Sanjaks ( Prefectures) were administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire. ''Sanjak,'' and the variant spellings ''sandjak, sanjaq,'' and ''sinjaq,'' are English transliterations of the Turkish word ''sancak,'' meaning ''district,'' ''banner,'' or ''flag''. Sanjaks were also called by the Arabic word for banner or flag, ''liwa''.

History

Sanjaks originally were the first-level subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire. They arose in the mid-14th century as military districts that were part of the timar, a military-feudal system. In addition to the paid professional army, the Ottoman army had corps of cavalry soldiers (called ''spahis'' or ''sipahi'') who performed military service in return for estates granted by the Sultan (larger estates were called ''zaim'' or ''zeamet'', smaller ones ''timar''). Spahis gathered for war according to the Sanjak in which they lived, and were led by an official called a ''Sanjak-beg'' or ''Sanjakbey'' (roughly equivalent to "district governor").

With the formation of new first-level divisions, the beylerbeyliks (later eyalets and vilayets), in the late 14th century, sanjaks were mostly second level divisions.

The number of Sanjaks in the Empire varied greatly. The Tanzimat reforms of the 19th century saw the number climb to over 400, but more usually it was around 150.

Not all sanjaks were part of a province; some were in newly conquered areas that had yet to be assigned to a province and others such as Benghazi and Çatalca remained independent of the province system with their leaders reporting directly to the Porte.

A sanjak could be divided into smaller units, called kadiluks; each of which had a Kadı, or judge.

The contemporary name of the Balkan region of Sandžak derives from its former status as the Ottoman Sanjak of Novi Pazar.

References

Category:Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire Category:Types of country subdivisions Category:Words of Turkish origin

ar:سنجق an:Sanchak bs:Sandžak (osmanlijska upravna oblast) bg:Санджак (административна единица) ca:Sandjak cs:Sandžak (administrativní jednotka) de:Sandschak (Osmanisches Reich) el:Σαντζάκιο es:Sanjak fr:Sandjak (division) hr:Sandžak (teritorijalna jedinica) it:Sangiaccato (suddivisione amministrativa) lt:Sandžakas hu:Szandzsák mk:Санџак nl:Sandjak (gebiedsnaam) pl:Sandżak (jednostka) pt:Sandjak ro:Sangeac ru:Санджак sq:Sanxhaku sl:Sandžak sr:Санџак (административна јединица) sh:Sandžak (teritorijalna jedinica) sv:Sancak tr:Sancak (yönetim bölümü)

Group	MacedoniansМакедонци''Makedonci''
caption2	Macedonian National flag
Population	c. 2 - 2.5 million
Popplace	Republic of Macedonia 1,297,981
Region1
Pop1	83,978–200,000
Ref1
Region2
Pop2	92,847
Ref2
Region3
Pop3	62,295 - 85,000
Ref3
Region4
Pop4	61,304 - 63,000
Ref4
Region5
Pop5	57,200–200,000
Ref5
Region6
Pop6	45,000
Ref6
Region7
Pop7	37,055 - 200,000
Ref7
Region8
Pop8	31,518
Ref8
Region9
Pop9	30,000
Ref9
Region10
Pop10	25,847
Ref10
Region11
Pop11	13,696 - 15,000
Ref11
Region12
Pop12	10,000 - 15,000
Ref12
Region13
Pop13	11,623
Ref13
Region14
Pop14	9,000
Ref14
Region15
Pop15	7,253
Ref15
Region16
Pop16	4,697 - 35,000 (est.)
Ref16
Region17
Pop17	4,600
Ref17
Region18
Pop18	4,270
Ref18
Region19
Pop19	3,972
Ref19
Region20
Pop20	3,669 - 15,000
Ref20
Region21
Pop21	3,419
Ref21
Region22
Pop22	3,349 - 12,000
Ref22
Region23
Pop23	3,045
Ref23
Region24
Pop24	2,300 - 15,000
Ref24
Region25
Pop25	2,278
Ref25
Region26
Pop26	2,000 - 4,500
Ref26
Region27
Pop27	1,654
Ref27
Region28
Pop28	1,000
Ref28
Region29
Pop29	900
Ref29
Region30
Pop30	747 (2001 census)10,000 – 30,000 (1999 est.)
Ref30	}}

|region31 = |pop31 = 731 - 6,000 |ref31 = |region32 = Elsewhere |pop32 = ''unknown'' |ref32 = |languages = Macedonian |rels = Predominantly † Orthodox Christianity(Macedonian Orthodox Church) |related=Other Slavs (South Slavs) especially Bulgarians }}

The Macedonians () also referred to as Macedonian Slavs are a South Slavic people who are primarily associated with the Republic of Macedonia. They speak the Macedonian language, a South Slavic language. About two thirds of all ethnic Macedonians live in the Republic of Macedonia and there are also communities in a number of other countries.

Origins

The ancestry of present-day Macedonians is mixed: their linguistic and cultural origins stem largely from the 6th century CE migrations of various Slavic tribes to southeast Europe. It is generally acknowledged that the ethnic Macedonian identity emerged in the late 19th century or even later. However, the existence of a discernible Macedonian national consciousness prior to the 1940s is disputed. Some early 20th century researchers as William Z. Ripley, Coon and Bertil Lundman and most late 19th and early 20th century ethnographers described the Slavic speakers in Macedonia as Bulgarians, and often placed both populations in a common racial subgroup. Other authors, like historian Ferdinand Schevill and journalist H. N. Brailsford, described Slavic speakers from Macedonia as related to both Serbs and Bulgarians, but without clear defined ethnic consciousness. Brailsford considered a part of the people of North West Macedonia as Serbs and the people of the region of Ohrid as Bulgarians. The argument that the ethnic Macedonians are related with the Bulgarians is also advocated by some modern writers and ethnic Macedonian politicians.

The Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts accepts that as a whole the modern Macedonian genotype developed as a result of the absorption by the advancing Slavs of the local peoples living in the region of Macedonia prior to their coming. This position is based on the findings of some late 19th - early 20th centuries ethnographers such as Vasil Kanchov, Gustav Weigand, and the anthropologist Carleton S. Coon, which stated that the Slavs in 6th century actively assimilated other tribal peoples by absorbing part of the indigenous populations of the region of Macedonia, which was mainly combined by Greeks in the south and Thraco-Illyrian tribes in the north. By absorbing parts of the peoples living there the Slavs also absorbed their culture, and in that amalgamation a people was gradually formed with predominantly Slavic ethnic elements, speaking a Slavonic language and with a Slavic-Byzantine culture. Furthermore, the genetic studies support the theories that Macedonians genetic heritage is derived from a mixture of ancient Balkan peoples as well as the relatively newly arrived Slavs with deep European roots.

Population genetics studies using HLA loci have been used in light of unanswered questions regarding Macedonians' origins and relationship with other populations. Macedonians are most closely related to other Balkanians as Croats, Serbs, Greeks, Romanians and especially Bulgarians. It is also corroborated that there is some non-European inflow in modern Macedonians.

Population

The vast majority of ethnic Macedonians live along the valley of the river Vardar, the central region of the Republic of Macedonia. They form about 64.18% of the population of the Republic of Macedonia (1,297,981 people according to the 2002 census). Smaller numbers live in eastern Albania, northern Greece, and southern Serbia, mostly abutting the border areas of the Republic of Macedonia. A large number of Macedonians have immigrated overseas to Australia, United States, Canada and in many European countries: Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Austria, among others.

Macedonians in the Balkans

Greece

The existence of an ethnic Macedonian minority in Greece is rejected by the Greek government. The number of people speaking Macedonian dialects has been estimated at somewhere between 100,000 and 250,000. Most of these people however do not have an ethnic Macedonian national consciousness, with most choosing to identify as ethnic Greeks or rejecting both ethnic designations. In 1999 the Greek Helsinki Monitor estimated that the number of people identifying as ethnic Macedonians numbered somewhere between 10,000 and 30,000, while Loring Danforth estimates it at around 10,000. Macedonian sources generally claim the number of ethnic Macedonians living in Greece at somewhere between 200,000 - 350,000.

Since the late 1980s there has been an ethnic Macedonian revival in Northern Greece, mostly centering around the region of Florina. Since then ethnic Macedonian organisations including the Rainbow political party have been established. Rainbow has seen limited success at a national level, its best result being achieved in the 1994 European elections, with a total of 7,263 votes. Since 2004 it has participated in European Parliament elections and local elections, but not in national elections. A few of its members have been elected in local administrative posts. Rainbow has recently re-established Nova Zora, a newspaper that was first published for a short period in the mid 90's, with reportedly 20,000 copies being distributed free of charge. Lately, there have been reports of unofficial Macedonian language lessons, at a small scale, in Florina, Thessaloniki and Edessa.

Serbia

Within Serbia, Macedonians constitute an officially recognised ethnic at both a local and national level. Within Vojvodina, Macedonians are recognised under the Statute of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, along with other ethnic groups. Large Macedonian settlements within Vojvodina can be found in Plandište, Jabuka, Glogonj, Dužine and Kačarevo. These people are mainly the descendants of economic migrants who left the Socialist Republic of Macedonia in the 1950s and 1960s. The Macedonians in Serbia are represented by a national council and in recent years the Macedonian language has begun to be taught. The most recent census recorded 25,847 Macedonians living in Serbia.

Albania

Macedonians represent the second largest ethnic minority population in Albania. Albania recognises the existence of a Macedonian minority within the Mala Prespa region, most of which is comprised by Liqenas Municipality. Macedonians have full minority rights within this region, including the right to education and the provision of other services in the Macedonian language. There also exist unrecognised Macedonian populations living in the Golo Brdo region, the "Dolno Pole" area near the town of Peshkopi, around Lake Ohrid and Korce as well as in Gora. The 1989 census, 4,697 people declared themselves ethnic Macedonians. Ethnic Macedonian sources however have claimed that there is somewhere between 120,000 - 350,000 ethnic Macedonians in Albania.

Bulgaria

Bulgarians are considered most closely related to the neighboring Macedonians, indeed it is sometimes said there is no clear ethnic difference between them. As regards self-identification, a total of 1,654 people officially declared themselves to be ethnic Macedonians in the last Bulgarian census in 2011 (0,02%) and 561 of them are in Blagoevgrad Province (0,2%). 1,091 of them are Macedonian citizens, who are permanent residents in Bulgaria. Krassimir Kanev, chairman of the non-governmental organization (NGO) Bulgarian Helsinki Committee, claimed 15,000 - 25,000 in 1998 (see here). In the same report Macedonian nationalists (Popov et al., 1989) claimed that 200,000 ethnic Macedonians live in Bulgaria. However, ''Bulgarian Helsinki Committee'' stated that the vast majority of the Slavic population in Pirin Macedonia has a Bulgarian national self-consciousness and a regional Macedonian identity similar to the Macedonian regional identity in Greek Macedonia. Finally, according to personal evaluation of a leading local ethnic Macedonian political activist, Stoyko Stoykov, the present number of Bulgarian citizens with ethnic Macedonian self-consciousness is between 5,000 and 10,000. The Bulgarian Constitutional Court banned UMO Ilinden-Pirin, a small Macedonian political party, in 2000 as separatist and Bulgarian local authorities banned its political rallies. UMO Ilinden-Pirin claims that the minority has experienced a period of intensive assimilation and repression.

The Macedonian Diaspora

[[File:MacedoniansintheWorld.svg|300px|right|thumb|The spread of ethnic Macedonians throughout the world ]]

Significant Macedonian communities can also be found in the traditional immigrant-receiving nations, as well as in Western European countries. It should be noted that census data in many European countries (such as Italy and Germany) does not take into account the ethnicity of émigrés from the Republic of Macedonia:

Argentina: Most Macedonians can be found in Buenos Aires, the Pampas and Córdoba. An estimated 30,000 Macedonians can be found in Argentina.

Australia: The official number of Macedonians in Australia by birthplace or birthplace of parents is 83,893 (2001). The main Macedonian communities are found in Melbourne, Geelong, Sydney, Wollongong, Newcastle, Canberra and Perth. (The 2006 Australian Census included a question of 'ancestry' which, according to Members of the Australian-Macedonian Community, this will result in a 'significant' increase of 'ethnic Macedonians' in Australia. However, the 2006 census recorded 83,983 people of Macedonian (ethnic) ancestry.) ''See also Macedonian Australians'';

Canada: The Canadian census in 2001 records 37,705 individuals claimed wholly or partly Macedonian heritage in Canada, although community spokesmen have claimed that there are actually 100,000-150,000 Macedonians in Canada ''(see also Macedonian Canadians)''; USA: A significant Macedonian community can be found in the United States of America. The official number of Macedonians in the USA is 49,455 (2004). The Macedonian community is located mainly in Michigan, New York, Ohio, Indiana and New Jersey (''See also Macedonian Americans'');

Germany: There are an estimated 61,000 citizens of the Republic of Macedonia in Germany (mostly in the Ruhrgebiet) (2001) (''See also Ethnic Macedonians in Germany'');

Italy: There are 74, 162 citizens of the Republic of Macedonia in Italy (Foreign Citizens in Italy).

Switzerland: In 2006 the Swiss Government recorded 60,362 Macedonian Citizens living in Switzerland. (''See also Macedonians in Switzerland'')

Romania: Ethnic Macedonians are an officially recognised minority group in Romania. They have a special reserved seat in the nations parliament. In 2002, they numbered 731. ''(see also Macedonians in Romania)''

Slovenia: Ethnic Macedonians began relocating to Slovenia in the 1950s when the two regions formed a part of a single country, Yugoslavia ''(see also Macedonians in Slovenia)''.

Other significant ethnic Macedonian communities can also be found in the other Western European countries such as Austria, France, Switzerland, Netherlands, United Kingdom, etc. Also in Uruguay, with a significant population in Montevideo.

Culture

The culture of the Macedonian people is characterized with both traditionalist and modernist attributes. It is strongly bound with their native land and the surrounding in which they live. The rich cultural heritage of the Macedonians is accented in the folklore, the picturesque traditional folk costumes, decorations and ornaments in city and village homes, the architecture, the monasteries and churches, iconostasis, wood-carving and so on. The culture of Macedonians can roughly be explained as a Balkanic, closely related to that of Serbs and Bulgarians.

Architecture

The typical Macedonian village house is presented as a construction with two floors, with a hard facade composed of large stones and a wide balcony on the second floor. In villages with predominantly agricultural economy, the first floor was often used as a storage for the harvest, while in some villages the first floor was used as a cattle-pen.

The stereotype for a traditional Macedonian city house is a two-floor building with white façade, with a forward extended second floor, and black wooden elements around the windows and on the edges.

Cinema and theater

The history of film making in the Republic of Macedonia dates back over 110 years. The first film to be produced on the territory of the present-day the country was made in 1895 by Janaki and Milton Manaki in Bitola. From then, continuing the present, Macedonian film makers, in Macedonia and from around the world, have been producing many films.

From 1993–1994 1,596 performances were held in the newly formed republic, and more than 330,000 people attended. The Macedonian National Theater (Drama, Opera and Ballet companies), the Drama Theater, the Theater of the Nationalities (Albanian and Turkish Drama companies) and the other theater companies comprise about 870 professional actors, singers, ballet dancers, directors, playwrights, set and costume designers, etc. There is also a professional theatre for children and three amateur theaters. For the last thirty years a traditional festival of Macedonian professional theaters has been taking place in Prilep in honor of Vojdan Černodrinski, the founder of the modern Macedonian theater. Each year a festival of amateur and experimental Macedonian theater companies is held in Kočani.

Music and art

Macedonian's music has an exceptionally rich musical heritage. Their music has many things in common with the music of neighboring Balkan countries, but maintains its own distinctive sound.

The founders of modern Macedonian painting included Lazar Licenovski, Nikola Martinoski, Dimitar Pandilov, and Vangel Kodzoman. They were succeeded by an exceptionally talented and fruitful generation, consisting of Borka Lazeski, Dimitar Kondovski, Petar Mazev who are now deceased, and Rodoljub Anastasov and many others who are still active. Others include: Vasko Taskovski and Vangel Naumovski. In addition to Dimo Todorovski, who is considered to be the founder of modern Macedonian sculpture, the works of Petar Hadzi Boskov, Boro Mitrikeski, Novak Dimitrovski and Tome Serafimovski are also outstanding.

Economy

In the past, the Macedonian population was predominantly involved with agriculture, with a very small portion of the people who were engaged in trade (mainly in the cities). But after the creation of the People's Republic of Macedonia which started a social transformation based on Socialist principles, a middle and heavy industry were started.

Language

The Macedonian language (македонски јазик) is a member of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. Standard Macedonian was implemented as the official language of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia after being codified in the 1940s, and has accumulated a thriving literary tradition.

The closest relative of Macedonian is Bulgarian, followed by Serbo-Croatian. All the South Slavic languages, including Macedonian, form a dialect continuum, in which Macedonian is situated between Bulgarian and Serbian. The Torlakian dialect group is intermediate between Bulgarian, Macedonian and Serbian, comprising some of the northernmost dialects of Macedonian as well as varieties spoken in southern Serbia.

The orthography of Macedonian includes an alphabet, which is an adaptation of the Cyrillic alphabet, as well as language-specific conventions of spelling and punctuation.

Religion

Most Macedonians are members of the Macedonian Orthodox Church. The official name of the church is Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric and is the body of Christians who are united under the Archbishop of Ohrid and Macedonia, exercising jurisdiction over Macedonian Orthodox Christians in the Republic of Macedonia and in exarchates in the Macedonian diaspora.

The church gained autonomy from the Serbian Orthodox Church in 1959 and declared the restoration of the historic Archbishopric of Ohrid. On July 19, 1967, the Macedonian Orthodox Church declared autocephaly from the Serbian church, a move which is not recognised by any of the churches of the Eastern Orthodox Communion, and since then, the Macedonian Orthodox Church is not in communion with any Orthodox Church.

Between the 15th and the 20th century, during the Ottoman rule, a large number of Orthodox Macedonian Slavs converted to Islam. Today in the Republic of Macedonia they are regarded as Macedonian Muslims. A small number of Macedonians belong to the Protestant and the Roman Catholic churches.

.

Names

Cuisine

Macedonian cuisine is a representative of the cuisine of the Balkans—reflecting Mediterranean (Greek and Turkish) and Middle Eastern influences, and to a lesser extent Italian, German and Eastern European (especially Hungarian) ones. The relatively warm climate in Macedonia provides excellent growth conditions for a variety of vegetables, herbs and fruits. Thus, Macedonian cuisine is particularly diverse.

Famous for its rich Shopska salad, an appetizer and side dish which accompanies almost every meal, Macedonian cuisine is also noted for the diversity and quality of its dairy products, wines, and local alcoholic beverages, such as rakija. Tavče Gravče and mastika are considered the national dish and drink of the Republic of Macedonia, respectively.

Identities

:''See also: Macedonian Question'' and Macedonian nationalism'' Macedonians are people with a unique identity derived from an influence of different cultures. The large majority identify themselves as Orthodox Christians, who speak a Slavic language, and share similarities in culture with their Balkan neighbours. The concept of a distinct "Macedonian" ethnicity is seen as a relatively new arrival to the milieu of peoples that is the Balkans. Throughout the Middle Ages and until the early 20th century, there was no clear formulation or expression of a distinct and unified Macedonian ethnicity, although distinct Slavic tribes had existed in Macedonia since the 7th century, and some dialectical differences existed between the eastern-South Slavic developed in Medieval Ohrid vis-a-vis that in Preslav. Nevertheless, the Slavic speaking majority in the Region of Macedonia had been referred to (both, by themselves and outsiders) as Bulgarians, and that is how they were predominantly seen since 10th, up until the early 20th century. However, in these pre-nationalist times, terms such as "Bulgarian" did not necessarily possess a strict ethno-nationalistic meaning, rather, they were loose, often interchangeable terms which could simultaneously denote regional habitation, alliegence to a particular empire, religious orientation, and even membership in certain social groups. Ever since its independence movement began in late 19th century, Macedonia had been trying to get free from Turkish rule, either as an independent state or as part of Bulgaria proper. During this period, the first expressions of ethnic nationalism by certain Macedonian intellectuals occurred in Belgrade, Sofia, Istanbul, Thessaloniki and St. Petersburg. The activities of these people was registered by Petko Slaveykov and Stojan Novaković

The first prominent author that propagated the separate ethnicity of the Macedonians was Georgi Pulevski, who in 1875 published ''Dictionary of Three languages: Macedonian, Albanian, Turkish'', in which he wrote:

On the other hand Theodosius of Skopje, a priest who have hold a high ranking positions within the Bulgarian Exarchate was chosen as a bishop of the episcopacy of Skopje in 1885. As a bishop of Skopje, Theodosius renounced de facto the Bulgarian Exarchate and attempted to restore the Archbishopric of Ohrid and to separate the episcopacies in Macedonia from the Exarchate. During this time period Metropolitan Bishop Theodosius of Skopje made several pleas to the Bulgarian church to allow a separate Macedonian church, he viewed this as the only way to end the turmoil in the Balkans.

In 1903 Krste Petkov Misirkov published his book ''On Macedonian Matters'' in which he laid down the principles of the modern Macedonian nationhood and language. This book is considered by ethnic Macedonians as a milestone of the ethnic Macedonian identity and the apogee of the process of Macedonian awakening. In his article "Macedonian Nationalism" he wrote:

The next great figure of the Macedonian awakening was Dimitrija Čupovski, one of the founders of the Macedonian Literary Society, established in Saint Petersburg in 1902. In the period 1913–1918, Čupovski published the newspaper ''Македонскi Голосъ (Macedonian Voice)'' in which he and fellow members of the Petersburg Macedonian Colony propagated the existence of a Macedonian people separate from the Greeks, Bulgarians and Serbs, and sought to popularize the idea for an independent Macedonian state.

After the Balkan Wars, following division of the region of Macedonia amongst the Kingdom of Greece, the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Serbia, and after World War I, the idea of belonging to a separate Macedonian nation was further spread among the Slavic-speaking population. The suffering during the wars, the endless struggle of the Balkan monarchies for dominance over the population increased the Macedonians' sentiment that the institutionalization of an independent Macedonian nation would put an end to their suffering. On the question of whether they were Serbs or Bulgarians, the people more often started answering: "Neither Bulgar, nor Serb... I am Macedonian only, and I'm sick of war."

The first political organization that promoted the existence of a separate ethnic Macedonian nation was Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (United), composed of former left-wing Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) members and founded in 1925. This idea was internationalized and backed by the Comintern which issued in 1934 a resolution supporting the development of the entity. This action was attacked by the IMRO, but was supported by the Balkan communists. The Balkan communist parties supported the national consolidation of the ethnic Macedonian people and created Macedonian sections within the parties, headed by prominent IMRO (United) members. The sense of belonging to a separate Macedonian nation gained credence during World War II when ethnic Macedonian partisan detachments were formed, and especially after World War II when ethnic Macedonian institutions were created in the three parts of the region of Macedonia, including the establishment of the People's Republic of Macedonia within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRJ).

History

The history of the ethnic Macedonians is closely associated with the historical and geographical region of Macedonia, and is manifested with their constant struggle for an independent state. After many decades of insurrections and living through several wars, the Macedonians in World War II managed to create their own country.

Symbols

:''See also: Flags of the Republic of Macedonia'', ''Symbols of the Republic of Macedonia'' {| align=right | |- | File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Macedonia_1992-1995.svg|State flag 1992 to 1995 and ethnic flag of the Macedonians |}

''Sun:'' The official flag of the Republic of Macedonia, adopted in 1995, is a yellow sun with eight broadening rays extending to the edges of the red field.

''Coat of Arms:'' After independence in 1992, the Republic of Macedonia retained the coat of arms adopted in 1946 by the People's Assembly of the People's Republic of Macedonia on its second extraordinary session held on July 27, 1946, later on altered by article 8 of the Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Macedonia. The coat-of-arms is composed by a double bent garland of ears of wheat, tobacco and poppy, tied by a ribbon with the embroidery of a traditional folk costume. In the center of such a circular room there are mountains, rivers, lakes and the sun. All this is said to represent "the richness of our country, our struggle, and our freedom".

Unofficial symbols ''Lion:'' The lion first appears in the Fojnica Armory from 1340, where the coat of arms of Macedonia is included among with those of other countries. On the coat of arms is a crown, inside a yellow crowned lion is depicted standing rampant, on a red background. On the bottom enclosed in a red and yellow border is written "Macedonia". The use of the lion to represent Macedonia was continued in foreign heraldic collections throughout the 15th to 18th centuries. Modern versions of the historical lion has also been added to the emblem of several political parties, organizations and sports clubs.

''Vergina Sun:'' (official flag, 1992–1995) The Vergina Sun is used by various associations and cultural groups in the Macedonian diaspora. The Vergina Sun is believed to have been associated with ancient Greek kings such as Alexander the Great and Philip II, although it was used as an ornamental design long before the Macedonian period. The symbol was discovered in the present-day Greek region of Macedonia and Greeks regard it as a misappropriation of a Hellenic symbol, unrelated to Slavic cultures, and a direct claim on the legacy of Philip II. Greece had the Vergina Sun copyrighted under WIPO as a State Emblem of Greece in the 1990s. The Vergina sun on a red field was the first flag of the independent Republic of Macedonia, until it was removed from the state flag under an agreement reached between the Republic of Macedonia and Greece in September 1995. The Vergina sun is still used unofficially as a national symbol by some groups in the country and Macedonian diaspora.

Macedonians through history

the first author that separated the Macedonian nation from the others. File:Teodisij gologanov.jpg|Theodosius of Skopje, the first priest who attempted to create a separate Macedonian Church. File:G Delchev.jpg|Goce Delchev, IMARO revolutionary, considered a native national hero in both Bulgaria and the Republic of Macedonia. File:Krste P. Misirkov.jpg|Krste Petkov Misirkov, a philologist who first outlined the principles of the Macedonian language. File:Dimitrija Cupovski.jpg|Dimitrija Čupovski, Macedonian textbook writer and lexicographer File:Cede Filipovski Dame.JPG|Čede Filipovski Dame, Macedonian partisan (On the picture: Memorial to Dame in Gostivar, Macedonia).

File:Kočo Racin Samobor.jpg|Kočo Racin, poet and revolutionary (On the picture: Memorial to Racin in Samobor, Croatia).

File:Milcho Manchevski.jpg|Milčo Mančevski, film director and screen writer. File:Ed Jovanovski2.jpg| Ed Jovanovski, National Hockey League player. File:Kuzman Ivanov.JPG|Pasko Kuzman, archaeologist. File:Blagoj Nacoski 2.jpg| Blagoj Nacoski, tenor opera singer. File:Darko in 2004.jpg| Darko Dimitrov, composer.

File:Goceva-ESC2007-portrait.jpg|Karolina Gočeva, singer. File:Kiril Lazarov 03.jpg|Kiril Lazarov, handball player. File:Pandev Lazio allenamento.JPG|Goran Pandev, football striker. File:Toseproeskiskopje.jpg|Toše Proeski, singer and humanitarian. File:Kaliopi koncert.jpg|Kaliopi, singer and songwriter. File:Katarina Ivanovska crop.jpg|Katarina Ivanovska, international model. File:Elena risteska.JPG|Elena Risteska, singer and songwriter.

See also

Demographic history of Macedonia

List of Macedonians

Demographics of the Republic of Macedonia

Macedonian language

Ethnogenesis

South Slavs

References

Further reading

Brown, Keith, ''The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation'', Princeton University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-691-09995-2.

Cowan, Jane K. (ed.), ''Macedonia: The Politics of Identity and Difference'', Pluto Press, 2000. A collection of articles.

Danforth, Loring M., ''The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World'', Princeton University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-691-04356-6.

Karakasidou, Anastasia N., ''Fields of Wheat, Hills of Blood: Passages to Nationhood in Greek Macedonia, 1870–1990'', University Of Chicago Press, 1997, ISBN 0-226-42494-4. Reviewed in ''Journal of Modern Greek Studies'' 18:2 (2000), p465.

Mackridge, Peter, Eleni Yannakakis (eds.), ''Ourselves and Others: The Development of a Greek Macedonian Cultural Identity since 1912'', Berg Publishers, 1997, ISBN 1-85973-138-4.

Poulton, Hugh, ''Who Are the Macedonians?'', Indiana University Press, 2nd ed., 2000. ISBN 0-253-21359-2.

Roudometof, Victor, ''Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question'', Praeger Publishers, 2002. ISBN 0-275-97648-3.

Κωστόπουλος, Τάσος, ''Η απαγορευμένη γλώσσα: Η κρατική καταστολή των σλαβικών διαλέκτων στην ελληνική Μακεδονία σε όλη τη διάρκεια του 20ού αιώνα'' (εκδ. Μαύρη Λίστα, Αθήνα 2000). [Tasos Kostopoulos, ''The forbidden language: state suppression of the Slavic dialects in Greek Macedonia through the 20th century'', Athens: Black List, 2000]

External links

New Balkan Politics - Journal of Politics

Macedonians in the UK

United Macedonian Diaspora

World Macedonian Congress

House Of Immigrants

Notes

Category:Ethnic groups in Albania Category:Ethnic groups in Greece Category:Ethnic groups in Macedonia Category:Ethnic groups in Serbia Category:Slavic nations Category:Ethnic groups in the Republic of Macedonia Category:European people Category:South Slavs

an:Macedonians bs:Makedonci bg:Македонци cs:Makedonci de:Mazedonier (slawische Ethnie) el:Σλαβομακεδόνες fr:Macédoniens (peuple) ko:마케도니아인 hr:Makedonci id:Bangsa Makedonia it:Macedoni (etnia) lt:Makedonai (slavai) hu:Macedónok mk:Македонци nl:Macedoniërs (Slaven) ja:マケドニア人 pl:Macedończycy pt:Macedônios (eslavos) ru:Македонцы sq:Maqedonët (etni sllave) sk:Macedónci (Slovania) cu:Макєдоньци sl:Makedonci sr:Македонци fi:Makedonialaiset sv:Makedonier tr:Makedonlar uk:Македонці zh:马其顿人

name	Vinnie Moore
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
born	April 14, 1964New Castle, Delaware, USA
instrument	Guitar
genre	Neo-classical metal, hard rock, heavy metal, instrumental rock
occupation	Musician, songwriter
years active	1986–present
associated acts	UFO, Alice Cooper
website	http://www.vinniemoore.com
notable instruments	Dean VM-2000 Signature model }}

Vinnie Moore (April 14, 1964, New Castle, Delaware) is a guitarist and a member of the English hard rock band UFO. Along with Yngwie Malmsteen, Tony MacAlpine, and others, Moore is known as one of the most influential guitarists to emerge out of the shredder boom in the mid 1980s.

Biography

Moore began his professional career at age of 12 and played clubs and bars until Shrapnel executive Mike Varney discovered him through a magazine article. His connection to Varney led to an opportunity to appear in a Pepsi commercial in 1985, (only Vinnie's hands appeared in the commercial as his guitar playing is heard. Following this Moore recorded his first solo album, ''Mind's Eye'', released on Shrapnel Records and featured Tony MacAlpine on keyboards. The album received several awards from guitar magazines and sold over 100,000 copies.

Vinnie Moore played lead guitar with the heavy metal band Vicious Rumors on their debut album, ''Soldiers of the Night''. The album features Moore's solo-song, "Invader", which was in the style of Van Halen's "Eruption". The shred guitar craze of the late eighties led to more releases for Shrapnel. Moore also began performing with other hard rock and heavy metal bands. He joined Alice Cooper's band for a tour and then appeared on the ''Hey Stoopid'' album. Following this Moore released two instructional videos on guitar playing.

He has been the lead guitarist for UFO since 2004.

Guitar equipment history

Moore has endorsed numerous guitar companies over the years, his most well known being Music Man guitars. In 2007 Moore left Music Man and began endorsing Dean guitars. At the winter NAMM show in January 2008, Dean Guitars unveiled a Vinnie Moore signature model. The ''Dean VM-2000'' features a Vinnie Moore "ShredHead" Humbucker in the bridge position. Moore also has an endorsement contract with Engl amplification.

Solo albums

1986: ''Mind's Eye''

1988: ''Time Odyssey''

1991: ''Meltdown''

1996: ''Out of Nowhere''

1999: ''The Maze''

2000: ''Live!'' (live)

2001: ''Defying Gravity''

2006: ''Collection: The Shrapnel Years'' (compilation)

2009: ''To the Core''

Videos

''Advanced Lead Guitar Techniques'' (1987)

''Speed, Accuracy, & Articulation'' (1989)

'SHOWTIME' 2-CD and 2-DVD set from UFO's European tour (2005)

Appears On

1985 - Vicious Rumors - ''Soldiers of the Night''

1989 - Guitar's Practicing Musicians - ''Free''

1991 - Alice Cooper - ''Hey Stoopid''

1994 - Various Artists - ''Deep Purple Tribute: Smoke On The Water''

1998 - Sega - "Burning Rangers" Game soundtrack for the 'Saturn' video game

2004 - UFO - ''You Are Here''

2004 - Jordan Rudess - ''Rhythm of Time''

2005 - Various Artists - ''Subdivisions: A Tribute to the Music of Rush''

2005 - UFO - "Showtime" - A double-live DVD and music CD release recorded earlier on in the year

2006 - UFO - ''The Monkey Puzzle''

2009 - UFO - ''The Visitor''

References

External links

Vinnie Moore's Official Web Site

Vinnie Moore's Official myspace site

UFO's Official Web Site

An interview with Vinnie Moore

Vinnie Moore Signature Dean Guitar

Category:1964 births Category:Living people Category:Lead guitarists Category:American rock guitarists Category:American heavy metal guitarists Category:People from New Castle County, Delaware Category:UFO members

cs:Vinnie Moore de:Vinnie Moore es:Vinnie Moore fa:وینی مور fr:Vinnie Moore it:Vinnie Moore ja:ヴィニー・ムーア pl:Vinnie Moore pt:Vinnie Moore ru:Мур, Винни sk:Vinnie Moore fi:Vinnie Moore tr:Vinnie Moore