribal name Parsua, Persians settled in a land which they named Parsua, bounded on the west by the Tigris River and on the south by the Persian Gulf. This became their heartland for the duration of the Achaemenid Empire. It was from this region that eventually Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II of Persia) would advance to defeat the Median, the Lydian, and the Babylonian Empires, opening the way for subsequent conquests into Egypt and Asia minor.
wn.com/Achaemenid_Empire -
Adiala
Adiala is a village of Rawalpindi District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at 33°27'30N 72°59'48E with an altitude of 379 metres (1246 ft) and lies south of the district capital, Rawalpindi. The Central Jail Rawalpindi, also known as Adiala Jail, is located about 4 km away from the village.
Adiala is the one of the locations where pre-historic artifacts of the Soanian era (ca. 500,000 to 125,000 BP) have been discovered. Here and in Khasala about 16 km (9.9 mi) from Rawalpindi, on the bend of the River Soan, hundreds of edged pebble tools were discovered. At Chauntra hand axes and cleavers were found.
Coordinates: 33°27′30″N 72°59′48″E / 33.45833°N 72.99667°E / 33.45833; 72.99667
wn.com/Adiala -
Ahdi
Coordinates: 33°08′N 73°08′E / 33.133°N 73.133°E / 33.133; 73.133
Adhi, also spelt as Ahdi, (Urdu:آھدى) is a village in Union Council Narali Punjab, Pakistan.
wn.com/Ahdi -
Attock
Attock (Urdu: اٹک) (formerly Campbellpur) is a city located in the northern border of the Punjab province of Pakistan and the headquarters of Attock District. In the 1901 census, Attock was reported to have had a population of 2866 people, a figure which has grown dramatically during the 20th century with 69,588 reported in the 1998 census and contemporary estimates approaching 100,000.
It is located on the bank of the Indus, just 80 km (50 mi) from Rawalpindi, 100 km (62 mi) from Peshawar, and 10 km (6 mi) from the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex, Kamra.
Gandhara was a historic region of ancient India (which corresponds to areas of north west Pakistan including Attock). Situated astride the middle Indus River, the region had Taxila and Peshawar as its chief cities. It was originally a province of the Persian Empire and was reached (327 B.C.) by Alexander the Great. The region passed to Chandragupta, founder of the Maurya empire, in the late 4th century B.C., and under Asoka was converted (mid-3d cent.) to Buddhism. It was part of Bactria from the late 3d cent. to the 1st cent. B.C. Under the Kushan dynasty (1st cent.–3d cent. A.D.), and especially under Kanishka, Gandhara developed a noted school of sculpture, consisting mainly of images of Buddha and relief’s representing scenes from Buddhist texts, but with marked Greco-Roman elements of style. The art form flourished in Gandhara until the 5th century, when the region was conquered by the Huns.
wn.com/Attock -
Azad Kashmir
Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Urdu: آزاد جموں و کشمیر, Azaad Jammu o- Kashmir, literally Free Jammu and Kashmir ; AJK) or Azad Kashmir (literally Free Kashmir) for short, is the southernmost political entity within the Pakistani-administered part of the former princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. It borders the present-day Indian-controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir to the east (separated from it by the Line of Control), Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa to the west, Gilgit–Baltistan to the north, and the Punjab province to the south. With its capital at Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir covers an area of 13,297 square kilometres (5,134 sq mi) and has an estimated population of about four million. Brad Adams the Asia director at Human Rights Watch has said in 2006
Although ‘azad’ means ‘free,’ the residents of Azad Kashmir are anything but, The Pakistani authorities govern Azad Kashmir with strict controls on basic freedoms.
Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan together constitute the disputed region, referred to as Pakistan-administered Kashmir by the United Nations and other international organisations, and as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir in India in contrast to the name Indian-occupied Kashmir which is given to the Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir by Pakistan. The territories have been under control of the two countries since the first Kashmir war after which Azad Kashmir was successfully captured from the princely state by the rebelling militias with the help of Pakistan army.
wn.com/Azad_Kashmir -
Badnian
Badnian is a village of Rawalpindi District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at 33°48'0N 73°33'0E with an altitude of 786 metres (2585 feet).
wn.com/Badnian -
Bahawalpur
Bahawalpur (Urdu, Saraiki: بہاولپور), located in Punjab, is the twelfth largest city in Pakistan. The city was once the capital of the former princely state of Bahawalpur. The city was home to various Nawabs (rulers) and counted as part of the Rajputana states (now Rajasthan, India). The city is known for its famous palaces such as the Noor Mahal, Sadiq Ghar Palace, and Darbar Mahal, as well as the ancient fort of Derawar in the Cholistan Desert bordering India. The city is located near the historical and ancient cities of Uch and Harappa, which were once a stronghold of the Delhi Sultanate and Indus Valley Civilisation. The city is home to one of the few natural safari parks in Pakistan, Lal Suhanra National Park.
In 2007, the city's population was recorded to have risen to 798,509 from 403,408 in 1998.Punjabi and Saraiki are the major languages of local people, while Urdu is well understood and English is the official languages used in various educational and government institutions. Bahawalpur is located south of the Sutlej River and lies in the Cholistan region near the Thar Desert. It is situated 90 km from Multan, 420 km from Lahore, and 270 km from Faisalabad.
wn.com/Bahawalpur -
Barian
Barian is a town in northern Punjab, Pakistan. It is located at 33°57'0N 73°23'0E. The town is linked to the city of Abbottabad by a 71 km road via Nathia Gali, the area is often cut off during bad winter weather, in 2005 heavy snowfall had cut the roads to Khanspur and Changla Gali, and in January 2008 snow and heavy landslides cut off roads.
Coordinates: 33°57′0″N 73°23′0″E / 33.95°N 73.383333°E / 33.95; 73.383333
wn.com/Barian -
Beor
Beor is a village and union councilsituated in the Kahuta Tehsil of Rawalpindi District, of Punjab, Pakistan. Its geographical coordinates are 33° 35' 0" North, 73° 34' 0" East.
Most of the population is Muslim, and belongs to the Janhal clan which claims to be Mughal by origin. Beor is at the centre of a cluster of villages inhabited by the Janhal tribe.
Coordinates: 33°35′N 73°34′E / 33.583°N 73.567°E / 33.583; 73.567
wn.com/Beor -
Bewal
Bewal (Urdu: ﯧﺑﻭﻞ) is a town and Union Council in the eastern part of Gujar Khan Tehsil and to south east from Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan. Bewal along with Sui Cheemian is today probably the most wealthy place anywhere in rural Pakistan, with a large proportion of its population being settled in Europe, particularly the UK. In several villages of Union Council Bewal, virtually every family has at least one member living and working in England. Unlike other rural areas in Pakistan, Bewal is reasonably well developed. A major new hospital, Bewal International Hospital, is now operational and is providing quality healthcare to surrounding and distant patients. The hospital was founded by Dr. Atiq-ur-Rehman in memory of his late father, Abdul Rehman and named the trust after him.
Despite boasting a very low crime rate in the past, there has been a significant increase in looting, murders and house break-ins in recent years. The literacy rate in the area is estimated to be about 70 percent for men and somewhat lower for women.Bank Alfalah Limited has started its Islamic Banking branch in Bewal in December 24, 2009. It in pioneer in providing ATM service at Bewal.
wn.com/Bewal -
Bhadana
Bhadana (Urdu: بھڈانه) is a town in Gujar Khan Tehsil Punjab, Pakistan. Bhadana is also chief town of Union Council Bhadana which is an administrative subdivision of the Tehsil.
Bhadana is famous for its annual village festival. Bhadana is situated about 8KM south east of Gujar Khan on the Qazian road. It is mainly an agricultural town. The different castes are residing in the town. Major clans are Gurjar Malik and jatt.Rajput and Syed. Bhadana is famous in all country for their personalities. Nambardar's of Bhadana are very famous and sophisticated. Abdul Sattar Mirza settled in Bhadana with two sons Mohammed Noor Din Mirza and Mohammed Jumaa Mirza in 1895. From the Mughal tribe the Mirza Mughals are mostly situated in Bhadana.Most of which have gone abroad and settled in the UK, Bradford, Manchester, Preston, Accrington and also London.
Haji Wali Mohammed Mirza and Sufi Abdul-Malik Mirza are famous business persons from bhadana village. They were the most prominent business persons at the time. They had a hotel and sweet centre running on Railway road Gujerkhan from 1945 until 1985. In Bhadana people are very educated specially in Rajput Family of Bangla.they have Doctor, Engineer, Account officer and one and most famous man of bhadana is mubarak gando who is mechnical engineer and grate people of every profession who serve the nations from long time.
wn.com/Bhadana -
Bhata
Bhata is a village in Pakistan with a population of about 10,000. It is located in the centre of Mandra-Chow Pindori Road, Tehsil Gujar Khan District Rawalpindi. It is the Biggest Village of Union Council of Kuri Dolal. For more details please visit at www.bhata.net[1]
ex-nazim of union council kuri dalal haji munir junjua lives in bhata. He is well known for corruption.
Coordinates: 33°25′7″N 73°18′5″E / 33.41861°N 73.30139°E / 33.41861; 73.30139
wn.com/Bhata -
Bher Ahir
Bher Ahir is a village situated in the Gujar Khan Tehsil of Rawalpindi District, of Punjab, Pakistan. Its geographical coordinates are 33° 13' 0 North and 73° 4' 0 East.
Most of the population is Muslim, and belongs to the Aheer clan of the Jat tribe.
Coordinates: 33°13′N 73°04′E / 33.217°N 73.067°E / 33.217; 73.067
wn.com/Bher_Ahir -
Bhimber
Bhimber (Urdu: بھمبر) is the chief town of Bhimber District, Azad Kashmir in Pakistan. The town is situated on the border between Azad Kashmir and Pakistan at a distance of about 50 km from Mirpur, about 48 km from Gujrat, about 37 km from Jhelum, about 166 km from Islamabad and about 241 km from Srinagar.
Famous Chinese tourist Hune Sang has talked about Bhimber in his journeys in seventh century A.D. For centuries, Bhimber has remained as capital city of Chibhal. Raja Chib Chand who was the first Chib came to Bhimber about 1400 years ago. In Chibs, the first who embraced Islam was Sirsadi who is famous as Hazrat Baba Shadi Shaheed. He died during the reign of King Aurangzeb Alamgir. The last ruler of Chibhals was Raja Sultan Khan (1800-1840). Bhimber has been important strategically. It lies on the route that was followed by the Mughal Emperors for their frequent visits to the Kashmir Valley. It is also known as "Baab-e-Kashmir" (Door to Kashmir) because of its importance and geographical location which was ideal for Mughal Emperors to enter Kashmir. Therefore, the Mughals used Bhimber as a staging point for journey to Srinagar. Mughal Emperor Jahangir discussed Bhimber in his book Tuzk-e-Jahangiri.
wn.com/Bhimber -
Bhir Mound
The Bhir Mound (Urdu: بھڑ ماونڈ) is the oldest of the ruins of Taxila in the Punjab province of Pakistan.
The ruins of Bhir Mound were excavated from 1913-1925 by Sir John Marshall. The work was continued by Sir Mortimer Wheeler in 1944-1945 and by Dr. Mohammad Sharif in 1966-1967. Further excavations were performed in 1998-2000 by Bahadur Khan and in 2002 by Dr. Ashraf and Mahmud-al-Hassan.
The ruins of the town form an irregular shape measuring around 1 km from north to south and about 600 meters from east to west. The oldest part or layer of these ruins is from the sixth and fifth centuries BC. The second layer is from the fourth century BC and existed at the time of the invasion of Alexander the Great. The third layer is from the time of the Maurya kings of India (third century BC). The fourth and topmost stratum contains the constructions from time after the Mauryan period.
The streets of the city show that they were narrow and the house plans were very irregular. There is little evidence of planning - most of the streets are very haphazard. The houses had no windows to the outside. They opened towards inner courtyards. The courtyard was open and 15 to 20 rooms were arranged around it.
wn.com/Bhir_Mound -
Bhurban
Bhurban (Urdu: بھوربن ) is a small town and a hill station in Punjab province, Pakistan. The resort town is named after a nearby forest. It is located approximately 13 kilometres from Murree city.
The Rawat Union Council is also responsible for managing Bhurban. Rawat village is the headquarters of the Union Council of Rawat, which is an administrative sub-division of Murree Tehsil, in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab.
Bhurban is situated in between Murree and Kashmir Road at a height of about 6000 feet. It has recently been made accessible by the dual Islamabad-Murree Expressway, making it a 45 minute drive from Islamabad, the federal capital of Pakistan.
Bhurban is one of the more picturesque places in the country, and is a tourist paradise with unique flora, and a fauna with a variety species not found elsewhere in Pakistan. It is known for scenic hiking trails in the nearby Ayubia National Park. The '5 star' Pearl Continental Hotel is one of several resorts in Bhurban that serve tourists visiting the Murree Hills and the national park. Bhurban also has a nine hole golf course.
wn.com/Bhurban -
British Museum
Coordinates: 51°31′10″N 0°07′37″W / 51.519459°N 0.126931°W / 51.519459; -0.126931
The British Museum, in London, is widely considered to be one of the world's greatest museums of human history and culture. Its permanent collection, numbering some eight million works, is amongst the finest, most comprehensive, and largest in existence and originates from all continents, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present.
The British Museum was established in 1753, largely based on the collections of the physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane. The museum first opened to the public on 15 January 1759 in Montagu House in Bloomsbury, on the site of the current museum building. Its expansion over the following two and a half centuries was largely a result of an expanding British colonial footprint and has resulted in the creation of several branch institutions, the first being the British Museum (Natural History) in South Kensington in 1887. Some objects in the collection, most notably the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon, are the objects of intense controversy and of calls for restitution to their countries of origin.
wn.com/British_Museum -
Chakri Vakilan
Chakri Vakilan (Urdu:چڪرى وكيلاں ) is a village in Gujar Khan Tehsil, Rawalpindi District, Pakistan. The village is about 6 miles from Gujar Khan on the road from Gujar Khan to Daultala.
Gulyana, Cheena, Mardyal, Patt, Dhoke Khokar are few villages located in the neighbourhood of Chakri Vakilan.
The name Chakri comes from Chak meaning small village. Vakilan comes from Vakil meaning solicitor. So combination of both words Chakri Vakilan would mean small village of solicitors. Although, there are few lawyers in the village, Advocate Major Rtd Raja Basharat Iqbal, Raja Amanat Ali Bhati, Raja Haider Abass, Malik Manzoor Hussain and Raja Aamir Zia Kayani, (Obviously this has got nothing to do with the origin of the name of the village). There are a quite a few army officers and a doctor from this little village. This village is also famous for the shrine of Sufi saint Baba Saab Subhan. Bhatti Rajpoot and Gaura Rajpoot are two main castes living in the village. There are two shaheeds from this village who laid their lives in the service of the country; Raja Tariq(shaheed in 1971 war)an army jawan and Raja Mubashar Khalid(shaheed)a policeman(fighting against terrorist).
wn.com/Chakri_Vakilan -
Chakwal
Coordinates: 32°55′49″N 72°51′20″E / 32.93028°N 72.85556°E / 32.93028; 72.85556
Chakwal (Punjabi, Urdu: چکوال) is the capital of Chakwal District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is located 90 km south-east of the federal capital, Islamabad and is named after Chaudhary Chaku Khan, chief of the Mair Minhas tribe from Jammu, who founded it in 1525 CE during the era of the Mughal Emperor, Zaheerudun Babur. It remained a small but central town of the Dhan Chaurasi Taluka for many centuries. In 1881, during the British era, it was declared the Tehsil Headquarters. It was finally upgraded to district status in 1985. The area of Chakwal city is about 10 square kilometres.[citation needed]
Chakwal is located in the Dhanni region of the Pothohar Plateau in northern Punjab, Pakistan. The Pothohar Plateau (also spelled Potwar or Potohar) (Urdu: سطح مرتفع پوٹھوہار) was the home of the ancient Soan valley civilization, which is evidenced by the discovery of fossils, tools, coins, and remains of ancient archaeological sites. The Indus Valley civilization flourished in this region between the 23rd and 18th centuries BC. Some of the earliest Stone Age artefacts in the world have been found on the plateau, dating from 500,000 to 100,000 years ago. The crude stone recovered from the terraces of the Soan testify to human endeavour in this part of the world from the inter-glacial period.
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Chaman
Chaman (also spelt Chamman) (Pashto/Urdu: چمن ) is the capital of Qilla Abdullah District, Balochistan, Pakistan. It is situated just south of the border with Afghanistan. Across the border in Afghanistan is the neighbouring town of Spin Boldak, in Kandahar Province. The city has a population of 20,000, several thousand of whom are Hindu.
Chaman has a railway station which accommodates services with Kandahar as well as other parts of Afghanistan. A slow passenger train runs between Chaman and Quetta daily. In 2008, it was proposed to extend this railway through Afghanistan to Central Asia.[citation needed] Chaman is among the most beautiful places in the world with good naturist environment.
The town is an important trade point in the Balochistan region, providing a gateway on the trade routes between Afghanistan and Karachi. It underwent development during the martial law period of the 1980s.
Chaman has been known for its football since the 1940s, and is home to Afghan FC, which plays in the Pakistan Premier League, and the Muslim Football Club. The Jamal Nasir Shaheed Stadium is located in the town.
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Changa Bangial
Changa Bangial is a town and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Gujar Khan Tehsil in the Punjab Province of Pakistan.
It is the collective name of 17 Dhoks (settlements) with distinctive names, such as Bharole, Dhanda, Sabbar and Changa Maira. It is about seven miles from the tehsil capital Gujar Khan midway on the road to Kallar Syedan and is located at 33°19'60N 73°19'60E. The area it occupies is quite extensive.
Mauza Daryal is a cluster of four smaller villages ( Mohra peeru wala, Dohok Chohan, Morha Bajnial and Morha Daryal) on the northern edge of the Union Council.
The number of its population is estimated to be 10,000 persons.
The principal clan is the Bangial, also known as Baghial. They claim their founding ancestor is one Bangash Khan, he gave the town its name. They are classed as a branch of the Panwar Rajputs. A large community of its residents reside in UK, middle east and other countries of Europe.
The best known son of Changa Bangial was Maulavi Muhammad Fazal Khan (1868-1938), who translated "Futuhat Makkiyya" by Ibn Arabi into Urdu. His Biography can be down loaded as a PDF-File from the following site: </ref>http://www.qarchives.com/misc/Fazal.pdf
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Charhan
Charihan is a village and union council of Murree Tehsil in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab, Pakistan. It is located in the east of the tehsil at 33°49'0N 73°28'0E and is bounded to the north by Mussiari, to the north by Ghel, to the north-west by Murree city, to the west by Mussiari, to the south by Ban and to the south and east by Kotli Sattian.
Gulehra Gali is the main market place of Charhan UC. It is also the starting point of the Patriata Chair Lift. There are Parks, Restaurants, Markets, Schools and Health centers.
Derekhshan is the most popular private school system of UC Charhan. Malik Tariq Awan is the Head of Derekhshan.
According to the 1998 census of Pakistan it had a population of 11,414.
Coordinates: 33°49′0″N 73°28′0″E / 33.816667°N 73.466667°E / 33.816667; 73.466667
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Cheena
Cheena (Urdu:جهينه ) is a village in Gujar Khan Tehsil, Rawalpindi District, Pakistan. The village is about 8 miles from Gujar Khan on the road from Gujar Khan to Daultala. It is famous due to Veena Malik.
Chakri Vakilan, Sasral, Gig Badhal, Patt are a few villages located in the neighborhood of Cheena.
Coordinates: 33°11′N 73°16′E / 33.183°N 73.267°E / 33.183; 73.267
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Chiniot
Chiniot (Punjabi, Urdu: چنیوٹ) is a city and administration headquarter of Chiniot District, in the state of Punjab, Pakistan. Located between the heart of river Chenab with the heads of small rocky hills, it is known for its wooden furniture architecture which has a great attraction in all over the world.
"Chiniot" derives from the Punjabi, Chan and ote, means "Moon" and "behind", compound to mean "Behind the Moon". Its name mean also used as "Behind the Moon without light".
Chiniot city lies on left bank of the Chenab River inside the small rocky hills, giving a tourism sight and a great attractions for tourists. It is located at the point where Faisalabad-Sargodha road and Lahore-Jhang road meetup each other. It is 158 kilometers in the Northwest from Lahore and 38 kilometers in North of Faisalabad. Chiniot city is spread over an area of 10 square kilometers with an average elevation of 179 meters (587 ft). Chiniot is located at Latitude: 31.7200 and Longitude: 72.9789.
Chiniot lies on the left bank of river Chenab, with the rocky hills at the northern side between the river and city. On the other side of river, Chenab Nagar (previously Rabwah) city is located covered with the rocks is a great sight. In the center of river a (Committed) worship center (or Chilla Gah) of a great Muslim's Sufi Bu Ali Shah Qalandar is located.
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Chitral
Coordinates: 35°50′N 71°47′E / 35.833°N 71.783°E / 35.833; 71.783
Chitral or Chetrar (Urdu: چترال) (Khowar:چھترار) (Persian: چیترال), translated as field in the native language Khowar, is the capital of the Chitral District, situated on the western bank of the Kunar River (also called Chitral River), in Pakistan. The town is at the foot of Tirich Mir, the highest peak of the Hindu Kush, 25,289 ft (7,708 m) high. It has a population of 20,000, while the district (of 14,833 km² or 5,727 sq mi), has a population of 300,000. The altitude of the valley is 3,700 ft (1,100 m).
The easiest access to Chitral is in the southwest along the Chitral or Kunar Valley towards Jalalabad. This route is open all year and provides direct access to Kabul. However the Pakistan–Afghanistan border (Durand Line) prevents this being used as an internal route to Peshawar and the south. The other routes are over mountain passes. To the south, the Lowari Pass (3,200 m or 10,499 ft) leads 365 km (227 mi) to Peshawar. In the north, the easiest route during summer runs over the Broghol Pass (3,798 m or 12,460 ft) to Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor, however during winter this route is usually closed. To the east, there is a 405 kilometres (252 mi) route to Gilgit over the 3,719 metres (12,201 ft) Shandur Pass. In the west, the 4,300 metres (14,100 ft) Dorah Pass provides an additional route to Afghanistan. The territory is home to rare falcons and the snow leopard, and is cut off by snow from the rest of the country for six months a year, a problem soon to be relieved by the completion of the Lowari Tunnel which will reduce transit time to Chitral as well as allow the district to be connected to the rest of the country even during the cold winter months.
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Darya Gali
Darya Gali is a village and union council of Murree Tehsil in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab, Pakistan. It is located in the north of the tehsil and is bounded to the north by Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, to the south by Ghora Gali and Murree - and to the west by Rawat.
According to the 1998 census of Pakistan it had a population of 11,414.There are some notable people living in daeray gali as well.Usman abbasi,the chairman of Usmania group of resturents.Late haji kala khan was also among the respected people of darya gali.
Coordinates: 33°57′0″N 73°21′7″E / 33.95°N 73.35194°E / 33.95; 73.35194
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Daultala
Daultala (Urdu: دولتاله) is a town and union council located in Gujar Khan Tehsil, Rawalpindi District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is an historic Town of Rawalpindi District. Daultala is famous for natural reserves of Oil, natural gas, in Village Dhoong , Mastala and PPL Ahdi Only 7 km From Daultala. Daultala is also famous for its historical places. In Daultala there is a Gurdwara and many of houses and havelies. Most of the people are attached with business field.
Daultala is located at 33°12'0N 73°9'0E with an altitude of 551 metres (1811 feet) and lies in the northern Punjab.
The founder of Daultala was a Gakhar known as Kiani. Unfortunately, they left daultala and went to other villages. Some sources of history are showing that the name of the founder was Dolu Khan and he was a Gakhar. This town was a small village and known as Dolu Ala after some period it called Daultala. The date that the Daultala locality was established is unknown, there are a number of historical buildings like the Gurdwara dating back to the early 20th century, and the Government High School for boys dating back to 1926. Other historical evidence is the Gravestones near the High school. That dates back to the year 1700 – or the era before British Raj was established across the sub-continent.
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Dewal
Dewal also known as Dewal Sharif is a Union council of Murree Tehsil (a sub division), of Rawalpindi District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Dewal Sharif has the distinction of having the highest literacy rate out of all the Union Councils of Pakistan.[citation needed] According to the 1998 census of Pakistan it had a population of 11,052.
Dewal is renowned all over the Rawalpindi District in general and Tehsil Murree in particular for producing various people of notable decree; who have served the country in their respective fields of work.
Dewal is a Sanskrit word means a small temple, but Pir Abdul Majid (Pir Sahib Dewal Shareef) who migrated to Rawalpindi in mid fifties last century and established a shrine with the sport of Ex-President of Pakistan General Ayub Khan, in Faizabad between Islamabad and Rawalpindi translated and Islamized Hindu small temple common noun Dewal into Dewal Shareef.
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Dhamiak
Dhamiak is a village of Rawalpindi District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at 33°12'0N 73°28'0E with an altitude of 447 metres (1,467 ft).
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Dhamial
Dhamial is a village of Rawalpindi District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at 33°33'0N 73°1'0E with an altitude of 492 metres (1617 feet). The village gets its name from the Dhamial tribe.
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Dhoke Budhal
Coordinates: 33°08′00″N 73°09′48.60″E / 33.1333333°N 73.1635°E / 33.1333333; 73.1635
Dhoke Budhal (Urdu:ڈھوک بدہال) (U.C Narali) is a village in Rawalpindi District.
In the Pothohari language "Dhoke" means a small chunk of people or houses, while Budhal is the title given to a specified group of "Awan" Tribe. As most of the inhabitants (about 98%) of this village are "Budhal" descents of "Awan" tribe so the name is given to depict the peoples as "Group of Budhals".
The village is located at 33° 08' 00.60" N and 73° 09' 48.60" E in is in the northern part of Union Council Narali. Dhoke Manna is bordering North East side of village, Miana Mohra touches the boundary of Dhoke Budhal to South-East, Narali is located in south, while north west side is covered by PPL oil fields and Village Mastala. Dhoke Manna , Miana Mohra & Mastala are part of Union Council Mohra Noori.
It is believed that Qadi Khan قادى خان (Awan tribal leader), moved to Narali from Dora Budhal ڈوره بدھال during 18th century. When, how and why Budhals moved to current location of Dhoke Budhal is not known. The presence of only one tribe (i.e. Awan) and all Sunni Muslims indicates that either this community never accepted outsiders or other communities not tried to move in this village.
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Dhoong
Dhoong (Urdu: ڈھونگ), part of Narali Union Council, is the second largest village in Gujar Khan Tehsil, Rawalpindi District, Punjab, Pakistan . Dhoong is a historic village of Rawalpindi District and noted for its natural reserves of oil and natural gas.
The PTCL provides the main network of landline telephone. Many ISPs and all major mobile phone,Wireless companies operating in Pakistan provide service in Dhoong.
Coordinates: 33°07′N 73°10′E / 33.117°N 73.167°E / 33.117; 73.167
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Faisalabad
Faisalabad, (Urdu: فیصل آباد) formerly known as Lyallpur, is the third largest metropolis in Pakistan, the second largest in the province of Punjab after Lahore, and a major industrial center in the heart of Pakistan.
Nicknamed the Manchester of Asia, Faisalabad remains an important industrial city west of Lahore. The city-district of Faisalabad is bound on the north by the districts of Hafizabad and Chiniot, on the east by Nankana Sahib, on the south by Sahiwal, and Toba Tek Singh and on the west by Jhang.
The city is at a road and railway junction, which has played an influential role in the development of Faisalabad's trade and economy. The surrounding countryside, irrigated by the Lower Chenab River, has seen expanded production of cotton, wheat, sugarcane, vegetables, and fruits, which form 55% of Pakistan's exports. The city is an industrial centre with major railway repair yards, engineering works, and mills that process sugar, flour, and oil seed. Produce includes superphosphates, cotton and silk textiles, hosiery, dyes, industrial chemicals, beverages, apparels, pulp and paper, printing, agricultural equipment, and ghee (clarified butter). Faisalabad is the site of the prestigious University of Agriculture, founded in 1909.
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Gandhara
Gandhāra (Sanskrit: गन्धार Gandḥārā, Urdu: گندھارا Ghandhāra, Pashto: ګندارا, Punjabi: گندھارا, Persian: ویهیند) is the name of an ancient kingdom (Mahajanapada), located in modern day northern Pakistan and parts of eastern Afghanistan. Gandhara was located mainly in the vale of Peshawar, the Potohar plateau (see Taxila) and on the Kabul River. Its main cities were Purushapura (modern Peshawar), literally meaning "City of Man", Varmayana (modern Bamyan) and Takshashila (modern Taxila).
The Kingdom of Gandhara lasted from the early 1st millennium BC to the 11th century AD. It attained its height from the 1st century to the 5th century under the Buddhist Kushan Kings. The Hindu term Shahi is used by history writer Al-Biruni to refer to the ruling Hindu dynasty that took over from the Turki Shahi and ruled the region during the period prior to Muslim conquests of the 10th and 11th centuries. After it was conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1021 CE, the name Gandhara disappeared. During the Muslim period the area was administered from Lahore or from Kabul. During Mughal times the area was part of Kabul province.
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Ghel
Ghel is a village and union council of Murree Tehsil in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab, Pakistan.
It is located in the north-east of the tehsil. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan it had a population of 9,488.
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Ghora Gali
Ghora Gali is one of the tourist mountain resort towns of the Galyat area of northern Pakistan. It has an elevation of 1691m and is located in the northeastern tip of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Ghora Gali is also a Union council, an administrative subdivision, of Murree Tehsil in Rawalpindi District and is located at 33°50′N 73°21′E / 33.83°N 73.35°E / 33.83; 73.35 . According to the 1998 census of Pakistan it had a population of 14410.
Ghora Gali contains the Tomb of Doomat Khan, a leader of the Dhond Abbasi tribe.
Ghora Gali served as a resort for British colonialists and troops during the British Raj. In 1860 the Lawrence College was established here originally as an asylum for orphans of British troops killed in the wars. Also in 1860 the Murree Brewery was established here and produced beer for British troops, however in 1947 following independence from Britain and the ensuing riots during partition the building was destroyed .
Ghora Gali now features an 1,100 m long chairlift. It goes from Ghora Gali to Pindi Point.
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Ghungrila
Ghungrila (Urdu: گُھنگريله) is a town in Gujar Khan Tehsil Punjab, Pakistan. Gungrila is also chief town of Union Council Gungrila which is an administrative subdivision of the Tehsil. It is located at 33°18'0"North, 73° 15' 0" East.
Coordinates: 33°18′0″N 73°15′0″E / 33.3°N 73.25°E / 33.3; 73.25
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Gilgit
Gilgit (Urdu, Shina: گلگت) is the capital city of Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan. Gilgit City forms a tehsil of Gilgit, within Gilgit District. Its ancient name was Sargin, later to be known as Gilit, and it is still called Gilit or Sargin-Gilit by local people. In the Burushaski language, it is named Geelt and in Wakhi and Khowar it is called Gilt. Ghallata is considered its name in ancient Sanskrit literature. Gilgit City is one of the two major hubs in Gilgit Baltistan for mountaineering expeditions to the Karakoram and other the peaks in the Himalayas, the other hub being Skardu.[citation needed]
Gilgit was an important city on the Silk Road, along which Buddhism was spread from South Asia to the rest of Asia.[citation needed]
The Dards and Chinas appear in many of the old Pauranic lists of peoples who lived in the region, with the former also mentioned in Ptolemy's accounts of the region. Two famous travellers, Faxian and Xuanzang, traversed Gilgit according to their accounts.[citation needed]
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Gujar Khan
Gujar Khan (Urdu: گوجرخان ) is a city in Rawalpindi District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is the headquarters of Gujar Khan Tehsil, the largest tehsil of Punjab. It is approximately 55 kilometres southeast of Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan and 220 km to the north west of Lahore, capital of Punjab. Gujar Khan is bounded on the north by Rawalpindi, Islamabad and Attock, on the south by Jhelum, Lahore and Gujrat, on the east by Azad Kashmir and Kahuta and on the west by Chakwal and Khushab. The city has a population of approximately 73,000. Gujar Khan lies at the heart of the Pothohar cultural region. The area has considerable natural resources in the form of petroleum and natural gas.
The place was named after Gujjars, while they formerly ruled the Gurjara Pratihara Kingdom for centuries.
The Region is also the ancestral land of all the Kukhrains of India. these include the sub castes of Anand, Bhasin, Suri, Bhalla, Sethi, Ghandhoke, Chadha, Kohli. Many famous Indians (Including the current prime minister, Dr Manmohan Singh) are ancestrally from this region.
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Gujar Khan Tehsil
Gujar Khan Tehsil, head-quartered at Gujar Khan, is one of the seven Tehsils (sub-divisions) of Rawalpindi District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is administratively subdivided into 33 Union Councils and according to the 1998 census has a population of 493,000.
The region was named after Gujjars, while they formerly ruled the Gurjara Pratihara Kingdom for centuries.
The tehsil of Gujar Khan was described in the Imperial Gazetteer of India, compiled during the first decade of the twentieth century, as follows:
"Southern tahsil of Rawalpindi District, Punjab, lying between 33°4′ and 33°26′ N. and 72°56′ and 73°37′ E., with an area of 567 square miles. It is bounded on the east by the Jhelum river, which cuts it off from Kashmir territory. Except for a low ridge of sandstone hills along the Jhelum, the tahsil consists of a plain intersected by numerous ravines. The population in 1901 was 150,566,compared with 152,455 in 1891. It contains 381 villages, of which Gujar Khan is the head-quarters. The land revenue and cesses in 1903-4 amounted to 2-7 lakhs."
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Gujranwala
Gujranwala (Punjabi, Urdu: گوجرانوالہ ) is an industrial city in the north-east of the Punjab province. It is the 7th largest city in Pakistan with a population of approximately 2,661,360 as on 24 June 2011 (Extrapolated from a population of 1,415,711 in 2006 and a population of 2,569,090 on February 4, 2011). Gujranwala is located at 32.16° North, 74.18° East and is 226 metres (744 ft) above sea level. It shares borders with Ghakhar Mandi, Alipur Chatha, kamonke and some small towns and villages. Punjabi is the local language, but English and Urdu are also common, particularly in schools and offices. Due to extensive road and rail links the city has flourished within the manufacturing and agricultural markets. The city is on the Grand Trunk Road, which allows logistical connections to the provincial capitals such as Peshawar and Lahore and also to the capital of Pakistan Islamabad.It is in between Lahore and [Gujrat,Wazirabad]. its small and medium industries. Gujranwala is known for its extensive production of sugarcane, melons and grains for international export.Gujranwala exports one of the world's finest quality Rice. The city has set up several commercial and industrial centres allowing the manufacturing of ceramics,Fans,electrical switch gears,engineering tools,Agricultural/earth moving machinery, steel, cutlery, crockery, iron safes, metal tool, utensils, textiles,Wollen Sweaters, sanitary Fittings and tannery production. The city has produced some of the finest wrestlers and bodybuilders of the subcontinent, which has resulted in the nickname 'City of wrestlers' or Phelwana da shehar in Punjabi. The city is also the birthplace of the legendary Sikh warrior-king, Ranjit Singh.
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Gujrat
Gujrat (Punjabi, Urdu: گجرات) is a city in Pakistan. It is the capital of Gujrat District and the Gujrat Tehsil subdivision in the Punjab Province. The major sources of livelihood among the Gujrat populace are agriculture and small industries. Gujrat is also known as the city of King Porus.
Gujrat is situated on the bank of Chenab River, situated about 120 kilometres (75 mi) north of Lahore, the capital city of Punjab province, and 150 kilometres (93 mi) from Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan. Prominent nearby locations include Jalalpur Jattan, Jhelum, Gujranwala, Mandi Bahauddin, Sialkot, Lalamusa and Bhimber-Azad Kashmir. The city is surrounded by many villages and towns, which supply significant labour to the local market.
Gujrat was founded by Raja Bachhan Pal Gurjar in 460 BC, according to General Cunningham, the British historian. Historical consensus is that it existed in the time of Alexander the Great, and that the city's Raja Porus put up a fierce challenge to Alexander's invasion at the bank of the Jehlum River. The establishment of Gujrat City was realised early in the 19th century after the British Empire and in support of regional landlords (e.g., Daswandi Khan of Daswandi Pura).
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Gulyana
Coordinates: 33°12′N 73°16′E / 33.2°N 73.267°E / 33.2; 73.267
Gulyana (Urdu: گليانه) is a town in Gujar Khan Tehsil, Punjab, Pakistan. Gulyana is also chief town of Union Council Gulyana which is an administrative subdivision of the Tehsil.
It is the biggest village of Gujar Khan Tehsil, one of the important union councils of gujarkhan. It is approximately 62 km southeast of Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan and 215 km to the north west of Lahore capital of Punjab. Gulyana is bounded with north side by moza bains, mankiala and Gujarkhan city, south side by Chakri wakeelan, Cheena and Doltala, East side by Maradial and Ratyal Tuddian and west side by Kahli Khengar and Sukho. The town has a population of approximately 25,000. Gulyana lies at the bank of small river(Kass).It is also the Pothohari cultural region. The area has considerable literate human resources which works in nearby gujarkhan & Rawalpindi. A private textile mill also increases its importance in the region.
In early times gulyana was the trade center for surrounding areas. The central peak point called Pind was used by the traders to announce the arrival of new goods. These traders took goods from other parts of India and sell them at the pind. It was a type of Sunday market. Around the pind there were Temples, Mosques and residential properties of Hindu, Sikh and Muslim families. Dr. Bhagwan Singh was a famous Doctor in the region. After partition his family moved to India.
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Gwadar
Coordinates: 25°07′35″N 62°19′21″E / 25.12639°N 62.3225°E / 25.12639; 62.3225
Gwadar (Baloch and Urdu: گوادر; Arabic: جوادر) is a port city on the Arabian Sea in the south-west of Pakistan. It is the district capital of Gwadar District in Balochistan province as well as its winter capital.
Gwadar is strategically located at the apex of the Arabian Sea and at the mouth of the Gulf of Oman. The city's strategic, warm-water, deep-sea Gwadar Port was completed in 2007. The port is 14 metres (46 ft) deep and handles the largest cargo ships to Pakistan. The city is emerging as a trade hub and a transit for Chinese oil and timber imports and transshipments. The city has also been taking an increasing role in China's String of Pearls.
Gwadar is one of the few planned cities in Pakistan (others being Faisalabad, Jauharabad, and Islamabad), which have been developed from scratch under an urban master plan. Before development, the town was a fishing village.
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Gwadar Bay
Gwadar Bay is located in the Gulf of Oman on the maritime border of Pakistan and Iran. The name is from Persian, Khalij-e Gavader or 'Gulf of Gwadar' on Arabian Sea. It is an inlet of the Arabian Sea indenting the sandy Makran coast at the Iran–Pakistan border. It is about 20 miles (32 km) long and 10 miles (16 km) wide. The Dashtiari River flows into it from the northwest, and the Dasht River from the northeast. The town of Gwadar which have no severage system for the people and protection of the Bay, lies on the Arabian Sea coast about 30 miles (48 km) to the east of Gwadar Bay.
Coordinates: 25°02′N 62°19′E / 25.033°N 62.317°E / 25.033; 62.317
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Heliodorus pillar
The Heliodorus pillar is a stone column that was erected around 110 BCE in central India in Vidisha near modern Besnagar, by Heliodorus, a Greek ambassador of the Indo-Greek king Antialcidas to the court of the Sunga king Bhagabhadra. The site is located only 5 miles from the Buddhist stupa of Sanchi.
The pillar was surmounted by a sculpture of Garuda and was apparently dedicated by Heliodorus to the god Vasudeva in front of the temple of Vasudeva.
There are two inscriptions on the pillar.
The first inscription describes in Brahmi the situation of Heliodorus and his relationship to the Sunga and Indo-Greek kings.
"Devadevasa Va [sude]vasa Garudadhvajo ayam
karito i[a] Heliodorena bhaga-
vatena Diyasa putrena Takhasilakena
Yonadatena agatena maharajasa
Amtalikitasa upa[m]ta samkasam-rano
Kasiput[r]asa [Bh]agabhadrasa tratarasa
vasena [chatu]dasena rajena vadhamanasa"
— Original inscription
Although not perfectly clear, the inscription seems to be referring to Heliodoros as a Bhagavata (Sanskrit: “One Devoted to Bhagavan (Lord)”), meaning "a devotee". In the context of Hinduism, a Bhagavat would be a member of the earliest recorded Hindu faith devoted to Vishnu.
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Indus river
The Indus River (Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: دریائے سندھ Daryā-e Sindh; Hindi: सिन्धु नदी Sindhu; Sindhi: سنڌو Sindhu; Punjabi: سندھ Sindh; Gujarati: સિંધુ નદી Sindhu; Pashto: اباسين Abāsin "Father of Rivers"; Persian: رود سند Rūd-e Sind; Arabic: السند Al-Sind; Tibetan: སེང་གེ།་གཙང་པོ Sênggê Zangbo "Lion River"; Greek: Ινδός Indós; Turki: Nilab) is a major river which flows through Pakistan. It has courses through western Tibet (in China) and Northern India.
Originating in the Tibetan plateau in the vicinity of Lake Mansarovar, the river runs a course through the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, Gilgit, Baltistan and flows through Pakistan in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh. The total length of the river is 3,180 km (1,980 mi). It is Pakistan's longest river.
The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km2 (450,000 sq mi). Its estimated annual flow stands at around 207 km3 (50 cu mi), making it the twenty-first largest river in the world in terms of annual flow. Zanskar is its left bank tributary in Ladakh. In the plains, its left bank tributary is Chenab which itself has four major tributaries, namely, Jhelum, Ravi, Beas and Satluj. Its principal right bank tributaries are Shyok, Gilgit, Kabul, Gomal and Kurram. Beginning at the heights of the world in a spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in the Himalayas, the river supports ecosystems of temperate forests, plains and arid countryside.
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Islamabad
Islamabad (Urdu: اسلام آباد Islām ābād, lit. Abode of Islam) is the capital of Pakistan and the tenth largest city in the country. Located within the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), the population of the city has grown from 100,000 in 1951 to 1.152 million in 2011. The greater Islamabad-Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area is the third largest conurbation in Pakistan with a population of over 4.5 million inhabitants.
Islamabad is located in the Pothohar Plateau in the northern part of the country, within the Islamabad Capital Territory. The region has historically been a part of the crossroads of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with Margalla pass acting as the gateway between the two regions. The city was built during the 1960s to replace Karachi as Pakistan's capital. Islamabad is a well-organized city divided into different sectors and zones. It is regarded as the most developed city in Pakistan. Islamabad is ranked as a Gamma world city. The city is home to Faisal Mosque, the largest mosque in South Asia and the sixth largest mosque in the world.
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Jacobabad
Jacobabad or Yaqubabad (Sindhi: جیکب آباد) is the capital city of Jacobabad District, Sindh, Pakistan.This is one of old city of Sind state. The city is also the administrative centre of Jacobabad Taluka, an administrative subdivision of the district, the city is subdivided into 8 Union Councils. The city is crossed by the Pakistan Railway and many main roads of the province.
During British rule, as part of British Raj, the town was the administrative headquarters of the Upper Sind Frontier District of the Bombay Presidency; with a station on the Quetta branch of the North-Western Railway. It became well known for consistently having the highest temperature in the South Asia, and has a mean summer average of 98°F, and during the month of June the temperature can consistently reach between 120° and 131°F (49 to 55°C).
The town was founded on the site of the village of Khangarh in 1847 by General John Jacob, for many years commandant of the Sind Horse, who died here in 1858. A memorial exists at the Victoria Tower in the heart of the city.
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Jand Mehlo
Jand Mahlo (Urdu: جنڈمہلو) is a town in Gujar Khan Tehsil Punjab, Pakistan. Jand Mehlo is also chief town of Union Council Jand Mehlo which is an administrative subdivision of the Tehsil.
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Jand Najjar
Jand Najjar is a small village near the city of Gujar Khan, in the district of Rawalpindi in Pakistan.
Coordinates: 33°15′N 73°22′E / 33.25°N 73.367°E / 33.25; 73.367
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Jarmot Kalan
Jarmot Kalan (Urdu: جرموٹ كلاں) is a town, Union council and administrative subdivision of Gujar Khan Tehsil in the Punjab Province of Pakistan.
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Jatli
Jatli (Urdu: جاتلى) is a town in Gujar Khan Tehsil, Punjab, Pakistan. Jatli is also chief town of Union Council Jatli which is an administrative subdivision of the Tehsil.
The foundation of Jatli was laid by a person named Jatal. It was later awarded to Rai Dalla as a gift for his bravery. After then Akbar Khan took the possession of this land.
Jatli was initially discovered by Rajput Thathals who migrated here from Jhelum surroundings. These people belonged to Raja Thathu's family, younger son of Raja Soran Singh. They were expelled from their native place by Sikhs during Mughal regime. One of Raja Thathu's offspring namely Raja Akbar Khan came to Jatli in 18th century and made his home at a central spot under a big pepal tree. There is a myth that while Akbar was living in Jatli, an old saint named Baba Chupu approached him to get some food and horse for his transportation. Akbar very generously full filled his wishes by providing him food and horse. Upon his departure, the Baba Chupu prayed for Akbar and told him that because of his generosity 7 of his generations will remain happy and prosper in Jatli. The old saint left his walking stick in Akbar's yard by burying it into the ground. Currently Akbar's 5th to 8th generation are living in Jatli and else where. To date Akbar's yard where the old saint left his stick is seen as a sacred location where locals come every Thursday to burn diyas and make wishes.
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Jaulian
Jaulian (Urdu: جھولیاں) are the ruins of an ancient Buddhist monastery near Taxila, Punjab (Pakistan), Pakistan.
The ruins at Jaulian date from the fifth century CE and consist of two main parts. These are 1) the main stupa and 2) the monastery and university of Jaulian. The ruins are situated on a mountain top. The form and building of the university at Jaulian is similar to that of Mohra Muradu, about 1 kilometre away.
The main stupa at Jaulian is badly damaged. It is surrounded by 21 votive stupas. Some experts think that a few of the votive stupas are actually tombs of revered monks. The statues at the stupas are mostly preserved. A number of these have been removed for exhibitions at museums. The original structure of the building of the Stupa along with the plaster is preserved at some places.
A statue of buddha with a hole in the navel is an odd artifact. It is called the "healing buddha". Pilgrims would put their fings in the navel hole and pray for the ailment of the patients. The inscription preserved under the statue shows that it was gifted by a friar "Budhamitra Dharmanandin". This inscription and a couple of others at this site show that the script was still used at Taxila in the fifth century CE.
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Jhang
Jhang (Punjabi, Urdu: جھنگ) is the capital city of Jhang District, in the state of Punjab, Pakistan. It is situated on the east bank of the Chenab river, about 210 kilometres from Lahore and 35 kilometres from Gojra. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan it had a population of 387,418
Jhang is situated at place where two rivers Jhelum and Chenab join together to make a great looking sight. It is situated on the left banks of both rivers. Jhang is the capital city of Jhang District located at the coordinates 31.30677 N, 72.32814 E.
Climate of Jhang has extreme summer and extreme winter like most areas of Pakistan, it has four seasons.
According to 1981 census of Pakistan population of Jhang was 1,970,944 with the 434,495 housing units in Jhang. In 1998 census, population of Jhang was 2,834,545, whose annually growth rate was 2.16%. Male population was 1,474,099 (52.00%) and female population was 1,360,446 (48.00%). Languages mostly spoken in Jhang are Punjabi and Urdu.
The area was inhabited at the time of Alexander but the present city of Jhang is said to have been founded in the twelwth century by Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari. Its first inhabitants were sials who were his followers or murids. It was then destroyed by the river and re-founded during the reign of Aurangzeb by Mehboob Alam - called Shah Jewna - who asked his followers to settle again in that area in 1402. Under Mughal rule, the city flourished and was notable for commerce and trade.
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Jhelum
Coordinates: 32°55′43″N 73°43′53″E / 32.92861°N 73.73139°E / 32.92861; 73.73139
Jhelum (
/ˈdʒeɪləm/) (Urdu, Punjabi: جہلم) (Greek: Alexandria Bucephalous) is a city on the right bank of the Jhelum River, in the district of the same name in the north of Punjab province, Pakistan. Jhelum is known for providing a large number of soldiers to the British and later to the Pakistan armed forces due to which it is also known as city of soldiers or land of martyrs and warriors. Jhelum is a few miles upstream from the site of the Battle of the Hydaspes between the armies of Alexander the Great and Raja Porus. A city called Bucephala was founded nearby to commemorate the death of Alexander's horse, Sarosh. Other notable sites nearby include the 16th century Rohtas Fort, the Tilla Jogian complex of ancient temples, and the 16th-century Grand Trunk Road which passes through the city. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, the population of Jhelum was 145,647 and in 2010 its population is 174,679. The name of the city is derived from the words Jal (pure water) and Ham (snow), as the river that flows through the river originates in the Himalayas. There are a number of industries in and around Jhelum city, including a tobacco factory, wood, marble, glass and flour mills.
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Jhungle
Jhungle (Urdu: جهونگل) is a town in Gujar Khan Tehsil, Punjab, Pakistan. Jhungle is also chief town of Union Council Jhungle which is an administrative subdivision of the Tehsil.
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Kabul Shahi
The Shahi (Devanagari: शाही),Sahi, also called Shahiya dynasties ruled one of the Middle kingdoms of India which included portions of the Kabulistan and the old province of Gandhara (now in northern Pakistan), from the decline of the Kushan Empire in the 3rd century to the early 9th century. The kingdom was known as "Kabul Shahi" (Kabul-shāhān or Ratbél-shāhān in Persian کابلشاهان یا رتبیل شاهان) between 565 and 879CE when they had Kapisa and Kabul as their capitals, and later as Hindu Shahi when they moved their capital to Hund.
The Shahis of Kabul/Gandhara are generally divided into the two eras of the so-called Buddhist-Shahis and the so-called Hindu-Shahis, with the change-over thought to have occurred sometime around AD 870.
The confused accounts of 11th century Persian Muslim scholar Alberuni, ("which bear the impress of folklore for the early history of the Kabul Shahi rulers") state that:
Thus the folklore accounts recorded by Alberuni connect the earlier Shahis of Kabul/Kapisa to Turkish extraction and also claim their descent from Kanik (or Kanishaka of Kushana lineage). At the same time it is also claimed that 'their first king Barahatigin (Vrahitigin?) had originally come from Tibet and concealed in a narrow cave in Kabul area (and here is given a strange legend which we omit).' One can easily see the above account of Shahi origin as totally fanciful and fairy tale-like. These statements taken together are very confusing, inconsistent and bear the express marks of a folklore and vulgar tradition, hence unworthy of inspiring any confidence in the early history of Shahis. The allegation that the first dynasty of Kabul was Turki is plainly based on the vulgar tradition, which Alberuni himself remarked was clearly absurd.
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Kahuta
Kahuta (Urdu: کہوٹہ) is a census-designated town and tehsil in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab Province, Pakistan. The population of the Kahuta Tehsil is approximately 160,000 at the 2008 census. Kahuta is the home to the Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) which was founded to undertake the Kahuta Project as part of the atomic bomb project. Before the Kahuta Project, the site was occupied by retired officers of Pakistan Armed Forces and contained a small public community, including a private high school.
Kahuta was a small incorporated village until the 1970s when KRL was constructed by the Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers under Engineering officer Major-General Zahid Ali Akbar, Director of Project-706. During 1960s and 1970s, Kahuta was inhabitant by retired officers of the Pakistan Armed Forces.
In 1970s, the Ministry of Defence was tasked by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto to search for a remote location for performing atomic and weapon-testing experiments for the integrated atomic bomb project in 1976. The residents of Kahuta were paid handsomely and were re-located in populated cities of Pakistan. The Uranium Coordination Board (UCB) headed by Ghulam Ishaq Khan financed the reconstruction of the site. Major-General Zahid Ali Akbar and later completed the drawings, surveying and measured the area aerially. Within the week, the whole site was acquired by the Ministry of Defence, and the army truckloads, heavy engineering vehicles arrived the next day to re-built the site. All incoming materials and research equipments were labeled as common items and engineering tools to conceal the true nature of their purpose. Scientists and engineers working and living in Kahuta were censored by the senior military officials. Soon, the site was classified and abandoned for public with only few allowed to resides. The Engineering Research Laboratories (now KRL) was established by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as a research government national facility under the Ministry of Defence.
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Kahuta Tehsil
Kahuta Tehsil (Urdu: تحصیل کہوٹہ) is one of the seven Tehsils (subdivisions) of Rawalpindi District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The neighbouring Tehsil of Kotli Sattian used to be part of Kahuta, but was later created as a separate tehsil.
In the 18th century Kahuta along with much of the subcontinent became part of British India, the undivided tehsil (which includes what is now Kallar Syedan Tehsil) is described in the "Imperial Gazetteer of India" as follows:
The tehsil is administratively divided into 13 Union Councils, two of which form the city of Kahuta, these are:
According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, Kahuta has a total population of 153,000. Tribes get respect from each other . Sattis are the most respectableables and the locals of Kahuta City and surrounding villages. Other clans such as Rajputs and there subcast like Janjuas, Bhatti, Abbasi's, Qureshi's and clans; Minhas Rajputs, Janjua, Gakhars, Narma, Other Rajputs come from Kahuta and surrounding suburbs. See Also Demography of Rawalpindi District
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Kaliam Awan
Kaliam Awan (Urdu: كليام اعوان) is a town in Gujar Khan Tehsil Punjab, Pakistan. Kalyam Awan is also chief town of Union Council Kalyam Awan which is an administrative subdivision of the Tehsil. It is located at 33°25'0N 73°13'0E at an elevation of 536 metres
Coordinates: 33°25′0″N 73°13′0″E / 33.416667°N 73.216667°E / 33.416667; 73.216667
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Kallar Syedan Tehsil
Kallar Syedan is a tehsil of the Rawalpindi District. On 1 July 2004 Kallar Syedan became the seventh tehsil of Rawalpindi District, prior to which it was a part of the Kahuta Tehsilpopulation 1million 90 thousand people. 23 patwars. 1 police station. 7 union councils. literacy rate 62%. 99 revenue estates. The tehsil has 11 union councils. Famous people of tehsil Kallar are ex chief of army staff General Tikka khan. Chief of naval staff Abdul Aziz Mirza. Details and pictures can be found at http://pothwar.com/tehkallar.html
The tehsil is administratively divided into 11 Union Councils, two of which form the city of Kallar Syedan, these are:
http://pothwar.com/tehkallar.html
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Kanchipuram
Kanchipuram or Kanchi, is a famous temple city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It served as the Capital city of the Pallava Kingdom. It is also known by its former names Kanchiampathi, Conjeevaram, and the nickname "The City of Thousand Temples". It is now the Administrative headquarters of Kanchipuram district. Kanchipuram is located 72 kilometers from Chennai, the capital city of the southern state of Tamil Nadu, India.
Kanchipuram is considered one of the seven holiest cities to the Hindus of India. In Hinduism, a kṣetra is a sacred ground, a field of active power, a place where moksha, final release can be obtained. The Garuda Purana enumerates seven cities as providers of moksha, namely Ayodhya, Mathura, Haridwar, Varanasi, Avantikā, Dvārakā and Kanchipuram.
Among the major Hindu temples in Kanchipuram are some of the most prominent Vishnu Temples and Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu like the Varadharaja Perumal Temple for Vishnu and the Ekambaranatha Temple which is the "earth abode" of Shiva. Kamakshi Amman Temple, Kumara Kottam, Kachapeshwarar Temple, and the Kailasanathar Temple are some of the other prominent temples.
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Kaniat Khalil
Kaniat Khalil (Urdu: کنيٹ خليل) is a town in Gujar Khan Tehsil, Punjab, Pakistan. Kaniat Khalil is also chief town of Union Council Kaniat Khalil which is an administrative subdivision of the Tehsil
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Karachi
Karachi ( Karācī (help·info), Urdu: کراچی; Sindhi: ڪراچي) is the largest city, main seaport and financial centre of Pakistan, as well as the capital of the province of Sindh. The city has an estimated population of 13 to 15 million, while the total metropolitan area has a population of over 13 million. Results in April 2012 of Pakistan's latest census initial tabulations show that the district is home to over 21 million people, at a density of nearly 6,000 people per square kilometer (15,500 per square mile). Karachi is the most populous city in the country, one of the world's largest cities in terms of population and also the 10th largest urban agglomeration in the world. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, economic activity and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in textiles, shipping, automotive industry, entertainment, the arts, fashion, advertising, publishing, software development and medical research. The city is a major hub of higher education in South Asia and the wider Muslim world.
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Karakoram highway
Coordinates: 35°36′N 74°39′E / 35.6°N 74.65°E / 35.6; 74.65
The Karakoram Highway (KKH) is the highest paved international road in the world. It connects China and Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range, through the Khunjerab Pass, at an altitude of 4,693 m/15,397 ft as confirmed by both SRTM and multiple GPS readings. It connects China's Xinjiang region with Pakistan's Gilgit–Baltistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa regions and also serves as a popular tourist attraction. Due to its high elevation and the difficult conditions in which it was constructed, it is also referred to as the "Ninth Wonder of the World."
The Karakorum Highway is known informally as the KKH, and — within Pakistan — officially as the N-35; within China, officially as China National Highway 314 (G314).
The Karakoram Highway, also known as the Friendship Highway in China, was built by the governments of Pakistan and China, it was started in 1959 and was completed in 1979 (open to the public since 1986) about 810 Pakistanis and about 200 Chinese workers lost their lives, mostly in landslides and falls, while building the highway. The route of the KKH traces one of the many paths of the ancient Silk Road.
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Karumb Ilyas
Karumb Ilyas (Urdu: كرنب الياس) is a town in Gujar Khan Tehsil, Punjab, Pakistan. Karumb Ilyas is also chief town of Union Council Karumb Ilyas which is an administrative subdivision of the Tehsil.
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Kashmir
Kashmir (Balti, Gojri, Poonchi/Chibhali, Dogri: कश्मीर; Kashmiri: कॅशीर, کٔشِیر; Ladakhi: ཀཤམིར; Uyghur: كەشمىر; Shina: کشمیر) is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term Kashmir geographically denoted only the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range. Today Kashmir denotes a larger area that includes the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir (the Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh), the Pakistani-administered Gilgit–Baltistan and the Azad Kashmir provinces, and the Chinese-administered regions of Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract.
In the first half of the first millennium, the Kashmir region became an important center of Hinduism and later of Buddhism; later still, in the ninth century, Kashmir Shaivism arose. In 1349, Shah Mir became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir and inaugurated the Salatin-i-Kashmir or Swati dynasty. For the next five centuries, Muslim monarchs ruled Kashmir, including the Mughals, who ruled from 1526 until 1751, then the Afghan Durrani Empire that ruled from 1747 until 1820. That year, the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh, annexed Kashmir. In 1846, upon the purchase of the region from the British under the Treaty of Amritsar, the Dogras—under Gulab Singh—became the new rulers. Dogra Rule, under the paramountcy (or tutelage) of the British Crown, lasted until 1947, when the former princely state became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: India, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China.
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Kasur
Kasur (Urdu/Punjabi: قصور), the capital of Kasur District in Pakistan. Kasur is located adjacent to the border of Ganda Singh Wala between Pakistan and India, and is a tourist attraction because of the daily occurring Flags lowering ceremony. Kasur district is surrounded at north by Lahore, at east and south by India, at southern west Depalpur tehsil of Okara district and at northern west Sheikhupura district.
Though the city Kasur is famous for Baba Bullah Shah was a Punjabi Sufi poet, a humanist and philosopher.However,Kasur is also famous for its cosine,Spicy fish of Sh.Javed, Kasuri Falooda are of unique taste. Famous sweets include Andrassa and Sohan Halwa. Kasuri methi is also famous across the Pakistan.
The main crops in Kasur are wheat, corn, potato, sugar cane and turmeric. Turmeric fields of Changa Manga and Dhing Shah are unique agricultural features of Pakistan.
Coordinates: 31°07′01″N 74°27′01″E / 31.1170277778°N 74.4502222222°E / 31.1170277778; 74.4502222222
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Kathrian
Kathrian is a small village situated 36 km to the southwest of Rawalpindi City in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The main road is Chak Beli Khan Road. The link road which connects to it is Nakraalil/Bagh Sangrain Road M.G.
Coordinates: 33°24′24.94″N 73°04′47.50″E / 33.4069278°N 73.079861°E / 33.4069278; 73.079861
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Kauntrila
Kauntrila (sometimes spelled Kuntrila) (Urdu:کونتريله) is the name of a village and union council of Gujar Khan Tehsil in Rawalpindi District, Punjab, Pakistan.
It is situated in the south of Pothohar's capital Gujar Khan. Kauntrila was a big market in pre partition days, and was on the main walking route connecting Chakwal and Rawalpindi. Kauntrila is also an active Union Council of Gujar Khan. This town has a number of ancient type houses, one which is the tallest building called "Mari" means tall house in Pothohari language. This Mari was owned by a "Bakhshi" before partition who was a very rich man and trader of India. Kauntrila itself is a populated small town among few of old qasbas in Tehsil Gujar Khan. Rajputs of MOHRA MARI are prominent from this town. MOHRA MARI is adjascent to Kauntrila. This Rajput family is in politics since 1956 so their political role is visible in Rawalpindi DISTT. There is one Girls High School and one Boys Higher Secondary School in the main town.One Rural Health Centre is also working here. Play Grounds of Boys Higher Secondary School are the biggest in Rawalpindi Distt, so is a favourite place for Distt Games.
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Kharian
Kharian (Urdu: کھاریاں ) (Pronunciation: Khariah) is a city of Gujrat District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Kharian is the chief city of Kharian Tehsil, which administrates all of the numerous surrounding villages and towns of Greater Kharian.
Kharian is located almost midway between the Capital city of Pakistan, Islamabad (about 125 km) and provincial capital of Punjab, Lahore (about 145 km). The most northern parts of Greater Kharian lies in front of the beautiful foothills of the Himalaya mountains of Azad Kashmir.
Kharian is located on the Grand Trunk Road (colloquially known as the GT road). This is the road which connects Kharian, all the way from Bangladesh, through India across Pakistan and to Afghanistan. It was used during British Rule to transport goods across South Asia. The main railway line also passes through Kharian, thus providing good transportation to the northern and southern parts of Pakistan.
The closest major cities to Kharian are Jhelum (about 10 miles) and Gujrat (around 20 miles).
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Khasala Kalan
Khasala Kalan is a village of Rawalpindi District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at 33°26'24N 72°58'25E with an altitude of 370 metres (1217ft) and lies south of the district capital, Rawalpindi. A significant proportion of the population belong to the Maliar tribe.
Coordinates: 33°26′24″N 72°58′25″E / 33.44°N 72.97361°E / 33.44; 72.97361
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Khasala Khurd
Khasala Khurd is a village of Rawalpindi District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at 33°26'45N 72°58'23E with an altitude of 370 metres (1217ft) and lies south of the district capital, Rawalpindi.
Coordinates: 33°26′45″N 72°58′23″E / 33.44583°N 72.97306°E / 33.44583; 72.97306
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Khinger Kalan
Khinger Kalan is a small village located in Rawalpindi District in Pakistan. It is 34 km to the southwest of Rawalpindi in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Khinger Kalan is in the Union Council of Jhatta Hathial (UC-115). It islocated on the Chak Beli Khan Road, which links it to the Nakraalil/Bagh Sangrain Road. The village is named after the Khingar tribe, who make up the bulk of its population.
Coordinates: 33°24′46.22″N 73°05′41.75″E / 33.4128389°N 73.0949306°E / 33.4128389; 73.0949306
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Khinger Khurd
Khinger Khurd (Khurd: ) is a village located in Rawalpindi Tehsil of [[Rawalpindi District] in the Potohar region of Pakistan. It is located in N A 52 Pakistan. Its a beautiful village,specially mosque is very big and beautiful. All The population is Muslim . Crime rate is very low. The total population is about 1200 persons. There are two other [Khingar]] villages in tehsil Rawalpindi, Khinger Kalan and Khinger Ladian. There are also seventeen villages of the Khingar tribe in Gujar Khan Tehsil.Khingers villages are also located in District jehlum,and District Attock.Some villages of khinger are also found in India near bomboy. Khinger khurd is about 34 km to the southwest of Rawalpindi in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Khinger Khurd is located in the Union Council of Jhatta Hathial (UC-115). It is located on the right side of Chak Beli Khan Road when going to chak bali, Katarian village is adjacent to village khinger khurd. The neighbouring villages are Dudian, Piyal, Jhatta Hathial. The village named Khingeris tribe of Rajputs and the majority of the people belong to the Khingar tribe/Bhatti Rajput.Peoples of khinger khurd belong to the profession of Agriculture, service, business and some having poultry farms. Some of the peoples are highly qualified like, doctors, lawyers,engineers. some of the people have migrated to big cities,like Rawalpindi and Islamabad. A great number of peoples have migrated to foreign countries and working abroad especially in Gulf and Europe and remitting foreign exchange to their families living in Pakistan and helping pakistan.
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Khurram Colony
Khurram Colony is a neighborhood of Rawalpindi in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. Adjacent to the neighborhood of Muslim Town, Khurram Colony runs along the southern side of Haji Chowk to the Jahaz Ground Stop. Islamabad International Airport abuts the southern edge of the suburb. Vice Admiral Shahid Iqbal is a notable resident[citation needed].
Coordinates: 33°37′N 73°06′E / 33.617°N 73.1°E / 33.617; 73.1
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Khuzdar
Khuzdar or Khozdar (Balochi: خضدار) is a town located in Khuzdar District in Balochistan, Pakistan. Khuzdar is the capital of Khuzdar District, which was created on 1 March 1974. Previously, Khuzdar was part of Kalat District.
Khuzdar was the capital of the Brahui kingdom of Makran.
In the early 17th century it was part of the Jhalawan kingdom, but it soon fell under the Kingdom of Kalat, where it remained until a series of revolts during the reign of Khudadad Khan (1857-1893). By 1896, after Khudadad's death, the authority of Kalat was restored.
Under a treaty with Kalat, the British appointed a political agent at Khuzdar in 1903. British assistance continued until 1947, after which the area was acceded to Pakistan as part of the two nation theory and became a Democracy. When the Baluchistan States Union became Kalat Division, Khuzdar was established as the divisional headquarters. The divisional administration of Pakistan ended in 2000. Khuzdar was again established as the Divisional headquarters in June 2009 by the Pakistan Peoples Party Government.
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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pashto: خیبر پښتونخوا [xaiˈbər pəxtunˈxwɑ]; Urdu: خیبر پختونخوا [ˈxɛːbər pəxˈtuːnxwaː]), locally called Pukhtunkhwa, and formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province and various other names, is one of the four provinces of Pakistan, located in the north-west of the country. It borders Afghanistan to the north-west, Gilgit–Baltistan to the north-east, Azad Kashmir to the east, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) to the west and south, Balochistan to the south and Punjab and the Islamabad Capital Territory to the south-east. The main ethnic group in the province is the Pashtuns; other smaller ethnic groups include most notably the Hindkowanss, Gujjar's and Chitralis. The principal languages are Pashto (locally referred to as Pukhto) The provincial capital is Peshawar.
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa sits primarily on the Iranian plateau and comprises the junction where the slopes of the Hindu Kush mountains on the Eurasian plate give way to the Indus-watered hills approaching South Asia. This situation has led to seismic activity in the past. The famous Khyber Pass links the province to Afghanistan, while the Kohalla Bridge in Circle Bakote Abbottabad is a major crossing point over the Jhelum River in the east.
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Kohat
Kohat (Pashto: کوهاټ) is a medium sized town in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 33°35'13N 71°26'29E with an altitude of 489 metres (1607 feet) and is the capital of Kohat District. The town centres around a British-era fort, various bazaars, and a military cantonment. A British-built narrow gauge railway runs through the town. Kohat Pass is to the north.
The town of Kohat is situated on the left bank of the Kohat toi at a point where, after running nearly due east for 50 miles (80 km), is takes a turn to south. The total area of the district is 2,545 square kilometres (983 sq mi).[citation needed]
Before the partition there were only two high School in Kohat, Islima High School and Barathery High School.[citation needed]
http://www.kohatpressclub.n.nu
List of airports in Pakistan, Kohat Airbase
Much of the transport is privately operated within the city limits. There are also many buses that pass through the city via the Indus Highway. Most going to Peshawar and running between Bannu, D.I. Khan, Islamabad and rest of Pakistan. The railway line is operated between Kohat and Rawalpindi only.
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Kot Suleman
Kot Suleman (Urdu کو ٹ سيلمان ) is small part of village Dhoong near village Trati in Union Council Narali located in Gujar Khan Tehsil,District Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Kot Suleman is an historic town of Village Dhoong, Rawalpindi District. Kot Suleman is famous for its natural reserves of oil and natural gas.
Coordinates: 33°07′N 73°10′E / 33.117°N 73.167°E / 33.117; 73.167
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Kotli
Kotli (Urdu: کوٹلی, Pahari-Potohari/Hindko/Pashto: کوٹلی) or Cotly, as known in Britain, is the chief town of Kotli District, in the Pakistani-administered Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Kotli is linked with Mirpur by two metalled roads, one via Rajdhani, (90 km) and the other via Charhoi. It is also directly linked with Rawalakot via Trarkhal (82 km) and a double road which links Kotli with the rest of Pakistan via Sehnsa, another major town in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Kotli is roughly a three hours drive from Islamabad and Rawalpindi, at a distance of 117 km via Sehnsa.
As stated in History of the Punjab Hill States by J.Hutchinson and J.P. Vogel: "Kotli was founded about the fifteenth century by a branch of the royal family of Kashmir. Kotli and Poonch remained independent until subdued by Ranjit Singh in 1815 and 1819 respectively."
The royal family of Kashmir Hutchinson and Vogel are referring to is the family of Raja Mangar Pal. Before its name was Kohtali mean (under mountain) after that people changed its name to Kotli. Kotli was historically known as Kotli.
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Kotli Sattian Tehsil
Kotli Sattian is a tehsil (subdivision) of Rawalpindi District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Its name is derived from the mountain town of Kotli and the Satti tribe. Main tribes of the area include the Satti, Dhanyal and Jasgam.
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Kuri Dolal
Kuri Dolal (Urdu: كُرىدولال) is a town in Gujar Khan Tehsil, Punjab, Pakistan. Kuri Dolal is also the chief town of Union Council Kuri Dolal, which is an administrative subdivision of the Tehsil. Haji Muhammad Munir Janjua is the Nazim of Kuri Dolal. He is the brother of former Nazim Dr. Muhmmad Ilyas Janjua.
Coordinates: 33°23′N 73°16′E / 33.383°N 73.267°E / 33.383; 73.267
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Lahore
Lahore (Punjabi: لہور, Urdu: لاہور) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in the country. With a rich history dating back over a millennium, Lahore is a main cultural centre of Pakistan. One of the most densely populated cities in the world, Lahore remains an economic, political, transportation, entertainment, and educational hub.
Lahore successively served as regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th centuries the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh expansion in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. The traditional capital of Punjab for a thousand years, Lahore was the cultural center of the northern Indian subcontinent which extends from the eastern banks of the Indus River to New Delhi. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are tourist attractions. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Indo-Saracenic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office, Lahore Museum and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. The Lahore Zoo, thought to be the fourth oldest in the world, is also situated here.
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Lahore Fort
Coordinates: 31°35′25″N 74°18′35″E / 31.59028°N 74.30972°E / 31.59028; 74.30972
The Lahore Fort, locally referred to as Shahi Qila (Punjabi, Urdu: شاہی قلعہ) is citadel of the city of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It is located in the northwestern corner of the Walled City of Lahore. The trapezoidal composition is spread over 20 hectares.
Origins of the fort go as far back as antiquity, however, the existing base structure was built during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar between 1556–1605 and was regularly upgraded by subsequent Mughal, Sikh and British rulers.It has two gates one is known as Alamgiri Gate build by Emperor Aurangzeb which opens towards Badshahi Mosque and other older one known as Maseeti (Punjabi language word means of Masjid) or Masjidi Gate which open towards Masti Gate Area of Walled City and was built by Emperor Akbar. Currently Alamgiri Gate is used as the principal entrance while Masti Gate is permanently closed .The fort manifests the rich traditions of Mughal architecture. Some of the famous sites inside the fort include: Sheesh Mahal, Alamgiri Gate, Naulakha pavilion, and Moti Masjid. In 1981, the fort was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with the Shalimar Gardens (Lahore).
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Larkana
Coordinates: 27°33′36″N 68°13′35″E / 27.56°N 68.22639°E / 27.56; 68.22639
Larkana or Larkano (Urdu:لاڑکانہ [laːɽkaːnaː], Sindhi: لاڙڪاڻو [laːɽkaːnoː]1901) is the fourth largest city in the north-western part of Sindh Province, Pakistan, and is located within Larkana District.The old name of larkano is chandka which was changed in 1901. In August 2000 Larkana celebrated its hundred years of existence. It is located on the south bank of the Ghar canal, 40 miles south of Shikarpur town, and 36 miles north-east of Mehar.
During British rule Larkana became the headquarters of Larkana District and Larkana Taluka, and for a time was part of the Bombay Presidency of British India. The city lay on the route of the North-Western Railway, and the population according to the 1901 census of India was 14,543. The name was taken from the Larik (caste) as Larkana, at that time the chief of the caste was Sardar Saeed Nawaz Larik.
The Imperial Gazetteer of India describes the town as follows:
Chandka Medical College (CMC), a gift from former Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto for the people of Sindh, was inaugurated on 20th April, 1973 as 4th medical college of the Sindh. First Batch of 150 students was admitted in 1973. It was necessary to provide accommodation (hostels) to the students for which Polytechnic Institute Elementary Teachers Training College and Nursing hostel were utilized for boys & girls respectively. Second Batch of 250 students was admitted in 1974. due to shortage of accommodation as a result of increasing number of admissions, one, four story, girls hostel & two boys hostels were constructed,. Now it has six boys hostels and two girls which can accommodates about 1100 students.
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Lohi Bher
Lohi Bher is a populated place in Rawalpindi District in Punjab, Pakistan. It has a beautiful park named as Lohi Bher Wildlife Park.
Coordinates: 33°35′N 73°10′E / 33.583°N 73.167°E / 33.583; 73.167
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London
London
i/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is the world's leading financial centre alongside New York City and has the fifth-largest city GDP in the world (and the largest in Europe). London has been described as a world cultural capital. It was the world's most visited city during 2011 and London Heathrow is the world's busiest airport by number of international passengers. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. In 2012 London will become the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.
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Makli Hill
One of the largest necropolises in the world, with a diameter of approximately 8km. Makli Hill is supposed to be the burial place of some 125,000 local rulers, Sufi saints and others. It is located on the outskirts of Thatta, the capital of lower Sind until the seventeenth century, in what is the southeastern province of present-day Pakistan. It was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1981 under the name, Historical Monuments of Thatta.
Legends abound about its inception, but it is generally believed that the cemetery grew around the shrine of the fourteenth-century Sufi, Hamad Jamali. The tombs and gravestones spread over the cemetery are material documents marking the social and political history of Sind.
The impressive imperial mausoleums are divided into two major groups, those from the Samma (1352–1520) and Tarkhan (1556–1592) period. In total four historical periods are represented architecturally, namely the Sama period, the Arghun, the Tarkhan and the Mughals. The tomb of the Samma King, Jam Nizamuddin II (reigned 1461–1509), is an impressive square structure built of sandstone and decorated with floral and geometric medallions. Similar to this is the mausoleum of Isa Khan Tarkhan II (d. 1651), a two-story stone building with majestic cupolas and balconies. In contrast to the synthetic architecture of these two monuments, which integrate Hindu and Islamic motifs, are mausoleums that clearly show the Central Asian roots of the later dynasty. An example is the tomb of Jan Beg Tarkhan (d. 1600), a typical octagonal brick structure whose dome is covered in blue and turquoise glazed tiles. Pavilion or canopy tombs are another typical architectural feature, as well as enclosure tombs. Today, Makli Hill is a United Nations World Heritage Site that is visited by both pilgrims and tourists, but in strong need of conservation and maintenance. The 2010 flooding's added to the deterioration of the site.
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Mandrah
Mandrah (Urdu: مندره) is a town in Gujar Khan Tehsil, Punjab, Pakistan. Mandrah is also chief town of Union Council Mandrah which is an administrative subdivision of the Tehsil.
The historic Grand Trunk Road passes through the centre of the Mandrah town. Tere is main road linke to Chakwal, Khushab and Sargodha from Mandrah.
Mandrah Railway Station its on the main Peshawar to Karachi railway line. It is situated 40 kilometers from Rawalpindi. Mandrah is railway junction where the train goes to Chakwal.
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Manghot
Manghot (Urdu: منگھوٹ) is a town which is located in Tehsial Gujar khan disst rawalpindi pakistan. Kiyani is a major caste there.
Coordinates: 33°17′N 73°07′E / 33.283°N 73.117°E / 33.283; 73.117
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Mankiala
Mankiala (also known as Manikyala and Manikiyala) is a village in the Potohar plateau, Punjab near Rawalpindi which is known for its Buddhist stupa. It is located some 50 km from Islamabad, beyond Rawat Fort.
The name Mankiala is said to be derived from Raja Man or Manik.
Mankiala Stupa is a Gandhara era stupa built to memorialize the place where, according to legend, Buddha sacrificed some of his body parts to feed seven hungry tiger cubs.
It was built in the reign of Kanishka (128-151 AD). Mountstuart Elphinstone, the first British emissary to Afghanistan chanced upon this stupa in 1808 AD and penned a detailed account in his memoir 'Kingdom of Caubul' (1815). According to an inscription on a stone the stupa was restored in 1891 by a regiment of the British. Raja Usman was architect.
"The relic deposit was found [in 1830] in a 'box of iron' (not preserved) within a sealed central relic chamber 33 ft below the top of the stupa dome. The ring was inside the gold reliquary 1848,6.2.5, together with a piece of stone (ruby?) 1848.6.2.5b, a gold Kushan coin of Huvishka (AD153-191) (CM 1847.12.1.258) and silver coins of Tigin (c. AD 696) (CM 0526; 1894.5.6.1271), Abdullah b. Hasim (AH 66/AD685) (CM BMC 171), Yasovarman (AD 680-95) (CM 1847.12.1.450/OR5202) and Rana Vigraha (c. 7th-8th century)."
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Mankiala Brahmanan
Mankiala (Urdu: مانكياله) is a town in Gujar Khan Tehsil, Punjab, Pakistan. Mankiala is also chief town of Union Council Mankiala which is an administrative subdivision of the Tehsil.
Situated at height and has a vast agricultural area adjacent to the village. Snow white Himalaya peaks can be viewed from lush green wheat fields in the month of February and March as sun shines on these ice caped mountains. Wind is blowing for the most of spring season. Temperatures go up to 48 degree Celsius and drop in winter to -2 degree Celsius. It has one high school for boys in the East & one girls high School in center of village where there used to be a pond of rain water before.
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Mansehra
Mansehra (Hindko/Urdu: مانسہرہ) city is located at 34°20′N 73°12′E / 34.333°N 73.2°E / 34.333; 73.2Coordinates: 34°20′N 73°12′E / 34.333°N 73.2°E / 34.333; 73.2 in Mansehra District, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is very near to Abbottabad city. It is a major stop for tourists on the Karakoram Highway which leads to China. It is also a major transit point to the northern areas and locations such as the Kaghan Valley, Naran, Shogran, Lake Saiful Mulook and Babusar Top.
The area of Mansehra has been under the rule of various emperors and governments, including Alexander the Great, Ashoka the Great, the Turks and the British Empire.
Alexander the Great conquered and established his rule over a large part of northern India, including the Mansehra area. In the year 327 B.C. Alexander handed the area over to the Indian king Abisares.
During the Maurya dynasty, Mansehra was a part of Taxila. Ashoka the Great was the governor of this area when he was a prince. After the death of his father, the Mauryan emperor Bindusara, Ashoka ascended to the throne around 272 B.C. and made this area one of the major seats of his government. The Edicts of Ashoka inscribed on three large boulders on the side of a rocky outcrop near Mansehra serve as evidence of his rule here. The Mansehra rocks record fourteen of Ashoka's edicts, presenting aspects of the emperor's dharma or righteous law, and represent the earliest irrefutable evidence of writing in South Asia. Dating to middle of the third century BC, they are written from right to left in the Kharosthi script.
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Manyakheta
Manyakheta (Mānyakheṭa, Prakrit Mannakheḍa, modern Malkhed) on the banks of Kagina River in Gulbarga district, Karnataka state was the capital of Rashtrakutas from (818- 982). It is 40 km from Gulbarga city. The capital was moved from Mayurkhandi in Bidar district to Mānyakheṭa during the rule of Amoghavarsha I. After the fall of the Rāṣṭrakūṭas, it remained the capital of their successors, the Kalyani Chalukyas or Western Chalukyas till about 1050 CE. According to Dhanapāla's Pāiyalacchi, the city was sacked by the Paramāra king Harṣa Sīyaka in CE 972-73, the year he completed that work.
Malkhed is home to two ancient institutions.
The famous Mahapurana (Adipurana and Uttarapurana) was composed here by Acharya Jinasena and his pupil Gunabhadra in 9th century. Somodeva Suri’s Yasastilaka Champu was written here. The mathematics text Ganita Saara Sangraha was written here by Mahaviracharya.
The famous Apabhramsha poet Pushapadanta lived here.
The present day Malkhed is the home to one of the biggest cement factories by name Rajashree Cements owned by the Aditya Birla Group. The village is now developing into a business centre for food grains, dairy and livestock trading . Malkhed has got the biggest livestock trading centre in the entire region.The main crops grown here are mostly rainfed crops like different varieties of pulses Toor, Moong, Udidth, etc. Though water is plenty, it is rarely utilised for agriculture.The masonry here in Malkhed is basically stone masonry and the thatching of the roofs are done by square blocks of stone which are placed in a slanting way so that the rain water gets easily drained off.
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Mardan
Mardan (Pukhto: مردان), known as The city of hospitality, is a city and headquarters of Mardan District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. It is the de facto headquarters of the Yousafzai tribe and the second most populous city in the province, located at 34°12'0N 72°1'60E and an altitude of 283 metres (928 ft) in the south west of the district. Mardan is a federation of a number of small towns coming together to form a large city.
Mardan valley was part of the ancient Gandhara civilization but at that time the name Mardan and Mardan City was not constructed, instead Gandhara civilization consisted of small sub-kingdoms at the hill tops of Jamal Garhi, Shahbaz Garhi and Thakhat Bahi. The ruins of these cities still exist. Mardan City foundation was laid down by Saint Ali Mardan Shah (nickname Madai-Baba) in about in 11th - 12th century A.D. His shrine is at Jalala. His son Zamin Shah Baba was also a saint, buried in Mardan Cantt. Most of its land is agricultural.[citation needed] It has one of the world's best irrigation systems,[citation needed] which was laid down in 1934 from the Swat River through Jabban Hydel Power Station, during the British Raj between 1857 and 1947. There are still remains of the Gandhara civilization, scattered in different areas of Mardan.[citation needed]
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Margalla Hills
The Margalla Hills—also called Margalla Mountain Range are also a part of lesser Himalayas located north of Islamabad. Margalla Range has an area of 12,605 hectares.The hills are a part of Murree hills.It is a range with many valleys as well as high mountains.
The hill range nestles between an elevation of 685 meters at the western end and 1,604 meters on its east with average height of 1000 meters. Its highest peak is Tilla Charouni.The range gets snowfall in winters.
On 6th January 2012, after almost six years, Pir Sohawa, the city’s highest tourist spot, received few inches of snowfall.
Two different legends describe the origin of the word 'Margalla'. According to the first legend, these hills have always been known as an abode of snakes. Mar means 'snake' in Persian, Pashto and galla means 'herd', therefore Margalla means a place with a lot of snakes.
According to the second legend, the word 'Margalla' was derived from Mar Galla, meaning 'to strangulate'.[citation needed]Mar means 'hit' and Galla means 'neck'. It is believed that there were lots of bandits and robbers who used these hills as a sanctuary and would strangle travelers in order to rob them.[citation needed]
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Matore
Matore is a village, surrounded by hills, in the heart of Kahuta Tehsil a subdivision of Rawalpindi District, in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at 33°32′N 73°29′E / 33.533°N 73.483°E / 33.533; 73.483 and has an altitude of 778 metres (2555 feet), it is a beautiful valley surrounded by small green hills. It has a big rain water pond called by the locals as "Badda".
The population is approximately seven thousand. The climate is moderate and the land is Arid so crops depend upon rain. Matore has all the basic facilities including electricity, water, post office and telephone, a Government High school (Boys & Girls) and a basic health unit. A secondary model school (Boys & Girls) and a hospital provided by Fauji Foundation Trust (Army Trust) inaugurated by Lt. General (R) Ahmad Jamal Khan (the then M.D.Fauji Foundation). Lt. General (R) Ahmad Kamal Khan (brother of Late Lt. General Ahmad Jamal Khan) has served Pakistan Army as Vice COAS.
The main occupation of its residents is serving in Armed forces and government institutions. Minority works overseas and takes agriculture as a livelihood. Although, agriculture was the main occupation few years ago. A well known and well reputed personality of Pakistan, Senator Raja Muhammad Zafar ul Haq (Chairman Pakistan Muslim League - N and Secretary General of Motamar Al Alam Al Islami and former Federal Minister) belongs to village Matore. Raja Muhammad Ali, Advocate (son of Raja Muhammad Zafar ul Haq) also served as Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab (2002–2007). There are two Generals currently serving in the Pakistan Army (in 2010), namely Lt General Khalid Nawaz and Major General Zaheer ul Islam.
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Matwa
Matwa (Urdu: مطوعه) is a town in Gujar Khan Tehsil, Punjab, Pakistan. Matwa is also chief town of Union councils Matwa which is an administrative subdivision of the Tehsil.
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Mehrgarh
Mehrgarh (Brahui: Mehrgaŕh, Urdu: مہرگڑھ), one of the most important Neolithic (7000 BCE to c. 2500 BCE) sites in archaeology, lies on the "Kachi plain" of now Balochistan, Pakistan. It is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming (wheat and barley) and herding (cattle, sheep and goats) in South Asia."
Mehrgarh is located near the Bolan Pass, to the west of the Indus River valley and between the now Pakistani cities of Quetta, Kalat and Sibi. The site was discovered in 1974 by an archaeological team directed by French archaeologist Jean-François Jarrige, and was excavated continuously between 1974 and 1986, and again from 1997 to 2000. The earliest settlement at Mehrgarh—in the northeast corner of the 495-acre (2.00 km2) site—was a small farming village dated between 7000 BCE to 5500 BCE and the whole area covers a number of successive settlements. Archaeological material has been found in six mounds, and about 32,000 artifacts have been collected.
Early Mehrgarh residents lived in mud brick houses, stored their grain in granaries, fashioned tools with local copper ore, and lined their large basket containers with bitumen. They cultivated six-row barley, einkorn and emmer wheat, jujubes and dates, and herded sheep, goats and cattle. Residents of the later period (5500 BCE to 2600 BCE) put much effort into crafts, including flint knapping, tanning, bead production, and metal working. The site was occupied continuously until about 2600 BCE. Mehrgarh is probably the earliest known center of agriculture in South Asia.
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Mianwali
Mianwali (Punjabi, Urdu: میانوالی) is the capital city of Mianwali District and situated in the north-west of Punjab province, Pakistan. The city is located on the eastern bank of the Indus River. Thal canal traverses the city and makes the surroundings a picturesque place.
According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, the Mianwali city had a population of 85,000 inhabitants.[citation needed]
In November 1901, present day towns of Mianwali, Bhakkar, Isa Khel, Kalabagh, and Kundian were separated from Bannu District and hence a new district named as Mianwali District was created with the headquarters in Mianwali city. The municipal committee was founded in December 1903 and has remained operational since then.
The city has a FM Radio Station (FM 93), municipal library now called Professor Muhammad Feroz Shah Library, sports complex, and hockey stadium. There are several educational institutions from elementary to post-graduate level. .
The city has an airport built near the old World War II aerodrome and known as PAF Base Mianwali. It is one of the major operational bases of the country. The No.1 Fighter Conversion Unit of the PAF is stationed here.
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Mohra Muradu
Mohra Muradu (Urdu: موہرا مرادو) is the place of an ancient Buddhist stupa and monastery near the ruins of Taxila, in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The ancient monastery is located in a valley and offers a beautiful view of the surrounding mountains. The monks could meditate in all stillness at this place but were near enough to the city of Sirsukh to go for begging as it is only around 1.5 km away.
The city was built in the 2nd century CE and renovated in the 5th century. Thus it belongs to the Kushan age.
The ruins consist of three distinct parts, which include the main stupa, a votive stupa and the monastery and have been included in the world heritage list of the UNESCO since 1980 under Taxila.
The ruins of Mohra Muradu were excavated under the supervision of Sir John Marshall by Abdul Qadir in 1914-1915. They consist of a buddhistic monastery and two stupas. The main stupa is built on a foundation more than 4.75 meters high. The smaller, votive, stupa lies behind the bigger one.
The monastery consists of 27 rooms for the students and the teachers built around a courtyard with a pool. The large, square shaped pool contained water for ritual washings and was about half a metre deep. Stairs to the pool were present on all sides. The monastery also contained a kitchen and a well for water that still functions today. The rain water was collected into the pool from the roof of the monastery over wooden extensions. Statues of Buddha are found abundantly in the courtyard and the rooms for the students. An assembly hall is also present in one corner of the monastery.
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Mohra Noori
Mohra Noori (Urdu: موهڑه نورى) is a town in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab province, Pakistan.
Mohra Nooris is also the principal town of Mohra Noori Union council which is one of the 33 Union Councils (i.e. subdivisions) of Gujar Khan Tehsil.
Raja Muhammad Javed Ikhlas.
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Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire, Shahan-e-Gurkhani, Shahan-e-Mughal, Sultanate-e-Mughliya, Daulat-e-Mughliya (Persian: شاهان گورکانی Shāhān-e Gūrkānī; Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت; self-designation: گوركانى Gūrkānī ), or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperial power from the Indian Subcontinent. The Mughal emperors were direct descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan and Timur. The Mughal Empire began in 1526; at the height of their power in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they controlled most of the Indian Subcontinent—extending from Bengal in the east to Balochistan in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri basin in the south. According to "Babur-Nama", Kazakh tribal aristocracy along with number of other Turkic soldiers participated actively in the campaign of Babur, which made great influence over the development of Mughal Empire. Its population at that time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million, over a territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles).
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Multan
Multan (Saraiki, Punjabi, Urdu: : مُلتان pronunciation (help·info)), is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan.According to area its 3rd largest city of Pakistan,but according to population its on 5th number. It is located in the southern part of the province on the east bank of the Chenab River, more or less in the geographic centre of the country and about 562 km (349 mi) from Islamabad, 356 km (221 mi) from Lahore and 966 km (600 mi) from Karachi. Multan District has a population of 3.1 million (1998).
Multan is known as the City of Sufis or City of Saints and Madinah-Tul-Awleyah due to the large number of shrines and Sufi saints from the city. According to area its 3rd largest city of Pakistan,but according to population its on 3rd number. The city is full of bazaars, mosques, shrines and ornate tombs. Multan is also the birthplace of Fariduddin Ganjshakar popularly known as Baba Farid who is considered a father of Punjabi language and one of the pioneers in developing Shahmukhī script of Punjabi language which was later adopted by almost all Muslim saints and intellectuals in Punjab region and even in whole of India. Celebrated sufi saint of Punjab and North India Khwaja Ghulam Farid also adopted Shahmukhī script of Punjabi language to convey his teachings.Multan is located in a bend created by five rivers of central Pakistan. The Sutlej River separates it from Bahawalpur and the Chenab River from Muzaffar Garh. The city has grown to become an influential political and economical center for the country, with a dry port and excellent transport links. Multan is famous for its crops: wheat, cotton and sugar cane as well as mangoes, citrus, guavas and pomegranates.
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Murree
Murree (Punjabi, Urdu: مری) is a hill station and summer resort and the administrative centre of Murree Tehsil, which is a subdivision of Rawalpindi District and includes the Murree Hills.
Murree was the summer capital of the British Raj in the Punjab Province (British India). A popular tourist destination, Murree is often referred to as the "Queen of Hills," a term coined by the British. Located in the north-west Himalayas at an average altitude of 2,291 metres (7,516 ft), the city of Murree, draped in forests of pine, and oak, experiences pleasant summers and cold, snowy winters. The city is famous for its buildings styled in tudorbethan and neo-gothic architecture dating from the colonial era.
Murree is located along the Islamabad-Murree Highway, some 58.3 km (36.2 mi) northeast of Islamabad.
The name Murree is derived from 'marhi', "high place",
Murree was developed in 1851 by the (then) President of the Punjab Administrative Board, Sir Henry Lawrence, and was originally established for the British troops garrisoned on the Afghan frontier as a sanatorium. Officially, the municipality was created in 1850.
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Murree Tehsil
Murree Tehsil (Urdu: تحصیل مری) is one of the seven Tehsils (i.e sub-divisions) of Rawalpindi District in the Punjab province of Pakistan.
Murree Tehsil is located in the northernmost part of Punjab province where it borders the North West Frontier Province. The hill resort city of Murree is the capital city of this area.
Murree Tehsil is divided into 15 Union Councils these are:.
Note: The UC prefix is used for administration purposes as Rawalpindi District has a total of 90 Union Councils.
The British Raj quickened the pulse of the district when it took control of the Murree Hills, but the quiet routine of the ordinary hillman was never seriously interrupted or changed. During the Raj, the hills and valleys of Murree had denser forests than today. It even had a variety of wildlife. It is difficult to say when, where and how the first human dwelling started on Murree hills. From the layman’s point of view, it happened roughly a thousand years back. This assumption is based upon the study of old graves and centuries-old plants found growing in the vicinity. The construction and style of graves and the direction in which they are made also help in determining their age.
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Mussiari
Mussiari is a village and union council of Murree Tehsil in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab, Pakistan.
It is located in the south central area of the tehsil to the south of Murree. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan it had a population of 9,945.
The major tribes of the Union Council include the Behramals and the Parhals with such distribution that the village Musirai which located in south of Murree city houses the parhals along with the villages of Mohra, Batnara and Paghaan (in south of Jhika Gali), whilst the villages of Bara Hoter, Sambal Bia, Phaphril, Ghora and Saen are inhabited by behramals. The Union Council has a scenic beauty of a dale, as the River Soan bisects the two population hubs. There are behramal majority areas in the east of the river and parhal majority areas in the west of the river.
The literacy rate in Union Council Musiari is substantial, and the rate is quite healthy in girls too. One High School for Boys ,located in the village of Phaphirl, is meeting the education needs of the populace , it does not suffice albeit. The growing population of the area demand a Higher Secondary School and the existing School needs to be upgraded for the purpose. There are a number of middle and primary schools for boys ang girls in the area, but a girls high school is still a remote possibility that eludes the desirous population for decades. The affluent parents prefer sending their children to better English medium schools in the Murre City. The road net has substantially increased with the construction of Murree-Islamabad expressway. However, the remote areas still roost in the dilapidated road conditions that aggravate each year owing to flashing monsoons.
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Muzaffarabad
Muzaffarabad (Urdu: مظفر آباد, Pahari, Potwari, on mountain there are sexy girl
The residents of Muzaffarabad are a highly literate and business orientated class maintaining close ties with the financial capitals of Northern Pakistan, primarily Rawalpindi and the KPK. Muzaffarabad is a prime destination for further and higher education for the youth of Azad Kashmir and also produces the elite class of Azad Kashmir such as doctors, lawyers and businessmen. Rawalpindi is also a prime destination for further education and training.
An interesting point to note is that the entrance to the Kashmir valley faces northwards and passes westwardly through Neelum and down towards Muzaffarabad, where trade had flourished prior to the Kashmir dispute between the valley and Azad Kashmir.
Muzaffarabad is situated at the confluence of the Jhelum and Neelum rivers. The city is 138 kilometres from Rawalpindi and Islamabad and about 76 kilometres from Abbottabad. Muzaffarabad city is connected to Islamabad by a motorway, increasing trade between the mainland and the autonomous region. Cradled by lofty mountains, Muzaffarabad reflects a blend of various cultures and languages. The main language is a form of potohari and Pahari. The Neelum river plays a dominant role in the microclimate of Muzaffarabad which joins Jehlum River near Domail.
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Nagarjunakonda
Nagarjunakonda (meaning Nagarjuna Hill in Telugu: నాగార్జునకొండ) is a historical Buddhist town, now an island located near Nagarjuna Sagar in Nalgonda district, in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is 150 km south east of the capital, Hyderabad. It was formed when a hill was submerged in the waters of the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, constructed in the 1960s. It is one of India's richest Buddhist sites, known in the ancient times as Sri Parvata. It now lies almost entirely under the Nagarjunasagar Dam. It is named after Nagarjuna, a southern Indian master of Mahayana Buddhism who lived in the 2nd century AD, who is believed to have been responsible for the Buddhist activity in the area. The site was once the location of many Buddhist universities and monasteries, attracting students from as far as China, Gandhara, Bengal and Sri Lanka. The Buddhist archaeological sites there were submerged, and had to later be dug up and transferred to higher land on the hill, which had become an island.
The settlement of Nagarjunakonda (also Nāgārjunikoṇḍa) was the capital of the Ikshvaku dynasty (225 AD - 325 AD), the successors of the Satavahanas in the eastern Deccan. It is believed that Sadvaha authorised the first monastic construction there during his reign.
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Nalanda
Nālandā was an ancient center of higher learning in Bihar, India. The site of Nalanda is located in the Indian state of Bihar, about 88 kilometers south east of Patna, and was a Buddhist center of learning from the fifth or sixth century CE to 1197 CE. It has been called "one of the first great universities in recorded history". Nalanda flourished between the reign of the Śakrāditya (whose identity is uncertain and who might have been either Kumara Gupta I or Kumara Gupta II) and 1197 CE, supported by patronage from the Hindu Gupta rulers as well as Buddhist emperors like Harsha and later emperors from the Pala Empire.
The complex was built with red bricks and its ruins occupy an area of 14 hectares. At its peak, the university attracted scholars and students from as far away as Tibet, China, Greece, and Persia. Nalanda was ransacked and destroyed by Turkic Muslim invaders under Bakhtiyar Khilji in 1193. The great library of Nalanda University was so vast that it is reported to have burned for three months after the invaders set fire to it, ransacked and destroyed the monasteries, and drove the monks from the site. In 2006, Singapore, China, India, Japan, and other nations, announced a proposed plan to restore and revive the ancient site as Nalanda International University.
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Narali
Narali (Urdu: نڑالى, Alternate spellings: Nirali) is one of the oldest & largest towns of Tehsil Gujar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. Narali used to be the hub of trade before partition.It had a large Hindu population that dominated the trade circle.It still has a number of remains & ruins of Hindu culture & temples.It is culturally richer than the adjoining villages. Narali enjoys a very important position because it has union council office, patwarkhana, health centre and a post office.
Narali Union Council consists of the following villages:
Coordinates: 33°07′N 73°10′E / 33.117°N 73.167°E / 33.117; 73.167
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Nawabshah
Nawabshah (Sindhi: نوابشاهه), or Shaheed Benazirabad, is a district in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is headquarter of Shaheed Benazir Abad District (formerly Nawabshah District). It has a population of 1,135,131.
By road it is a 4 hour drive from Karachi on the National Highway, Sakrand along the left bank of River Indus near Sakrand Taluka, Pakistan.
Nawabshah formerly formed part of Sukkur division. The deputy commissioner is responsible for overall administration of the District. Nawabshah is furthermore sub-divided into 4 Talukas:
Nawabshah is famous for sugarcane, mango and banana production. The climate is usually very hot and dry, with summer temperatures soaring as high as 53 degrees Celsius. Winters start late, around mid-November, lasting to around mid-February, with night-time temperatures often reaching 4 degrees Ccelsius. Temperatures below zero are very rare. The city is one of Pakistan's hottest areas.
The highest temperatures each year in Pakistan, typically rising to above 50 °C (122 °F), are usually recorded in Nawabshah District and Sibbi from May to August. The climate is generally dry and hot, but sometimes the temperature falls to 0 °C (32 °F). On January 7, 2011 temperatures dropped to 4 °C (39 °F) in the city.
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Noordolal
Noordolal or Noor Dolal is one of the oldest villages of Gujar Khan Tehsil, of the Rawalpindi District, Punjab, Pakistan. It was once a main shopping and activity centre of the local area having grocery shops, crockery shops, goldsmith shops, a Jama Masjid or Friday Mosque, one each boys and girls schools, and a post office.
Noordolal is the main village with minor villages in its territory including Dhoke Qureshian, Dhoke Aarra, Dhoke Gumti, Dhoke Gurrah, Dhoke Mir Afzal Shaheed, and Bunamera (Dhoke Major).
There is a girls elementary school in Dhoke Qureshian (Dhoke Lamian), with land for the school having been donated by Babu Waris Ali Qureshi and Babu Dost Muhammad Qureshi. The Basic Health Unit for the Union Council Kuri Dolal is also located in this village at Ghousia Chowk (Ghousia Square) on land donated by Fazal Din Qureshi of Dhokeb Aarra. Ghousia Chowk is also the main shopping centre of Noordolal.
Coordinates: 33°23′N 73°18′E / 33.383°N 73.3°E / 33.383; 73.3
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Numbal
Numbal is a village and union council of Murree Tehsil in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab, Pakistan.
It is located in the south central area of the tehsil to the south of Murree. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan it had a population of 11,547.
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Oxford
Oxfordi/ˈɒksfəd/ is a city in central southern England, the home of the University of Oxford. The city is the county town of Oxfordshire, and forms a district within the county. It has a population of just under 165,000, of whom 153,900 live within the district boundary. It lies about 50 miles (80 km) north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames (also sometimes known as the Isis locally) run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre.
Oxford has a diverse economic base. Its industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing and a large number of information technology and science-based businesses.
Buildings in Oxford demonstrate an example of every English architectural period since the arrival of the Saxons, including the iconic, mid-18th century Radcliffe Camera. Oxford is known as the "city of dreaming spires", a term coined by poet Matthew Arnold in reference to the harmonious architecture of Oxford's university buildings. The University of Oxford is the oldest university in the English-speaking world.
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Pakistan
Pakistan (
i/ˈpækɨstæn/ or i/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
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Panjar
Panjar is a village of Rawalpindi District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located at 33°39'0N 73°31'0E with an altitude of 795 metres (2611 feet).
The village and sarounding hamlets in the Kahuta hills are inhabited the Jasgam or Jaskham tribe.
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Pataliputra
Pāṭaliputra (Devanagari: पाटलिपुत्र), modern-day Patna, was a city in ancient India, originally built by Ajatashatru in 490 BC as a small fort (Pāṭaligrama) near the River Ganges, and later the capital of the ancient Mahājanapadas kingdom of Magadha. Its key central location in north central India led rulers of successive dynasties to base their administrative capital here, from the Nandas, Mauryans, Sungas and the Guptas down to the Palas. In the Lord Buddha's day it was a village known as Pataligrama. He visited it shortly before his death and prophesied it would be great but would face destruction either by fire, water, or civil war.[citation needed] Two important councils were held here, the first at the death of the Buddha and the second in the reign of Asoka. During the reign of Emperor Asoka in the 3rd century BCE, it was one of the world's largest cities, with a population of 150,000-300,000.[citation needed] Pataliputra reached the pinnacle of prosperity when it was the capital of the great Mauryan Emperors, Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka the Great. The city prospered under the Mauryas and a Greek ambassador Megasthenes resided there and left a detailed account of its splendour. The city also became a flourishing Buddhist centre boasting a number of important monasteries. It remained the capital of the Gupta dynasty (3rd–6th centuries CE) and the Pala Dynasty (8th-12th centuries CE). The city was largely in ruins when visited by Hsüan-tsang, and suffered further damage at the hands of Muslim raiders in the 12th century. Afterwards Sher Shah Suri made Pataliputra his capital and changed the name to modern Patna.
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Peshawar
Peshawar (Pashto: پېښور Pēx̌awar; Hindko: پيشور Pishōr; Urdu: پشاور Pishāwar; Persian: پیشاور P īshāwar; pronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (formerly known as NWFP), and the administrative centre and central economic hub for the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan. Peshawar is situated in a large valley near the eastern end of the Khyber Pass. Known as "City on the Frontier", Peshawar's strategic location on the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia has made it one of the most culturally vibrant and lively cities in the greater region. Peshawar is irrigated by various canals of the Kabul River and by its right tributary, the Bara River.
Peshawar has evolved into one of Pakistan's most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities. In the last three decades, there has been a significant increase in urban population, in part due to internal migration of people in search of better employment opportunities, education, and services, and in part because of the influx of Afghan refugees and other people displaced by military operations and civil unrest in neighboring regions. Peshawar is the major educational, political and business center of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
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Phagwari
Phagwari is a village and union council of Murree Tehsil in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab, Pakistan. It is located at 33°58'60N 73°30'0E in the north-west of the tehsil, it is bounded to the north by Dewal, to the west by Rawat, to the south by Potha Sharif and to the east by Kashmir. Two businessmen of the areas owns two Urdu Language newspapers. Mahtab Khan is founder editor of Daily Ausaf and daily Azkar edited by property mogul Ilmas Abbasi.
Haq Nawaz Abbasi, Haji Kabir Abbasi, Pir Gulfraz Abbasi, Muzaffar Mahmood Abbasi, former Chairman UC Munir Ahmed Abbasi, traders' leader Raj Abbasi and Wazir Ahmed Abbasi_are among some of noted personalities of the area.
Coordinates: 33°57′0″N 73°21′7″E / 33.95°N 73.35194°E / 33.95; 73.35194
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Pindbala
PINDBALA is situated 50 km south of Rawalpindi on Chakwal Road and it lies in between Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Chakwal and Jhelum. Pindbala is beautiful village under the lush green fields. Pindbale is a village of "Land Of Martyrs" Gujar Khan. Here mostly people belongs to Pakistan Arm Forces and Police. Main Crop of Pindbala is Wheat, Maiz, Mustard and Peanuts. People are very nice and loving.
Pindbala has produced many prominent figures like :
- Major General (Retd.) Zaheer Ahmad Kayani - Col. (Retd.) Sher Jang Khan Kayani (Late) - Lt. Col. (Retd.) Anwar Iqbal Kayani - Major (Retd.) Raja Sher Ali Khan Kayani (Late) - Major Usman Anwar Kayani - Inspector Raja Gultaj Kayani (Shaheed) Sindh Police - Inspector (Retd.) Raja Dawood Kayani Sindh Police - Inspector (Retd.) Raja Afzal Kayani Punjab Police - Secretary General Pakistan Ghakkar Federation Raja Khalid Mahmood Kayani
People of Pindbala are living in various cities and towns throughout the country. Like Isalamabad, Rawapindi, Gujar Khan, Taxila, Wah Cantt, Lahore, Karachi ,Peshawar , Quetta , Jhehlum etc. Similarly they found in many countries as well like England , Norway , Ireland , United States , Portugal , Russia , Greece , Italy , UAE, Saudia Arabia , Oman and others.
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Pir Wadhai
Pir Wadhai, is a town in Rawalpindi District, Pakistan. Pir Wadhai has a population of around 100,000, which includes a majority of Paharias Pothoharis and Pathans and a minority of Punjabis, Kashmiris and others.
In March 2009 nine people were killed in a suicide attack at the bus station.
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Potha Sharif
First School(English medium)of this village:- Malik Suraj Public School Potha Sharif Murree
Potha Sharif is a village and union council of Murree Tehsil in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab, Pakistan. It is located in the north-east of the tehsil at 33°57'0N 73°30'0E and is bounded to the north by Phagwari, to the south by Sehr Bagla, to the west by Rawat and to the east by Kashmir This village is famous and well known due to the mazzar of saint Hazarat Datta Malik Suraj fore father of potha shareef people he had seven sons and their generation is currently present in potha shareef . There is a great mazzar and people come from different areas of the country. There are many school working nowadays but we are thankful to Mr. Hanif Abbasi, who gave a plate form in the shape of school, (Malik suraj public school potha sharif Murree), Later on it become stand in the shape of college. No doubt hanif abbasi is the name of greatness and we all are very thankful to him & cannot forget his virtue.
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Pothohar Plateau
The Pothohar Plateau (also spelled Pothwar, Potowar or Potohar) (Urdu: سطح مرتفع پوٹھوہار) is a plateau in north-eastern Pakistan, between north Punjab and the western parts of Azad Kashmir. The area was the home of the Soanian Culture, which is evidenced by the discovery of fossils, tools, coins, and remains of ancient archaeological sites. The local Potwari people speak the Potwari language, while Hindko, Punjabi and Pashto are spoken by smaller populations.
Potohar Plateau is bounded on the east by the Jhelum River, on the west by the Indus River, on the north by the Kala Chitta Range and the Margalla Hills, and on the south by the Salt Range. The Kāla Chitta Range thrusts eastward across the plateau toward Rawalpindi; the valleys of the Haro and Soan rivers cross the plateau from the eastern foothills to the Indus. The ramparts of the Salt Range stretching from east to west in the south separate Potohar from the Punjab Plain. The Pothohar Plateau includes the current four districts of Jhelum, Chakwal, Rawalpindi, Attock. The terrain is undulating. The Kala Chitta Range rises to an average height of 450-900 metres (3,000 ft) and extends for about 72 kilometres (45 mi). The Swaan River starts from nearby Murree and ends near Kalabagh in the Indus river. Sakesar is the highest mountain of this region.
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Punjgran Kalan
Punjgran Kalan (Urdu: پنجگراںكلاں) is a town in Gujar Khan Tehsil Punjab, Pakistan. PunjGaran is also chief town of Union Council PunjGaran which is an administrative subdivision of the Tehsil, according to the 1998 census of Pakistan the population of the Union Councils was 13,419.
Coordinates: 33°09′N 73°02′E / 33.15°N 73.033°E / 33.15; 73.033
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Qazian
Qazian (Urdu: قاضياں) is a town in Gujar Khan Tehsil, Punjab, Pakistan. Qazian is also chief town of Union Council Qazian which is an administrative subdivision of the Tehsil.
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Quetta
Quetta (Pashto: کوټه, Urdu: کوئٹہ pronunciation (help·info)) is the largest city and the provincial capital of the Balochistan Province of Pakistan. Known as the Fruit Garden of Balochistan due to the diversity of its plant and animal wildlife, Quetta is home to the Hazarganji Chiltan National Park, which contains rare wildlife.
The city is situated at an average elevation of 1,680 meters (5,500 ft) above sea level, making it Pakistan's only high-altitude major city. Located in a river valley, Quetta derives its name from the Pashto word "Kuwatta", which means "a fort".
Sitting near the Durand Line border with Afghanistan and close to Kandahar province, Quetta is a trade and communications center between the two countries as well as an important military location which occupies a strategic position for the Pakistani Armed Forces. The city lies on the Bolan Pass route which was once the only gateway to and from South Asia. Due to its proximity to Afghanistan and Central Asia, the city is a major stronghold along the western frontier of the country.
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Rahim Yar Khan
Rahim Yar Khan ( رحیم یار خان) is a city in South Punjab, Pakistan. Rahim Yar Khan is the capital city of Rahim Yar Khan District as well as the tehsil of the same name. The city itself is administratively subdivided into 9 Union councils. According to the 1998 census, the city population was 233,537 with an annual growth rate of 3.50%. As of in 2009, it is around 340,810. The area of Rahim Yar Khan City is about 22 Square Kilometre.
Alexander was the warrior and conqueror when he entered Multan the City which is known by its Saints. He Appointed One of his Famous General Phillipos to Rule the Area. Rahim Yar Khan and Neighboring Cities Came under Alexander Successors Rule. His Rule was Spread from the City of Multan Till Sukkur (then known as Poros) He was Challenged by Raja Poros in the Battle of Poros and got defeated. With this the Alexander Era Came to an End.
The Buddhist Empire was headed by Asoka. During his quest of power he invade almost whole of the subcontinent. His influence in this area is still unknown to many but it is believed that Rahim Yar Khan was the Part of His Empire before 493 A.D.
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Rawalakot
Rawalakot (Urdu: راولا کوٹ), is a town in Azad Kashmir, and is the district headquarter of Poonch Division and Poonch District. It is in a beautiful valley surrounded by hills.
Rawalakot is located at Latitude 33°51'32.18"N, Longitude 73° 45'34.93"E and an Elevation of 5374 feet. Rawalakot is approximately 76 kilometres (47 mi) from Kohala, Pakistan and about 120 km (75 mi) from the city of Rawalpindi. It is linked with Rawalpindi and Islamabad via Goyain Nala and Tayeen roads. It is also linked with Rawalpindi via Sudhnuti.
Surrounding villages of Rawalakot are Pachiot, Chirooti, Baghina, Datote, Barien, Ballari, Argali, Paniola, Zairat, Kharian, Laghriat,Singola Awanabad, Thorar, Mong, Androte, Rehara, Hurna Maira, Kottera, Barian Pothi, Khayi Gala, Kharick, Rairbun, Topa Soon (Soon Topa 8 km from Rawalakot), Kaimon, Titrot, Motialmara, Trar Dewan, Chaire, Chapanidahar, Chuck, Tranni, Dahmni, Parat, Pothi Bala/Makwalan, Kharek, Pakgali, Paniola, Banakha, Khayt Chrian, Mohri Farman Shah, Dreak, Banjosa, Hussainkot, Hurnamaira, Thorar, Rehara, Bangoin, Jandala, Timrot and Thala Tain. Bagh District lies to the north and Sudhnuti District lies to the south of Rawalakot.
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Rawalpindi
Rawalpindi (Urdu: راولپنڈی,Rāwalpindī), locally known as Pindi, is a city in the Pothohar region of Pakistan near Pakistan's capital city of Islamabad, in the province of Punjab. Rawalpindi is the fourth largest city in Pakistan after Karachi, Lahore and Faisalabad. In the 1950s, Rawalpindi was smaller than Hyderabad and Multan, but the city's economy received a boost during the building of Islamabad (1959–1969), during which time Rawalpindi served as the national capital and its population increased from 180,000 at the time of independence to over 4.5 million in 2007.[citation needed] Rawalpindi is located in the northernmost part of the Punjab province, 275 km (171 mi) to the north-west of Lahore. It is the administrative seat of the Rawalpindi District. The total area of the city is approximately 154 square kilometres (59 sq mi). Rawalpindi is the military headquarters of the Pakistani Armed Forces.
Rawalpindi, named after Raja Pindi, is a bustling city on the northernmost part of the Punjab province, strategically located between the NWFP and Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Many tourists use the city as a stop before traveling towards the northern areas. Rawalpindi is also a prime destination for the expatriate community of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Numerous shopping bazaars, parks and a cosmopolitan population attract shoppers from all over Pakistan and abroad. The city is home to several industries and factories. Islamabad International Airport is actually located in Rawalpindi and serves both cities.
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Rawalpindi District
Rawalpindi (Urdu: ضلع راولپنڈی) is a district of Pakistan in the north of the Punjab province which contains the city of Rawalpindi. The district has an area of 5,286 km2 (2,041 sq mi). It was part of Rawalpindi Division, until the year 2000 when the division was abolished. It is situated on the southern slopes of the north-western extremities of the Himalayas, including large mountain tracts with rich valleys traversed by mountain rivers. It contains the Murree hills and the sanatorium of the same name, the chief hill station in the Punjab. The chief rivers are the Indus and the Jhelum, and the climate is noted for its health benefits.
According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, the population of the district was 3,363,911 of which 53.03% were urban, and is the second-most urbanised district in Punjab. The population was estimated to be 4.5 million in 2010.
The main tribes of the district are the Syed (The entire offspring of Imams is called Syed), Gakhars (Janjua Rajpus), Janjua, Awans, Gujjar, Jats, Kassar, Rajput, Sheikh, Abbasi, Bhatti, Chauhan, Mughals, Qureshi, Rawal, and Satti.
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Rawalpindi Division
Rawalpindi Division was one of the administrative subdivisions of the Punjab province of Pakistan, forming part of the third tier of government below the federal and provincial levels. Divisions were composed of districts which formed the fourth tier of government, but the local government reform of 2000 abolished administrative divisions and raised the districts to become the new third tier of government.
Following the British conquest of the region in 1849, the area around Rawalpindi became a division of the Punjab province of British India, primarily because of the strategic location of the city of Rawalpindi.The Rawalpindi Division itself was a part of Lahore Division.
The Imperial Gazetteer of India describes the division as follows:
"North-western Division of the Punjab, lying between 31°35' and 34° 1' N. and 70° 37' and 74°29' E. The Commissioner's head-quarters are at Rawalpindi and Murree. The total population of the Division increased from 2,520,508 in 1881 to 2,750,713 in 1891, and to 2,799,360 in 1901. Its total area is 15,736 square miles, and the density of the population is 178 persons per square mile, compared with 209 for the Province as a whole"
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Rawalpindi Tehsil
Rawalpindi is a tehsil - an administrative subdivision - of Rawalpindi District in the western part of the Punjab province, Pakistan, it contains the district capital - the city of Rawalpindi.
Archaeological remains found on the site of the city of Rawalpindi date the establishment of settlements there to ancient times. There are ruins of a Buddhist settlement contemporary to the more celebrated ruins at nearby Taxila. It is thought that a Hun raid destroyed the first city.
The Muslim ruler Mahmud of Ghazni gifted the ruined city to a Ghakkar chief, Kai Gohar. Because it was vulnerable to invaders, the town remained deserted until another Ghakkar chief, Jahanda Khan, restored it and named it Rawalpindi (after the village Rawal).
Rawalpindi remained under the rule of Ghakkars until Muqrab Khan, the last Ghakkar ruler, was defeated by Sikhs in 1765. Under Sikh rule, traders were invited to settle in Rawalpindi. A thriving trade was established, but during the nineteenth century the Sikhs lost the city to the British, who established a cantonment south of the old city.
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Rohtas Fort
Coordinates: 32°57′45″N 73°35′20″E / 32.9625°N 73.58889°E / 32.9625; 73.58889
Rohtas Fort (Urdu: قلعہ روہتاس Qila Rohtas) is a garrison fort built by the great Afghan king Sher Shah Suri. This fort is about 4 km in circumference and the first example of the successful amalgamation of Pashtun and Hindu architecture in the Indian Subcontinent.
Sher Shah Suri named Qila Rohtas after the famous Rohtasgarh Fort in Shahabad district near Baharkunda, Bihar which he captured from the Raja of Rohtas Hari Krishan Rai in 1539. Rohtasgarh is situated on the upper course of the river Son, 20 37’ N and 85 33’E. It was built by Harish Chandra of the Solar dynasty and was named after his son Rohitasva after whom the fort (Rohtasgarh) was named.
Sher Shah constructed Qila Rohtas to block Emperor Humayun's return to India after defeating him in the Battle of Kanauj. This fort lies on the old GT road between the North (Afghanistan) to the Plains of Punjab. It blocked the way from Peshawar to Lahore. The other reason was to suppress the local tribe of this region Potohar called Gakhars who were allies of Humayun and refused their allegiance to Sher Shah Suri. The Emperor instructed the local Janjua Rajput tribe to help construct the fort to crush the Gakhars when the latter became openly defiant and persecuting labourers who attended the construction.
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Sadiqabad
Sadiqabad or Sadiq Abad or Sadik Abad or Sadikabad (Punjabi, Urdu: صادق آباد) is a city in Punjab, Pakistan. Sadiqabad is also the administrative centre of Sadiqabad Tehsil, which is a sub-division of Rahim Yar Khan District.
It is situated at the border of Sindh and Punjab. Sadiqabad is the main transport hub between Punjab and Sindh.You can get from here the transport to travel to any city of Pakistan. Sadiqabad is getting stronger economically as well as better in education. There are now at least 5 colleges teaching the higher secondary school level. Iqra Degree girls college is spreading knowledge specially for girls and teaching the classes at masters level. Sadiqabad has always been good in sports.Cricket team of Govt High school have won many times the BISE championships.
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Sahiwal
Sahiwal (Urdu: ساہیوال) is a city in Punjab, Pakistan. It is the administrative centre of Sahiwal District and Sahiwal Division. Sahiwal is approximately 180 km from the major city Lahore and is the city between Lahore and Multan. The population is 207,388 (1998 Pakistan Census).
A small village on the Karachi-Lahore railway line during 1865 was named Montgomery after Sir Robert Montgomery, then Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab. was made the capital of the Montgomery District. It was renamed Sahiwal in 1967 after the Sahi clan of Kharal Jatt who were the inhabitants of this area.
The city is in the densely populated region between the Sutlej and Ravi rivers. The principal crops are wheat, cotton, tobacco, legumes, potato and oilseeds. Cotton goods and lacquered woodwork are manufactured.
Sahiwal is twinned with the town of Rochdale, in Greater Manchester, North West England. There is a direction sign in Rochdale's town centre pointing in Sahiwal's direction with "Sahiwal 3960 miles" written on it.[citation needed]
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Salt Range
The Salt Range is a hill system in the Punjab province of Pakistan, deriving its name from its extensive deposits of rock salt. The range extends from the Jhelum River to the Indus, across the northern portion of the Punjab province. The Salt Range contains the great mines of Mayo, Khewra, Warcha and Kalabagh, which yield vast supplies of salt. Coal of a medium quality is also found.
Two interesting sites are close to Kathwai, Kutte Mar and Tulaja fort. At Kuttee Mar to the Northeast of Kathwai are Muslim graves made of Kangar and the purported grave of a dog that is said to have died defending the wedding procession of its owner from an attack by bandits. Kutte Mar may have been the place where the Khura inscription of Toramana was found (Buhler 1891-92, 238-41; Sircar 1965: 422-4). If this assessment is correct, a Buddhist monastery was established here around 500. A.D. This inscription and another fragmentary inscription found at Sakaser (Pakistan Archaeology 5, 1968: 284-70) confirm that this area was a flourishing, centre for Buddhism, which is borne out by the extensive archaeological remains.
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Sargodha
Sargodha (Urdu: سرگودھا) is a major city in the Sargodha District of Punjab province, Pakistan sargodha is the 9th largest city of pakistan and 5th largest of punjab.
Sargodha is located in the northwest of Pakistan. It is the twelfth largest city of Pakistan and also known as Pakistan's best citrus-producing area. It is an agricultural trade centre with various industries. Sargodha is one of the few planned cities in Pakistan, the other being Gwadar, Jauharabad, Dera Ghazi Khan, Faisalabad and Islamabad.
Pakistan's largest airbase, PAF Base Mushaf (formerly PAF Base Sargodha), is situated in Sarghoda and hosts the headquarters of the Pakistan Air Force's Central Air Command. The airbase is also home to the Combat Commanders School (CCS), formerly the Fighter Leader's School, an elite training facility for training Pakistan Air Force pilots in fighter tactics and weapons. The city is also home to Sargodha Medical College.
The term Sargodha has its origins in the words Sar, meaning pond (Talab), and Godha, meaning sadhu(Baba).
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Sehr Bagla
Sehr Bagla is a Village and Union Council of Murree Tehsil in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab, Pakistan. It is located in the north-east of the Tehsil and is bounded to the north by Potha Sharif, to the south by Ghel, to the west by Rawat and to the east by Kashmir
According to the 1998 census of Pakistan it had a population of 10,979.
There are 18 Primary Schools and 3 Secondary schools in UC Sehr Bagla, some are listed below,
The Majority of the Inhabitants of UC Sehr Bagla are the Dhund Abbasi, other tribes such as the Kethwal, Gujjar, Dhanyal & Kashmiri tribes(Sudhun etc.) also inhabit the area in smaller proportion.
Sehr Bagla is home to predominantly poor inhabitants, the area has not been economically prosperous due to lack of Government funding and infrastructure development, basic essentials such as regular water supply, safe roads, Colleges and higher education establishments have not been developed and this has left the local economy in need. There are some basic services and facilities available which are listed below.
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Seri Bahlol
Seri Bahlol (or Sehri Bahlol) is located near Takht Bhai, about 70 kilometres north-west of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, Pakistan.
Seri Bahlol is a historical place and it has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1980. It contains the remains of Buddha, which have not been properly excavated. Antiques such as statues, coins, utensils and jewellery are commonly found. The local people continue illegal excavation in their homes and land, damaging the historical monuments. Some of the local dealers of antiques misguide the local population and instigate them to involve them in illegal excavation. It requires national and international attention in order to reserve the remnants at Seri Bahlol.
The word "Seri Bahlol" has been explained by various people in different ways. The local people, however, explain that this is a combination of two Hindko words "Sheri" means Sir and "Bahlol" the name of a prominent political and religious leader of the area. However, the name is not as old as the village Seri Bahlol. The village is located on a hillock protected by a well sophisticated stone wall. The wall has damaged in several places however, it is still visible in many places. The village is surrounded by fertile land where the local people practice agriculture.
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Shakrial
Shakrial is situated at East-Southern side of District Rawalpindi. In the East it is linked to Kurri Road and Dhoke Kashmirian area, In the west it is linked to Chirah Road, In the north it is linked to Service Road and Sadiqabad area and in south it is linked to Islamabad Highway or G.T Road. Shakrial is a rapidly growing town in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. It is divided into two main parts, Old Shakrial and New Shakrial. The native people of Shakrial are Qureshis. Other major castes are Maliks, Rajputs, Abbasis khans and Sattis. Every year in the summer season, people gather here for Urs. It is an urban area occupying the prominent position, as the Islamabad International Airport to Islamabad road is nearby. There is one central graveyard that is situated with Islamabad Highway or GT. Road known as Zia Masjid Qabirstan. Utilities like GAS, Electricity and Telephone are available in Shakrial. People working in Islamabads Government or Private institutions prefer to live in shakrial due to its geographical and economical benefits.
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Sharada Peeth
Sharada Peeth (شاردا پیٹھ), located near Sharda in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan, was the famous temple of the goddess Sarasvatī (Sharda) on the banks of what is known as the Neelum River in Pakistan (referred to as Kishenganga River by India). Its ruins are near the Line of Control (LOC) between the Indian and Pakistani-controlled portions of the former princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. Shina, Pahari, and Kashmiri languages are mostly spoken in the area. Kashmir was sometimes called Sharada Desh because of this temple and Sharada was called Kashmira Puravasini (Daughter of Kashmir Kingdom).[citation needed]The Kashmiris are highly devoted towards this great deity whom they call as 'BHAGWATI'.During their daily worship they often say "Namastey Sharada Devi Kashmir Pur Vasini Tvam Ham Prartheye Nityam Vidya Danam Che De hi mey" meaning "Salutations to you, O Sharada, O Goddess, O one who resides in Kashmir. I pray to you daily, please give me the charity of knowledge."
The place was once a celebrated centre of learning headed by Kashmiri Pandits. It is at this temple that Sankaracharya received the right to sit on the Sarvanjnanapeetham (Throne of Wisdom).[citation needed] It was a centre of great Sanskrit scholars and Kashmiri Pandits and was a famous centre of Hinduism and Buddhism. Sharada script and Takri (from which Gurmukhi is derived).[citation needed] According to the Prabhāvakacarita, a Jain historical work dated 1277-78, the Śvetāmbara scholar Hemacandra requested grammatical texts preserved here so he could compile his own grammar, the Siddhahema. The Vaishnava saint Swami Ramanuja traveled all the way from Srirangam to refer to Bodhayana's vritti on Brahma Sutras preserved here, before commencing work on writing his commentary on the Brahma sutras, the Sri Bhasya. The Śāradā image at Shringeri Sharadamba temple was once said to have been made of sandalwood, which is supposed to have been taken by the Sankaracharya from here.[citation needed]
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Sheikhupura
Sheikhupura or Shekhupur (Urdu: شيخوپورہ), formerly Kot Dayal Das (کوٹ دیال داس) or Singhpuria (سنگھپوریہ) or Virkgarh (ورک گڑھ), is an industrial city in the province of Punjab slightly northwest to Lahore in Pakistan. It is known for its historical places, and is commonly known locally as Qila Shaikhupura, because of the fort in the city, constructed by the Mughal Emperor Jahangir. The name Sheikhupura is derived from a nickname of Jahangir, who was known as Sheikhu by his father Akbar the Great. The city is the headquarters of Sheikhupura District and is approximately 35 km from Lahore. The original name of Virkgarh was renamed by Jahangir.
The city was renamed Singhpuria in Sikh rule, and had a large Sikh population prior to Partition in 1947, Gurudwaras are seen throughout the city.
The history of Virkgarh/Sheikhupura goes back to 100 BC. Historical research has established the fact that Sangla or Sakala was the capital of Punjab once, and it was here that Alexander the Great of Macedonia (known locally as Sikandar e Azam) fought one of his most serious battles of his career. Its name is spoken of, firstly in the pages of Tuzk-e-Jahangiri as Jahangirpura, after the name of Prince Salim Nur u Din Muhammad Jahangir. The fourth Mughal emperor of India named Jahangir changed the name of the city from Virkgarh to Sheikhupura after converting the majority of the population to Islam. This area belongs to the virk Jats. Virk jats created a fort in the vicinity of current day Sheikhupura and called it VirkGarh., i.e. "citadel of the Virks"
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Sialkot
Sialkot (Punjabi, Urdu: سیالکوٹ) is located in Pakistan in the north-east of the Punjab province at the foothills of snow-covered peaks of Kashmir near the Chenab river. It is the capital of Sialkot District. The city is about 125 km (78 mi) north-west of Lahore The recorded history of Sialkot covers thousands of years. Sialkot has, since its foundation, changed hands from Hindu, Buddhist, Persian, Greek, Afghan, Turk, Sikh, Mughal and British rule to that of present-day Pakistan.
There are various sources tracing the origins of the city of Sialkot but the authenticity of many of these sources varies. Excavations throughout the area have revealed large amounts of Greek coins, ancient Zoroastrian temples and several Buddhist stupas. The antiquities of Sialkot have also been discussed by Sir Alexander Cunningham in his Archaeological Survey Reports, II, 21, 22, and XIV, 44 to 47.
According to the Greek historical texts, which bring mention of the city of Sialkot dating back to before 327 BC when the city was known as Sagala, it represented the eastern-most outpost and expansion of the Hellenic Empire created by Alexander the Great which has been cross-correlated to ancient Greek maps of the era and several monuments found in the Sialkot District. The Greek historians state that the city was one of the most productive Silk regions of the Achaemenid Empire. Sákala or Sagala was the capital, or one of the capitals, of the Indo-Greek Kingdom which broke-away from the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom during the Euthydemid Dynasty
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Sindh
Sindh (pronounced [sɪnd̪ʱ]; Sindhi: سنڌ; Urdu: سندھ Indica in Latin, Indus in Greek) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhi people. It is also locally known as the "Mehran" and has been given the title of Bab-ul-Islam (The gateway of Islam). The name of Sindh is derived from the Indus River that separates it from Balochistan and the greater Iranian Plateau. This river was known to the ancient Iranians in Avestan as Indus, in Sanskrit as Sindhu, to Assyrians (as early as the seventh century BC) as Sinda, to the Greeks as Indos, to the Romans as Indus, to the Persians as Ab-e-sind, to the Pashtuns as "Abasind", to the Arabs as Al-Sind, to the Chinese as Sintow, and to the Javanese as the Santri.
Sindh is bounded to the west by the Indus River and Balochistan, to the north by Punjab, the east by the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan and to the south by the Arabian Sea. The capital of the province is Karachi, Pakistan's largest city and financial hub. Most of the population in the province is Muslim, with sizeable Christian, Zoroastrian and Hindu minorities. The main language spoken is Sindhi by about 40 million people, while there exists a significant Urdu-speaking minority.
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Sirsukh
Sirsukh (Urdu: سر سکھ) is the name of an archaeological site near the city of Taxila, Punjab, Pakistan.
The city of Sirsukh was founded by the Kushan king Kanishka after 80 CE, and is the last of the great ancient cities of Taxila. The invaders decided to abandon the older city of Sirkap and build a newer city on the other side of the Lundi-nala. The wall of the city is about 5 kilometers long and about 5.4 meters thick. The city wall covers an area of around 2300 x 1000 meters seen along the east-west direction, and is laid out in a typical Central Asian style, complete with suburbs. Sirsukh was left uninhabited when the White Huns invaded the Punjab at the end of the fifth century CE. To the north-east of the city flows the Harro river whereas to the south the Lundi-ravine is present.
The ancient city was excavated only on a very small scale in 1915-16 CE, and further excavation work has been impeded by a high water table which threatens the integrity of ancient structures. It was included in the World Heritage List of the UNO in 1980 as part of Taxila.
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Sistan Basin
The Sistan Basin is an inland endorheic basin encompassing large parts of southwestern Afghanistan and southeastern Iran, one of the driest regions in the world and an area subjected to prolonged droughts. Its watershed is a system of rivers flowing from the highlands of Afghanistan into freshwater lakes and marshes and then to its ultimate destination: Afghanistan's saline Godzareh depression, part of the extensive Sistan terminal basin. The Helmand River drains the basin's largest watershed, fed mainly by snowmelt from the mountains of Hindu Kush, but other rivers contribute also.
A basalt hill, known as Mount Khajeh, rises beside the lakes and marshes of the basin.
The lowest part of the Sistan Basin contains a series of shallow lakes, known as hamuns. It appears that in the past there was a single Hamun Lake, but there are now three separate lakes. From north to south the lakes are:
The Hamun-e Puzak lies mostly in Afghanistan. It receives water from the Shelah Charkh channel of the Helmand River, and also from the Khash River and other small rivers.
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Skardu
Skardu (Urdu: سکردو, Balti: སྐརདུ་་ from Tibetan (Balti): skar rdo སྐར་རྡོ་ - "star stone, meteorite"), is the main town of the region Baltistan and the capital of Skardu District, one of the districts making up Pakistan's Gilgit–Baltistan.
Skardu is located in the 10 km wide by 40 km long Skardu Valley, at the confluence of the Indus river (flowing from near Kailash in Tibet and through neighbouring Ladakh before reaching Baltistan) and the Shigar River. Skardu is situated at an altitude of nearly 2,500 m (8,200 ft). The town is surrounded by grey-brown coloured mountains, which hide the 8,000 metre peaks of the nearby Karakoram range.
Skardu, along with Gilgit, are the two major tourism, trekking and expedition hubs in Gilgit–Baltistan. The mountainous terrain of the region, including four of the world's fourteen Eight-thousander peaks (8,000 m and above), attracts the attention of tourists, trekkers and mountaineers from around the world. The main tourist season is from April to October; outside this time, the area can be cut off for extended periods by the snowy, freezing winter weather.
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Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (i/ʃriː ˈlɑːŋkə/, /sriːˈlɑːŋkə/, or /sriːˈlæŋkə/;Sinhala: ශ්රී ලංකාව, Tamil: இலங்கை), is a country off the southern coast of the Indian subcontinent in South Asia. Known until 1972 as Ceylon ( /sɨˈlɒn/, /seɪˈlɒn/, or /siːˈlɒn/), Sri Lanka is an island surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait, and lies in the vicinity of India and the Maldives.
As a result of its location in the path of major sea routes, Sri Lanka is a strategic naval link between West Asia and South East Asia. It was an important stop on the ancient Silk Road. Sri Lanka has also been a center of the Buddhist religion and culture from ancient times, being the nation where the Buddhist teachings were first written down as well as the oldest continually Buddhist country. Sri Lanka boasts a diverse range of cultures, languages and religions. The Sinhalese people form the majority of the population; Tamils, who are concentrated in the north and east of the island, form the largest ethnic minority. Other communities include Moors, Burghers, Kaffirs, Malays and the aboriginal Vedda people.
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Srinagar
Srinagar /sriˈnɑːɡər/ ( Hindi pronunciation (help·info)) is the summer capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is situated in the Kashmir Valley and lies on the banks of the Jhelum River, a tributary of the Indus. The city is famous for its gardens, lakes and houseboats. It is also known for traditional Kashmiri handicrafts and dry fruits.
Etymologically Srinagar is composed of two Sanskrit words, śrī (venerable) and nagar, which means "city". One theory of the origin of the name is that a Pandava King Ashoka (not to be confused with the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka) built the city of Srinagari (Srinagar). Another theory is that Mauryan Emperor Ashoka founded the original city of Srinagar, then situated on the site of the present village of Pandrathan, 5 km to the north of the existing capital.
Srinagar has a long history, dating back at least to the 3rd century BC, and has been known by different names. The city was founded by the King Pravarasena II over 2,000 years ago, named it Parvasenpur. The city was then a part of the Maurya Empire, one of the largest empires of the Indian subcontinent. Ashoka introduced Buddhism to the Kashmir valley, and the adjoining regions around the city became a centre of Buddhism. In the 1st century, the region was under the control of Kushans and several rulers of this dynasty strengthened the Buddhist tradition. Vikramaditya (of Ujjain) and his successors probably ruled the regions just before the city fell to the control of the Huns in the 6th century, and Mihirkula was the most dreaded ruler of the city and the valley.
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Sui Cheemian
Sui Cheemian, also spelt Sui Chimian, and less commonly as Sui Cheema is a Cheema village in Punjab, Pakistan. It is a Union council of Gujar Khan Tehsil (a subdivision of Rawalpindi District). Sui Cheemian gets its name from the Cheema tribe of Jats, who make up the majority of the population. The population speaks pothwari and have a lax family and religious structure since the majority of the villagers follow Sufism. The village along with the town of Bewal is one of the most wealthiest rural places in Pakistan, the village has powerful and wealthy aristocratic lords and Dukes known locally as labardars who own extensive agricultural lands, and a state privileged status. The village is well developed with concrete roads, pavements and highways. the village is dotted with expensive mansions, with full air-conditioning systems which is almost exclusively only used by the elite and the rich in Pakistan, because of the electricity being so expensive in the country due to the shortfall of energy production in the country.
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Sukho
Sukho (Urdu: سكه} in Gujar Khan Tehsil, Punjab, Pakistan. Sukho is also chief town of the Union Council Sukho which is an administrative subdivision of the Tehsil . Most of the population belong to the Gujjar tribe.
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Sukkur
Sukkur, or Sakharu (Urdu: سکھر [səkʰəru], Sindhi: سکر), formerly Aror (Urdu: اروڑ [əroːɽ]) and Bakar, is the third largest city of Sindh province, situated on the west bank of Indus River in Pakistan in Sukkur District. However, the word Sakharu in Sindhi means "superior", which the spelling of the city's name in Sindhi suggests is the origin of the name. Sukkur is nicknamed Darya Dino (درياءَ ڏنو, meaning the gift of river), as without the Indus the city would be a desert. People of Sukkur speak Sindhi (72%), Urdu (15.5%), Punjabi (4%), Pashto (1.5%), Balochi (1%), and others 1%.[citation needed]
The city of Sukkur, as well as being district headquarters, is the capital of Sukkur Talukas and contains many Union council.
The district of Sukkur (whose name is derived from its head quarter Sukkur city) covers an area of 5,165 square kilometres. Geographically it is spanned from 27°05' to 28°02' north latitudes and from 68°47' to 69°43' east longitudes. The city of Sukkur is located at an altitude of 220 feet (67 m) from sea level, having terrestrial coordinates 68°52' east and 27°42' north. It is also the narrowest point of the lower Indus course.[citation needed]
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Syed Kasran
This village has history of 500years. It has population of about 5000. This village was bulid by 2 brothers who came from Gujrat (Punjab). They belonged to syed family that is why this town has this name. Earlier this village was known Gujjar's village. It has a big MAZAAHAR of Hazrat Nzair shah dewan kazmi.
Syed Kasran (Urdu: سيّدكسراں) also Syed is a town in Gujar Khan Tehsil Punjab, Pakistan. Syed Kasran is also chief town of Union Council Syed Kasran which is an administrative subdivision of the Tehsil.
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Tarati
Tarati (Urdu: تراٹی), is a village in Narali Union Council, Gujar Khan Tehsil, Rawalpindi District, Punjab, Pakistan. Tarati lies at the heart of the Pothohar cultural region. The area has considerable natural resources in the form of petroleum and natural gas.It is approximately 45 kilometres southeast of Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan
The PTCL provides the main network of landline telephone. Many ISPs and all major mobile phone,Wireless companies operating in Pakistan provide service in Tarati.
Tarati is mainly an agriculture village with wheat and groundnuts as major crops. Many of the people of Tarati are living abroad in UAE,UK, USA.
Pothowari and Punjabi are the main languages of Tarati, besides Urdu and English.
Coordinates: 33°07′N 73°10′E / 33.117°N 73.167°E / 33.117; 73.167
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Taxila
Taxila (Urdu: ٹیکسلا) is a Tehsil in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab province of Pakistan. It is an important archaeological site. Taxila is situated about 32 km (20 mi) northwest of Islamabad Capital Territory and Rawalpindi in Panjab; just off the Grand Trunk Road. Taxila lies 549 metres (1,801 ft) above sea level.
The city dates back to the Gandhara period and contains the ruins of the Gandhāran city of Takṣaśilā which was an important Hindu and Buddhist centre, and is still considered a place of religious and historical sanctity in those traditions. In 1980, Taxila was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site with multiple locations. In 2006 it was ranked as the top tourist destination in Pakistan by The Guardian newspaper.
Scattered references in later works indicate that Takshashila may have dated back to at least the 5th century BCE. Takṣaśilā is reputed to derive its name from Takṣa, who was the son of Bharata, the brother of Rama, and Mandavi. Legend has it that Takṣa ruled a kingdom called Takṣa Khanda, and founded the city of Takṣaśilā. According to another theory propounded by Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi, Takṣaśilā is related to Takṣaka, Sanskrit for "carpenter", and is an alternative name for the Nāgas of ancient India.
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Taxila Museum
Taxila Museum (Urdu: ٹیکسلا متحف) is located at Taxila, Punjab, Pakistan.
Introduction Taxila Museum is situated in Taxila a tehsil of Rawalpindi. This is a site museum and its collection mainly comprises on Gandhara art. These sites at Taxila dated back to 600 BC and 700 BC.
Construction of Taxila museum started in 1918, its foundation stone laid by Lord Chemsford, vicery of India in 1918. Construction was concluded in 1928 and the museum was opened for public by Sir Habibullah then the ministry for Education. Sir John Marshall who was going to be retired from the post of Director General of Archaeological survey of India in 1928, could not complete its original plan. The government of Pakistan constructed the northern gallery in 1998.
There are 4000 objects displayed, including stone, stucco, terracotta, silver, gold, iron and semiprecious stones. Mainly the display consists of objects from the period 600 B.C to 500 AD. Buddhist, Hindu and Jain religions are well represented through these objects discovered from three ancient cities and more than two dozen buddhist stupas and monasteries and Greek temples.
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Taxila Tehsil
Taxila Tehsil, head-quartered at Taxila, is one of the seven Tehsils (sub-divisions) of Rawalpindi District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. According to the 1998 census has a population of 151,000.
The tehsil of Taxila is administratively subdivided into 10 union councils:
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Thakra
Thakra is a village situated in the Gujar Khan Tehsil of Rawalpindi District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is situated at the border of Rawalpindi district. It enjoys a unique geographical position as it links three districts namely Rawalpindi, Chakwal and Jhelum. Thakra is located at 33.104143, 73.176606 with an altitude of 173 metres (570 feet). It can be easily approached by travelling to Gujar Khan and then taking a link road that is popularly known as Guliana Road. If one continues to follow this link road one reaches Thakra Mohra Stop from where one must take a turn to the right to reach Thakra. If one crosses Haji Nusrat Haveli,the village is right there.
Thakra Mohra owes so much to the legendary figures likeThakur Ali Raza Khan,Major Ali Akbar Khan,Thakur Sher Ahmed,Captain Muhammad Akbar alias Watan Mill wale,Maulwi Kurban Hussain,Syed Zakir Hussain Shah,Captain Feroz Khan,Captain Sherbaz khan,Thakur Ghulam Hassan,Thakur Bagh Hussain,Thakur Ameer Ahmed,Bagh Ali Malik(Manager UBL),Haji Subah Sadiq,Sub Shah Sawar,Sub Muhammad Yaqub&Malik Khadim Hussain(GTS fame)kaptan fazal ahmed.They contributed significantly to bring Thakra Mohra into limelight.
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Thathi
Thathi (Urdu: تهاتهى) is a town in Gujar Khan Tehsil, Punjab, Pakistan. Thathi is village eastern part of Gujarkhan, and also south east of Rawalpindi. Union council Thathi is most the wealthy council in Gujarkhan with its large population being settled in the UK.. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, it had a population of 14,563( estimated over 30,000 in 2011). The mayor or nazim of Thathi is CH GHULAM MURTAZA, former banker of ubl jabber. All main and link roads have been updated, every single house in union council thathi has electric connection, Half of union council has water supply. There is a 24 hour government hospital with MBBS doctor.
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Thatta
Coordinates: 24°44′46.02″N 67°55′27.61″E / 24.7461167°N 67.9243361°E / 24.7461167; 67.9243361
Thatta (Sindhi: ٺٽو, Urdu: ٹھٹہ) is a historic town of 220,000 inhabitants in the Sindh province of Pakistan, near Lake Keenjhar, the largest freshwater lake in the country. Thatta's major monument, the necropolis at Makli is listed among the World Heritage Sites. The Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta is also mentioned separately on the tentative list since 1993. Located 62 miles (98 kilometeres) east of the provincial capital of Sindh; Karachi, it makes for a practical escape for people from the city seeking to visit the picturesque old town.
The city, formerly commanding the delta of the Indus, was the capital of Lower Sindh from the 14th century onwards. During the ruling period of the Soomro Tribe Thatta was the capital of Sindh for 95 years. Between 1592-1739, it was governed in the name of the Mughal emperors of Delhi. In 1739 however, following the Battle of Karnal, the province was ceded to Nadir Shah of Persia, after which Thatta fell into neglect as the Indus river started to silt up. In the 17th Century, the Dutch East India Company had a small tradingpost (comptoir) in Thatta.
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Toba Tek Singh
Toba Tek Singh (Punjabi(Shahmukhi)/Urdu: ٹوبہ ٹیک سنگھ) is a city and tehsil of Toba Tek Singh District in the Pakistani province of Punjab.
During British rule Toba Tek Singh was a tehsil of Lyallpur District. The population of the town in 1998 was 2549000
Toba Tek Singh originates its name from a Sikh Saint, Tek Singh. Tek Singh helped travellers by providing them shelter and food, regardless of their race or religion. In Punjabi, "Toba" means 'pond of water.' Much controversy has centered around the name of the city,[citation needed] due to the fact that it is an overwhelmingly Muslim city named after a Sikh Saint - but there have been no changes uptil now.[citation needed]
Toba Tek Singh has several institutions of higher education including:
Accountancy Institutes
Punjabi is the most spoken language. There is big and old religious school(madrassa)Jamia Darululoom Rabbania.It is working since 1940 It belongs to deobandi school of thought[citation needed].
Sadat Hasan Manto, an Urdu Novelist wrote a short story entitled "Toba Tek Singh" which is a satire on Partition; in the story, an inmate in an asylum frets over the question of whether his home town Toba Tek Singh is now in India or Pakistan. It was adapted into a short movie of the same name directed by Afia Nathaniel in 2005.
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Varanasi
Varanasi Hindustani pronunciation: [ʋaːˈraːɳəsi] (
listen)), also commonly known as Banaras or Benaras (Banāras [bəˈnaːrəs] ( listen)) and Kashi, Kāśī [ˈkaːʃi] ( listen)), is a city situated on the banks of the River Ganges in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, 320 kilometres (199 mi) southeast of state capital Lucknow. It is regarded as a holy city by Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. It is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world and the oldest in India.
The Kashi Naresh (Maharaja of Kashi) is the chief cultural patron of Varanasi and an essential part of all religious celebrations. The culture of Varanasi is closely associated with the River Ganges and the river's religious importance. The city has been a cultural and religious centre in North India for several thousand years. The Benares Gharana form of the Indian classical music developed in Varanasi, and many prominent Indian philosophers, poets, writers, and musicians resided or reside in Varanasi. Gautama Buddha gave his first sermon at Sarnath located near Varanasi (Kashi).
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Xinjiang
Xinjiang (XUAR) (Uyghur: شىنجاڭ, ULY: Shinjang; Mandarin pronunciation: [ɕíntɕjɑ́ŋ]; Chinese: 新疆; pinyin: Xīnjiāng; Wade–Giles: Hsin1-chiang1; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang) is an autonomous region (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region) of the People's Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million km2. Xinjiang borders Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, has abundant oil reserves and is China's largest natural gas-producing region.
It is home to a number of different ethnic groups including the Uyghur, Han, Kazakh, Hui, Kyrgyz, and Mongol. More than a dozen autonomous prefectures and counties for minorities are located in Xinjiang. Older English-language reference works often refer to the area as Chinese Turkestan, Sinkiang, and East Turkestan. Xinjiang is divided into the Dzungarian Basin in the north and the Tarim Basin in the south by a mountain range. Only about 4.3% of Xinjiang's land area is fit for human habitation.
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Ziarat
Ziarat (Urdu: زیارت) is the capital of Ziarat District, Balochistan, Pakistan. It is located at 30°22'47N 67°43'38E with an altitude of 2543 metres (8346 ft) and is a famous holiday resort of Balochistan and nearly every trip from Karachi to Quetta stops at Ziarat. Ziarat (literally ziarat is an Islamic shrine) was the summer residence of the chief commissioner of Baluchistan, and sanatorium for the European troops at Quetta: 8,850 ft (2,700 m). above the sea and 33 m. by cart-road from the railway. There is a good water supply, and the hills around are well-wooded and picturesque.
Ziarat is also very famous for its juniper forest. Junipers species Juniperus macropoda , Juniperous exceisa polycarpus or Pashthani Juniper are found in Ziarat districts and Zarghoon mount and some other mounted areas of Balochistan known as the second largest Juniper forest in the world, which covers an area of about 247,000 acres (1,000 km2). There are many important species found in this ecosystem including animal and birds, the Chakor partridge, bushes and ground flora which local people use these plants as indigenous treatments for a variety of diseases.The junipers are considered to be the real treasure of Ziarat. There are trees in the valley which are more than 5000 to 7000 years old. In Ziarat a herb called Ephedra sinica is found in abundance from which a chemical called ephedrine is extracted, an important constituent of various medicines, especially cough syrups. When the snow falls in Ziarat's winter the juniper valley is at its most beautiful.Chiltan Adventurers Association Balochistan is raising voice on National & International level as Juniper Defenders for the conservation of this world heritage since 1984.[citation needed]
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Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας, Aléxandros ho Mégas from the Greek αλέξω alexo "to defend, help" + ανήρ aner "man"), was a king of Macedon, a state in northern ancient Greece. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until the age of 16. By the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from the Ionian Sea to the Himalayas. He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of history's most successful commanders.
Alexander succeeded his father, Philip II of Macedon, to the throne in 336 BC after Philip was assassinated. Upon Philip's death, Alexander inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army. He was awarded the generalship of Greece and used this authority to launch his father's military expansion plans. In 334 BC, he invaded Persian-ruled Asia Minor and began a series of campaigns that lasted ten years. Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles, most notably the battles of Issus and Gaugamela. He subsequently overthrew the Persian King Darius III and conquered the entirety of the Persian Empire. At that point, his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Indus River.
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Antialcidas
Antialcidas Nikephoros "the Victorious" was a Western Indo-Greek king of the Eucratid Dynasty, who reigned from his capital at Taxila. Bopearachchi has suggested that he ruled from ca. 115 to 95 BCE in the western parts of the Indo-Greek realms, whereas R. C. Senior places him around 130 to 120 BCE and also in eastern Punjab (which seems better supported by coin findings). Senior does however believe that he ruled in tandem with King Lysias.
Antialcidas may have been a relative of the Bactrian king Heliocles I, but ruled after the fall of the Bactrian kingdom. Several later kings may have been related to Antialcidas: Heliokles II, Amyntas, Diomedes and Hermaeus all struck coins with similar features.
Though there are few sources for the late Indo-Greek history, Antialcidas is known from an inscription left on a pillar (the Heliodorus pillar), which was erected by his ambassador Heliodorus at the court of the Sunga king Bhagabhadra at Vidisha, near Sanchi. It states that he was a devotee of Krishna, the Hindu god.
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Ashoka
Ashoka (Devanāgarī: अशोक, IAST: Aśoka, IPA: [aˈɕoːkə], ca. 304–232 BC), also known as Ashoka the Great, was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from ca. 269 BC to 232 BC. One of India's greatest emperors, Ashoka reigned over most of present-day India after a number of military conquests. His empire stretched from present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan in the west, to the present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of Assam in the east, and as far south as northern Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. He conquered the kingdom named Kalinga, which none of his ancestors had conquered starting from Chandragupta Maurya. His reign was headquartered in Magadha (present-day Bihar). He embraced Buddhism after witnessing the mass deaths of the Kalinga War, which he himself had waged out of a desire for conquest. He was later dedicated to the propagation of Buddhism across Asia and established monuments marking several significant sites in the life of Gautama Buddha. Ashoka was a devotee of ahimsa (nonviolence), love, truth, tolerance and vegetarianism. Ashoka is remembered in history as a philanthropic administrator. In the history of India, Ashoka is referred to as Samraat Chakravartin Ashoka – the "Emperor of Emperors Ashoka".
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Bimbisara
Bimbisara (Sanskrit: बिम्बिसारः, 558–491 BC) was a King, and later, Emperor of the Magadha empire from 543 BC to his death and belonged to the Hariyanka dynasty.
There are many accounts of Bimbisara in the Jain texts and the Buddhist Jatakas, since he was a contemporary of Mahavira and Gautama Buddha. He was the Jain king of Magadha. He acquired Anga after defeating Brahmadatta and placed it under the viceroyalty of his son Ajatashatru, with its capital at Champa.
King Bimbisara was a disciple of Mahaveera and frequently sought his teachings. According to Buddhist scriptures, King Bimbisara met the Buddha for the first time prior to the Buddha's enlightenment, and later became an important disciple. He is recorded to have attained sotapannahood, a degree of enlightenment in Buddhist teachings. However, the Jain scriptures say he was a Jain.
As per Jainism texts, he is referred to as King Shrenika of Rajgriha (being the possessor of a large army). Bimbisara sent Jivaka to Ujjain for medical treatment of King Pradyata, the king of Avanti. He was Baldev in a previous life. Per scriptures, this soul is to become the first tirthankara of the next cycle.
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Chanakya
Chānakya (Sanskrit: चाणक्य Cāṇakya) (c. 370–283 BCE) was a teacher to the first Maurya Emperor Chandragupta (c. 340–293 BCE) - the first emperor in the archaeologically recorded history to rule the complete Indian Subcontinent. Chanakya is generally considered to be the architect of Chandragupta's rise to power at a young age. Traditionally, he is also identified by the names Kautilya and Vishnu Gupta, who authored the ancient Indian political treatise called Arthaśāstra. Chanakya is considered as the pioneer of the field of economics and political science and his work is thought of as an important precursor to Classical Economics. Chanakya's works predate Machiavelli's by about 1,800 years. Chanakya was a teacher in Takṣhaśhila, now in Pakistan, an ancient centre of learning, and was responsible for the creation of Mauryan empire, the first of its kind on the Indian subcontinent. His works were lost near the end of the Gupta dynasty and not rediscovered until 1915.
Chanakya's birthplace is a matter of controversy, and there are multiple theories about his origin. According to some scholars he was born in a family of Brahmin as the son of Acharya Chanak in Patliputra (near present-day Patna), the capital of Magadh.[citation needed] According to Jaina accounts, Chānakya was born in the village of Patliputra, a (maithil) Brahmin couple. According to the Buddhist text Mahavamsa Tika, his birthplace was Patliputra. The Jain scriptures like Adbidhana Chintamani mention his birth place as South India possibly present-day Kerala.
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Chandragupta Maurya
Chandragupta Maurya (Sanskrit: चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य महान Hindi: चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य महान), (born c. 340 BCE, ruled c. 320 BCE, – 298 BCE) was the founder of the Maurya Empire. He succeeded in conquering most of the Indian subcontinent and is considered the first unifier of India as well as its first genuine emperor. In foreign Greek and Latin accounts, Chandragupta is known as Sandrokyptos (Σανδρόκυπτος), Sandrokottos (Σανδρόκοττος) or Androcottus.
Prior to Chandragupta's consolidation of power, small regional kingdoms dominated the northwestern subcontinent, while the Nanda Dynasty dominated the middle and lower basin of the Ganges. After Chandragupta's conquests, the Maurya Empire extended from Bengal and Assam in the east, to Afghanistan and Balochistan,some part of the easten and south-east Iran in the west, to Kashmir and Nepal in the north, and to the Deccan Plateau in the south. Tradition holds that Chandragupta abdicated his throne to become a monk and led such an ascetic life that he starved himself to death. Whether or not this is factually accurate, he was succeeded by his son in 298 BC.
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Charaka
Charaka, sometimes spelled Caraka, born c. 300 BC was one of the principal contributors to the ancient art and science of Ayurveda, a system of medicine and lifestyle developed in Ancient India. He is sometimes referred to as the Father of Indian Medicine.
The term Caraka is a label said to apply to ‘wandering scholars’ or ‘wandering physicians.’ Buddhists also claim that Charaka was Buddhist.
According to Charaka's translations health and disease are not predetermined and life may be prolonged by human effort and attention to lifestyle. As per Indian heritage and science of Ayurvedic system, prevention of all types of diseases have a more prominent place than treatment, including restructuring of life style to align with the course of nature and four seasons, which will guarantee complete wellness.
The following statements are attributed to Acharya Charaka:
These remarks appear obvious today, though they were often not heeded, and were made by Charaka, in his famous Ayurvedic treatise Charaka Samhita. The treatise contains many such remarks which are held in reverence even today. Some of them are in the fields of physiology, etiology and embryology.
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Faxian
Faxian (traditional Chinese: 法顯; simplified Chinese: 法显; pinyin: Fǎxiǎn; also romanized as Fa-Hien, Fa-hsien, Fa Xian, et al.) (337 – c. 422 CE) was a Chinese Buddhist monk who traveled to India, Sri Lanka and Kapilavastu in today's Nepal between 399 and 412 to acquire Buddhist scriptures. His journey is described in his important travelogue, A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms, Being an Account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Xian of his Travels in India and Ceylon in Search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline.
He is most known for his pilgrimage to Lumbini, the birthplace of Gautama Buddha. Faxian is a Chinese pilgrim and scholar who visited India during the reign of Chandragupta II. Faxian claimed that demons and dragons were the original inhabitants of Ceylon (Sri Lanka).
On Faxian's return to China, after a two-year stay in Ceylon, a violent storm drove his ship onto an island that was probably Java. Faxian landed at Laoshan in what is now Shandong province, 30 km east of the city of Qingdao, and went to Shandong's then-capital, Qingzhou, where he remained for a year translating and editing the scriptures he had collected.
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Gandhara
Gandhāra (Sanskrit: गन्धार Gandḥārā, Urdu: گندھارا Ghandhāra, Pashto: ګندارا, Punjabi: گندھارا, Persian: ویهیند) is the name of an ancient kingdom (Mahajanapada), located in modern day northern Pakistan and parts of eastern Afghanistan. Gandhara was located mainly in the vale of Peshawar, the Potohar plateau (see Taxila) and on the Kabul River. Its main cities were Purushapura (modern Peshawar), literally meaning "City of Man", Varmayana (modern Bamyan) and Takshashila (modern Taxila).
The Kingdom of Gandhara lasted from the early 1st millennium BC to the 11th century AD. It attained its height from the 1st century to the 5th century under the Buddhist Kushan Kings. The Hindu term Shahi is used by history writer Al-Biruni to refer to the ruling Hindu dynasty that took over from the Turki Shahi and ruled the region during the period prior to Muslim conquests of the 10th and 11th centuries. After it was conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1021 CE, the name Gandhara disappeared. During the Muslim period the area was administered from Lahore or from Kabul. During Mughal times the area was part of Kabul province.
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Hermann Kulke
Hermann Kulke (born 1938 in Berlin) is a German Historian and Indologist, who was Professor of the South and Southeast Asian History at the Department of History, Kiel University (1988-2003). After receiving his Ph.D. in Indology from Freiburg University in 1967, he taught for 21 years at the South Asia Institute of Heidelberg University (SAI).
He was a founding member of the Orissa Research Project (ORP) of the Southasia Institute (1970–1975), and was coordinator of the second ORP.
Specialization: pre-colonial South and Southeast Asian History; early state formation and historiography; regional cultures of India with emphasis on Orissa; Indianization of Southeast Asia and Indian Ocean Studies.
He was a Visiting Professor at Utkal University, Bhubaneswar (1978–1979), Asiatic Society, Calcutta (1986), and Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi (1992). He was also the Fellow of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, in Singapore (1987) and of the Asia Research Institute of the University of Singapore (2007).
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Joseph Needham
Noel Joseph Terence Montgomery Needham, CH, FRS,FBA (9 December 1900 – 24 March 1995), also known as Li Yuese (simplified Chinese: 李约瑟; traditional Chinese: 李約瑟; pinyin: Lǐ Yuēsè: Wade-Giles: Li Yüeh-Sê), was a British scientist, historian and sinologist known for his scientific research and writing on the history of Chinese science. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1941, and as a fellow of the British Academy in 1971. In 1992, the Queen conferred on him the Companionship of Honour and the Royal Society noted he was the only living person to hold these three titles.
Needham was the only child of a London family. His father was a doctor and his mother, Alicia Adelaïde Montgomery (1863–1945), was a French-Irish composer and music teacher. Needham was educated at Oundle School, before receiving his bachelor's degree in 1921 from University of Cambridge, master's degree in January 1925 and doctorate in October 1925. He had intended to study medicine but came under the influence of Frederick Gowland Hopkins and switched to Biochemistry.
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List of Pakistanis
Pakistan is the sixth most populous nation in the world. Below is a list of such famous people who belong or relate in some way to this nation. See Category:Pakistani people for an alphabetical list of Pakistanis with categories.
khurram azhar bhatti
Main article(s): List of Pakistani writers, List of Urdu poets.
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Muhammad bin Qasim
Muhammad bin Qasim Al-Thaqafi (Arabic: محمد بن قاسم) (c. 31 December 695–18 July 715) was a Umayyad general who, at the age of 17, began the conquest of the Sindh and Punjab regions along the Indus River (now a part of Pakistan) for the Umayyad Caliphate. He was born & raised in the city of Taif (in modern day Saudi Arabia). Qasim's conquest of Sindh and Punjab laid the foundations of Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent.
A member of the Thaqeef tribe, which is still settled in and around the city of Taif ( a city in modern day Saudi Arabia) to this very day, Muhammad bin Qasim's father was Qasim bin Yusuf[citation needed] who died when Muhammad bin Qasim was young, leaving his mother in charge of his education. Umayyad governor Al-Hajjaj Ibn Yusuf Al-Thaqafi, Muhammad bin Qasim's paternal uncle, was instrumental in teaching Muhammad bin Qasim about warfare and governance. Muhammad bin Qasim married his cousin Zubaidah, Hajjaj's daughter, shortly before going to Sindh. Another paternal uncle of Muhammad bin Qasim was Muhammad bin Yusuf, governor of Yemen.[citation needed] Under Hajjaj's patronage, Muhammad bin Qasim was made governor of Persia, where he succeeded in putting down a rebellion.[citation needed]
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Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy ( /ˈtɒləmi/; Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος, Klaudios Ptolemaios; Latin: Claudius Ptolemaeus; c. AD 90 – c. AD 168), was a Greek-Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek. He was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in Egypt under Roman rule, and is believed to have been born in the town of Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid. This theory, proposed by Theodore Meliteniotes, could be correct, but it is late (ca. 1360) and unsupported. There is no reason to suppose that he ever lived anywhere else than Alexandria, where he died around AD 168.
Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, at least three of which were of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science. The first is the astronomical treatise now known as the Almagest (in Greek, Ἡ Μεγάλη Σύνταξις, "The Great Treatise", originally Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις, "Mathematical Treatise"). The second is the Geography, which is a thorough discussion of the geographic knowledge of the Greco-Roman world. The third is the astrological treatise known sometimes in Greek as the Apotelesmatika (Ἀποτελεσματικά), more commonly in Greek as the Tetrabiblos (Τετράβιβλος "Four books"), and in Latin as the Quadripartitum (or four books) in which he attempted to adapt horoscopic astrology to the Aristotelian natural philosophy of his day.
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Romila Thapar
Romila Thapar (born 1931) is an Indian historian whose principal area of study is ancient India.
After graduating from Panjab University, Thapar earned her doctorate under A. L. Basham at the School of Oriental and African Studies, the University of London in 1958. Later she worked as Professor of Ancient Indian History at the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, where she is Professor Emerita.
Thapar's major works are Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas, Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations, Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History (editor), A History of India Volume One, and Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.
Her historical work portrays the origins of Hinduism as an evolving interplay between social forces. Her recent work on Somnath examines the evolution of the historiographies about the legendary Gujarat temple.
In her first work, Asoka and the Decline of the Maurya published in 1963, Thapar situates Ashoka's policy of dhamma in its social and political context, as a non-sectarian civic ethic intended to hold together an empire of diverse ethnicities and cultures. She attributes the decline of the Mauryan empire to its highly centralized administration which called for rulers of exceptional abilities to function well.
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Saka
The Saka (Old Persian Sakā, Latinized Sacae; Greek Σάκαι; Sanskrit शक [śaka]; Chinese 塞; Old Chinese *sək) were a Scythian tribe or group of tribes of Iranian origin.
Greek and Latin texts suggest that the term Scythians referred to a much more widespread grouping of Central Asian peoples.
Accounts[which?] of the Indo-Scythian wars often assume that the Scythian protagonists were a single tribe called the Saka (Sakai or Sakas).[original research?] But in earlier Greek and Latin texts the term Scythians referred to a much more widespread grouping of Central Asian peoples.
"Scythia" was a generic term loosely applied to a vast area of Central Asia spanning numerous groups and diverse ethnicities. Ptolemy writes that Skuthia was not only "within the Imaos" (the Himalayas) and "beyond the Imaos" (north of the Himalayas), but also speaks of a separate "land of the Sakais" within Scythia.[original research?] He also notes that the Komedes inhabited "the entire mountainous land of the Sakas".[citation needed]
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Sher Shah Suri
Sher Shah Suri (1486 – May 22, 1545) (Pashto: فريد خان شیر شاہ سوری - Šīr Šāh Sūrī, Bengali: শের শাহ সুরি), birth name Farid Khan, also known as Sher Khan (The Lion King), was the founder of the Muslim Sur Empire in northern India, with its capital at Delhi. An Afghan (Pathan) by origin, he rebelled against the Mughals and took control of India in 1540 until an accidental death in 1545 when Islam Shah Suri became his successor. He first served as a private before rising to become a commander in the Mughal Army under Babur and then as the governor of Bihar. In 1537, when Babur's son Humayun was elsewhere on an expedition, Sher Khan, power hungry turned on his true master and overran the state of Bengal and established the Sur Empire. A brilliant strategist, Sher Shah proved himself a gifted administrator as well as an able general. His reorganization of the empire laid the foundations for the later Mughal emperors, notably Akbar the Great, son of Humayun.
During his five year rule from 1540 to 1545, he set up a new template for civic and military administration, issued the first Rupee and re-organised the postal system of India. He further developed Humayun's Dina-panah city and named it Shergarh and revived the historical city of Pataliputra as Patna which had been in decline since the 7th century CE. He is also famously remembered for killing a fully grown tiger with his bare hands in a jungle of Bihar.
wn.com/Sher_Shah_Suri -
Thomas the Apostle
Thomas the Apostle, also called Doubting Thomas or Didymus (meaning "Twin," as does "Thomas" in Aramaic") was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. He is best known for questioning Jesus' resurrection when first told of it, then proclaiming "My Lord and my God" on seeing Jesus in John 20:28. He was perhaps the only Apostle who went outside the Roman Empire to preach the Gospel. He is also believed to have crossed the largest area, which includes the Parthian Empire and India.
Thomas speaks in the Gospel of John. In John 11:16, when Lazarus has just died, the apostles don't want to go back to Judea, where Jesus' fellow Jews had attempted to stone him to death. Thomas says bravely: "Let us also go, that we may die with him" (NIV).
In Thomas' best known appearance in the New Testament, [Jn. 20:24–29] he doubts the resurrection of Jesus and demands to touch Jesus' wounds before being convinced. Caravaggio's painting, The Incredulity of Saint Thomas (illustration above), depicts this scene. This story is the origin of the term Doubting Thomas. After seeing Jesus alive, Thomas exclaimed, "My Lord and my God!".
wn.com/Thomas_the_Apostle -
Uttarapatha
Ancient Buddhist and Hindu texts use Uttarapatha as the name of the northern part of Jambudvipa, one of the "continents" in Hindu mythology.
The name is derived from the Sanskrit terms uttara, for north, and patha, for road. Initially, the term Uttarapatha referred to the northern high road, the main trade route that followed along the river Ganges, crossed the Indo-Gangetic watershed, ran through the Punjab to Taxila (Gandhara) and further to Zariaspa or Balkh (Bactria) in Central Asia. The eastern terminus of the Uttarapatha was Tamraliptika or Tamluk located at the mouth of Ganges in west Bengal. This route became increasingly important due to increasing maritime contacts with the seaports on the eastern coast of India during the Maurya rule. Later, Uttarapatha was the name lent to the vast expanse of region which the northern high road traversed.
The boundaries of Uttarapatha, as a region, are nowhere precisely defined in the Buddhist or any other ancient source. According to some writers, the Uttarapatha included the whole of Northern India, from Anga in the east to Gandhara in the north-west, and from the Himalaya in the north to the Vindhya in the south.
wn.com/Uttarapatha -
Vedic period
The Vedic period (or Vedic age) was a period in history during which the Vedas, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, were composed. The time span of the period is uncertain. Philological and linguistic evidence indicates that the Rigveda, the oldest of the Vedas, was composed roughly between 1700–1100 BCE, also referred to as the early Vedic period. The end of the period is commonly estimated to have occurred about 500 BCE, and 150 BCE has been suggested as a terminus ante quem for all Vedic Sanskrit literature.
Transmission of texts in the Vedic period was by oral tradition alone, and a literary tradition set in only in post-Vedic times. Despite the difficulties in dating the period, the Vedas can safely be assumed to be several thousands of years old. The associated culture, sometimes referred to as Vedic civilization, was probably centred early on in the northern and northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent, but has now spread and constitutes the basis of contemporary Indian culture.
wn.com/Vedic_period -
Vyasa
Vyasa (Devanagari: व्यास, vyāsa) is a central and revered figure in most Hindu traditions. He is also sometimes called Veda Vyasa (वेद व्यास, veda vyāsa), (the one who classified the Vedas in to four parts) or Krishna Dvaipayana (referring to his complexion and birthplace). He is the author as well as a character in the Mahabharata and considered to be the scribe of both the Vedas, and the supplementary texts such as the Puranas. A number of Vaishnava traditions regard him as an Avatar of Vishnu. Vyasa is sometimes conflated by some Vaishnavas with Badarayana, the author of the Vedanta Sutras. Vyāsa is also considered to be one of the seven Chiranjivins (long lived, or immortals), who are still in existence according to general Hindu belief. He is also the fourth member of the Rishi Parampara of the Advaita Guru Paramparā of which Adi Shankara is the chief proponent.
The festival of Guru Purnima, is dedicated to him, and also known as Vyasa Purnima as it is the day, which is believed to be his birthday and also the day he divided the Vedas.
wn.com/Vyasa -
Xuanzang
Xuanzang (Chinese: 玄奘; pinyin: Xuánzàng; Wade–Giles: Hsüan-tsang Sanskrit: ह्वेनसांग) (c. 602 – 664) was a famous Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator who described the interaction between China and India in the early Tang period. Born in Henan province of China in 602 or 603, from boyhood he took to reading sacred books, including the Chinese Classics and the writings of the ancient sages.
While residing in the city of Luoyang, Xuanzang entered Buddhist monkhood at the age of thirteen. Due to the political and social unrest caused by the fall of the Sui dynasty, he went to Chengdu in Sichuan (Szechuan), where he was ordained at the age of twenty. He later traveled throughout China in search of sacred books of Buddhism. At length, he came to Chang'an, then under the peaceful rule of Emperor Taizong of Tang. Here Xuanzang developed the desire to visit India. He knew about Faxian's visit to India and, like him, was concerned about the incomplete and misinterpreted nature of the Buddhist scriptures that had reached China.
wn.com/Xuanzang
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Taxila, Pakistan by Asiatravel.com
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Updated: 06 Feb 2013
Download Free $120 cash vouchers at www.asiatravel.com to offset payment at www.asiatravel.com httpAsiatravel.com is an online web portal for Hotels, Flights, Cruises, Travel and Tours, Bookings and other great leisure deals! For more information, visit our main site at: www.asiatravel.com It's as easy as "Click & Go!" Taxila is an important archaeological site in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It goes back all the way to Ancient Indian period and contains the ruins of the Gandharan city of Takshashila also known as Taxila. Taxila was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site with multiple locations. One of the most amazing things about this ruins site, is the Healing buddha. Alot of people come from far and wide making their way to the ruins, just to stick it's finger in its bellybutton just to feel better. Info Taken from Wikipedia.com Credits to wikipedia.com http Main
http://wn.com/Taxila,_Pakistan_by_Asiatravelcom
Download Free $120 cash vouchers at www.asiatravel.com to offset payment at www.asiatravel.com httpAsiatravel.com is an online web portal for Hotels, Flights, Cruises, Travel and Tours, Bookings and other great leisure deals! For more information, visit our main site at: www.asiatravel.com It's as easy as "Click & Go!" Taxila is an important archaeological site in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It goes back all the way to Ancient Indian period and contains the ruins of the Gandharan city of Takshashila also known as Taxila. Taxila was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site with multiple locations. One of the most amazing things about this ruins site, is the Healing buddha. Alot of people come from far and wide making their way to the ruins, just to stick it's finger in its bellybutton just to feel better. Info Taken from Wikipedia.com Credits to wikipedia.com http Main
294. Hinduska świątynia w Taxila. Hindu temple in Taxila
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Updated: 25 Apr 2012
Hinduska świątynia w Taxila. Hindu temple in Taxila.
http://wn.com/294_Hinduska_świątynia_w_Taxila_Hindu_temple_in_Taxila
Hinduska świątynia w Taxila. Hindu temple in Taxila.
- published: 14 May 2008
- views: 13042
- author: michalkruszewski
Gandhara Civilization, Buddhist Remains Taxila (Promo)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:54
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
The Oldest rulers of Taxila, the Takshakas, their modern descendants being Taka tribe, whose name originated from their worship of Takila, ie serpents, have given rise to the name of the city,Taxila, correctly Taksha-sila, ie the hill capital of the Takshakas, the exact Persian translation of which id Margalla, correctly Mar (serpent)-I-Qila (fort).it is on the western side of the Margalla Hill that Taxila is located on bank of a local river,called Tamra-nala, correctly Dharama-nala (Dharma meaning "Buddhist moral law) --a name derived from a nearby Buddhist stupa, called Dharmarajika stupa, the first of its kind erected by the Mauryan emperor Asoka about the middle of the 3rd century BC
http://wn.com/Gandhara_Civilization,_Buddhist_Remains_Taxila_Promo
The Oldest rulers of Taxila, the Takshakas, their modern descendants being Taka tribe, whose name originated from their worship of Takila, ie serpents, have given rise to the name of the city,Taxila, correctly Taksha-sila, ie the hill capital of the Takshakas, the exact Persian translation of which id Margalla, correctly Mar (serpent)-I-Qila (fort).it is on the western side of the Margalla Hill that Taxila is located on bank of a local river,called Tamra-nala, correctly Dharama-nala (Dharma meaning "Buddhist moral law) --a name derived from a nearby Buddhist stupa, called Dharmarajika stupa, the first of its kind erected by the Mauryan emperor Asoka about the middle of the 3rd century BC
- published: 24 Apr 2008
- views: 8859
- author: Bashir Tahir
Taxila Hazrat Molana Abdul Ghafoor Sahib
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:55
- Updated: 26 Jul 2012
assalam-o-allaikum app ko molana abdul ghafoor sahib ka taruf karwata chalo ye khat-me-naboowat k ameer Hazrat Khwaja Khan Muhammad Sahib "reh" khanqa sirajia waly k khaleefa hai, ye deo band mae naqsh bandi silsilay sae taluq rakhty hai,or aalim bhi hai bht sae mufti hazrat in sae mashwara krny ya koi masla paish a jai to in sae us ka hal jany k lye tashreef latay hai, alhum-do-lillah allah talah nae inhy woo maqam dia joo inhy aik baaar daikh lae usy dbra daikhny ka shoq ho jai, jo mil lae usy ye hasrat rehti hai k dbra in sae mulaqat ho jai, bht sae loog in k hath pr bait ho kar Allah ka ziqr karny waly ban gai hai, ye marqazi jama masjid taxila k khateeb bhi hai,
http://wn.com/Taxila_Hazrat_Molana_Abdul_Ghafoor_Sahib
assalam-o-allaikum app ko molana abdul ghafoor sahib ka taruf karwata chalo ye khat-me-naboowat k ameer Hazrat Khwaja Khan Muhammad Sahib "reh" khanqa sirajia waly k khaleefa hai, ye deo band mae naqsh bandi silsilay sae taluq rakhty hai,or aalim bhi hai bht sae mufti hazrat in sae mashwara krny ya koi masla paish a jai to in sae us ka hal jany k lye tashreef latay hai, alhum-do-lillah allah talah nae inhy woo maqam dia joo inhy aik baaar daikh lae usy dbra daikhny ka shoq ho jai, jo mil lae usy ye hasrat rehti hai k dbra in sae mulaqat ho jai, bht sae loog in k hath pr bait ho kar Allah ka ziqr karny waly ban gai hai, ye marqazi jama masjid taxila k khateeb bhi hai,
- published: 25 Jan 2011
- views: 17862
- author: MUDDASSIRALI4004
Taxila-600BC-600AD- Gandhara Civillization-World Heritage Site By UNESCO- 1980- Pakistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:43
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
BEST TIME TO VISIT: October to March Plan with Tourist Guide: Mr Liqa Ansari, Cell: 00923227030450, E-mail: ansariguide2pakistan@gmail.com TAXILA:(600BC - 600AD) A Paradise of Archeologists.The Gandhara Civilization (600BC - 600AD). TAXILA MUSEUM,CITRY & MONESTRY [Sirkap & Jaulian] most famous one. World Heritage Site Re-designated By UNESCO in 1980. Learn More. en.wikipedia.org
http://wn.com/Taxila-600BC-600AD_Gandhara_Civillization-World_Heritage_Site_By_UNESCO_1980_Pakistan
BEST TIME TO VISIT: October to March Plan with Tourist Guide: Mr Liqa Ansari, Cell: 00923227030450, E-mail: ansariguide2pakistan@gmail.com TAXILA:(600BC - 600AD) A Paradise of Archeologists.The Gandhara Civilization (600BC - 600AD). TAXILA MUSEUM,CITRY & MONESTRY [Sirkap & Jaulian] most famous one. World Heritage Site Re-designated By UNESCO in 1980. Learn More. en.wikipedia.org
- published: 18 Aug 2010
- views: 4560
- author: GUIDE2PAKISTAN
Maseed Attan By Waheed Achakzai In Taxila (Khalid's Wedding)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:41
- Updated: 08 May 2012
Da Ghra Laman Khalqa Che Da Khato Me Korgai Wai.
http://wn.com/Maseed_Attan_By_Waheed_Achakzai_In_Taxila_Khalid's_Wedding
Da Ghra Laman Khalqa Che Da Khato Me Korgai Wai.
- published: 22 May 2011
- views: 8004
- author: musarehmanmahsud
SIRKAP TAXILA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Updated: 21 Aug 2012
Sirkap (Urdu: سر کپ) is the name of an archaeological site on the bank opposite to the city of Taxila, Punjab, Pakistan. The city of Sirkap was built by the Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius after he invaded India around 180 BC. Demetrius founded in the northern and northwestern Indian subcontinent an Indo-Greek kingdom that was to last until around 10 BC. Sirkap is also said to have been rebuilt by king Menander I.
http://wn.com/SIRKAP_TAXILA
Sirkap (Urdu: سر کپ) is the name of an archaeological site on the bank opposite to the city of Taxila, Punjab, Pakistan. The city of Sirkap was built by the Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius after he invaded India around 180 BC. Demetrius founded in the northern and northwestern Indian subcontinent an Indo-Greek kingdom that was to last until around 10 BC. Sirkap is also said to have been rebuilt by king Menander I.
- published: 11 Sep 2009
- views: 6450
- author: SARB1989
Kumar Vishvas Part- 3 at Taxila Business School, Jaipur.flv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:29
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
Kumar Vishvas Part- 3 at taxila business school, Jaipur
http://wn.com/Kumar_Vishvas_Part_3_at_Taxila_Business_School,_Jaipurflv
Kumar Vishvas Part- 3 at taxila business school, Jaipur
- published: 27 Apr 2011
- views: 20698
- author: Taxila BusinessSchool
mumbai dabbawala @ Taxila Business School MBA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:52
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
mumbai dabbawala @ Taxila Business School - MBA
http://wn.com/mumbai_dabbawala_@_Taxila_Business_School_MBA
mumbai dabbawala @ Taxila Business School - MBA
- published: 27 Aug 2009
- views: 5167
- author: Taxila BusinessSchool
Chetan Bhagat at Taxila Business School Jaipur
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
Chetan Bhagat at Taxila Business School Jaipur
http://wn.com/Chetan_Bhagat_at_Taxila_Business_School_Jaipur
Chetan Bhagat at Taxila Business School Jaipur
- published: 27 Aug 2009
- views: 10858
- author: Taxila BusinessSchool
Kumar Vishvas Part 4 at Taxila Business School, Jaipur.flv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:29
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Kumar Vishvas Part 4 at Taxila Business School, Jaipur
http://wn.com/Kumar_Vishvas_Part_4_at_Taxila_Business_School,_Jaipurflv
Kumar Vishvas Part 4 at Taxila Business School, Jaipur
- published: 27 Apr 2011
- views: 4022
- author: Taxila BusinessSchool
UET Taxila-Best of 3rd Cricket Battle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:38
- Updated: 11 Sep 2012
Venue: Colony Ground UET Taxila. Some highlights from Final of 3rd Cricket battle tournament at UET Taxila. Computer engg. Juniors Vs Faculty -XI( Faculty of Telecom and Information Engineering, UET Taxila)
http://wn.com/UET_Taxila-Best_of_3rd_Cricket_Battle
Venue: Colony Ground UET Taxila. Some highlights from Final of 3rd Cricket battle tournament at UET Taxila. Computer engg. Juniors Vs Faculty -XI( Faculty of Telecom and Information Engineering, UET Taxila)
- published: 08 Apr 2008
- views: 3739
- author: tasawer84pk
Documentary: Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT) & Pakistan Ordnance Factories (POF) - Pakistan Army
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:55
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT) is the backbone of Pakistan's engineering industry for the Pakistan Armed Forces, being a combination of multiple industries that has grown into a large military complex since 1980. It consists of six major production units and their support facilities, staffed by over 6500 workers. HIT has facilities for overhaul, rebuild and progressive manufacturing of main battle tanks (MBT), armoured recovery vehicles (ARV), armoured personnel carriers (APC) and other armoured vehicles of both eastern and western armoured vehicles. HIT has developed and currently manufactures the Al-Khalid MBT. -------------------- PakArmyChannel Facebook page: www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Documentary_Heavy_Industries_Taxila_HIT_Pakistan_Ordnance_Factories_POF_Pakistan_Army
Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT) is the backbone of Pakistan's engineering industry for the Pakistan Armed Forces, being a combination of multiple industries that has grown into a large military complex since 1980. It consists of six major production units and their support facilities, staffed by over 6500 workers. HIT has facilities for overhaul, rebuild and progressive manufacturing of main battle tanks (MBT), armoured recovery vehicles (ARV), armoured personnel carriers (APC) and other armoured vehicles of both eastern and western armoured vehicles. HIT has developed and currently manufactures the Al-Khalid MBT. -------------------- PakArmyChannel Facebook page: www.facebook.com
- published: 20 Mar 2011
- views: 28776
- author: PakArmyChannel
Kumar Vishvas Part 6 at Taxila Business School, Jaipur.flv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:50
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Kumar Vishvas Part 6 at Taxila Business School, Jaipur
http://wn.com/Kumar_Vishvas_Part_6_at_Taxila_Business_School,_Jaipurflv
Kumar Vishvas Part 6 at Taxila Business School, Jaipur
- published: 27 Apr 2011
- views: 16011
- author: Taxila BusinessSchool
Taxila Business School Jaipur - MBA Class by Harish Bijoor
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:00
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Taxila Business School Jaipur - MBA Class by Harish Bijoor on Retail Marketing
http://wn.com/Taxila_Business_School_Jaipur_MBA_Class_by_Harish_Bijoor
Taxila Business School Jaipur - MBA Class by Harish Bijoor on Retail Marketing
- published: 28 Aug 2009
- views: 702
- author: Taxila BusinessSchool
TAXILA BUSINESS SCHOOL JAIPUR: CHETAN BHAGAT' TIPS ON GD N PI
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 41:21
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
TAXILA BUSINESS SCHOOL JAIPUR: CHETAN BHAGAT' TIPS ON GD N PI
http://wn.com/TAXILA_BUSINESS_SCHOOL_JAIPUR_CHETAN_BHAGAT'_TIPS_ON_GD_N_PI
TAXILA BUSINESS SCHOOL JAIPUR: CHETAN BHAGAT' TIPS ON GD N PI
- published: 13 Feb 2011
- views: 1845
- author: Taxila BusinessSchool
Kumar Vishvas part-1, at Taxila Business School, Jaipur
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:29
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
Kumar Vishvas part-1, at Taxila Business School, Jaipur
http://wn.com/Kumar_Vishvas_part-1,_at_Taxila_Business_School,_Jaipur
Kumar Vishvas part-1, at Taxila Business School, Jaipur
- published: 26 Apr 2011
- views: 19301
- author: Taxila BusinessSchool
Taxila Business School Jaipur MBA Class by Chetan Bhagat
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:43
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Taxila Business School Jaipur MBA Class by Chetan Bhagat
http://wn.com/Taxila_Business_School_Jaipur_MBA_Class_by_Chetan_Bhagat
Taxila Business School Jaipur MBA Class by Chetan Bhagat
- published: 28 Aug 2009
- views: 7318
- author: Taxila BusinessSchool
Best of Dr. Kumar Vishwas (Taxila Business School,Jaipur).mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 90:00
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
http://wn.com/Best_of_Dr_Kumar_Vishwas_Taxila_Business_School,Jaipurmp4
First RC Airplane - made by UET Taxila
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:24
- Updated: 09 Aug 2012
This was the First plane made by students (04-Me) of the Faculty of Mechanical & Aeronautical Engg. UET Taxila, Pakistan. It won the 1st Design,Build & Fly Contest (DBFC-I) held at GIKI, 28-29th of April, 2006.
http://wn.com/First_RC_Airplane_made_by_UET_Taxila
This was the First plane made by students (04-Me) of the Faculty of Mechanical & Aeronautical Engg. UET Taxila, Pakistan. It won the 1st Design,Build & Fly Contest (DBFC-I) held at GIKI, 28-29th of April, 2006.
- published: 18 Feb 2007
- views: 6347
- author: Sajid Nisar
UET Taxila Electrical Department Farewell Video 06 part2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:25
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
UET Taxila Electrical Department Farewell Video 06 part2 View Part 1 here www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/UET_Taxila_Electrical_Department_Farewell_Video_06_part2
UET Taxila Electrical Department Farewell Video 06 part2 View Part 1 here www.youtube.com
- published: 26 May 2010
- views: 4127
- author: Hassan Raza
Qurban jafri nohay taxila 00923015432438 00923015555142
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:41
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Qurban_jafri_nohay_taxila_00923015432438_00923015555142
photo: AP / World Vision
07 Feb 2013
Aid workers struggled to reach remote, tsunami-ravaged villages in the Solomon Islands on Thursday, as the death toll rose with more bodies found in wrecked homes and debris in the South Pacific island chain ... Around 100 homes across five villages were damaged or destroyed ... Three more bodies were found Thursday, but Herming said details of how those victims died were not immediately available ... - AP. ....(size: 1.9Kb)
photo: USAF / Senior Airman Larry E. Reid Jr.
07 Feb 2013
Updated. February 7, 2013 12.29AM. WASHINGTON — President Barack Obama has directed the Justice Department to give Congress’ intelligence committees access to classified legal advice providing the government’s rationale for drone strikes against American citizens working with al-Qaida abroad, a senior administration official and Democratic lawmakers said Wednesday ... The unclassified memo says it is legal for the government to kill U.S ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: US Army / Chief Warrant Officer 4 Daniel McClinton
06 Feb 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "The art of war is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin." Sun Tzu, "The Art of War," 4th Century BCE. During confirmation hearings for the next U.S. Defense Secretary, it was appalling to observe several senators haggling with Chuck Hagel over whether the surge during the disastrous U.S.-Iraqi preemptive war and military occupation was a success or not ... The U.S....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: AP / Amr Nabil
06 Feb 2013
February 6, 2013 -- Updated 1339 GMT (2139 HKT). Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (C) is greeted as he visits the Sayyeda Zeinab mosque in Cairo, February 5, 2013. Cairo (CNN) -- During a historic trip to Egypt, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was greeted by a group of men who hurled shoes at him -- a major insult in the Muslim world ... Other men also threw shoes at Ahmadinejad, the Egyptian public prosecutor's office said ... 0 ... ... ....(size: 6.9Kb)
photo: WN / Arturo Ubaub
06 Feb 2013
A powerful 8.0 magnitude earthquake struck near the Solomon Islands on Wednesday, triggering a small tsunami and prompting alerts across the South Pacific that were later cancelled. By News Wires (text). ... Damage reports were limited, and there were no reports of casualties. The quake struck 340 km (211 miles) east of Kira Kira in the Solomons, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center in Hawaii said ... Hot spot ... (REUTERS). Date created ... ....(size: 8.1Kb)
Business Wire
05 Feb 2013
DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Research and Markets (http.//www.researchandmarkets.com/research/hqjkd7/the_pakistani) has announced the addition of the "The Pakistani Defense Industry - Market Opportunities and Entry Strategies, Analyses and Forecasts to 2017" report to their offering. “The Pakistani Defense Industry - Market Opportunities and Entry Strategies, Analyses and Forecasts to 2017” ... - Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT) ... ....(size: 5.0Kb)
PR Newswire
30 Jan 2013
Heavy Industries Taxila ... Heavy Industries Taxila ... Heavy Industries Taxila ... Heavy Industries Taxila ... Heavy Industries Taxila ... Heavy Industries Taxila - product focus ... Heavy Industries Taxila - alliances ... Heavy Industries Taxila - recent contract wins ... Taxila (HIT) ,Heavy Mechanical Complex (HMC) ,To order this report.Aerospace_and_Defense Industry....(size: 51.0Kb)
The Hindu
18 Jan 2013
We have forgotten Chanakya so we talk of Machiavelli ... Here’s why ... He landed in Taxila (near Rawalpindi in modern-day Pakistan) from where over a period of a few years he rallied kings and nobles, soldiers and republics, deposed the Nanda king, enthroned Chandragupta, resisted the advance of the otherwise indomitable Alexander, then settled down to write the treatise that beats all state policy documents. Arthashastra ... Shh ... Keywords....(size: 4.2Kb)
noodls
15 Jan 2013
(Source. Government of Brunei Darussalam). By Idris Matzin. REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN, Thursday 10 January 2013 - The 4th Brunei Darussalam - Islamic Republic of Pakistan Joint Defence Working Committee (JDWC) was held at the Ministry of Defence, Islamabad on 10th January 2013 ... The Brunei Darussalam delegation was also taken for industrial visits to the Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT) and Pakistan Ordnance Factory (POF) ... (noodl....(size: 2.4Kb)
noodls
11 Jan 2013
(Source. The Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama). January 11th 2013 ... There the staff and students of the university and other guests eagerly awaited him ... He reported on the progress the university has made ... On the whole, students are making good progress in the university ... He concluded, ... They revealed the casket that contains relics recovered from stupas in Taxila that is now in north-west Pakistan and he paid his respects ... (noodl....(size: 9.5Kb)
Indian Express
03 Jan 2013
President Pranab Mukherjee on Thursday emphasised on evolving an educational system which imbibes a scientific culture and increased focus on innovation to compete in a globalised economy ... In this context, he cited ancient universities like Nalanda or Taxila which focussed on value based holistic education ... contd. PAGE. 123 . Single Page Format ....(size: 1.7Kb)
The Siasat Daily
03 Jan 2013
Kolkata, January 03.. President Pranab Mukherjee today emphasised on evolving an educational system which imbibes a scientific culture and increased focus on innovation to compete in a globalised economy ... "We need an educational system which lays importance on development of a scientific culture within the society ... In this context, he cited ancient universities like Nalanda or Taxila which focussed on value based holistic education....(size: 3.4Kb)
Zeenews
03 Jan 2013
Kolkata. In a first, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Thursday chaired a session on science for shaping the future of India at the Science Congress here. “We must invest in popularising science ... "We need an educational system which lays importance on development of a scientific culture within the society ... In this context, he cited ancient universities like Nalanda or Taxila which focussed on value based holistic education ... PTI ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)
Zeenews
03 Jan 2013
Kolkata. In a first, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Thursday chaired a session on science for shaping the future of India at the Science Congress here. “We must invest in popularising science ... The Kudankulam nuclear power project in Tamil Nadu has also witnessed protests over safety concerns ... In this context, he cited ancient universities like Nalanda or Taxila which focussed on value based holistic education ... PTI ... First Published ... ....(size: 5.8Kb)
The Times of India
31 Dec 2012
The Times of India
25 Dec 2012
JABALPUR. Built atop a hillock and surrounded by lush green forest cover and a picturesque pond, Rani Durgawati fort occupies a pride of place in MP tourism brochures selling Jabalpur ... "Women, that is good women, emphasizes Ganesh Lodhi, owner of a shanty shop below, are never seen around here ... It is their first trip says Pawan Dhuwari, a student of Taxila college of engineering, two miles away from the fort ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)
DNA India
14 Dec 2012
Observing that India possessed a great culture of innovation since the ancient times, he said the country possessed about 27 percent of the world's GDP in the year 1700 and the naval dockyard at Lothal and Nalanda as well Taxila universities bear testimony to the spirit of innovation....(size: 6.3Kb)
Zeenews
14 Dec 2012
Hyderabad ... "R&D; in any industry and more so in the defence sector is resource-intensive ... Observing that India possessed a great culture of innovation since the ancient times, he said the country possessed about 27 percent of the world's GDP in the year 1700 and the naval dockyard at Lothal and Nalanda as well Taxila universities bear testimony to the spirit of innovation ... PTI ... First Published. Friday, December 14, 2012, 18.04. ....(size: 2.6Kb)
For genus of butterflies, see Taxila (butterfly).
| Taxila * | |
|---|---|
|
|
| Country | Pakistan |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | iii, vi |
| Reference | 139 |
| Region ** | Asia-Pacific |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 1980 (4th Session) |
 Location of Taxila in Pakistan
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| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List ** Region as classified by UNESCO |
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Taxila (Urdu: ٹیکسلا) is a Tehsil in the Rawalpindi District of Punjab province of Pakistan. It is an important archaeological site. Taxila is situated about 32 km (20 mi) northwest of Islamabad Capital Territory and Rawalpindi in Panjab; just off the Grand Trunk Road. Taxila lies 549 metres (1,801 ft) above sea level.
The city dates back to the Gandhara period and contains the ruins of the Gandhāran city of Takṣaśilā which was an important Hindu and Buddhist centre, and is still considered a place of religious and historical sanctity in those traditions. In 1980, Taxila was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site with multiple locations.[1] In 2006 it was ranked as the top tourist destination in Pakistan by The Guardian newspaper.[2]
Contents |
History[link]
References in texts[link]
Scattered references in later works indicate that Takshashila may have dated back to at least the 5th century BCE.[3][4][5] Takṣaśilā is reputed to derive its name from Takṣa, who was the son of Bharata, the brother of Rama, and Mandavi.[6] Legend has it that Takṣa ruled a kingdom called Takṣa Khanda, and founded the city of Takṣaśilā.[7] According to another theory propounded by Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi, Takṣaśilā is related to Takṣaka, Sanskrit for "carpenter", and is an alternative name for the Nāgas of ancient India.[8]
In the Mahābhārata, the Kuru heir Parikṣit was enthroned at Takṣaśilā.[9] Traditionally, it is believed that the Mahabharata was first recited at Takṣaśilā by Vaishampayana, a disciple of Vyasa at the behest of the seer Vyasa himself, at the Sarpa Satra Yajna (Snake Sacrifice) of Parikṣit's son Janamejaya.[10]
Takshashila is also described in some detail in later Jātaka tales, written in Sri Lanka around the 5th century.[11] The Chinese monk Faxian (also called Fa-Hien) writing of his visit to Taxila in 405 CE, mentions the kingdom of Takshasila (or Chu-cha-shi-lo) meaning "the severed Head". He says that this name was derived from an event in the life of Buddha because this is the place "where he gave his head to a man".[12] Xuanzang (also called Hieun Tsang), another Chinese monk, visited Taxila in 630 and in 643, and he called the city as Ta-Cha-Shi-Lo. The city appears to have already been in ruins by his time. Taxila is called Taxiala in Ptolemy’s Geography.[13] In the Historia Trium Regum (History of the Three Kings) composed by John of Hildesheim around 1375, the city is called Egrisilla.[14]
Ancient centre of learning[link]
Main article: Ancient higher-learning institutions
Takshashila became a noted centre of learning at least several centuries BCE, and continued to attract students from around the old world until the destruction of the city in the 5th century. At its height, it has been suggested that Takshashila exerted a sort of "intellectual suzerainty" over other centres of learning in India.,[15] and its primary concern was not with elementary, but higher education.[16] Generally, a student entered Takshashila at the age of sixteen. The Vedas and the Eighteen Silpas or Arts, which included skills such as archery, hunting, and elephant lore, were taught, in addition to its law school, medical school, and school of military science.[17] Students came to Takshashila from far-off places such as Kashi, Kosala and Magadha, in spite of the long and arduous journey they had to undergo, on account of the excellence of the learned teachers there, all recognized as authorities on their respective subjects.[18][19]
Famous students and teachers[link]
Takshashila is perhaps best known because of its association with Chanakya, also known as Kautilya, the strategist who guided Chandragupta Maurya and assisted in the founding of the Mauryan empire. The Arthashastra (Sanskrit for The knowledge of Economics) of Chanakya, is said to have been composed in Takshashila itself.[20][21] The Ayurvedic healer Charaka also studied at Taxila.[17]He also started teaching at Taxila in the later period. [22] The ancient grammarian Panini, who codified the rules that would define Classical Sanskrit, has also been part of the community at Takshashila.[23]
The institution is very significant in Buddhist tradition since it is believed[citation needed] that the Mahāyāna branch of Buddhism took shape there. Jivaka, the court physician of the Magadha emperor Bimbisara who once cured the Buddha, and the enlightened ruler of Kosala, Prasenajit, are some important personalities mentioned in Pali texts who studied at Takshashila.[24]
Nature of education[link]
By some accounts, Taxilla was considered to be amongst the earliest universities in the world.[6][25][26][27][28] Others do not consider it a university in the modern sense, in that the teachers living there may not have had official membership of particular colleges, and there did not seem to have existed purpose-built lecture halls and residential quarters in Takshashila,[29][30][31] in contrast to the later Nalanda University.[31][32][33]
No external authorities like kings or local leaders subjected the scholastic activities at Takshashila to their control. Each teacher formed his own institution, enjoying complete autonomy in work, teaching as many students as he liked and teaching subjects he liked without conforming to any centralized syllabus. Study terminated when the teacher was satisfied with the student's level of achievement. In general, specialisation in a subject took around eight years, though this could be lengthened or shortened in accordance with the intellectual abilities and dedication of the student in question. In most cases the "schools" were located within the teachers' private houses, and at times students were advised to quit their studies if they were unable to fit into the social, intellectual and moral atmosphere there.[34]
Knowledge was considered too sacred to be bartered for money, and hence any stipulation that fees ought to be paid was vigorously condemned. Financial support came from the society at large, as well as from rich merchants and wealthy parents. Though the number of students studying under a single Guru sometimes numbered in the hundreds, teachers did not deny education even if the student was poor; free boarding and lodging was provided, and students had to do manual work in the household. Paying students like princes were taught during the day; non-paying ones, at night.[35] Guru Dakshina was usually expected at the completion of a student's studies, but it was essentially a mere token of respect and gratitude - many times being nothing more than a turban, a pair of sandals, or an umbrella. In cases of poor students being unable to afford even that, they could approach the king, who would then step in and provide something. Not providing a poor student a means to supply his Guru's Dakshina was considered the greatest slur on a King's reputation.[36]
Examinations were treated as superfluous, and not considered part of the requirements to complete one's studies. The process of teaching was critical and thorough- unless one unit was mastered completely, the student was not allowed to proceed to the next. No convocations were held upon completion, and no written "degrees" were awarded, since it was believed that knowledge was its own reward. Using knowledge for earning a living or for any selfish end was considered sacrilegious.[34]
Students arriving at Takshashila usually had completed their primary education at home (until the age of eight), and their secondary education in the Ashrams (between the ages of eight and twelve), and therefore came to Takshashila chiefly to reach the ends of knowledge in specific disciplines.[37] Both theoretical and practical aspects of the subjects were taught, and particular care was taken to ensure competence of students in case of subjects like medicine, where improper practice could result in disaster. The list of subjects taught at Takshashila underwent many additions over the years, with even Greek being taught there after the Alexandrian conquests. Foreign savants were accorded as much importance as local teachers.
Political history[link]
See also: Taxila (satrapy)
Historically, Takṣaśilā lay at the crossroads of three major trade routes:
- The uttarāpatha, the northern road—the later Grand Trunk or GT Road — the royal road which connected Gandhara in the west to the kingdom of Magadha and its capital Pāṭaliputra in the Ganges valley in the east.
- The northwestern route through Bactria, Kāpiśa, and Puṣkalāvatī.
- The Sindu (English: Indus river) route from Kashmir and Central Asia, via Śri nagara, Mansehra, and the Haripur valley[38] across the Khunjerab pass to the Silk Road in the north to the Indian Ocean in the south. The Khunjerab passes between Kashmir and Xinjiang—the current Karakoram highway—and was traversed in antiquity.
Owing to its strategic location, Taxila has changes hands many times over the centuries, with many empires vying for its control.
- c. 518 BCE – Darius the Great annexes Takṣaśilā to the Persian Achaemenid Empire.[39]
- 326 BCE – Alexander the Great receives submission of King Āmbhi of Takṣaśilā, named Taxiles by Greek sources after his capital.[39]
- 321–317 BCE Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Mauryan empire in eastern India, makes himself master of northern and northwestern India, including Panjab. Chandragupta Maurya's advisor Kautilya (also known as Chanakya) was a teacher at Takṣaśilā.
- During the reign of Chandragupta's grandson Aśoka, Takṣaśilā became a great Buddhist centre of learning. Nonetheless, Takṣaśilā was briefly the centre of a minor local rebellion, subdued only a few years after its onset.[40]
- Ashoka encouraged trade by building roads, most notably a highway of more than 1,600 kilometers (1,000 miles) linking Pataliputra with Taxila.
- 185 BCE – The last Maurya emperor, Bṛhadratha, is assassinated by his general, Puṣyamitra Śunga, during a parade of his troops.[41]
- Early 2nd century BCE - Indo-Greeks build new capital, Sirkap, on the opposite bank of the river from Takṣaśilā.[42] During this new period of Bactrian Greek rule, several dynasties (like Antialcidas) likely ruled from the city as their capital. During lulls in Greek rule, the city managed profitably on its own, to independently control several local trade guilds, who also minted most of the city's autonomous coinage.
- c. 90 BCE – The Indo-Scythian chief Maues overthrows the last Greek king of Takṣaśilā.[43]
- c. 20 BCE – Gondophares, founder of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom, conquers Takṣaśilā and makes it his capital.[44]
- c. 46 AD – Thomas the Apostle visits King Gondophares IV.[45]
- 76 – The date of and inscription found at Taxila of "Great King, King of Kings, Son of God, the Kushana" (maharaja rajatiraja devaputra Kushana).[46]
- c. 460–470 CE – The Hephthalites sweep over Gandhāra and Panjab; and cause wholesale destruction of the Buddhist monasteries and stupas at Takṣaśilā, which never again recovers.[47]
Ruins[link]
The British archaeologist Sir John Marshall conducted excavations over a period of twenty years in Taxila.[48]
The ruins of Taxila contain buildings and Buddhist stupas located over a large area. The main ruins of Taxila are divided into three major cities, each belonging to a distinct time period.
The oldest of these is the Hathial area, which yielded surface shards similar to burnished red wares (or 'soapy red wares') recovered from early phases at Charsadda, and may date between the 6th century BCE and the late 2nd millennium BCE. Bhir Mound dates from the 6th century BCE. The second city of Taxila is located at Sirkap and was built by Greco-Bactrian kings in the 2nd century BCE. The third and last city of Taxila is at Sirsukh and relates to the Kushan rulers.
In addition to the ruins of the city, a number of buddhist monasteries and stupas also belong to the Taxila area. Some of the important ruins of this category include the ruins of the stupa at Dharmarajika, the monastery at Jaulian, the monastery at Mohra Muradu in addition to a number of stupas.
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A coin from 2nd century BCE Taxila.
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The Indo-Greek king Antialcidas ruled in Taxila around 100 BCE, according to the Heliodorus pillar inscription.
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Jaulian, a World Heritage Site at Taxila.
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Jaulian silver Buddhist reliquary, with content. British Museum.
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The Dharmarajika stupa, Taxila.
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Stupa base at Sirkap, decorated with Hindu, Buddhist, and Greek temple fronts.
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Stupa in Taxila.
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A Taxila coin, 200–100 BCE. British Museum.
Taxila today[link]
Further information: Taxila Tehsil
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130208040431/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion. |
Present day Taxila is one of the seven Tehsils (sub-district) of Rawalpindi District. It is spread over an undulating land in the periphery of the Pothohar Plateau of the Punjab. Situated just outside the capital Islamabad's territory and communicating with it through Tarnol pass of Margalla Hills.
Taxila is a mix of wealthy urban and rustic rural environs. Urban residential areas are in the form of small neat and clean colonies populated by the workers of heavy industries, educational institutes and hospitals that are located in the area.
Nicholson's obelisk, a monument of British colonial era situated at the Grand Trunk road welcomes the travellers coming from Rawalpindi/Islamabad into Taxila. The monument was built by the British to pay tribute to Brigadier John Nicholson (1822–1857) an officer of the British Army who died in India during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the First War of Independence.
The industries include heavy machine factories and industrial complex, ordnance factories of Wah Cantt and cement factory. Heavy Industries Taxila is also based here. Small, cottage and household industries include stoneware, pottery and footwear. People try to relate the present day stoneware craft to the tradition of sculpture making that existed here before the advent of Islam.
In addition to the ruins of Gandhara civilisation and ancient Buddhist/Hindu culture, relics of Mughal gardens and vestiges of historical Grand Trunk Road, which was built by Emperor Sher Shah Suri in 15th–16th centuries, are also found in Taxila region.
Taxila Museum, dedicated mainly to the remains of Gandhara civilization, is also worth visiting. A hotel of the tourism department offers reasonably good services and hospitality to the tourists.
Taxila has many educational institutes including University of Engineering and Technology (UET).
Threats[link]
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This section requires expansion. |
In a 2010 report titled Saving Our Vanishing Heritage, Global Heritage Fund identified Taxila as one of 12 worldwide sites most "On the Verge" of irreparable loss and damage, citing insufficient management, development pressure, looting, and war and conflict as primary threats.[49]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ UNESCO World Heritage Site, 1980. Taxila: Multiple Locations. Retrieved 13 January 2007.
- ^ Windsor, Antonia (17 October 2006). "Out of the rubble". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2006/oct/17/pakistan?page=all. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
- ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre: Taxila
- ^ Scharfe, Hartmut (2002). Education in Ancient India. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 141. ISBN 90-04-12556-6.
- ^ "History of Education", Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007.
- ^ a b Needham, Joseph (2004). Within the Four Seas: The Dialogue of East and West. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-36166-4.
"When the men of Alexander the Great came to Taxila in India in the fourth century BC they found a university there the like of which had not been seen in Greece, a university which taught the three Vedas and the eighteen accomplishments and was still existing when the Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hsien went there about AD 400." - ^ Invasion of the Genes Genetic Heritage of India, By B. S. Ahloowalia. p81
- ^ Kosambi 1975:129
- ^ Kosambi, Damodar Dharmanand (1975) [1956]. An Introduction to the Study of Indian History (Revised Second Edition ed.). Bombay: Popular Prakashan. pp. 126.
- ^ Britannica Online Encyclopedia, article:Taxila. "The great Indian epic Mahabharata was, according to tradition, first recited at Taxila at the great snake sacrifice of King Janamejaya, one of the heroes of the story."
- ^ Marshall 1975:81
- ^ A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms, Being an Account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Hien of his Travels in India and Ceylon in Search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline, Chapter 11
- ^ J. W. McCrindle, The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great as Described by Arrian, Q. Curtius, Diodorus, Plutarch and Justin, Westminster, Constable, 1893, pp.343-344.
- ^ Frank Schaer, The Three Kings of Cologne, Heidelberg, Winter, 2000, Middle English Texts no.31, p.196.
- ^ Radha Kumud Mookerji (2nd ed. 1951; reprint 1989), ''Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist (p. 478), Motilal Banarsidass Publ., ISBN 81-208-0423-6:
"Thus the various centres of learning in different parts of the country became affiliated, as it were, to the educational centre, or the central university, of Taxila which exercised a kind of intellectual suzerainty over the wide world of letters in India." - ^ Radha Kumud Mookerji (2nd ed. 1951; reprint 1989), Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist (p. 479), Motilal Banarsidass Publ., ISBN 81-208-0423-6:
"This shows that Taxila was a seat not of elementary, but higher, education, of colleges or a university as distinguished from schools." - ^ a b Radha Kumud Mookerji (2nd ed. 1951; reprint 1989). Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist (p. 478-489). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 81-208-0423-6.
- ^ Political and social movements in ancient Panjab (from the Vedic age upto the Maurya period), by Buddha Prakash (Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi, 1964)"Students from Magadha traversed the vast distances of northern India in order to join the schools and colleges of Takshashila. We learn from Pali texts that Brahmana youths, Khattiya princes and sons of setthis from Rajagriha, Kashi, Kosala and other places went to Takshashila for learning the Vedas and eighteen sciences and arts."
- ^ Universities in Ancient India, by DG Apte. Page 9
- ^ Kautilya. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
- ^ Radhakumud Mookerji (1941; 1960; reprint 1989). Chandragupta Maurya and His Times (p. 17). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 81-208-0405-8.
- ^ "Takshila university". http://www.taksha.org/about/history. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ Political and social movements in ancient Panjab (from the Vedic age upto the Maurya period), by Buddha Prakash (Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi, 1964)."Panini and Kautilya, two masterminds of ancient times, were also brought up in the academic traditions of Takshashila"
- ^ Political and social movements in ancient Panjab (from the Vedic age upto the Maurya period), by Buddha Prakash (Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi, 1964)"Likewise, Jivaka, the famous physician of Bimbisara who cured the Buddha, learnt the science of medicine under a far-famed teacher at Takshashila and on his return was appointed court-physician at Magadha. Another illustrious product of Takshashila was the enlightened ruler of Kosala, Prasenajit, who is intimately associated with the events of the time of the Buddha."
- ^ Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). A History of India (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32919-1. "In the early centuries the centre of Buddhist scholarship was the University of Taxila."
- ^ Balakrishnan Muniapan, Junaid M. Shaikh (2007), "Lessons in corporate governance from Kautilya's Arthashastra in ancient India", World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 3 (1):
"Kautilya was also a Professor of Politics and Economics at Taxila University. Taxila University is one of the oldest known universities in the world and it was the chief learning centre in ancient India." - ^ Radha Kumud Mookerji (2nd ed. 1951; reprint 1989), ''Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist (p. 478), Motilal Banarsidass Publ., ISBN 81-208-0423-6:
"Thus the various centres of learning in different parts of the country became affiliated, as it were, to the educational centre, or the central university, of Taxila which exercised a kind of intellectual suzerainty over the wide world of letters in India." - ^ Radha Kumud Mookerji (2nd ed. 1951; reprint 1989), Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist (p. 479), Motilal Banarsidass Publ., ISBN 81-208-0423-6:
"This shows that Taxila was a seat not of elementary, but higher, education, of colleges or a university as distinguished from schools." - ^ Anant Sadashiv Altekar (1934; reprint 1965), Education in Ancient India, Sixth Edition, Revised & Enlarged, Nand Kishore & Bros, Varanasi:
"It may be observed at the outset that Taxila did not possess any colleges or university in the modern sense of the term." - ^ F. W. Thomas (1944), in John Marshall (1951; 1975 reprint), Taxila, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi:
"We come across several Jātaka stories about the students and teachers of Takshaśilā, but not a single episode even remotely suggests that the different 'world renowned' teachers living in that city belonged to a particular college or university of the modern type." - ^ a b Taxila (2007), Encyclopædia Britannica:
"Taxila, besides being a provincial seat, was also a centre of learning. It was not a university town with lecture halls and residential quarters, such as have been found at Nalanda in the Indian state of Bihar." - ^ "Nalanda" (2007). Encarta.
- ^ "Nalanda" (2001). Columbia Encyclopedia.
- ^ a b Universities in Ancient India, by D.G Apte. Page 9-10.
- ^ Universities in Ancient India, by D.G Apte. Page 16-17.
- ^ Universities in Ancient India, by D.G Apte. Page 18-19.
- ^ Universities in Ancient India, by D.G Apte. Page 11.
- ^ Thapar, Romila (1997) [1961]. Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 237. ISBN 0-19-563932-4.
- ^ a b Marshall, John (1975) [1951]. Taxila: Volume I. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 83.
- ^ Thapar 1997
- ^ Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (1998). A History of India (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 68. ISBN 0-415-15481-2.
- ^ Kulke and Rothermund 1998:70
- ^ arshall 1975:84
- ^ Marshall 1975:85
- ^ Medlycott, A.E. (1905). "The Apostle Thomas and Gondophares the Indian King". India and the Apostle Thomas. London: David Nutt.
- ^ Kulke and Rothermund 1998:75
- ^ Marshall 1975:86
- ^ Marshall, Sir John (1960). A Guide to Taxila. Karachi: Department of Archaeology in Pakistan, Sani Communications.
- ^ http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/sites_on_the_verge/
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Taxila |
- Taxila travel guide from Wikitravel
- Explore Taxila with Google Earth on Global Heritage Network
- Guide to Historic Taxila by Professor Dr. Ahmad Hasan Dani in 10 chapters
- "Taxila", by Jona Lendering
- Some photos by Umayr Sahlan Masud
- Taxila page from punjab-info
- Travel With Young – Taxila 한글
- Map of Gandhara archeological sites, from the Huntington Collection, Ohio State University (large file)
- "Taxila Museum and Jaulian Monastery", by Saadullah Bashir
- [1]
- John Marshall, A guide to Taxila (1918) on Archive.org
Coordinates: 33°44′45″N 72°47′15″E / 33.74583°N 72.7875°E / 33.74583; 72.7875
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| Chetan Bhagat | |
|---|---|
 Bhagat in the "Meet the Author" programme at the Sharjah International Book Fair on 21st November 2011 |
|
| Born | (1974-04-22) 22 April 1974 (age 38) New Delhi, India |
| Occupation | Author |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Alma mater | IIT Delhi IIM Ahmedabad |
| Genres | Fiction, management, humour |
| Notable work(s) | Five Point Someone 2 States |
| Spouse(s) | Anusha Bhagat |
| Children | 2 |
|
www.chetanbhagat.com |
|
Chetan Bhagat (Hindi: चेतन भगत) (born 22 April 1974), is an Indian author, columnist, and speaker. Bhagat is the author of five bestselling novels, Five Point Someone (2004), One Night @ the Call Center (2005), The 3 Mistakes of My Life (2008), 2 States (2009) & Revolution 2020: Love, Corruption, Ambition (2011). All five books have remained bestsellers since their release and two have inspired Bollywood films (including the hit film 3 Idiots). In 2008, The New York Times called Bhagat "the biggest selling English language novelist in India's history".[1][2] Bhagat, an alumni of Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi and IIM Ahmedabad, is seen more as a youth icon than as an author.[3] Time magazine named him as one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World.[4] Bhagat also favoured the forming of a system similar to the Lokpal as early as January 2011 through his articles.[5] Bhagat writes op-ed columns for English and Hindi newspapers, including The Guardian, The Times of India and Dainik Bhaskar, focusing on youth, career[6] and issues based on national development.[7][8] Bhagat is also a motivational speaker and has given talks in leading multinational corporations and other institutions.[9][10][11] He quit his international investment banking career in 2009, to devote his entire time to writing.
Contents |
Early days[link]
Bhagat was born in New Delhi to a middle class family. His father was in the army and his mother was a government employee in the agricultural department.
Bhagat's education was mostly in Delhi. He attended the Indian Army Public Schools|Army Public School (1978–1991). He studied Mechanical Engineering at the Indian Institute Of Technology (IIT) Delhi (1991–1995). He graduated from the Indian Institute of Management (1995–1997), where he was named "The Best Outgoing Student". After graduation he worked as an investment banker in Hong Kong. He had been working in Hong Kong for 11 years before shifting to Mumbai to pursue his passion for writing. He has written five books, all of which are bestsellers. His first three novels were written during his tenure as an investment banker.
Personal life[link]
Bhagat met his wife, Anusha Suryanarayan at IIM Ahmedabad. They married in 1999. Later, they moved to Hong Kong and worked there. Now based in Mumbai, Bhagat is focusing on his writing career. Bhagat and Anusha are the parents of twin sons, Shyam and Ishaan. The love story of Anusha and Chetan Bhagat was the inspiration for the book 2 States: The Story of My Marriage.[12]
List of works[link]
Books[link]
| Title | Year |
|---|---|
| Five Point Someone | 2004 |
| One Night @ the Call Center | 2005 |
| The 3 Mistakes of My Life | 2008 |
| 2 States: The Story of My Marriage | 2009 |
| Revolution 2020: Love, Corruption, Ambition | 2011 |
Television[link]
Bhagat was a judge on the Star News TV reality show Star Anchor Hunt.[13]
Speeches[link]
- "SPARK" speech given at the orientation program for the new group of MBA students at Symbiosis, Pune.[14]
- "Becoming One With the World" speech given at the HT Leadership Summit Delhi.[15]
Speaker[link]
Among his other activities, Bhagat is known to deliver speeches at programs organised by newspapers and media houses like Dainik Bhaskar, The Times of India and at other conclaves apart from writing columns for the same.[16] Apart from these he usually expresses his views on current trendings of the society through micro-blogging site Twitter.[17]
Controversies[link]
[edit] 3 Idiots versus Five Point Someone
There was controversy when the film 3 Idiots was released in 2009. Bhagat was unhappy over not getting credit for the film's story, which was based upon Five Point Someone – What not to do at IIT!. According to him the film had taken more from the book than the filmmakers had led him to believe. Director Rajkumar Hirani said that Bhagat has been given his due credit according to contract.[18] Hirani threatened to take legal action against Bhagat. Bhagat also accused Hirani of not showing him final script as per contract, but Hirani denied that.[19] Protagonist of the film Aamir Khan initially said that the screenplay was original,[20] but later he kept himself away from this controversy.[21]
Movie adaptions[link]
| Year of publishing | Title of book | Film adaptation | Language | Cast | Production | Director | Year of Release |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 | One Night @ the Call Center | Hello | Hindi | Salman Khan, Katrina Kaif, Gul Panag, Sharman Joshi | Vidhu Vinod Chopra | Atul Agnihotri | 2008 |
| 2009 | Five Point Someone | 3 Idiots | Hindi | Aamir Khan, R. Madhavan, Boman Irani, Kareena Kapoor, Sharman Joshi | Vidhu Vinod Chopra | Rajkumar Hirani | 2009 |
| 2012 | Five Point Someone | Nanban | Tamil | Vijay, Jeeva, Srikanth, Sathyaraj, Ileana D'Cruz | Gemini Film Circuit | Shankar | 2012 |
| 2012 | The 3 Mistakes of My Life | Kai Po Che! | Gujarati | Sushant Singh Rajput, Raj Kumar Yadav, Amit Sadh | UTV Motion Pictures | Abhishek Kapoor | 2013[22] |
| 2009 | 2 States | 2 States | Hindi | Ranbir Kapoor, Asin[23] | Imtiaz Ali | 2013 |
Awards and recognition[link]
- Society Young Achiever's award in 2004[24]
- Publisher’s Recognition award in 2005[24]
- Bhagat in Time magazine's list of World's 100 Most Influential People 2010[25]
References[link]
- ^ Greenlees, Donald (March 26, 2008). "An Investment Banker Finds Fame Off the Books". The New York Times.
- ^ "Chetan Bhagat's much-anticipated novel will be released this October". Asia Pacific Arts. 2011-09-20. http://asiapacificarts.usc.edu/article@apa?chetan_bhagats_much-anticipated_novel_will_be_released_this_october_17395.aspx.
- ^ "Chetan Bhagat on 2G scam"
- ^ Time 100 most influential people in the world list
- ^ "Of Ravages And Kings". The Times Of India. 29 January 2011. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-29/edit-page/28370196_1_cbi-raid-kings-cbi-officials/2.
- ^ Chetan Bhagat in Kathmandu Rejuvenates Youth Potential
- ^ Bhagat, Chetan (19 August 2011). "Anna Hazare's fight for change has inspired millions of Indians". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/aug/17/anna-hazare-arrest-inspired-indians. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
- ^ http://www.chetanbhagat.com/columns/
- ^ http://www.cio.in/idm/8909
- ^ "Open letter to Sonia Gandhi from young India". The Times of India. 13 February 2011. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-13/special-report/28547374_1_corruption-electric-power-political-party.
- ^ http://www.chetanbhagat.com/speeches/becoming-one-with-the-world/
- ^ http://conclave.intoday.in/video/india-today-conclave-2012-chetan-bhagat-baba-ramdev/3411/38/68.html
- ^ "Judges for Anchor hunt: Chetan Bhagat". staranchorhunt.com. 19 March 2010.
- ^ http://www.chetanbhagat.com/speeches/spark/
- ^ http://www.chetanbhagat.com/speeches/becoming-one-with-the-world
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4FX-bxW2kY&feature=related
- ^ http://www.twitter.com/chetan_bhagat
- ^ "Chetan Bhgat unhappy over due credit". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Chetan-Bhagat-closes-3-Idiots-controversy/Article1-493968.aspx. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- ^ "Hirani Planning of legal action against Chetan Bhagat". Times Of India. 4 January 2010. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-04/news-interviews/28142618_1_chetan-bhagat-due-credit-idiots. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- ^ "ScreenPlay is original says Aamir". Times Of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/bollywood/Script-of-3-Idiots-is-original-Aamir-Khan/videoshow/5396419.cms. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- ^ "Amir distances himself of controversy". http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jan/04/aamir-distances-himself-from-three-iidiots-controversy.htm. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- ^ ""Kai Po Che!" to be released in 2013". IBNLive. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kai-po-che-to-be-released-in-january-2013/259185-8-66.html. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
- ^ "Imtiaz Ali to direct 2 States now". Times Of India. 15 November 2011. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-15/news-interviews/30401211_1_siddharth-anand-ranbir-kapoor-rockstar-director. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
- ^ a b http://www.delhispider.com/resources/2288-Biodata-Chetan-Bhagat.aspx
- ^ Time. 21 April 2011. http://search.time.com/results.html?N=0&Nty=1&Ntt=chetan+bhagat&x=0&y=0&p=0&cmd=tags&srchCat=Full+Archive.
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Chetan Bhagat |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chetan Bhagat |
|
||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bhagat, Chetan |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 22 April 1974 |
| Place of birth | New Delhi, India |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Chetan_Bhagat
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Chetan Bhagat
http://hi.wn.com/चेतन भगत
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetan_Bhagat
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Kumar Vishwas | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Occupation | Professor, Poet, Associate Professor |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Citizenship | Indian |
| Education | M.A., PhD., DLit |
| Genres | Romantic Poetry |
| Notable award(s) | Hindi-Punjabi Award Committee, Uttar Pradesh “Sahitya Shree-2006” Geet Shree 2010 |
|
www.kumarvishwas.com |
|
Kumar Vishwas' (डॉ. कुमार विश्वास ) (also spelt as Vishvas or Vishwas) (born 10 February 1970) is a renowned Hindi Poet and a professor of Hindi Literature from Pilkhuwa[1], Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.
Contents |
Early life and education[link]
Kumar Vishwas was born on 10 February 1970, in Pilkhuwa, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh in a Gaur Brahmin family. He is the youngest among four brothers and a sister. He started his schooling from Lala Ganga Sahay School, Pilkhuwa where he spent a part of his childhood. His father Dr. Chandra Pal Sharma was Lecturer in R.S.S. Degree College, Pilkhuwa affiliated to Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut and his mother Smt. Rama Sharma is a home maker. After completing his intermediate from Rajputana Regiment Inter College, Pilkhuwa, his father wanted him to be an Engineer, but he had a passion for Poetry right from the childhood. He took no interest in engineering and decided to make career in the field of Poetry. He did Post Graduation in Hindi Literature.
Career[link]
Vishvas started his career as a professor in the year 1994 from Rajasthan. He has been teaching Hindi Literature to higher class students of Lala Lajpat Rai College for the last sixteen years.[1]
Works and achievements[link]
Vishvas is a Poet of Hindi language. He is a poet of Shringara-Ras (Romantic Genre).[2] He has participated in several Kavi sammelan and is a very renowned poet.
His fan communities on social networking websites like Orkut,[3] and Facebook[4] have largest number of fans as compared to other Hindi poets.[citation needed] Also, his videos on YouTube have in excess of 40 million views.[5] His website[6] is a frequently visited website among youths.[citation needed]
Dr Kumar Vishvas has written the 'Kul-Geet' or the University Anthem of Chaudhary Charan Singh University.[7]
Besides being a known face among Hindi-knowing people across the world as a Poet, Dr Kumar Vishvas has been involving himself in several Social works. He is an active and renowned member of the Civil Society. He has been an integral part of Veteran Social Leader Anna Hazare's 'India against corruption' mission along with Mr Arvind Kejriwal and Mr Manish Sisodia for which he was arrested on 16 August 2011.[8]
Performances[link]
Vishvas has been performing regularly in Kavi sammelan all over India and abroad. The list includes Thapar University, BIT SINDRI, Sindri , INDIAN SCHOOL OF MINES, Dhanbad, Jamia Hamdard University, IIIT Hyderabad, RKGIT Ghaziabad, NIFT Gandhinagar, IIT Guwahati, NIT ROURKELA, IIT Kanpur, IIT Roorkee,[9] IIT Kharagpur,[10] IIT Bubaneshwar,[11] Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi,[12] DA-IICT Gandhinagar, B.J. Medical College Ahmadabad , Sri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering and Technology Bareilly, Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College Moradabad, MNIT Jaipur, Management Development Institute Gurgaon, Fore School of Management New Delhi, NIT Surat, B.S.Anangpuria Institute of Technology and Management Faridabad,[13] KIIT University Bhubaneswar,[14] NSIT Delhi, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra IIITM Gwalior, CDGI INDORE,[15] Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi,[16] MNNIT Allahabad,[17] NIT Patna,[18][19] IIM Lucknow,[20] NIT Jalandhar,[21] NIT Trichy,[22] NIT Durgapur, BITS, Pilani,[23] LNCT Bhopal,[24] MERI Kolkata, [(Maharaja Sayaji Rao University ,Baroda|http://www.msubaroda.ac.in/)] B.I.T. Sindri,[25] IET Lucknow, SSGPURC hoshiarpur, JIIT, Noida[26], KNIT Sultanpur and MITS, Gwalior[27], Institute of Technology- BHU and Babasaheb Naik College Of Engineering Pusad.(Maharashtra)and several other institutions across India.
He has also been a part of corporate celebration across India.[citation needed]
Besides performing in almost all parts of India, Dr Kumar Vishvas has also performed in countries like USA,[28] Dubai,[29] Singapore[30], Japan [31] Muscat, Abu Dhabi, Nepal etc.
Awards[link]
- Kavya – Kumar in 1994 by Dr. Kunwar Baichain Kavya samman avam puruskaar samiti[32]
- Dr. Suman Alankarna in 2004 by Sahitya Bharti, Unnao.[32]
- Sahitya Shree - 2006 by Hindi-Punjabi Award Academy.[33]
- Dr Urmilesh "Geet Shree" Samman, 2010 by Dr Urmilesh Jan Chetna Samiti, Badaun.[34]
References[link]
- ^ 086 L R COLLEGE, SAHIBABAD mark Sheet of ccs university, meerut PDF Download
- ^ कुमार विश्वास - Kavita Kosh
- ^ orkut
- ^ Niet compatibele browser | Facebook
- ^ YouTube - kavita really nice... Dr. Kumar vishwas
- ^ Dr Kumar Vishvas
- ^ http://ccsuniversity.ac.in/new/Kulgeet.htm
- ^ http://mediamusic.bhadas4media.com/home/viewvideo/318/--society-concern/kumar-vishwas-appeals-to-join-anna-hazare-hunger-strike-for-lokpal-bill.html
- ^ Uttarakhand Traffic: Dr Kumar Vishwas at IIT roorkee in Kavi Samelan
- ^ Kumar Vishwas at Hasya Kavi Sammelan, Springfest 2009, IIT Kharagpur video izle
- ^ Orissa HRD
- ^ Algorhythm 2011
- ^ http://wwwB.S..thehindubusinessline.com/2010/11/12/stories/2010111252762300.htm
- ^ Player | TipTik.in
- ^ Koi Deewana Kehta - by Dr. Kumar Vishvas - Video
- ^ http://soties.blogspot.com/2010/01/kumar-vishwas-in-jnu.html
- ^ Kumar Vishwas New Kavita March (2010) MNNIT Part 8
- ^ Dr. Kumar Vishwas @ NIT PATNA Videos, Watch Free Dr. Kumar Vishwas @ NIT PATNA Videos Online : IN.com
- ^ Mahakal Institute of Technology, Ujjain
- ^ The Official Blog of IIM Lucknow
- ^ CEREBRUM AT ANAND ENGG. COLLEGE,AGRA Utkansh'10, NIT- Jalandhar presents Utkansh 2010,Annual Cultural Festival | Events Home
- ^ Nit Trichy Timeline
- ^ BITS Pilani Oasis Festival – BITS Pilani to host 40th Oasis Festival on 22-26 October 2010 | Press Release
- ^ KUMAR VISHWAS AT LNCT BHOPAL YUVA UTSAV - Filestube Video Search
- ^ Niet compatibele browser | Facebook
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaypee_Institute_of_Information_Technology
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhav_Institute_of_Technology_and_Science
- ^ India Abroad - June 4, 2010
- ^ Indian Mushaira in DSF | Dubai Travel News
- ^ Hindi poet on a peace mission - International News – News – MSN India
- ^ http://iskconjapan.com/diwali2011.html
- ^ a b kavi sammelan,hasya kavi sammelan,hindi kavi sammelan,kavi sammelan video,hindi poems
- ^ http://international.zeenews.com/inner1.asp?aid=197170&ssid=8&sid=ART
- ^ हिन्दी मीडिया । मीडिया चैनल । खबरें
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Viswas, Kumar |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Indian poet |
| Date of birth | 10 Februarj |
| Place of birth | Pilkhuwa, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Kumar_Vishwas
Related pages:
http://hi.wn.com/कुमार विश्वास
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumar_Vishwas
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
