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Cromwell Hospital
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Faisalabad
(Punjabi, {{lang-ur|) is a city in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. It was formerly known as Lyallpur. Faisalabad is the third largest city in Pakistan after Karachi and Lahore. Before the foundation of the city in 1880, the area was very thinly populated. The population has risen from 9,171 in 1901 to 179,000 in 1951 and to 2,009,000 in 1998. The larger Faisalabad district had a population of about 5.4 million in 1998.
http://wn.com/Faisalabad -
Lahore
Lahore ({{lang-pa|, {{lang-ur|, ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. The city lies along the Ravi River and is situated approximately from Wagah (the only road border crossing between India and Pakistan). Historically the main city of the undivided Punjab, Lahore has been a center of Muslim heritage since the Data Durbar is located here. It is often called the Garden of Mughals because of its rich Mughal heritage. It successively served as provincial/regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th century, the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are popular tourist attractions for the city. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Mughal-Gothic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office (GPO), the Lahore Museum, and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. Lahore is often referred to as the cultural heart of Pakistan, as it is the center of Pakistani arts, films and intelligentsia.
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Punjab, Pakistan
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A. R. Rahman
Allah Rakha Rahman (; born 6 January 1966 as A. S. Dileep Kumar) is an Indian film composer, record producer, musician and singer. His film scoring career began in the early 1990s. He has won fourteen Filmfare Awards, four National Film Awards, a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe, two Grammy Awards, and two Academy Awards.
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Alanis Morissette
Alanis Nadine Morissette (born June 1, 1974) is a Canadian singer-songwriter, record producer and actor. She has won 16 Juno Awards and seven Grammy Awards.
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Alim Qasimov
Alim Qasimov, (born in 1957), is an Azerbaijani musician and is one of the foremost mugam singers in Azerbaijan. He was awarded the prestigious International IMC-UNESCO Music Prize in 1999, one of the highest international accolades for music. His music is characterised by his vocal improvisation and represents a move away from the traditional style of mugham. Qasimov has recorded nine albums, three of which are mugham albums with his daughter, Ferghana Qasimova. He has performed internationally, including concerts in: France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Brazil, Iran and the United States.
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Dildar Hussain
Dildar Hussain was the percussionist of Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan's Qawwali party until Nusrat's death in 1997.
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Eddie Vedder
Eddie Vedder (born Edward Louis Severson III; December 23, 1964) is an American musician and singer-songwriter who serves as the lead vocalist and one of three guitarists for the American Alternative rock band Pearl Jam. Vedder left the Southern California music scene and moved to Seattle, Washington in 1990 to join Pearl Jam where he rose to fame amid the grunge movement of the early 1990s. He is notable for his "golden baritone" vocal style, and is considered a cultural icon of alternative rock.
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Elvis Presley
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Faisalabad
(Punjabi, lang-ur|) is a city in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. It was formerly known as Lyallpur. Faisalabad is the third largest city in Pakistan after Karachi and Lahore. Before the foundation of the city in 1880, the area was very thinly populated. The population has risen from 9,171 in 1901 to 179,000 in 1951 and to 2,009,000 in 1998. The larger Faisalabad district had a population of about 5.4 million in 1998.
http://wn.com/Faisalabad -
Jonathan Elias
Jonathan Elias (born 1956) is a U.S. composer and record producer, known for his movie soundtracks, production for several pop and rock acts, and his award-winning advertising music including the PBS logo instrumental from October 1, 1984 to October 1, 1989.
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Martin Scorsese
Martin Charles Scorsese (; born November 17, 1942) is an American film director, screenwriter, producer, actor, and film historian. He is the founder of the World Cinema Foundation and a recipient of the AFI Life Achievement Award for his contributions to the cinema, and has won awards from the Oscars, Golden Globe, BAFTA, and Directors Guild of America. Scorsese is president of The Film Foundation, a nonprofit organization dedicated to film preservation.
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Michael Brook
Michael Brook (born 1951 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian guitarist, inventor, producer, and film music composer familiar with many disciplines including rock, electronica, world music, minimalism and film scores.
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Moinuddin Chishti
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Mubarak Ali Khan
Mubarak Ali Khan (), one of the foremost Pakistani Qawwals of his time, was the father of Mujahid Mubarak Ali Khan, uncle of Qawwali musicians Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan, and the brother of Fateh Ali Khan and Salamat Ali Khan. He is also the great-uncle of Rahat Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. He was born in Lyallpur, Punjab, British India. After the death of Fateh Ali Khan in 1964, he took over Nusrat's training in classical music and Qawwali until his death in 1971.
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Peter Gabriel
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Sheila Chandra
Sheila Chandra (born 14 April 1965 in London) is an English pop singer of Indian descent.
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Sunny Deol
Sunny Deol (; born 19 October 1956) is an Indian film actor, producer and director. His father Dharmendra is also a Indian actor. He has won two National Film Awards and two Filmfare Awards.
http://wn.com/Sunny_Deol
Ali Khan, Nusrat Fateh Filmography
- The Real World of Peter Gabriel (2009)
- Jeff Buckley: Everybody Here Wants You (2002)
- Kartoos (1999)
- Jeff Buckley: Fall in Light (1999)
- Kachche Dhaage (1999)
- Nusrat! Live at Meany (1998)
- ...Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (1997)
- ...Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (1997)
- Bandit Queen (1994)
Nusrat Fateh, Ali Khan Filmography
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Mustt Mustt (Lost in His Work)
- Nothing Without You (Tery Bina)
- Tracery
- The Game
- Taa Deem
- Sea of Vapours
- Fault Lines
- Tana Dery Na
- Shadow
- Avenue
- Mustt Mustt (Massive Attack remix)
- Allah hu, Allah hu, Allah hu
- Man kun to maula
- Dhan dhan bhaag hamare sajini
- Ni main jana jogi de naal
- Mora piya ghar aaya
- Dil Da Rob Muka Ja Mahi (The Cheb I Sabbah Shining Star remix)
- Bethe Bethe Kese Kese (Gaudi's Dark New Wave remix)
- Dil Da Rob Muka Ja Mahi (Pinch remix)
- Bethe Bethe Kese Kese (Bombay dub Orchestra remix)
- Bethe Bethe Kese Kese (Pathaan's Heavenly remix)
- Dil Da Rob Muka Ja Mahi (Pinch 4x4 remix)
- Bethe Bethe Kese Kese (original album version)
- Dil Da Rob Muka Ja Mahi (Original Album Version)
- Bethe Bethe Kese Kese
- Tera Jana Kere Rang Lawe
- Jab Teri Dhun Main Raha Karte They
- Dil Da Rog Muka Ja Mahi
- Ghamgar Bare Ne
- Abhi Apna Abhi Paraya Hai
- Ena Akhiyan Noo
- Kahin Mot Se Bhi Na Jao
- Mainoo Ole Bai Ke Pee Lain De
- Othe Mera Yar Wasda
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A Sufi Supreme: Master Recordings From the Maestro of Qawwali
Released 2003
Released 2003
- Pyar Ka Diya Jalta Rahe
- Meri Bukkal Wich Chor Chor
- Ag Ishq Di (Bossa mix)
- Alif Allah Chambe Dee Bhoti (edit)
- Sanware Tore Bin Jiya (From "Bandit Queen")
- Bari Bari Iman Bari
- Jhoole Jhoole Lal (Tabla mix)
- Mere Nabi Pyare Nabi
- Funeral Pyres (From "Bandit Queen")
- Ya Hayyo Ya Qayyum
- Dam Hama Dam Ali Ali
- Nami Danam Chi Manzil Bud Shab Jai Ki Man Budam
- Hzarat Khwaja Sangh Kheliye Dhamar
- Mera Yeh Charkha
- Boha Aes Sohna Sajan
- Mera Sohna Sajan
- Dam Mast Qalandar
- Too Karemi Man Kamina Bardam Am
- Manam Mahway Khíyal-I-Oo
- Teray Warian Main Saeeyan
- Bhanwain Toon Jan Na Jan
- Hamd (Louange à Dieu)
- Naat: Ô meilleur des hommes ! Celui qui t'aime est le véritable croyant !
- Manaqib Ali (Louange à Ali)
- Manaqib Khawaja Mueenuddin Chishti (Louange au Maître des Maîtres)
- Man Atkeya Béparwah Dé Naal
- Zahaalé Miskeen, Makun Taghafal
- Masté Vila'Aiy Hyderam, Dam Hama Dam Ali Ali
- Mohé Apné Rang Main Rang Lé Nijaam
- Haje Latha Naeyon Akhiah, Da Cha Toon Thori Dair, Hor Thair Ja
- Azmate Shahe Wala Bari Cheez He
- Mainoon Yaar Di Namaaz Parh Lain De
- Rahway Wasdi Jhok Faridan Di
- Tanhai
- Tum To Na Aaye
- Raat Ko Chandni Jab
- Soona Soona Din Lagta Hai
- Din Ko Khayal-E-Yaar Mein
- Aisi Bhi Kiya Jaldi
- Ab Kiya Soche
- Shaman Paiyan
- Ni Saiyon Asaan
- Night Song
- Yaad Ka Deep Jaiai
- Intro
- Intro 1
- Dam Mast Qalandar
- Kinna Sohna
- Afreen Afreen
- Jhoole Jhoole Laal
- Yeh Jo Halka
- Allah Ho
- Mera Piya Ghar Aaya
- My Heart My Life
- Intoxicated
- Lament
- My Comfort Remains
- Longing
- Sweet Pain
- Night Songs
- Crest
- The Game
- Sea of Vapours
- Fault Lines
- Mustt Mustt (Lost in His Work remix)
- Nothing Without You
- Mustt Mustt (Massive Attack remix)
- Man Atkeia Beparwah De Naal
- Sab Vird Karo Allah Allah
- Sanson Ki Mala Peh Simroon Bhajan
- Tumhen Dil Lagi Bhool Jani Paregee
- Dam Dam Karo Fareed
- Ghunghat Chuk O Sajnan Hun Sharman
- Un Ka Andaz-E-Karam
- Sweet Pain (Joi remix)
- My Heart, My Life (Talvin Singh remix)
- Taa Deem (Asian Dub Foundation remix)
- Shadow (State of Bengal remix)
- Longing (Aki Nawaz remix)
- My Comfort Remains (Black Star Liner remix)
- Tracery (Nitin Sawhney remix)
- Lament (Earthtribe remix)
- Nothing Without You/Tery Bina (The Dhol Foundation & Fun^Da^Mental remix)
- Main Aur Meri Awargi
- Afreen Afreen (Traditional)
- Ab Kya Soche
- Jism Dhamakta
- Aap Se Milke
- Sheher Ke Dukandaron
- Afreen Afreen (remix)
- Allah Hoo Allah Hoo
- Yaad-E-Nabi Gulshan Mehka
- Haq Ali Ali Haq
- Ali Maula Ali Maula Ali Dam Dam
- Mast Nazroon Se Allah Bachhae
- Ni Main Jogi De Naal
- Woh Hata Rahe Hain Pardah
- Yeh Jo Halka Saroor Hae
- Biba Sada Dil Morr De
- Yaadan Vichhre Sajan Dian Aiyan
- Sanson Ki Mala Pey
- Un Ke Dar Pen Pohchne To Payen
- Shamas-ud-doha, Badar-ud-doja
- Allah, Mohammed, Char, Yaar
- Kali Kali Zulfon Ke Phande Nah Dalo
- Meri Ankhon Ko Bakhshe Hain Aansoo
- Nit Khair Mansan Sohnia Main Teri
- Kehna Ghalat Ghalat To Chhupana Sahi Sahi
- Love Song (In Riga Bilawal)
- Naat-e Sharif (In Riga Mishra Kafi)
- Song of Praise
- Traditional Qawwali (In Ragas Marwa & Bhatiyar)
- Sun Charkhe Di Mitthi Mitthi Kook
- Ni Main Jana Jogi De Naal
- Gin Gin Taare Langdiyan Raatan
- Dil Mar Jane Noon Ki Hoya Sajna
- Ho Jawe Je Pyar
- Dhol Mahiya, Bol Mahiya
- Dubb Dubb Jawe Dil Mera
- Maen Ni Maen
- Viggar Gayee Aye
- Main aur meri awargi
- Afreen Afreen (Traditional)
- Ub kiya soochain
- Jism dhamakta
- Aap sai milkey
- Sheher ke dukandaroon
- Afreen Afreen (Remix)
- Sanwre Tore Bina
- Sajna Tere Bina
- More Saiyan To Hain Pardes
- Ter Bine
- Ni Sewan Assan Nena Lada Ke
- Aahista Aahista
- Diya Jale Sari Raat
- Jab Tera Hukam Mila
- Mera Sohna Sajan Gar Aaya
- Kuchh To Hawa Sard Thi
- Alaap
- Night Song
- Crest
- Annuncio - Missus Est Angelus Gabriel
- Annuncio - Laetabundus
- Annuncio - Angelus Est
- Annuncio - Ecce Ancillia Domini
- Annuncio - O Clarissima Mater
- Evento - Factum Est Autem
- Evento - Facta Est
- Evento - Puer Natus Est Nobis
- Evento - Dies Ista Collitur
- Incontro - In Diebus Illis Mulier
- Incontro - Ubi Charitas Est Vera
- Incontro - Dicio Vobis, Gaudium Est Angelis Dei
- Incontro - Ubi Charitas Est Vera
- Redenzione E Risurrezione - Vespere Autem
- Redenzione E Risurrezione - Cum Vidisset Jesus Matrem
- Redenzione E Risurrezione - Quem Queritis
- Redenzione E Risurrezione - Victimae Paschali Laudes
- Redenzione E Risurrezione - Exultandi Et Laetandi
- Oriente/Occidente - Popule Meus Quid Feci Tibi?
- Oriente/Occidente - O Quam Mirabilis Est
- Oriente/Occidente - Mustt Mustt
- Chan Sajna
- Rahway Wasdi Jhook FaridanDi
- Paroniyaan Noon Jana Painda Aay
- Zi Haal - E- Miskeen
- Mohay Apnay Rang Mein
- Tere Darwaze Pe Chilman
- Hum Apni Shaam Ko Jab
- Kehte Ho Ishq Ka Afsaana Chahiye
- Unse Unki Mulaqat Ho Gayee
- Tere Bin Nahin Lagda Dil Mera
- Akhiyan Noon Chain Na Aave
- Tera Dilruba Sa Chehra
- Is Dunniya Ke Gham
- Jis Simt Bhi Dekhoon
- Chand Taron Se Karoon
- Dukh Roag Ko Chahat Ke
- Main Tara Tara Jagoon
- Tu Mera Dil
- Jhoomta Aa Raha Hai
- Shaman Paiyan Tere Bina
- Sun Yara
- Yadon Ke Sayeay
- Saja Hae Maikhana
- Aadmi Aadmi Se Milta Hae
- Dost Kya Khoob Wafaon Ka Sila Dete Hain
- Ae Kash Tujhe Aisa Ik Zakhm-E-Judaee Doon
- Kahan Ake Rukne The Raste
- Komplein Phir Phoot Ayeen
- Gale Lipte Hain Woh Bijli Ke Dar Se
- Kab Yaad Mein Tera Saath Nain
- Welcome Phoolan
- Opening
- Out of Water - Into Marriage
- Child Bride
- Child Rape
- Phoolan / Vikram Eye to Eye
- What I Am Here For
- City Love Making
- Washing at the River Bank
- Village Court
- Re-Opening
- Into the Hills
- The Quiet
- The Passion
- Chottie See
- Re-Opening by the River
- Chottie See
- Phoolan's Revenge
- Hillside Drums
- Death to the Bandit
- Red Bandana
- Jammanchpur
- Preparation
- Behmai
- Funeral Pyres
- The Surrender of Phoolan
- Allah Hoo Allah Hoo-Hamad
- Yaad-e-Nabi Ka Gulshan Mehka
- Ali Maula Ali Maula Ali Dam Dam
- Haq Ali Ali Haq-Manqbat
- Mast Nazron Se Allah Bachae
- Ni Main Jana Jogi De Naal-Traditional
- Woh Hata Rahe Hain Pardah (Ghazal)
- Yeh Ho Halka Halka Saroor Hae
- Yadan Vichhre Sajjjan Dian Aiyan-Punjabi
- Sanson Ki Mala Peh Simroon Bhajan
- My Heart My Life (remix)
- Sweet Pain (remix)
- Taa Deem (remix)
- Shadow (remix)
- Longing (remix)
- My Comfort Remains (remix)
- Tracery (remix)
- Lament (remix)
- Nothing Without You - Tere Bina (remix)
- Dillagi (remix)
- Tauba (remix)
- Allah Jallay Shan (Allah Is Great And Glorious)
- Ali Dum Dum (Ali In my Soul)
- Laga Rog Wachhoray Da (I Have Been Afflicted By Separation)
- Khaban Wich Meray Toon Na AA (Don't Come Into My Dreams)
- Kinna Sohna
- Ali Da Malang
- Jhoole Jhoole Lal (Tabla mix)
- Mera Pia Ghar Ayaa
- Dum Dum Ali Ali
- Sahnoon Rog Laan Walia
- Allah Hoo Allah Hoo
- Yaad-E-Nabi Gulshan Mehka
- Haq Ali Ali Haq
- Ali Maula Ali Maula Ali Dam Dam
- Mast Nazroon Se Allah Bachhae
- Ni Main Jogi De Naal
- Yeh Jo Halka Saroor Hae
- My Lover
- In My Hands
- Fatih & Happiness
- My Lover Re-Mix
- This Time Will Never Come Again
- Oh My Heart
- Loves Light
- Oh! Dearest One
- I Need Your Love
- I'm Sorry
- Dearest Friend
- [untitled]
Born: 1948-10-13
Died: 1997-08-16
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Tumhein dillagi bhool --- Sir Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:09
- Published: 31 Oct 2007
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
A marvelous track. Once in the morning, once before bed. Biggest sufi and a qawwal of all times. RIP
http://wn.com/Tumhein_dillagi_bhool_--_Sir_Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan - Must Nazron Se Allah Bachaye
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:35
- Published: 20 Jan 2007
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
Amazing qawalli!!! One of the best live performances of the great man. Enjoy. Lyrics: pakizm.com
http://wn.com/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan_Must_Nazron_Se_Allah_Bachaye
Part 1of 3 ► Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan ◄ Tum ik Gorakh Dhanda Ho
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:16
- Published: 24 Jul 2007
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
(FULL VERSION!!! /w English Translations) This is a thought provoking qawwali so it will take you some time to render but when you do *understand it, the feeling is undiscribable. *the denotation of the word understanding is more than just on the lines. It is even further between the lines. I like to be very convienent with my posts (as you may see). So the Viewer has the smoothest transmission I have Split up This Video (Full Version) into 2 Parts (The least amount of parts as possible). To Go To the 2nd Part Please click the link: www.youtube.com WHAT DO THIS ABOUT THIS QAWWALI? DID IT PROVOKE YOUR THOUGHTS? PLEASE LET US KNOW BY COMMENTING AND RATING IT.
http://wn.com/Part_1of_3_►_Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan_◄_Tum_ik_Gorakh_Dhanda_Ho
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan - Sanson Ki Mala Pey!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:19
- Published: 29 Dec 2008
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
An awesome song and performance of Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan from the album "Love Songs" in a super audio quality. Enjoy and comment/vote it! Tipp: 3:13 & 5:22
http://wn.com/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan_Sanson_Ki_Mala_Pey!
Vich Pardesaan De - Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan Brand New Punjabi Songs Full HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Published: 11 Apr 2012
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
Song: Vich Pardesaan De Album--Hidden Treasure Singer--Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan Label---Speed Records Director--Rimpy Prince
http://wn.com/Vich_Pardesaan_De_Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan_Brand_New_Punjabi_Songs_Full_HD
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan: "ALI MAULA, ALI MAULA, ALI DAM DAM"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:44
- Published: 31 Dec 2006
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
Passing Through: www.youtube.com - Friends, Please visit my Poet friend "Passing Through's" YouTube channel: www.youtube.com , and support him - Thanks :) Besmellah Rahman Rahim .. I made this video with a love that I have for "Ali" .. I would like to thank all those individuals, websites who provided the Beautiful Pictures, Drawings for this Video. Of course, First and Foremost to the Late Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. May his Soul Rest In Peace .. (If You Feel Blessed By This Song, Please share It With Others) .. LYRICS (BEGINNING): Ali Nu Yaad Karo Ral Ke Fariyaad Karo Hai Gareebaan-da, Yeh Aasraa Ali Mola Ali Mola Ali Dam Dam Ali Mola Ali Mola Ali Dam Dam Yahk De Paraan Wali, Akh-ey Dam Dam Ali Sada Dila Vich Rehndi Sade Samaa Vich Ali Sadey Aase Paase Ali Ali Gaavan Vich Ashkaan De Chechre Par Ali Ti Araavaan Vich Rab Raakhe Saaryaanu Ali Di Panahvaa Vich Nabi Da Piyaara Ali Noor Allah Noor Ali Gaye Allah Allah Sade Chitta Hoor Ali Mola Ali Mola Ali Mola Ali Ali Ali Mola, Mola-e-Ali (???) Mole-e-Huzoor Ali Pir-a-Piraandaa Hai Dil-da-Suroor Ali Mola Ali Mola Ali Mola Ali Ali Wali-an de Sira Da Hai Taaj Ali Ali Noor-Nabi-Bas Hai Meraj Ali Ali Hey Kiri-Kiri Akardee(?) Mein Ali De Karam Ali Mola Ali Mola Ali Dam Dam Ali Mola Ali Mola Ali Dam Dam Ali Di Pehchaan Hai Rab Dee Pehchaan Ali Di nu Jaanta Nu Jaanta Jahaan Ali Mola Ali Mola Ali Mola Ali Ali Rab Da Yeh Sher, Oonchi Ali Di-a-Shaan Khul Gayi Imaam Wali Nabi Ka Elan Ali Mola Ali Mola Ali Mola Ali Ali Hyder-e-Karaar, Tu <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan_ALI_MAULA,_ALI_MAULA,_ALI_DAM_DAM
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan - Dam Mast qalander Mast Mast
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:05
- Published: 01 Oct 2006
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
Nusrat Concert Rare
http://wn.com/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan_Dam_Mast_qalander_Mast_Mast
Gham Hai Ya Khushi Tuu- Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:08
- Published: 28 Mar 2007
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
Gham hai yaa Khushii hai tuu merii zindagii hai tuu (Are you sorrow or joy? you are still my life) aafatoN ke daur meN chain kii ghaRii hai tuu (In these troubled times you are a moment of relief) merii raat kaa chiraaGh merii niiNd bhii hai tuu (The light of my night you are my sleep too) maiN KhizaaN kii shaam huuN rut bahaar kii hai tuu (I am an autumn evening you are like spring) dostoN ke darmiyaan vajh-e-dostii hai tuu (Between friends you are the reason for friendship) merii saarii umr meN aik hii kamii hai tuu (In my entire life you are the only paucity) maiN to vo nahiiN rahaa haaN! magar vohii hai tuu (I am not the same but yes, you are the same) "Nasir" is dayaar meN kitnaa ajnabii hai tuu (Nasir in this residence such an stranger are you!)
http://wn.com/Gham_Hai_Ya_Khushi_Tuu_Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan - Yeh Jo Halka Halka Saroor Hai Full Qawwali By A.Raziq Piracha
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 68:03
- Published: 01 Feb 2011
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
This is a Complete video of Yeh jo Halka Halka saroor hay. Live at Wallace Lawler Centre, Birmingham,1983. Yeh Jo Halka Halka Saroor Hai, Yeh Teri Nazar Ka Kasoor Hai Kay Sharab Peena Sikha Diya Saqi Ki Har Nigah Pay Bal Kha KP Gaya Lehroon Say Khailta Hoa Lehra KP Gaya Ey Rehmat-E-Tamaam Meri Har Khata Muaf Mein Intiha-E-Shouq (Mein) Say Ghabra KP Gaya Peta Baghair Izm Yeah Kab Thi Meri Majaal Dar Pardah Chashm-E-Yaar Ki Shay Pa KP Gaya Paas Rehta Hai Duur Rehta Hai Koi Dil Mein Zaroor Rehta Hai Jab Say Dekha Hai Un Ki Aankhon Ko Halka Halka Suroor Rehta Hai Aisay Rehtay Hein Koi Mere Dil Mein Jaisay Zulmat Mein Noor Rehta Hai Ub Adam Ka Yeah Haal Hai Har Waqt Mast Rehta Hai Chuur Rehta Hai Yeah Joh Halka Halka Saroor Hai Yeah Teri Nazar Ka Qasoor Hai K Sharab Peena Sikha Diya Tairay Pyar Nai, Teri Chaah Nai Teri Behki Behki Nigaah Nai Mujhay Ik Sharabi Bana Diya... Sharab Kaisi (What Drink), Khumaar Kaisa (What Elevation) Yeah Sub Tumhari Nawazishein Hein (It Is All Your Gift) Pilai Hai Kiss Nazar Say Tu Nai (How I Have Been Made Into An Addict) K Mujhko Apni Khabar Nahi Hai (I Have No Awareness Of Myself) Teri Behki Behki Nigah Nai (Your Lost Looks) Mujhe Ik Sharabi Bana Dia.... Sara Jahan Must, Jahan Ka Nizam (System) Must Din Must, Raat Must, Saher (Morning) Must, Shaam Must Dil Must, Sheesha Must, Sabu (Cup Of Wine) Must, Jaam Must Hai Teri Chashm-E-Must Say Her Khaas-O-Aam (Everyone) Must Yoon To Saqi Her Tarah Ki Tere MaiKhane Mein Hai Woh Bhi Thori Si Jo In <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan_Yeh_Jo_Halka_Halka_Saroor_Hai_Full_Qawwali_By_ARaziq_Piracha
Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan - Mae Ni Mae
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:00
- Published: 18 Aug 2007
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
Artist: Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan Poet : Shiv Kumar Batalvi Lyrics and translation @ www.apnaorg.com
http://wn.com/Ustad_Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan_Mae_Ni_Mae
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan - Peter Gabriel - In Your Eyes - Live in Concert
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:05
- Published: 10 Feb 2009
- Updated: 05 Oct 2012
in your eyes Peter Gabriel featuring Joan Osborne, Tony Rich, Gloria Estefan, Natalie Merchant & Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
http://wn.com/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan_Peter_Gabriel_In_Your_Eyes_Live_in_Concert
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan - Man Kunto Maula
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:01
- Published: 20 Aug 2007
- Updated: 05 Oct 2012
Qalam Hazrat Amir khusro Hai Man Kunto Maula
http://wn.com/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan_Man_Kunto_Maula
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan's Afreen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Published: 02 Oct 2006
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan's Afreen
http://wn.com/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan's_Afreen
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan - Live in Brazil - 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 27:43
- Published: 29 Dec 2010
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
Nusrat performing Haq Ali Ali Haq - live qawwali concert in Sao Paulo - BRAZIL - July/1994.
http://wn.com/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan_Live_in_Brazil_3
sun charkhe di nusrat fateh ali khan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:59
- Published: 11 Feb 2009
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
sun charkhe di nusrat fateh ali khan
http://wn.com/sun_charkhe_di_nusrat_fateh_ali_khan
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan - Dam Mast Qalandar - Dorchester
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:50
- Published: 04 Jun 2008
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan - Dam Mast Qalandar@Dorchester
http://wn.com/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan_Dam_Mast_Qalandar_Dorchester
yeh jo halka halka saroor hai
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:28
- Published: 17 Apr 2007
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
qawwali by ustad nusrat fateh ali khan
http://wn.com/yeh_jo_halka_halka_saroor_hai
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan - Piya re Piya re
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:12
- Published: 02 Apr 2008
- Updated: 05 Oct 2012
Piya re Piya re
http://wn.com/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan_Piya_re_Piya_re
Θ Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan Θ SAIF UL MALOOK 1of 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:05
- Published: 04 Sep 2007
- Updated: 20 Sep 2012
(PART 1) Also Known as: Main Neeva Mera Murshid Uncha; This is one of the more famous Kalams, Written by Mian Mohammad Baksh (RA), It is very much unmissible. And to top it all of it is being sung by Nusrat. This Qawwali Dosen't Give you the question rather it hands over the answer I have created the revised version of the translation with times: 1:00 I'm lowly; my Murshid is exalted, he bought me to eminence. 2:40 I would sacrifice myself for those exalted ones, whom befriended the lowly. 5:00 Make your threshold on the door of your Murshid. 5:19 Do not make new new friends, for the world contains many a mean-spirited. 6:42 People who enclosed love inside them, they will not abscond. 7:40 Even if I discover thousands of charmers, I would not replace/upset my friend (Murshid) 8:58 A resolution to every difficulty lies with the exalted.
http://wn.com/Θ_Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan_Θ_SAIF_UL_MALOOK_1of_2
nusrat is lost in qawwali
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:41
- Published: 17 Nov 2006
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan's perfect performance from London concert in 1980.
http://wn.com/nusrat_is_lost_in_qawwali
Nusrat fateh ali khan"Dam mast Qalandar"Massive attack mix
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Published: 26 Mar 2009
- Updated: 05 Oct 2012
The legendary Singer with his famous track "Dam mast qalandar".Massive attack gave it a little touch of their own! Enjoy.
http://wn.com/Nusrat_fateh_ali_khanDam_mast_QalandarMassive_attack_mix
Nusrat fateh ali khan and peter gabriel- Signal to noise
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:58
- Published: 27 Jun 2007
- Updated: 05 Oct 2012
Peter Gabriel feats Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan in Signal to Nois
http://wn.com/Nusrat_fateh_ali_khan_and_peter_gabriel_Signal_to_noise
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan - Allah Hoo Allah Hoo Full Qawwali By A.Raziq Piracha
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:51
- Published: 03 Feb 2011
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan Allah Hoo Allah Hoo, Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan Qawwal & Party. In Lok Virsa,Islamabad Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo Malik ul mulk lashareeka lahoo Wahadahoo laa ilaahaa illaahoo Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo, Allah Hoo Allah Hoo,...
http://wn.com/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan_Allah_Hoo_Allah_Hoo_Full_Qawwali_By_ARaziq_Piracha
Photo: DOD / Public Domain
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The Times of India
After the huge success of Ali Abbas's feature project 'Ranja Sade Vedhe' with MC Special. He is now ready to release his tribute project 'Nit Khair Manga' which is...(size: 1.1Kb)
IMDb
On Thursday 16th August the BBC Asian Network is paying tribute to the late world renowned musician Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, to...(size: 0.9Kb)
DNA India
Rizwan and Muazzam Ali Khan,Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan's nephews from Pakistan are down in Mumbai for a special qawwali concert. The duo's performance on Sunday will be a tribute to honour the memory of their uncle. "While we will be singing some of the compositions made immortal by our late uncle,...(size: 2.1Kb)
photo: AP / Daniel Ochoa de Olza
Deccan Herald
New Delhi, Nov 6, (PTI) Sunday, November 06, 2011 --> Filmmaker Shekhar Kapur, known for his Oscar-nominated film 'Elizabeth', says that working with acclaimed Pakistani singer Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan...(size: 1.3Kb)
IMDb
New Delhi, Nov 6: Internationally acclaimed filmmaker Shekhar Kapur says working with Nusrat Fateh Ali...(size: 0.7Kb)
Newstrack India
Lahore, Aug 17 (ANI): The 13th death anniversary of Pakistani singer Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan went largely unnoticed in Lahore as no ceremony was organized in the city...(size: 1.1Kb)
The People's Voice
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, the Pakistani singer who worked with such Western musicians as...(size: 0.6Kb)
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Mustt Mustt
21 Sep 2003
The Observer
This album, more than any other, captures the true essence of the great Nusrat. His was a voice that could transcend all barriers and glide over just about any groove with effortless grace. His universal accessibility is at its most evident in this...(size: 1.6Kb)
The News & Observer
(SMW) - Most of the posthumous releases of master qawwali singer Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, who died in 1997, have been good but inessential. For one thing, he was apparently in poor health when he recorded most of them, and was past his amazing vocal peak....(size: 1.7Kb)
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan & Party
02 Mar 2002
The News & Observer
WORLD Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan & Party TUNES Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan & Party, "Body and Soul" *** ...(size: 4.6Kb)
| Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan | |
|---|---|
| Khan performing at Royal Albert Hall, United Kingdom Khan performing at Royal Albert Hall, United Kingdom |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Pervez Fateh Ali Khan |
| Born | (1948-10-13)13 October 1948 Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan |
| Died | August 16, 1997(1997-08-16) (aged 48) London, England |
| Genres | Qawwali, Ghazal, Fusion |
| Occupations | Musician |
| Instruments | Vocals, harmonium |
| Years active | 1965–1997 |
| Labels | Real World, OSA, EMI, Virgin Records |
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan (Punjabi: نصرت فتح علی خان (Shahmukhī)) (October 13, 1948 – August 16, 1997), a world-renowned Pakistani musician, was primarily a singer of Qawwali, the devotional music of the Sufis (a mystical tradition within Islam). Considered one of the greatest singers ever recorded, he possessed a six-octave vocal range[citation needed] and could perform at a high level of intensity for several hours.[1] Extending the 600-year old Qawwali tradition of his family, Khan is widely credited with introducing Sufi music to international audiences.[2][3] He was popularly known as "Shahenshah-e-Qawwali", meaning "The King of Kings of Qawwali".[4]
Born in Faisalabad, Pakistan, Khan had his first public performance at age of 16, at his father's chelum. He officially became the head of the family qawwali party in 1971, and was signed by Oriental Star Agencies (OSA), Birmingham, U.K., in the early 1980s. In subsequent years, Khan released movie scores and albums for various labels in Pakistan, Europe, Japan and the U.S. He engaged in collaborations and experiments with Western artists, becoming a well-known world music artist in the process. He toured extensively, performing in over 40 countries.[5]
Contents |
Biography[link]
Early life and career[link]
Khan was born on October 13, 1948 in the city of Lyallpur (now Faisalabad), Pakistan. He was the fifth child and first son of Fateh Ali Khan, a musicologist, vocalist, instrumentalist, and Qawwal. Khan's family, which included four older sisters and a younger brother, Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan, grew up in central Lyallpur. Initially, his father did not want Khan to follow the family's vocation. He had his heart set on Khan choosing a much more respectable career path and becoming a doctor, because he felt Qawwali artists had low social status. However, Khan showed such an aptitude for, and interest in, Qawwali that his father finally relented.[6] Khan began by learning to play tabla alongside his father before progressing to learn Raag Vidya and Bol Bandish. He then went on to learn to sing within the classical framework of khayal. Khan's training with his father was cut short when his father died in 1964, leaving Khan's paternal uncles, Mubarak Ali Khan and Salamat Ali Khan, to complete his training. His first performance was at a traditional graveside ceremony for his father, known as chehlum, which took place forty days after his father's death.
In 1971, after the death of Mubarak Ali Khan, Khan became the official leader of the family Qawwali party and the party became known as Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Mujahid Mubarak Ali Khan & Party. Khan's first public performance as the leader of the Qawwali party was at a studio recording broadcast as part of an annual music festival organised by Radio Pakistan, known as Jashn-e-Baharan. Khan sang mainly in Urdu and Punjabi and occasionally in Persian, Braj Bhasha and Hindi. His first major hit in Pakistan was the song Haq Ali Ali, which was performed in a traditional style and with traditional instrumentation. The song featured restrained use of Khan's sargam improvisations.
In 1979, Khan married his first cousin, Naheed (the daughter of Fateh Ali Khan's brother, Salamat Ali Khan); they had one daughter, Nida.[7]
Early in his career, Khan was signed up by Oriental Star Agencies in the U.K. to their Star Cassette Label. OSA sponsored regular concert tours by Khan to the U.K. from the early '80s onwards, and released much of this live material on cassette, CD, videotape and DVD.G
Later career[link]
In the 1992–93 academic year, Khan was a Visiting Artist in the Ethnomusicology department at the University of Washington, Seattle.[8]
Khan teamed with Peter Gabriel on the soundtrack to The Last Temptation of Christ in 1985, with Canadian musician Michael Brook on the albums Mustt Mustt (1990) and Night Song (1996),[9] and with Pearl Jam lead singer Eddie Vedder in 1995 on two songs for the soundtrack to Dead Man Walking. One of these songs ("The Long Road") was re-used on the soundtrack for Eat Pray Love in 2010. Khan also contributed to the soundtrack of Natural Born Killers. He composed the music for the 1994 film Bandit Queen in collaboration with Roger White.
Peter Gabriel's Real World label later released five albums of Khan's traditional Qawwali, together with some of his experimental work which included the albums Mustt Mustt and Star Rise. Khan provided vocals for The Prayer Cycle, which was put together by Jonathan Elias, but died before the vocals could be completed. Alanis Morissette was brought in to sing with his unfinished vocals. Khan also collabrated with Michael Brook to create music for the song "Sweet Pain" used in the movie Any Given Sunday. He also performed traditional Qawwali before international audiences at several WOMAD world music festivals and the single "Dam Mast Qalandar" was remixed by electronic trip hop group Massive Attack in 1998.
His album Intoxicated Spirit was nominated for a Grammy award in 1997 for best traditional folk album.
Khan contributed songs to, and performed in, several Pakistani films. Shortly before his death, he recorded a song each for two Bollywood films, Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (in which he also sang the song onscreen) and Kachche Dhaage. He sang the title song of the film Dhadkan. He also sang "Saya bhi saath jab chhod jaye" for Sunny Deol's movie Dillagi. The song was released in 1999, two years after Khan's death.
Khan contributed the song "Gurus of Peace" to the album Vande Mataram, composed by A. R. Rahman, and released to celebrate the 50th anniversary of India's independence. Rahman, who was a big fan of Khan could not do further songs with him. As a tribute, Rahman later released an album titled Gurus of Peace, which featured "Allah Hoo" by Khan. Rahman's 2007 song "Tere Bina" was also done as a tribute to Khan.[10]
After his death, the song "Solemn Prayer", on which Khan provided vocals, was used on the Peter Gabriel song "Signal to Noise" (on the album Up), and on the soundtrack to the Martin Scorsese film Gangs of New York.
According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Khan Fateh Ali Khan holds the world record for the largest recorded output by a Qawwali artist—a total of 125 albums as of 2001.
Death[link]
Khan was taken ill with kidney and liver failure on August 11, 1997 in London, England, while on the way to Los Angeles in order to receive a kidney transplant. He died of a sudden cardiac arrest at Cromwell Hospital, London, on Saturday, August 16, 1997, aged 48.[11] His body was returned to Faisalabad, Pakistan, and his funeral was attended by the public.
Composition of Nusrat's qawwali party[link]
The composition of Khan's ensemble, called a "party" (or "Humnawa" in Urdu), changed over its 26 years. Listed below is a snapshot of the party, circa 1983:
- Mujahid Mubarak Ali Khan: Khan's first cousin, vocals
- Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan: Khan's brother, vocals and lead harmonium
- Rehmat Ali: vocals and second harmonium
- Maqsood Hussain: vocals
- Rahat Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan: Khan's nephew and pupil, vocals
- Dildar Hussain: percussion
- Majawar Abbas: mandolin and guitar/chorus, handclapping
- Mohammed Iqbal Naqvi: secretary of the party, chorus, handclapping
- Asad Ali: chorus, handclapping. Khan's cousin
- Ghulam Farid: chorus, handclapping
- Kaukab Ali: chorus, handclapping
The one significant member of the party who does not appear on this list is Atta Fareed. For many years, he alternated with Rehmat Ali on vocals and second harmonium. He is easily identifiable in videos since he plays the harmonium left-handed.
This snapshot is non-representative in one respect: harmoniums were usually the only instruments. Only rarely were instruments like mandolin or guitar used.
Awards and titles[link]
Khan is widely considered to be the most important qawwal in history.[12][13] In 1987, Khan received the President of Pakistan’s Award for Pride of Performance for his contribution to Pakistani music.[8][14] In 1995 he received the UNESCO Music Prize.[15][16] In 1996 he was awarded Grand Prix des Amériques at Montreal World Film Festival for exceptional contribution to the art of cinema.[17] In 2005, Khan was awarded the "Legends" award at the UK Asian Music Awards.[18] Time magazine's issue of November 6, 2006, "60 Years of Asian Heroes", lists him as one of the top 12 artists and thinkers in the last 60 years.[19] He also appeared on NPR's 50 Great Voices list in 2010.[20] In August 2010 he was included in CNN's list of the twenty most iconic musicians from the past fifty years.[21]
Many honorary titles were bestowed upon Khan during his 25-year music career. He was given the title of Ustad after performing classical music at a function in Lahore on his father's death anniversary.[22]
Tributes, legacy and influence[link]
Alexandra A. Seno of Asiaweek wrote:[23]
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan's voice was otherworldly. For 25 years, his mystical songs transfixed millions. It was not long enough ... He performed qawali, which means wise or philosophical utterance, as nobody else of his generation did. His vocal range, talent for improvisation and sheer intensity were unsurpassed.
Jeff Buckley cited Khan as a major influence, saying of him "He's my Elvis", and performing the first few minutes of Khan's hit "Yeh Jo Halka Halka Suroor Hai" (including vocals) at live concerts.[24][25] Many other artists have also cited Khan as an influence, such as A. R. Rahman,[26] Sheila Chandra,[27] and Alim Qasimov.[28]
Paul Williams picked a concert performance by Khan for inclusion in his 2000 book The 20th Century's Greatest Hits: a 'top-40' list, in which he devotes a chapter each to what he considers the top 40 artistic achievements of the 20th century in any field (including art, movies, music, fiction, non-fiction, science-fiction).[29]
In 2008, Khan was listed in 14th position in UGO's list of the best singers of all time.[30]
In 2004, a tribute band called (Brooklyn Qawwali Party) (formerly Brook's Qawwali Party) was formed in New York City by percussionist Brook Martinez to perform the music of Khan. The 13-piece group still performs mostly instrumental jazz versions of Khan's qawwalis, using the instruments conventionally associated with jazz rather than those associated with qawwali.[31]
Films[link]
Documentaries[link]
- Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan: le dernier prophète (1996). Directed by Jérôme de Missolz.
- Nusrat has Left the Building... But When? (1997). Directed by Farjad Nabi. (This 20-minute docudrama focuses on Khan's early career.)
- A Voice from Heaven (1999). Directed by Giuseppe Asaro. New York, NY: Winstar TV & Video. (This 75-minute documentary, available on VHS and DVD, provides an introduction to Khan's life and work.)
- Samandar Main Samandar (2007). A documentary aired on Geo TV detailing Khan's career.
- The King of Qawalli (2009). A short film aired on Dawn News about Khan's life and career.
Concert films[link]
- The JVC Video Anthology of World Music and Dance (1990). Video 14 (of 30) (South Asia IV). Produced by Ichikawa Katsumori; directed by Nakagawa Kunikiko and Ichihashi Yuji; in collaboration with the National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka. [Tokyo]: JVC, Victor Company of Japan; Cambridge, Massachusetts: distributed by Rounder Records. Features a studio performance by Khan and Party (two Urdu-language songs: a Hamd, and a Manqabat for Khwaja Mu`inuddin Chishti. Filmed in Tokyo, Japan, September 20, 1987, for Asian Traditional Performing Arts).
- Nusrat! Live at Meany (1998). Produced by the University of Washington. (87-minute recording of a January 23, 1993 concert at Meany Hall, University of Washington in Seattle, during Khan's residency at the Ethnomusicology Program there.)
- Live in Concert in the U.K. (DVD, vols. 1–17) [OSA]; recorded between 1983 and 1993; first thirteen listed below:
- Live in Concert in UK (DVD vol. 1)
- Live in Concert (DVD vol. 2)
- Live in Concert (DVD vol. 3)
- Live in UK (DVD vol. 4)
- Live in UK (DVD vol. 5)
- Live in Concert (DVD vol. 6)
- Live in UK (DVD vol. 7)
- Live in UK (DVD vol. 8)
- Live in UK (DVD vol. 9)
- Live in UK (DVD vol. 10)
- Live in UK (DVD vol. 11)
- Digbeth Birmingham 12 November 1983 (DVD vol. 12)
- Digbeth 30 October 1983 (DVD vol. 13)
- Akhiyan Udeek Diyan (DVD) [Nupur Audio]
- Je Tun Rab Nu Manauna (DVD) [Nupur Audio]
- Yaadan Vicchre Sajan Diyan Aayiyan (DVD) [Nupur Audio]
- Rang-e-Nusrat (DVD, vols. 1–11) [Music Today]; recorded between 1983 and 1993 (same material as the OSA DVDs)
- VHS videotapes, vols. 1–21 [OSA]; recorded between 1983 and 1993 (same material as the OSA DVDs)
- Luxor Cinema Birmingham (VHS vol. 1, 1979)
- Digbeth Birmingham (VHS vol. 2, 1983)
- St. Francis Hall Birmingham (VHS vol. 3, 1983)
- Royal Oak Birmingham (VHS vol. 4, 1983)
- Private Mehfil (Wallace Lawley Centre, Lozells Birmingham, November 1983) (VHS vol. 5)
- Private Mehfil (VHS vol. 6, 1983)
- Natraj Cinema Leicester (VHS vol. 7, 1983)
- Live In Southall (VHS vol. 8)
- Live In Bradford (VHS vol. 9, 1983)
- Live In Birmingham (VHS vol. 10, 1985)
- Allah Ditta Hall (VHS vol. 11, 1985)
- Harrow Leisure Centre (VHS vol. 12)
- University Of Aston (VHS vol. 13, 1988)
- Aston University (VHS vol. 14, 1988)
- WOMAD Festival Bracknell (VHS vol. 15, 1988)
- Live In Paris (VHS vol. 16, 1988)
- Poplar Civic Centre London (VHS vol. 17)
- Imperial Hotel Birmingham (VHS vol. 18, 1985)
- Slough Gurdawara (SHABADS) (VHS vol. 19)
- Imran Khan Cancer Appeal (VHS vol. 20)
- Town Hall Birmingham (VHS vol. 21, 1993)
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ A Tribute By Ustad Ghulam Haider Khan, Friday Times
- ^ "Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan". Worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com. 2002-10-17. http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/artist/content.artist/nusrat_fateh_ali_khan_28502. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
- ^ "World Music Legends Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan". Globalrhythm.net. http://www.globalrhythm.net/WorldMusicLegends/NusratFatehAliKhan.cfm. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
- ^ Hommage à Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan (liner notes by Pierre-Alain Baud), 1999, Network, Germany.
- ^ Amit Baruah; R. Padmanabhan (6 September 1997). "The stilled voice". Frontline. http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1418/14181230.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-30.
- ^ "Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan: A tribute, Hindustan Times". http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/music/Ustad-Nusrat-Fateh-Ali-Khan-A-tribute/Article1-733869.aspx.
- ^ Ahmed Aqeel Ruby, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan: A Living Legend, translated by Sajjad Haider Malik, Lahore: Words of Wisdom, (1992)
- ^ a b "Official biography, University of Washington". Music.washington.edu. 1997-08-16. http://www.music.washington.edu/ethno/nusrat.html. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
- ^ "Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan & Michael Brook: Mustt Mustt & Night Song". Allaboutjazz.com. 2008-01-05. http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=28018. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
- ^ "Rahman on how the music of Guru was born". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061222/asp/etc/story_7144101.asp. Retrieved 18 February 2007.
- ^ Rose, Cynthia (1997-08-19). "Nusrat's Passing Leaves Void In The Music World". Seattle Times. http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19970819&slug=2555510. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
- ^ Ken Hunt. Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan: Biography. Allmusic.
- ^ Virginia Gorlinski. Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ "Utterance | Rizwan-Muazzam Qawwali". Red-lines.co.uk. http://www.red-lines.co.uk/utterance/nusrat.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
- ^ "International Music Council – Prize laureates 1975–2004". Imc-cim.org. 2008-10-16. http://www.imc-cim.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=74. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
- ^ "Previous winners of the UNESCO Music Prize". The Times (London). September 18, 2008. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article4781140.ece?token=null&offset=60&page=6.
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0002163/awards
- ^ "Artists unite to celebrate British Asian Music". http://www.wass-up.com/ukama2005.php. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- ^ Baker, Aryn (2006-11-13). "Asian Heroes: Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1554964,00.html. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
- ^ Danna, Mychael. "Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan: The Voice Of Pakistan". NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=123973589. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
- ^ "Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan – Nominated One Of The 20 Most Iconic Musicians From The Past 50 Years". Real World Records. 2010-08-10. http://realworldrecords.com/news/nusrat-fateh-ali-khan-nominated-one-of-the-20-most-iconic-musicians-from-the-past-50-years. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
- ^ Lok Virsa – Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan Qawal & Party, Vol. 1, Moviebox Birmingham Ltd (2007).
- ^ Asiaweek: Unforgettable. CNN.
- ^ Buckley, Jeff. Live at Sin-é (Legacy Edition). Sony Music (2003).
- ^ "Mojo Pin - Jeff's Dedication to Khan". Liquidgnome.com. http://www.liquidgnome.com/JeffBuckley/nusrat.html. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
- ^ A. R. Rahman: Allmusic
- ^ Sheila Chandra: Allmusic
- ^ Alim Qasimov: Allmusic
- ^ "The 20th Century's Greatest Hits: A Top 40 List of art". Adherents.com. http://www.adherents.com/people/20th_Century_Greatest_Art.html. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
- ^ "Best Singers of All Time". ugo.com. http://www.ugo.com/music/best-singers-nusrat-fateh-ali-khan. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
- ^ "bqpmusic.com". Brooklynqawwaliparty.com. http://www.brooklynqawwaliparty.com/html/about.php. Retrieved 2011-12-16.
Additional reading[link]
- Baud, Pierre-Alain. Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, The Messenger of Qawwali. Editions Demi-Lune, 2008. (A biography of Nusrat)
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan |
- Article with brief 1993 interview (edwebproject.org)
- King of Qawali documentary on YouTube
- NPR Audio Report: Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan: The Voice Of Pakistan
- Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan at the Internet Movie Database
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Khan, Nusrat Fateh Ali |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Pakistani musician |
| Date of birth | October 13, 1948 |
| Place of birth | Faisalabad, Pakistan |
| Date of death | August 16, 1997 |
| Place of death | London, England |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Fateh Ali Khan may refer to:
- Bade Fateh Ali Khan (born 1935)
- Fateh Ali Khan (Qawwali Singer) (1901–1964)
- Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan (1948–1997)
- Rahat Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan (born 1974)
- Fateh Ali Khan Umrani, Sardar of the Umrani tribe of Balochistan
 |
This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fateh_Ali_Khan
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Ali Khan may refer to:
- RADM Ali S. Khan
- Prince Aly Khan (1911–1960)
- Liaquat Ali Khan (1895–1951), Prime minister of Pakistan
- Ali Khan (Sufi) (1881–1958), Sufi master
- Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan (1948–1997), musician
- Ali Khan (activist), Pakistani political activist
- Elihan Tore (1885–1976), Uyghur Turkistan politician
- Ali Khan (brigadier), Pakistani army officer
- Ali Khan, Iran, a village in Lorestan Province, Iran
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This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other persons named Ali, see Ali (name). For other uses, see Ali (disambiguation).
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| Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib | |
|---|---|
.jpg) |
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| Commander of the Faithful (Amir al-Mu'minin) |
|
| Reign | 656–661[1] |
| Full name | Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib |
| Titles | Abu al-Hasan ("Father of Hasan") Abu Turab ("Father of Dust/Soil) Murtadha ("One Who Is Chosen and Contented") Asad ("Lion of God") Haydar ("Lion")[1] First Alī |
| Born | (598-10-23)October 23, 598,[2](599-03-17)March 17, 599 or (600-03-17)March 17, 600[1] Mecca[1] |
| Died | January 28, 661(661-01-28) (aged 62) Kufa[1] |
| Buried | Imam Ali Mosque, Najaf, Iraq |
| Predecessor | Muhammad (as first Shia Imam); Uthman Ibn Affan (as fourth Sunni Caliph) |
| Successor | Hasan[3] |
| Wives | Fatimah[1] Fatima bint Hizam al-Qilabiyya ("Ummu l-Banin") |
| Offspring | Hasan Husayn Zaynab (See:Descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib) |
| Father | Abu Talib |
| Mother | Fatima bint Asad |
| Part of a series on the |
| Ali |
|---|
| Life |
| Family tree · marital life · Descendants Succession to Muhammad Birthplace · First Fitna Timeline of Ali's life Hadith of the pond of Khumm |
| Legacy |
| Nahj al-Balagha · Qalam-e-Mowla Zulfiqar · Imam Ali Mosque · Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim |
| Perspectives |
| Ali the Warrior · Ali as Caliph The Fourteen Infallibles The Twelve Imams Ali in the Qur'an Sunni · Shi'a |
Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (Arabic: علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب, Transliteration: ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, [ʕaliː ibn ʔæbiː t̪ˤɑːlib]; 13th Rajab, 24 BH–21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH; approximately October 23, 598 or 600[2] or March 17, 599 – January 27, 661[4]). The son of Abu Talib,[5] Ali was also the cousin and son-in-law of Islamic prophet Muhammad, ruling over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661,[5] and was the first male convert to Islam.[6][7] Sunnis consider Ali the fourth and final of the Rashidun (rightly guided Caliphs), while Shias regard Ali as the first Imam and consider him and his descendants the rightful successors to Muhammad, all of which are members of the Ahl al-Bayt, the household of Muhammad. This disagreement split the Ummah (Muslim community) into the Sunni and Shia branches.[1]
Muslim sources, especially Shia ones, state that since Muhammad's time, Ali was the only person born in the Kaaba sanctuary in Mecca, the holiest place in Islam.[1] His father was Abu Talib and his mother was Fatima bint Asad,[1] but he was raised in the household of Muhammad, who himself was raised by Abu Talib, Muhammad's uncle, and Ali's father. When Muhammad reported receiving a divine revelation, Ali was the first male to accept his message, dedicating his life to the cause of Islam.[4][8][9][10]
Ali migrated to Medina shortly after Muhammad did. Once there Muhammad told Ali that God had ordered Muhammad to give his daughter, Fatimah, to Ali in marriage.[1] For the ten years that Muhammad led the community in Medina, Ali was extremely active in his service, leading parties of warriors on battles, and carrying messages and orders. Ali took part in the early caravan raids from Mecca and later in almost all the battles fought by the nascent Muslim community.
Ali was appointed Caliph by the Companions of Muhammad (the Sahaba) in Medina after the assassination of the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan.[11][12] He encountered defiance and civil war during his reign. In 661, Ali was attacked one morning while worshipping in the mosque of Kufa, and died a few days later.[13][14][15]
In Muslim culture, Ali is respected for his courage, knowledge, belief, honesty, unbending devotion to Islam, deep loyalty to Muhammad, equal treatment of all Muslims and generosity in forgiving his defeated enemies, and therefore is central to mystical traditions in Islam such as Sufism. Ali retains his stature as an authority on Quranic exegesis, Islamic jurisprudence and religious thought.[16] Ali holds a high position in almost all Sufi orders which trace their lineage through him to Muhammad. Ali's influence has been important throughout Islamic history.[1]
Contents |
In Mecca[link]
File:Ali Mausoleum compound,Najaf.jpg
A grand view Ali Mausoleum,Najaf,Iraq
Birth and childhood[link]
Main article: Family tree of Ali
Ali's father Abu Talib was the custodian of the Kaaba and a sheikh of the Banu Hashim, an important branch of the powerful Quraysh tribe. He was also an uncle of Muhammad. Ali's mother, Fatima bint Asad, also belonged to Banu Hashim, making Ali a descendant of Ishmael, the son of Ibrahim or Abraham.[17]
Many sources, especially Shia ones, attest that during Mohammad's time Ali was born inside the Kaaba in the city of Mecca, where he stayed with his mother for three days. According to a tradition, Muhammad was the first person whom Ali saw as he took the newborn in his hands. Muhammad named him Ali, meaning "the exalted one".[1][18]
Muhammad had a close relationship with Ali's parents. When Muhammad was orphaned and later lost his grandfather Abdul Muttalib, Ali's father took him into his house.[1] Ali was born two or three years after Muhammad married Khadijah bint Khuwaylid.[19] When Ali was five or six years old, a famine occurred in and around Mecca, affecting the economic conditions of Ali's father, who had a large family to support. Muhammad took Ali into his home to raise him.[1][8][20]
Acceptance of Islam[link]
See also: Identity of the first male Muslim
The second period of Ali's life begins in 610 when he declared Islam at age 10 and ends with the Hijra of Muhammad to Medina in 622.[1] When Muhammad reported that he had received a divine revelation, Ali, then only about ten years old, believed him and professed to Islam.[1][4][8][9] According to Ibn Ishaq and some other authorities, Ali was the first male to embrace Islam. Tabari adds other traditions making the similar claim of being the first Muslim in relation to Zayd or Abu Bakr.[7][21] Some historians and scholars believe Ali's conversion is not worthy enough to consider him the first male Muslim because he was a child at the time.[22]
Shia doctrine asserts that in keeping with Ali's divine mission, he accepted Islam before he took part in any pre-Islamic Meccan traditional religion rites, regarded by Muslims as polytheistic (see shirk) or paganistic. Hence the Shia say of Ali that his face is honored — that is, it was never sullied by prostrations before idols.[8] The Sunnis also use the honorific Karam Allahu Wajhahu, which means "God's Favor upon his Face."
The reason his acceptance is often not called a conversion, is because he was never an idol worshipper like the people of Mecca. He was known to have broken idols in the mold of Abraham and asked people why they worshipped something they made themselves. Ali's grandfather, it is acknowledged without controversy, along with some members of the Banu Hashim clan, were Hanifs, followers of a monotheistic belief system, prior to the coming of Islam.
After declaration of Islam[link]
For three years Muhammad invited people to Islam in secret, then he started inviting publicly. When, according to the Quran, he was commanded to invite his closer relatives to come to Islam[23] he gathered the Banu Hashim clan in a ceremony.
According to al-Tabari, Ibn Athir and Abu al-Fida, Muhammad announced at invitational events that whoever assisted him in his invitation would become his brother, trustee and successor. Only Ali, who was thirteen or fourteen years old, stepped forward to help him. This invitation was repeated three times, but Ali was the only person who answered Muhammad. Upon Ali's constant and only answer to his call, Muhammad declared that Ali was his brother, inheritor and vice-regent and people must obey him. Most of the adults present were uncles of Ali and Muhammad, and Abu Lahab laughed at them and declared to Abu Talib that he must bow down to his own son, as Ali was now his Emir[24] This event is known as the Hadith of Warning.
During the persecution of Muslims and boycott of the Banu Hashim in Mecca, Ali stood firmly in support of Muhammad.[25]
Migration to Medina[link]
See also: Hijra (Islam)
In 622, the year of Muhammad's migration to Yathrib (now Medina), Ali risked his life by sleeping in Muhammad's bed to impersonate him and thwart an assassination plot so that Muhammad could escape in safety.[1][8][26] This night is called Laylat al-Mabit. According to some hadith, a verse was revealed about Ali concerning his sacrifice on the night of Hijra which says, "And among men is he who sells his nafs (self) in exchange for the pleasure of Allah"[27][28]
Ali survived the plot, but risked his life again by staying in Mecca to carry out Muhammad's instructions: to restore to their owners all the goods and properties that had been entrusted to Muhammad for safekeeping. Ali then went to Medina with his mother, Muhammad's daughter Fatimah and two other women.[4][8]
In Medina[link]
During Muhammad's era[link]
See also: Muhammad in Medina and Military career of Ali
Ali was 22 or 23 years old when he migrated to Medina. When Muhammad was creating bonds of brotherhood among his companions, he selected Ali as his brother.[4][8][29] For the ten years that Muhammad led the community in Medina, Ali was extremely active in his service as his secretary and deputy, serving in his armies, the bearer of his banner in every battle, leading parties of warriors on raids, and carrying messages and orders. [30] As one of Muhammad's lieutenants, and later his son-in-law, Ali was a person of authority and standing in the Muslim community.
Family life[link]
Main article: Ali marital life
In 623, Muhammad told Ali that God ordered him to give his daughter Fatimah Zahra to Ali in marriage.[1] Muhammad said to Fatimah: "I have married you to the dearest of my family to me."[31] This family is glorified by Muhammad frequently and he declared them as his Ahl al-Bayt in events such as Mubahala and hadith like the Hadith of the Event of the Cloak. They were also glorified in the Quran in several cases such as "the verse of purification".[32][33]
Ali had four children born to Fatimah, the only child of Muhammad to have surviving progeny. Their two sons (Hasan and Husain) were cited by Muhammad to be his own sons, honored numerous times in his lifetime and titled "the leaders of the youth of Jannah" (Heaven, the hereafter.)[34][35]
At the beginning they were extremely poor. For several years after his marriage, Fatimah did all of the household work by herself. The shoulder on which she carried pitchers of water from the well was swollen and the hand with which she worked the handmill to grind corn were often covered with blisters.[36] Fatimah vouched to take care of the household work, make dough, bake bread, and clean the house; in return, Ali vouched to take care of the outside work such as gathering firewood, and bringing food.[37] Their circumstances were akin to many of the Muslims at the time and only improved following the Battle of Khaybar when the wealth of Khaybar was distributed among the poor. When the economic situations of the Muslims become better, Fatimah gained some maids but treated them like her family and performed the house duties with them.[38]
Their marriage lasted until Fatimah's death ten years later. Although polygamy was permitted, Ali did not marry another woman while Fatimah was alive, and his marriage to her possesses a special spiritual significance for all Muslims because it is seen as the marriage between two great figures surrounding Muhammad. After Fatimah's death, Ali married other wives and fathered many children.[1]
In battles[link]
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Main article: Military career of Ali
_in_honor_of_Imam_%27Ali.jpg)
With the exception of the Battle of Tabouk, Ali took part in all battles and expeditions fought for Islam.[8] As well as being the standard-bearer in those battles, Ali led parties of warriors on raids into enemy lands.
Ali first distinguished himself as a warrior in 624 at the Battle of Badr. He defeated the Umayyad champion Walid ibn Utba as well as many other Meccan soldiers. According to Muslim traditions Ali killed between twenty and thirty-five enemies in battle, most agreeing with twenty-seven.[39]
Ali was prominent at the Battle of Uhud, as well as many other battles where he wielded a bifurcated sword known as Zulfiqar.[40] He had the special role of protecting Muhammad when most of the Muslim army fled from the battle of Uhud[1] and it was said "There is no brave youth except Ali and there is no sword which renders service except Zulfiqar."[41] He was commander of the Muslim army in the Battle of Khaybar.[42] Following this battle Mohammad gave Ali the name Asadullah, which in Arabic means "Lion of Allah" or "Lion of God". Ali also defended Muhammad in the Battle of Hunayn in 630.[1]
Missions for Islam[link]
Muhammad designated Ali as one of the scribes who would write down the text of the Quran, which had been revealed to Muhammad during the previous two decades. As Islam began to spread throughout Arabia, Ali helped establish the new Islamic order. He was instructed to write down the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, the peace treaty between Muhammad and the Quraysh in 628. Ali was so reliable and trustworthy that Muhammad asked him to carry the messages and declare the orders. In 630, Ali recited to a large gathering of pilgrims in Mecca a portion of the Quran that declared Muhammad and the Islamic community were no longer bound by agreements made earlier with Arab polytheists. During the Conquest of Mecca in 630, Muhammad asked Ali to guarantee that the conquest would be bloodless. He ordered Ali to break all the idols worshipped by the Banu Aus, Banu Khazraj, Tayy, and those in the Kaaba to purify it after its defilement by the polytheism of the pre-Islamic era. Ali was sent to Yemen one year later to spread the teachings of Islam. He was also charged with settling several disputes and putting down the uprisings of various tribes.[1][4]
The incident of Mubahala[link]
Main articles: Mubahala and Hadith of Mubahala
See also: Ahl al-Bayt
According to hadith collections, in 631 an Arab Christian envoy from Najran (currently in northern Yemen and partly in Saudi Arabia) came to Muhammad to argue which of the two parties erred in its doctrine concerning Jesus. After likening Jesus' miraculous birth to Adam's creation,[43] Muhammad called them to mubahala (conversation), where each party should bring their knowledgeable men,women and children,and ask God to curse the lying party and their followers.[44] Muhammad, to prove to them that he is a prophet, brought his daughter Fatimah,Ali and his grandchildren Hasan and Husayn. He went to the Christians and said this is my family and covered himself and his family with a cloak.[45] According to Muslim sources, when one of the Christian monks saw their faces, he advised his companions to withdraw from Mubahala for the sake of their lives and families. Thus the Christian monks vanished from the Mubahala place. Allameh Tabatabaei explains in Tafsir al-Mizan that the word "Our selves" in this verse[44] refers to Muhammad and Ali. Then he narrates Imam Ali al-Rida, eighth Shia Imam, in discussion with Al-Ma'mun, Abbasid caliph, referred to this verse to prove the superiority of Muhammad's progeny over the rest of the Muslim community, and considered it the proof for Ali's right for caliphate due to Allah made Ali like the self of Muhammad.[46]
Ghadir Khumm[link]
Main articles: Hadith of the pond of Khumm and Hadith of the two weighty things
As Muhammad was returning from his last pilgrimage in 632, he made statements about Ali that are interpreted very differently by Sunnis and Shias.[1] He halted the caravan at Ghadir Khumm, gathered the returning pilgrims for communal prayer and began to address them:[47]
O people, I am a human being. I am about to receive a message from my Lord and I, in response to Allah's call, (would bid good-bye to you), but I am leaving among you two weighty things: the one being the Book of Allah(Quran) in which there is right guidance and light, so hold fast to the Book of Allah and adhere to it. He exhorted (us) (to hold fast) to the Book of Allah and then said: The second are the members of my household I remind you (of your duties) to the members of my family.[48]
This quote is confirmed by both Shia and Sunni, but they interpret the quote differently.[49]
Some Sunni and all Shia sources report that then he called Ali ibn Abu Talib to his sides, took his hand and raised it up declaring[50]
Shia's regard these statements as constituting the investiture of Ali as the successor of Muhammad and as the first Imam; by contrast, Sunnis take them only as an expression of Muhammad's closeness to Ali and of his wish that Ali, as his cousin and son-in-law, inherit his family responsibilities upon his death. [52] Many Sufis also interpret the episode as the transfer of Muhammad's spiritual power and authority to Ali, whom they regard as the wali par excellence.[1][53]
On the basis of this hadith, Ali later insisted on his religious authority superior to that of Abu Bakr and Umar.[54]
Succession to Muhammad[link]
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After uniting the Arabian tribes into a single Muslim religious polity in the last years of his life, Muhammad's death in 632 signalled disagreement over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community.[55] While Ali and the rest of Muhammad's close family were washing his body for burial, at a gathering attended by a small group of Muslims at Saqifah, a close companion of Muhammad named Abu Bakr was nominated for the leadership of the community. Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first caliph. The choice of Abu Bakr disputed by some of the Muhammad's companions, who held that Ali had been designated his successor by Muhammad himself.[10][56]
Later when Fatimah and Ali sought aid from the Companions in the matter of his right to the caliphate, they answered, O daughter of the Messenger of God! We have given our allegiance to Abu Bakr. If Ali had come to us before this, we would certainly not have abandoned him. Ali said, 'Was it fitting that we should wrangle over the caliphate even before the Prophet was buried?'[57][58]
Following his election to the caliphate, Abu Bakr and Umar with a few other companions headed to Fatimah's house to force Ali and his supporters who had gathered there give their allegiance to Abu Bakr. Then, it is alleged that Umar threatened to set the house on fire unless they came out and swore allegiance with Abu Bakr.[59] Fatimah, in support of her husband, started a commotion and threatened to "uncover her hair", at which Abu Bakr relented and withdrew.[38] Ali is reported to have repeatedly said that had there been forty men with him he would have resisted.[59] Ali did not actively assert his own right because he did not want to throw the nascent Muslim community into strife.[4] Other sources say that Ali accepted the selection of Umar as caliph and even gave one of his daughters, Umm Kulthūm, to him in marriage.[1]
This contentious issue caused Muslims to later split into two groups, Sunni and Shia. Sunnis assert that even though Muhammad never appointed a successor, Abu Bakr was elected first caliph by the Muslim community. The Sunnis recognize the first four caliphs as Muhammad's rightful successors. Shias believe that Muhammad explicitly named Ali as his successor at Ghadir Khumm and Muslim leadership belonged to him which had been determined by divine order.[10][60]
Ali himself was firmly convinced of his legitimacy for caliphate based on his close kinship with Muhammad, his intimate association and his knowledge of Islam and his merits in serving its cause. He told Abu Bakr that his delay in pledging allegiance (bay'ah) as caliph was based on his belief of his own prior title. Ali did not change his mind when he finally pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr and then to Umar and to Uthman but had done so for the sake of the unity of Islam, at a time when it was clear that the Muslims had turned away from him.[10][61] Ali also believed that he could fulfill his role of Imam'ate without this fighting .[62]
According to Shia historical reports, Ali maintained his right to the caliphate and said:
By Allah the son of Abu Quhafah (Abu Bakr) dressed himself with it (the caliphate) and he certainly knew that my position in relation to it was the same as the position of the axis in relation to the hand-mill...I put a curtain against the caliphate and kept myself detached from it... I watched the plundering of my inheritance till the first one went his way but handed over the Caliphate to Ibn al-Khattab after himself.[63]
Inheritance[link]
Main article: Fadak
See also: Hadith of Muhammad's inheritance
After Muhammad died, his daughter Fatimah asked Abu Bakr to turn over their property, the lands of Fadak and Khaybar. Abu Bakr refused and told her that prophets did not have any legacy and that Fadak belonged to the Muslim community. Abu Bakr said to her, "Allah's Apostle said, we do not have heirs, whatever we leave is Sadaqa." Together with Umm Ayman, Ali testified to the fact that Muhammad granted it to Fatimah Zahra, when Abu Bakr requested her to summon witnesses for her claim. Fatimah became angry and stopped speaking to Abu Bakr, and continued assuming that attitude until she died.[64]
After Fatima's death Ali again claimed her inheritance during Umar's era, but was denied with the same argument. Umar, the caliph who was famous as Umar Sanni (second Umar), did restore the estates in Medina to sons of ‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, as representatives of Muhammad's clan, the Banu Hashim. The properties in Khaybar and Fadak were retained as state property.[65]
Life after Muhammad[link]
See also: Origin and development of the Quran
Another part of Ali's life started in 632 after death of Muhammad and lasted until assassination of Uthman Ibn Affan, the third caliph in 656. During these years, Ali neither took part in any battle or conquest.[4] nor did he assume any executive position. He withdrew from political affairs, especially after the death of his wife, Fatima Zahra. He used his time to serve his family and worked as a farmer. Ali dug a lot of wells and planted gardens near Medina and endowed them for public use. These wells are known today as Abar Ali ("Ali's wells").[66]
Ali compiled a complete version of the Quran, mus'haf,[67] six months after the death of Muhammad. The volume was completed and carried by camel to show to other people of Medina. The order of this mus'haf differed from that which was gathered later during the Uthmanic era. This book was rejected by several people when he showed it to them. Despite this, Ali made no resistance against standardized mus'haf.[68]
Ali and the Rashidun Caliphs[link]
See also: Rashidun and The election of Uthman
Ali did not give his oath of allegiance to Abu Bakr until some time after the death of his wife, Fatimah.[4] Ali participated in the funeral of Abu Bakr but did not participate in the Ridda Wars.[69]
He pledged allegiance to the second caliph Umar ibn Khattab and helped him as a trusted advisor. Umar particularly relied upon Ali as the Chief Judge of Medina. He also advised Umar to set Hijra as the beginning of the Islamic calendar. Umar used Ali's suggestions in political issues as well as religious ones.[70]
Ali was one of the electoral council to choose the third caliph which was appointed by Umar. Although Ali was one of the two major candidates, but the council's arrangement was against him. Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and Abdur Rahman bin Awf who were cousins, were naturally inclined to support Uthman, who was Abdur Rahman's brother-in-law. In addition, Umar gave the casting vote to Abdur Rahman. Abdur Rahman offered the caliphate to Ali on the condition that he should rule in accordance with the Quran, the example set by Muhammad, and the precedents established by the first two caliphs. Ali rejected the third condition while Uthman accepted it. According to Ibn Abi al-Hadid's Comments on the Peak of Eloquence Ali insisted on his prominence there, but most of the electors supported Uthman and Ali was reluctantly urged to accept him[71]
Siege of Uthman[link]
Main article: Siege of Uthman
Uthman Ibn Affan, expressed generosity toward his kin, Banu Abd-Shams, who seemed to dominate him and his supposed arrogant mistreatment toward several of the earliest companions such as Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, Abd-Allah ibn Mas'ud and Ammar ibn Yasir provoked outrage among some groups of people. Dissatisfaction and resistance openly arose since 650–651 throughout most of the empire.[72] The dissatisfaction with his rule and the governments appointed by him was not restricted to the provinces outside Arabia.[73] When Uthman's kin, especially Marwan, gained control over him, the noble companions including most of the members of elector council, turned against him or at least withdrew their support putting pressure on the caliph to mend his ways and reduce the influence of his assertive kin.[74]
At this time, Ali had acted as a restraining influence on Uthman without directly opposing him. On several occasions Ali disagreed with Uthman in the application of the Hudud; he had publicly shown sympathy for Abu Dharr al-Ghifari and had spoken strongly in the defense of Ammar ibn Yasir. He conveyed to Uthman the criticisms of other Companions and acted on Uthman's behalf as negotiator with the provincial opposition who had come to Medina; because of this some mistrust between Ali and Uthman's family seems to have arisen. Finally he tried to mitigate the severity of the siege by his insistence that Uthman should be allowed water.[4]
There is controversy among historians about the relationship between Ali and Uthman. Although pledging allegiance to Uthman, Ali disagreed with some of his policies. In particular, he clashed with Uthman on the question of religious law. He insisted that religious punishment had to be done in several cases such as Ubayd Allah ibn Umar and Walid ibn Uqba. In 650 during pilgrimage, he confronted Uthman with reproaches for his change of the prayer ritual. When Uthman declared that he would take whatever he needed from the fey', Ali exclaimed that in that case the caliph would be prevented by force. Ali endeavored to protect companions from maltreatment by the caliph such as Ibn Mas'ud.[75] Therefore, some historians consider Ali one the leading members of Uthman's opposition, if not the main one. But Wilferd Madelung rejects their judgment due to the fact that Ali did not have the Quraysh's support to be elected as a caliph. According to him, there is even no evidence that Ali had close relations with rebels who supported his caliphate or directed their actions. [76] Some other sources say Ali had acted as a restraining influence on Uthman without directly opposing him.[4] However Madelung narrates Marwan told Zayn al-Abidin, the grandson of Ali, that
No one [among the Islamic nobility] was more temperate toward our master than your master.[77]
Caliphate[link]
See also: Rashidun Empire and Ali as caliph
Strongholds of Rashidun Caliphate
Vassal states of Rashidun Caliphate
Region under the control of Muawiyah I during civil war 656–661
Region under the control of Amr ibn al-As During civil war 658–661
Election as Caliph[link]
Ali was caliph between 656 and 661, during one of the more turbulent periods in Muslim history, which also coincided with the First Fitna.
Uthman's assassination meant that rebels had to select a new caliph. This met with difficulties since the rebels were divided into several groups comprising the Muhajirun, Ansar, Egyptians, Kufans and Basntes. There were three candidates: Ali, Talhah and al-Zubayr. First the rebels approached Ali, requesting him to accept being the caliph. Some of Muhammad's companions tried to persuade Ali in accepting the office,[63][78][79] but he turned down the offer, suggesting to be a counselor instead of a chief.[80]
Talhah, Zubayr and other companions also refused the rebels' offer of the caliphate. Therefore, the rebels warned the inhabitants of Medina to select a caliph within one day, or they would apply drastic action. In order to resolve the deadlock, the Muslims gathered in the Mosque of the Prophet on June 18, 656 to appoint the caliph. Initially Ali refused to accept simply because his most vigorous supporters were rebels. However, when some notable companions of Muhammad, in addition to the residents of Medina urged him to accept the offer, he finally agreed. According to Abu Mekhnaf's narration, Talhah was the first prominent companion who gave his pledge to Ali, but other narrations claimed otherwise, stating they were forced to give their pledge. Also, Talhah and Zubayr later claimed they supported him reluctantly. Regardless, Ali refuted these claims, insisting they recognized him as caliph voluntarily. Wilferd Madelung believes that force did not urge people to give their pledge and they pledged publicly in the mosque.[11][12]
While the overwhelming majority of Madina's population as well as many of the rebels gave their pledge, some important figures or tribes did not do so. The Umayyads, kinsmen of Uthman, fled to the Levant or remained in their houses, later refusing Ali's legitimacy. Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas was absent and Abdullah ibn Umar abstained from offering his allegiance, but both of them assured Ali that they would not act against him.[11][12]
Reign as Caliph[link]
Since the conflicts in which Ali was involved were perpetuated in polemical sectarian historiography, biographical material is often biased. But the sources agree that he was a profoundly religious man, devoted to the cause of Islam and the rule of justice in accordance with the Quran and the Sunna; he engaged in war against erring Muslims as a matter of religious duty. The sources abound in notices on his austerity, rigorous observance of religious duties, and detachment from worldly goods. Thus some authors have pointed out that he lacked political skill and flexibility.[4]
Ali inherited the Rashidun Caliphate—which extended from Egypt in the west to the Iranian highlands in the east—while the situation in the Hejaz and the other provinces on the eve of his election was unsettled. Soon after Ali became caliph, he dismissed provincial governors who had been appointed by Uthman, replacing them with trusted aides. He acted against the counsel of Mughira ibn Shu'ba and Ibn Abbas, who had advised him to proceed his governing cautiously. Madelung says Ali was deeply convinced of his right and his religious mission, unwilling to compromise his principles for the sake of political expediency, and ready to fight against overwhelming odds.[81] Muawiyah I, the kinsman of Uthman and governor of the Levant refused to submit to Ali's orders; he was the only governor to do so.[4]
When he was appointed caliph, Ali stated to the citizens of Medina that Muslim polity had come to be plagued by dissension and discord; he desired to purge Islam of any evil. He advised the populace to behave as true Muslims, warning that he would tolerate no sedition and those who were found guilty of subversive activities would be dealt with harshly.[82] Ali recovered the land granted by Uthman and swore to recover anything that elites had acquired before his election. Ali opposed the centralization of capital control over provincial revenues, favoring an equal distribution of taxes and booty amongst the Muslim citizens; He distributed the entire revenue of the treasury among them. Ali refrained from nepotism, including with his brother Aqeel ibn Abu Talib. This was an indication to Muslims of his policy of offering equality to Muslims who served Islam in its early years and to the Muslims who played a role in the later conquests.[4][83]
Ali succeeded in forming a broad coalition especially after the Battle of Bassorah. His policy of equal distribution of taxes and booty gained the support of Muhammad's companions especially the Ansar who were subordinated by the Quraysh leadership after Muhammad, the traditional tribal leaders, and the Qurra or Quran reciters that sought pious Islamic leadership. The successful formation of this diverse coalition seems to be due to Ali's charismatic character.[4][84] This diverse coalition became known as Shia Ali, meaning "party" or "faction of Ali". However according to Shia, as well as non-Shia reports, the majority of those who supported Ali after his election as caliph, were shia politically, not religiously. Although at this time there were many who counted as political Shia, few of them believed Ali's religious leadership.[85]
First Fitna[link]
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See also: First Fitna
A'isha, Talhah, Al-Zubayr and Umayyad especially Muawiyah I wanted to take revenge for Uthman's death and punish the rioters who had killed him. They attacked Ali for not punishing the rebels and murderers of Uthman. However some historians believe that they use this issue to seek their political ambitions because they found Ali's caliphate against their own benefit. On the other hand, the rebels maintained that Uthman had been justly killed, for not governing according to Quran and Sunnah, hence no vengeance was to be invoked.[4][8][86] Historians disagree on Ali's position. Some say the caliphate was a gift of the rebels and Ali did not have enough force to control or punish them,[82] while others say Ali accepted rebels argument or at least did not consider Uthman just ruler.[87]
Under such circumstances, a schism took place which led to the first civil war in Muslim history. Some Muslims, known as Uthmanis, considered Uthman a rightful and just Imam (Islamic leader) till the end, who had been unlawfully killed. Thus his position was in abeyance until he had been avenged and a new caliph elected. In their view Ali was the Imam of error leading a party of infidels. Some others, who are known as party of Ali, believed Uthman had fallen into error, he had forfeited the caliphate and been lawfully executed for his refusal to mend his way or step down, thus Ali was the just and true Imam and his opponents are infidels. This civil war created permanent divisions within the Muslim community regarding who had the legitimate right to occupy the caliphate.[88]
The First Fitna, 656–661, followed the assassination of Uthman, continued during the caliphate of Ali, and was ended by Muawiyah's assumption of the caliphate. This civil war (often called the Fitna) is regretted as the end of the early unity of the Islamic ummah (nation). Ali was first opposed by a faction led by Talhah, Al-Zubayr and Muhammad's wife, Aisha bint Abu Bakr. This group, known as "the disobedient ones" (Nakithin) by their enemies, gathered in Mecca then moved to Basra with the expectation of finding the necessary forces and resources to mobilize people of Iraq. The rebels occupied Basra, killing many people. They refused Ali's offer of obedience and pledge of allegiance. The two sides met at the Battle of Bassorah (Battle of the Camel) in 656, where Ali emerged victorious.[89]
Ali appointed Ibn Abbas governor of Basra and moved his capital to Kufa, the Muslim garrison city in Iraq. Kufa was in the middle of Islamic land and had strategic position.[90]
Later he was challenged by Muawiyah I, the governor of Levant and the cousin of Uthman, who refused Ali's demands for allegiance and called for revenge for Uthman. Ali opened negotiations hoping to regain his allegiance, but Muawiyah insisted on Levant autonomy under his rule. Muawiyah replied by mobilizing his Levantine supporters and refusing to pay homage to Ali on the pretext that his contingent had not participated in his election. The two armies encamped themselves at Siffin for more than one hundred days, most of the time being spent in negotiations. Although, Ali exchanged several letters with Muawiyah, he was unable to dismiss the latter, nor persuade him to pledge allegiance. Skirmishes between the parties led to the Battle of Siffin in 657. After a week of combat was followed by a violent battle known as laylat al-harir (the night of clamor), Muawiyah's army were on the point of being routed when Amr ibn al-Aas advised Muawiyah to have his soldiers hoist mus'haf (either parchments inscribed with verses of the Quran, or complete copies of it) on their spearheads in order to cause disagreement and confusion in Ali's army.[4][91] Ali saw through the stratagem, but only a minority wanted to pursue the fight.[10]
The two armies finally agreed to settle the matter of who should be Caliph by arbitration. The refusal of the largest bloc in Ali's army to fight was the decisive factor in his acceptance of the arbitration. The question as to whether the arbiter would represent Ali or the Kufans caused a further split in Ali's army. Ash'ath ibn Qays and some others rejected Ali's nominees, 'Abd Allah ibn 'Abbas and Malik al-Ashtar, and insisted on Abu Musa Ash'ari, who was opposed by Ali, since he had earlier prevented people from supporting him. Finally, Ali was urged to accept Abu Musa. Some of Ali's supporters, later were known as Kharijites (schismatics), opposed arbitration and rebelled and Ali had to fight with them in the Battle of Nahrawan. The arbitration resulted in the dissolution of Ali's coalition and some have opined that this was Muawiyah's intention.[4][92]
In the following years Muawiyah's army invaded and plundered cities of Iraq, which Ali's governors could not prevent and people did not support him to fight with them. Muawiyah overpowered Egypt, Hijaz, Yemen and other areas.[93] In the last year of Ali's caliphate, the mood in Kufa and Basra changed in his favor as Muawiyah's vicious conduct of the war revealed the nature of his reign. However the people's attitude toward Ali differed deeply. Just a small minority of them believed that Ali was the best Muslim after Muhammad (صلی الله علیھ وآلہ وسلم ) and the only one entitled to rule them, while the majority supported him due to their distrust and opposition to Muawiyah.[94]
Policies[link]
What shows Ali's policies and ideas of governing is his instruction to Malik al-Ashtar, when appointed by him as governor of Egypt. This instruction which is considered by many Muslims and even non-Muslims as the ideal constitution for Islamic governance involved detailed description of duties and rights of the ruler and various functionaries of the state and the main classes of society at that time.[95][96]
Ali wrote in his instruction to Malik al-Ashtar:
Infuse your heart with mercy, love and kindness for your subjects. Be not in face of them a voracious animal, counting them as easy prey, for they are of two kinds: either they are your brothers in religion or your equals in creation. Error catches them unaware, deficiencies overcome them, (evil deeds) are committed by them intentionally and by mistake. So grant them your pardon and your forgiveness to the same extent that you hope God will grant you His pardon and His forgiveness. For you are above them, and he who appointed you is above you, and God is above him who appointed you. God has sought from you the fulfillment of their requirements and He is trying you with them.[97]
Since the majority of Ali's subjects were nomads and peasants, he was concerned with agriculture. He instructed to Malik to give more attention to development of the land than to the collection of the tax, because tax can only be obtained by the development of the land and whoever demands tax without developing the land ruins the country and destroys the people.[98]
Death[link]
On the 19th of Ramadan, while worshipping in the Great Mosque of Kufa, Ali was attacked by the Khawarij Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam. He was wounded by ibn Muljam's poison-coated sword while prostrating in the Fajr prayer.[99] Ali ordered his sons not to attack the Kharijites, instead stipulating that if he survived, ibn Muljam would be pardoned whereas if he died, ibn Muljam should be given only one equal hit (regardless of whether or not he dies from the hit).[100]
Ali died a few days later on February 28, 661 (21 Ramadan 40 A.H).[99] Hasan fulfilled Qisas and gave equal punishment to ibn Muljam upon Ali's death.[94]
Burial[link]
File:Kabr Mubarak Moulana Ali.pdf According to Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid, Ali did not want his grave to be desecrated by his enemies and consequently asked his friends and family to bury him secretly. This secret gravesite was revealed later during the Abbasid caliphate by Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, his descendant and the sixth Shia Imam.[101] Most Shias accept that Ali is buried at the Tomb of Imam Ali in the Imam Ali Mosque at what is now the city of Najaf, which grew around the mosque and shrine called Masjid Ali.[102][103]
However another story, usually maintained by some Afghans, notes that his body was taken and buried in the Afghan city of Mazar-E-Sharif at the famous Blue Mosque or Rawze-e-Sharif.[104]
Aftermath[link]
See also: Umayyad dynasty and Umayyad tradition of cursing Ali
After Ali's death, Kufi Muslims pledged allegiance to his eldest son Hasan without dispute, as Ali on many occasions had declared that just Ahl al-Bayt of Muhammad (صلی الله علیھ وآلہ وسلم ) were entitled to rule the Muslim community.[105] At this time, Muawiyah held both the Levant and Egypt and, as commander of the largest force in the Muslim Empire, had declared himself caliph and marched his army into Iraq, the seat of Hasan's caliphate.
War ensued during which Muawiyah gradually subverted the generals and commanders of Hasan's army with large sums of money and deceiving promises until the army rebelled against him. Finally, Hasan was forced to make peace and to yield the caliphate to Muawiyah. In this way Muawiyah captured the Islamic caliphate and in every way possible placed the severest pressure upon Ali's family and his Shia. Regular public cursing of Imam Ali in the congregational prayers remained a vital institution which was not abolished until 60 years later by Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz. Muawiyah also established the Umayyad caliphate which was a centralized monarchy. [106]
Madelung writes:
Umayyad highhandedness, misrule and repression were gradually to turn the minority of Ali's admirers into a majority. In the memory of later generations Ali became the ideal Commander of the Faithful. In face of the fake Umayyad claim to legitimate sovereignty in Islam as God's Vice-regents on earth, and in view of Umayyad treachery, arbitrary and divisive government, and vindictive retribution, they came to appreciate his [Ali's] honesty, his unbending devotion to the reign of Islam, his deep personal loyalties, his equal treatment of all his supporters, and his generosity in forgiving his defeated enemies.[16]
Knowledge[link]
See also: Nahj al-Balagha
Ali is respected not only as a warrior and leader, but as a writer and religious authority. Numerous range of disciplines from theology and exegesis to calligraphy and numerology, from law and mysticism to Arabic grammar and Rhetoric regarded as having been first adumbrated by Ali.[103] According to Hadith which is narrated by Shia and Sufis, Muhammad(صلی الله علیھ وآلہ وسلم ) told about him "I'm the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate..."[103][107][108][109] Muslims regard Ali as a major authority on Islam. Ali himself gives this testimony:
Not a single verse of the Quran descended upon (was revealed to) the Messenger of God which he did not proceed to dictate to me and make me recite. I would write it with my own hand, and he would instruct me as to its tafsir (the literal explanation) and the ta'wil (the spiritual exegesis), the nasikh (the verse which abrogates) and the mansukh (the abrogated verse), the muhkam and the mutashabih (the fixed and the ambiguous), the particular and the general...[110]
According to Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Ali is credited with having established Islamic theology and his quotations contain the first rational proofs among Muslims of the Unity of God.[111] Ibn Abi al-Hadid has quoted
As for theosophy and dealing with matters of divinity, it was not an Arab art. Nothing of the sort had been circulated among their distinguished figures or those of lower ranks. This art was the exclusive preserve of Greece whose sages were its only expounders. The first one among Arabs to deal with it was Ali.[112]
In later Islamic philosophy, especially in the teachings of Mulla Sadra and his followers, like Allameh Tabatabaei, Ali's sayings and sermons were increasingly regarded as central sources of metaphysical knowledge, or divine philosophy. Members of Sadra's school regard Ali as the supreme metaphysician of Islam.;[1] According to Henry Corbin, the Nahj al-Balagha may be regarded as one of the most important sources of doctrines professed by Shia thinkers especially after 1500AD. Its influence can be sensed in the logical co-ordination of terms, the deduction of correct conclusions, and the creation of certain technical terms in Arabic which entered the literary and philosophical language independently of the translation into Arabic of Greek texts.[113]
Ali was also a great scholar of Arabic literature and pioneered in the field of Arabic grammar and rhetoric. Numerous short sayings of Ali have become part of general Islamic culture and are quoted as aphorisms and proverbs in daily life. They have also become the basis of literary works or have been integrated into poetic verse in many languages. Already in the 8th century, literary authorities such as 'Abd al-Hamid ibn Yahya al-'Amiri pointed to the unparalleled eloquence of Ali's sermons and sayings, as did al-Jahiz in the following century.[1] Even staffs in the Divan of Umayyad recited Ali's sermons to improve their eloquence.[114] Of course, Peak of Eloquence (Nahj al-Balagha) is an extract of Ali's quotations from a literal viewpoint as its compiler mentioned in the preface. While there are many other quotations, prayers (Du'as), sermons and letters in other literal, historic and religious books.[115]
In addition, some hidden or occult sciences such as jafr, Islamic numerology, the science of the symbolic significance of the letters of the Arabic alphabet, are said to have been established by Ali[1] through his having studied the texts of al-Jafr and al-Jamia.
Works[link]
The compilation of sermons, lectures and quotations attributed to Ali are compiled in the form of several books.
- Nahj al-Balagha (Way of Eloquence) contains eloquent sermons, letters and quotations attributed to Ali which is compiled by ash-Sharif ar-Radi(d. 1015). Reza Shah Kazemi states: "Despite ongoing questions about the authenticity of the text, recent scholarship suggests that most of the material in it can in fact be attributed to Ali" and in support of this he makes reference to an article by Mokhtar Jebli.[103] This book has a prominent position in Arabic literature. It is also considered an important intellectual, political and religious work in Islam.[1][116][117] Masadir Nahj al-Balagha wa asaniduh written by al-Sayyid ‘Abd al-Zahra' al-Husayni al-Khatib introduces some of these sources.[118] Also Nahj al-sa'adah fi mustadrak Nahj al-balaghah by Muhammad Baqir al-Mahmudi represents all of Ali's extant speeches, sermons, decrees, epistles, prayers, and sayings have been collected. It includes the Nahj al-balagha and other discourses which were not incorporated by ash-Sharif ar-Radi or were not available to him. Apparently, except for some of the aphorisms, the original sources of all the contents of the Nahj al-balagha have been determined.[116] There are several Comments on the Peak of Eloquence by Sunnis and Shias such as Comments of Ibn Abi al-Hadid and comments of Muhammad Abduh.
- Supplications (Du'a), translated by William Chittick[119]
- Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim (Exalted aphorisms and Pearls of Speech) which is compiled by Abd al-Wahid Amidi(d. 1116) consists of over ten thounsads short sayings of Ali[120]
- Nuzhat al-Absar va Mahasin al-Asar, Ali's sermons which has compiled by Ali ibn Muhammad Tabari Mamtiri[121]
- Divan-i Ali ibn Abu Talib (poems which are attributed to Ali ibn Abu Talib)[4][122]
Descendants[link]
Main articles: Descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Alavi (surname)
Ali initially married Fatimah, who is his most beloved wife. After she died, he got married again. He had four children with Fatimah, Hasan ibn Ali, Husayn ibn Ali, Zaynab bint Ali[1] and Umm Kulthum bint Ali. His other well-known sons were al-Abbas ibn Ali born to Fatima binte Hizam (Um al-Banin) and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah.[123] Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah is Ali's son from another wife from Hanifa clan of Central Arabia[124] named Khawla bint Ja'far.[125]
Hasan, born in 625 AD, was the second Shia Imam and he also occupied the outward function of caliph for about six months. In the year 50 A.H., he was poisoned and killed by a member of his own household who, as has been accounted by historians, had been motivated by Mu'awiyah.[126]
Husayn, born in 626 AD, was the third Shia Imam. He lived under severe conditions of suppression and persecution by Mu'awiyah. On the tenth day of Muharram, of the year 680, he lined up before the army of caliph with his small band of followers and nearly all of them were killed in the Battle of Karbala. The anniversary of his death is called the Day of Ashura and it is a day of mourning and religious observance for Shia Muslims.[127] In this battle some of Ali's other sons were killed. Al-Tabari has mentioned their names in his history. Al-Abbas ibn Ali, the holder of Husayn's standard, Ja'far, Abdallah and Uthman, the four sons born to Fatima binte Hizam. Muhammad and Abu Bakr. The death of the last one is doubtful.[128] Some historians have added the names of Ali's others sons who were killed in Karbala, including Ibrahim, Umar and Abdallah ibn al-Asqar.[129][130]
His daughter Zaynab—who was in Karbala—was captured by Yazid's army and later played a great role in revealing what happened to Husayn and his followers.[131]
Ali's descendants by Fatimah are known as sharifs, sayeds or sayyids. These are honorific titles in Arabic, sharif meaning 'noble' and sayed or sayyid meaning 'lord' or 'sir'. As Muhammad's only descendants, they are respected by both Sunni and Shia, though the Shias place much more emphasis and value on the distinction.[1]
Views[link]
Muslim views[link]
Main article: Ali in Muslim culture
Except for Muhammad, there is no one in Islamic history about whom as much has been written in Islamic languages as Ali.[1] Ali is revered and honored by all Muslims. Having been one of the first Muslims and foremost Ulema (Islamic scholars), he was extremely knowledgeable in matters of religious belief and Islamic jurisprudence, as well as in the history of the Muslim community. He was known for his bravery and courage. Muslims honor Muhammad, Ali, and other pious Muslims and add pious interjections after their names.[citation needed]
Shia[link]
Main article: Shia view of Ali
The Shia regard Ali as the most important figure after Muhammad.[132] According to them, Muhammad suggested on various occasions during his lifetime that Ali should be the leader of Muslims after his death. This is supported by numerous Hadiths which have been narrated by both Sunnis and Shias, including Hadith of the pond of Khumm, Hadith of the two weighty things, Hadith of the pen and paper, Hadith of the Cloak, Hadith of position, Hadith of the invitation of the close families, and Hadith of the Twelve Successors.
According to this view, Ali as the successor of Muhammad not only ruled over the community in justice, but also interpreted the Sharia Law and its esoteric meaning. Hence he was regarded as being free from error and sin (infallible), and appointed by God by divine decree (nass) through Muhammad.[133] Ali is known as "perfect man" (al-insan al-kamil) similar to Muhammad according to Shia viewpoint.[134]
Shia pilgrims usually go to Mashad Ali in Najaf for Ziyarat, pray there and read "Ziyarat Amin Allah"[135] or other Ziyaratnamehs.[136] Under the Safavid Empire, his grave became the focus of much devoted attention, exemplified in the pilgrimage made by Shah Ismail I to Najaf and Karbala.[10]
Sunni[link]
Main article: Sunni view of Ali
Sunni Muslims regard Ali with great respect as one of the Ahl al-Bayt and the last of the Rashidun caliphs, as well as one of the most influential and respected leaders in Islam. Also, he is one of the Al-Asharatu Mubashsharun, the Ten Companions of Muhammad whom the Prophet of Islam promised Paradise.
Sufi[link]
Almost all Sufi orders trace their lineage to Muhammad through Ali, an exception being Naqshbandi, who go through Abu Bakr. Even in this order, there is Ja'far al-Sadiq, the great great grandson of Ali. Sufis believe that Ali inherited from Muhammad the saintly power wilayah that makes the spiritual journey to God possible.[1] Sufis recite Manqabat Ali in the praise of Ali (Maula Ali), after Hamd and Naat in their Qawwali.[citation needed]
As a deity[link]
Main article: Ghulat
Some groups such as the Alawis believe that Ali is a deity in his own right or he was God incarnate. They are described as ghulat (Ar: غُلاة) "exaggerators" by the vast majority of Islamic scholars. These groups have, in traditional Islamic thought, left Islam due to their exaggeration of a human being's praiseworthy traits. Ali is recorded in some traditions as having forbidden those who sought to worship him in his own lifetime.[137]
Non-Muslim views[link]
Main article: Non-Muslim view of Ali
| Person | Quote |
|---|---|
| Edward Gibbon (British 18th century historian) | The zeal and virtue of Ali were never outstripped by any recent proselyte. He united the qualifications of a poet, a soldier, and a saint; his wisdom still breathes in a collection of moral and religious sayings; and every antagonist,in the combats of the tongue or of the sword, was subdued by his eloquence and valour. From the first hour of his mission to the last rites of his funeral, the apostle was never forsaken by a generous friend, whom he delighted to name his brother, his vicegerent, and the faithful Aaron of a second Moses.[138] |
| Washington Irving (American author and essayist) | He was of the noblest branch of the noble race of Koreish. He possessed the three qualities most prized by Arabs: courage, eloquence, and munificence. His intrepid spirit had gained him from the prophet the appellation of The Lion of God, specimens of his eloquence remain in some verses and sayings preserved among the Arabs; and his munificence was manifested in sharing among others, every Friday, what remained in the treasury. Of his magnanimity, we have given repeated instances; his noble scorn of everything false and mean, and the absence in his conduct of everything like selfish intrigue.[139] |
| Thomas Carlyle (Scottish historian, critic, and sociological writer) | As for this young Ali, one cannot but like him. A noble-minded creature, as he shows himself, now and always afterwards; full of affection, of fiery daring. Something chivalrous in him; brave as a lion; yet with a grace, a truth and affection worthy of Christian knighthood[140] |
| Sir William Muir (Scottish scholar and statesman) | Endowed with a clear intellect, warm in affection, and confiding in friendship, he was from the boyhood devoted heart and soul to the Prophet. Simple, quiet, and unambitious, when in after days he obtained the rule of half of the Moslem world, it was rather thrust upon him than sought[141] |
| Dr. Henry Stubbe (Classicist, polemicist, physician, and philosopher) | He had a contempt of the world, its glory and pomp, he feared God much, gave many alms, was just in all his actions, humble and affable; of an exceeding quick wit and of an ingenuity that was not common, he was exceedingly learned, not in those sciences that terminate in speculations but those which extend to practice[142] |
| Simon Ockley (British Orientalist and Professor of Arabic at the University of Cambridge) | One thing particularly deserving to be noticed is that his mother was delivered of him at Mecca, in the very temple itself; which never happened to any one else.[143] |
The poet Khalil Gibran said of him: "In my view, ʿAlī was the first Arab to have contact with and converse with the universal soul. He died a martyr of his greatness, he died while prayer was between his two lips. The Arabs did not realise his value until appeared among their Persian neighbors some who knew the difference between gems and gravels."[144][145]
However, Henri Lammens[146] held a negative view of Ali.
Historiography[link]
See also: Historiography of early Islam
The primary sources for scholarship on the life of Ali are the Quran and the Hadith, as well as other texts of early Islamic history. The extensive secondary sources include, in addition to works by Sunni and Shī‘a Muslims, writings by Christian Arabs, Hindus, and other non-Muslims from the Middle East and Asia and a few works by modern Western scholars. However, many of the early Islamic sources are colored to some extent by a positive or negative bias towards Ali.[1]
There had been a common tendency among the earlier western scholars against these narrations and reports gathered in later periods due to their tendency towards later Sunni and Shī‘a partisan positions; such scholars regarding them as later fabrications. This leads them to regard certain reported events as inauthentic or irrelevant. Leone Caetani considered the attribution of historical reports to Ibn Abbas and Aisha as mostly fictitious while proffering accounts reported without isnad by the early compilers of history like Ibn Ishaq. Wilferd Madelung has rejected the stance of indiscriminately dismissing everything not included in "early sources" and in this approach tendentious alone is no evidence for late origin. According to him, Caetani's approach is inconsistent. Madelung and some later historians do not reject the narrations which have been complied in later periods and try to judge them in the context of history and on the basis of their compatibility with the events and figures[147]
Until the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate, few books were written and most of the reports had been oral. The most notable work previous to this period is The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays, written by Sulaym ibn Qays, a companion of Ali who lived before the Abbasid.[148] When paper was introduced to Muslim society, numerous monographs were written between 750 and 950 AD. According to Robinson, at least twenty-one separate monographs have been composed on the Battle of Siffin. Abi Mikhnaf is one of the most renowned writers of this period who tried to gather all of the reports. 9th and 10th century historians collected, selected and arranged the available narrations. However, most of these monographs do not exist anymore except for a few which have been used in later works such as History of the Prophets and Kings by Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (d.932).[149]
Shia of Iraq actively participated in writing monographs but most of those works have been lost. On the other hand, in the 8th and 9th century Ali's descendants such as Muhammad al Baqir and Jafar as Sadiq narrated his quotations and reports which have been gathered in Shia hadith books. The later Shia works written after the 10th century AD are about biographies of The Fourteen Infallibles and Twelve Imams. The earliest surviving work and one of the most important works in this field is Kitab al-Irshad by Shaykh Mufid (d. 1022). The author has dedicated the first part of his book to a detailed account of Ali. There are also some books known as Manāqib which describe Ali's character from a religious viewpoint. Such works also constitute a kind of historiography.[150]
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. "Ali". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005712/Ali. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
- ^ a b Ahmed 2005, p. 234
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 311
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Alī ibn Abu Talib". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2007-11-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20071107180319/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v1f8/v1f8a043.html. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
- ^ a b Biographies of the Prophet's companions and their successors,Ṭabarī,Translated by Ella Landau-Tasseron,pp.37-40,Vol:XXXIX
- ^ Kelen 2001, p. 29
- ^ a b Watt 1953, p. xii
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Tabatabaei 1979, p. 191
- ^ a b Ashraf 2005, p. 14
- ^ a b c d e f Diana, Steigerwald. "Alī ibn Abu Talib". Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world; vol.1. MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-02-865604-5.
- ^ a b c Ashraf 2005, p. 119 and 120
- ^ a b c Madelung 1997, pp. 141–145
- ^ Lapidus 2002, p. 47
- ^ Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, pp. 70–72
- ^ Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 50–75 and 192
- ^ a b Madelung 1997, p. 309 and 310
- ^ Ashraf 2005, p. 5
- ^ See:
- Ashraf 2005, p. 6
- "Khalifa Ali Ibn Abu Talib". witness-pioneer.org. 2004-11-05. http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Articles/companion/00_ali_bin_talib.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
- ^ Ashraf 2005, p. 6 and 7
- ^ Ashraf 2005, p. 7
- ^ * See also:**Ibn Majah in Sunan ibn Majah, Ibn Majah, al-Sunan, Vol. I, p. 44;**Hakim al-Nishaburi in Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain, al-Hakim, al-Mustadrak, Vol. III, p. 112;** Ibn Hisham in As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Ibn Hisham, al-Sirah, Vol. I, p.245.
- ^ Watt 1953, p. 86
- ^ Quran 26:214
- ^ See:
- Momen 1985, p. 12
- Tabatabaei 1979, p. 39
- ^ Ashraf 2005, pp. 16–26
- ^ Ashraf 2005, p. 28 and 29
- ^ Quran 2:207
- ^ Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn. "Tafsir al-Mizan, Volume 3: Surah Baqarah, Verses 204–207". almizan.org. http://www.shiasource.com/al-mizan/. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
- ^ Ashraf 2005, pp. 30–32
- ^ See:
- Momen 1985, p. 13 and 14
- Ashraf 2005, pp. 28–118
- ^ Singh 2003, p. 175
- ^ Quran 33:33
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 14 and 15
- ^ See:
- ^ "Hasan ibn Ali". Encyclopædia Iranica. http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v12f1/v12f1024.html. Retrieved 2009-12-06. [dead link]
- ^ Ashraf 2005, p. 42 and 43
- ^ Qazwini 1992, p. 140
- ^ a b Vaglieri, Veccia. "Fatima". Encyclopedia of Islam. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. Vol. 2 844–850. ISSN 1573-3912.
- ^ See:
- Ashraf 2005, p. 36
- Merrick 2005, p. 247
- ^ Khatab, Amal (May 1, 1996). Battles of Badr and Uhud. Ta-Ha Publishers. ISBN 978-1-897940-39-6.
- ^ Ibn Al Atheer, In his Biography, vol 2 p 107 "لا فتی الا علي لا سيف الا ذوالفقار"
- ^ See:
- Ashraf 2005, pp. 66–68
- Zeitlin 2007, p. 134
- ^ Quran 3:59
- ^ a b Quran 3:61
- ^ See:
- Sahih Muslim, Chapter of virtues of companions, section of virtues of Ali, 1980 Edition Pub. in Saudi Arabia, Arabic version, v4, p1871, the end of tradition No. 32
- Sahih al-Tirmidhi, v5, p654
- Madelung 1997, p. 15 and 16
- ^ Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn. "Tafsir al-Mizan, v.6, Al Imran, verses 61–63". almizan.org. http://www.shiasource.com/al-mizan/. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
- ^ Dakake 2008, pp. 34–39
- ^ See:
- Dakake 2008, p. 39 and 40
- Sahih Muslim 031.5920 The Book Pertaining to the Merits of the Companions (Allah Be Pleased With Them) of the Holy Prophet (May Peace Be Upon Him) (Kitab Al-Fada'il Al-Sahabah)
- ^ Dakake 2008, p. 39 and 40
- ^ Dakake 2008, pp. 34–37
- ^ See:
- Dakake 2008, p. 34 and 35
- Ibn Taymiyyah, Minhaaj as-Sunnah 7/319
- ^ See:
- Dakake 2008, pp. 43–48
- Tabatabaei 1979, p. 40
- ^ Dakake 2008, pp. 33–35
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 253
- ^ Lapidus 2002, p. 31 and 32
- ^ See:
- Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, p. 57
- Madelung 1997, pp. 26–27, 30–43 and 356–360
- ^ Ibn Qutaybah, al-Imamah wa al-Siyasah, Vol. I, pp. 12–13
- ^ Ibn Abi al-Hadid, Sharh; Vol. II, p.5.
- ^ a b Madelung 1997, p. 43
- ^ "Sunnite". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070378/Sunnite. Retrieved 2007-04-11.
- ^ See:
- Madelung 1997, p. 141 and 270
- Ashraf 2005, p. 99 and 100
- ^ Chirri 1982
- ^ a b
- Nahj Al-Balagha Nahj Al-Balagha Sermon 3
- For Isnad of this sermon and the name of the names of scholars who narrates it see Nahjul Balagha, Mohammad Askari Jafery (1984), pp. 108–112
- ^ See:
- Madelung 1997, p. 50 and 51
- Qazwini & Ordoni 1992, p. 211
- [Quran 27:16]
- [Quran 21:89]
- Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:53:325
- Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:546
- Sahih Muslim, 19:4352
- ^
- Madelung 1997, pp. 62–64
- Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:53:326
- ^ History of Mecca, Medina and all other Ziyarats[dead link]
- ^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2007). "Quran". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-68890/Quran. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
- ^ See:
- Tabatabaei 1987, p. chapter 5
- Observations on Early Quran Manuscripts in San'a
- The Quran as Text, ed. Wild, Brill, 1996 ISBN 978-90-04-10344-3
- ^ See:
- Ashraf 2005, p. 100 and 101
- Madelung 1997, p. 141
- Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:546
- Sahih al-Bukhari, 8:82:817
- Sahih Muslim, 19:4352
- Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, vol. 3, p.208; Ibn Qutaybah, vol. 1, p.29; quoted in Ayoub, 2003, 18
- Rizvi, Sa'id Akhtar, Imamate: The Vicegerency of the Prophet by, quoting Ibn Qutaybah 18. SUNNI VIEWS ON THE CALIPHATE
- Shia encyclopedia quoting from Ibn Qutaybah, Muhammad al-Bukhari, Massudi, Ibn Abu al-Hadid
- The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon, section Reign of Abubeker; A.D. 632, June 7.
- ^ See
- Ashraf 2005, pp. 107–110
- The Caliphate of Umar
- ^ See:
- Madelung 1997, pp. 70–72
- Dakake 2008, p. 41
- Momen 1985, p. 21
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 87 and 88
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 90
- ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 92–107
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 109 and 110
- ^ See:
- Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, p. 67 and 68
- Madelung 1997, p. 107 and 111
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 334
- ^ Ashraf 2005, p. 119
- ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 141–143
- ^ Hamidullah 1988, p. 126
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 148 and 149
- ^ a b Ashraf 2005, p. 121
- ^ See:
- Lapidus 2002, p. 46
- Madelung 1997, p. 150 and 264
- ^ Shaban 1971, p. 72
- ^ Momen 1985, p. 63
- ^ See:
- Madelung 1997, p. 147 and 148
- Lewis 1991, p. 214
- ^ Lewis 1991, p. 214
- ^ See:
- Lapidus 2002, p. 47
- Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, p. 72
- Tabatabaei 1979, p. 57
- ^ See:
- Lapidus 2002, p. 47
- Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, pp. 70–72
- Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 50–53
- ^ 'Ali[dead link]
- ^ See:
- Lapidus 2002, p. 47
- Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, pp. 70–72
- Tabatabaei 1979, p. 53 and 54
- ^ See:
- Madelung 1997, pp. 241–259
- Lapidus 2002, p. 47
- Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, pp. 70–72
- Tabatabaei 1979, p. 53 and 54
- ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 267–269 and 293–307
- ^ a b Madelung 1997, p. 309
- ^ Shah-Kazemi 2007, p. 81
- ^ United Nations Development Program, Arab human development report, (2002), p. 107
- ^ Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989, p. 75
- ^ Lambton 1991, p. xix and xx
- ^ a b Tabatabaei 1979, p. 192
- ^ Kelsay 1993, p. 92
- ^ Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid 1986
- ^ Redha 1999
- ^ a b c d Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2006). "'Ali ibn Abu Talib". Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7. , Pages 36 and 37
- ^ Balkh and Mazar-e-Sharif
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. 313 and 314
- ^ See:
- Madelung 1997, p. 334
- Lapidus 2002, p. 47
- Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970, p. 72
- Tabatabaei 1979, p. 195
- ^ Momen 1985, p. 14
- ^ School of Islamic Sufism[dead link]
- ^ World of Tasawwuf
- ^ Corbin 1993, p. 46
- ^ Nasr 2006, p. 120
- ^ Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1996, p. 136
- ^ Corbin 1993, p. 35
- ^ "حفظت سبعين خطبة من خطب الاصلع ففاضت ثم فاضت ) ويعني بالاصلع أمير المؤمنين عليا عليه السلام " مقدمة في مصادر نهج البلاغة[dead link]
- ^ See:
- ^ a b Mutahhari, 1997 The Glimpses of Nahj al Balaghah Part I – Introduction
- ^ Shah-Kazemi 2007, p. 3
- ^ Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought and Culture, Vol. VII, No. 1 issue of Al-Tawhid[dead link]
- ^ Ali ibn Abi Talib (1990). Supplications (Du'a). Muhammadi Trust. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-9506986-4-9.
- ^ Shah-Kazemi 2007, p. 4
- ^ پیدا شدن مجموعه نفیس کلمات امام علی(ع) در واتیكان : «نزهه الأبصار و محاسن الآثار» عنوان کتابی است از ابوالحسن علی بن محمد بن مهدی طبری مامطیری، که دربر دارنده کلمات مولای متقیان امام علیبنابیطالب (ع) است و پیشینه ای بیش از نهجالبلاغه شریف رضی (ره) دارد[dead link]
- ^ Collection of Ali's poems (I Arabic)
- ^ Stearns & Langer 2001, p. 1178
- ^ Farooque Ahmed Makakmayum wrote in The Sangai Express (English daily, Imphal, India), on July 28, 2007 (sources:Muslims in Manipur).
- ^ After Fatima's death, Ali married Khawla bint Ja'far of the Bani Hanifa tribe (source:[islamichistory.files.wordpress.com/2007/03/ali-muawiya.ppt ali-muawiya)
- ^ Tabatabaei 1979, p. 194
- ^ Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 196–201
- ^ Al-Tabari 1990, pp. vol.XIX pp. 178–179
- ^ The Sanctified Household
- ^ List of Martyrs of Karbala by Khansari "فرزندان اميراالمؤمنين(ع): 1-ابوبكربن علي(شهادت او مشكوك است). 2-جعفربن علي. 3-عباس بن علي(ابولفضل) 4-عبدالله بن علي. 5-عبدالله بن علي العباس بن علي. 6-عبدالله بن الاصغر. 7-عثمان بن علي. 8-عمر بن علي. 9-محمد الاصغر بن علي. 10-محمدبن العباس بن علي."
- ^ "Zaynab Bint ʿAlĪ". Encyclopedia of Religion. Gale Group. 2004. http://www.bookrags.com/research/zaynab-bint-al-eorl-14/. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
- ^ "Yawm-e Ali". TheIsmaili.org. 2011-06-10. http://www.theismaili.org/festival/yawm-e-ali. Retrieved 2011-06-10.
- ^ Nasr, Shi'ite Islam, preface, p. 10
- ^ Motahhari, Perfect man, Chapter 1[dead link]
- ^ Trust, p. 695
- ^ Trust, p. 681
- ^ See:
- Peters 2003, pp. 320–321
- Halm 2004, pp. 154–159
- ^ The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, London, 1911, volume 5, pp. 381–2
- ^ Lives of the Successors of Mahomet, London, 1850, p. 165
- ^ On Heroes, Hero-Worship, And The Heroic In History, 1841, Lecture 2: The Hero as Prophet. Mahomet: Islam., May 8, 1840)
- ^ The Life of Mahomet, London, 1877, p. 250]
- ^ An Account of the Rise and Progress of Mahometanism, 1705, p. 83
- ^ History of the Saracens, London, 1894, p. 331
- ^ Morteza Motahhari, Islam and Religious Pluralism
- ^ George Jordac, the Voice of Human Justice
- ^ Henri Lammens, Fatima and the Daughters of Muhammad, Rome and Paris: Scripta Pontificii Instituti Biblici, 1912. Translation by Ibn Warraq.
- ^ Madelung 1997, p. xi, 19 and 20
- ^ See:
- Dakake 2008, p. 270
- Lawson 2005, p. 59
- ^ Robinson 2003, p. 28 and 34
- ^ Jafarian, Rasul; Translated by Delārām Furādī, Publisher:Message of Thaqalayn
References[link]
- Ahmed, M. Mukarram (2005). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.. ISBN 978-81-261-2339-1.
- Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid (1986). Kitab Al-Irshad: The Book of Guidance into the Lives of the Twelve Imams. Routledge Kegan & Paul. ISBN 978-0-7103-0151-2.
- Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (1990). History of the Prophets and Kings, translation and commentary issued by R. Stephen Humphreys. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-0154-5. (volume XV.)
- Ashraf, Shahid (2005). Encyclopedia of Holy Prophet and Companions. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.. ISBN 978-81-261-1940-0.
- Kelen, Betty (2001). Muhammad: The Messenger of God. Taylor Production. ISBN 978-0-929093-12-3.
- Chirri, Mohammad (1982). The Brother of the Prophet Mohammad. Islamic Center of America, Detroit, Michigan. Alibris. ISBN 978-0-942778-00-7.
- Corbin, Henry (1993) [1964]. History of Islamic Philosophy. London: Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies. ISBN 978-0-7103-0416-2. Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard.
- Dakake, Maria Massi (2008). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7033-6.
- Halm, Halm (2004). Shi'ism. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1888-0.
- Hamidullah, Muhammad (1988). The Prophet's Establishing a State and His Succession. University of California. ISBN 978-969-8016-22-7.
- Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1970). Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29135-4.
- Kelsay, Jhon (1993). Islam and War: A Study in Comparative Ethics. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-25302-8.
- Lambton, Ann K. S. (1991). Landlord and Peasant in Persia. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-293-7.
- Lawson, Todd, ed. (2005). Reason and Inspiration in Islam: Theology, Philosophy and Mysticism in Muslim Thought. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-470-2.
- Lapidus, Ira (2002). A History of Islamic Societies (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77933-3.
- Lewis, Bernard (1991). The Political Language of Islam. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-47693-3.
- Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
- Merrick, James L. (2005). The Life and Religion of Mohammed as Contained in the Sheeah Traditions. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4179-5536-7.
- Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi‘i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03531-5.
- Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Dabashi, Hamid; Nasr, Vali (1989). Expectation of the Millennium. Suny press. ISBN 978-0-88706-843-0.
- Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Leaman, Oliver (1996). History of Islamic Philosophy. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-13159-9.
- Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2006). Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6799-2.
- Peters, F. E. (2003). The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11461-3.
- Qazwini, Muhammad Kazim; Ordoni, Abu Muhammad (1992). Fatima the Gracious. Ansariyan Publications. OCLC 61565460.
- Redha, Mohammad (1999). Imam Ali Ibn Abi Taleb (Imam Ali the Fourth Caliph, 1/1 Volume). Dar Al Kotob Al ilmiyah. ISBN 978-2-7451-2532-3.
- Robinson, Chase F. (2003). Islamic Historiography. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62936-2.
- Shaban, Muḥammad ʻAbd al-Ḥayy (1971). Islamic History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29131-6.
- Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2007). Justice and Remembrance: Introducing the Spirituality of Imam Ali. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-526-5.
- Stearns, Peter N.; Langer, William Leonard (2001). The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern. Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 978-0-395-65237-4.
- Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1979). Shi'ite Islam. Suny press. ISBN 978-0-87395-272-9. | Translated by Seyyed Hossein Nasr.
- Tabatabaei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1987). The Quran in Islam: Its Impact and Influence on the Life of Muslims. Zahra. ISBN 978-0-7103-0265-6. http://al-islam.org/quraninislam/index.htm.
- Watt, William Montgomery (1953). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford University Press.
- Zeitlin, Irving M. (2007). The Historical Muhammad. Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-3998-7.
Further reading[link]
Original sources[link]
- Al-Bukhari, Muhammad. Sahih Bukhari, Book 4, 5, 8.
- Ali ibn Abi Talib (1984). Nahj al-Balagha (Peak of Eloquence), compiled by ash-Sharif ar-Radi. Alhoda UK. ISBN 978-0-940368-43-9.
- Ali ibn al-Athir. In his Biography, vol 2.
- Ibn Taymiyyah, Taqi ad-Din Ahmad. Minhaj as-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah. (In Arabic)
- Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj. Sahih Muslim, Book 19, 31.
Secondary sources[link]
- Books
- Abdul Rauf, Muhammad; Seyyed Hossein Nasr (1996). Imam 'Ali ibn Abi Talib: The First Intellectual Muslim Thinker. Al Saadawi Publications. ISBN 978-1-881963-49-3.
- Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (1987 to 1996). History of the Prophets and Kings, translation and commentary issued in multiple volumes. SUNY Press. volumes 6–17 are relevant.
- Allamah Hilli, Jamal al-Din ibn Yusuf. Certainty Uncovered, A book on the virtues of Imam Ali from Sunni and Shia Sources (Kashf Al-Yaqin). Ansariyan Publications, Iran. ISBN 978-964-438-925-2. http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam01_ali/certainty_uncovered/index.htm.
- Motahhari, Morteza (1997). Glimpses of the Nahj Al-Balaghah, translated by Ali Quli Qara'i. Islamic Culture and Relations Organizati. ISBN 978-964-472-071-0.
- Motahhari, Murtaza (1981). Polarization Around the Character of 'Ali ibn Abi Talib. World Organization for Islamic Services, Tehran. http://www.alseraj.net/maktaba/kotob/english/FourteenInfallibles/Polarization/polarization/.
- Motahhari, Mortaza. The Attraction and Repulsion of Ali (a.s.). http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam01_ali/the_attraction_and_repulsion_of_ali/index.htm.
- Chirri, Mohamad Jawad. The Brother of the Prophet Mohammad (Imam Ali). Ansariyan Publications, Iran. http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam01_ali/imam_ali/04.htm.
- Jordac, George. The Voice of Human Justice. Ansariyan Publications, Iran. ISBN 978-964-438-158-4. http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam01_ali/human_voice/index.htm.
- Husayn, Mufti Ja`far. Biography of Imam Ali ibn Abi-Talib. Ansariyan Publications, Iran. ISBN 978-964-438-798-2. http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam01_ali/biography_of_imam_ali/index.htm.
- Majid, Massoudi. The Sufferings of Amirol Mo’minin Ali ibn Abi Talib Life and Martyrdom. Ansariyan Publications, Iran. ISBN 978-964-438-959-7. http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam01_ali/the_sufferings_of_amir_al-momenine/index.htm.
- Labbaf, Ali. A Victim Lost in Saqifah. Ansariyan Publications, Iran. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-964-438-976-8|978-964-438-976-8]]. http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam01_ali/a_victim_lost_in_saqifah/index.htm.
- Tahmasebi, Muhammad Husayn. Imam Ali (S), Sunshine of Civilized Islam. Ansariyan Publications, Iran. ISBN 978-964-438-377-9. http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/imam01_ali/imam_ali-sunshine_of_civilized_islam/index.htm.
- Cleary, Thomas (1996). Living and Dying with Grace: Counsels of Hadrat Ali. Shambhala Publications, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-57062-211-3.
- Corn, Patricia (2005). Medieval Islamic Political Thought. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-2194-1.
- Gordagh, George (1956). Ali, The Voice of Human Justice. ISBN 978-0-941724-24-1. (in Arabic)
- Khatab, Amal (1996). Battles of Badr and Uhud. Ta-Ha Publishers. ISBN 978-1-897940-39-6.
- Kattani, Sulayman (1983). Imam 'Ali: Source of Light, Wisdom and Might, translation by I.K.A. Howard. Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. ISBN 978-0-9506986-6-3.
- Lakhani, M. Ali.; Reza Shah-Kazemi and Leonard Lewisohn (2007). The Sacred Foundations of Justice in Islam: The Teachings of Ali Ibn Abi Talib, Contributor Dr Seyyed Hossein Nasr. World Wisdom, Inc. ISBN 978-1-933316-26-0.
- Encyclopedia
- Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill. 2004. E-ISSN 1573-3912.
- Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc..
- Martin, Richard C.. Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world; vol.1. MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-02-865604-5.
- Encyclopædia Iranica. Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University. ISBN 978-1-56859-050-9.
- Meri, Josef W.; Jere L. Bacharach (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7.
- Jones, Lindsay (2004). Encyclopedia of Religion. Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-02-865733-2.
External links[link]
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- The Secret of Imam Ali's Force of Attraction
- Al-Nebras (The Lantern) - A film depicting various events and occurrences in the life of Imam Ali
- Ali ibn Abi Talib by I. K. Poonawala and E. Kohlberg in Encyclopædia Iranica
- Ali, article in Encyclopædia Britannica Online
- Some of his most famous sermons and letters
- Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib Nahjul Balagha
- Order to Maalik al-Ashtar, governor of Egypt (UN Legal Committee, member states voted that the document should be considered as one of the sources of International Law.) The United Nation and Imam Ali’s Constitution
- A advice ti his son Hasan ib Ali (This letter contains ethical advisement)
- 185 Sermon about the Oneness of Allah
- The Last Will of Ali ibn Abi Talib
- Shī‘a biography
- The Life of the Commander of the Faithful Ali b. Abu Talib by Shaykh Mufid in Kitab al-Irshad
- Website devoted to the Life of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib
- A Biographical Profile of Imam Ali (Archived 2009-10-25) by Syed Muhammad Askari Jafari
- The Seerat Of Amir al-Mu'mineen (SA)
- Sunni biography
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chief of Banu Hashim since 653
Clan of the Banu Quraish
Born: October 23 598 Died: February 28 661 |
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| Shī‘a Islam titles | ||
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| Preceded by Muhammad seal of prophecy — last prophet |
1st Imam of Shia Islam 632–661 |
Succeeded by Hasan ibn Ali Disputed by Nizari |
| Sunni Islam titles | ||
| Preceded by Uthman |
4th Rashidun Caliph of Sunni Islam 656–661 |
Succeeded by Hasan ibn Ali |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ali |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | October 23, 0598 |
| Place of birth | Mecca |
| Date of death | January 28, 0661 |
| Place of death | Kufa |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the musician. For his four eponymous albums, see Peter Gabriel (disambiguation). For the Czech footballer, see Petr Gabriel.
| Peter Gabriel | |
|---|---|
 Peter Gabriel at the Wikipedia 10th anniversary party in London in January 2011. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Peter Brian Gabriel |
| Born | (1950-02-13) 13 February 1950 (age 62) Chobham, Surrey, England, United Kingdom |
| Genres | Progressive rock, art rock, experimental rock, pop rock, world music |
| Occupations | Musician Producer Humanitarian |
| Instruments | Vocals, keyboards, flute, drums, piano, guitar, bass, harmonica, oboe |
| Years active | 1967–present |
| Labels | Geffen (US & Canada), Real World, Virgin, Charisma, Atlantic (US & Canada), EMI (Brazil) |
| Associated acts | Genesis, Laurie Anderson, Kate Bush |
| Website | www.petergabriel.com |
Peter Brian Gabriel (born 13 February 1950) is an English singer, musician, and songwriter who rose to fame as the lead vocalist and flautist of the progressive rock group Genesis.[1] After leaving Genesis, Gabriel went on to a successful solo career. His 1986 album, So, is his most commercially successful, and the album's biggest hit, "Sledgehammer", won a record nine MTV Awards at the 1987 MTV Video Music Awards, and the song is the most played music video in the history of the station.[2]
More recently, Gabriel has focused on producing and promoting world music and pioneering digital distribution methods for music. He has also been involved in various humanitarian efforts. Gabriel has won numerous music awards throughout his career, including three Brit Awards—winning Best British Male in 1987, six Grammy Awards, thirteen MTV Video Music Awards, and in 2007 he was honoured as a BMI Icon at the 57th annual BMI London Awards for his “influence on generations of music makers.”[3][4][5] Gabriel was also awarded the Polar Music Prize in 2009, and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Genesis in 2010.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Peter Gabriel was born in Chobham, Surrey, England.[6] His father, Ralph Parton Gabriel, was an electrical engineer, and his mother, Edith Irene Allen,[7] from a musical family, taught him to play the piano at an early age. He attended Cable House, a private primary (pre-prep) school in Woking, Surrey, St. Andrews Prep School in Horsell, then Charterhouse School (Godalming) from 1963. He played drums in his first rock bands, and Mike Rutherford commented in 1985 that "Pete was - and still is, I think - a frustrated drummer."[8]
Genesis[link]
Main article: Genesis (band)
Gabriel founded Genesis in 1967 with fellow Charterhouse School pupils Tony Banks, Anthony Phillips, Mike Rutherford, and drummer Chris Stewart. The name of the band was suggested by fellow Charterhouse alumnus, the pop music impresario Jonathan King, who produced their first album, From Genesis to Revelation.
Gabriel was influenced by many different sources in his way of singing, such as Family lead singer Roger Chapman. In 1970, he played the flute on Cat Stevens' album, Mona Bone Jakon.
Genesis drew some attention in England and eventually also in Italy, Belgium, Germany and other European countries, largely due to Gabriel's flamboyant stage presence, which involved numerous bizarre costume changes and comical, dreamlike stories told as the introduction to each song (originally Gabriel developed these stories solely to cover the time between songs that the rest of the band would take tuning their instruments and fixing technical glitches). The concerts made extensive use of black light with the normal stage lighting subdued or off. A backdrop of fluorescent white sheets and a comparatively sparse stage made the band into a set of silhouettes, with Gabriel's fluorescent costume and make-up providing the only other sources of light.
Costumes[link]
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Early Genesis concerts were hampered by a bad PA system which made it difficult for audiences to understand what Gabriel was singing. According to Mike Rutherford, this drove Gabriel to find other ways to impress his personality on the audience, leading to his performing in various costumes.[8]
In an episode of the 2007 British documentary series Seven Ages of Rock, Steve Hackett recalled the first appearance of Gabriel 'in costume'. It was the dress-wearing, fox-headed entity immortalised on the cover of Foxtrot. Hackett and the rest of the band had no inkling that Gabriel was going to do this, and at the time Hackett worried that it would ruin the performance. However, it was a success, encouraging Gabriel to continue wearing costumes while singing.
Among Gabriel's many famous costumes, which he developed to visualise the musical ideas of the band as well as to gain press coverage, were "Batwings" for the band's usual opening number, "Watcher of the Skies".
Other costumes included "The Flower" and "Magog", which were both alternately worn for "Supper's Ready" from the album Foxtrot.
"Britannia" was worn for "Dancing with the Moonlit Knight", and "The Reverend" was worn for "The Battle of Epping Forest" from Selling England by the Pound.
"The Old Man" was worn for "The Musical Box" from Nursery Cryme.
"The Slipperman" and "Rael" were worn during "The Colony of Slippermen", in which "Rael" was the protagonist of the album The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway.
Departure[link]
Gabriel's departure from Genesis in 1975—which stunned fans of the group and left many commentators wondering if the band could survive—was the result of a number of factors. His stature as the lead singer of the band, and the added attention garnered by his flamboyant stage persona, led to tensions within the band. Genesis had always operated more or less as a collective, and Gabriel's burgeoning public profile led to fears within the group that he was being unfairly singled out as the creative hub. The band had also begun to feel confined by the reputation (and fans' expectations) attached to their famously elaborate theatrical performances, believing that the visual element of their performances was receiving more attention than their actual music.
Tensions were heightened by the ambitious album and tour of the concept work The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway, a Gabriel-created concept piece which saw him taking on the lion's share of the lyric writing. During the writing and recording of The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway, Gabriel was approached by director William Friedkin, allegedly because Friedkin had found Gabriel's short story in the liner notes to Genesis Live interesting. Gabriel left Genesis to pursue a film project with Friedkin, only to rejoin a week later.[8] The decision to quit the band was made before the tour supporting The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway, with Gabriel explaining his decision to the band while keeping it from the press until the conclusion of that tour. Bassist Mike Rutherford recalled that they all "could see it coming."[8] Although tensions were high, both Gabriel and the remaining members of Genesis have stated publicly that Gabriel left the band on good terms.
The breaking point came with the difficult pregnancy of Gabriel's wife, Jill, and the subsequent birth of their first child, Anna-Marie. When he opted to stay with his sick daughter and wife, rather than record and tour, the resentment from the rest of the band led Gabriel to conclude that he had to leave the group. "Solsbury Hill", Gabriel's debut single as a solo artist, was written specifically about his departure from Genesis. The song also charted on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1978,[9] reaching the Top 70, though it was recorded in 1976, and appeared on the 'Car' album in 1977. In 1982, Gabriel reunited with his former Genesis colleagues for the one-off concert Six of the Best, in order to recoup debts that arose from his involvement in the staging of the first WOMAD concert.
Solo career[link]
Gabriel refused to title any of his first four solo albums, which were all labelled Peter Gabriel using the same typeface, but which featured different cover designs (by Hipgnosis); in all of these designs, Gabriel's face is wholly or partially obscured in some way. The albums are usually differentiated by number in order of release (I, II, III, IV), or by sleeve design, with the first three solo albums often referred to as Car, Scratch and Melt respectively, in reference to their cover artwork. His fourth solo album, also called Peter Gabriel, was titled Security in the U.S. at the behest of Geffen Records.
After acquiescing to distinctive titles, Gabriel used a series of 2-letter words to title his next three albums: So, Us, and Up. His most recent greatest hits compilation is titled Hit; within the two-CD package, disc one is labelled "Hit" and disc two is labelled "Miss".
[edit] Peter Gabriel albums (1977–1985)
Gabriel recorded his first self-titled solo album in 1976 and 1977 with producer Bob Ezrin. His first solo success came with the single "Solsbury Hill", an autobiographical piece expressing his thoughts on leaving Genesis. Although mainly happy with the music, Gabriel felt that the album, and especially the track "Here Comes the Flood" was over-produced. Sparser versions can be heard on Robert Fripp's Exposure, and on Gabriel's greatest hits compilation Shaking the Tree (1990).
Gabriel worked with guitarist Fripp as producer of his second solo LP, in 1978. This album was leaner, darker and more experimental, and yielded decent reviews, but no major hits.
Gabriel developed a new interest in world music (especially percussion), and for bold production, which made extensive use of recording tricks and sound effects. Gabriel's interest in music technology is considered by many people to be the spark of his success as it inspired his third album. The third album is often credited as the first LP to use the now-famous "gated drum" sound.[10] Phil Collins played drums on several tracks, including the opener, "Intruder", which featured the reverse-gated, cymbal-less drum kit sound which Collins would also use on his single "In the Air Tonight" and through the rest of the 1980s. Gabriel had requested that his drummers use no cymbals in the album's sessions, and when he heard the result he asked Collins to play a simple pattern for several minutes, then built "Intruder" around it. The album achieved some chart success with the songs "Games Without Frontiers" (#4 U.K, #48 U.S.), and "Biko".
Arduous and occasionally damp recording sessions at his rural English estate in 1981 and 1982 resulted in Gabriel's fourth LP release, on which Gabriel took more production responsibility. It was one of the first commercial albums recorded entirely to digital tape (using a Sony mobile truck), and featured the early, extremely expensive, Fairlight CMI sampling computer, which had already made its first brief appearances on the previous album. Gabriel combined a variety of sampled and deconstructed sounds with world-beat percussion and other unusual instrumentation to create a radically new, emotionally charged soundscape. Furthermore, the sleeve art consisted of inscrutable, video-based imagery. Despite the album's peculiar sound, odd appearance, and often disturbing themes, it sold very well. This album featured his first Top 40 hit in the U.S., "Shock the Monkey", as well as the song "I Have the Touch". The music video for "Shock the Monkey", which featured Gabriel in white face paint and a caged macaque, held the #1 spot on "MTV" for 9 weeks. Geffen records forced Peter to give his fourth self-titled album a name in the US - Security - to mark his arrival on the label and to differentiate his fourth album from the other three.
Alternate versions of Gabriel's third and fourth albums were also released with German lyrics. Peter Gabriel 3 consisted of basically the same recording overdubbed with new vocals, while Security was also remixed and several tracks were extended or altered in slight ways.
Gabriel toured extensively for each of his albums. Initially, he pointedly eschewed the theatrics that had defined his tenure with Genesis. For his second solo tour, his entire band shaved their heads. By the time of Security he began involving elaborate stage props and acrobatics which had him suspended from gantries, distorting his face with Fresnel lenses and mirrors, and wearing unusual make-up. His 1982–83 tour included a section opening for David Bowie. Recordings of this tour were released as the double LP Plays Live.
The stage was set for Gabriel's critical and commercial breakout with his next studio release, which was in production for almost three years. During the recording and production of the album he also found time to develop the film soundtrack for Alan Parker's 1984 feature Birdy, which consisted of new material as well as remixed instrumental tracks from his previous studio album.
[edit] So, Passion and Us (1986–1994)
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A 1986 duet with Kate Bush, "Don't Give Up" tells of the despair of a man who feels defeated by the economic system, and the support and wise counsel sung in the refrain.
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Gabriel achieved his greatest popularity with songs from the 1986 album So.[11] The album charted at number 1 in the UK Album Chart, and number 2 on the Billboard 200 in the US.[12][13] It is certified triple platinum in the UK, and five times platinum in the US.[14][15] The album produced three UK Top 20 hits, "Sledgehammer", "Big Time", and "Don't Give Up" — a duet with Kate Bush.[12] The album also produced three Top 40 hits in the U.S., "Sledgehammer", "In Your Eyes" (featured in the John Cusack film Say Anything), and "Big Time".[13] "Sledgehammer", peaked at #1 in the U.S., knocking Genesis' "Invisible Touch" off the top spot, and #4 in the UK.[13] The ballad "Don't Give Up" was about the devastation of unemployment. Gabriel co-produced So with Daniel Lanois, also known for his work with U2 and Brian Eno.[16] In 1990, Rolling Stone ranked So number #14 on its list of "Top 100 Albums of the Eighties".[17]
Gabriel's song "Sledgehammer", which dealt specifically with the themes of sex and sexual relations, was accompanied by a much-lauded music video, which was a collaboration with director Stephen R. Johnson, Aardman Animations, and the Brothers Quay.[2] The video set a new standard for art in the music video industry, and won nine MTV Video Music Awards in 1987, a record which still stands as of 2011.[2] "Sledgehammer" is the most played music video in the history of MTV, and in 1998 it was named the station's number one animated video of all time.[2][18] A follow-up video for the song "Big Time" also broke new ground in music video animation and special effects. The song is a story of "what happens to you when you become a little too successful", in Gabriel's words. The success of the album earned Peter Gabriel two awards at the Brit Awards in 1987: Best British Male Solo Artist and Best British Video for "Sledgehammer".[4] Gabriel was also nominated for three Grammy Awards: Best Male Rock Vocal Performance, Song of the Year, and Record of the Year.[19]
In 1989, Gabriel released Passion, the soundtrack for Martin Scorsese's movie The Last Temptation of Christ. For this work he received his first Grammy Award, in the category of Best New Age Performance. He also received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Original Score - Motion Picture.
Following this, Gabriel released Us in 1992 (also co-produced with Daniel Lanois), an album in which he explored the pain of recent personal problems; his failed first marriage, and the growing distance between him and his first daughter.
Gabriel's introspection within the context of the album Us can be seen in the first single release "Digging in the Dirt" directed by John Downer. Accompanied by a disturbing video featuring Gabriel covered in snails and various foliage, this song made reference to the psychotherapy which had taken up much of Gabriel's time since the previous album. Gabriel describes his struggle to get through to his daughter in "Come Talk To Me" directed by Matt Mahurin, which featured backing vocals by Sinéad O'Connor. O'Connor also lent vocals to "Blood of Eden", directed by Nichola Bruce and Michael Coulson, the third single to be released from the album, and once again dealing with relationship struggles, this time going right back to Adam's rib for inspiration. The result was one of Gabriel's most personal albums. It met with less success than So, reaching #2 in the album chart on both sides of the Atlantic, and making modest chart impact with the singles "Digging in the Dirt" and the funkier "Steam", which evoked memories of "Sledgehammer". Gabriel followed the release of the album with a world tour (with Paula Cole or Joy Askew filling O'Connor's vocal role) and accompanying double CD and DVD Secret World Live in 1994.
Gabriel employed an innovative approach in the marketing of the Us album. Not wishing to feature only images of himself, he asked artist filmmakers Nichola Bruce and Michael Coulson to coordinate a marketing campaign using contemporary artists. Artists such as Helen Chadwick, Rebecca Horn, Nils Udo, Andy Goldsworthy, David Mach and Yayoi Kusama collaborated to create original artworks for each of the 11 songs on the multi-million-selling CD. Coulson and Bruce documented the process on Hi-8 video. Bruce left Real World and Coulson continued with the campaign, using the documentary background material as the basis for a promotional EPK, the long-form video All About Us and the interactive CD-ROM Xplora1.
Gabriel won three more Grammy Awards, all in the Music Video category. He won the Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video in 1993 and 1994 for the videos to "Digging in the Dirt" and "Steam" respectively. Gabriel also won the 1996 Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video for his Secret World Live video.
[edit] OVO, Up, Scratch My Back and New Blood (1995–present)
After five years of not releasing any new music, Gabriel re-emerged with OVO, a soundtrack for the live Millennium Dome Show in London in 2000, and Long Walk Home, the music from the Australian movie Rabbit-Proof Fence, early in 2002. This soundtrack also received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Original Score – Motion Picture.
In September 2002, Gabriel released Up, his first full-length studio album in a decade. Entirely self-produced, Up returned to some of the themes of his work in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Three singles failed to make an impression on the charts—in part because almost every track exceeded six minutes in length, with multiple sections—but the album sold well globally, as Gabriel continued to draw from a loyal fan base from his almost forty years in the music business. Up was followed by a world tour featuring his daughter Melanie Gabriel on backing vocals, and two concert DVDs, Growing Up Live (2003) and Still Growing Up: Live & Unwrapped (2004).
In 2008, Gabriel contributed to the WALL-E soundtrack several new songs with Thomas Newman, including the film's closing song, "Down to Earth", for which they received the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. The song was also nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Original Song - Motion Picture and the Academy Award for Best Original Song.
In 2010, Gabriel released Scratch My Back. The album is made up entirely of cover songs including material written by David Bowie, Lou Reed, Arcade Fire, Radiohead, Regina Spektor, Neil Young, and more. The concept for the record is that Gabriel covers songs by various artists and those artists in turn will cover Gabriel songs to be released on a future follow-up album called I'll Scratch Yours. Scratch My Back features only orchestral instrumentation; there are no guitars, drums, or electronic elements that are usual attributes of Gabriel records. A very brief tour followed the album's release where Gabriel performed with a full orchestra and two female backup singers, his daughter Melanie Gabriel and Norwegian singer-songwriter Ane Brun.
On 11 October 2011, Gabriel released New Blood, a collection of his earlier songs recorded with an orchestra. A special edition of the album features solely instrumental versions of some of the songs.
In Fall 2012, Gabriel will embark on the Back to Front Tour in which he will perform the entire So album to celebrate its 25th anniversary.[20]
Musicians and collaborators[link]
Gabriel has worked with a relatively stable crew of musicians and recording engineers throughout his solo career. Bass and Stick player Tony Levin, for example, has appeared on every Gabriel studio album (except Scratch My Back and the soundtracks Passion and Long Walk Home) and has performed on every Gabriel solo tour (except The New Blood Tour). Guitar player David Rhodes has been Gabriel’s guitarist of choice since 1979. Prior to So, Jerry Marotta was Gabriel's preferred drummer, both in the studio and on the road. (For the So and Us albums and tours Marotta was replaced by Manu Katché, who was then replaced by Ged Lynch on parts of the Up album and all of the subsequent tour). Gabriel is known for choosing top-flight collaborators, from co-producers such as Ezrin, Fripp, Lillywhite, and Lanois to musicians such as Natalie Merchant, Elizabeth Fraser, L. Shankar, Trent Reznor, Youssou N'Dour, Larry Fast, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Sinéad O'Connor, Kate Bush, Ane Brun, Paula Cole, John Giblin, Peter Hammill, Papa Wemba, Manu Katché, Bayete, Phil Collins (as drummer), and Stewart Copeland.
Over the years, Gabriel has collaborated with singer Kate Bush several times; Bush provided backing vocals for Gabriel's "Games Without Frontiers" and "No Self Control" in 1980, and female lead vocal for "Don't Give Up" (a Top 10 hit in the UK) in 1986, and Gabriel appeared on her television special. Their duet of Roy Harper's "Another Day" was discussed for release as a single, but never appeared.
He also collaborated with Laurie Anderson on two versions of her composition "Excellent Birds" – one for her 1984 album Mister Heartbreak, and a slightly different version called "This is the Picture (Excellent Birds)", which appeared on cassette and CD versions of So. In 1987, when presenting Gabriel with an award for his music videos, Anderson related an occasion in which a recording session had gone late into the night and Gabriel's voice had begun to sound somewhat strange, almost dreamlike. It was discovered that he had fallen asleep in front of the microphone, but had continued to sing.
Gabriel sang (along with Jim Kerr of Simple Minds) on "Everywhere I Go", from The Call's 1986 release, Reconciled. On Toni Childs' 1994 CD, The Woman's Boat, Gabriel sang on the track, "I Met a Man".
In 1998, Gabriel appeared on the soundtrack of Babe: Pig in the City, not as a composer, but as the singer of the song "That'll Do", written by Randy Newman. The song was nominated for an Academy Award, and Gabriel and Newman performed it at the following year's Oscar telecast. He performed a similar soundtrack appearance for the 2004 film Shall We Dance?, singing a cover version of "The Book of Love" by The Magnetic Fields.
Gabriel has also appeared on Robbie Robertson's self-titled album, singing on "Fallen Angel"; co-written two Tom Robinson singles; and appeared on Joni Mitchell's 1988 album Chalk Mark in a Rainstorm, on the track "My Secret Place".
In 2001, Gabriel contributed lead vocals to the song "When You're Falling" on Afro Celt Sound System's Volume 3: Further in Time.[21] In the summer of 2003, Gabriel performed in Ohio with a guest performance by Uzbek singer Sevara Nazarkhan.
Gabriel collaborated on tracks with electronic musician BT. The tracks were never released, as the computers they were contained on were stolen from BT's home in California. He also sang the lyrics for Deep Forest on their theme song for the movie Strange Days. In addition, Gabriel has appeared on Angelique Kidjo's 2007 album Djin Djin, singing on the song "Salala".
Gabriel has recorded a cover of the Vampire Weekend single "Cape Cod Kwassa Kwassa" with Hot Chip, where his name is mentioned several times in the chorus. He substitutes the original line "But this feels so unnatural / Peter Gabriel too / This feels so unnatural/ Peter Gabriel too" with "It feels so unnatural / Peter Gabriel too / and it feels so unnatural / to sing your own name."
WOMAD and other projects[link]
Gabriel has been interested in world music for many years, with the first musical evidence appearing on his third album. This influence has increased over time, and he is the driving force behind the World of Music, Arts and Dance (WOMAD) movement. He created the Real World Studios and record label to facilitate the creation and distribution of such music by various artists, and he has worked to educate Western culture about the work of such musicians as Yungchen Lhamo, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and Youssou N'dour. He has a long-standing interest in human rights, and launched Witness,[22] a nonprofit which trains human rights activists to use video and online technologies to expose human rights abuses. In 2006 his work with WITNESS and his long standing support of peace and human rights causes was recognised by the Nobel Peace Prize Laureates with the Man of Peace award.
In the 1990s, with Steve Nelson of Brilliant Media and director Michael Coulson, he developed advanced multimedia CD-ROM-based entertainment projects, creating the acclaimed Xplora (the world's largest selling music CD-ROM), and subsequently the EVE CD-ROM. EVE was a music and art adventure game directed by Michael Coulson and co-produced by the Starwave Corporation in Seattle; it won the prestigious Milia d'Or award Grand Prize at the Cannes in 1996 and featured themes and interactivity well in advance of its time. Xplora and EVE can no longer be played on modern PCs, due to changes to their operating systems.
In 1994, Gabriel starred in the Breck Eisner short film "Recon" as a detective who enters the minds of murder victims to find their killer's identity.
Gabriel helped pioneer a new realm of musical interaction in 2001, visiting Georgia State University's Language Research Center to participate in keyboard jam sessions with bonobo apes from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. (This experience inspired the song "Animal Nation," which was performed on Gabriel's 2002 "Growing Up" tour and was featured on the Growing Up Live DVD and The Wild Thornberrys Movie soundtrack.) Gabriel's desire to bring attention to the intelligence of primates also took the form of ApeNet, a project that aimed to link great apes through the internet, enabling the first interspecies internet communication.[23]
He was one of the founders of On Demand Distribution (OD2), one of the first online music download services. Its technology is used by MSN Music UK and others, and has become the dominant music download technology platform for stores in Europe. OD2 was bought by US company Loudeye in June 2004 and subsequently by Finnish mobile giant Nokia in October 2006 for $60 million.
Additionally, Gabriel is also co-founder (with Brian Eno) of a musicians union called Mudda, short for "magnificent union of digitally downloading artists."
In 2000, Peter Gabriel collaborated with Zucchero, Anggun and others in charity for kids with AIDS. Erick Benzi have write words and music and Patrick Bruel, Stephan Eicher, Faudel, Lokua Kanza, Laam, Nourith, Axelle Red have accept to sing it.
In 2003, Gabriel's song "Burn You Up, Burn You Down" was featured in Cyan Worlds' video game Uru: Ages Beyond Myst. In 2004, Gabriel contributed another song ("Curtains") and contributed voice work on another game in the Myst franchise, Myst IV: Revelation.
During the latter part of 2004, Gabriel spent time in a village in eastern Nepal with musician Ram Sharan Nepali, learning esoteric vocal techniques. Gabriel subsequently invited Nepali to attend and perform at the Womad festival in Adelaide, Australia.
In June 2005, Gabriel and broadcast industry entrepreneur David Engelke purchased Solid State Logic, a leading manufacturer of mixing consoles and digital audio workstations.[24] SSL is among the top 2 or 3 recording console manufacturers in the world of recording.
In May 2008, Gabriel's Real World Studios, in partnership with Bowers & Wilkins, started the Bowers & Wilkins Music Club - now known as Society of Sound - a subscription-based music retail site. Albums are currently available in either Apple Lossless or Flac format.[25]
Activist for humanitarian causes[link]
In 1986 he started what has become a longstanding association with Amnesty International, becoming a pioneering participant in all 28 of Amnesty's Human Rights Concerts — a series of music events and tours staged by the US Section of Amnesty International between 1986-1998. He performed during the six-concert A Conspiracy of Hope US tour in June 1986; the twenty-concert Human Rights Now! world tour in 1988; the Chile: Embrace Of Hope Concert in 1990 and at The Paris Concert For Amnesty International in 1998. He also performed in Amnesty's Secret Policeman's Ball benefit shows.[26] He spoke of his support for Amnesty on NBC's Today Show in 1986.[27]
Inspired by the social activism he encountered in his work with Amnesty, in 1992 Gabriel co-founded WITNESS, a non-profit group that equips, trains and supports locally-based organizations worldwide to use video and the internet in human rights documentation and advocacy.
In 1995, Gabriel and Cape Verdean human rights activist Vera Duarte were awarded the North-South Prize in its inaugural year.[28][29]
In the late 1990s, Gabriel and entrepreneur Richard Branson discussed with Nelson Mandela their idea of a small, dedicated group of leaders, working objectively and without any vested personal interest to solve difficult global conflicts.
On 18 July 2007, in Johannesburg, South Africa, Nelson Mandela announced the formation of a new group, Global Elders, in a speech he delivered on the occasion of his 89th birthday. The present members of this group are Desmond Tutu, Graça Machel, Kofi Annan, Ela Bhatt, Lakhdar Brahimi, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Jimmy Carter, Mary Robinson, Muhammad Yunus, and Aung San Suu Kyi (with an empty chair for her).[30]
The Elders will be independently funded by a group of "Founders", including Branson and Gabriel.
Desmond Tutu serves as the chair of the Elders, who will use their collective skills to catalyse peaceful resolutions to long-standing conflicts, articulate new approaches to global issues that are causing or may later cause immense human suffering, and share wisdom by helping to connect voices all over the world. They will work together over the next several months to consider carefully which specific issues they will confront.
In November 2007 Gabriel's non-profit group WITNESS launched The Hub, a participatory media site for human rights.
In September 2008 Gabriel was named as the recipient of Amnesty International’s 2008 Ambassador of Conscience Award. In the same month, he received Quadriga United We Care award of Werkstatt Deutschland along with Boris Tadić, Eckart Höfling and Wikipedia. The award was presented to him by Queen Silvia of Sweden.[31]
Gabriel lent his support to the campaign to release Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani, an Iranian woman sentenced to death by stoning after being convicted of committing adultery.[32]
Politics[link]
At the 1997 general election, Gabriel declared his support for the Labour Party, which won that election by a landslide after 18 years out of power, led by Tony Blair.[33]
In 1998, Gabriel was named in a list of the biggest private financial donors to Labour.[34] In 2003, he revealed he had voted for Labour and admired what they had done for health and education but distanced himself from the Labour government over Tony Blair’s support for George W. Bush and Britain’s involvement in the Iraq War, which he strongly opposed, although he continued to believe Blair was a man of conscience.[35] Quoted in The Mirror newspaper, he said:
This is a fundamental issue of life and death and I very much think the Prime Minister is in the wrong. I'm also sure George W. Bush is an affable bloke but he's highly dangerous and I wish America was in the hands of someone else. To put oil interests ahead of human life is appalling. War is always terrible but unjustified war is obscene and on present evidence that is what we are facing. People want peace and I think it's great that the Mirror is leading this campaign. I think the consequences of this war would be the biggest threat to world peace in my lifetime...There is a slogan which says: 'Peace is what happens when you respect the rights of others'. Iraqis have rights too.[36]
In 2005, Gabriel gave a Green Party of England and Wales general election candidate special permission to record a cover of his song "Don't Give Up" for his campaign.[37]
In 2010, The Guardian described Gabriel as "a staunch advocate of proportional representation".[38]
In 2012, Gabriel condemned the use of his music by American talk radio personality Rush Limbaugh during a controversial segment in which Limbaugh vilified Georgetown University law student Sandra Fluke. A statement on behalf of Gabriel read: "Peter was appalled to learn that his music was linked to Rush Limbaugh's extraordinary attack on Sandra Fluke. It is obvious from anyone that knows Peter's work that he would never approve such a use. He has asked his representatives to make sure his music is withdrawn and especially from these unfair, aggressive and ignorant comments."[39]
Personal life[link]
Gabriel has two daughters with his first wife Jill Moore: Anna-Marie (born 26 July 1974) and Melanie Gabriel (born 23 August 1976). Married on 17 March 1971, they divorced in 1987. Moore's father was Lord Moore of Wolvercote.
Anna-Marie is a filmmaker and Melanie is a musician. Anna-Marie filmed and directed the Growing Up On Tour: A Family Portrait and Still Growing Up: Live & Unwrapped DVDs. Melanie has been a backing vocalist in her father's band since 2002.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Gabriel lived with actress Rosanna Arquette but they never married.
Gabriel also has two sons with Meabh Flynn: Isaac Ralph (born 27 September 2001) and Luc (born 5 July 2008). Gabriel and Flynn have been married since 9 June 2002.
Gabriel has resided for many years in the county of Wiltshire in England, where he also runs his Real World Studios. He previously lived in the Woolley Valley near Bath, Somerset. In 2010 he joined a campaign to stop an agricultural development at the valley, which had also inspired his first solo single "Solsbury Hill" in 1977.[40]
Appearances: 2005–present[link]
Gabriel actively coordinated and performed at the Eden Project Live 8 concert in July 2005. In his earliest days, Gabriel played flute on Cat Stevens's first album on the Island records label, Mona Bone Jakon as a "nervous session musician". Stevens, now known as Yusuf Islam, joined him on stage 33 years after that experience, in Johannesburg during Nelson Mandela's 46664 concert. The two performed the Stevens hit "Wild World".
A double DVD set, Still Growing Up: Live & Unwrapped, was released in October 2005.
FIFA asked Gabriel and Brian Eno to organise an opening ceremony for the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals in Germany, planned to take place a couple of days before the start of the tournament; however, the show was cancelled in January 2006 by FIFA.
Rumours of a possible reunion of the original Genesis line-up began circulating in 2004 after Phil Collins stated in an interview that he was open to the idea of sitting back behind the drums and "let Peter be the singer." The classic line-up has only reformed for a live performance once before, in 1982. However, the group did work together to create a new version of the 1974 song "The Carpet Crawlers", ultimately released on the Turn It On Again: The Hits album as "The Carpet Crawlers 1999". Gabriel later met with other Genesis band members, to discuss a possible reunion tour of The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway. He chose to opt out of a reunion tour, and his former bandmates, Collins, Banks, and Rutherford chose to tour as Genesis without him.
At the opening ceremonies of the Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, Gabriel performed John Lennon's "Imagine" during the opening of the festivities on 10 February 2006.
In October 2006, Gabriel was given the first Pioneer Award at the BT Digital Music Awards, an award presented in recognition of his "profound and lasting influence on the development of digital music."
In November 2006, the Seventh World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates in Rome presented Gabriel with the Man of Peace award. The award, presented by former President of the USSR and Nobel Peace Prize winner Mikhail Gorbachev and Walter Veltroni, Mayor of Rome, was an acknowledgement of Gabriel's extensive contribution and work on behalf of human rights and peace. The award was presented in the Giulio Cesare Hall of the Campidoglio in Rome. At the end of the year, he was awarded the Q magazine Lifetime Achievement Award, presented to him by American musician Moby. In an interview published in the magazine to accompany the award, Gabriel's contribution to music was described as "vast and enduring."
Gabriel took on a project with the BBC World Service's competition "The Next Big Thing" to find the world's best young band. Gabriel is judging the final six young artists with William Orbit, Geoff Travis and Angélique Kidjo.
The Times reported on 21 January 2007, that Peter Gabriel had announced that he planned to release his next album in the U.S. without the aid of a record company. Gabriel, an early pioneer of digital music distribution, had raised £2 million towards recording and 'shipping' his next album, Big Blue Ball in a venture with investment boutique Ingenious Media. Gabriel is expected to earn double the money that he would through a conventional record deal. Commercial director Duncan Reid of Ingenious explains the business savvy of the deal, saying, "If you're paying a small distribution fee and covering your own marketing costs, you enjoy the lion's share of the proceeds of the album. Gabriel is expected to outsource CD production for worldwide release through Warner Bros. Records. The new album deal covers the North America territory, where Gabriel is currently out of contract.[41]
The album Big Blue Ball was launched in America thanks to a venture capital trust initiative. Bosses at London-based firm Ingenious raised more than $4 million (GBP 2 million) to help promote the release in the United States. The venture capitalists, Gabriel and his Real World Limited partners, have created a new joint venture company, High Level Recordings Limited, to oversee the release of the album, which took place in 2008. Gabriel appeared on a nationwide tour for the album in 2009.[42]
On 24 May 2007, he was honoured with the Ivor Novello Award for lifetime achievement.[43]
Gabriel was a judge for the 6th and 8th annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists.[44]
In February 2009, Gabriel announced that he would not be performing on the 2008 Academy Awards telecast because producers of the show were limiting his performance of "Down to Earth" from WALL-E to 65 seconds. John Legend and the Soweto Gospel Choir performed the song in his stead.
Gabriel's 2009 tour of Mexico and South America included visiting Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Venezuela. His first ever performance in Peru was held in Lima on 20 March 2009, during his second visit to the country. His concert in Mexico City, on 27 March 2009, attracted more than 38,000 fans.
On 25 July 2009, he played at WOMAD Charlton Park, his only European performance of the year, to promote Witness. The show included two tracks from the then-forthcoming Scratch My Back: Paul Simon's "The Boy in the Bubble" and The Magnetic Fields' "The Book of Love".[45]
On 5 October 2011 at the Royal Festival Hall, London Gabriel appeared at the end of an interview of President Carter by Channel 4 News presenter, Jon Snow, to lead the 2,500-strong audience in a rendition of happy birthday to mark the President turning 87.
On 9 November 2011 he appeared and performed on CBS's Late Show with David Letterman.
Discography[link]
Main article: Peter Gabriel discography
- Peter Gabriel 1 (Car) (1977)
- Peter Gabriel 2 (Scratch) (1978)
- Peter Gabriel 3 (Melt) (1980)
- Ein deutsches Album (1980)
- Peter Gabriel 4 (Security) (1982)
- Deutsches Album (1982)
- Birdy (1985)
- So (1986)
- Passion (1989)
- Us (1992)
- OVO (2000)
- Long Walk Home (2002)
- Up (2002)
- Scratch My Back (2010)
- New Blood (2011)
See also[link]
- List of best selling music artists
- List of artists who reached number one on the Hot 100 (U.S.)
- List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance chart
- List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart
References[link]
- ^ Peter Gabriel Biography PeterGabriel.com
- ^ a b c d Peter Gabriel, 'Sledgehammer' (1986) - The 30 All-TIME Best Music Videos Time. Retrieved 19 November 2011
- ^ "Peter Gabriel Receives Top Honor at BMI London Awards". bmi.com. http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/535578. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
- ^ a b The BRITs 1987 Brits.co.uk. Retrieved 24 November 2011
- ^ Past Winners: Peter Gabriel Grammy.com. Retrieved 24 November 2011
- ^ Peter Gabriel Profile LyricsOnDemand.com
- ^ Family detective: Peter Gabriel Telegraph.co.uk
- ^ a b c d Neer, Dan (1985). Mike on Mike [interview LP], Atlantic Recording Corporation.
- ^ Solsbury Hill by Peter Gabriel Songfacts.com
- ^ Flans, Robyn (1 May 2005). "Classic Tracks: Phil Collins' "In the Air Tonight"". MixOnline.com. http://mixonline.com/mag/audio_phil_collins_air/index.html.
- ^ So - Peter Gabriel (review) Allmusic. Retrieved 21 November 2011
- ^ a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums. London: Guinness World Records Limited
- ^ a b c Whitburn, Joel (2006). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits. Billboard Books
- ^ "British album certifications – Peter Gabriel – So". British Phonographic Industry. Enter So in the field Search. Select Title in the field Search by. Select album in the field By Format. Click Go
- ^ "American album certifications – Peter Gabriel – So". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
- ^ So - Peter Gabriel (credits) Allmusic. Retrieved 21 November 2011
- ^ The 100 Greatest Albums Of The 80s. Rolling Stone. Special Issue 1990. Retrieved 21 November 2011
- ^ MTV. Top Ten Animated Videos Countdown. June 28, 1998
- ^ 29th Grammy Awards - 1987 Rock On The Net. Retrieved 19 November 2011
- ^ [1]
- ^ Volume 3: Further in Time Real World Records
- ^ "See it. Film it. Change it. Using video to open the eyes of the world to human rights violations". Witness. http://www.witness.org. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
- ^ 'Peter Gabriel goes ape for research project' Top40-Charts.com, 20 July 2001
- ^ "Peter Gabriel and David Engelke purchase Solid State Logic". 21 June 2005. http://broadcastengineering.com/audio/Ssl-purchase-music-20050621/. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
- ^ Breen, Christopher (2008-05-27). "B&W and Real World Launch Music Club". PC World. http://www.pcworld.com/article/146352/bandw_and_real_world_launch_music_club.html. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
- ^ "Peter Gabriel talks about his work for Amnesty International". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0UYgKOv9_g. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
- ^ "Peter Gabriel TV Interview On NBC Today Show about Amnesty concerts". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xcj9CRdSYEI. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
- ^ "The North South Prize of Lisbon". North-South Centre. Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080215230739/http://www.coe.int/t/e/north-south_centre/programmes/7_north-south_prize/winners_PNS.asp. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
- ^ "Ms. Vera Duarte, Minister of Education, Cape Verde". Council of Europe. http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/nscentre/20th_anniversary/Testimonies/Interview_VeraDuarte.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-03.
- ^ "About". The Elders. http://www.theelders.org/elders/. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
- ^ "Die Quadriga - Award 2008" (in (German)). Loomarea.com. http://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
- ^ "Iran stoning case woman ordered to name campaigners". The Guardian (London). 22 July 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jul/22/iran-stoning-woman-campaigners.
- ^ "Who's backing whom at the election?". BBC News. 21 April 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/frontpage/4464557.stm. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
- ^ "'Luvvies' for Labour". BBC News. 30 August 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/161057.stm. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ The Mirror, 1 March 2003.
- ^ "Peter Gabriel backs antiwar campaign". http://www.mail-archive.com/antinato@topica.com/msg07910.html.
- ^ "Green candidate sings for votes". BBC News. 29 April 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/england/4497761.stm. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ "Peter Gabriel: 'It doesn't have anything to do with witchcraft!'". The Guardian. 2 June 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/jun/02/peter-gabriel-scratch-my-back. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
- ^ "Peter Gabriel Pulls Music From 'Rush Limbaugh Show'". http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/peter-gabriel-pulls-music-from-rush-limbaugh-show-20120305#ixzz1pQftliJu.
- ^ "Peter Gabriel attacks Woolley Valley farm plans". BBC News. 19 May 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/somerset/8693430.stm. Retrieved 15 Jan 2011.
- ^ Durman, Paul. Gabriel deals a blow to the record business, The Times. 21 January 2007.
- ^ Gabriel Calls on Venture Capitalists To Help Album Launch, contactmusic.com. 24 January 2007.
- ^ "Winehouse, Madonna win U.K. songwriting prizes". CBC.ca Arts. 24 May 2007. http://www.cbc.ca/arts/music/story/2007/05/24/novello-awards.html. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
- ^ "Past Judges". Independent Music Awards. http://www.independentmusicawards.com/ima_new/pastjudges.asp. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
- ^ Dalton, Stephen (27 July 2009). "Womad 2009 at Charlton Park Wiltshire". The Times (London). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/festivals/article6728136.ece. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Peter Gabriel |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Peter Gabriel |
- Official website
- Peter Gabriel at the Internet Movie Database
- Peter Gabriel discography at MusicBrainz
- Peter Gabriel at TED Conferences
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Peter Gabriel on Charlie Rose
- Works by or about Peter Gabriel in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Peter Gabriel collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Audio interview at BBC Wiltshire
- Peter Gabriel takes part in a panel at the Global Philanthropy Forum video
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Gabriel, Peter |
| Alternative names | Gabriel, Peter Brian |
| Short description | Musician, record producer |
| Date of birth | 13 February 1950 |
| Place of birth | Cobham, Surrey, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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