Lanna

Wednesday, 26 December 2012

Song of Lanna Thai เอื้องแซะ คีตะล้านนา Thailand

Hip Rotation and Flexibility - Lanna Muay Thai

Tell me...Why? (Tum Maai) - Lanna Commins

Chiang Mai - Very Affordable Lanna Style Apartment with Swimming Pool

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Bangkok
Bangkok is the capital city of and largest urban area in Thailand. It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (กรุงเทพมหานคร, pronounced [krūŋ tʰêːp máhǎː nákʰɔ̄ːn] ( listen)) or simply Krung Thep ( listen), meaning "city of angels". Bangkok is by far the most densely populated city in Thailand with about 12 million people. Bangkok was a small trading post near the mouth of the Chao Phraya River during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century. It eventually grew in size and became the site of two capital cities: Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782.
Because of its strategic location in Southeast Asia, Siam (later Thailand) acted as a buffer-zone between the French and British colonial empires. Bangkok itself has gained a reputation as an independent, dynamic and influential city. Bangkok is the political, social and economic centre of Thailand, and one of the leading cities in Southeast Asia.
Due to the 1980s and 1990s Asian investment boom, many multinational corporations make their regional headquarters in Bangkok and the city is a regional force in finance and business. Its increasing influence on global politics, culture, fashion and entertainment underlines its status as an Alpha global city. In 2009, it was the second most expensive city in South-East Asia behind Singapore. The city's many cultural landmarks and attractions in addition to its nightlife venues has made it synonymous with exoticism. Its rapid modernization, reflected in the cityscape and the urban society, has left untouched the historic Grand Palace, Wat Arun, Vimanmek Palace Complex and hundreds of Buddhist temples draw about 10 million international visitors each year, second only to London.

wn.com/Bangkok
Chiang Mai
Chiang Mai (Thai: เชียงใหม่ [tɕʰiəŋ màj] ( listen), Northern Thai: ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩉ᩠ᨾᩲ᩵ [tɕiəŋ màj]) sometimes written as "Chiengmai" or "Chiangmai", is the largest and most culturally significant city in northern Thailand. It is the capital of Chiang Mai Province, a former capital of the Kingdom of Lanna (1296–1768) and was the tributary Kingdom of Chiang Mai from 1774 until 1939. It is located 700 km (435 mi) north of Bangkok, among the highest mountains in the country. The city is on the Ping River, a major tributary of the Chao Phraya River. Chiang Mai means "new city" and was so-named because it was the new capital, founded in 1296, succeeding Chiang Rai (founded 1262) in the capital of the Lanna kingdom.
In recent years, Chiang Mai has become an increasingly modern city and has been attracting over 5 million visitors each year, of which between 1.4 million and 2 million are foreign tourists (depending on the year). Chiang Mai gained prominence in the political sphere in May 2006, when the Chiang Mai Initiative was concluded here between the ASEAN nations and the "+3" countries (China, Japan, and South Korea). Chiang Mai is one of three Thai cities contending to host the World Expo 2020. It has also recently positioned itself to become a Creative City and is considering to apply for Creative City Status with UNESCO. Chiang Mai is the only tourist destination in Thailand to have made it in to the 2012 list of "25 Best Destinations in the World" of the popular travel website TripAdvisor, standing in place 24.

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Hsipaw
Hsipaw (Burmese: သီပေါ; Shan: သီႇပေႃႉ; also known as Thibaw), is a town in Shan State, Myanmar on the riverbank of Myitnge River. It is 200 km (124 mi) northeast of Mandalay.
Hsipaw is perhaps one of the most well known and powerful saopha states of Shan State. According to the biography of Sao Hearn Hkam (the chief wife, Madhidevi of Sao Shwe Thaik, the first president of Myanmar and another saopha of Hsenwi), Hsipaw, along with Kengtung and Yawnghwe were the wealthiest and most powerful saopha states in Shan State.
The Saophas played fluctuating roles in regional Shan and national Burmese politics from the 11th century all the way till the 1962 military coup by General Ne Win.
Local houses
Locals building a bridge
The village primary school

wn.com/Hsipaw
Jinghong
Jinghong (Chinese: 景洪; pinyin: Jǐnghóng; Dai / Tai Lü: , pronounced [tsêŋhuŋ]; Thai: เชียงรุ่ง, also (formerly) romanised as chiang rung, chiang hung, chengrung, cheng hung, jinghung, keng hung and muangjinghung) is the capital of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan province, China, and the historic capital of the former Tai kingdom of Sipsongpanna.
Located between 100°25' - 101°31' East and 2127' - 2236' North. Yunnan Province borders Sichuan and Guizhou Provinces to the northeast, Tibet Autonomous Region to the northwest, and Guangxi Province to the east. Xishuangbanna borders Myanmar to the southwest and Laos to the southeast.
The city is limited to the south by Hengduan Shan Mountain Range, Lancang River (Mekong River) passes by Jinghong. Two bridges near the city span this river, which flows south-east towards Laos.
Climatically, Jinghong contains elements of both a tropical wet and dry climate and a humid subtropical climate (Koppen Aw and Cwa, respectively). The city has a generally humid climate with strong monsoonal influences; summer is long and there is virtually no "winter" as such. Annual sunshine hours amount to between 1800 and 2300 and annual rainfall to between 1100 and 1700mm.

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Kengtung
Kengtung (Shan: ၵဵင်းတုင်; Burmese: ကျိုင်းတုံမြို့; MLCTS: kyuing: tum mrui., IPA: [tɕáɪɴtòʊɴ mjo̰]; Thai:เชียงตุง ; also spelled Kyaingtong, Chiang Tung, Cheingtung, and Kengtong) is a town in Shan State, Burma. It is the principal town of Kengtung Township. Kengtung is located on the National Highway 4 (NH4) and at the AH2 and AH3 of the Asian Highway.
There is an airport in Kengtung.
Kengtung was founded by the grandson of King Mangrai on the location of an older city of the Lawa people, the original inhabitants of the region. This migration of the Chiangmai dynasty, made in the 13th century with the idea of founding a new kingdom which called Lannathai in Chiang Mai, has resulted in Kengtung having a different type of Tai population from the rest of the Shan State.
Kengtung, like other major towns in the Shan Plateau, was home to a Shan Saopha. Kengtung was the base of the Kengtung Sawbwanate, and had a Sawbwa palace, built by Sao Kawng Kiao Intaleng in 1905.
The city was occupied by the Thai Phayap Army from 1942 until the end of the Second World War.

wn.com/Kengtung
Khmer Empire
The Khmer Empire was one of the most powerful empires in Southeast Asia. The empire, which grew out of the former kingdom of Chenla, at times ruled over and/or vassalized parts of modern-day Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Burma, and Malaysia. Its greatest legacy is Angkor, in present-day Cambodia, which was the site of the capital city during the empire's zenith. Angkor bears testimony to the Khmer empire's immense power and wealth, as well as the variety of belief systems that it patronised over time. The empire's official religions included Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism, until Theravada Buddhism prevailed, even among the lower classes, after its introduction from Sri Lanka in the 13th century. Modern researches by satellites have revealed Angkor to be the largest pre-industrial urban center in the world.
The history of Angkor as the central area of settlement of the historical kingdom of Kambujadesa is also the history of the Khmer from the 9th to the 13th centuries.
From Kambuja itself — and so also from the Angkor region — no written records have survived other than stone inscriptions. Therefore the current knowledge of the historical Khmer civilization is derived primarily from:

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Lampang
Lampang, also called Nakhon Lampang (Thai: นครลำปาง, pronounced [náʔkʰɔːn lampaːŋ]) to differentiate from Lampang Province, is the third largest town in northern Thailand and capital of Lampang Province and the Lampang district. Traditional names for Lampang include Wiang Lakon and Khelang Nakhon. The city is still growing rapidly as trading and transportation center. It offer much of the historic interest of Lanna as well as Chiangmai, but without the overt commercialization. Located in the hearth of the North, Lampang is also a good base for excursions and travel within Northern Thailand.
Lampang city is situated in the valley of the Wang River in the heart of Northern Thailand, bordered by the Khun Tan Range (ทิวเขาขุนตาน) on the west and the Phi Pan Nam Range on the east. The river, a major tributary of the Chao Phraya, flows directly through the city. The city focuses on the south side of Wang River, although the old parts of the city had been originally developed in the north side of it. Nowadays, the downtown of Lampang has grown in the south-east of the river along Bunyawat and Pahon Yothin roads, the main roads of the city are filled with dense commercial and residential buildings.

wn.com/Lampang
Lamphun
Lamphun (Thai pronunciation: [lām.pʰūːn]) is a town (thesaban mueang) in northern Thailand, capital of Lamphun Province. It covers the whole tambon Nai Mueang of Mueang Lamphun district. As of 2006 it has a population of 14,030.
The town is located in the Ping River valley, between the Thanon Thong Chai Range on the west and the Khun Tan Range in the east.
Lamphun was founded in the 9th century CE by Queen Chama Thevi as the capital of the Haripunchai kingdom, the last and most northerly Mon kingdom in the area which now forms Thailand. Situated around 25km south of Chiang Mai, it was constructed in the shape of a conch shell, following the Khuang River on its east side and divided by moats at the remaining points of the compass.
Queen Chama Thevi is remembered in the Wat of her name, which is said to be the resting place of her ashes. Near the town's main morning market in the southwest of the city is a statue of the Queen at which offerings are still made today by citizens.
While still living in the north King Mangrai was visited by some merchants from the Mon kingdom, and hearing of the wealth of Lamphun he determined to conquer it, even against the advice of his councillors.

wn.com/Lamphun
Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China for 276 years (1368–1644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, described by some as "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Han Chinese. Although the Ming capital Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the Shun Dynasty, soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty), regimes loyal to the Ming throne—collectively called the Southern Ming—survived until 1662.
Ming rule saw the construction of a vast navy and a standing army of one million troops. Although private maritime trade and official tribute missions from China had taken place in previous dynasties, the tributary fleet under the Muslim eunuch admiral Zheng He in the 15th century far surpassed all others in size. There were enormous construction projects, including the restoration of the Grand Canal and the Great Wall and the establishment of the Forbidden City in Beijing during the first quarter of the 15th century. Estimates for the late-Ming population vary from 160 to 200 million.

wn.com/Ming_Dynasty
Mong Nai
Mongnai is a town in Mongnai Township in the Shan State of Burma.
Coordinates: 20°31′N 97°52′E / 20.517°N 97.867°E / 20.517; 97.867

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Nan Province
Nan (Thai: น่าน) is one of the northern provinces (changwat) of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (from south clockwise) Uttaradit, Phrae and Phayao. To the north and east it borders Sainyabuli of Laos.
The province is located in the remote valley of the Nan River, surrounded by mountains covered with forests, the Phlueng Range in the western part and the Luang Prabang Range in the east. The highest mountain is the 2079 meter high Phu Khe in Bo Kluea District, north-east of the city of Nan towards the border with Laos.
For centuries Nan was an independent kingdom but, due to its remoteness, had few connections to the other kingdoms. The first kingdom around the city Mueang Pua (also known as Varanagara) was created in the late 13th century. Its rulers, the Phukha dynasty, were related to the founders of Vientiane, however it became associated with the Sukhothai kingdom as it was easier to reach from the south than from the east or west. In the 14th century the capital was moved to its present location at Nan.

wn.com/Nan_Province
Phayao Province
Phayao (Thai: พะเยา, pronounced [pʰā.jāw]) is one of the northern provinces (changwat) of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (from east clockwise) Nan, Phrae, Lampang and Chiang Rai. In the north-east it borders Xaignabouli of Laos.
The Phi Pan Nam Range runs across the province from north to south. The city of Phayao is located at the Phayao lake (Kwan Phayao) in the valley of the Ing River. Three big mountains surround the valley, the Doi Luang (1697m), Doi Khun Mae Fat (1550m) and Doi Khun Mae Tam (1330m).
After Phayao was founded in 1096 it was a small city-state kingdom. In the 13th century it gained enough importance to be equal partner of King Mengrai of Lannathai and the Sukhothai kingdom. However a later king of Lannathai captured Phayao in 1338, and made it part of Lannathai. During the Burmese rulership of Lannathai the city became deserted, and in 1897 became part of the province Chiang Rai. Becoming effective on August 28, 1977 it was split off from Chiang Rai again, and became a province of its own.

wn.com/Phayao_Province
Phrae Province
Phrae (Thai: แพร่; pronounced [pʰrɛ̂ː]) is one of the northern provinces (changwat) of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (from north clockwise) Phayao, Nan, Uttaradit, Sukhothai and Lampang.
Phrae is located in the valley of the river Yom. The Phi Pan Nam Range runs across the province from North to south in the west and the Phlueng Range in the east.
The history of Phrae dates back to the Haripunchai kingdom of the Mon. It became part of the Lannathai kingdom in 1443, when King Tilokaraj was on an expedition to capture Nan.
Provincial seal: According to legend the two cities of Phrae and Nan were once ruled by brothers. When they met to divide the land between them the one from Phrae rode on a horse, the one from Nan on a buffalo to the meeting point on top of a mountain. Hence Phrae uses a horse in their seal, while Nan uses a buffalo. When the provincial government proposed the seal in 1940, the Fine Arts Department suggested adding a historic building to the seal in addition to the horse, thus it now has the stupa of Phra Tat Cho Hae on the back of the horse. This temple is located about 9 kilometers south-east of the city Phrae.

wn.com/Phrae_Province
Wiang Kum Kam
Wiang Kum Kam (Thai: เวียงกุมกาม, Northern Thai: ᩅ᩠ᨿᨦᨠᩩᨾᨠᩣ᩠ᨾ) is the recently restored settlement along the Ping River, which was built by King Mangrai as his capital before he moved it to Chiang Mai. It was flooded and abandoned more than 700 years ago; that move became more understandable in 2005, when the ancient city was flooded three separate times as the river overflowed its banks in that area of Chiang Mai.
Wiang Kum Kam is an ancient city (เวียง 'walled city') located in Saraphi District (อำเภอสารภี) in the northern region of Thailand, around 30 km (19 mi) south of Chiang Mai. According to the chronicles and archaeological evidences, the old city was built by King Mangrai around the latter part of the 13th century.
The city was established as a new capital by the King after his victory over the Mon people's kingdom of Hariphunchai, modern Lamphun. Wiang Kum Kam flourished during the reign of the Mangrai dynasty until the late 16th century.
The old city was then lost from history for many years after Chiang Mai was conquered by the Burmese in 1558. There is a presumption that it flooded again at this time and was finally abandoned. The people were moved back to this area again more than 200 years later with a new community, and it was then named Chang Kham village (บ้านชั่งคำ.)

wn.com/Wiang_Kum_Kam
Yunnan
Coordinates: 24°30′N 101°30′E / 24.5°N 101.5°E / 24.5; 101.5
Yunnan (simplified Chinese: 云南; traditional Chinese: 雲南; pinyin: Yúnnán; IPA: [y̌nnǎn] ( listen)) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the far southwest of the country spanning approximately 394,000 square kilometers (152,000 sq mi) and with a population of 45.7 million (2009). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders Burma, Laos, and Vietnam.
Yunnan is situated in a mountainous area, with high elevations in the northwest and low elevations in the southeast. Most of the population lives in the eastern part of the province. In the west, the relative height from mountain peaks to river valleys can be as much as 3,000 m.^{[citation needed]} Yunnan is rich in natural resources and has the largest diversity of plant life in China. Of the approximately 30,000 species of higher plants in China, Yunnan has perhaps 17,000 or more.^{[citation needed]} Yunnan's reserves of aluminium, lead, zinc and tin are the largest in China, and there are also major reserves of copper and nickel.^{[citation needed]} Yunnan has over 600 rivers and lakes, which provide an annual water supply of 222 billion cubic meters.^{[citation needed]} Projected hydropower reserves stand at 103 GW, with an exploitable capacity of 90 GW.^{[citation needed]}

wn.com/Yunnan

Bayinnaung
Bayinnaung Kyawhtin Nawrahta (Burmese: ဘုရင့်နောင် ကျော်ထင်နော်ရထာ [bəjɪ̰ɴ nàʊɴ tɕɔ̀ tʰɪ̀ɴ nɔ̀jətʰà]; Thai: พระเจ้าบุเรงนอง; 16 January 1516 – 9 November 1581) was the third king of the Toungoo dynasty of Burma (Myanmar). During his 30-year reign, which has been called the "greatest explosion of human energy ever seen in Burma", Bayinnaung assembled the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia, which included much of modern day Burma, Manipur, Chinese Shan States (southern Yunnan), Lan Na (northern Thailand), Siam (central and southern Thailand) and Lan Xang (Laos and northeastern Thailand).
Although he is best remembered for his empire building, Bayinnaung's greatest legacy was his integration of Shan States into the Irrawaddy-valley-based Burmese kingdoms, which eliminated the threat of Shan raids into Upper Burma, an overhanging concern to Upper Burma since the late 13th century. After the conquest of Shan States in 1557, the king put in an administrative system that reduced the power of hereditary Shan saophas (chiefs), and brought Shan customs in line with low-land norms. His Shan policy was followed by Burmese kings right up to the final fall of the kingdom to the British in 1885.

wn.com/Bayinnaung
Chairacha
Phrabat Somdet Phra Chairachathirat (Thai: สมเด็จพระไชยราชาธิราช, commonly shortened to Chairacha ไชยราชา,) reigned 1534–1546 as King of the Ayutthaya kingdom of Siam. His reign was remarkable for the influx of Portuguese traders, mercenaries, and early Modern warfare technology.
Prince Chairachathirat was a son of King Ramathibodi II. In 1533, following the death of his brother Borommaracha IV, his nephew Prince Ratsadathirat (Borommaracha IV's son) succeeded the Ayutthayan throne. Chairachathirat was then appointed the Uparaja of Pitsanulok.
Government authority under five-year-old Ratsadathirat proved to be weak. In 1534, only five months after his nephew's ascension, Chairacha marched to Ayutthaya to stage a coup, killed his nephew, and took the throne of Ayutthaya.
In 1545, King Kaew Kesa of Lanna was overthrown. Chairacha took this opportunity to invade Lanna, where he was greeted peacefully by Queen Chiraprapa – daughter of King Kaew Kesa. He sacked Lampang and Lampoon and he ordered Uparaja Tianracha to invade Chiang Mai. Queen Chiraprapa then sued for peace and made her kingdom a tributary state of Ayutthaya for the first time.^{[citation needed]}

wn.com/Chairacha
Dvaravati
The Dvaravati (Thai: ทวารวดี, RTGS: Thawarawadi) period lasted from the 6th to the 13th centuries. Dvaravati refers to both a culture and a disparate conglomerate of principalities.
By the 10th century, Dvaravati began to come under the influence of the Khmer Empire and central Thailand was ultimately invaded by the Khmer king Suryavarman II in the first half of the 12th century.Haripunchai survived its southern progenitors until the late 13th century AD. when it was incorporated in the Lanna Kingdom. The people of the region used the ancient Mon language, but whether they were ethnically Mon is unknown. There is evidence that these principalities may comprise many cultural groups of people, including Malays and Khmers. The theory of Thai migration into Dvaravati has been refuted and is now known to have happened much later.
The term Dvaravati derives from coins which were inscribed in Sanskrit with śrī dvāravatī. The Sanskrit word dvāravatī means "she with many gates " (from dvar "door gate"). Its name may derive from the mythical city of Dvāraka in ancient India.

wn.com/Dvaravati
Hariphunchai
Hariphunchai (or Haribhunjaya)(Pali: Haripunjaya) was a Mon kingdom in the north of present Thailand in the centuries before the Thais moved into the area. Its capital was at Lamphun, which at the time was also called Hariphunchai. In 1292 the city was besieged and captured by the Thai kingdom of Lanna.
According to the Camadevivamsa and Jinakalamali chronicles, the city was founded by a hermit named Suthep in 661 AD, and the Mon ruler of Lopburi sent his daughter Jamadevi to become its first queen. However, this date is now considered as too early, and the actual beginning is placed at around 750 AD^{[citation needed]}. At that time, most of what is now central Thailand was under the rule of various Mon city states, known collectively as the Dvaravati kingdom. Queen Jamadevi gave birth to twins, the older succeeding her as the ruler of Lamphun, and the younger becoming ruler of neighboring Lampang.
The chronicles say that the Khmer unsuccessfully besieged Hariphunchai several times during the 11th century. It is not clear if the chronicles describe actual or legendary events, but the other Dvaravati Mon kingdoms did in fact fall to the Khmers at this time. The early 13th century was a golden time for Hariphunchai, as the chronicles talk only about religious activities or constructing buildings, not about wars. Nevertheless, Hariphunchai was besieged in 1292 by the Thai king Mangrai the Great, who incorporated it into his Lannathai kingdom.

wn.com/Hariphunchai
Lavo Kingdom
The Kingdom of Lavo was a political entity on the left bank of the Chao Phraya River in the Upper Chao Phraya valley from the end of Dvaravati civilization, around the 7th century, until 1388. The original center of Lavo civilization was Lavo itself, or modern Lopburi, but the capital shifted southward to Ayodhaya around 11th century, where it remained and became the Ayutthaya kingdom, according to recent historical analysis.
The legendary first king of Lavo, Phraya Kalavarnadit, was said to have established the city around 450 CE as one of the Dvaravati city-states. Kalavarnadit established a new era called the Chulasakaraj, which was the era used by the Siamese and the Burmese until 19th century.
Isanavarman I of Chenla expanded Khmer influence to the Chao Phraya valley through his campaigns around the 7th century. Dvaravati cities that fell under Khmer hegemony became Lavo, while the Western cities were spared from Khmer hegemony and formed the Kingdom of Supannabhum. Lavo was the center from which Khmer authority ruled over Dvaravatians.

wn.com/Lavo_Kingdom
Mangrai
King Mangrai (1238–1317) was the 25th King of Ngoen Yang (r.1261-1296) and the first King of Chiang Mai (r.1296-1317), capital of the Lanna Kingdom (1296–1558).
King Mangrai was born on October 2, 1238 in Ngoen Yang, (present day Chiang Saen), in Thailand on the Mekong River which forms the border with Yunnan in China) as the son of the local ruler Lao Meng and his wife Ua Ming Chommueang, a princess from the Tai Lue city of Chiang Rung, in Sipsongpanna (Xishuangbanna) in Yunnan.
In 1259 Mangrai succeeded his father to become the first independent king of the unified Tai city states in northern Lanna and what is now northern Laos. Seeing that all the Tai states were disuntied and in danger, Mangrai quickly expanded his kingdom by conquering Muang Lai, Chiang Kham and Chiang Khong and intiating alliances with other states.
In 1262 he founded the city of Chiang Rai as his new capital in the Kok River basin. He seems also to have been operating around this time in the area of Fang still in the Upper Kok Valley.

wn.com/Mangrai
Mon people
The Mon (Mon: မောန် or မည်; Burmese: မွန်လူမျိုး‌; [mʊ̀ɴ lù mjó]; Thai: มอญ, Khmer:មន) are an ethnic group from Burma (Myanmar), living mostly in Mon State, Bago Division, the Irrawaddy Delta, and along the southern Thai–Burmese border. One of the earliest peoples to reside in Southeast Asia, the Mon were responsible for the spread of Theravada Buddhism in Burma and Thailand. The Mon culture is credited as a major source of influence on the dominant Burmese culture.
As the eastern Mon were absorbed into the Thai society long ago, the western Mon of Burma have largely assimilated into Burmese society. In Burma, the Mon are fighting to preserve the Mon language and culture, and regain a greater degree of political autonomy. The Mon of Burma are divided into three sub-groups based on their ancestral region in Lower Burma: the Man Nya (မန်ည) from Pathein (the Irrawaddy delta) in the west, the Man Duin (မန်ဒိုၚ်): Bago in the central region, and the Man Da (မန်ဒ): Mottama in the southeast. Once the predominant ethno-linguistic group in Lower Burma, speakers of the Mon language number fewer than one million today,^{[citation needed]} and those of Mon descent number anywhere between two million and eight million.^{[citation needed]} The majority of Mon are monolingual in the Burmese language, and are counted as members of the majority Bamar (Burmans). Recent studies have suggested evidence indicating that the Mon and Bamar share a common genetic ancestry. A genetic study done on Mon and Bamar showed a high prevalence of a particular glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) mutation not found among Khmers, Laotians and Thais.

wn.com/Mon_people
Naresuan
Somdet Phra Naresuan Maharat (Thai: สมเด็จพระนเรศวรมหาราช) or Somdet Phra Sanphet II (Thai: สมเด็จพระสรรเพชญ์ที่ 2) (1555, 25 April – 1605) was the King of the Ayutthaya kingdom from 1590 until his death in 1605. Naresuan was one of Siam's most revered monarchs as he was known for his campaigns to free Siam from Burmese rule. During his reign numerous wars were fought against Burma, and Siam reached its greatest territorial extent and influence.
Prince Naret was born in the city of Phitsanulok on the 25 April 1555. He was the son of King Maha Thammarachathirat of Phitsanulok and his queen Wisutkasat. His mother was a daughter of Maha Chakkrapat and Queen Sri Suriyothai. His father was a Sukhothai noble, who had defeated Vorawongsathirat in 1548 and put Maha Chakkrapat on the throne. He was therefore an influential figure.
Prince Naret was also known as the Black Prince (Thai: พระองค์ดำ) to distinguish him from his siblings. His younger brother Ekathotsarot was known as the White Prince, and his elder sister Suphankanlaya was known as the Golden Princess.

wn.com/Naresuan
Ramathibodi II
Somdet Phra Chettathiraj (Thai: สมเด็จพระเชษฐาธิราช) or (upon accession to the Ayutthayan throne) Somdet Phra Ramathibodi II (Thai: สมเด็จพระรามาธิบดีที่ 2) (1473–1529) was the King of Sukhothai from 1485 and King of Ayutthaya from 1491 to 1529. His reign was marked by the first Western Contact with the Portuguese.
Prince Chettathiraj was the youngest of Trailokanat's three sons. His eldest brother, Prince Borommaracha, was appointed the regent of Ayutthaya during his father's campaigns against Lanna kingdom. His another brother, Prince Indraracha, died during the wars with Lanna. In 1485, Prince Chettathiraj was appointed the Uparaja, or Crown Prince, and was crowned as the King of Sukhothai (The title King of Sukhothai was the title of Ayutthayan Crown Prince.)
In 1488, Trailokanat died. Though Chettathiraj was the Crown Prince, the Ayutthayan throne was inherited by his brother Prince Borommaracha, as Borommaracha III. In 1491, Borommaracha III died, leaving the throne to Chettathiraj, thus reuniting the two kingdoms.

wn.com/Ramathibodi_II
Setthathirath
Setthathirath (Lao: ເສດຖາທິຣາດ; 1534–1572) is considered one of the great leaders in Lao history. Throughout 1560s until his death, he successfully defended his kingdom of Lan Xang against military campaigns of Burmese conqueror Bayinnaung, who had already subdued Xieng Mai (Chiang Mai) in 1558 and Ayutthaya in 1564. Setthathirath was a prolific builder and erected many Buddhist monuments including Wat Xieng Thong in Louang Phrabang and the That Luang in Vientiane.
Also known as Chaiyachettha or Chaiyaset or Jayajestha, he was crowned King of Lanna after the death of his grandfather, the previous King Ketklao, who died without a male heir to the throne. His daughter Princess Yotkamtip was Chao Settathirath's Mother, which through succession made Prince Settathirath the Heir to the throne of Chiang Mai.
Son of the King Phra Chao Photisarath of Lan Xang, he became ruler of Chiang Mai in 1546. The previous ruler, King Ketklao, gave his daughter Princess Nang Yotkham in marriage to Phra Chao Phothisarath, and she bore him the Prince Chao Chaiyaset. When Ketklao died, there was no other descendant to succeed him. High-ranking officials and Buddhist monks therefore agreed unanimously to assign the throne to Chao Chaiyaset. His name was lengthened to Chao Chaiyasetthathirath.

wn.com/Setthathirath
Taksin
Taksin (Royal Institute: Somdet Phra Chao Taksin Maharat; Thai: สมเด็จพระเจ้าตากสินมหาราช listen (help·info) or The King of the Thonburi Kingdom; Thai: สมเด็จพระเจ้ากรุงธนบุรี, Somdet Phra Chao Krung Thonburi;Chinese: 鄭昭; pinyin: Zhèng Zhāo; Teochew: Dênchao; Vietnamese: Trịnh Quốc Anh) ; (April 17, 1734 – April 7, 1782) was the only King of the Thonburi Kingdom. He is greatly revered by the Thai people for his leadership in liberating Siam from Burmese occupation after the Second Fall of Ayutthaya in 1767, and the subsequent unification of Siam after it fell under various warlords. He established the city Thonburi as the new capital, as the city Ayutthaya had been almost completely destroyed by the invaders. His reign was characterized by numerous wars, fought to repel new Burmese invasions and to subjugate the northern Thai kingdom of Lanna, the Laotian principalities, and a threatening Cambodia. He was succeeded by the Chakri dynasty and the Rattanakosin Kingdom under his long time friend King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke.

wn.com/Taksin
Trailokanat
Somdet Phra Ramesuan Boromma Trailokanat Bopit (Thai: สมเด็จพระราเมศวรบรมไตรโลกนาถบพิตร) (1431–1488) was the king of Ayutthaya from 1448 to 1488. He was also known as Phra Chao Chang Pueak (Thai: พระเจ้าช้างเผือก) for his gain of auspicious white elephant. His reign was also known for a massive reforms of Siamese bureaucracy and a successful campaign against Lanna. He was also revered as one of the greatest monarchs of Siam.
Prince Ramesuan was born in 1431 to King Borommaracha Thirat II or Chao Sam Phraya and his queen from the Kingdom of Sukhothai. He became the Uparaja (lit. Vice-king of crown prince) in 1438. When his cousin, Maha Dhammaracha IV of Sukhothai died in 1438, Ramesuan was then technically the king of Sukhothai – though he was too young to be crowned. Upon reaching majority, Borommaracha II sent Ramesuan to Pitsanulok to assume the Sukhothai throne.

Boormmaracha II died in 1448, Prince Ramesuan was then crowned as the king of Ayutthaya – thus a personal union between Sukhothai and Ayutthaya.

wn.com/Trailokanat

Lanna - Wai Jai Dai Gah (Widescreen HQ)

Thai Music Video Lanna - ไว้ใจได้กา Lanna - 可以放心This version is in Widescreen HQ and has S...

published: 15 Jul 2009

author: thethaidragon

rak chan naan naan by lanna

rak chan naana naan(love me a little) by Lanna Commins-thai...

published: 06 Oct 2006

author: suavaj

Song of Lanna Thai เอื้องแซะ คีตะล้านนา Thailand

Song of Lanna Thai. Northern Thailand-Chiangmai,Chairai Phayao,Lampoon,Lampang,Pra,Nan...

published: 01 Feb 2011

author: TheChamaemelum

mai ruk mai wah by Lanna

thai music video by Lanna. pretty good anyone who likes thai music should give this music ...

published: 25 Aug 2006

author: suavaj

Lanna Commins - Kae Kow Jai

Best of Grammy 2005, #3, Thai karaoke...

published: 17 Jan 2006

author: chatwithme

Hip Rotation and Flexibility - Lanna Muay Thai

I've gotten quite a few questions from people regarding stretching exercises for the hips....

published: 24 Jul 2012

author: MasterKMuayThai

Lanna Holder Testemunho P2

Lanna Holder é um verdadeiro exemplo do poder de Deus na vida daqueles que deixam ele oper...

published: 26 May 2009

author: Sandro Hélio

Tell me...Why? (Tum Maai) - Lanna Commins

Thai song GMM...

published: 02 Jun 2007

author: phatchasesshou

Chiang Mai - Very Affordable Lanna Style Apartment with Swimming Pool

Membership site now open: retirecheap.tv Every so often as I travel around I find somethin...

published: 19 Apr 2012

author: retirecheapjc

ม่อนฝ้าย Lanna style wedding 1080 HD

Lanna style wedding Sasithanya & Grath at Monfai House in Chiang Mai,Thailand....

published: 10 Sep 2011

author: aswa1511

Yee Peng Lanna festival

Yee Peng Lanna festival or Loy Kratong festival is an ancient and traditional festival whi...

published: 16 Nov 2007

author: badstory

Lanna Holder Testemunho P5

Lanna Holder é um verdadeiro exemplo do poder de Deus na vida daqueles que deixam ele oper...

published: 26 May 2009

author: Sandro Hélio

Sincere ( Waai Jai Dai Ka ) - Lanna Commins

Thai song GMM...

published: 02 Jun 2007

author: phatchasesshou

Viang Yonok Thai Lanna Wedding

Traditional Lanna Wedding at Viang Yonok Hotel, northern Thailand. Bride and groom arrive ...

published: 15 Sep 2011

author: ianyonok

White Winter Hymnal

A music video for Fleet Foxes. Director: Sean Pecknold Animators: Christopher Rodgers, B...

published: 09 Jul 2008

author: Sean Pecknold

Submission

with ANTONIA CAMPBELL-HUGHES SUSIE BICK ABBEY LEE PHYLLIS WANG OLYMPIA CAMPBELL a HOME FIL...

published: 08 Sep 2011

author: ama

Honda Civic Mugen SI by Bolek

ARTWAGENS & RACEISM.PL PRESENT Honda Civic Mugen SI by Bolek. One of the thousand! Enjoy ...

published: 25 May 2012

author: Norbi

"Lanna"

Comercial video of TM "Lanna". 20sec. /3ds Max 8, Adobe After Effects 7.0/...

published: 27 Mar 2009

author: Koval-Studio

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photo: AP / Virginie Nguyen Huang

In this Monday, Dec. 17, 2012 photo, a Free Syrian Army fighter takes cover during fighting with the Syrian Army in Azaz, Syria.

Syria's chemical weapons safe for now: Russia

Newstrack India

23 Dec 2012

Tweet. Moscow, Dec 23 (IANS/RIA Novosti) Chemical weapons in Syria are under the control of the government, which has consolidated them in one or two locations, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said. "As of right now, the (Syrian) government is doing all it can to safeguard those weapons," he said. "We are following all leads concerning chemical weapons," Lavrov said ... "My answer is very simple. Why use us as a postman ... pm/ ... ) .. ). ... . ....(size: 3.2Kb)

photo: Creative Commons / Giorgione

Anbetung der Hirten (Adoration of the Shepherds) (c. 1500–10), by Italian painter Giorgio da Castelfranco. Christians celebrate the birth of Jesus to the Virgin Mary as a fulfillment of the Old Testament's Messianic prophecy.

Liberating Burdensome and Tortuous Beasts (An Animal Liberation Theology)

WorldNews.com

24 Dec 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. A deadly silence immediately followed after a bullet penetrated the calf's skull. Against my wishes, Vic had decided against either amputating its leg or contacting a veterinarian-something he reasoned would have been too expensive. The unfortunate calf had slid down into a ravine where its hind leg, which was mangled and torn, became wrapped in barbed wire ... But it was more than a bellow ... 9....(size: 6.3Kb)

photo: Creative Commons / Axou

Aviva is a 68 metres (223 ft) length motor yacht, currently the 80th longest motor yacht in the world.

Steve Jobs' Mega-Yacht Free To Sail After Temporary Reprieve

Newsfactor

24 Dec 2012

Steve Jobs was controversial in life, and now his high-tech mega-yacht is associated with a controversy long after his death. The former Apple CEO's ship was impounded in Amsterdam in the middle of a financial battle over a disputed bill. Phillippe Starck, a French product designer and architect, has alleged that Jobs' heirs owe him 3 million euros for his work on Venus, the 256-foot yacht Jobs commissioned before his death ...   ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)

photo: AP / Altaf Qadri

Indian police officers baton charge protesters near the Presidential Palace in New Delhi, India, Saturday, Dec. 22, 2012.

India govt to probe gang-rape, enhance punishment

Khaleej Times

23 Dec 2012

A commission will be set up to probe the gang-rape and torture of a 23-year-old woman in Delhi and measures to ensure such crimes do not recur while laws will be amended to enhance punishment for rape, Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde said . He also appealed the thousands of protesters on the capital’s streets, demanding justice for the victim, to withdraw ... “The government is serious on the issue. ...  . . ....(size: 2.4Kb)

photo: AP / Musadeq Sadeq

A member of security escorts a U.S. convoy in to the Kabul police headquarters, where a an American advisor was killed in Kabul, Afghanistan, Monday, Dec. 24, 2012.

Afghan policewoman kills US adviser in Kabul

my SA

24 Dec 2012

KABUL, Afghanistan (AP) — An Afghan policewoman shot and killed an American adviser outside the police headquarters in Kabul on Monday, the latest in a rising tide of insider attacks by Afghans against their foreign allies, senior Afghan officials said. The woman, identified as Afghan police Sgt ... The woman was taken into Afghan custody shortly after the attack ... As many Afghans, the policewoman uses only one name ... Air Force Lt. Col ... Gen ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)

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22 December: the Giallorossi's games on this date (Roma Associazione Sportiva SpA)

noodls

22 Dec 2012

(Source. Roma Associazione Sportiva SpA). 12/22/2012. Roma have already played AC Milan on 22 December. Not in the capital, like this evening at the Stadio Olimpico, but up in Lombardy ... Sterchele, Thern, Petruzzi, Aldair, Lanna, Statuto (Fonseca 46), Tommasi, Carboni, Balbo, Moriero, Delvecchio ... Lanna 30 (og), F ... Lupatelli, Moro, D'Anna, D'Angelo, Lanna, Eriberto, Perrotta (Mayele 70), Corini, Manfredini, Corradi (Cossato 80), Marazzina....(size: 8.1Kb)

Flood-Hit School to Be Moved

Jakarta Globe

20 Dec 2012

Samarinda, East Kalimantan ... “The construction plan is scheduled to start in 2013 and the budget has been approved ... An assessment by the local environmental agency in October found that some of the mud floods that often inundated the school were caused by the operations of coal mining firms Lanna Harita and Buana Rizki Armia. It found that Lanna Harita’s sediment pond was the source of much of the muddy water that flooded the school. ....(size: 2.9Kb)

Let there be light: The best of South Florida’s holiday lights displays

The Miami Herald

19 Dec 2012

Nothing says holidays in South Florida like front-yard decorations of melting snowmen and flamingos dressed in hula shirts relaxing beneath umbrellas. These are just some of the elaborate holiday ornaments on display in front of private homes throughout Miami-Dade and Broward counties ... “If you still have the ability to do something, then do something ... Davie resident Lanna Schor, 3, went to see the display for the first time ... 1 . ....(size: 3.6Kb)

16 December: the Giallorossi's games on this date (Roma Associazione Sportiva SpA)

noodls

16 Dec 2012

(Source. Roma Associazione Sportiva SpA). 12/16/2012. Busto Arsizio, Lombardy. It was here in 1928 that AS Roma first played on 16 December. The opponents that day were Pro Patria, founded in 1919 and playing in blue and white. The result though went against the Giallorossi ... That remains Roma's only defeat on this date ... Lazio 0-1 Roma, with an own goal from Negro ... Sereni, Comotto, Dellafiore, Di Loreto, Lanna, Rosina (Vailatti 63), Corini, P....(size: 7.6Kb)

John Lannan free agency 2013: Phillies agree to deal with SP

Sporting News

15 Dec 2012

Lanna, 28, has spent his entire six-season major league career with the Washington Nationals ... In six starts for the Nationals in 2012, Lannan went 4-1 with a 4.13 ERA ... « OLDER ... Father ... ....(size: 1.3Kb)

Maolra Seoighe le com�radh ar Aifreann speisialta i nGaillimh

Irish Times

12 Dec 2012

Míreanna. Beidh Uachtarán na hÉireann Mícheál D ... Chéad chruinniú Údarás na Gaeltachta ... Phléigh lucht an chruinnithe fosta cúrsaí buiséid don bhliain seo chugainn, cúraimí an údaráis faoin straitéis 20 bliain agus rólanna an eagrais le fiontraíocht a fhorbairt agus fostaíocht a chruthú ... ....(size: 3.4Kb)

Thailand Grabs the Best Five AsiaSpa Awards 2012 - TAT News

Houston Chronicle

06 Dec 2012

PRWeb . December 6, 2012. Comments (0) E-mail Print. Tweet. Page 1 of 1. Thailand won the Asian Spa Capital of the Year award at the 8th annual AsiaSpa Awards for 2012, organised on 15 November in Hong Kong by AsiaSpa magazine. The award was one of five picked up in total by Thai spas, health and wellness resorts, more than any other country. (PRWEB) December 06, 2012 ... The Oasis Spa Lanna, Chiang Mai, Thailand Spa Retreat of the Year ... Mrs ... ....(size: 12.5Kb)

Agoda.com Presents its Gold Circle Awards Celebrating Hotel Excellence

San Francisco Chronicle

28 Nov 2012

Agoda.com, Asia’s leading hotel booking site and part of Nasdaq-listed Priceline Group (Nasdaq. PCLN), has announced the 2012 recipients of its prestigious Gold Circle Awards, recognizing hotels that lead by example in the competitive hospitality industry. Singapore (PRWEB) November 28, 2012. Agoda.com, Asia’s leading hotel booking site and part of Nasdaq-listed Priceline Group (Nasdaq ... Australia. Adelaide ... Rati Lanna Riverside Spa Resort....(size: 20.4Kb)

Mesmerised by Thailand’s Festival of Lights

Independent online (SA)

26 Nov 2012

In the Northern Thai province of Chiang Mai Loi Krathong is referred to as Yee Peng and visitors can join locals in releasing Lanna-style floating lanterns or ‘Khom loy’ into the night sky ... Bangkok ... Chiang Mai ... amazing procession of hanging lanterns at Chiang Mai Night Bazaar, the Miss Yi Peng beauty contest, as well as the legend of Yi Peng Lanna hanging lanterns exhibition and light and sound display at the Ping River ... ....(size: 5.5Kb)

Inland Empire MMA fighter in The Ultimate Fighter 16; recap of Episode 10

The Examiner

20 Nov 2012

Related topics. The Ultimate FighterTUFUltimate Fighting ChampionshipUFCMMA. Advertisement. In Episode 10, two fighters advance to the semifinals. One fighter uses his striking skills to advance to the next round, and the other fighter uses his grappling to move on to the next round ... During the weigh-in, Araujo shoves Smith ... Steve Lim has trained in various martial arts at various gyms, including Lanna Muay Thai in Chiang Mai, Thailand ... ....(size: 6.9Kb)

19 November: the Giallorossi's games on this day (Roma Associazione Sportiva SpA)

noodls

19 Nov 2012

11/19/2012. 19 November has not been very kind to Roma. The Giallorossi have played 11 times on this day since 1927. 3 wins, 4 draws and 4 defeats is the sum total to date. Tonight's match is the not the first time these two have met on 19 November either ... Since then, only draws and defeats ... NAPOLI ... ROMA ... Cervone, Annoni, Carboni, Statuto, Lanna, Petruzzi, Cappioli (Thern 59), Di Biagio (Moriero 68), Balbo, Totti, Delvecchio (Fonseca 59)....(size: 6.5Kb)

Health department notes rise in influenza-like illnesses

Sun Star

18 Nov 2012

WHILE doctors boast on the huge decrease of malaria cases, influenza– like dengue diseases increased by 15 percent in just one year ... Furthermore, clustering of influenza – like dengue suspects happened in Barangays Poblacion East and West of Lagawe, Ifugao; Barangay Mapaco of Pinukpuk, Kalinga; and the Barangays Bulanao, Bulanao Norte, Cabaritan, Cabaruan, Calaccad, Lanna, Nambran, Nambucayan, and San Juan of Tabuk City ... It has 1,742 ... ....(size: 3.4Kb)

Cung Le knocks out Rich Franklin in UFC event in Macau, China

The Examiner

15 Nov 2012

Related topics. Ultimate Fighting ChampionshipUFCMacauCung Ledonnie yen. Advertisement. For the first time in the history of the Ultimate Fighting Championship, the UFC held an event in China. On Saturday, November 10, Cung Le faced former UFC Middleweight Champion Rich Franklin in Macau, China. Cung Le has been a busy man ... Steve Lim has trained in various martial arts at various gyms, including Lanna Muay Thai in Chiang Mai, Thailand ... ....(size: 6.6Kb)

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This article is about the Thai kingdom. For other uses, see Lanna (disambiguation).

Kingdom of Lanna
อาณาจักรล้านนา

←

1292–15 January 1775^[1]

→

1300 CE

Purple: Lanna
Orange: Sukhothai Kingdom
Light Blue: Lavo Kingdom
Red: Khmer Empire
Yellow: Champa
Blue: Dai Viet

Capital

Chiangrai (1262–1275)
Fang (1275–1281)
Wiang Kum Kam (1281–1296)
Chiangmai (1296–1775)

Language(s)

Lanna language

Religion

Animism,Buddhism

Government

Monarchy

King

- 1292–1342

Mangrai the Great

- 1441–1487

Tilokarat

- 1579–1607

Nawrahta Minsaw

Historical era

Early Modern

- Capture of Haripunchai

1292

- Foundation of Chiangmai

1296

- Ayutthaya-Lanna War

1456–1474

- Burmese rule

2 April 1558^[2]

- Fall of Chiang Mai

15 January 1775^[1]

This article contains Thai text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Thai script.

History of Thailand

Prehistory
Early history
Initial states Legendary Suvarnabhumi Central Thailand Dvaravati Lavo Supannabhum Northern Thailand Singhanavati Ngoenyang Hariphunchai Southern Thailand Pan Pan Raktamaritika Langkasuka Srivijaya Tambralinga Nakhon Si Thammarat Sultanate of Pattani Kedah Sultanate
History
Sukhothai Kingdom Ayutthaya Kingdom Thonburi Kingdom Rattanakosin Kingdom History since 1932 to 1973 History since 1973
Regional history Isan Lanna Phitsanulok Bangkok
Related topics Peopling of Thailand Constitutional history Military history Economic history
v t e

The Kingdom of Lanna (Northern Thai: ᩋᩣᨱᩣᨧᩢᨠᩕᩃ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨶᨶᩣ, lit. "Kingdom of Million Rice Fields"; Thai: อาณาจักรล้านนา; Burmese: ဇင်းမယ် ပြည်, IPA: [zɪ́ɴmɛ̀ pjì]) was a kingdom centered in present-day northern Thailand from the 13th to 18th centuries. The cultural development of the people of Lanna, the Tai Yuan people, had begun long before as successive Tai Yuan kingdoms preceded Lanna. As a continuation of the Ngoenyang kingdom, Lanna emerged strong enough in the 15th century to rival the Ayutthaya kingdom, with whom wars were fought. However, Lanna was weakened and then became a Burmese tributary state in 1558. Lanna was ruled by successive vassal kings, though some enjoyed autonomy. The Burmese rule gradually withdrew but then resumed as the new Konbaung dynasty expanded Burmese influences. Taksin of Thonburi finally took Lanna in 1775 and broke it down into a number of tributary kingdoms.

1 History
2 Historical writings on Lanna
3 Notes
4 See also
5 References
6 External links

History [link]

Early Establishment [link]

Mangrai, the 25th king of Ngoen Yang (modern Chiang Saen) of Lavachakkaraj dynasty, centralized the city-states of Ngoen Yang into a unified kingdom and allied with the neighboring Kingdom of Payao. In 1262, Mangrai moved the capital from Ngoenyang to the newly-founded Chiangrai – naming the city after himself. Mangrai then expanded to the south and subjugated the Mon Haripunchai kingdom centered on modern Lamphun in 1281. Mangrai swore allegiance with two other kings – Ngam Mueng of Payao and Ram Khamhaeng of Sukhothai in 1276 & 1277 AD respectively. Mangrai moved the capital several times. Leaving Lamphun due to heavy flooding, he drifted until settling at and building Wiang Kum Kam in 1286/7, staying there until 1292 at which time he relocated to what would become Chiang Mai. He founded (started actual building) of Chiangmai in 1296 expanding it to become the capital of Lan Na. Claimed territories of Mangrai's Lan Na include modern northern Thailand provinces (with exception of Phrae – which was under Sukhothai – and Phayao and Nan – the Kingdom of Payao), Kengtung, Mong Nai, and Chiang Hung (modern Jinghong in Yunnan). He also reduced to vassaldom and received tribute from areas of modern Northern Vietnam, principally in the Black and Red river valleys, and most of Northern Laos, plus the SipSongPanNa ("twelve thousand fields") region of Yunnan.

Disunity and Prosperity [link]

Central Chedi at Wat Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai

In 1317, Mangrai died and was succeeded by his son Paya Chaisongkram. After four months of ascension, Chaisongkram moved the capital to Chiangrai and appointed his son Thau Saen Phu as the Uparaja (Viceroy) of Chiangmai. Chaisongkram’s brother, Khun Kruea the King of Mong Nai, invaded Chiang Mai for the throne. Facing the invasion of his own uncle, Saen Phu fled the city. Thau Nam Tuam, another son of Chaisongkram, intervened and repelled Khun Kruea. Chaisongkram then appointed Nam Tuam the Uparaja replacing Saen Phu in 1322. However, it was rumored that Nam Tuam was planning a rebellion, so Chaisongkram turned back to Saen Phu in 1324.

Paya Kam Fu, son of Saen Phu, moved the capital to Chiang Saen in 1334, only to be returned to Chiang Mai by his son Pa Yu. Theravada Buddhism prospered in Lanna during the reign of religious Kue Na who established the dhatu of Doi Suthep in 1386. Kue Na promoted the Lankawongse sect and invited monks from Sukhothai to replace the existing Mon Theravada that Lanna inherited from Haripunchai.

Lanna enjoyed peace under Saenmuengma (which means ten thousand cities arrive – to pay tribute). The only disturbing event was the failed rebellion by his uncle Prince Maha Prommatat. Maha Prommatat requested aid from Ayutthaya. Borommaracha I of Ayutthaya sent his troops to invade Lanna but was repelled. This was the first armed conflict between the two kingdoms. Lanna faced invasions from the newly-established Ming Dynasty in the reign of Sam Fang Kaen.

Expansions under Tilokaraj [link]

Map Lanna under King Tilokaraj

The Lanna kingdom was strongest under Tilokaraj (1441–1487). Tilokaraj seized the throne from his father Sam Fang Kaen in 1441. Tilokaraj's brother, Thau Choi, rebelled to reclaim the throne for his father and sought Ayutthayan support. Borommaracha II sent his troops to Lanna in 1442 but was repelled and the rebellion was suppressed. Tilokaraj conquered the neighboring Kingdom of Payao in 1456.

Main article: Ayutthaya-Lanna War

To the south, the emerging Kingdom of Ayutthaya was also growing powerful. Relations between the two kingdoms had worsened since the Ayutthayan support of Thau Choi's rebellion. In 1451, Yuttitthira, a Sukhothai royalty who had conflicts with Trailokanat of Ayutthaya, gave himself to Tilokaraj. Yuttitthira urged Trilokanat to invade Pitsanulok which he had claims on, igniting the Ayutthaya-Lanna War over the Upper Chao Phraya valley (i.e. the Kingdom of Sukhothai). In 1460, the governor of Chaliang surrendered to Tilokaraj. Trailokanat then used a new strategy and concentrated on the wars with Lanna by moving the capital to Pitsanulok. Lanna suffered setbacks and Tilokaraj eventually sued for peace in 1475.

Tilokaraj was also a strong patron of Theravada Buddhism. In 1477, the Buddhist Council of Tripitaka Recompilation was held near Chiang Mai. Tilokaraj also built and rehabilitated many notable temples. In 1480, Tilokaraj sent aid to help the King of Lan Xang to free his kingdom from Vietnamese occupation. Tilokaraj then expanded west to the Shan States of Laikha, Hsipaw, Mong Nai, and Yawnghwe.

Decline [link]

After Tilokaraj, Lanna was then subjected to old-style princely struggles that prevented the kingdom from defending itself against powerful growing neighbors. The Shans then broke themselves free of Lanna control that Tilokaraj had established. The last strong ruler was Paya Kaew who was the great-grandson of Tilokaraj. In 1507, Kaew invaded Ayutthaya but was repelled – only to be invaded in turn in 1513 by Ramathibodi II and Lampang was sacked. In 1523, a dynastic struggle occurred in Kengtung. One faction sought Lanna support while the another faction went for Hsipaw. Kaew then sent Lanna armies to re-exert control there but was readily defeated by Hsipaw armies. The loss was so tremendous that Lanna never regained such dominance.

In 1538, King Ketklao, son of Kaew, was overthrown by his own son Thau Sai Kam. However, Ketklao was restored in 1543 but suffered mental illness and was executed in 1545. Ketklao’s daughter, Chiraprapa, then succeeded her father as the queen regnant]. As Lanna was plundered by the dynastic struggles, both Ayutthaya and the Burmese saw this as an opportunity to overwhelm Lanna. Chairacha of Ayutthaya invaded Lanna in 1545, but Chiraprapa negotiated for peace. Chairacha returned next year, sacking Lampang and Lamphun, and threatened Chaingmai itself. So, Chiraprapa was forced to put her kingdom under Ayutthaya as a tributary state.

Facing pressures from the invaders, Chiraprapa decided to abdicate in 1546 and the nobility gave the throne to her brother-in-law, Prince Chaiyasettha of Lan Xang. Chaiyasettha moved to Lanna and thus Lanna was ruled by a Laotian king. In 1547, Prince Chaiyasettha returned to Lan Xang to claim the throne and ascended as Setthathirath. Setthathirath also brought the Emerald Buddha from Chiangmai to Luang Prabang (the one that would be later taken to Bangkok by Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke).

The nobles then chose Meguti, the Shan saopha of Mong Nai whose family was related to Mangrai, to be the new king of Lanna. It was said that, as a Shan king, Mekuti violated several Lanna norms and beliefs.^{[citation needed]}

Burmese rule [link]

The kingdom then became a casualty of Burmese king Bayinnaung's expansionist drive. Bayinnaung's forces invaded Lan Na from the north, and Mekuti surrendered on 2 April 1558.^[2] Encouraged by Setthathirath, Mekuti revolted during the Burmese-Siamese War (1563–1564). But the king was captured by Burmese forces in November 1564, and sent to then Burmese capital Pegu. Bayinnaung then made Visuttidevi, a Lan Na royal, the queen regnant of Lan Na. After her death, Bayinnaung appointed one of his sons Nawrahta Minsaw (Noratra Minsosi), viceroy of Lan Na in January 1579.^[3] Burma allowed a substantial degree of autonomy for Lanna but strictly controlled the corvée and taxation.

After Bayinnaung, his massive empire quickly unraveled. Siam successfully revolted (1584–1593), after which all the vassals of Pegu went their own way by 1596–1597. Lan Na's Nawrahta Minsaw too declared independence in 1596. In 1602, Nawrahta Minsaw became a tributary of King Naresuan of Siam. However, Siam's control was short-lived. The actual suzerainty effectively ended with Naresuan's death in 1605. By 1614, Siam's control over Lan Na was at most nominal. When the Burmese returned, the ruler of Lan Na Thado Kyaw (Phra Choi) sought and received help from Lan Xang, not his nominal overlord Siam, which did not send any help.^[4] After 1614, vassal kings of Burmese descent ruled Lan Na for over one hundred years. Siam did try to take over Lan Na in 1662–1664 but failed.

By the 1720s, the Toungoo Dynasty was on its last legs. In 1727, Chiang Mai revolted because of high taxation. The resistance forces drove back the Burmese army in 1727–1728 and 1731–1732, after which Chiang Mai and Ping valley became independent.^[5] Chiang Mai became a tributary again in 1757 to the new Burmese dynasty. It revolted again in 1761 with Siamese encouragement but the rebellion was suppressed by January 1763. In the 1765, the Burmese used Lan Na as a launching pad to invade the Laotian states, and Siam itself.

End of Burmese rule [link]

In the early 1770s, Burma was at the peak of its military power since Bayinnaung, having defeated Siam (1765–1767) and China (1765–1769). The Burmese army commanders and governors became "drunk with victory". This arrogant repressive behavior by the local Burmese government caused a rebellion in Lan Na.^[6] The new Burmese governor at Chiang Mai, Thado Mindin, was disrespectful to local chiefs and the people, and became extremely unpopular. One of the local chiefs, Kawila of Lampang revolted with Siamese help, and captured the city on 15 January 1775, ending the 200-year Burmese rule.^[1] Kawila was installed as the king of Lampang and Phraya Chaban as the king of Chiangmai, both as vassals of Siam.

Burma tried to regain Lan Na in 1775–1776, 1785–1786, 1797 but failed each time. In the 1790s, Kawila consolidated his hold of Lan Na, taking over Chiang Saen and Luang Prabang (1792–1794). He then tried to take over Burma's Shan state of Kengtung and Sipsongpanna (1803–1808) but failed. Nonetheless, the Kingdom of Chiangmai, as a vassal state of Siam, had come into existence.

Historical writings on Lanna [link]

The Chiang Mai chronicles - Probably started in the late 15th century and enlarged with every copying of the palm leaves manuscript. Current version is from 1828, English translation available as ISBN 974-7100-62-2.
Jinakālamāli - composed by Ratanapañña (16th c.) an account of the early rise of Buddhism in Thailand and details on many historical events.

Notes [link]

^ ^a ^b Ratchasomphan, p. 85
^ ^a ^b Wyatt, p. 80
^ Hmannan, Vol. 3, p. 48
^ Hmannan, Vol. 3, pp. 175–181
^ Hmannan, Vol. 3, p. 363
^ Htin Aung, pp. 183–185

References [link]

(in Burmese) Hmannan Yazawin. 1–3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar. 1829.
Ratchasomphan, Sænluang; David K. Wyatt (1994). David K. Wyatt. ed. The Nan Chronicle (illustrated ed.). Ithaca: Cornell University SEAP Publications. ISBN 978-0-87727-715-6.
Wyatt, David K. (2003). Thailand: A Short History (2 ed.). ISBN 978-0-300-08475-7.

Garry Harbottle-Johnson - Wieng Kum Kam, Atlantis of Lan Na, ISBN 974-85439-8-6
Hans Penth - A brief history of Lan Na, ISBN 974-7551-32-2
Michael Freeman - Lanna, Thailand's Northern Kingdom, ISBN 974-8225-27-5
David K. Wyatt, Aroonrut Wichienkeeo - The Chiang Mai Chronicle, ISBN 974-7100-62-2
คณะทายาทสายสกุล เจ้าหลวงเมืองพะเยา, สถาบันศิลปวัฒนธรรมโยนก. ครบรอบ 100 ปี แม่เจ้าทรายมูล (มหาวงศ์) ไชยเมือง และประวัติสายสกุลเจ้าหลวงเมืองพะเยา พุทธศักราช 2387 - 2456. พะเยา : บ.ฮาซัน พริ้นติ้ง จก., 2546
คัมภีร์ คัมภีรญาณนนท์, นาวาอากาศเอก. เจ้านายฝ่ายเหนือ
นงเยาว์ กาญจนจารี, ดารารัศมี : พระประวัติพระราชชายา เจ้าดารารัศมี. เชียงใหม่ : สุริวงศ์บุ๊คเซนเตอร์, 2539
ปราณี ศิริธร ณ พัทลุง, เพ็ชร์ล้านนา. เชียงใหม่ : ผู้จัดการ ศูนย์ภาคเหนือ (ครั้งที่ 2), 2538
เจ้าวงศ์สัก ณ เชียงใหม่, คณะทายาทสายสกุล ณ เชียงใหม่. เจ้าหลวงเชียงใหม่. กรุงเทพฯ : อมรินทร์พริ้นติ้ง แอนด์ พับลิชชิ่ง จำกัด (มหาชน), 2539
สมหมาย เปรมจิตต์, สถาบันวิจัยสังคม มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่. ตำนานสิบห้าราชวงศ์ (ฉบับสอบชำระ). เชียงใหม่ : มิ่งเมือง, 2540
สรัสวดี อ๋องสกุล, ประวัติศาสตร์ล้านนา. กรุงเทพฯ : อมรินทร์พริ้นติ้ง (พิมพ์ครั้งที่ 2), 2539
ศักดิ์ รัตนชัย, พงศาวดารสุวรรณหอคำนครลำปาง (ตำนานเจ้าเจ็ดพระองค์กับหอคำมงคล ฉบับสอบทานกับเอกสารสืบค้น สรสว.ลำปาง)
http://www.globalgroup.in.th/encyclopedia_lanna.html.

External links [link]

Christopher Buyers (August 2001 – October 2009). "Luang Prabang". The Khun Lo Dynasty Genealogy > Lan Na, 1727. The Royal Ark. http://www.royalark.net/Laos/prabang1.htm. Retrieved March 3, 2012. "All materials contained in this site are the subject of copyright. Many items are in use under licence. Therefore, on no account may copies be made of text, photographs, graphics or any other materials, without the express written consent of the site owner."

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Lanna Commins

Background information
Born	(1983-11-03) November 3, 1983 (age 28) Thailand
Genres	Thai pop fusion
Occupations	singer
Labels	GMM Grammy

Lanna Commins (born November 3, 1983, in Bangkok, Thailand) is a Thai singer.^[1] She is the daughter of an Australian father and Thai mother, Soontaree Vechanont, who is a notable folk singer in Thailand.^[2]^[3] She spent her early years in Malaysia and Australia, before finally settling down in Chiang Mai, Thailand. During her music career she has released three albums under the GMM Grammy record label.

Persondata
Name	Lanna Commins
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	November 3, 1983
Place of birth	Bangkok, Thailand
Date of death
Place of death

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Make changes yourself !

Contents

History [link]

Early Establishment [link]

Disunity and Prosperity [link]

Expansions under Tilokaraj [link]

Decline [link]

Burmese rule [link]

End of Burmese rule [link]

Historical writings on Lanna [link]

Notes [link]

See also [link]

References [link]

External links [link]

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Related pages:

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http://fr.wn.com/Lanna

http://nl.wn.com/Koninkrijk Lanna

http://pt.wn.com/Lanna

http://de.wn.com/Lan Na

http://it.wn.com/Lanna

http://pl.wn.com/Lanna

http://id.wn.com/Lanna

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Discography [link]

References [link]

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Related pages:

http://ru.wn.com/Комминс, Ланна

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