The Wayback Machine - http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com:80/DNA
Sunday, 30 December 2012
Loading...
Little Mix - DNA
Little Mix - DNA (Lyric video)
DNA & CONCEITED NAME THE TOP BATTLES OF 2012
DNA Structure
KOTD - Rap Battle - DNA vs Eurgh
Molecular Visualizations of DNA
DNA Structure and Replication: Crash Course Biology #10
DNA
What is DNA? (draft version)
dna
What is DNA?
KOTD - Rap Battle - Dizaster vs DNA *Co-Hosted by DRAKE*

Dna

  • Loading...
Loading suggestions ...








DNA, DJ Filmography




karaoke

Messenger of generations, I can change you, you can change me.
Following your winding staircase, doors are opened, doors are
closed behind.
Codes are broken, we can re-program.
Dark New Age
Protein synthesis, replication, cell repairing.
Dark New Age
We are blessed with the Midas touch.
Dark New Age
We are golden, we are sulphur, we are water.
Dark New Age

everybody says that i'm getting older
i can't stop aging, it's on my shoulders
to get sober every time i see the state i'm in
so what's so strange, i'm only human
oh god help us, we're only human (x2)
on this summer's night i'm glad to be alive
everybody says it's time to live my life
it's a state of mind but it feels just right
i get reborn as the night moves on
oh god help us, we're only human (x2)
you waste your time working 9 to 5
you play along, you can't decide
you know what's wrong, you feel what's right
you toss and turn, you can't sleep at night
satellite up high, flying through the sky
i spy i spy with my little eye
wave the truth goodbye believe your lies are they watching me, ccctv
oh god help us......

everybody says that i'm getting older
i can't stop aging, it's on my shoulders
to get sober every time i see the state i'm in
so what's so strange, i'm only human
oh god help us, we're only human (x2)
on this summer's night i'm glad to be alive
everybody says it's time to live my life
it's a state of mind but it feels just right
i get reborn as the night moves on
oh god help us, we're only human (x2)
you waste your time working 9 to 5
you play along, you can't decide
you know what's wrong, you feel what's right
you toss and turn, you can't sleep at night
satellite up high, flying through the sky
i spy i spy with my little eye
wave the truth goodbye believe your lies are they watching me, ccctv
oh god help us......
my DNA is not for sale.......

Feel the music son, we got you programmed like a beat
When I press snare, yo, guard your grill
Press kick, you move your feet, you can?t compete
I got my hydrants parked on every street
I?m federal nigga, son of sun, come close and feel the heat
I am the streets, the white lines only separate me from me
You hydroplane in false gods name and still crash into me
Sign and tree, mountainside, guardrail into the sea
They thought they stole you from my arms then carried you to me
Here?s the key, DNA encoded in a beat
White rocks in a vial, nigga, ain?t got nuthin? on me
Bitch I?m free, ask these editors at MTV
Far as they know they?re publishing some new school poetry
Let it be ?cause even that will do to turn the key
Doorways into other worlds, the truth shall set you free
You are me, I am you, but also I?m he
Shepherd of a bastard flock that grazes in the streets
Feel the beat nod your head lean back, yo, touch your feet
Let me see you pop that thang right there girl in your seat
Feel the heat, count this page amongst your whitest sheets
Comfort in my every word slide under countless sheep
Hail Mary, Mother of God
Got the whole host of angels shuffling in my iPod
Niggas learned to raise their voices when I lowered my rod
Staff of Moses, Pharaoh knows it, son, my word is my bond
Tune my heart with mind, speak my nature, divine
Callin' shit into existence back in '79
With the future in my pocket tightly gripped like a 9
Keep my finger on the trigger waiting for the right time
Ancient niggas align, path of cosmic design
Blood of kings ?cause Saturn?s rings don?t need no diamonds to shine
Yes, the reason for the season, ornamented divine
Coded Language of the mystics with my fist in the sky
Keep your head up, we represent the real, my nigga dead up
Book of the dead, history bled, this nigga fed up
Led us to despair, some into prayer and they won?t let up
Until they got us worshiping them false gods instead of the realness
God of the streets, my niggas feel this
We nod our heads and worship through beats
Go ahead and kneel
It?s the love that makes the cipher complete
And it?d displayed through the way the bass line marries the beat
Hail Mary, Mother of God
Got the whole host of angels shuffling in my iPod
Niggas learned to raise their voices when I lowered my rod
Staff of Moses, Pharaoh knows it, son, my word is my bond
Tune my heart with mind, speak my nature, divine
Callin' shit into existence back in '79
With the future in my pocket tightly gripped like a 9
Keep my finger on the trigger waiting for the right time
Ancient niggas align, path of cosmic design
Blood of kings ?cause Saturn?s rings don?t need no diamonds to shine
Yes, the reason for the season, ornamented divine
Coded language of the mystics with my fist in the sky

When it came to pass,
Loaded, pass me by
Fate, with a single blow,
Has clustered by me now
True, I had my chance,
True, true, true I had those wild charms for you
Oh, oh...
My fire burned them out
But we will not be moved by it(2x)
Your mind would never ache,
When you were young and sound
The way your heart aches now,
You feel you sent them onto ground
Love, love, love til you got enough,
Dance, dance, dance, if you got no love around you Love, love, love, til' you got enough,
Dance, dance, dance, til' there's noone left to hound you
We will not be moved by it(2x)
Oh, oh...
Love, love, love til you got enough,
Dance, dance, dance, if you got no love around you Love, love, love, til you got enough,
Dance, dance, dance, til' there's noone left to hound you

D - N - A
(instrumental)

DNA, welcome to my DNA
Stupidly who wants to stay
With my DNA
DNA, you cannot fix what you get
Things that I try to forget
In my DNA
Can you forgive me?
For things that I've said
Things that I've done
Go now and never come back
DNA, we all got expiring dates
Trust me there's no get away
From my DNA
DNA, Wires of sadness and pain
Always remaining the same, my DNA
Disarmed by the music, there's bombs in my head
You'll always get burned
Go now and never get back
My deadly venom, Soon I'll be dead
Go now my lover

[Hook: Danny Brown]
It's in my, D.N.A
Cause my pops like to get fucked up the same way
It's in my, D.N.A
Cause my moms like to get fucked up the same way
D.N.A., D.N.A
Cause my fam like to get fucked up the same way
D.N.A., D.N.A
Cause my fam like to get fucked up the same way
[Verse 1:]
Waking up, drooling on Versace pillowcases
And I'm smoking eight a day, I might end up a mental
patient
Terrycloth bathrobes, blunts and ashtrays
White wine in flute glass, early morning Saturdays
Food plates and grade A, crepes and OJ
Bitches swimming topless in Chlorine off morphine
Emails on iPads don't answer when phone rings
Text message full coming down on four beans
Every night like a bachelor party in Sin City
Bitches sniffing coke off each other titties with
rolled 50s
Life I live like Charlie Sheen and Rick James
Goin' hard until it ain't a dollar to my name
This that triple X shit nigga how ya feel
Groupies like glam rock poison logo pills
Sniffing molly off amps with blond haired tramps
When I'm on my way to the stage every night I rage
[Hook:]
It's in my, D.N.A
Cause my pops like to get fucked up the same way
It's in my, D.N.A
Cause my moms like to get fucked up the same way
D.N.A., D.N.A
Cause my fam like to get fucked up the same way
D.N.A., D.N.A
Cause my fam like to get fucked up the same way
[Verse 2:]
Warhols all on the wall of the villa
Adderall popping got me jumping to ceiling
Perceived as a villain no sentiment in my sentence
For instance in instants they'll be calling forensics
If incidents occur remember these ain't just words
Go from talking shit to organs preserved
You soft serve rappers just hide behind your reverb
And even with effects you'll just end you dessert
I research and homework, make you dig ya own dirt
On beats buried alive, ratting wiseguys
I'm with a Latin bitch fat ass and well proportioned
thighs
And love to see it cumming so I squirt it in her eyes
I'm hopping out that new shit like narcs on Tuesday
The grill on it shiny like LL Cool J's
What's on my waist could make a nigga meet his doomsday
To describe your mixtape that shit was like a toothache
[Hook:]
It's in my, D.N.A
Cause my pops like to get fucked up the same way
It's in my, D.N.A
Cause my moms like to get fucked up the same way
D.N.A., D.N.A
Cause my fam like to get fucked up the same way
D.N.A., D.N.A

my dna is running out i am not the guy who makes you
smile now
and when we talk it's not the same but i already lost the
gene for feeling pain
so i won't cry i will just pretend i'm still the one and
that we are in love again
but when i call you are never home and i am down to six
or seven chromosomes
but you don't care or understand how it feels to be a
single double strand
(chorus)
all these molecules don't make me who i am, you did
i'm still the one
(chorus)

Latly somethings messing with my head YEah it's hard to know what's real and whats pretend
the way i feel i don't have the cure of cure of but the one thing that i'm sure of sure of
i am the one and only no one is exactly like me
iam the one and only
who turned out this way it's all in my D.N.A
Do not attempt to copy i'm on this ride and there ain't no stoping me

It's in my DNA-ehay-ehay-ehay (that's okay)
So let the music play-ehay-ehay (let it, let it)
It's in my DNA-ehay-ehay-ehay (rock wid it)
I was born to shut it down
Rye Rye
Eh, It's natural
I don't need no Adderall
And just let the beat bump
And Imma make yo bodies jump
All my chickas reports to the dance floor
Or, better yet, sweat our your dance pores
Pull out cho weaves
Done for
These niggas run the world, I rep fo um
We get stupid, we get dumb
Party all night
Till we numb
I got shades on, forget a hater
And don't be throwing no ass in tha... ?
That's right, that's right
We can keep this... till they turn on the lights
Let's go, Let's go
Cause a party ain't a party till you put on a show
Natural killah-killah
Now my body move realer-realer
Up in the club, screamin' we don't give a fuck
... ?
It's in my DNA-ehay-ehay-ehay
So let the music play-ehay-ehay
It's in my DNA-ehay-ehay-ehay
I was born to shut it down
It's in my DNA-ehay-ehay-ehay
So let the music play-ehay-ehay
It's in my DNA-ehay-ehay-ehay
I was born to shut it down
D-N-N-N-A D-N-N-N-A D-N-N-N-A
It's in my
D-N-N-N-A D-N-N-N-A D-N-N-N-A
It's in my
D-N-N-N-A D-N-N-N-A D-N-N-N-A
It's in my
D-N-N-N-A D-N-N-N-A D-N-N-N-A
D-N-N-N-A D-N-N-N-A D-N-N-N-A
This is a party anthem
Hand in tha air
You can talk that shit
But truly, we don't really care
And tonight, you came to party
Hands in tha air
And you're feelin' yourself getting zoned out
Say hell yeah
I said, put me on the dance floor
And you can catch me freakin' on a bad boy
Workin' my body-yoddie-ah
And I'm feeling so naughty-oddie-oddia-ah
Now when the DJ spin that record
We be goin' reckless
We be throwin' shades, party rockin', and two-steppin'
It's in my DNA-ehay-ehay-ehay
So let the music play-ehay-ehay
It's in my DNA-ehay-ehay-ehay
I was born to shut it down
It's in my DNA-ehay-ehay-ehay
So let the music play-ehay-ehay
It's in my DNA-ehay-ehay-ehay
I was born to shut it down
I said it's in my DNA
We just came to rock and play
From the window to the wall-all-ah-ah-all
Show some skin, put on a show
Getcho boodies on the flo
From the window to the wall-all-ah-ah-all
I said it's in my DNA
We just came to rock and play
From the window to the wall-all-ah-ah-all
Show some skin, put on a show
Getcho boodies on the flo
From the window to the wall-all-ah-ah-all
D-N-N-N-A D-N-N-N-A D-N-N-N-A
It's in my
D-N-N-N-A D-N-N-N-A D-N-N-N-A
It's in my
D-N-N-N-A D-N-N-N-A D-N-N-N-A
Get down
It's in my DNA-ehay-ehay-ehay
So let the music play-ehay-ehay
It's in my DNA-ehay-ehay-ehay
I was born to shut it down
It's in my DNA-ehay-ehay-ehay
Let the music play-ehay-ehay
It's in my DNA-ehay-ehay-ehay

I'd rather be blind than have two evil eyes.
A backward boy can see from behind.
Abortion is advocated,
Only by those who have themselves been born.
They're taking away our D.N.A.
They're taking away our D.N.A.
Are you going to breed retarded children?
Are you going to breed retarded children?
Everybody is ignorant, only on different subjects.
Drunks and children tell the truth,
Insanity is a kinda innocence.
They're taking away our D.N.A.
They're taking away our D.N.A.
Are you going to breed retarded children?
Are you going to breed retarded children?
I wanna live (whisper)
Birds stop singing when you shoot them down.
Holes in my wings will show me the ground.
A creature born is a creature that's dying.
Statistics can breathe, our numbers are sighing.
Are they going to breed retarded children?
Are they going to breed retarded children?
They're taking away our D.N.A.
They're taking away our D.N.A.
They're taking away our D.N.A.
Taking away, away, away
They're taking away our D.N.A.
They're taking away, away, away
They're taking away our D.N.A.
They're taking away our D.N.A.
They're taking away our D.N.A yeah!
Taking away our D.N.A.
D.N.A,
D.N.A,
D.N.A,
D.N.A,
D.N.A,
D.N.A,
D.N.A,
D.N.A.
WEAK13 - D.N.A.
Words & music by Nick J.Townsend
Song info:

RELEASE


ALBUMS

Infinity
Released 2011

Sounds Like a Melody
Released 2009

Break Out
Released 2007

Kick Me Up
Released 2006

Last Live at CBGB's
Released 1993

Taste This
Released 1992

A Taste of DNA
Released 1981

RELEASE


ALBUMS

Make changes yourself !



Little Mix - DNA
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:03
  • Updated: 30 Dec 2012
DNA the brand new debut album from Little Mix out now! Featuring Wings, DNA and much, much more! smarturl.it Music video by Little Mix performing DNA. (C) 2012 Simco Limited under exclusive license to Sony Music Entertainment UK Limited
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Little Mix - DNA
Little Mix - DNA (Lyric video)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:03
  • Updated: 30 Dec 2012
DNA the brand new debut album from Little Mix out now! Featuring Wings, DNA and much, much more! smarturl.it Music video by Little Mix performing DNA. (C) 2012 Simco Limited under exclusive license to Sony Music Entertainment UK Limited
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Little Mix - DNA (Lyric video)
DNA & CONCEITED NAME THE TOP BATTLES OF 2012
  • Order:
  • Duration: 14:03
  • Updated: 30 Dec 2012
DNA AND CONCEITED DROP A BLOG NAMING WHAT THEY FEEL WERE THE TOP BATTLES OF 2012 . FEEL FREE TO LEAVE IN THE COMMENTS WHAT YOU FELT WERE SOME OF THE TOP BATTLES THIS YEAR !
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/DNA & CONCEITED NAME THE TOP BATTLES OF 2012
DNA Structure
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:19
  • Updated: 04 Oct 2012
DNA Structure
  • published: 13 Sep 2006
  • views: 1454830
  • author: ppornelubio
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/DNA Structure
KOTD - Rap Battle - DNA vs Eurgh
  • Order:
  • Duration: 22:38
  • Updated: 30 Dec 2012
@KingOfTheDot - @DNA_GTFOH vs @Twitteurgh Hosted By: @OrganikHipHop @GullyTK @LushOne @PoisonPenBK **PLEASE Click 'LIKE' & Add To Favourites If You Enjoyed This Video!!! Since the dawn of the new era of battling, few rappers have shown as much passion and work-ethic as DNA. Getting his start with Grind Time as one of the youngest battlers in the league, he quickly proved that age was not a factor as he moved up in the ranks. After facing opponents such as Rone, Loe Pesci and P-Nut, DNA moved onto the Ultimate Rap League and debuted against Oun P. Since then, DNA has faced top-tier opponents such as T-Rex, Tsu-Surf, Young Ill, X-Factor, Big T, Tech 9, as well as the highly publicized match against Dizaster at KOTD: Flatline. With his sharp wordplay, rapidfire delivery, and uncanny freestyle ability, DNA has shown that he is able to win over any crowd, even when the odds are seemingly against him. Eurgh will be DNA's first overseas opponent, and his second battle for KOTD. Ever since he entered the JumpOff WRC Qualifiers in 2007 at the age of 17, Eurgh has been a force to be reckoned with. At the time, known simply as Arkaic's partner, Eurgh made his mark with his lyrical wit, and also for his infamous angry speech after discovering that he and his partner would not be going to the finals. Since then, however, Eurgh has become a forerunner in the British battle scene, starting Don't Flop in 2008 with fellow rapper Cruger, a league that has earned British battlers local ...
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/KOTD - Rap Battle - DNA vs Eurgh
Molecular Visualizations of DNA
  • Order:
  • Duration: 7:47
  • Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Amazing CGI visualization of molecular biology's central dogma. It shows animations of DNA coiling, replication, transcription and translation. It was created by Drew Berry of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Molecular Visualizations of DNA
DNA Structure and Replication: Crash Course Biology #10
  • Order:
  • Duration: 12:59
  • Updated: 29 Dec 2012
Hank introduces us to that wondrous molecule deoxyribonucleic acid - also known as DNA - and explains how it replicates itself in our cells. Like CrashCourse on Facebook: www.facebook.com Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: www.twitter.com References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: dft.ba 1:41 link to Biological Molecules www.youtube.com Table of Contents: 1) Nucleic Acids 1:30 2) DNA -A) Polymers 1:53 -B) Three Ingredients 2:12 -C) Base Pairs 3:45 -D) Base Sequences 4:13 3) Pop Quiz 5:07 4) RNA 5:36 -A) Three Differences from DNA 5:43 5) Biolography 6:16 6) Replication 8:49 -A) Helicase and Unzipping 9:22 -B) Leading Strand 9:38 -C) DNA Polymerase 10:08 -D) RNA Primase 10:24 -E) Lagging Strand 10:46 -F) Okazaki Fragments 11:07 -F) DNA Ligase 11:47 DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, chromosome, nucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, RNA, polymer, nucleotide, double helix, nucleotide base, base pair, base sequence, friedrich miescher, rosalind franklin, replication, helicase, leading strand, lagging strand, rna primase, dna polymerase, okazaki fragment
  • published: 02 Apr 2012
  • views: 140119
  • author: crashcourse
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/DNA Structure and Replication: Crash Course Biology #10
DNA
  • Order:
  • Duration: 28:05
  • Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Learn more: www.khanacademy.org An introduction to DNA
  • published: 22 Sep 2009
  • views: 738359
  • author: khanacademy
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/DNA
What is DNA? (draft version)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 5:08
  • Updated: 28 Dec 2012
View the final version of this video here: youtu.be www.statedclearly.com In a world where our food is genetically modified, genetic evidence can be used in court, and cancer has been linked back to mutations in DNA, it's important for us to have a basic understanding of how the stuff works. This five minute cartoon will give you a basic understanding of how DNA oversees the construction of living things. The knowledge dropped in this video was inspired by the writings of Richard Dawkins, and the college text book "Biology" by Campbell and Reece (8th edition) Molecules and chemical reactions depicted in this video are displayed in a stylized form and are not necessarily to scale. Many details have been left out for purposes of simplification.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/What is DNA? (draft version)
dna
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:36
  • Updated: 06 Dec 2012
This video is part of my film installation "hypermediaEVOLUTION". This video was not done by me but was taken from internet archive (archive.org).
  • published: 18 Jun 2006
  • views: 90251
  • author: bLaNGone
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/dna
What is DNA?
  • Order:
  • Duration: 10:31
  • Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Paul Andersen describes the molecular structure of DNA. He describes the major parts of a nucleotide and explains how they are assembled into a nucleic acid. The nitrogenous base, deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group make up a single nucleotide. The 5' and 3' end of DNA is described. The importance of hydrogen bonds in the 3-dimensional shape is also included.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/What is DNA?
KOTD - Rap Battle - Dizaster vs DNA *Co-Hosted by DRAKE*
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:00:55
  • Updated: 30 Dec 2012
@KingOfTheDot - @MrDizaster vs @DNA_GTFOH Hosted By: @OrganikHipHop @Drake @GullyTK @LushOne Animosity is the type of thing that only grows strong with time. It festers and builds. Given enough time, it takes on a personality of its own. The first release from King of the Dot's latest event, Flatline, was an exercise in pent up hostility. LA's Dizaster and New York's DNA have been waiting for the chance to face off with each other for close to a year, after a series of unfortunate cancellations delayed their battle from its originally planned date. When KOTD stepped in to make the long awaited struggle happen, the hype machine kicked into overdrive. Co-hosted by none other than Toronto's own Drake, who put up $3000 of his own money for the battle on the spot, this epic showdown was an instant classic. A marathon display of punches and personals, nothing was held back as Diz and DNA went for the throat with nearly 40 minutes of material between the two of them. As for the winner? That's for the fans to decide, as this battle marks the second round of KOTD's So You Think You Can Judge competition which asks fans to record a video response giving their opinion on the battle. The responsibility is in the hands of the fans to decide - who came out on top in this highly anticipated and hugely exciting headline event? This is a So You Think You Can Judge Battle. King Of The Dot - www.kingofthedot.com Our Facebook - http Our Twitters Organik - twitter.com Gully Tha Kid - twitter ...
  • published: 16 Nov 2011
  • views: 1445305
  • author: KingOfTheDot
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/KOTD - Rap Battle - Dizaster vs DNA *Co-Hosted by DRAKE*
DON'T FLOP - Rap Battle - DNA Vs Sensa
  • Order:
  • Duration: 22:06
  • Updated: 29 Dec 2012
@DNA_GTFOH Vs @SensaUk Hosted by @Twitteurgh Filmed by @BodyBagnall @StickmanVisuals @London_86 @Cruger7 Edited by @Cruger7 Graphic Design by @SamGrafix Motion Graphics by @GusBalderdash Photos by James Cross
  • published: 24 Nov 2012
  • views: 151989
  • author: DontFlop
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/DON'T FLOP - Rap Battle - DNA Vs Sensa
Little Mix - DNA - Live at Asda House 19/10/12 - 1080p
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:56
  • Updated: 29 Dec 2012
BUY MY NEW eBOOK for Kindle - FIFTY SHADES OF PESSIMISM www.amazon.co.uk Follow me on Twitter - @Thomv2 - twitter.com ************ Little Mix perform their new single DNA in front of Asda colleagues in Asda's head office in Leeds Don't forget to like & subscribe!
  • published: 20 Oct 2012
  • views: 407773
  • author: Thom Barr
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Little Mix - DNA - Live at Asda House 19/10/12 - 1080p

Make changes yourself !



DNA Transcription (Advanced)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:54
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Transcription is the process by which the information in DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) for protein production. Originally created for DNA Interactive ( http://www.dnai.org ). TRANSCRIPT: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology: "DNA makes RNA makes protein" Here the process begins. Transcription factors assemble at a specific promoter region along the DNA. The length of DNA following the promoter is a gene and it contains the recipe for a protein. A mediator protein complex arrives carrying the enzyme RNA polymerase. It manoeuvres the RNA polymerase into place... inserting it with the help of other factors between the strands of the DNA double helix. The assembled collection of all these factors is referred to as the transcription initiation complex... and now it is ready to be activated. The initiation complex requires contact with activator proteins, which bind to specific sequences of DNA known as enhancer regions. These regions may be thousands of base pairs distant from the start of the gene. Contact between the activator proteins and the initiation-complex releases the copying mechanism. The RNA polymerase unzips a small portion of the DNA helix exposing the bases on each strand. Only one of the strands is copied. It acts as a template for the synthesis of an RNA molecule which is assembled one sub-unit at a time by matching the DNA letter code on the template strand. The sub-units can be seen here entering the enzyme through its intake hole and they are joined together to form the long messenger RNA chain snaking out of the top.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/DNA Transcription (Advanced)
DNA Transcription (Basic)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:53
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Transcription is the process by which the information in DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) for protein production. Originally created for DNA Interactive ( http://www.dnai.org ). TRANSCRIPT: What you are about to see is DNA's most extraordinary secret — how a simple code is turned into flesh and blood. It begins with a bundle of factors assembling at the start of a gene. A gene is simply a length of DNA instructions stretching away to the left. The assembled factors trigger the first phase of the process, reading off the information that will be needed to make the protein. Everything is ready to roll: three, two, one, GO! The blue molecule racing along the DNA is reading the gene. It's unzipping the double helix, and copying one of the two strands. The yellow chain snaking out of the top is a copy of the genetic message and it's made of a close chemical cousin of DNA called RNA. The building blocks to make the RNA enter through an intake hole. They are matched to the DNA - letter by letter - to copy the As, Cs, Ts and Gs of the gene. The only difference is that in the RNA copy, the letter T is replaced with a closely related building block known as "U". You are watching this process - called transcription - in real time. It's happening right now in almost every cell in your body.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/DNA Transcription (Basic)
How DNA is Packaged (Advanced)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:43
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Each chromosome consists of one continuous thread-like molecule of DNA coiled tightly around proteins, and contains a portion of the 6,400,000,000 basepairs (DNA building blocks) that make up your DNA. Originally created for DNA Interactive ( http://www.dnai.org ). TRANSCRIPT: In this animation we'll see the remarkable way our DNA is tightly packed up to fit into the nucleus of every cell. The process starts with assembly of a nucleosome, which is formed when eight separate histone protein subunits attach to the DNA molecule. The combined tight loop of DNA and protein is the nucleosome. Six nucleosomes are coiled together and these then stack on top of each other. The end result is a fiber of packed nucleosomes known as chromatin. This structure, is then looped and further packaged using other proteins (which are not shown here) to give the final "chromosomal" shapes. It is this remarkable multiple folding which allows six feet of DNA to fit into the nucleus of each cell in our body. And a typical cell nucleus is so small that ten thousand could fit on the tip of a needle. It is important to realize that chromosomes are not always present, they form only when cells are dividing. At other times, as we can see here at the end of cell division, our DNA becomes less highly organized.)
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/How DNA is Packaged (Advanced)
How DNA is Packaged (Basic)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:31
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
DNA packaging. Each chromosome consists of one continuous thread-like molecule of DNA coiled tightly around proteins, and contains a portion of the 6,400,000,000 basepairs (DNA building blocks) that make up your DNA. The way DNA is packaged into chromatin is a factor in how protein production is controlled. Originally created for DNA Interactive ( http://www.dnai.org ). TRANSCRIPT: In this animation we'll see the remarkable way our DNA is tightly packed up so that six feet of this long molecule fits into the microscopic nucleus of every cell. The process starts when DNA is wrapped around special protein molecules called histones. The combined loop of DNA and protein is called a nucleosome. Next the nucleosomes are packaged into a thread, which is sometimes described as "beads on a string". The end result is a fiber known as chromatin. Now the chromatin fiber is coiled into a structure called a "solenoid". This fiber is then looped and coiled yet again, leading finally to the familiar shapes known as chromosomes, which can be seen in the nucleus of dividing cells. Chromosomes are not always present. They form around the time cells divide when the two copies of the cell's DNA need to be separated. At other times, as we can see now after the cell has divided, our DNA is less highly organized. It is still wrapped up around the histones, but not coiled into chromosomes.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/How DNA is Packaged (Basic)
Mechanism of DNA Replication (Advanced)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:19
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Knowing the structure of DNA, scientists speculated and then proved that DNA is the template for copying the genetic code. See how information in DNA is copied to make new DNA molecules. Originally created for DNA Interactive ( http://www.dnai.org ). TRANSCRIPT: During DNA replication, both strands of the double helix act as templates for the formation of new DNA molecules. Copying occurs at a localized region called the replication fork, which is a Y shaped structure where new DNA strands are synthesised by a multi-enzyme complex. Here the DNA to be copied enters the complex from the left. One new strand is leaving at the top of frame and the other new strand is leaving at bottom. The first step in DNA replication is the separation of the two strands by an enzyme called helicase. This spins the incoming DNA to unravel it: at ten thousand RPM in the case of bacterial systems. The separated strands are called three prime and five prime, distinguished by the direction in which their component nucleotides join up. . The 3' DNA strand, also known as the leading strand, is diverted to a DNA polymerase and is used as a continuous template for the synthesis of the first daughter DNA helix. The other half of the DNA double helix, known as the lagging strand, has the opposite 3' to 5' orientation and consequently requires a more complicated copying mechanism. As it emerges from the helicase, the lagging strand is organised into sections called Okazaki fragments. These are then presented to a second DNA polymerase enzyme in the preferred 5' to 3' orientation. These sections are then effectively synthesised backwards. When the copying is complete, the finished section is released and the next loop is drawn back for replication. Intricate as this mechanism appears, numerous components have been deliberately left out to avoid complete confusion. The exposed strands of single DNA are covered by protective binding proteins. And in some systems, multiple Okazaki fragments may be present. The molecular reality is very different from the iconic image of the double helix neatly separating into two DNA copies as so often depicted.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Mechanism of DNA Replication (Advanced)
Mechanism of DNA Replication (Basic)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:06
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Knowing the structure of DNA, scientists speculated and then proved that DNA is the template for copying the genetic code. See how information in DNA is copied to make new DNA molecules. Originally created for DNA Interactive ( http://www.dnai.org ). TRANSCRIPT: Using computer animation based on molecular research, we are now able to see how DNA is actually copied in living cells. You are looking at an assembly line of amazing miniature biochemical machines that are pulling apart the DNA double helix and cranking out a copy of each strand. The DNA to be copied enters the production line from bottom left. The whirling blue molecular machine is called helicase. It spins the DNA as fast as a jet engine as it unwinds the double helix into two strands. One strand is copied continuously and can be seen spooling off to the right. Things are not so simple for the other strand because it must be copied backwards. It is drawn out repeatedly in loops, and copied one section at a time. The end result is two new DNA molecules.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Mechanism of DNA Replication (Basic)
The Central Dogma of Biology
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:52
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A 3D animation shows how the DNA genetic "code" leads to proteins that help us develop and function. Originally created for Learn About Spinal Muscular Atrophy ( http://www.learnaboutsma.org/ ) TRANSCRIPT: The DNA double helix contains two linear sequences of the letters A C G and T, which carry coded instructions. Transcription of DNA begins with a bundle of factors assembling at the start of a gene, to read off the information that will be needed to make a protein. The blue molecule is unzipping the double helix and copying one of the two strands. The yellow chain snaking out of the top is a close chemical cousin of DNA called RNA. The building blocks to make the RNA enter through an intake hole. They are matched to the DNA - letter by letter - to copy the gene. At this point the RNA needs to be edited before it can be translated into a protein. This editing process is called splicing, which involves removing the green non-coding regions called "introns", leaving only the yellow, protein-coding "exons." Splicing begins with assembly of factors at the intron/exon borders, which act as beacons to guide small proteins to form a splicing machine, called the spliceosome. The animation is showing this happening in real time. The spliceosome then brings the exons on either side of the intron very close together, ready to be cut. One end of the intron is cut and folded back on itself to join and form a loop. The spliceosome then cuts the RNA to release the loop and join the two exons together. The edited RNA and intron are released, and the spliceosome disassembles. This process is repeated for every intron in the RNA. Numerous spliceosomes remove all the introns so that the edited RNA contains only exons, which are the complete instructions for the protein. Again, this is happening in real time. When the RNA copy is complete, it snakes out into the outer part of the cell. Then all the components of a molecular factory called a ribosome lock together around the RNA. It translates the genetic information in the RNA into a string of amino acids that will become a protein. Special transfer molecules — the green triangles — bring each amino acid to the ribosome. Inside the ribosome, the RNA is pulled through like a tape. There are different transfer molecules for each of the twenty amino acids, shown as small red tips. The code for each amino acid is read off the RNA, three letters at a time, and matched to three corresponding letters on the transfer molecules. The amino acid is added to the growing protein chain and after a few seconds the protein starts to emerge from the ribosome. Ribosomes can make many proteins. It just depends what genetic message you feed into the RNA.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/The Central Dogma of Biology
James Watson Explains DNA Basepairing
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:41
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick solved the structure of DNA. This beautiful molecule sparked a new era of research into the code of life. Originally created for DNA Interactive ( http://www.dnai.org ) TRANSCRIPT: The Cavendish shop was to build us some tin models and that took too long. Finally, in desperation, I made some out of cardboard. I began moving them around and I wanted an arrangement, you know, where I had a big and a small molecule and, so, how did you do it? Somehow, you had to form link bonds. So, here is "A" and here's "T" and I wanted this hydrogen to point directly to this nitrogen. So I had something like this...oh! So then I went to other pair and wanted this nitrogen to point to this one, and they went like this, and whoa! They looked the same! You can put one right on top of the other...Even if we go up to the ceiling we're building just a tiny fraction of a molecule. Hundreds of millions of these basepairs in one molecule. All fitting into this wonderful symmetry, which we saw the morning of February 28, 1953.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/James Watson Explains DNA Basepairing
DNA Damage
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:06
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Mutations are changes in genetic information. Originally created for DNA Interactive ( http://www.dnai.org ). TRANSCRIPT: DNA is under constant attack from reactive chemicals and natural background radiation. Free radicals are the byproducts of normal metabolism in human cells. Seen here as bright particles they sometimes react with DNA and cause chemical changes radiation can also affect DNA. For example ultraviolet light from the sun can cause harmful chemical changes in the DNA of skin. These changes can lead to kinks in the DNA that prevent genes from being correctly read or deletions that alter the type of proteins produced thanks to constant biochemical repair work most mutations are corrected before that have any effect. But in rare cases mutations can accumulate and this can give rise to diseases such as cancer.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/DNA Damage
Triplet Code
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:08
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
DNA has four "letters" that must specify the 20 different amino acids that make up proteins. Combinatorially, using three DNA letters for one amino acid makes the most sense. Originally created for DNA Interactive ( http://www.dnai.org ). TRANSCRIPT: Once the DNA double helix had been discovered, the next big challenge was to work out how the four letters of DNA could code for each of the twenty amino acids that make protein. The first question was how many DNA letters coded for each amino acid? If it was one DNA letter for one amino acid then you could only code for a maximum of four amino acids. Two letters in every possible combination could code for up to sixteen amino acids. Still, not enough. But three DNA letters provide more than enough combinations to code for all twenty amino acids. So three was the answer. It was a triplet code.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Triplet Code
Sickle Cell Anemia
  • Order:
  • Duration: 0:59
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease that affects hemoglobin, the oxygen transport molecule in the blood. Originally created for DNA Interactive ( http://www.dnai.org ). TRANSCRIPT: Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease that affects hemoglobin, the oxygen transport molecule in the blood. The disease gets its name from to the shape of the red blood cells under certain conditions. Some red blood cells become sickle-shaped and these elongated cells get stuck in small blood vessels so that parts of the body don't get the oxygen they need. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a single code letter change in the DNA. This in turn alters one of the amino acids in the hemoglobin protein. Valine sits in the position where glutamic acid should be. The valine makes the hemoglobin molecules stick together, forming long fibers that distort the shape of the red blood cells, and this brings on an attack.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Sickle Cell Anemia
Triple Helix
  • Order:
  • Duration: 0:28
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Although the chemistry was wrong, Linus Pauling's triple-stranded DNA model was a catalyst for James Watson and Francis Crick to solve the structure of DNA. Originally created for DNA Interactive ( http://www.dnai.org ) TRANSCRIPT: This is Linus Pauling's failed attempt to predict the structure of DNA. The problem with his triple helix model is that the phosphates form the helical core, with the bases pointing outwards. This would be impossible under normal cellular conditions. Each phosphate group is negatively charged, and so many negative charges forced together would repel each other, literally driving the structure apart.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Triple Helix
Replicating the DNA Double Helix
  • Order:
  • Duration: 0:49
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The structure of DNA, that Watson and Crick discovered, suggests how genetic information is passed on through DNA replication. Originally created for DNA Interactive ( http://www.dnai.org ). TRANSCRIPT: The structure of DNA, that Watson and Crick discovered, suggests how genetic information is passed on. Before a cell divides, the double helix unwinds and the two strands of the DNA molecule in the nucleus separate. Each strand is then used as a template for the construction of new DNA molecules. The replication of DNA is simple in theory, but much more complicated in reality. The precise details have only recently been worked out. Take a look at the animation called "Mechanism of Replication" to see what actually happens at the molecular level.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Replicating the DNA Double Helix
Jumping Gene Caught in the Act
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:34
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Scientists now have the rare opportunity to observe the effects of a transposon that is undergoing a burst of jumping activity in rice. Although each rice plant has approximately 40 mutations caused by new jumps, the activity is mainly benign and may even help the plant respond to environmental stress.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Jumping Gene Caught in the Act

Make changes yourself !



  • Order:
  • Duration: 10:01
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
**The Ascension Series music is now free! please visit the official website www.ascensionseries.com Add yourself to the mailing list to be notified about new music and receive free music updates/upgrades. The music seems to be developing in many sophisticated ways increasing its effectiveness. New Info** Validates Ascension Series Music -partially. Pulses are used to regenerate Tissues, watch video: http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=0BE75293E29C6348 *Naturally occurring Mind Entrainment frequency for accelerated healing!! Promotes HGH release (Human Growth Hormone) As mentioned below it also contains the *528 Hz DNA healing frequency that is played sequentially in its musical scale. The artistic work that you see in the Ascension Gift videos have been directly accelerated by the use of this music and is my example for the effect of this music on the mind. Get high the quality version on iTunes U.S: http://itunes.apple.com/ca/artist/ascension-series/id337325295 This music may first sound strange but it is by far the most essential tool for elevation of your health, cosmic awareness and Ascension that I could ever recommend! It has Evolved over a period of over 12 years into a tight refined melody. If DNA activation for our full 24 strands exists then I believe this Ascension Series music & art is positive proof -my life greatly changed 14 years ago and I suddenly branched out, cosmic consciousness became apparent. I feel that by my intention to better myself through music I discovered a way through music composition that this music is in essence a natural biofeedback system. I have also come to know that this music has checks & balances within it & acts like a judgment day scenario through spirituality & perhaps bio-feedback. It wont let evil pass but will allow it to change & therefore works to enhance & Ascend all whom are good or wish to be good/loving. This is immortality that darkness can't touch but wishes it could. Are you able to confront all the emotions & thoughts preventing you from Ascending? They will replay in your mind until you can resolve them internally or externally if that is the only way. This music is a challenge and if Ascension is what you truly seek then you must be prepared to go all the way. The following tune is my musical masterpiece of 12 years entitled "The key". It is 57 minutes long and has been created by pure guitar (3 playing at once) . The music will expand your consciousness and my video at http://www.acceratedartisticdevelopment.com will provide the insight for this conclusion. If your seeking transfiguration this music "The Key" is for you although you must commit the time & focus for it. Each bell-like tone wakes & stimulates different areas of the mind/body & can be considered a brain booster. Music cognition is the science of psychology & is what I recommend to learn about such facts. Enlightenment is only knowing and is not the final goal for Ascension. I couldn't spend a whole lot of time giving the video the quality it deserves. The foods stated in the video is mentioned to keep you at your best mentally optimal state to learn faster, better internal & external communication and remove blockages within you. Onions because of its silica content seem to be the most essential or I recommend taking a Silica supplement as part of this process http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0011DHETK?tag=ascenserie-20&camp;=14573&creative;=327641&linkCode;=as1&creativeASIN;=B0011DHETK&adid;=02W44CQM68XW26BV1WQM& Silica Information http://www.nakaherbs.com/pdf/silicea_gel.pdf I believe I have come to acquire this sacred knowledge not because the Earth is going through a shift or change of frequency but this is a time when billions of people are here contributing ideas, creating the audio recording technology and because there are many people that also have and sometime create more problems & suffering and that's when people like myself go on a personal inner quest deep inside to find answers. Ascension Series is on Face book http://www.facebook.com/pages/AscensionSeries/129799296666?ref=nf I highly recommend taking a Silica supplement http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0011DHETK?tag=ascenserie-20&camp;=14573&creative;=327641&linkCode;=as1&creativeASIN;=B0011DHETK&adid;=02W44CQM68XW26BV1WQM& Silica Information http://www.nakaherbs.com/pdf/silicea_gel.pdf Additional References: 993. Lecture : Epigenetic regulation of protein bio-synthesis by scale resonance. Kanagawa Science Academy and Teikyo Hospital (Tokyo). May 20. Van Doorne Yannick. 2000. Thesis : Influence of variable sound frequencies on the growth and development of plants. Hogeschool Gent. Belgium. 22 June. Coghlan A. 1994. Good vibrations give plants excitations; New Scientist. 28 May. p10. Weinberger P. and Graefe U. 1973. The effect of variable sound-frequency sound on plant growth. Canadian Journal of Botany. Vol.51:1851-1856
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/"The Key" Free Ascension Music Gift to Remake Yourself #1 of 6 Music For Healing & Self Development
DNA Awakening 285 Hz
  • Order:
  • Duration: 5:02
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
DNA Awakening 285 Hz
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/DNA Awakening 285 Hz
1111 Hz - Deepening Delta Meditation
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:50
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
1111Hz carrier frequency leads a 2Hz delta pattern. Music: Asa Video Artist: Devorah Rhea http://sourcevibrations.com All music tracks are original and the sole property of Source Vibrations. If you would like to share our audio programs please feel free to contact us at: webmaster@sourcevibrations.com for more info regarding Source Vibrations please visit: http://sourcevibrations.com/faq.htm ~ NEW~ !!! FULL LENGTH BRAINWAVE ENTRAINMENT DOWNLOADS AT SOURCE VIBRATIONS ~ ~Easily enter trance states~ ~Meditate as deep as a monk~ ~Synchronize your brain hemispheres~ ~Tune your consciousness to harmonic frequencies~ ~Experience deep relaxation for healing and self hypnosis~ http://sourcevibrations.com/Downloads.html
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/1111 Hz - Deepening Delta Meditation
Sacred Sound Alchemy for DNA Repair and Healing
  • Order:
  • Duration: 6:43
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Forgotten In Time: The Ancient Solfeggio Frequencies There is no taste, no sound, no light and no color Our taste and sound receptors are impulse converters;There is no light and no color outside of our brain. Colors and light are formed in our brains by conversion. Light energy vibrations of different frequency(i.e., of different wavelengths) are converted by a transducer(the eye) into signals(impulses) that can be received and processed by neurons in the brain of as colors. Love signal is a healing audio and visual meditation with music, sacred geometry and Solfeggio frequency 528 Hz, the miraculous frequency for transformation and DNA repair. There is a special sound and color of love according to Dr. Horowitz, a Harvard-trained award-winning investigator. Broadcasting the right frequency can help open your heart, prompt peace, and hasten healing. "We now know the love signal, 528 Hertz, is among the six core creative frequencies of the universe because math doesn't lie, the geometry of physical reality universally reflects this music; these findings have been independently derived, peer reviewed, and empirically validated," Dr. Horowitz says. Music & video by Jandy the Decibel Jezebel Poem by Katie Pye The Solfeggio Scale and note names; 1. UT...396 Hz (Center Pillar of the Tree) The third note, frequency 528, relates to the note MI on the scale and derives from the phrase "MI-ra gestorum" in Latin meaning "miracle." Stunningly, this is the exact frequency used by genetic biochemists to repair broken DNA - the genetic blueprint upon which life is based! MI - 528 Hz - relates to crown chakra. Dr Mirahorian suggests an association with DNA integrity,transformation and Miracles . MI - 528 Hz - relates to crown chakra; The regular "C" that we all know of in this culture (which is from the diatonic scale of do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, do) is not the 528 Hz frequency "C. A regular "C" vibrates at a frequency of 512 Hz. The "C" of 528 Hz used for DNA repair is part of an ancient scale called the Solfeggio Scale. see more on: QI MAGEN-OUT OF PANDORA'S BOX OF CHEMICAL MEDICATION : http://qimagen.spaces.live.com http://www.myspace.com/qimagen http://360.yahoo.com/QIMAGEN http://qimagen.blogspot.com http://www.danmirahorian.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Sacred Sound Alchemy for DNA Repair and Healing
Harmonic Matrix of All 6 Solfeggio Tones FREE DOWNLOAD!
  • Order:
  • Duration: 10:00
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://ww.solfeggiotones.com You can also download for free all ascension frequencie and all solfeiggio healing tones FOR FREE http://ww.solfeggiotones.com http://ww.solfeggiotones.com http://ww.solfeggiotones.com FREE DOWNLOAD!
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Harmonic Matrix of All 6 Solfeggio Tones FREE DOWNLOAD!
936Hz Pineal Gland Activator Meditation
  • Order:
  • Duration: 9:20
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
936 Hz Pineal Gland Activator FULL DOWNLOAD AVAILABLE AT: http://www.sourcevibrations.com/download_solfeggio.html All music tracks are original and the sole property of Source Vibrations. If you would like to use our audio programs for any reason, please feel free to contact us at: webmaster@sourcevibrations.com Activating the 3rd Eye ~ As we evolve as multi-dimensional beings the piezoelectric calcite crystals of the pineal gland act as receivers of light and information. This audio track serves to access, activate, and increase the "secret of the brain" the Pineal Gland. 22 min. frequency assisted track. Music: Asa Video and Digital Artist: Devorah Rhea http://sourcevibrations.com http://www.themindgardener.com _\|/_ _()_ _()_ _()_With a Love not of this World, Asa and Devorah Rhea
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/936Hz Pineal Gland Activator Meditation
DNA Awakening 417 Hz
  • Order:
  • Duration: 6:22
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
DNA Awakening 417 Hz-Undoing Situations and Facilitating Change ช่วยลบล้างสถานภาพต่างๆ และช่วยส่งเสริมการเปลี่ยนแปลง
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/DNA Awakening 417 Hz
528Hz DNA Frequency - UNLOCK Your Codons!!!
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:02:18
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Connect with your Soul Group or find your Soulmate at in5d Connection http://www.in5d.NET EVERYONE is welcome! from in5d http://www.in5d.com/ UPDATED DAILY! The Internet's largest Esoteric, Spiritual and Metaphysical Database! 528Hz DNA Frequency healing with holophonic bells mixed in with low and high theta binaural beats. Wear headphones for optimal results! Holophonic, binaural theta wave meditation helps to facilitate the development of the 3rd eye, which innately understands the symbols and pictures of multidimensional stimuli. This video contains a diagram of the 64 codons in your body. We typically only access 20 of these codons. In this meditation, envision each codon activating when it becomes yellow. I'll be making other healing solfeggio videos, so check back often! 396 Hz - Releasing emotional patterns. 417 Hz - Breaking up crystallized emotional patterns. 528 Hz - Love frequency "DNA integrity and repair". 639 Hz - Whole brain quadrant interconnectedness. Connecting Relationships. 741 Hz - Intuitive states & non-linear knowing. Awakening Intuition. 852 Hz - Pure love: unconditional love and returning to Spiritual Order. Gregg I'll be adding more one hour long videos to my website at http://www.in5d.com/ in5d http://www.in5d.com/! spiritual, awakening, journey, ascension, enlightenment, meditation, 2012, doomsday, apocalypse, prophecy, 11:11, 1111, 5d earth, 3rd eye, pineal gland, spirit guide, spirit guides, chakras, golden age, consciousness, awakening, indigo, indigo kicd, indigo adults, indigo quiz, spiritual journey, symptoms, 5th dimension, 2012 enigma, spirit, vibration, edgar cayce, spiritual awareness, DNA upgrade, how to meditate, chakra, indigo children, starseeds, walk-ins, life path number, numerology, near death experience, photon belt, oobe, out of body experiences, age of aquarius, empaths, healing, photon energy, Dolores cannon, December, 21, 2012, mayan, calendar, prophecy doomsday, apocalypse, end times, higher self
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/528Hz DNA Frequency - UNLOCK Your Codons!!!
HEALING FREQUENCY
  • Order:
  • Duration: 10:00
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://meditaionguide.blogspot.com/ frequency 528 ( DNA repair freq ) Group of girls singing in the background praising the Creator : Yashua Christ Zebaoth , Elohim ,Adonai ! INFINITE & UNCONDITIONAL LOVE IS THE ONLY TRUTH AND WILL ALLWAYS EXIST IN ETERNITY . EVERYTHING ELSE THAT IS NOT IN RESONACE WITH UNCONDITIONAL LOVE IS AN ILLUSION ! AS SOON YOU STOP IN YOUR REALITY TO THINK , FEEL AND ACT WHAT IS NOT IN RESONACE WITH LOVE THATS WHEN YOU EXPERIENCE ETERNITY & LOVE ! Thats why i said 2000 years ago my kingdom is a eternal kingdom and not from this world . in unconditional love with all creation forever yours Yashua the Christ Amen The "Ana Bekoach" prayer has great power. We should pray it with awareness of peace and with full intention & devotion to our purpose. We can also meditate "Ana Bekoach" prayer during daily activities to lift and improve our level of awareness. Carrying the prayer on you, connects you constantly to a great power -- by doing so you shall be able to bring order into your life, to create changes when needed, to give strength, to breakthrough, to remove obstacles and to control your life. English translation of ANABEKOACH : Please, with the might of your right, untie the bundle. Accept your people's prayer song, heighten, purify us, Mighty one. Please hero, your uniqueness worshippers, guard them closely. Bless them purify them, your rightfulness mercies, always reward. Immune, proud, with your good will, manage your people. Single, proud, address your people, who remember your holiness. Accept our plead, and hear our cry, he who knows histories: Blessed be his kingdom's honor for ever . Watch this video to find out if your living under a curse ! http://youtu.be/db2-lG4wmgc There is a special sound and color of love according to Dr. Horowitz, a Harvard-trained award-winning investigator. Broadcasting the right frequency can help open your heart, prompt peace, and hasten healing. "We now know the love signal, 528 Hertz, is among the six core creative frequencies of the universe, the geometry of physical reality universally reflects this music. The Brain and Nervsytem is mostly overloaded with electrosmog like micro waves,cellphone waves radio waves radar and tv waves so it needs be cleansed and tuned in new ! You may experience some pain in different part of your Head or Brain or body depending on how much disorder there allready is , when you feeling the pressure in the mids of your head close your eyes and allowe the self healing prozess to take place , if you cant stand the pain anymore just Stop the Video Sound ! And Visualize the white Light ask the Holy Spirit in the Name of JESUS CHRIST ( JESUS CHRIST HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH THE MESS THAT HUMANS ARE DOING AND DECEIVING PEOPLE IN HIS NAME ) to Burn all that junk away from your head and braincells, nervsytem . Bless you and Glory to the most High !
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/HEALING FREQUENCY
Ascension Frequencies       FREE DOWNLOAD
  • Order:
  • Duration: 10:12
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.solfeggiotones.com FREE DOWNLOAD Solfeggio ascension frequencies that will guarantee your 3 dimensional ascension in approximately six weeks of time. You can download the entire Solfeggio ascension frequencies for free at: http://www.solfeggiotones.com FREE DOWNLOAD Ascension frequencies are frequencies that can start your ascension process. The Six Solfeggio Frequencies include: UT 396 Hz Liberating Guilt and Fear RE 417 Hz Undoing Situations and Facilitating Change MI 528 Hz Transformation and Miracles (DNA Repair) FA 639 Hz Connecting/Relationships SOL 741 Hz Awakening Intuition LA 852 Hz Returning to Spiritual Order file:///J:/healthemind.htm
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Ascension Frequencies FREE DOWNLOAD
The Most Powerful Solfeggio Frequency Meditation Ever
  • Order:
  • Duration: 6:27
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.facebook.com/shaktipatseer2 Like my FB for updates! Click here http://www.alchemymeditations.com to download my ebook and a free meditation that has helped over 4,000+ people activate their pineal glands and harness the creative force of their kundalini energy The pineal gland was the last endocrine gland to have its function discovered. Its location deep in the brain seemed to indicate its importance. This combination led to its being a "mystery" gland with myth, superstition and even metaphysical theories surrounding its perceived function. The pineal gland is occasionally associated with the sixth chakra (also called Ajna or the third eye chakra in yoga). It is believed by some to be a dormant organ that can be awakened to enable "telepathic" communication. In the physical body the eye views objects upside down. It sends the image of what it observes to the brain which interprets the image and makes it appear right side-up to us. But the human body has another physical eye whose function has long been recognized by humanity. It is called the 'Third Eye' which in reality is the Pineal Gland. It is long thought to have mystical powers. Many consider it the Spiritual Third Eye, our Inner Vision. (BTW I say most powerful because it is infused with the direct risen Kundalini via Shaktipat transmission in the mantras..)
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/The Most Powerful Solfeggio Frequency Meditation Ever
DNA Awakening 396 Hz
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:58
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
DNA Awakening 396 Hz -- Liberating Guilt and Fear ช่วยปลดปล่อยความรู้สึกผิด และความกลัว
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/DNA Awakening 396 Hz
The DNA Visual Healing Pattern & Frequency Of 528 Hz Galactic Harmonic Shift?
  • Order:
  • Duration: 5:51
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
"LIPUS" regrows teeth and bone, new hearts can be grown using pulses, Mind Entrainment technology can accelerate learning, increase IQ, promote Human Growth Hormone Release/Anti-aging, Babies/infant brains grow 2/3rds larger than average with learning music, patented musical scales trigger plant growth etc What else does Humanity need to know to realize how important sound/music is that shapes their mind and WORLD. -the power of perception through vibrational intelligence manifested in the quality* and intention* of music & sound you are exposed to. Anyone out there with instruments to measure freaquencies from the Galactic Center? We may all be able to see if there is truly a Cosmic harmonic shift of frequencies using the method I used to discover the Visual DNA Healing Frequency of 528Hz How is it that this is the true visual healing pattern of this sound frequency? I generated the 528hz frequency using a free programs called Audacity: http://audacity.sourceforge.net/ and then played it back while at the same time viewed various videos of salt particles vibrating on a metal plate with high frequency sound projected at it. These particles shifted into specific patterns at different pitches. While listening to both the video's frequency and my own 528hz I grabbed a snapshot of the image when both tones matched. Example: http://www.ascensionseries.com/ascension-research/science/the-ascension-series-insight-expand-consciousness-and-promote-physical-changes-towards-ascension.html I don't yet have a way to obtain the true color for this frequency, if you know a way please let me know and I will redo this video. The closest I have come to knowing real undisputed info is that I know as a marker the sound 441hz is the same vibratory frequency of the electron but I don't know what the color of the electron is do you? Headphones are not required & is better if you don't so your whole body can feel/absorb the benefits. Be careful there is alot of illusions/eye candy out there not providing you with the true visual sound pattern. I don't recommend playing music or other tones along with this as other tones played at the same time may disrupt the DNA healing process. Fabien Maman & Joel Sternheimer In 1974, Fabien Maman was working as a professional jazz musician. He noticed that certain musical keys had an energizing effect on both the musicians and the audience. Fabien worked with the French physicist Joel Sternheimer. Sternheimer had discovered that elementary particles vibrate at frequencies in accordance with musical laws. They found that body tissue, organs and acupuncture meridians each have a musical note. Ernest Chladni In the 18th century Ernest Chladni, a German physicist, found that when a violin bow was drawn vertically across the rim of a metal plate the sound waves produced created patterns in sand sprinkled on the plate. Different musical tones would cause the sand particles to move into geometric patterns. These type of patterns are said to be created within our body when listening to various sounds. Example: http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=IuyQSZX8HMI UT -- 396 Hz -- Negative Field Release RE -- 417 Hz -- Allowing & Creating Change MI -- 528 Hz -- Transformation and Miracles (DNA Repair) FA -- 639 Hz -- Love & unity SOL -- 741 Hz -- Inuition & Enlightenment LA -- 852 Hz -- Spiritual Sight/Awarness If you need more proof that sound can heal look at this article: http://medgadget.com/archives/2006/06/ultrasound_base.html It's based on regrowing teeth with ultrasound. These helpful healing & balancing tones are in refernce to research by The Healing Codes of Biological Apocalypse" by Dr. Leonard Horowitz Dr. Joseph Puleo Jonathan Goldman (author of the book, "Healing Sounds") For those looking for sound based cure for tumor/cancer cure check out http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1998/03/980325075631.htm Their research supports one of my musical masterpieces I have as a video on my channel entilted "Ascension Gift -Remake yourself". http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=E74FF3CEEF784641 The artwork in the video is exemplary of it's effects with the mind. Other references: Ernest Chladni Joel Sternheimer 993. Lecture : Epigenetic regulation of protein biosynthesis by scale resonance. Kanagawa Science Academy and Teikyo Hospital (Tokyo). May 20. Van Doorne Yannick. 2000. Thesis : Influence of variable sound frequencies on the growth and developpement of plants. Hogeschool Gent. Belgium. 22 June. Coghlan A. 1994. Good vibrations give plants excitations; New Scientist. 28 May. p10. Weinberger P. and Graefe U. 1973. The effect of variable sound-frequency sound on plant growth. Canadian Journal of Botany. Vol.51:1851-1856
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/The DNA Visual Healing Pattern & Frequency Of 528 Hz Galactic Harmonic Shift?
Raise Your Vibrational Frequency to Higher Consciousness and Heal
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:25
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Just relax and enjoy the beautiful experience without any effort on your part. Just breath deeply and relax completely in this opened eye meditation.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Raise Your Vibrational Frequency to Higher Consciousness and Heal

Make changes yourself !



History of DNA
  • Order:
  • Duration: 12:56
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Notes on some of the major discoveries and experiments that led to our understanding of DNA as the genetic material. This video serves as an introduction to our unit on DNA. Good links for more information: http://osulibrary.orst.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/dna/index.html http://www.dnaftb.org/ http://www.dnai.org/
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/History of DNA
DNA Structure
  • Order:
  • Duration: 10:24
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Notes on the Structure of the DNA molecule. This is the second video in the series All About DNA
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/DNA Structure
DNA Replication
  • Order:
  • Duration: 13:33
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Details on the process of DNA Replication
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/DNA Replication
Introduction to Protein Synthesis
  • Order:
  • Duration: 14:00
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Introductory Lesson on Protein Synthesis; Discuss why, what, and where. Showing how RNA helps transfer the information in the DNA code into a Protein
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Introduction to Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis Stage 1: Transcription
  • Order:
  • Duration: 6:37
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Details on the steps of transcription.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Protein Synthesis Stage 1: Transcription
Protein Synthesis Stage 2: Translation
  • Order:
  • Duration: 6:38
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Details on Translation: Initiation, Elogation, and Termination
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Protein Synthesis Stage 2: Translation
Gene Control Part 1: Eukaryotes
  • Order:
  • Duration: 12:37
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
What is gene control? Why do we need it? And a summary of the processes involved.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Gene Control Part 1: Eukaryotes
Gene Control Part 2 (Prokaryotes): The Operon
  • Order:
  • Duration: 8:15
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Gene Control in Prokaryotes. The Operon Model
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Gene Control Part 2 (Prokaryotes): The Operon
Sander van Dijk - Reel Dyad
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:20
  • Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Audio Design: www.studio-takt.com Portfolio: www.sandervandijk.tv Updated on - 11 nov '11 Prev update - 1 jan '11 00:12 - Me Myself and I / Design and Animation. 00:19 - The Green Value / Design and Animation. 00:20 - Pausefest, / Direction and Animation 00:22 - The Green Value / Design and Animation.. 00:23 - Pausefest, / Direction, Design and Animation. 00:26 - PlusOne Logo / Direction, Design and Animation. 00:27 - EQ / Direction, Design and Animation. 00:28 - Pausefest, / Direction, Design and Animation. 00:31 - EQ / Direction, Design and Animation. 00:34 - Amsterdam DNA, PlusOne / 2D Animation and Compositing. 00:37 - The Ride, King and Country / Title design. 00:41 - Reel Intro for King and Country / 2D and 3D Animation, Compositing. 00:46 - PlusOne Logo / Direction, Design and Animation. 00:48 - Pausefest, / Direction, Design and Animation. 00:50 - We Tv Bridezilla Promo, King and Country / Lead Compositor on title animation. 00:55 - Sheepington Buryshire, King and Country / Character Animation and Compositing*. *Characters by James Levy, Sheep character and backgrounds by me. 00:58 - TV Land High School Reunion, King and Country / Lead Compositor. 01:03 - Pausefest, / Direction, Design and Animation. 01:05 - Scan Explorer / Lead 2D Animation. Illustrations By Ronald Slabbers. 01:07 - Pausefest, / Direction, Design and Animation. 01:10 - Scan Explorer / Lead 2D Animation. Illustrations By Ronald Slabbers.
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Sander van Dijk - Reel Dyad
PLURALITY
  • Order:
  • Duration: 14:13
  • Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Directed By: Dennis Liu Written By: Ryan Condal Produced by: Jonathan Hsu, Dennis Liu Starring: Jeff Nissani, Samantha Strelitz, John Di Domenico Cinematography by: Jon Chen Music by: Pakk Hui "In 2023, the Bentham Grid goes online..." 2 years of filmmaking with very little money and my friends and I made this. We're a tiny production so please help spread the word! =) Please facebook/tweet/write to some big blogs so we can make more! (slash film, collider, gizmodo, engadget, wired., etc!) liu@radicalmedia.com http://www.facebook.com/pluralitythemovie PRESS: WORLD STAR HIP HOP - 210,000 VIEWS (As of 10/4/2012) http://www.worldstarhiphop.com/videos/video.php?v=wshhvTl8o0h8F5qwzAkZ USA TODAY - 10-04-12 - TV ON THE WEB - OUR TOP PICKS, PAGE 6D http://io9.com/5948472/welcome-to-new-york-2023-where-every-surface-is-a-dna-scanner?tag=plurality
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/PLURALITY
Spheres
  • Order:
  • Duration: 14:00
  • Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Finally up is my own little space opera : a mesmerizing choregraphy evoking atoms, DNA, seeds, spirals, fractals, etc... inspired by Anaxagoras of Clazomenae. http://philosophy.gr/presocratics/anaxagoras.htm The first draft screened in 2008 as a backdrop for the robotic and live music performance by URBAN ORCHESTRA at the city council new year celebration meeting critical acclaim. This is the final director's cut with updated soundtrack and tighter edits to my original vision : 42000 HD frames at 50p running for 14 minutes. ***converted to 720p 25fps & download enabled***
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Spheres
Pandemic
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:00
  • Updated: 03 Dec 2012
This is short Half-Life 2 fan film about some kind of DNA mutation and epidemy in c17. Original footage made in Russia, Krasnoznamensk with canon 550d in 2011. I used original ingame models as well as my own models made in c4d, 3d animations also made in c4d. Sound and music are from original game and sfx libraries. Postprod and editing made in Adobe After Effects and FCP X. Radio Songs: Sergey Stolyarov – Aerograd (1935 movie) Polish partisan song – Rozszumiały się wierzby płaczące Enjoy! Evolve!
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Pandemic

Make changes yourself !



Love signal; music &  frequency 528 Hz
  • Order:
  • Duration: 6:43
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.unisonicascension.com/variousmp3s/#lovesignal528hz Love signal is a healing audio and visual meditation with music, sacred geometry and Solfeggio frequency 528 Hz, the miraculous frequency for transformation and DNA repair. There is a special sound and color of love according to Dr. Horowitz, a Harvard-trained award-winning investigator. Broadcasting the right frequency can help open your heart, prompt peace, and hasten healing. "We now know the love signal, 528 Hertz, is among the six core creative frequencies of the universe because math doesn't lie, the geometry of physical reality universally reflects this music; these findings have been independently derived, peer reviewed, and empirically validated," Dr. Horowitz says. Music & video by Jandy the Decibel Jezebel Poem by Katie Pye For a deeper meditation experience; use stereo headphones to stimulate Theta brainwaves Although this track is in the conventional scale, I have of-set the tuning up, so it will be harmonious with the C of 528 Hz. It also is rich, with the pure 528 Hz frequency; the love Hz. Frequency 528, relates to the note MI on the scale and derives from the phrase "MI-ra gestorum" in Latin meaning "miracle." Stunningly, this is the exact frequency used by genetic biochemists to repair broken DNA - the genetic blueprint upon which life is based! MI - 528 Hz - relates to crown chakra. Dr Puleo suggests an association with DNA integrity. The regular "C" that we all know of in this culture (which is from the diatonic scale of do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, do) is not the 528 Hz frequency "C. A regular "C" vibrates at a frequency of 523.3 Hz. The "C" of 528 Hz used for DNA repair is part of an ancient scale called the Solfeggio Scale. MI - 528 Hz - relates to crown chakra; Dr. Puleo suggests an association with "DNA integrity" Transformation and Miracles......................................................................... http://www.unisonicascension.com/variousmp3s/
  • published: 24 Jan 2010
  • views: 1309112
  • author: beefree1
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Love signal; music & frequency 528 Hz
frequency 528 Hz (DNA  repair frequency ?) :  NO MUSIC single tone
  • Order:
  • Duration: 5:33
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
528 Hz, the frequency for transformation and DNA repair. http://www.unisonicascension.com/solfeggio/ There is a special sound and color of love according to Dr. Horowitz, a Harvard-trained award-winning investigator. Broadcasting the right frequency can help open your heart, prompt peace, and hasten healing. "We now know the love signal, 528 Hertz, is among the six core creative frequencies of the universe because math doesn't lie, the geometry of physical reality universally reflects this music; these findings have been independently derived, peer reviewed, and empirically validated," Dr. Horowitz says. Horowitz & Puleo: Healing Codes for the Biological apocalypse, Idaho 1999. The third note, frequency 528, relates to the note MI on the scale and derives from the phrase "MI-ra gestorum" in Latin meaning "miracle." Stunningly, this is the exact frequency used by genetic biochemists to repair broken DNA - the genetic blueprint upon which life is based! MI - 528 Hz - relates to crown chakra. Dr Puleo suggests an association with DNA integrity. The regular "C" that we all know of in this culture (which is from the diatonic scale of do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, do) is not the 528 Hz frequency "C. A regular "C" vibrates at a frequency of 523.3 Hz. The "C" of 528 Hz used for DNA repair is part of an ancient scale called the Solfeggio Scale. ............................................................................. Friday, July 18, 2008 A Musical Score for Disease http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/21094/page2/ Converting genetic activity into music may be a way to monitor health. By Jennifer Chu When set to music, colon cancer sounds kind of eerie. That's the finding of Gil Alterovitz, a research fellow at Harvard Medical School who is developing a computer program that translates protein and gene expression into music. In his acoustic translation, harmony represents good health, and discord indicates disease. ---------------------------------------- Electricity sparks stem-cell transformation THE activity of stem cells, prized for their ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body, has been controlled by manipulating cellular electrical signals. At present, researchers expose stem cells to nutrients and growth factors to trigger differentiation and control what type of cell they will become. But when Michael Levin of Tufts University, Boston, and colleagues discovered voltage changes in adult human stem cells as the cells naturally differentiated into fat and bone, they wondered if changing the voltage could control a cell's fate. Sure enough, when they blocked ion flow in a fresh batch of cells, differentiation was suppressed, while adding chemicals that increase the voltage across cell membranes sped up their transformation (PLoS ONE, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003737). The group hopes to use this method to more precisely control stem cell differentiation, perhaps in future when using the cells to build organs for transplantation. As fat and bone cells produced different voltage patterns during differentiation, electricity might be used to produce these cell types. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20026865.500-electricity-sparks-stemce ll-transformation.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&nsref;=online-news ......................................................................... Healthy lifestyle triggers genetic changes: study http://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSN1628897920080618?sp=true Comprehensive lifestyle changes including a better diet and more exercise and meditation can lead not only to a better physique, but also to swift and dramatic changes at the genetic level, U.S. researchers said. ............................................................................ Can genetic information be controlled by light? http://www.physorg.com/news142859091.html Published: 12:04 EST, October 10, 2008 ....................................................................... The DNA Mystery: Scientists Stumped By "Telepathic" Abilities http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2009/09/the-dna-mystery-scientists-baffled-by-telepathic-abilities.html .......................... How Terahertz Waves Tear Apart DNA A new model of the way the THz waves interact with DNA explains how the damage is done and why evidence has been so hard to gather. Source: http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/24331/ ........................................... "Sound Bullets" to Zap Off Tumors? Source: National Geographic http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/04/100405-sound-bullets-acoustic-lens-cancer-ultrasound/ ............................................................. Dr. Michael O. (2008) Autopsies Reveal Changes To DNA In Major Depression And Suicide: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080730140932.htm
  • published: 24 Jan 2010
  • views: 2202855
  • author: beefree1
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/frequency 528 Hz (DNA repair frequency ?) : NO MUSIC single tone
528 Hz Schumann Chakra Balance (binaural beats & Solfeggio)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 7:00
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://unisonicascension.com/solfeggio/#528hzschumannchakrabalance 528 Hz love frequency based meditation; with a Schumann resonance, binaural entrainment vibration rate of 7.8 Hz. This track has Solfeggio frequencies 63 Hz, 174 Hz, 285 Hz, 396 Hz, 417 Hz, 528 Hz, 639 Hz, 741 Hz 852 Hz and 963 Hz. 528 Hz is the love frequency and is used as the undercurrent binaural drone at the speed of the Schumann resonance for this meditation. This music has the power of throat overtone singing in 63 Hz and 147 Hz and is accompanied with the main solfeggio tones for a great Chakra balance focus. The atmospheric background gently sweeps like the sands of time and is enhanced by Tibetan chimes and pure solfeggio tones, strings and synthesizer. For the additional effects of unison therapys binaural Theta brainwave entrainment listen with stereo headphones. http://www.unisonicascension.com/solfeggio.htm .............................................. The Schumann Resonance (7.8 Hz) has been called the Earths heartbeat, because every living thing has grown up with this pulse or tone going on in the background. In fact, not having it can cause physiological problems, as NASA found out when monitoring astronauts in orbit. Now, there is a frequency generator on each space craft to mimic the heartbeat. The Schumann resonances (SR) are a set of spectrum peaks in the extremely low frequency (ELF) portion of the Earth's electromagnetic field spectrum. Schumann resonances are global electromagnetic resonances, excited by lightning discharges in the cavity formed by the Earth surface and the ionosphere. ............................................. Audio Neurological Aspects of Binaural Beats Binaural Beats are a scientifically proven brain entrainment process that slowly started to gain recognition after an article called, Auditory Beats in the Brain, by Dr Gerald Oster, was published in the October 1973 edition of Scientific America. Binaural beats work by sending two different Hz frequencies, to each ear via stereo headphones causing the left and right Brain hemispheres to work in unison to hear a phantom frequency or third tone, the centred Hz difference between the two tones. The Hz separations cerate a constant gentle beat and its timing and pulse match the Hz separation per second. The binaural beat process can be used to stimulate altered states of consciousness by selecting binaural beat patterns to mach a desired brainwave. After a few minuets of listening and calculating, the brain starts to mach this binaural beat; because of a process called frequency follow response. In reality a binaural beat is not heard as true sound in the headphone environment, it is more like a neurological signal perceived within the brain by both brain hemispheres working in unison. The neural synchrony stimulated by binaural beats is a major aspect that assists the brain to function at a higher level. The brain continually forms new connections following new experiences. The quality and strength of neuronal connections can vary according to the input received by the brain. Binaural beats in the Alpha, Theta and Delta range provide a continuous relaxed input and promote healthy rewiring through its audio neurological signal calculation. These new audio experiences in the brain trigger a burst of new connections between neurons, and with repetition these new neural pathways become fit, just like going to a gym, and it is the fittest connections in our brains that survive. The binaural beat process is faster, easer and more than just meditation and after several weeks the brain becomes more lateralised and starts to form permanent relaxed memories in both hemispheres. The brain doesnt become dependant on binaural beats for relaxation, over time, it actually becomes more resilient to stress and this process continues to develop further, when more binaural stimuli is received by the brain. Furthermore, as the synchronized hemispheres and neurons develop, greater personal awareness and insight follows, combined with greater stress resilience; makes binaural beat therapy a valuable tool in counselling and other therapeutic settings. Binaural beats are excellent for developing higher states of consciousness and going beyond meditation. http://www.unisonicascension.com/
  • published: 24 Jan 2010
  • views: 887734
  • author: beefree1
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/528 Hz Schumann Chakra Balance (binaural beats & Solfeggio)
528 Hz  Alpha Binaural Beat  (listen with stereo headphones)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 5:00
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
528 Hz Alpha binaural beat HQ mp3 download: http://unisonicascension.com/benefits/#528hz-alpha-10-hz-binaural-beats 528 Hz ; the love frequency, is used as a binaural beat at the speed 10 Hz for this 528 Hz binaural meditation. http://www.unisonicascension.com/benefits.htm The 528 Hz Solfeggio frequencie is from an ancient scale; used in ancient music, chants and ceremonies. The Solfeggio tones were believed to enable spiritual blessings and transformation when played or sung in harmony. According to Dr Len Horowitz and Dr Puleo; some genetic biochemists suggest frequency 528 Hz is the repair frequency for damaged DNA. Regardless of ones individual beliefs, as each note has a different tuning from the conventional musical scale, these tones provide a new stimulus to the mind and physical system. Its recently accepted by scientists; that by just providing the brain with new input alone, has many benefits; in relation to brain plasticity (keeping the mind young healthy and active). As the mind becomes healthy the physical body responds and also reaps its own reward. Binaural Beats are a scientifically proven brain entrainment process that slowly started to gain recognition after an article called, Auditory Beats in the Brain, by Dr Gerald Oster, was published in the October 1973 edition of Scientific America. Binaural beats work by sending two different Hz frequencies, to each ear via causing the left and right Brain hemispheres to work in unison to hear a phantom frequency or third tone, the centred Hz difference between the two tones. The Hz separations cerate a constant gentle beat and its timing and pulse match the Hz separation per second. The binaural beat process can be used to stimulate altered states of consciousness by selecting binaural beat patterns to mach a desired brainwave. After a few minuets of listening and calculating, the brain starts to mach this binaural beat; because of a process called frequency follow response. In reality a binaural beat is not heard as true sound in the headphone environment, it is more like a neurological signal perceived within the brain by both brain hemispheres working in unison. The neural synchrony stimulated by binaural beats is a major aspect that assists the brain to function at a higher level. The brain continually forms new connections following new experiences. The quality and strength of neuronal connections can vary according to the input received by the brain. Binaural beats in the Alpha, Theta and Delta range provide a continuous relaxed input and promote healthy rewiring through its audio neurological signal calculation. These new audio experiences in the brain trigger a burst of new connections between neurons, and with repetition these new neural pathways become fit, just like going to a gym, and it is the fittest connections in our brains that survive. The binaural beat process is faster, easer and more than just meditation and after several weeks the brain becomes more lateralised and starts to form permanent relaxed memories in both hemispheres. http://www.unisonicascension.com/ Research by Dr. Dean Ornish, of the Preventive Medicine Research Institute in Sausalito, California is advocating lifestyle changes to improve health. The research showed that comprehensive lifestyle changes including a better diet, more exercise & meditation, lead not only to a better physique, but also to swift & dramatic changes at the genetic level. We are what we think , eat, drink & consume every day. Every thing is vibration & we can change our DNA.
  • published: 24 Jan 2010
  • views: 578695
  • author: beefree1
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/528 Hz Alpha Binaural Beat (listen with stereo headphones)
528 Hz & Jupiter's Electromagnetic voices & Alpha brainwaves
  • Order:
  • Duration: 6:31
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The sound of Jupiter's Electromagnetic voices with music and the Solfeggio tones 528 Hz, 639Hz, 741Hz, & 852 Hz. http://www.unisonicascension.com/solfeggio/ This recording of Jupiter's Electromagnetic voices by NASA-Voyager is accompanied by music and Solfeggio frequencies from Jandy the Decibel Jezebel. The complex interactions of charged electromagnetic particles from the solar wind , planetary magnetosphere etc. create vibrations / sound-scopes. There are also Alpha brainwave entrainment at a rhythm of 8Hz at a phantom Solfeggio tone of 174Hz. To feel an extra spacey meditation effect; listen to this with stereo headphones. Jupiter is mostly composed of hydrogen and helium. The entire planet is made of gas, with no solid surface under the atmosphere. The pressures and temperatures deep in Jupiter are so high that gases form a gradual transition into liquids which are gradually compressed into metallic "plasma" in which the molecules have been stripped of their outer electrons. The winds of Jupiter are a thousand meters per second relative to the rotating interior. Jupiter's magnetic field is four thousand times stronger than Earth's, and is tipped by 11° degrees of axis spin. This causes the magnetic field to wobble, which has a profound effect on trapped electronically charged particles. This plasma of charged particles is accelerated beyond the magnetosphere of Jupiter to speeds of tens of thousands of kilometers per second. It is these magnetic particle vibrations which generate some of the sound you hear on this recording.
  • published: 24 Jan 2010
  • views: 377459
  • author: beefree1
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/528 Hz & Jupiter's Electromagnetic voices & Alpha brainwaves
Solfeggio Harmonics - 528 HZ - Miracle Meditation
  • Order:
  • Duration: 5:47
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/solfeggio-harmonics/id327867995?uo=4 Solfeggio frequency 528 HZ accompanying, a multidimensional sound-scape of healing frequencies and symbols. Audio downloads are available for purchase at: http://www.sourcevibrations.com/Downloads.html All music tracks are original and the sole property of Source Vibrations. If you would like to use our audio programs for any reason, please feel free to contact us at: webmaster@sourcevibrations.com
  • published: 24 Jan 2010
  • views: 1830671
  • author: beefree1
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Solfeggio Harmonics - 528 HZ - Miracle Meditation
yhsvh chant // DNA Repair Meditation in 528 Hz
  • Order:
  • Duration: 6:43
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://beautifulvictoryofone.blogspot.com (join the group!: http://www.facebook.com/?ref=home#!/group.php?gid=106593572717762&ref;=ts) http://www.beautifulvictoryservices.blogspot.com YHVSH (Yod Heh Shin Vau Heh) Sacred Chant to Solfeggio frequency 528 Hz, the miraculous frequency for transformation and DNA repair (the Love signal). YHSVH chant by Jonathan Goldman with Sarah Benson, sound composition by Jandy AKA Jezebel Decibel. Dual Layer & Editing by iamyourholiness. Subscribe to my youtube channel and don't forget to give me a big thumbs up! :) thanks & NAMASTE *~love & light!!~*
  • published: 24 Jan 2010
  • views: 218307
  • author: beefree1
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/yhsvh chant // DNA Repair Meditation in 528 Hz
Solfeggio Arpeggio  396  417  528   639   741  852   963
  • Order:
  • Duration: 6:27
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://unisonicascension.com/solfeggio/#solfeggioarpeggio Solfeggio Arpeggio is Ambient Electro Trance; that has been done in the Ancient Solfeggio Scale. The Arpeggios are tuned to the Solfeggio scale; this requires individual tuning for each note. Also; there are 3 accompanying Solfeggio frequency drones; 528Hz, 639Hz and 852Hz The combined frequencies and arpeggios create a nice harmonic push. I have used a combination of sine' square and triangle waves for the Solfeggio frequency drones, this adds to the Electro feel rather than sticking to pure sine-waves. The arpeggios are a Saw-tooth waveform. The 3 electronic drums used are not frequency pitched to the Solfeggio scale; rather frequency processed, tuned and equalized to be harmonically compatible. This gives the percussion; a Solfeggio harmonic overtone, within the drum sound. I felt this audio processing technique helped to reinforce the Solfeggio Arpeggios. UT - 396 Hz -associated with releasing emotional patterns after: see RE-417Hz below. RE - 417 Hz -associated with breaking up crystallized emotional patterns MI - 528 Hz - relates to crown chakra; Dr. Puleo suggests an association with "DNA integrity" Transformation and Miracles FA - 639 Hz - associated with whole brain quadrant interconnectedness. Connecting Relationships SOL - 741 Hz - associated with intuitive states, non linear knowing. Awakening Intuition LA - 852 Hz - associated with a pure love frequency: unconditional love and returning to Spiritual Order "Audio by Jandy AKA Decibel Jezebel" http://www.unisonicascension.com/
  • published: 24 Jan 2010
  • views: 633949
  • author: beefree1
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Solfeggio Arpeggio 396 417 528 639 741 852 963
Solfeggio Mirror - 582Hz Galactic Fire Strand
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:19
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Music By Source Vibrations Video Artist: Devorah~Rhea A Collaboration of Love and Sound ~ Visit our downloads store for more new amazing sounds ~ With Love, The Team of Source Vibration Full length audio version 31:48 minutes is available here: http://sourcevibrations.com/Downloads.html 582Hz Galactic Fire Strand This track is a alpha-delta brainwave entrainment program set to the solfeggio mirror frequency 582Hz corresponding to the turquoise-emerald frequency. Aids in integration of the Love frequency allowing for deeper resonance of the higher heart and thalimus for clarity of communication and enhanced creativity. Please use stereo headphones. _()_ _()_ _()_ Music and digital art contributions by Source Vibrations, thank you Source Vibrations for healing the planet with music. _()_ _()_ _()_ http://sourcevibrations.com http://www.themindgardener.com _\|/_ Know ye not that thee are the temple of the LIving God? _()_ _()_ _()_With Love, Rhea and Asa All music tracks are original and the sole property of Source Vibrations. If you would like to use our audio programs for any reason, please feel free to contact us at: webmaster@sourcevibrations.com
  • published: 24 Jan 2010
  • views: 32641
  • author: beefree1
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Solfeggio Mirror - 582Hz Galactic Fire Strand
Solfeggio 528 Hz Emerald Heart Ascendance
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:44
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
528Hz Emerald Heart Ascendance Music By Source Vibrations Video Artist: Rhea A Collaboration of Love and Sound Full length audio version is available here:http://sourcevibrations.com/Downloads.html This track is a theta delta brainwave entrainment program set to the solfeggio LOVE frequency 528Hz corresponding to emerald on the electromagnetic spectrum. This track aids in the activation of the higher heart of Divine Love, creating powerful resonant field peace and compassion. Please use stereo headphones. _()_ _()_ _()_ Music by Source Vibrations, thank you Source Vibrations for healing the planet with music. _()_ _()_ _()_ http://sourcevibrations.com http://www.themindgardener.com _\|/_ Know ye not that thee are the temple of the LIving God? _()_ _()_ _()_With Love, Rhea and Asa All music tracks are original and the sole property of Source Vibrations. If you would like to use our audio programs for any reason, please feel free to contact us at: webmaster@sourcevibrations.com
  • published: 24 Jan 2010
  • views: 134230
  • author: beefree1
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Solfeggio 528 Hz Emerald Heart Ascendance
I AM Affirmations with 528 Hz
  • Order:
  • Duration: 5:04
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
I AM Aiffimations with 528 Hz "Miracle" Frequency frequency 528, relates to the note MI on the scale and derives from the phrase "MI-ra gestorum" in Latin meaning "miracle." Spoken by, Ananda of Love Adapted from Florence Schovel Shinn's "The Game of Love" To book a session with Ananda of Love or to purchase her products : www.MindMending.net
  • published: 24 Jan 2010
  • views: 186974
  • author: beefree1
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/I AM Affirmations with 528 Hz "Miracle" Frequency www.MindMending.net
sedona1111 528Hz Love solfeggio frequencies
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:02
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
528 Hz love, solfeggio frequencies, reupload due to request. The Ancient Solfeggio Frequencies In Ancient times they were apparently used Gregorian Chants, such as the great hymn to St. John the Baptist, along with others that church authorities say were lost centuries ago. The chants and their special tones were believed to impart tremendous spiritual blessings when sung in harmony during religious masses. Solfeggio Frequencies include: UT 396 Hz Liberating Guilt and Fear RE 417 Hz Undoing Situations and Facilitating Change MI 528 Hz Transformation and Miracles (DNA Repair) FA 639 Hz Connecting/Relationships SOL 741 Hz Awakening Intuition LA 852 Hz Returning to Spiritual Order
  • published: 24 Jan 2010
  • views: 31070
  • author: beefree1
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/sedona1111 528Hz Love solfeggio frequencies
Solfeggio Love Frequency - 528Hz Agnisa Um
  • Order:
  • Duration: 9:37
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Music and Art inspired by the solfeggio. http://www.sourcevibrations.com/Downloads.html Modes of expression are inherently subjective. There are no thought forms or models of reality that can represent the entirety of the thing they attempt to describe. They are each finite and therefore incomplete. The reality revealed through spiritual vision, however, is free from the restrictions of linear definition. For truly objective awareness to be experienced, it must occur outside of time and the language structures bound to it, and while awareness is lucid and unencumbered by the syntax of temporality, expression can only be a reduction of the fullness being sensed. The first description is the first limitation of the infinitude of existence. All that gets defined becomes ordered into a context, into a structure that then derives its meaning according to its relationship to every other meaning alongside which it coexists. When the experience of spiritual illumination reduces itself into the corridors of expression, its narrowness defines the parameters of its inaccuracy. The multitudes are the mask of subjectivity, the expression of which forever confines meaning into the boundaries that describe it, deceiving the listener to the extent that she clings to its divergent forms, while forgetting its unified content. It is for this reason, the words that stream into the mind, one after the next, to illuminate the splendor of the limitless light, are forgotten beneath the currents of time, flowing into the endless ocean. Each distinction, a dissolving grain of salt in the Great Sea. ~ Asa All music tracks are original and the sole property of Source Vibrations. If you would like to use our audio programs for any reason, please feel free to contact us at: webmaster@sourcevibrations.com
  • published: 24 Jan 2010
  • views: 59394
  • author: beefree1
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Solfeggio Love Frequency - 528Hz Agnisa Um
Sacred-Sound: The Ancient Solfeggio - 528Hz drone & BINAURAL Linear-Sweep 40Hz - 0Hz
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:52
  • Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Quantified Reality, First LP from Tekk Gnosis, purchase now available exclusively through: iTunes - http://itunes.apple.com/us/artist/tekk-gnosis/id382894174 Napster - http://music.napster.com/tekk-gnosis-music/tracks Amazon - http://www.amazon.com/Quantified-Reality/dp/B003WEDYSG/ +More Coming Soon! Physical distribution sold at: ReverbNation - http://www.reverbnation.com/store/view_item_album/artist_150424?item_id=252403
  • published: 24 Jan 2010
  • views: 7677
  • author: beefree1
http://web.archive.org./web/20121230105655/http://wn.com/Sacred-Sound: The Ancient Solfeggio - 528Hz drone & BINAURAL Linear-Sweep 40Hz - 0Hz
  • Little Mix - DNA...4:03
  • Little Mix - DNA (Lyric video)...4:03
  • DNA & CONCEITED NAME THE TOP BATTLES OF 2012...14:03
  • DNA Structure...1:19
  • KOTD - Rap Battle - DNA vs Eurgh...22:38
  • Molecular Visualizations of DNA...7:47
  • DNA Structure and Replication: Crash Course Biology #10...12:59
  • DNA...28:05
  • What is DNA? (draft version)...5:08
  • dna...2:36
  • What is DNA?...10:31
  • KOTD - Rap Battle - Dizaster vs DNA *Co-Hosted by DRAKE*...1:00:55
  • DON'T FLOP - Rap Battle - DNA Vs Sensa...22:06
  • Little Mix - DNA - Live at Asda House 19/10/12 - 1080p...3:56
http://www.unisonicascension.com/variousmp3s/#lovesignal528hz Love signal is a healing audio and visual meditation with music, sacred geometry and Solfeggio frequency 528 Hz, the miraculous frequency for transformation and DNA repair. There is a special sound and color of love according to Dr. Horowitz, a Harvard-trained award-winning investigator. Broadcasting the right frequency can help open your heart, prompt peace, and hasten healing. "We now know the love signal, 528 Hertz, is among the six core creative frequencies of the universe because math doesn't lie, the geometry of physical reality universally reflects this music; these findings have been independently derived, peer reviewed, and empirically validated," Dr. Horowitz says. Music & video by Jandy the Decibel Jezebel Poem by Katie Pye For a deeper meditation experience; use stereo headphones to stimulate Theta brainwaves Although this track is in the conventional scale, I have of-set the tuning up, so it will be harmonious with the C of 528 Hz. It also is rich, with the pure 528 Hz frequency; the love Hz. Frequency 528, relates to the note MI on the scale and derives from the phrase "MI-ra gestorum" in Latin meaning "miracle." Stunningly, this is the exact frequency used by genetic biochemists to repair broken DNA - the genetic blueprint upon which life is based! MI - 528 Hz - relates to crown chakra. Dr Puleo suggests an association with DNA integrity. The regular "C" that we all know of in this culture (which is from the diatonic scale of do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, do) is not the 528 Hz frequency "C. A regular "C" vibrates at a frequency of 523.3 Hz. The "C" of 528 Hz used for DNA repair is part of an ancient scale called the Solfeggio Scale. MI - 528 Hz - relates to crown chakra; Dr. Puleo suggests an association with "DNA integrity" Transformation and Miracles......................................................................... http://www.unisonicascension.com/variousmp3s/
  • published: 24 Jan 2010
  • views: 1309112
  • author: beefree1

4:03
Lit­tle Mix - DNA
DNA the brand new debut album from Lit­tle Mix out now! Fea­tur­ing Wings, DNA and much, much...
pub­lished: 19 Oct 2012
4:03
Lit­tle Mix - DNA (Lyric video)
DNA the brand new debut album from Lit­tle Mix out now! Fea­tur­ing Wings, DNA and much, much...
pub­lished: 01 Oct 2012
14:03
DNA & CON­CEIT­ED NAME THE TOP BAT­TLES OF 2012
DNA AND CON­CEIT­ED DROP A BLOG NAM­ING WHAT THEY FEEL WERE THE TOP BAT­TLES OF 2012 . FEEL FR...
pub­lished: 20 Dec 2012
au­thor: Eric St John
1:19
DNA Struc­ture
DNA Struc­ture...
pub­lished: 13 Sep 2006
au­thor: ppor­nelu­bio
22:38
KOTD - Rap Bat­tle - DNA vs Eurgh
@KingOfThe­Dot - @D­NA_GT­FOH vs @Twit­teurgh Host­ed By: @Or­ganikHipHop @Gul­lyTK @LushOne @Poi...
pub­lished: 25 Jun 2012
au­thor: KingOfThe­Dot
7:47
Molec­u­lar Vi­su­al­iza­tions of DNA
Amaz­ing CGI vi­su­al­iza­tion of molec­u­lar bi­ol­o­gy's cen­tral dogma. It shows an­i­ma­tions of DNA...
pub­lished: 09 May 2008
12:59
DNA Struc­ture and Repli­ca­tion: Crash Course Bi­ol­o­gy #10
Hank in­tro­duces us to that won­drous molecule de­oxyri­bonu­cle­ic acid - also known as DNA - a...
pub­lished: 02 Apr 2012
au­thor: crash­course
28:05
DNA
Learn more: www.​khanacademy.​org An in­tro­duc­tion to DNA...
pub­lished: 22 Sep 2009
au­thor: khanacade­my
5:08
What is DNA? (draft ver­sion)
View the final ver­sion of this video here: youtu.​be www.​statedclearly.​com In a world where...
pub­lished: 05 Apr 2012
2:36
dna
This video is part of my film in­stal­la­tion "hy­per­me­di­aEVO­LU­TION". This video was not done ...
pub­lished: 18 Jun 2006
au­thor: bLaN­Gone
10:31
What is DNA?
Paul An­der­sen de­scribes the molec­u­lar struc­ture of DNA. He de­scribes the major parts of a ...
pub­lished: 08 Dec 2011
60:55
KOTD - Rap Bat­tle - Diza­ster vs DNA *Co-Host­ed by DRAKE*
@KingOfThe­Dot - @M­rDiza­ster vs @D­NA_GT­FOH Host­ed By: @Or­ganikHipHop @Drake @Gul­lyTK @LushO...
pub­lished: 16 Nov 2011
au­thor: KingOfThe­Dot
22:06
DON'T FLOP - Rap Bat­tle - DNA Vs Sensa
@D­NA_GT­FOH Vs @Sen­saUk Host­ed by @Twit­teurgh Filmed by @Body­Bag­nall @Stick­man­Vi­su­als @Lond...
pub­lished: 24 Nov 2012
au­thor: Dont­Flop
3:56
Lit­tle Mix - DNA - Live at Asda House 19/10/12 - 1080p
BUY MY NEW eBOOK for Kin­dle - FIFTY SHADES OF PES­SIMISM www.​amazon.​co.​uk Fol­low me on Twit...
pub­lished: 20 Oct 2012
au­thor: Thom Barr
Vimeo results:
1:20
Sander van Dijk - Reel Dyad
Audio De­sign: www.​studio-takt.​com Port­fo­lio: www.​sandervandijk.​tv Up­dat­ed on - 11 nov '11...
pub­lished: 21 Dec 2010
au­thor: Sander van Dijk
14:13
PLU­RAL­I­TY
Di­rect­ed By: Den­nis Liu Writ­ten By: Ryan Con­dal Pro­duced by: Jonathan Hsu, Den­nis Liu Star...
pub­lished: 08 Oct 2012
au­thor: Den­nis Liu
14:00
Spheres
Fi­nal­ly up is my own lit­tle space opera : a mes­mer­iz­ing choreg­ra­phy evok­ing atoms, DNA, se...
pub­lished: 25 Aug 2009
4:00
Pan­dem­ic
This is short Half-Life 2 fan film about some kind of DNA mu­ta­tion and epi­de­my in c17. Ori...
pub­lished: 23 Aug 2012
au­thor: an­klove

Youtube results:
3:06
Molec­u­lar Vi­su­al­iza­tions of DNA - Orig­i­nal High Qual­i­ty Ver­sion
These DNA molec­u­lar vi­su­al­iza­tions were cre­at­ed for the mul­ti­faceted 'DNA' pro­ject, cele­br...
pub­lished: 24 Nov 2010
au­thor: WE­HI­movies
10:10
DNA Repli­ca­tion
Paul An­der­sen ex­plains how DNA repli­ca­tion en­sures that each cell formed dur­ing the cell c...
pub­lished: 07 Apr 2012
1:59
DNA Repli­ca­tion Pro­cess
www.​FreeScienceLectures.​com We trav­el in­side nu­cle­us to see how the DNA repli­cates. When D...
pub­lished: 13 Jun 2007
9:16
The Se­cret of Life -- Dis­cov­ery of DNA Struc­ture
Fifty years ago, James Wat­son and Fran­cis Crick an­nounced to pa­trons in a Cam­bridge pub th...
pub­lished: 26 Jun 2008
  • DNA Transcription (Advanced)...1:54
  • DNA Transcription (Basic)...1:53
  • How DNA is Packaged (Advanced)...1:43
  • How DNA is Packaged (Basic)...1:31
  • Mechanism of DNA Replication (Advanced)...2:19
  • Mechanism of DNA Replication (Basic)...1:06
  • The Central Dogma of Biology...2:52
  • James Watson Explains DNA Basepairing...1:41
  • DNA Damage...1:06
  • Triplet Code...1:08
  • Sickle Cell Anemia...0:59
  • Triple Helix...0:28
  • Replicating the DNA Double Helix...0:49
  • Jumping Gene Caught in the Act...2:34
http://www.unisonicascension.com/variousmp3s/#lovesignal528hz Love signal is a healing audio and visual meditation with music, sacred geometry and Solfeggio frequency 528 Hz, the miraculous frequency for transformation and DNA repair. There is a special sound and color of love according to Dr. Horowitz, a Harvard-trained award-winning investigator. Broadcasting the right frequency can help open your heart, prompt peace, and hasten healing. "We now know the love signal, 528 Hertz, is among the six core creative frequencies of the universe because math doesn't lie, the geometry of physical reality universally reflects this music; these findings have been independently derived, peer reviewed, and empirically validated," Dr. Horowitz says. Music & video by Jandy the Decibel Jezebel Poem by Katie Pye For a deeper meditation experience; use stereo headphones to stimulate Theta brainwaves Although this track is in the conventional scale, I have of-set the tuning up, so it will be harmonious with the C of 528 Hz. It also is rich, with the pure 528 Hz frequency; the love Hz. Frequency 528, relates to the note MI on the scale and derives from the phrase "MI-ra gestorum" in Latin meaning "miracle." Stunningly, this is the exact frequency used by genetic biochemists to repair broken DNA - the genetic blueprint upon which life is based! MI - 528 Hz - relates to crown chakra. Dr Puleo suggests an association with DNA integrity. The regular "C" that we all know of in this culture (which is from the diatonic scale of do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, do) is not the 528 Hz frequency "C. A regular "C" vibrates at a frequency of 523.3 Hz. The "C" of 528 Hz used for DNA repair is part of an ancient scale called the Solfeggio Scale. MI - 528 Hz - relates to crown chakra; Dr. Puleo suggests an association with "DNA integrity" Transformation and Miracles......................................................................... http://www.unisonicascension.com/variousmp3s/
  • published: 24 Jan 2010
  • views: 1309112
  • author: beefree1

1:54
DNA Tran­scrip­tion (Ad­vanced)
Tran­scrip­tion is the pro­cess by which the in­for­ma­tion in DNA is copied into mes­sen­ger RNA ...
pub­lished: 21 Aug 2012
1:53
DNA Tran­scrip­tion (Basic)
Tran­scrip­tion is the pro­cess by which the in­for­ma­tion in DNA is copied into mes­sen­ger RNA ...
pub­lished: 21 Aug 2012
1:43
How DNA is Pack­aged (Ad­vanced)
Each chro­mo­some con­sists of one con­tin­u­ous thread-like molecule of DNA coiled tight­ly arou...
pub­lished: 21 Aug 2012
1:31
How DNA is Pack­aged (Basic)
DNA pack­ag­ing. Each chro­mo­some con­sists of one con­tin­u­ous thread-like molecule of DNA coil...
pub­lished: 21 Aug 2012
2:19
Mech­a­nism of DNA Repli­ca­tion (Ad­vanced)
Know­ing the struc­ture of DNA, sci­en­tists spec­u­lat­ed and then proved that DNA is the tem­pla...
pub­lished: 21 Aug 2012
1:06
Mech­a­nism of DNA Repli­ca­tion (Basic)
Know­ing the struc­ture of DNA, sci­en­tists spec­u­lat­ed and then proved that DNA is the tem­pla...
pub­lished: 21 Aug 2012
2:52
The Cen­tral Dogma of Bi­ol­o­gy
A 3D an­i­ma­tion shows how the DNA ge­net­ic "code" leads to pro­teins that help us de­vel­op and...
pub­lished: 21 Aug 2012
1:41
James Wat­son Ex­plains DNA Base­pair­ing
In 1953, James Wat­son and Fran­cis Crick solved the struc­ture of DNA. This beau­ti­ful mole­cu...
pub­lished: 21 Aug 2012
1:06
DNA Dam­age
Mu­ta­tions are changes in ge­net­ic in­for­ma­tion. Orig­i­nal­ly cre­at­ed for DNA In­ter­ac­tive ( ht...
pub­lished: 21 Aug 2012
1:08
Triplet Code
DNA has four "let­ters" that must spec­i­fy the 20 dif­fer­ent amino acids that make up pro­tein...
pub­lished: 21 Aug 2012
0:59
Sick­le Cell Ane­mia
Sick­le cell ane­mia is a ge­net­ic dis­ease that af­fects hemoglobin, the oxy­gen trans­port mole...
pub­lished: 21 Aug 2012
0:28
Triple Helix
Al­though the chem­istry was wrong, Linus Paul­ing's triple-strand­ed DNA model was a cat­a­lyst...
pub­lished: 21 Aug 2012
0:49
Repli­cat­ing the DNA Dou­ble Helix
The struc­ture of DNA, that Wat­son and Crick dis­cov­ered, sug­gests how ge­net­ic in­for­ma­tion i...
pub­lished: 21 Aug 2012
2:34
Jump­ing Gene Caught in the Act
Sci­en­tists now have the rare op­por­tu­ni­ty to ob­serve the ef­fects of a trans­po­son that is un...
pub­lished: 21 Aug 2012
Vimeo results:
1:20
Sander van Dijk - Reel Dyad
Audio De­sign: www.​studio-takt.​com Port­fo­lio: www.​sandervandijk.​tv Up­dat­ed on - 11 nov '11...
pub­lished: 21 Dec 2010
au­thor: Sander van Dijk
14:13
PLU­RAL­I­TY
Di­rect­ed By: Den­nis Liu Writ­ten By: Ryan Con­dal Pro­duced by: Jonathan Hsu, Den­nis Liu Star...
pub­lished: 08 Oct 2012
au­thor: Den­nis Liu
14:00
Spheres
Fi­nal­ly up is my own lit­tle space opera : a mes­mer­iz­ing choreg­ra­phy evok­ing atoms, DNA, se...
pub­lished: 25 Aug 2009
4:00
Pan­dem­ic
This is short Half-Life 2 fan film about some kind of DNA mu­ta­tion and epi­de­my in c17. Ori...
pub­lished: 23 Aug 2012
au­thor: an­klove

Youtube results:
0:48
Char­gaff's Ra­tios
Erwin Char­gaff found that in DNA, the ra­tios of ade­nine (A) to thymine (T) and gua­nine (G)...
pub­lished: 21 Aug 2012
1:17
DNA Un­zipped
Orig­i­nal­ly cre­at­ed for DNA In­ter­ac­tive ( http://​www.​dnai.​org ) TRAN­SCRIPT: The DNA dou­ble ...
pub­lished: 21 Aug 2012
3:00
2009 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Phys­i­ol­o­gy: Telom­eres
Eliz­a­beth Black­burn, Carol Grei­der, and Jack Szostak will share the 2009 Nobel Prize in Ph...
pub­lished: 21 Aug 2012
1:03
How Much DNA Codes for Pro­tein?
The human genome: genes and non-cod­ing DNA. Orig­i­nal­ly cre­at­ed for DNA In­ter­ac­tive ( http:...
pub­lished: 21 Aug 2012
  • "The Key" Free Ascension Music Gift to Remake Yourself #1 of 6 Music For Healing & Self Development...10:01
  • DNA Awakening 285 Hz...5:02
  • 1111 Hz - Deepening Delta Meditation...4:50
  • Sacred Sound Alchemy for DNA Repair and Healing...6:43
  • Harmonic Matrix of All 6 Solfeggio Tones FREE DOWNLOAD!...10:00
  • 936Hz Pineal Gland Activator Meditation...9:20
  • DNA Awakening 417 Hz...6:22
  • 528Hz DNA Frequency - UNLOCK Your Codons!!!...1:02:18
  • HEALING FREQUENCY...10:00
  • Ascension Frequencies FREE DOWNLOAD...10:12
  • The Most Powerful Solfeggio Frequency Meditation Ever...6:27
  • DNA Awakening 396 Hz...4:58
  • The DNA Visual Healing Pattern & Frequency Of 528 Hz Galactic Harmonic Shift?...5:51
  • Raise Your Vibrational Frequency to Higher Consciousness and Heal...4:25
http://www.unisonicascension.com/variousmp3s/#lovesignal528hz Love signal is a healing audio and visual meditation with music, sacred geometry and Solfeggio frequency 528 Hz, the miraculous frequency for transformation and DNA repair. There is a special sound and color of love according to Dr. Horowitz, a Harvard-trained award-winning investigator. Broadcasting the right frequency can help open your heart, prompt peace, and hasten healing. "We now know the love signal, 528 Hertz, is among the six core creative frequencies of the universe because math doesn't lie, the geometry of physical reality universally reflects this music; these findings have been independently derived, peer reviewed, and empirically validated," Dr. Horowitz says. Music & video by Jandy the Decibel Jezebel Poem by Katie Pye For a deeper meditation experience; use stereo headphones to stimulate Theta brainwaves Although this track is in the conventional scale, I have of-set the tuning up, so it will be harmonious with the C of 528 Hz. It also is rich, with the pure 528 Hz frequency; the love Hz. Frequency 528, relates to the note MI on the scale and derives from the phrase "MI-ra gestorum" in Latin meaning "miracle." Stunningly, this is the exact frequency used by genetic biochemists to repair broken DNA - the genetic blueprint upon which life is based! MI - 528 Hz - relates to crown chakra. Dr Puleo suggests an association with DNA integrity. The regular "C" that we all know of in this culture (which is from the diatonic scale of do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, do) is not the 528 Hz frequency "C. A regular "C" vibrates at a frequency of 523.3 Hz. The "C" of 528 Hz used for DNA repair is part of an ancient scale called the Solfeggio Scale. MI - 528 Hz - relates to crown chakra; Dr. Puleo suggests an association with "DNA integrity" Transformation and Miracles......................................................................... http://www.unisonicascension.com/variousmp3s/
  • published: 24 Jan 2010
  • views: 1309112
  • author: beefree1

10:01
"The Key" Free As­cen­sion Music Gift to Re­make Your­self #1 of 6 Music For Heal­ing & Self De­vel­op­ment
**The As­cen­sion Se­ries music is now free! please visit the of­fi­cial web­site www.​ascensions...
pub­lished: 20 Jan 2012
5:02
DNA Awak­en­ing 285 Hz
DNA Awak­en­ing 285 Hz...
pub­lished: 20 Jan 2012
4:50
1111 Hz - Deep­en­ing Delta Med­i­ta­tion
1111Hz car­ri­er fre­quen­cy leads a 2Hz delta pat­tern. Music: Asa Video Artist: De­vo­rah Rhea ...
pub­lished: 20 Jan 2012
6:43
Sa­cred Sound Alche­my for DNA Re­pair and Heal­ing
For­got­ten In Time: The An­cient Solfeg­gio Fre­quen­cies There is no taste, no sound, no ligh...
pub­lished: 20 Jan 2012
10:00
Har­mon­ic Ma­trix of All 6 Solfeg­gio Tones FREE DOWN­LOAD!
http://​ww.​solfeggiotones.​com You can also down­load for free all as­cen­sion fre­quen­cie and a...
pub­lished: 20 Jan 2012
9:20
936Hz Pineal Gland Ac­ti­va­tor Med­i­ta­tion
936 Hz Pineal Gland Ac­ti­va­tor FULL DOWN­LOAD AVAIL­ABLE AT: http://​www.​sourcevibrations.​com/...​
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2012
6:22
DNA Awak­en­ing 417 Hz
DNA Awak­en­ing 417 Hz-Un­do­ing Sit­u­a­tions and Fa­cil­i­tat­ing Change ช่วยลบล้างสถานภาพต่างๆ แล...
pub­lished: 20 Jan 2012
62:18
528Hz DNA Fre­quen­cy - UN­LOCK Your Codons!!!
Con­nect with your Soul Group or find your Soul­mate at in5d Con­nec­tion http://​www.​in5d.​NET ...
pub­lished: 20 Jan 2012
10:00
HEAL­ING FRE­QUEN­CY
http://​meditaionguide.​blogspot.​com/​ fre­quen­cy 528 ( DNA re­pair freq ) Group of girls sing...
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2012
10:12
As­cen­sion Fre­quen­cies FREE DOWN­LOAD
http://​www.​solfeggiotones.​com FREE DOWN­LOAD Solfeg­gio as­cen­sion fre­quen­cies that will guar...
pub­lished: 20 Jan 2012
6:27
The Most Pow­er­ful Solfeg­gio Fre­quen­cy Med­i­ta­tion Ever
http://​www.​facebook.​com/​shaktipatseer2 Like my FB for up­dates! Click here http://​www.​alch...
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2012
4:58
DNA Awak­en­ing 396 Hz
DNA Awak­en­ing 396 Hz -- Lib­er­at­ing Guilt and Fear ช่วยปลดปล่อยความรู้สึกผิด และความกลัว...
pub­lished: 20 Jan 2012
5:51
The DNA Vi­su­al Heal­ing Pat­tern & Fre­quen­cy Of 528 Hz Galac­tic Har­mon­ic Shift?
"LIPUS" re­grows teeth and bone, new hearts can be grown using puls­es, Mind En­train­ment tec...
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2012
4:25
Raise Your Vi­bra­tional Fre­quen­cy to High­er Con­scious­ness and Heal
Just relax and enjoy the beau­ti­ful ex­pe­ri­ence with­out any ef­fort on your part. Just breat...
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2012
Vimeo results:
1:20
Sander van Dijk - Reel Dyad
Audio De­sign: www.​studio-takt.​com Port­fo­lio: www.​sandervandijk.​tv Up­dat­ed on - 11 nov '11...
pub­lished: 21 Dec 2010
au­thor: Sander van Dijk
14:13
PLU­RAL­I­TY
Di­rect­ed By: Den­nis Liu Writ­ten By: Ryan Con­dal Pro­duced by: Jonathan Hsu, Den­nis Liu Star...
pub­lished: 08 Oct 2012
au­thor: Den­nis Liu
14:00
Spheres
Fi­nal­ly up is my own lit­tle space opera : a mes­mer­iz­ing choreg­ra­phy evok­ing atoms, DNA, se...
pub­lished: 25 Aug 2009
4:00
Pan­dem­ic
This is short Half-Life 2 fan film about some kind of DNA mu­ta­tion and epi­de­my in c17. Ori...
pub­lished: 23 Aug 2012
au­thor: an­klove

Youtube results:
10:00
"The Key" Free As­cen­sion Music Gift - Re­make Your­self #2 of 6 Music For Heal­ing & Self De­vel­op­ment
As­cen­sion Music *Nat­u­ral­ly oc­cur­ring Mind En­train­ment fre­quen­cy for ac­cel­er­at­ed heal­ing!! ...
pub­lished: 20 Jan 2012
5:33
528 Hz fre­quen­cy DNA Re­pair (heal­ing)
Freqüência 528 Hz, a freqüência mi­la­grosa usada para a trans­for­mação e reparação de DNA. H...
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2012
2:01
The Six Solfeg­gio Fre­quen­cies as one
Solfeg­gio fre­quen­cy based med­i­ta­tion music, om - yod, am­bi­ent, trance, ex­pe­ri­ence. Sonic v...
pub­lished: 20 Jan 2012
5:37
528 hz (Love Fre­quen­cy, brain cor­rec­tion)
Glad this video is help­ing so many peo­ple. Thank you. I do not take any re­spon­si­bil­i­ty for...
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2012
  • History of DNA...12:56
  • DNA Structure...10:24
  • DNA Replication...13:33
  • Introduction to Protein Synthesis...14:00
  • Protein Synthesis Stage 1: Transcription...6:37
  • Protein Synthesis Stage 2: Translation...6:38
  • Gene Control Part 1: Eukaryotes...12:37
  • Gene Control Part 2 (Prokaryotes): The Operon...8:15
  • Sander van Dijk - Reel Dyad...1:20
  • PLURALITY...14:13
  • Spheres...14:00
  • Pandemic...4:00
http://www.unisonicascension.com/variousmp3s/#lovesignal528hz Love signal is a healing audio and visual meditation with music, sacred geometry and Solfeggio frequency 528 Hz, the miraculous frequency for transformation and DNA repair. There is a special sound and color of love according to Dr. Horowitz, a Harvard-trained award-winning investigator. Broadcasting the right frequency can help open your heart, prompt peace, and hasten healing. "We now know the love signal, 528 Hertz, is among the six core creative frequencies of the universe because math doesn't lie, the geometry of physical reality universally reflects this music; these findings have been independently derived, peer reviewed, and empirically validated," Dr. Horowitz says. Music & video by Jandy the Decibel Jezebel Poem by Katie Pye For a deeper meditation experience; use stereo headphones to stimulate Theta brainwaves Although this track is in the conventional scale, I have of-set the tuning up, so it will be harmonious with the C of 528 Hz. It also is rich, with the pure 528 Hz frequency; the love Hz. Frequency 528, relates to the note MI on the scale and derives from the phrase "MI-ra gestorum" in Latin meaning "miracle." Stunningly, this is the exact frequency used by genetic biochemists to repair broken DNA - the genetic blueprint upon which life is based! MI - 528 Hz - relates to crown chakra. Dr Puleo suggests an association with DNA integrity. The regular "C" that we all know of in this culture (which is from the diatonic scale of do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, do) is not the 528 Hz frequency "C. A regular "C" vibrates at a frequency of 523.3 Hz. The "C" of 528 Hz used for DNA repair is part of an ancient scale called the Solfeggio Scale. MI - 528 Hz - relates to crown chakra; Dr. Puleo suggests an association with "DNA integrity" Transformation and Miracles......................................................................... http://www.unisonicascension.com/variousmp3s/
  • published: 24 Jan 2010
  • views: 1309112
  • author: beefree1

12:56
His­to­ry of DNA
Notes on some of the major dis­cov­er­ies and ex­per­i­ments that led to our un­der­stand­ing of DN...
pub­lished: 15 Feb 2012
10:24
DNA Struc­ture
Notes on the Struc­ture of the DNA molecule. This is the sec­ond video in the se­ries All Ab...
pub­lished: 15 Feb 2012
13:33
DNA Repli­ca­tion
De­tails on the pro­cess of DNA Repli­ca­tion...
pub­lished: 15 Feb 2012
14:00
In­tro­duc­tion to Pro­tein Syn­the­sis
In­tro­duc­to­ry Les­son on Pro­tein Syn­the­sis; Dis­cuss why, what, and where. Show­ing how RNA h...
pub­lished: 15 Feb 2012
6:37
Pro­tein Syn­the­sis Stage 1: Tran­scrip­tion
De­tails on the steps of tran­scrip­tion....
pub­lished: 15 Feb 2012
6:38
Pro­tein Syn­the­sis Stage 2: Trans­la­tion
De­tails on Trans­la­tion: Ini­ti­a­tion, El­o­ga­tion, and Ter­mi­na­tion...
pub­lished: 15 Feb 2012
12:37
Gene Con­trol Part 1: Eu­kary­otes
What is gene con­trol? Why do we need it? And a sum­ma­ry of the pro­cess­es in­volved....
pub­lished: 20 Feb 2012
8:15
Gene Con­trol Part 2 (Prokary­otes): The Oper­on
Gene Con­trol in Prokary­otes. The Oper­on Model...
pub­lished: 20 Feb 2012
Vimeo results:
1:20
Sander van Dijk - Reel Dyad
Audio De­sign: www.​studio-takt.​com Port­fo­lio: www.​sandervandijk.​tv Up­dat­ed on - 11 nov '11...
pub­lished: 21 Dec 2010
au­thor: Sander van Dijk
14:13
PLU­RAL­I­TY
Di­rect­ed By: Den­nis Liu Writ­ten By: Ryan Con­dal Pro­duced by: Jonathan Hsu, Den­nis Liu Star...
pub­lished: 08 Oct 2012
au­thor: Den­nis Liu
14:00
Spheres
Fi­nal­ly up is my own lit­tle space opera : a mes­mer­iz­ing choreg­ra­phy evok­ing atoms, DNA, se...
pub­lished: 25 Aug 2009
4:00
Pan­dem­ic
This is short Half-Life 2 fan film about some kind of DNA mu­ta­tion and epi­de­my in c17. Ori...
pub­lished: 23 Aug 2012
au­thor: an­klove

  • Love signal; music & frequency 528 Hz...6:43
  • frequency 528 Hz (DNA repair frequency ?) : NO MUSIC single tone...5:33
  • 528 Hz Schumann Chakra Balance (binaural beats & Solfeggio)...7:00
  • 528 Hz Alpha Binaural Beat (listen with stereo headphones)...5:00
  • 528 Hz & Jupiter's Electromagnetic voices & Alpha brainwaves...6:31
  • Solfeggio Harmonics - 528 HZ - Miracle Meditation...5:47
  • yhsvh chant // DNA Repair Meditation in 528 Hz...6:43
  • Solfeggio Arpeggio 396 417 528 639 741 852 963...6:27
  • Solfeggio Mirror - 582Hz Galactic Fire Strand...3:19
  • Solfeggio 528 Hz Emerald Heart Ascendance...2:44
  • I AM Affirmations with 528 Hz "Miracle" Frequency www.MindMending.net...5:04
  • sedona1111 528Hz Love solfeggio frequencies...4:02
  • Solfeggio Love Frequency - 528Hz Agnisa Um...9:37
  • Sacred-Sound: The Ancient Solfeggio - 528Hz drone & BINAURAL Linear-Sweep 40Hz - 0Hz...3:52
http://www.unisonicascension.com/variousmp3s/#lovesignal528hz Love signal is a healing audio and visual meditation with music, sacred geometry and Solfeggio frequency 528 Hz, the miraculous frequency for transformation and DNA repair. There is a special sound and color of love according to Dr. Horowitz, a Harvard-trained award-winning investigator. Broadcasting the right frequency can help open your heart, prompt peace, and hasten healing. "We now know the love signal, 528 Hertz, is among the six core creative frequencies of the universe because math doesn't lie, the geometry of physical reality universally reflects this music; these findings have been independently derived, peer reviewed, and empirically validated," Dr. Horowitz says. Music & video by Jandy the Decibel Jezebel Poem by Katie Pye For a deeper meditation experience; use stereo headphones to stimulate Theta brainwaves Although this track is in the conventional scale, I have of-set the tuning up, so it will be harmonious with the C of 528 Hz. It also is rich, with the pure 528 Hz frequency; the love Hz. Frequency 528, relates to the note MI on the scale and derives from the phrase "MI-ra gestorum" in Latin meaning "miracle." Stunningly, this is the exact frequency used by genetic biochemists to repair broken DNA - the genetic blueprint upon which life is based! MI - 528 Hz - relates to crown chakra. Dr Puleo suggests an association with DNA integrity. The regular "C" that we all know of in this culture (which is from the diatonic scale of do, re, mi, fa, so, la, ti, do) is not the 528 Hz frequency "C. A regular "C" vibrates at a frequency of 523.3 Hz. The "C" of 528 Hz used for DNA repair is part of an ancient scale called the Solfeggio Scale. MI - 528 Hz - relates to crown chakra; Dr. Puleo suggests an association with "DNA integrity" Transformation and Miracles......................................................................... http://www.unisonicascension.com/variousmp3s/
  • published: 24 Jan 2010
  • views: 1309112
  • author: beefree1

6:43
Love sig­nal; music & fre­quen­cy 528 Hz
http://​www.​unisonicascension.​com/​variousmp3s/#​lovesignal528hz Love sig­nal is a heal­ing aud...
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2010
au­thor: beefree1
5:33
fre­quen­cy 528 Hz (DNA re­pair fre­quen­cy ?) : NO MUSIC sin­gle tone
528 Hz, the fre­quen­cy for trans­for­ma­tion and DNA re­pair. http://​www.​unisonicascension.​com...
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2010
au­thor: beefree1
7:00
528 Hz Schu­mann Chakra Bal­ance (bin­au­ral beats & Solfeg­gio)
http://​unisonicascension.​com/​solfeggio/#​528hzschumannchakrabalance 528 Hz love fre­quen­cy b...
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2010
au­thor: beefree1
5:00
528 Hz Alpha Bin­au­ral Beat (lis­ten with stereo head­phones)
528 Hz Alpha bin­au­ral beat HQ mp3 down­load: http://​unisonicascension.​com/​benefits/#​528hz-a...​
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2010
au­thor: beefree1
6:31
528 Hz & Jupiter's Elec­tro­mag­net­ic voic­es & Alpha brain­waves
The sound of Jupiter's Elec­tro­mag­net­ic voic­es with music and the Solfeg­gio tones 528 Hz, 6...
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2010
au­thor: beefree1
5:47
Solfeg­gio Har­mon­ics - 528 HZ - Mir­a­cle Med­i­ta­tion
http://​itunes.​apple.​com/​us/​album/​solfeggio-harmonics/​id327867995?​uo=4 Solfeg­gio fre­quen­cy...
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2010
au­thor: beefree1
6:43
yhsvh chant // DNA Re­pair Med­i­ta­tion in 528 Hz
http://​beautifulvictoryofone.​blogspot.​com (join the group!: http://​www.​facebook.​com/?​ref=h...​
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2010
au­thor: beefree1
6:27
Solfeg­gio Arpeg­gio 396 417 528 639 741 852 963
http://​unisonicascension.​com/​solfeggio/#​solfeggioarpeggio Solfeg­gio Arpeg­gio is Am­bi­ent El...
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2010
au­thor: beefree1
3:19
Solfeg­gio Mir­ror - 582Hz Galac­tic Fire Strand
Music By Source Vi­bra­tions Video Artist: De­vo­rah~Rhea A Col­lab­o­ra­tion of Love and Sound ~...
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2010
au­thor: beefree1
2:44
Solfeg­gio 528 Hz Emer­ald Heart As­cen­dance
528Hz Emer­ald Heart As­cen­dance Music By Source Vi­bra­tions Video Artist: Rhea A Col­la­bor...
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2010
au­thor: beefree1
5:04
I AM Af­fir­ma­tions with 528 Hz "Mir­a­cle" Fre­quen­cy www.​MindMending.​net
I AM Aif­fi­ma­tions with 528 Hz "Mir­a­cle" Fre­quen­cy fre­quen­cy 528, re­lates to the note MI o...
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2010
au­thor: beefree1
4:02
se­dona1111 528Hz Love solfeg­gio fre­quen­cies
528 Hz love, solfeg­gio fre­quen­cies, re­u­pload due to re­quest. The An­cient Solfeg­gio Fre­quen...
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2010
au­thor: beefree1
9:37
Solfeg­gio Love Fre­quen­cy - 528Hz Ag­nisa Um
Music and Art in­spired by the solfeg­gio. http://​www.​sourcevibrations.​com/​Downloads.​html ...
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2010
au­thor: beefree1
3:52
Sa­cred-Sound: The An­cient Solfeg­gio - 528Hz drone & BIN­AU­RAL Lin­ear-Sweep 40Hz - 0Hz
Quan­ti­fied Re­al­i­ty, First LP from Tekk Gno­sis, pur­chase now avail­able ex­clu­sive­ly through:...
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2010
au­thor: beefree1
Vimeo results:
1:20
Sander van Dijk - Reel Dyad
Audio De­sign: www.​studio-takt.​com Port­fo­lio: www.​sandervandijk.​tv Up­dat­ed on - 11 nov '11...
pub­lished: 21 Dec 2010
au­thor: Sander van Dijk
14:13
PLU­RAL­I­TY
Di­rect­ed By: Den­nis Liu Writ­ten By: Ryan Con­dal Pro­duced by: Jonathan Hsu, Den­nis Liu Star...
pub­lished: 08 Oct 2012
au­thor: Den­nis Liu
14:00
Spheres
Fi­nal­ly up is my own lit­tle space opera : a mes­mer­iz­ing choreg­ra­phy evok­ing atoms, DNA, se...
pub­lished: 25 Aug 2009
4:00
Pan­dem­ic
This is short Half-Life 2 fan film about some kind of DNA mu­ta­tion and epi­de­my in c17. Ori...
pub­lished: 23 Aug 2012
au­thor: an­klove

Youtube results:
3:52
Sa­cred-Sound: The An­cient Solfeg­gio - 528Hz drone & Lin­ear-Sweep from 1Hz-1110Hz *NEW*
Quan­ti­fied Re­al­i­ty, First LP from Tekk Gno­sis, pur­chase now avail­able ex­clu­sive­ly throug...
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2010
au­thor: beefree1
2:29
Heal­ing Fre­quen­cies - medic­i­nal prop­er­ties? DNA re­pair by use of 528Hz
can you feel the heal­ing... smile guar­an­teed! :) and click here for bet­ter sound http://d...
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2010
au­thor: beefree1
6:21
DNA Awak­en­ing fre­quen­cy 396 417 528 639 741 852
This Sound can ac­ti­vate your DNA...
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2010
au­thor: beefree1
3:07
Trig­ger­ing The God I Am - with 528 Hz "Mir­a­cle" Fre­quen­cy www.​MindMending.​net
Trig­ger­ing The God I Am - with 528 Hz "Mir­a­cle" Fre­quen­cy A Prayer by, Dr. Joseph Mur­phy B...
pub­lished: 24 Jan 2010
au­thor: beefree1
photo: AP / Altaf Qadri
Indian anti-riot personnel stand guard at a check point after security was beefed up following the death of a young woman who was recently gang-raped in a moving bus in New Delhi, India, Saturday, Dec. 29, 2012.
BBC News
29 Dec 2012
Police in India have sealed off much of the capital, Delhi, and issued an appeal for calm after the death of a woman who was gang-raped in the city. The 23-year old woman, who has not been identified, died early on Saturday at a hospital in Singapore, where she had been taken for specialist treatment. Her body is to be flown back to India for burial ... Gatherings of more than five people have been banned in the city centre ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
photo: US Navy / HMC Josh Ives
U.S. Army Spc. Jacob Bobbe, security force team member for Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) Farah, maintains security on the street during a key leader engagement in the Lash-e Juwayn district of Farah province, Afghanistan, Dec. 11 2012.
CounterPunch
27 Dec 2012
Imperial adventures are nothing new in the Middle East. Neither is their glorification, as Peter O’Toole’s pained Lawrence of Arabia eternally reminds us. But for a decade or so now, things have been heating up, as if to coincide with climate change and fears of declining petroleum reserves ... The Belly for Belligerence? ... The question loomed over beltway intelligentsia like an ephemeral Gordian knot ... We’re All Hawks Now ... While George W ... ....(size: 9.3Kb)
photo: AP / Ben Curtis
In this Sunday, April 29, 2012 file photo, troops from the Central African Republic stand guard at a building used for joint meetings between them and U.S. Army special forces, in Obo, Central African Republic, where U.S. special forces have paired up with local troops and Ugandan soldiers to seek out Joseph Kony's Lord's Resistance Army (LRA).
Al Jazeera
28 Dec 2012
The president of Central African Republic (CAR) has urgently called on France and other foreign powers to help his government fend off rebels who are quickly seizing territory and approaching the capital. Speaking to crowds in Bangui, a city of some 600,000, Francois Bozize on Thursday pleaded with foreign powers to do what they could. He pointed in particular to France, Central African Republic's former colonial ruler ... 516 Share ... News ... ....(size: 19.5Kb)
photo: AP / K.M.Chaudary
Supporters of Pakistan's slain leader Benazir Bhutto, stand beside her portrait after lighting earth lamps at a ceremony to mark the second anniversary of her death
BBC News
27 Dec 2012
Large crowds of Pakistan People's Party (PPP) supporters are gathering to mark the fifth anniversary of the murder of ex-Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. Ms Bhutto died in a gun and bomb attack during her 2007 election campaign. Hundreds of thousands of people have set up camp near the Bhutto family's ancestral home in Sindh province ... He cannot contest an election until his 25th birthday. Show of strength ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
photo: WN / Janice Sabnal
Winter snowstorms pound US
Zeenews
27 Dec 2012
Washington. Six people, including two young children, were left dead in weather-related accidents, as winter snowstorms complicated travel for many Americans in the Midwest and Northeast on Wednesday. Snow totals in parts of Indiana ranged from 6 to 12 inches, CNN reported. About 350 snowploughs were clearing roads throughout the city. New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo told residents they should avoid nonessential travel ... IANS ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)



The Telegraph India
30 Dec 2012
Police plan to move court after ......(size: 0.2Kb)
Grand Junction Sentinel
30 Dec 2012
16, 1996, shortly before then-Mesa County Chief DistrictWant to read more? ... (Learn More). Subscriber Log In ... Activate ... ....(size: 1.1Kb)
DNA India
30 Dec 2012
DNA had reported the abuse on December 28 ... She finally broke down and told me what had happened on 21st afternoon when she saw Gaikar lurking around the house again.”The mother told DNA that her daughter was playing outside the temple near her house on December 12 when the accused called her and other children and asked them to sweep the premises....(size: 3.2Kb)
The Guardian
30 Dec 2012
Which world events surprised us most in 2012? The Observer's news team pick the ones nobody saw coming ... Photograph. Lewis Whyld/PA. POLITICS ... ARTS ... Junk DNA is vital. Stretches of DNA previously dismissed as "junk" are in fact crucial to the working of our genomes, researchers announced in September. The discovery by the international Encode project represents a radical reappraisal of the operation of DNA ... The rest was known as junk DNA ... ....(size: 6.7Kb)
The Hindu
30 Dec 2012
In an order recently Additional Sessions Judge Kamini Lau criticised this laboratory for “unusual delay” in giving DNA test reports in a rape case ... “While DNA fingerprinting reports can come within two weeks, provided there is proper manpower, infrastructure, instrumentation and chemicals at the facility, in the case of FSL, there have been delays of up to two to three years in the past.”....(size: 4.0Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
30 Dec 2012
"We are excited to add John to the Huper Optik family” , said Director of Business Development Harry Rahman. “He will help us bridge the gap between our customers and their customers through his extensive range of experience. John’s addition helps enhance our support structure for our Dealer Network Alliance (DNA).” ... Mr ... Mr ... John’s addition helps enhance our support structure for our Dealer Network Alliance (DNA).” ... Leslie Barfield ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
The Himalayan
30 Dec 2012
On November 7, The Tokyo High Court acquitted him of the crime in the wake of prosecutors’ admission that the DNA-based evidences indicated that another man committed the murder and they believed that the Nepali man was innocent. Mainali had been freed in June after the DNA in a sample taken from the victim’s nails did not match that of ......(size: 5.7Kb)
The Dallas Morning News
30 Dec 2012
The double injustice of the Morton case is that a second Central Texas woman was later bludgeoned to death, allegedly by a man, Mark Alan Norwood, who has been linked to both crimes by DNA evidence that sat untested for 25 years ... Bradley also repeatedly tried to block re-examination of the DNA evidence that ultimately cleared Morton....(size: 17.4Kb)
Richmond Times Dispatch
30 Dec 2012
Thomas E. Haynesworth. WHY YOU KNOW HIM. Thomas E ... Davis Jr. His exoneration effort began in 2009 when DNA cleared him of an attack in Richmond and implicated Davis ... UPDATE ... Frank Green ....(size: 1.1Kb)
Zeenews
30 Dec 2012
Tokyo. A Nepalese man, who was wrongly sentenced to life for murdering a prostitute here in 1997 has sought a compensation of USD 790,000 from the Japanese government for spending 15 years behind bars. Govinda Prasad Mainali, 46, was tried and cleared of the charges by the Tokyo District Court last month after a DNA test indicated involvement of another man in killing of the woman ... PTI ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
DNA India
30 Dec 2012
Currently at the bedside of his ailing father in Ooty in Tamil Nadu, Supreme Court lawyer Dayan Krishnan, who has been appointed as the special public prosecutor (SPP) in the dastardly rape and murder case of a 23-year-old woman in Delhi, mainly represents the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and the National Intelligence Agency (NIA) ... He is very ill. I’ll be back on Monday,” Dayan hurriedly told DNA ... Tweet. ....(size: 2.2Kb)
Tulsa World
30 Dec 2012
BARTLESVILLE - After months of agonized waiting, the family of Timothy Hauser closed one page Saturday in the Bartlesville man's disappearance ... 9 in Osage County. Law enforcement officers are certain the body is that of Hauser but are calling in a state anthropologist to evaluate the scene Sunday and will perform DNA tests to make sure, said Osage County Chief Deputy Sheriff Charlie Cartwright ... The body was found around 1 p.m ... 18 ... ....(size: 3.9Kb)
DNA India
30 Dec 2012
We do not know her. We do not know her name. We do not know her face. And we will never know who she was. She sure must have been a spirited woman who would stand up and fight. We ended up naming her Patient X, Amaanat, Nirbhaya, Daughter of India because we did not want the real name of this real woman to be revealed ... committed ... We raise more questions ... Justice needs to be done ... Parsa Venkateshwar Rao Jr is editorial consultant with DNA ... ....(size: 3.9Kb)
The structure of the DNA double helix. The atoms in the structure are colour coded by element and the detailed structure of two base pairs is shown in the bottom right.
The structure of part of a DNA double helix

Deoxyribonucleic acid (Listeni/diˌɒksiˌrbɵ.njuːˌkl.ɨk ˈæsɪd/; DNA) is a nucleic acid containing the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms (with the exception of RNA viruses). The DNA segments carrying this genetic information are called genes. Likewise, other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information. Along with RNA and proteins, DNA is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life.

DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds. These two strands run in opposite directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of molecules called nucleobases (informally, bases). It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes information. This information is read using the genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription.

Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts.[1] In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed.

Contents

Properties[link]

Chemical structure of DNA. Hydrogen bonds shown as dotted lines.

DNA is a long polymer made from repeating units called nucleotides.[2][3][4] As first discovered by James D. Watson and Francis Crick, the structure of DNA of all species comprises two helical chains each coiled round the same axis, and each with a pitch of 34 Ångströms (3.4 nanometres) and a radius of 10 Ångströms (1.0 nanometres).[5] According to another study, when measured in a particular solution, the DNA chain measured 22 to 26 Ångströms wide (2.2 to 2.6 nanometres), and one nucleotide unit measured 3.3 Å (0.33 nm) long.[6] Although each individual repeating unit is very small, DNA polymers can be very large molecules containing millions of nucleotides. For instance, the largest human chromosome, chromosome number 1, is approximately 220 million base pairs long.[7]

In living organisms DNA does not usually exist as a single molecule, but instead as a pair of molecules that are held tightly together.[5][8] These two long strands entwine like vines, in the shape of a double helix. The nucleotide repeats contain both the segment of the backbone of the molecule, which holds the chain together, and a nucleobase, which interacts with the other DNA strand in the helix. A nucleobase linked to a sugar is called a nucleoside and a base linked to a sugar and one or more phosphate groups is called a nucleotide. Polymers comprising multiple linked nucleotides (as in DNA) are called a polynucleotide.[9]

The backbone of the DNA strand is made from alternating phosphate and sugar residues.[10] The sugar in DNA is 2-deoxyribose, which is a pentose (five-carbon) sugar. The sugars are joined together by phosphate groups that form phosphodiester bonds between the third and fifth carbon atoms of adjacent sugar rings. These asymmetric bonds mean a strand of DNA has a direction. In a double helix the direction of the nucleotides in one strand is opposite to their direction in the other strand: the strands are antiparallel. The asymmetric ends of DNA strands are called the 5′ (five prime) and 3′ (three prime) ends, with the 5' end having a terminal phosphate group and the 3' end a terminal hydroxyl group. One major difference between DNA and RNA is the sugar, with the 2-deoxyribose in DNA being replaced by the alternative pentose sugar ribose in RNA.[8]

A section of DNA. The bases lie horizontally between the two spiraling strands.[11] Animated version at File:DNA orbit animated.gif.

The DNA double helix is stabilized primarily by two forces: hydrogen bonds between nucleotides and base-stacking interactions among the aromatic nucleobases.[12] In the aqueous environment of the cell, the conjugated π bonds of nucleotide bases align perpendicular to the axis of the DNA molecule, minimizing their interaction with the solvation shell and therefore, the Gibbs free energy. The four bases found in DNA are adenine (abbreviated A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). These four bases are attached to the sugar/phosphate to form the complete nucleotide, as shown for adenosine monophosphate.

The nucleobases are classified into two types: the purines, A and G, being fused five- and six-membered heterocyclic compounds, and the pyrimidines, the six-membered rings C and T.[8] A fifth pyrimidine nucleobase, uracil (U), usually takes the place of thymine in RNA and differs from thymine by lacking a methyl group on its ring. Uracil is not usually found in DNA, occurring only as a breakdown product of cytosine. In addition to RNA and DNA a large number of artificial nucleic acid analogues have also been created to study the proprieties of nucleic acids, or for use in biotechnology.[13]

Major and minor grooves of DNA. Minor groove is a binding site for the dye Hoechst 33258.

Grooves[link]

Twin helical strands form the DNA backbone. Another double helix may be found by tracing the spaces, or grooves, between the strands. These voids are adjacent to the base pairs and may provide a binding site. As the strands are not directly opposite each other, the grooves are unequally sized. One groove, the major groove, is 22 Å wide and the other, the minor groove, is 12 Å wide.[14] The narrowness of the minor groove means that the edges of the bases are more accessible in the major groove. As a result, proteins like transcription factors that can bind to specific sequences in double-stranded DNA usually make contacts to the sides of the bases exposed in the major groove.[15] This situation varies in unusual conformations of DNA within the cell (see below), but the major and minor grooves are always named to reflect the differences in size that would be seen if the DNA is twisted back into the ordinary B form.

Base pairing[link]

In a DNA double helix, each type of nucleobase on one strand normally interacts with just one type of nucleobase on the other strand. This is called complementary base pairing. Here, purines form hydrogen bonds to pyrimidines, with A bonding only to T, and C bonding only to G. This arrangement of two nucleotides binding together across the double helix is called a base pair. As hydrogen bonds are not covalent, they can be broken and rejoined relatively easily. The two strands of DNA in a double helix can therefore be pulled apart like a zipper, either by a mechanical force or high temperature.[16] As a result of this complementarity, all the information in the double-stranded sequence of a DNA helix is duplicated on each strand, which is vital in DNA replication. Indeed, this reversible and specific interaction between complementary base pairs is critical for all the functions of DNA in living organisms.[3]

GC DNA base pair.svg
AT DNA base pair.svg
Top, a GC base pair with three hydrogen bonds. Bottom, an AT base pair with two hydrogen bonds. Non-covalent hydrogen bonds between the pairs are shown as dashed lines.

The two types of base pairs form different numbers of hydrogen bonds, AT forming two hydrogen bonds, and GC forming three hydrogen bonds (see figures, right). DNA with high GC-content is more stable than DNA with low GC-content.

As noted above, most DNA molecules are actually two polymer strands, bound together in a helical fashion by noncovalent bonds; this double stranded structure (dsDNA) is maintained largely by the intrastrand base stacking interactions, which are strongest for G,C stacks. The two strands can come apart – a process known as melting – to form two ss DNA molecules. Melting occurs when conditions favor ssDNA; such conditions are high temperature, low salt and high pH (low pH also melts DNA, but since DNA is unstable due to acid depurination, low pH is rarely used).

The stability of the dsDNA form depends not only on the GC-content (% G,C basepairs) but also on sequence (since stacking is sequence specific) and also length (longer molecules are more stable). The stability can be measured in various ways; a common way is the "melting temperature", which is the temperature at which 50% of the ds molecules are converted to ss molecules; melting temperature is dependent on ionic strength and the concentration of DNA. As a result, it is both the percentage of GC base pairs and the overall length of a DNA double helix that determine the strength of the association between the two strands of DNA. Long DNA helices with a high GC-content have stronger-interacting strands, while short helices with high AT content have weaker-interacting strands.[17] In biology, parts of the DNA double helix that need to separate easily, such as the TATAAT Pribnow box in some promoters, tend to have a high AT content, making the strands easier to pull apart.[18]

In the laboratory, the strength of this interaction can be measured by finding the temperature required to break the hydrogen bonds, their melting temperature (also called Tm value). When all the base pairs in a DNA double helix melt, the strands separate and exist in solution as two entirely independent molecules. These single-stranded DNA molecules (ssDNA) have no single common shape, but some conformations are more stable than others.[19]

Sense and antisense[link]

A DNA sequence is called "sense" if its sequence is the same as that of a messenger RNA copy that is translated into protein.[20] The sequence on the opposite strand is called the "antisense" sequence. Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA (i.e. both strands contain both sense and antisense sequences). In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, antisense RNA sequences are produced, but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear.[21] One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA-RNA base pairing.[22]

A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and more in plasmids and viruses, blur the distinction between sense and antisense strands by having overlapping genes.[23] In these cases, some DNA sequences do double duty, encoding one protein when read along one strand, and a second protein when read in the opposite direction along the other strand. In bacteria, this overlap may be involved in the regulation of gene transcription,[24] while in viruses, overlapping genes increase the amount of information that can be encoded within the small viral genome.[25]

Supercoiling[link]

DNA can be twisted like a rope in a process called DNA supercoiling. With DNA in its "relaxed" state, a strand usually circles the axis of the double helix once every 10.4 base pairs, but if the DNA is twisted the strands become more tightly or more loosely wound.[26] If the DNA is twisted in the direction of the helix, this is positive supercoiling, and the bases are held more tightly together. If they are twisted in the opposite direction, this is negative supercoiling, and the bases come apart more easily. In nature, most DNA has slight negative supercoiling that is introduced by enzymes called topoisomerases.[27] These enzymes are also needed to relieve the twisting stresses introduced into DNA strands during processes such as transcription and DNA replication.[28]

From left to right, the structures of A, B and Z DNA

Alternate DNA structures[link]

DNA exists in many possible conformations that include A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA forms, although, only B-DNA and Z-DNA have been directly observed in functional organisms.[10] The conformation that DNA adopts depends on the hydration level, DNA sequence, the amount and direction of supercoiling, chemical modifications of the bases, the type and concentration of metal ions, as well as the presence of polyamines in solution.[29]

The first published reports of A-DNA X-ray diffraction patterns— and also B-DNA used analyses based on Patterson transforms that provided only a limited amount of structural information for oriented fibers of DNA.[30][31] An alternate analysis was then proposed by Wilkins et al., in 1953, for the in vivo B-DNA X-ray diffraction/scattering patterns of highly hydrated DNA fibers in terms of squares of Bessel functions.[32] In the same journal, James D. Watson and Francis Crick presented their molecular modeling analysis of the DNA X-ray diffraction patterns to suggest that the structure was a double-helix.[5]

Although the `B-DNA form' is most common under the conditions found in cells,[33] it is not a well-defined conformation but a family of related DNA conformations[34] that occur at the high hydration levels present in living cells. Their corresponding X-ray diffraction and scattering patterns are characteristic of molecular paracrystals with a significant degree of disorder.[35][36]

Compared to B-DNA, the A-DNA form is a wider right-handed spiral, with a shallow, wide minor groove and a narrower, deeper major groove. The A form occurs under non-physiological conditions in partially dehydrated samples of DNA, while in the cell it may be produced in hybrid pairings of DNA and RNA strands, as well as in enzyme-DNA complexes.[37][38] Segments of DNA where the bases have been chemically modified by methylation may undergo a larger change in conformation and adopt the Z form. Here, the strands turn about the helical axis in a left-handed spiral, the opposite of the more common B form.[39] These unusual structures can be recognized by specific Z-DNA binding proteins and may be involved in the regulation of transcription.[40]

Alternate DNA chemistry[link]

For a number of years exobiologists have proposed the existence of a shadow biosphere, a postulated microbial biosphere of Earth that uses radically different biochemical and molecular processes than currently known life. One of the proposals was the existence of lifeforms that use arsenic instead of phosphorus in DNA.

A December 2010 NASA press conference stated that the bacterium GFAJ-1, which has evolved in an arsenic-rich environment, is the first terrestrial lifeform found which may have this ability. The bacterium was found in Mono Lake, east of Yosemite National Park. GFAJ-1 is a rod-shaped extremophile bacterium in the family Halomonadaceae that, when starved of phosphorus, may be capable of incorporating the usually poisonous element arsenic in its DNA.[41] This discovery may lend weight to the long-standing idea that extraterrestrial life could have a different chemical makeup from life on Earth.[41][42] The research was carried out by a team led by Felisa Wolfe-Simon, a geomicrobiologist and geobiochemist, a Postdoctoral Fellow of the NASA Astrobiology Institute with Arizona State University. This finding has, however, faced strong criticism from the scientific community; scientists have argued that there is no evidence that arsenic is actually incorporated into biomolecules.[42][43] Independent confirmation of this finding has also not yet been possible.

Quadruplex structures[link]

At the ends of the linear chromosomes are specialized regions of DNA called telomeres. The main function of these regions is to allow the cell to replicate chromosome ends using the enzyme telomerase, as the enzymes that normally replicate DNA cannot copy the extreme 3′ ends of chromosomes.[44] These specialized chromosome caps also help protect the DNA ends, and stop the DNA repair systems in the cell from treating them as damage to be corrected.[45] In human cells, telomeres are usually lengths of single-stranded DNA containing several thousand repeats of a simple TTAGGG sequence.[46]

DNA quadruplex formed by telomere repeats. The looped conformation of the DNA backbone is very different from the typical DNA helix.[47]

These guanine-rich sequences may stabilize chromosome ends by forming structures of stacked sets of four-base units, rather than the usual base pairs found in other DNA molecules. Here, four guanine bases form a flat plate and these flat four-base units then stack on top of each other, to form a stable G-quadruplex structure.[48] These structures are stabilized by hydrogen bonding between the edges of the bases and chelation of a metal ion in the centre of each four-base unit.[49] Other structures can also be formed, with the central set of four bases coming from either a single strand folded around the bases, or several different parallel strands, each contributing one base to the central structure.

In addition to these stacked structures, telomeres also form large loop structures called telomere loops, or T-loops. Here, the single-stranded DNA curls around in a long circle stabilized by telomere-binding proteins.[50] At the very end of the T-loop, the single-stranded telomere DNA is held onto a region of double-stranded DNA by the telomere strand disrupting the double-helical DNA and base pairing to one of the two strands. This triple-stranded structure is called a displacement loop or D-loop.[48]

Branch-dna.png Multi-branch-dna.png
Single branch Multiple branches
Branched DNA can form networks containing multiple branches.

Branched DNA[link]

In DNA fraying occurs when non-complementary regions exist at the end of an otherwise complementary double-strand of DNA. However, branched DNA can occur if a third strand of DNA is introduced and contains adjoining regions able to hybridize with the frayed regions of the pre-existing double-strand. Although the simplest example of branched DNA involves only three strands of DNA, complexes involving additional strands and multiple branches are also possible.[51] Branched DNA can be used in nanotechnology to construct geometric shapes, see the section on uses in technology below.

Vibration[link]

DNA may carry out low-frequency collective motion as observed by the Raman spectroscopy[52][53] and analyzed with a quasi-continuum model.[54][55]

Chemical modifications[link]

Cytosin.svg 5-Methylcytosine.svg Thymin.svg
cytosine 5-methylcytosine thymine
Structure of cytosine with and without the 5-methyl group. Deamination converts 5-methylcytosine into thymine.

Base modifications[link]

The expression of genes is influenced by how the DNA is packaged in chromosomes, in a structure called chromatin. Base modifications can be involved in packaging, with regions that have low or no gene expression usually containing high levels of methylation of cytosine bases. For example, cytosine methylation, produces 5-methylcytosine, which is important for X-chromosome inactivation.[56] The average level of methylation varies between organisms – the worm Caenorhabditis elegans lacks cytosine methylation, while vertebrates have higher levels, with up to 1% of their DNA containing 5-methylcytosine.[57] Despite the importance of 5-methylcytosine, it can deaminate to leave a thymine base, so methylated cytosines are particularly prone to mutations.[58] Other base modifications include adenine methylation in bacteria, the presence of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in the brain,[59] and the glycosylation of uracil to produce the "J-base" in kinetoplastids.[60][61]

Damage[link]

DNA can be damaged by many sorts of mutagens, which change the DNA sequence. Mutagens include oxidizing agents, alkylating agents and also high-energy electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light and X-rays. The type of DNA damage produced depends on the type of mutagen. For example, UV light can damage DNA by producing thymine dimers, which are cross-links between pyrimidine bases.[63] On the other hand, oxidants such as free radicals or hydrogen peroxide produce multiple forms of damage, including base modifications, particularly of guanosine, and double-strand breaks.[64] A typical human cell contains about 150,000 bases that have suffered oxidative damage.[65] Of these oxidative lesions, the most dangerous are double-strand breaks, as these are difficult to repair and can produce point mutations, insertions and deletions from the DNA sequence, as well as chromosomal translocations.[66]

Many mutagens fit into the space between two adjacent base pairs, this is called intercalation. Most intercalators are aromatic and planar molecules; examples include ethidium bromide, acridines, daunomycin, and doxorubicin. In order for an intercalator to fit between base pairs, the bases must separate, distorting the DNA strands by unwinding of the double helix. This inhibits both transcription and DNA replication, causing toxicity and mutations.[67] As a result, DNA intercalators may be carcinogens, and in the case of thalidomide, a teratogen.[68] Others such as benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide and aflatoxin form DNA adducts which induce errors in replication.[69] Nevertheless, due to their ability to inhibit DNA transcription and replication, other similar toxins are also used in chemotherapy to inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells.[70]

Biological functions[link]

DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes.[71] The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes. Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing. For example, in transcription, when a cell uses the information in a gene, the DNA sequence is copied into a complementary RNA sequence through the attraction between the DNA and the correct RNA nucleotides. Usually, this RNA copy is then used to make a matching protein sequence in a process called translation, which depends on the same interaction between RNA nucleotides. In alternative fashion, a cell may simply copy its genetic information in a process called DNA replication. The details of these functions are covered in other articles; here we focus on the interactions between DNA and other molecules that mediate the function of the genome.

Genes and genomes[link]

Genomic DNA is tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, as well as small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid.[72] The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that influences a particular characteristic in an organism. Genes contain an open reading frame that can be transcribed, as well as regulatory sequences such as promoters and enhancers, which control the transcription of the open reading frame.

In many species, only a small fraction of the total sequence of the genome encodes protein. For example, only about 1.5% of the human genome consists of protein-coding exons, with over 50% of human DNA consisting of non-coding repetitive sequences.[73] The reasons for the presence of so much noncoding DNA in eukaryotic genomes and the extraordinary differences in genome size, or C-value, among species represent a long-standing puzzle known as the "C-value enigma".[74] However, DNA sequences that do not code protein may still encode functional non-coding RNA molecules, which are involved in the regulation of gene expression.[75]

T7 RNA polymerase (blue) producing a mRNA (green) from a DNA template (orange).[76]

Some noncoding DNA sequences play structural roles in chromosomes. Telomeres and centromeres typically contain few genes, but are important for the function and stability of chromosomes.[45][77] An abundant form of noncoding DNA in humans are pseudogenes, which are copies of genes that have been disabled by mutation.[78] These sequences are usually just molecular fossils, although they can occasionally serve as raw genetic material for the creation of new genes through the process of gene duplication and divergence.[79]

Transcription and translation[link]

A gene is a sequence of DNA that contains genetic information and can influence the phenotype of an organism. Within a gene, the sequence of bases along a DNA strand defines a messenger RNA sequence, which then defines one or more protein sequences. The relationship between the nucleotide sequences of genes and the amino-acid sequences of proteins is determined by the rules of translation, known collectively as the genetic code. The genetic code consists of three-letter 'words' called codons formed from a sequence of three nucleotides (e.g. ACT, CAG, TTT).

In transcription, the codons of a gene are copied into messenger RNA by RNA polymerase. This RNA copy is then decoded by a ribosome that reads the RNA sequence by base-pairing the messenger RNA to transfer RNA, which carries amino acids. Since there are 4 bases in 3-letter combinations, there are 64 possible codons (Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): 4^3

combinations). These encode the twenty standard amino acids, giving most amino acids more than one possible codon. There are also three 'stop' or 'nonsense' codons signifying the end of the coding region; these are the TAA, TGA and TAG codons.
DNA replication. The double helix is unwound by a helicase and topoisomerase. Next, one DNA polymerase produces the leading strand copy. Another DNA polymerase binds to the lagging strand. This enzyme makes discontinuous segments (called Okazaki fragments) before DNA ligase joins them together.

Replication[link]

Cell division is essential for an organism to grow, but, when a cell divides, it must replicate the DNA in its genome so that the two daughter cells have the same genetic information as their parent. The double-stranded structure of DNA provides a simple mechanism for DNA replication. Here, the two strands are separated and then each strand's complementary DNA sequence is recreated by an enzyme called DNA polymerase. This enzyme makes the complementary strand by finding the correct base through complementary base pairing, and bonding it onto the original strand. As DNA polymerases can only extend a DNA strand in a 5′ to 3′ direction, different mechanisms are used to copy the antiparallel strands of the double helix.[80] In this way, the base on the old strand dictates which base appears on the new strand, and the cell ends up with a perfect copy of its DNA.

Interactions with proteins[link]

All the functions of DNA depend on interactions with proteins. These protein interactions can be non-specific, or the protein can bind specifically to a single DNA sequence. Enzymes can also bind to DNA and of these, the polymerases that copy the DNA base sequence in transcription and DNA replication are particularly important.

DNA-binding proteins[link]

Nucleosome1.png
Interaction of DNA (shown in orange) with histones (shown in blue). These proteins' basic amino acids bind to the acidic phosphate groups on DNA.

Structural proteins that bind DNA are well-understood examples of non-specific DNA-protein interactions. Within chromosomes, DNA is held in complexes with structural proteins. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. In eukaryotes this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones, while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved.[81][82] The histones form a disk-shaped complex called a nucleosome, which contains two complete turns of double-stranded DNA wrapped around its surface. These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA, and are therefore largely independent of the base sequence.[83] Chemical modifications of these basic amino acid residues include methylation, phosphorylation and acetylation.[84] These chemical changes alter the strength of the interaction between the DNA and the histones, making the DNA more or less accessible to transcription factors and changing the rate of transcription.[85] Other non-specific DNA-binding proteins in chromatin include the high-mobility group proteins, which bind to bent or distorted DNA.[86] These proteins are important in bending arrays of nucleosomes and arranging them into the larger structures that make up chromosomes.[87]

A distinct group of DNA-binding proteins are the DNA-binding proteins that specifically bind single-stranded DNA. In humans, replication protein A is the best-understood member of this family and is used in processes where the double helix is separated, including DNA replication, recombination and DNA repair.[88] These binding proteins seem to stabilize single-stranded DNA and protect it from forming stem-loops or being degraded by nucleases.

The lambda repressor helix-turn-helix transcription factor bound to its DNA target[89]

In contrast, other proteins have evolved to bind to particular DNA sequences. The most intensively studied of these are the various transcription factors, which are proteins that regulate transcription. Each transcription factor binds to one particular set of DNA sequences and activates or inhibits the transcription of genes that have these sequences close to their promoters. The transcription factors do this in two ways. Firstly, they can bind the RNA polymerase responsible for transcription, either directly or through other mediator proteins; this locates the polymerase at the promoter and allows it to begin transcription.[90] Alternatively, transcription factors can bind enzymes that modify the histones at the promoter; this will change the accessibility of the DNA template to the polymerase.[91]

As these DNA targets can occur throughout an organism's genome, changes in the activity of one type of transcription factor can affect thousands of genes.[92] Consequently, these proteins are often the targets of the signal transduction processes that control responses to environmental changes or cellular differentiation and development. The specificity of these transcription factors' interactions with DNA come from the proteins making multiple contacts to the edges of the DNA bases, allowing them to "read" the DNA sequence. Most of these base-interactions are made in the major groove, where the bases are most accessible.[15]

The restriction enzyme EcoRV (green) in a complex with its substrate DNA[93]

DNA-modifying enzymes[link]

Nucleases and ligases[link]

Nucleases are enzymes that cut DNA strands by catalyzing the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bonds. Nucleases that hydrolyse nucleotides from the ends of DNA strands are called exonucleases, while endonucleases cut within strands. The most frequently used nucleases in molecular biology are the restriction endonucleases, which cut DNA at specific sequences. For instance, the EcoRV enzyme shown to the left recognizes the 6-base sequence 5′-GAT|ATC-3′ and makes a cut at the vertical line. In nature, these enzymes protect bacteria against phage infection by digesting the phage DNA when it enters the bacterial cell, acting as part of the restriction modification system.[94] In technology, these sequence-specific nucleases are used in molecular cloning and DNA fingerprinting.

Enzymes called DNA ligases can rejoin cut or broken DNA strands.[95] Ligases are particularly important in lagging strand DNA replication, as they join together the short segments of DNA produced at the replication fork into a complete copy of the DNA template. They are also used in DNA repair and genetic recombination.[95]

Topoisomerases and helicases[link]

Topoisomerases are enzymes with both nuclease and ligase activity. These proteins change the amount of supercoiling in DNA. Some of these enzymes work by cutting the DNA helix and allowing one section to rotate, thereby reducing its level of supercoiling; the enzyme then seals the DNA break.[27] Other types of these enzymes are capable of cutting one DNA helix and then passing a second strand of DNA through this break, before rejoining the helix.[96] Topoisomerases are required for many processes involving DNA, such as DNA replication and transcription.[28]

Helicases are proteins that are a type of molecular motor. They use the chemical energy in nucleoside triphosphates, predominantly ATP, to break hydrogen bonds between bases and unwind the DNA double helix into single strands.[97] These enzymes are essential for most processes where enzymes need to access the DNA bases.

Polymerases[link]

Polymerases are enzymes that synthesize polynucleotide chains from nucleoside triphosphates. The sequence of their products are copies of existing polynucleotide chains – which are called templates. These enzymes function by adding nucleotides onto the 3′ hydroxyl group of the previous nucleotide in a DNA strand. As a consequence, all polymerases work in a 5′ to 3′ direction.[98] In the active site of these enzymes, the incoming nucleoside triphosphate base-pairs to the template: this allows polymerases to accurately synthesize the complementary strand of their template. Polymerases are classified according to the type of template that they use.

In DNA replication, a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase makes a copy of a DNA sequence. Accuracy is vital in this process, so many of these polymerases have a proofreading activity. Here, the polymerase recognizes the occasional mistakes in the synthesis reaction by the lack of base pairing between the mismatched nucleotides. If a mismatch is detected, a 3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity is activated and the incorrect base removed.[99] In most organisms, DNA polymerases function in a large complex called the replisome that contains multiple accessory subunits, such as the DNA clamp or helicases.[100]

RNA-dependent DNA polymerases are a specialized class of polymerases that copy the sequence of an RNA strand into DNA. They include reverse transcriptase, which is a viral enzyme involved in the infection of cells by retroviruses, and telomerase, which is required for the replication of telomeres.[44][101] Telomerase is an unusual polymerase because it contains its own RNA template as part of its structure.[45]

Transcription is carried out by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase that copies the sequence of a DNA strand into RNA. To begin transcribing a gene, the RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called a promoter and separates the DNA strands. It then copies the gene sequence into a messenger RNA transcript until it reaches a region of DNA called the terminator, where it halts and detaches from the DNA. As with human DNA-dependent DNA polymerases, RNA polymerase II, the enzyme that transcribes most of the genes in the human genome, operates as part of a large protein complex with multiple regulatory and accessory subunits.[102]

Genetic recombination[link]

Holliday Junction.svg
Holliday junction coloured.png
Structure of the Holliday junction intermediate in genetic recombination. The four separate DNA strands are coloured red, blue, green and yellow.[103]
Recombination involves the breakage and rejoining of two chromosomes (M and F) to produce two re-arranged chromosomes (C1 and C2).

A DNA helix usually does not interact with other segments of DNA, and in human cells the different chromosomes even occupy separate areas in the nucleus called "chromosome territories".[104] This physical separation of different chromosomes is important for the ability of DNA to function as a stable repository for information, as one of the few times chromosomes interact is during chromosomal crossover when they recombine. Chromosomal crossover is when two DNA helices break, swap a section and then rejoin.

Recombination allows chromosomes to exchange genetic information and produces new combinations of genes, which increases the efficiency of natural selection and can be important in the rapid evolution of new proteins.[105] Genetic recombination can also be involved in DNA repair, particularly in the cell's response to double-strand breaks.[106]

The most common form of chromosomal crossover is homologous recombination, where the two chromosomes involved share very similar sequences. Non-homologous recombination can be damaging to cells, as it can produce chromosomal translocations and genetic abnormalities. The recombination reaction is catalyzed by enzymes known as recombinases, such as RAD51.[107] The first step in recombination is a double-stranded break either caused by an endonuclease or damage to the DNA.[108] A series of steps catalyzed in part by the recombinase then leads to joining of the two helices by at least one Holliday junction, in which a segment of a single strand in each helix is annealed to the complementary strand in the other helix. The Holliday junction is a tetrahedral junction structure that can be moved along the pair of chromosomes, swapping one strand for another. The recombination reaction is then halted by cleavage of the junction and re-ligation of the released DNA.[109]

Evolution[link]

DNA contains the genetic information that allows all modern living things to function, grow and reproduce. However, it is unclear how long in the 4-billion-year history of life DNA has performed this function, as it has been proposed that the earliest forms of life may have used RNA as their genetic material.[98][110] RNA may have acted as the central part of early cell metabolism as it can both transmit genetic information and carry out catalysis as part of ribozymes.[111] This ancient RNA world where nucleic acid would have been used for both catalysis and genetics may have influenced the evolution of the current genetic code based on four nucleotide bases. This would occur, since the number of different bases in such an organism is a trade-off between a small number of bases increasing replication accuracy and a large number of bases increasing the catalytic efficiency of ribozymes.[112]

However, there is no direct evidence of ancient genetic systems, as recovery of DNA from most fossils is impossible. This is because DNA will survive in the environment for less than one million years and slowly degrades into short fragments in solution.[113] Claims for older DNA have been made, most notably a report of the isolation of a viable bacterium from a salt crystal 250 million years old,[114] but these claims are controversial.[115][116]

On August 8, 2011, a report, based on NASA studies with meteorites found on Earth, was published suggesting building blocks of DNA (adenine, guanine and related organic molecules) may have been formed extraterrestrially in outer space.[117][118][119]

Uses in technology[link]

Genetic engineering[link]

Methods have been developed to purify DNA from organisms, such as phenol-chloroform extraction, and to manipulate it in the laboratory, such as restriction digests and the polymerase chain reaction. Modern biology and biochemistry make intensive use of these techniques in recombinant DNA technology. Recombinant DNA is a man-made DNA sequence that has been assembled from other DNA sequences. They can be transformed into organisms in the form of plasmids or in the appropriate format, by using a viral vector.[120] The genetically modified organisms produced can be used to produce products such as recombinant proteins, used in medical research,[121] or be grown in agriculture.[122][123]

Forensics[link]

Forensic scientists can use DNA in blood, semen, skin, saliva or hair found at a crime scene to identify a matching DNA of an individual, such as a perpetrator. This process is formally termed DNA profiling, but may also be called "genetic fingerprinting". In DNA profiling, the lengths of variable sections of repetitive DNA, such as short tandem repeats and minisatellites, are compared between people. This method is usually an extremely reliable technique for identifying a matching DNA.[124] However, identification can be complicated if the scene is contaminated with DNA from several people.[125] DNA profiling was developed in 1984 by British geneticist Sir Alec Jeffreys,[126] and first used in forensic science to convict Colin Pitchfork in the 1988 Enderby murders case.[127]

The development of forensic science,and the ability to now obtain genetic matching on minute samples of blood, skin, saliva or hair has led to a re-examination of a number of cases. Evidence can now be uncovered that was not scientifically possible at the time of the original examination. Combined with the removal of the double jeopardy law, this allows cases to be reopened where previous trials have failed to produce sufficient evidence to convince a jury. People charged with serious crimes may be required to provide a sample of DNA for matching purposes. The most obvious defence to DNA matches obtained forensically is to claim that cross-contamination of evidence has taken place. This has resulted in meticulous strict handling procedures with new cases of serious crime. DNA profiling is also be used to identify victims of mass casualty incidents.[128] As well as positively identifying bodies or body parts in serious accidents, DNA profiling is being successfully used to identify individual victims in mass war graves – matching to family members.

Bioinformatics[link]

Bioinformatics involves the manipulation, searching, and data mining of biological data, and this includes DNA sequence data. The development of techniques to store and search DNA sequences have led to widely applied advances in computer science, especially string searching algorithms, machine learning and database theory.[129] String searching or matching algorithms, which find an occurrence of a sequence of letters inside a larger sequence of letters, were developed to search for specific sequences of nucleotides.[130] The DNA sequence may be aligned with other DNA sequences to identify homologous sequences and locate the specific mutations that make them distinct. These techniques, especially multiple sequence alignment, are used in studying phylogenetic relationships and protein function.[131] Data sets representing entire genomes' worth of DNA sequences, such as those produced by the Human Genome Project, are difficult to use without the annotations that identify the locations of genes and regulatory elements on each chromosome. Regions of DNA sequence that have the characteristic patterns associated with protein- or RNA-coding genes can be identified by gene finding algorithms, which allow researchers to predict the presence of particular gene products and their possible functions in an organism even before they have been isolated experimentally.[132] Entire genomes may also be compared which can shed light on the evolutionary history of particular organism and permit the examination of complex evolutionary events.

DNA nanotechnology[link]

The DNA structure at left (schematic shown) will self-assemble into the structure visualized by atomic force microscopy at right. DNA nanotechnology is the field that seeks to design nanoscale structures using the molecular recognition properties of DNA molecules. Image from Strong, 2004.

DNA nanotechnology uses the unique molecular recognition properties of DNA and other nucleic acids to create self-assembling branched DNA complexes with useful properties.[133] DNA is thus used as a structural material rather than as a carrier of biological information. This has led to the creation of two-dimensional periodic lattices (both tile-based as well as using the "DNA origami" method) as well as three-dimensional structures in the shapes of polyhedra.[134] Nanomechanical devices and algorithmic self-assembly have also been demonstrated,[135] and these DNA structures have been used to template the arrangement of other molecules such as gold nanoparticles and streptavidin proteins.[136]

History and anthropology[link]

Because DNA collects mutations over time, which are then inherited, it contains historical information, and, by comparing DNA sequences, geneticists can infer the evolutionary history of organisms, their phylogeny.[137] This field of phylogenetics is a powerful tool in evolutionary biology. If DNA sequences within a species are compared, population geneticists can learn the history of particular populations. This can be used in studies ranging from ecological genetics to anthropology; For example, DNA evidence is being used to try to identify the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel.[138][139]

DNA has also been used to look at modern family relationships, such as establishing family relationships between the descendants of Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson. This usage is closely related to the use of DNA in criminal investigations detailed above. Indeed, some criminal investigations have been solved when DNA from crime scenes has matched relatives of the guilty individual.[140]

History of DNA research[link]

James D. Watson and Francis Crick (right), co-originators of the double-helix model, with Maclyn McCarty (left).

DNA was first isolated by the Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher who, in 1869, discovered a microscopic substance in the pus of discarded surgical bandages. As it resided in the nuclei of cells, he called it "nuclein".[141] In 1878, Albrecht Kossel isolated the non-protein component of "nuclein", nucleic acid, and later isolated its five primary nucleobases.[142] In 1919, Phoebus Levene identified the base, sugar and phosphate nucleotide unit.[143] Levene suggested that DNA consisted of a string of nucleotide units linked together through the phosphate groups. However, Levene thought the chain was short and the bases repeated in a fixed order. In 1937 William Astbury produced the first X-ray diffraction patterns that showed that DNA had a regular structure.[144]

File:Rosalind Franklin.jpg
Rosalind Franklin used X-ray crystallography to help visualize the structure of DNA.

In 1927 Nikolai Koltsov proposed that inherited traits would be inherited via a "giant hereditary molecule" which would be made up of "two mirror strands that would replicate in a semi-conservative fashion using each strand as a template".[145] In 1928, Frederick Griffith discovered that traits of the "smooth" form of the Pneumococcus could be transferred to the "rough" form of the same bacteria by mixing killed "smooth" bacteria with the live "rough" form.[146] This system provided the first clear suggestion that DNA carries genetic information—the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment—when Oswald Avery, along with coworkers Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty, identified DNA as the transforming principle in 1943.[147] DNA's role in heredity was confirmed in 1952, when Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase in the Hershey–Chase experiment showed that DNA is the genetic material of the T2 phage.[148]

In 1953, James D. Watson and Francis Crick suggested what is now accepted as the first correct double-helix model of DNA structure in the journal Nature.[5] Their double-helix, molecular model of DNA was then based on a single X-ray diffraction image (labeled as "Photo 51")[149] taken by Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling in May 1952, as well as the information that the DNA bases are paired — also obtained through private communications from Erwin Chargaff in the previous years. Chargaff's rules played a very important role in establishing double-helix configurations for B-DNA as well as A-DNA.

Experimental evidence supporting the Watson and Crick model were published in a series of five articles in the same issue of Nature.[150] Of these, Franklin and Gosling's paper was the first publication of their own X-ray diffraction data and original analysis method that partially supported the Watson and Crick model;[31][151] this issue also contained an article on DNA structure by Maurice Wilkins and two of his colleagues, whose analysis and in vivo B-DNA X-ray patterns also supported the presence in vivo of the double-helical DNA configurations as proposed by Crick and Watson for their double-helix molecular model of DNA in the previous two pages of Nature.[32] In 1962, after Franklin's death, Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[152] However, Nobel rules of the time allowed only living recipients, but a vigorous debate continues on who should receive credit for the discovery.[153]

In an influential presentation in 1957, Crick laid out the central dogma of molecular biology, which foretold the relationship between DNA, RNA, and proteins, and articulated the "adaptor hypothesis".[154] Final confirmation of the replication mechanism that was implied by the double-helical structure followed in 1958 through the Meselson–Stahl experiment.[155] Further work by Crick and coworkers showed that the genetic code was based on non-overlapping triplets of bases, called codons, allowing Har Gobind Khorana, Robert W. Holley and Marshall Warren Nirenberg to decipher the genetic code.[156] These findings represent the birth of molecular biology.

See also[link]

References[link]

  1. ^ Russell, Peter (2001). iGenetics. New York: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-4553-1. 
  2. ^ Saenger, Wolfram (1984). Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-90762-9. 
  3. ^ a b Alberts, Bruce; Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts and Peter Walters (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell; Fourth Edition. New York and London: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3218-1. OCLC 48122761 57023651 69932405 145080076 48122761 57023651 69932405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=mboc4.TOC&depth=2. 
  4. ^ Butler, John M. (2001). Forensic DNA Typing. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-147951-0. OCLC 45406517 223032110 45406517.  pp. 14–15.
  5. ^ a b c d Watson J.D. and Crick F.H.C. (1953). "A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid" (PDF). Nature 171 (4356): 737–738. Bibcode 1953Natur.171..737W. DOI:10.1038/171737a0. PMID 13054692. http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf. 
  6. ^ Mandelkern M, Elias J, Eden D, Crothers D (1981). "The dimensions of DNA in solution". J Mol Biol 152 (1): 153–61. DOI:10.1016/0022-2836(81)90099-1. PMID 7338906. 
  7. ^ Gregory S; Barlow, KF; McLay, KE; Kaul, R; Swarbreck, D; Dunham, A; Scott, CE; Howe, KL et al. (2006). "The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1". Nature 441 (7091): 315–21. Bibcode 2006Natur.441..315G. DOI:10.1038/nature04727. PMID 16710414. 
  8. ^ a b c Berg J., Tymoczko J. and Stryer L. (2002) Biochemistry. W. H. Freeman and Company ISBN 0-7167-4955-6
  9. ^ Abbreviations and Symbols for Nucleic Acids, Polynucleotides and their Constituents IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (CBN). Retrieved 03 January 2006.
  10. ^ a b Ghosh A, Bansal M (2003). "A glossary of DNA structures from A to Z". Acta Crystallogr D 59 (4): 620–6. DOI:10.1107/S0907444903003251. PMID 12657780. 
  11. ^ Created from PDB 1D65
  12. ^ Yakovchuk P, Protozanova E, Frank-Kamenetskii MD (2006). "Base-stacking and base-pairing contributions into thermal stability of the DNA double helix". Nucleic Acids Res. 34 (2): 564–74. DOI:10.1093/nar/gkj454. PMC 1360284. PMID 16449200. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1360284. 
  13. ^ Verma S, Eckstein F (1998). "Modified oligonucleotides: synthesis and strategy for users". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67: 99–134. DOI:10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.99. PMID 9759484. 
  14. ^ Wing R, Drew H, Takano T, Broka C, Tanaka S, Itakura K, Dickerson R (1980). "Crystal structure analysis of a complete turn of B-DNA". Nature 287 (5784): 755–8. Bibcode 1980Natur.287..755W. DOI:10.1038/287755a0. PMID 7432492. 
  15. ^ a b Pabo C, Sauer R (1984). "Protein-DNA recognition". Annu Rev Biochem 53: 293–321. DOI:10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.001453. PMID 6236744. 
  16. ^ Clausen-Schaumann H, Rief M, Tolksdorf C, Gaub H (2000). "Mechanical stability of single DNA molecules". Biophys J 78 (4): 1997–2007. Bibcode 2000BpJ....78.1997C. DOI:10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76747-6. PMC 1300792. PMID 10733978. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1300792. 
  17. ^ Chalikian T, Völker J, Plum G, Breslauer K (1999). "A more unified picture for the thermodynamics of nucleic acid duplex melting: A characterization by calorimetric and volumetric techniques". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 (14): 7853–8. Bibcode 1999PNAS...96.7853C. DOI:10.1073/pnas.96.14.7853. PMC 22151. PMID 10393911. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22151. 
  18. ^ deHaseth P, Helmann J (1995). "Open complex formation by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase: the mechanism of polymerase-induced strand separation of double helical DNA". Mol Microbiol 16 (5): 817–24. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02309.x. PMID 7476180. 
  19. ^ Isaksson J, Acharya S, Barman J, Cheruku P, Chattopadhyaya J (2004). "Single-stranded adenine-rich DNA and RNA retain structural characteristics of their respective double-stranded conformations and show directional differences in stacking pattern". Biochemistry 43 (51): 15996–6010. DOI:10.1021/bi048221v. PMID 15609994. 
  20. ^ Designation of the two strands of DNA JCBN/NC-IUB Newsletter 1989, Accessed 07 May 2008
  21. ^ Hüttenhofer A, Schattner P, Polacek N (2005). "Non-coding RNAs: hope or hype?". Trends Genet 21 (5): 289–97. DOI:10.1016/j.tig.2005.03.007. PMID 15851066. 
  22. ^ Munroe S (2004). "Diversity of antisense regulation in eukaryotes: multiple mechanisms, emerging patterns". J Cell Biochem 93 (4): 664–71. DOI:10.1002/jcb.20252. PMID 15389973. 
  23. ^ Makalowska I, Lin C, Makalowski W (2005). "Overlapping genes in vertebrate genomes". Comput Biol Chem 29 (1): 1–12. DOI:10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2004.12.006. PMID 15680581. 
  24. ^ Johnson Z, Chisholm S (2004). "Properties of overlapping genes are conserved across microbial genomes". Genome Res 14 (11): 2268–72. DOI:10.1101/gr.2433104. PMC 525685. PMID 15520290. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=525685. 
  25. ^ Lamb R, Horvath C (1991). "Diversity of coding strategies in influenza viruses". Trends Genet 7 (8): 261–6. DOI:10.1016/0168-9525(91)90326-L. PMID 1771674. 
  26. ^ Benham C, Mielke S (2005). "DNA mechanics". Annu Rev Biomed Eng 7: 21–53. DOI:10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.062403.132016. PMID 16004565. 
  27. ^ a b Champoux J (2001). "DNA topoisomerases: structure, function, and mechanism". Annu Rev Biochem 70: 369–413. DOI:10.1146/annurev.biochem.70.1.369. PMID 11395412. 
  28. ^ a b Wang J (2002). "Cellular roles of DNA topoisomerases: a molecular perspective". Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3 (6): 430–40. DOI:10.1038/nrm831. PMID 12042765. 
  29. ^ Basu H, Feuerstein B, Zarling D, Shafer R, Marton L (1988). "Recognition of Z-RNA and Z-DNA determinants by polyamines in solution: experimental and theoretical studies". J Biomol Struct Dyn 6 (2): 299–309. PMID 2482766. 
  30. ^ Franklin RE, Gosling RG (6 March 1953). "The Structure of Sodium Thymonucleate Fibres I. The Influence of Water Content". Acta Crystallogr 6 (8–9): 673–7. DOI:10.1107/S0365110X53001939. http://hekto.med.unc.edu:8080/CARTER/carter_WWW/Bioch_134/PDF_files/Franklin_Gossling.pdf. 
    Franklin RE, Gosling RG (1953). "The structure of sodium thymonucleate fibres. II. The cylindrically symmetrical Patterson function". Acta Crystallogr 6 (8–9): 678–85. DOI:10.1107/S0365110X53001940. 
  31. ^ a b Franklin, Rosalind and Gosling, Raymond (1953). "Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate. Franklin R. and Gosling R.G" (PDF). Nature 171 (4356): 740–1. Bibcode 1953Natur.171..740F. DOI:10.1038/171740a0. PMID 13054694. http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/franklingosling.pdf. 
  32. ^ a b Wilkins M.H.F., A.R. Stokes A.R. & Wilson, H.R. (1953). "Molecular Structure of Deoxypentose Nucleic Acids" (PDF). Nature 171 (4356): 738–740. Bibcode 1953Natur.171..738W. DOI:10.1038/171738a0. PMID 13054693. http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/wilkins.pdf. 
  33. ^ Leslie AG, Arnott S, Chandrasekaran R, Ratliff RL (1980). "Polymorphism of DNA double helices". J. Mol. Biol. 143 (1): 49–72. DOI:10.1016/0022-2836(80)90124-2. PMID 7441761. 
  34. ^ Baianu, I.C. (1980). "Structural Order and Partial Disorder in Biological systems". Bull. Math. Biol. 42 (4): 137–141.  http://cogprints.org/3822/
  35. ^ Hosemann R., Bagchi R.N., Direct analysis of diffraction by matter, North-Holland Publs., Amsterdam – New York, 1962.
  36. ^ Baianu, I.C. (1978). "X-ray scattering by partially disordered membrane systems". Acta Crystallogr A 34 (5): 751–753. Bibcode 1978AcCrA..34..751B. DOI:10.1107/S0567739478001540. 
  37. ^ Wahl M, Sundaralingam M (1997). "Crystal structures of A-DNA duplexes". Biopolymers 44 (1): 45–63. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0282(1997)44:1<45::AID-BIP4>3.0.CO;2-#. PMID 9097733. 
  38. ^ Lu XJ, Shakked Z, Olson WK (2000). "A-form conformational motifs in ligand-bound DNA structures". J. Mol. Biol. 300 (4): 819–40. DOI:10.1006/jmbi.2000.3690. PMID 10891271. 
  39. ^ Rothenburg S, Koch-Nolte F, Haag F (2001). "DNA methylation and Z-DNA formation as mediators of quantitative differences in the expression of alleles". Immunol Rev 184: 286–98. DOI:10.1034/j.1600-065x.2001.1840125.x. PMID 12086319. 
  40. ^ Oh D, Kim Y, Rich A (2002). "Z-DNA-binding proteins can act as potent effectors of gene expression in vivo". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16666–71. Bibcode 2002PNAS...9916666O. DOI:10.1073/pnas.262672699. PMC 139201. PMID 12486233. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139201. 
  41. ^ a b "Arsenic-loving bacteria may help in hunt for alien life". BBC News. December 2, 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11886943. Retrieved 2010-12-02. 
  42. ^ a b Bortman, Henry (2010-12-02). "Arsenic-Eating Bacteria Opens New Possibilities for Alien Life". Space.Com web site (Space.com). http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/arsenic-bacteria-alien-life-101202.html. Retrieved 2010-12-02. 
  43. ^ Katsnelson, Alla (2 December 2010). "Arsenic-eating microbe may redefine chemistry of life". Nature News. DOI:10.1038/news.2010.645. http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101202/full/news.2010.645.html. 
  44. ^ a b Greider C, Blackburn E (1985). "Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts". Cell 43 (2 Pt 1): 405–13. DOI:10.1016/0092-8674(85)90170-9. PMID 3907856. 
  45. ^ a b c Nugent C, Lundblad V (1998). "The telomerase reverse transcriptase: components and regulation". Genes Dev 12 (8): 1073–85. DOI:10.1101/gad.12.8.1073. PMID 9553037. 
  46. ^ Wright W, Tesmer V, Huffman K, Levene S, Shay J (1997). "Normal human chromosomes have long G-rich telomeric overhangs at one end". Genes Dev 11 (21): 2801–9. DOI:10.1101/gad.11.21.2801. PMC 316649. PMID 9353250. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=316649. 
  47. ^ Created from NDB UD0017
  48. ^ a b Burge S, Parkinson G, Hazel P, Todd A, Neidle S (2006). "Quadruplex DNA: sequence, topology and structure". Nucleic Acids Res 34 (19): 5402–15. DOI:10.1093/nar/gkl655. PMC 1636468. PMID 17012276. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1636468. 
  49. ^ Parkinson G, Lee M, Neidle S (2002). "Crystal structure of parallel quadruplexes from human telomeric DNA". Nature 417 (6891): 876–80. DOI:10.1038/nature755. PMID 12050675. 
  50. ^ Griffith J, Comeau L, Rosenfield S, Stansel R, Bianchi A, Moss H, de Lange T (1999). "Mammalian telomeres end in a large duplex loop". Cell 97 (4): 503–14. DOI:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80760-6. PMID 10338214. 
  51. ^ Seeman NC (2005). "DNA enables nanoscale control of the structure of matter". Q. Rev. Biophys. 38 (4): 363–71. DOI:10.1017/S0033583505004087. PMID 16515737. 
  52. ^ Painter PC, Mosher LE, Rhoads C (1982). "Low-frequency modes in the Raman spectra of proteins". Biopolymers 21 (7): 1469–72. DOI:10.1002/bip.360210715. PMID 7115900. 
  53. ^ Urabe H, Tominaga Y, Kubota K (1983). "Experimental evidence of collective vibrations in DNA double helix (Raman spectroscopy)". Journal of Chemical Physics 78 (10): 5937–5939. Bibcode 1983JChPh..78.5937U. DOI:10.1063/1.444600. 
  54. ^ Chou KC (1984). "Low-frequency vibrations of DNA molecules". Biochem. J. 221 (1): 27–31. PMC 1143999. PMID 6466317. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1143999. 
  55. ^ Chou KC, Maggiora GM, Mao B (1989). "Quasi-continuum models of twist-like and accordion-like low-frequency motions in DNA". Biophys. J. 56 (2): 295–305. Bibcode 1989BpJ....56..295C. DOI:10.1016/S0006-3495(89)82676-1. PMC 1280479. PMID 2775828. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1280479. 
  56. ^ Klose R, Bird A (2006). "Genomic DNA methylation: the mark and its mediators". Trends Biochem Sci 31 (2): 89–97. DOI:10.1016/j.tibs.2005.12.008. PMID 16403636. 
  57. ^ Bird A (2002). "DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory". Genes Dev 16 (1): 6–21. DOI:10.1101/gad.947102. PMID 11782440. 
  58. ^ Walsh C, Xu G (2006). "Cytosine methylation and DNA repair". Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 301: 283–315. DOI:10.1007/3-540-31390-7_11. ISBN 3-540-29114-8. PMID 16570853. 
  59. ^ Kriaucionis S, Heintz N (2009). "The nuclear DNA base 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is present in Purkinje neurons and the brain". Science 324 (5929): 929–30. Bibcode 2009Sci...324..929K. DOI:10.1126/science.1169786. PMC 3263819. PMID 19372393. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3263819. 
  60. ^ Ratel D, Ravanat J, Berger F, Wion D (2006). "N6-methyladenine: the other methylated base of DNA". BioEssays 28 (3): 309–15. DOI:10.1002/bies.20342. PMC 2754416. PMID 16479578. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2754416. 
  61. ^ Gommers-Ampt J, Van Leeuwen F, de Beer A, Vliegenthart J, Dizdaroglu M, Kowalak J, Crain P, Borst P (1993). "beta-D-glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil: a novel modified base present in the DNA of the parasitic protozoan T. brucei". Cell 75 (6): 1129–36. DOI:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90322-H. PMID 8261512. 
  62. ^ Created from PDB 1JDG
  63. ^ Douki T, Reynaud-Angelin A, Cadet J, Sage E (2003). "Bipyrimidine photoproducts rather than oxidative lesions are the main type of DNA damage involved in the genotoxic effect of solar UVA radiation". Biochemistry 42 (30): 9221–6. DOI:10.1021/bi034593c. PMID 12885257. 
  64. ^ Cadet J, Delatour T, Douki T, Gasparutto D, Pouget J, Ravanat J, Sauvaigo S (1999). "Hydroxyl radicals and DNA base damage". Mutat Res 424 (1–2): 9–21. DOI:10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00004-4. PMID 10064846. 
  65. ^ Beckman KB, Ames BN (1997). "Oxidative decay of DNA". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (32): 19633–6. DOI:10.1074/jbc.272.32.19633. PMID 9289489. 
  66. ^ Valerie K, Povirk L (2003). "Regulation and mechanisms of mammalian double-strand break repair". Oncogene 22 (37): 5792–812. DOI:10.1038/sj.onc.1206679. PMID 12947387. 
  67. ^ Ferguson L, Denny W (1991). "The genetic toxicology of acridines". Mutat Res 258 (2): 123–60. PMID 1881402. 
  68. ^ Stephens T, Bunde C, Fillmore B (2000). "Mechanism of action in thalidomide teratogenesis". Biochem Pharmacol 59 (12): 1489–99. DOI:10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00388-3. PMID 10799645. 
  69. ^ Jeffrey A (1985). "DNA modification by chemical carcinogens". Pharmacol Ther 28 (2): 237–72. DOI:10.1016/0163-7258(85)90013-0. PMID 3936066. 
  70. ^ Braña M, Cacho M, Gradillas A, de Pascual-Teresa B, Ramos A (2001). "Intercalators as anticancer drugs". Curr Pharm Des 7 (17): 1745–80. DOI:10.2174/1381612013397113. PMID 11562309. 
  71. ^ Venter J; Adams, MD; Myers, EW; Li, PW; Mural, RJ; Sutton, GG; Smith, HO; Yandell, M et al. (2001). "The sequence of the human genome". Science 291 (5507): 1304–51. Bibcode 2001Sci...291.1304V. DOI:10.1126/science.1058040. PMID 11181995. 
  72. ^ Thanbichler M, Wang S, Shapiro L (2005). "The bacterial nucleoid: a highly organized and dynamic structure". J Cell Biochem 96 (3): 506–21. DOI:10.1002/jcb.20519. PMID 15988757. 
  73. ^ Wolfsberg T, McEntyre J, Schuler G (2001). "Guide to the draft human genome". Nature 409 (6822): 824–6. DOI:10.1038/35057000. PMID 11236998. 
  74. ^ Gregory T (2005). "The C-value enigma in plants and animals: a review of parallels and an appeal for partnership". Ann Bot (Lond) 95 (1): 133–46. DOI:10.1093/aob/mci009. PMID 15596463. 
  75. ^ The ENCODE Project Consortium (2007). "Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project". Nature 447 (7146): 799–816. Bibcode 2007Natur.447..799B. DOI:10.1038/nature05874. PMC 2212820. PMID 17571346. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2212820. 
  76. ^ Created from PDB 1MSW
  77. ^ Pidoux A, Allshire R (2005). "The role of heterochromatin in centromere function". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 360 (1455): 569–79. DOI:10.1098/rstb.2004.1611. PMC 1569473. PMID 15905142. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1569473. 
  78. ^ Harrison P, Hegyi H, Balasubramanian S, Luscombe N, Bertone P, Echols N, Johnson T, Gerstein M (2002). "Molecular Fossils in the Human Genome: Identification and Analysis of the Pseudogenes in Chromosomes 21 and 22". Genome Res 12 (2): 272–80. DOI:10.1101/gr.207102. PMC 155275. PMID 11827946. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155275. 
  79. ^ Harrison P, Gerstein M (2002). "Studying genomes through the aeons: protein families, pseudogenes and proteome evolution". J Mol Biol 318 (5): 1155–74. DOI:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00109-2. PMID 12083509. 
  80. ^ Albà M (2001). "Replicative DNA polymerases". Genome Biol 2 (1): REVIEWS3002. DOI:10.1186/gb-2001-2-1-reviews3002. PMC 150442. PMID 11178285. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150442. 
  81. ^ Sandman K, Pereira S, Reeve J (1998). "Diversity of prokaryotic chromosomal proteins and the origin of the nucleosome". Cell Mol Life Sci 54 (12): 1350–64. DOI:10.1007/s000180050259. PMID 9893710. 
  82. ^ Dame RT (2005). "The role of nucleoid-associated proteins in the organization and compaction of bacterial chromatin". Mol. Microbiol. 56 (4): 858–70. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04598.x. PMID 15853876. 
  83. ^ Luger K, Mäder A, Richmond R, Sargent D, Richmond T (1997). "Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 A resolution". Nature 389 (6648): 251–60. Bibcode 1997Natur.389..251L. DOI:10.1038/38444. PMID 9305837. 
  84. ^ Jenuwein T, Allis C (2001). "Translating the histone code". Science 293 (5532): 1074–80. DOI:10.1126/science.1063127. PMID 11498575. 
  85. ^ Ito T (2003). "Nucleosome assembly and remodelling". Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 274: 1–22. DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-55747-7_1. ISBN 978-3-540-44208-0. PMID 12596902. 
  86. ^ Thomas J (2001). "HMG1 and 2: architectural DNA-binding proteins". Biochem Soc Trans 29 (Pt 4): 395–401. DOI:10.1042/BST0290395. PMID 11497996. 
  87. ^ Grosschedl R, Giese K, Pagel J (1994). "HMG domain proteins: architectural elements in the assembly of nucleoprotein structures". Trends Genet 10 (3): 94–100. DOI:10.1016/0168-9525(94)90232-1. PMID 8178371. 
  88. ^ Iftode C, Daniely Y, Borowiec J (1999). "Replication protein A (RPA): the eukaryotic SSB". Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 34 (3): 141–80. DOI:10.1080/10409239991209255. PMID 10473346. 
  89. ^ Created from PDB 1LMB
  90. ^ Myers L, Kornberg R (2000). "Mediator of transcriptional regulation". Annu Rev Biochem 69: 729–49. DOI:10.1146/annurev.biochem.69.1.729. PMID 10966474. 
  91. ^ Spiegelman B, Heinrich R (2004). "Biological control through regulated transcriptional coactivators". Cell 119 (2): 157–67. DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2004.09.037. PMID 15479634. 
  92. ^ Li Z, Van Calcar S, Qu C, Cavenee W, Zhang M, Ren B (2003). "A global transcriptional regulatory role for c-Myc in Burkitt's lymphoma cells". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 (14): 8164–9. Bibcode 2003PNAS..100.8164L. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1332764100. PMC 166200. PMID 12808131. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166200. 
  93. ^ Created from PDB 1RVA
  94. ^ Bickle T, Krüger D (1993). "Biology of DNA restriction". Microbiol Rev 57 (2): 434–50. PMC 372918. PMID 8336674. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=372918. 
  95. ^ a b Doherty A, Suh S (2000). "Structural and mechanistic conservation in DNA ligases". Nucleic Acids Res 28 (21): 4051–8. DOI:10.1093/nar/28.21.4051. PMC 113121. PMID 11058099. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=113121. 
  96. ^ Schoeffler A, Berger J (2005). "Recent advances in understanding structure-function relationships in the type II topoisomerase mechanism". Biochem Soc Trans 33 (Pt 6): 1465–70. DOI:10.1042/BST20051465. PMID 16246147. 
  97. ^ Tuteja N, Tuteja R (2004). "Unraveling DNA helicases. Motif, structure, mechanism and function". Eur J Biochem 271 (10): 1849–63. DOI:10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04094.x. PMID 15128295. 
  98. ^ a b Joyce C, Steitz T (1995). "Polymerase structures and function: variations on a theme?". J Bacteriol 177 (22): 6321–9. PMC 177480. PMID 7592405. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=177480. 
  99. ^ Hubscher U, Maga G, Spadari S (2002). "Eukaryotic DNA polymerases". Annu Rev Biochem 71: 133–63. DOI:10.1146/annurev.biochem.71.090501.150041. PMID 12045093. 
  100. ^ Johnson A, O'Donnell M (2005). "Cellular DNA replicases: components and dynamics at the replication fork". Annu Rev Biochem 74: 283–315. DOI:10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.011303.073859. PMID 15952889. 
  101. ^ Tarrago-Litvak L, Andréola M, Nevinsky G, Sarih-Cottin L, Litvak S (1 May 1994). "The reverse transcriptase of HIV-1: from enzymology to therapeutic intervention". FASEB J 8 (8): 497–503. PMID 7514143. 
  102. ^ Martinez E (2002). "Multi-protein complexes in eukaryotic gene transcription". Plant Mol Biol 50 (6): 925–47. DOI:10.1023/A:1021258713850. PMID 12516863. 
  103. ^ Created from PDB 1M6G
  104. ^ Cremer T, Cremer C (2001). "Chromosome territories, nuclear architecture and gene regulation in mammalian cells". Nat Rev Genet 2 (4): 292–301. DOI:10.1038/35066075. PMID 11283701. 
  105. ^ Pál C, Papp B, Lercher M (2006). "An integrated view of protein evolution". Nat Rev Genet 7 (5): 337–48. DOI:10.1038/nrg1838. PMID 16619049. 
  106. ^ O'Driscoll M, Jeggo P (2006). "The role of double-strand break repair – insights from human genetics". Nat Rev Genet 7 (1): 45–54. DOI:10.1038/nrg1746. PMID 16369571. 
  107. ^ Vispé S, Defais M (1997). "Mammalian Rad51 protein: a RecA homologue with pleiotropic functions". Biochimie 79 (9–10): 587–92. DOI:10.1016/S0300-9084(97)82007-X. PMID 9466696. 
  108. ^ Neale MJ, Keeney S (2006). "Clarifying the mechanics of DNA strand exchange in meiotic recombination". Nature 442 (7099): 153–8. Bibcode 2006Natur.442..153N. DOI:10.1038/nature04885. PMID 16838012. 
  109. ^ Dickman M, Ingleston S, Sedelnikova S, Rafferty J, Lloyd R, Grasby J, Hornby D (2002). "The RuvABC resolvasome". Eur J Biochem 269 (22): 5492–501. DOI:10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03250.x. PMID 12423347. 
  110. ^ Orgel L (2004). "Prebiotic chemistry and the origin of the RNA world". Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 39 (2): 99–123. DOI:10.1080/10409230490460765. PMID 15217990. 
  111. ^ Davenport R (2001). "Ribozymes. Making copies in the RNA world". Science 292 (5520): 1278. DOI:10.1126/science.292.5520.1278a. PMID 11360970. 
  112. ^ Szathmáry E (1992). "What is the optimum size for the genetic alphabet?". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 (7): 2614–8. Bibcode 1992PNAS...89.2614S. DOI:10.1073/pnas.89.7.2614. PMC 48712. PMID 1372984. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=48712. 
  113. ^ Lindahl T (1993). "Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA". Nature 362 (6422): 709–15. Bibcode 1993Natur.362..709L. DOI:10.1038/362709a0. PMID 8469282. 
  114. ^ Vreeland R, Rosenzweig W, Powers D (2000). "Isolation of a 250 million-year-old halotolerant bacterium from a primary salt crystal". Nature 407 (6806): 897–900. DOI:10.1038/35038060. PMID 11057666. 
  115. ^ Hebsgaard M, Phillips M, Willerslev E (2005). "Geologically ancient DNA: fact or artefact?". Trends Microbiol 13 (5): 212–20. DOI:10.1016/j.tim.2005.03.010. PMID 15866038. 
  116. ^ Nickle D, Learn G, Rain M, Mullins J, Mittler J (2002). "Curiously modern DNA for a "250 million-year-old" bacterium". J Mol Evol 54 (1): 134–7. DOI:10.1007/s00239-001-0025-x. PMID 11734907. 
  117. ^ Callahan, M.P.; Smith, K.E.; Cleaves, H.J.; Ruzica, J.; Stern, J.C.; Glavin, D.P.; House, C.H.; Dworkin, J.P. (11 August 2011). "Carbonaceous meteorites contain a wide range of extraterrestrial nucleobases". PNAS. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1106493108. http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/08/10/1106493108. Retrieved 2011-08-15. 
  118. ^ Steigerwald, John (8 August 2011). "NASA Researchers: DNA Building Blocks Can Be Made in Space". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/dna-meteorites.html. Retrieved 2011-08-10. 
  119. ^ ScienceDaily Staff (9 August 2011). "DNA Building Blocks Can Be Made in Space, NASA Evidence Suggests". ScienceDaily. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110808220659.htm. Retrieved 2011-08-09. 
  120. ^ Goff SP, Berg P (1976). "Construction of hybrid viruses containing SV40 and lambda phage DNA segments and their propagation in cultured monkey cells". Cell 9 (4 PT 2): 695–705. DOI:10.1016/0092-8674(76)90133-1. PMID 189942. 
  121. ^ Houdebine L (2007). "Transgenic animal models in biomedical research". Methods Mol Biol 360: 163–202. DOI:10.1385/1-59745-165-7:163. ISBN 1-59745-165-7. PMID 17172731. 
  122. ^ Daniell H, Dhingra A (2002). "Multigene engineering: dawn of an exciting new era in biotechnology". Curr Opin Biotechnol 13 (2): 136–41. DOI:10.1016/S0958-1669(02)00297-5. PMID 11950565. 
  123. ^ Job D (2002). "Plant biotechnology in agriculture". Biochimie 84 (11): 1105–10. DOI:10.1016/S0300-9084(02)00013-5. PMID 12595138. 
  124. ^ Collins A, Morton N (1994). "Likelihood ratios for DNA identification". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 (13): 6007–11. Bibcode 1994PNAS...91.6007C. DOI:10.1073/pnas.91.13.6007. PMC 44126. PMID 8016106. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=44126. 
  125. ^ Weir B, Triggs C, Starling L, Stowell L, Walsh K, Buckleton J (1997). "Interpreting DNA mixtures". J Forensic Sci 42 (2): 213–22. PMID 9068179. 
  126. ^ Jeffreys A, Wilson V, Thein S (1985). "Individual-specific 'fingerprints' of human DNA". Nature 316 (6023): 76–9. Bibcode 1985Natur.316...76J. DOI:10.1038/316076a0. PMID 2989708. 
  127. ^ Colin Pitchfork — first murder conviction on DNA evidence also clears the prime suspect Forensic Science Service Accessed 23 December 2006
  128. ^ "DNA Identification in Mass Fatality Incidents". National Institute of Justice. September 2006. http://massfatality.dna.gov/Introduction/. 
  129. ^ Baldi, Pierre; Brunak, Soren (2001). Bioinformatics: The Machine Learning Approach. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-02506-5. OCLC 45951728. 
  130. ^ Gusfield, Dan. Algorithms on Strings, Trees, and Sequences: Computer Science and Computational Biology. Cambridge University Press, 15 January 1997. ISBN 978-0-521-58519-4.
  131. ^ Sjölander K (2004). "Phylogenomic inference of protein molecular function: advances and challenges". Bioinformatics 20 (2): 170–9. DOI:10.1093/bioinformatics/bth021. PMID 14734307. 
  132. ^ Mount DM (2004). Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis (2 ed.). Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ISBN 0-87969-712-1. OCLC 55106399. 
  133. ^ Rothemund PW (2006). "Folding DNA to create nanoscale shapes and patterns". Nature 440 (7082): 297–302. Bibcode 2006Natur.440..297R. DOI:10.1038/nature04586. PMID 16541064. 
  134. ^ Andersen ES, Dong M, Nielsen MM (2009). "Self-assembly of a nanoscale DNA box with a controllable lid". Nature 459 (7243): 73–6. Bibcode 2009Natur.459...73A. DOI:10.1038/nature07971. PMID 19424153. 
  135. ^ Ishitsuka Y, Ha T (2009). "DNA nanotechnology: a nanomachine goes live". Nat Nanotechnol 4 (5): 281–2. Bibcode 2009NatNa...4..281I. DOI:10.1038/nnano.2009.101. PMID 19421208. 
  136. ^ Aldaye FA, Palmer AL, Sleiman HF (2008). "Assembling materials with DNA as the guide". Science 321 (5897): 1795–9. Bibcode 2008Sci...321.1795A. DOI:10.1126/science.1154533. PMID 18818351. 
  137. ^ Wray G; Martindale, Mark Q. (2002). "Dating branches on the Tree of Life using DNA". Genome Biol 3 (1): REVIEWS0001. DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142X.1999.99010.x. PMC 150454. PMID 11806830. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150454. 
  138. ^ Lost Tribes of Israel, NOVA, PBS airdate: 22 February 2000. Transcript available from PBS.org. Retrieved 4 March 2006.
  139. ^ Kleiman, Yaakov. "The Cohanim/DNA Connection: The fascinating story of how DNA studies confirm an ancient biblical tradition". aish.com (January 13, 2000). Retrieved 4 March 2006.
  140. ^ Bhattacharya, Shaoni. "Killer convicted thanks to relative's DNA". newscientist.com (20 April 2004). Retrieved 22 December 06.
  141. ^ Dahm R (2008). "Discovering DNA: Friedrich Miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research". Hum. Genet. 122 (6): 565–81. DOI:10.1007/s00439-007-0433-0. PMID 17901982. 
  142. ^ Jones, Mary Ellen (September 1953). "Albrecht Kossel, A Biographical Sketch". Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine (National Center for Biotechnology Information) 26 (1): 80–97. PMC 2599350. PMID 13103145. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2599350. 
  143. ^ Levene P, (1 December 1919). "The structure of yeast nucleic acid". J Biol Chem 40 (2): 415–24. 
  144. ^ Astbury W, (1947). "Nucleic acid". Symp. SOC. Exp. Biol. 1 (66). 
  145. ^ Valery N. Soyfer (2001). "The consequences of political dictatorship for Russian science". Nature Reviews Genetics 2 (9): 723–729. DOI:10.1038/35088598. PMID 11533721. 
  146. ^ Lorenz MG, Wackernagel W (1994). "Bacterial gene transfer by natural genetic transformation in the environment". Microbiol. Rev. 58 (3): 563–602. PMC 372978. PMID 7968924. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=372978. 
  147. ^ Avery O, MacLeod C, McCarty M (1944). "STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE SUBSTANCE INDUCING TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES : INDUCTION OF TRANSFORMATION BY A DESOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID FRACTION ISOLATED FROM PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE III". J Exp Med 79 (2): 137–158. DOI:10.1084/jem.79.2.137. PMC 2135445. PMID 19871359. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2135445. 
  148. ^ Hershey A, Chase M (1952). "INDEPENDENT FUNCTIONS OF VIRAL PROTEIN AND NUCLEIC ACID IN GROWTH OF BACTERIOPHAGE". J Gen Physiol 36 (1): 39–56. DOI:10.1085/jgp.36.1.39. PMC 2147348. PMID 12981234. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2147348. 
  149. ^ The B-DNA X-ray pattern on the right of this linked image was obtained by Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling in May 1952 at high hydration levels of DNA and it has been labeled as "Photo 51"
  150. ^ Nature Archives Double Helix of DNA: 50 Years
  151. ^ "Original X-ray diffraction image". Osulibrary.oregonstate.edu. http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/dna/pictures/franklin-typeBphoto.html. Retrieved 2011-02-06. 
  152. ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 Nobelprize .org Accessed 22 December 06
  153. ^ Brenda Maddox (23 January 2003). "The double helix and the 'wronged heroine'" (PDF). Nature 421 (6921): 407–408. DOI:10.1038/nature01399. PMID 12540909. http://www.biomath.nyu.edu/index/course/hw_articles/nature4.pdf. 
  154. ^ Crick, F.H.C. On degenerate templates and the adaptor hypothesis (PDF). genome.wellcome.ac.uk (Lecture, 1955). Retrieved 22 December 2006.
  155. ^ Meselson M, Stahl F (1958). "THE REPLICATION OF DNA IN ESCHERICHIA COLI". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 44 (7): 671–82. Bibcode 1958PNAS...44..671M. DOI:10.1073/pnas.44.7.671. PMC 528642. PMID 16590258. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=528642. 
  156. ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968 Nobelprize.org Accessed 22 December 06

Further reading[link]

External links[link]

http://wn.com/DNA

Related pages:

http://de.wn.com/Desoxyribonukleinsäure

http://es.wn.com/Ácido desoxirribonucleico

http://ru.wn.com/Дезоксирибонуклеиновая кислота

http://cs.wn.com/DNA

http://pt.wn.com/Ácido desoxirribonucleico

http://pl.wn.com/Kwas deoksyrybonukleinowy

http://hi.wn.com/डीऑक्सीराइबोन्यूक्लिक अम्ल

http://it.wn.com/DNA

http://id.wn.com/Asam deoksiribonukleat

http://nl.wn.com/Desoxyribonucleïnezuur

http://fr.wn.com/Acide désoxyribonucléique




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.