Look up loc. cit. in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Loc. cit. (Latin, short for loco citato, meaning "in the place cited") is a footnote or endnote term used to repeat the title and page number for a given work (and author). Loc. cit. is used in place of ibid. when the reference is not only to the work immediately preceding, but also refers to the same page. Loc. cit. is also used instead of op. cit. when reference is made to a work previously cited and to the same page in that work. As such, loc. cit. is never followed by volume or page numbers.

Sample usage[link]

• Example 1:

9. R. Millan, "Art of Latin grammar" (Academic, New York, 1997), p. 23.

10. Loc. cit.

In the above example, the loc. cit. in reference #10 refers to reference #9 in its entirety, including page number. Note that loc. cit. is capitalized in this instance.

• Example 2:

9. R. Millan, "Art of Latin grammar" (Academic, New York, 1997), p. 23.

10. G. Wiki, "Blah and its uses" (Blah Ltd., Old York, 2000), p. 12.

11. Millan, loc. cit.

In the second example, the loc. cit. in reference #11 refers to reference #9, including page number.

See also[link]

• Bibliography
• Ibid.
• Op. cit.
• MLA style

References[link]

• Conventions in footnoting for essays, papers and books by Werner Hammerstingl, 1998.
• Introduction to bibliographies and citation styles

LOC, Loc, or LoC may refer to:

Look up LOC in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Look out circular, a message used by interpol in India to stop wanted people from leaving country
• Life Orientation Course (Scientology)

Aviation[link]

• Localizer, a component of an Instrument Landing System
• Loss of control, a catastrophic condition in jet aircraft operations that results in the loss of control of the aircraft

Fiction and entertainment[link]

• LOC Kargil, film
• Leftöver Crack, American ska-punk band
• Lord of Chaos, novel
• Steel Battalion: Line of Contact, videogame
• Fictional character OG Loc in Grand Theft Auto game
• Letter of Comment (Science Fiction Fandom)

Military[link]

• Line of Control, a line which demarcates the boundary between Indian and Pakistani-controlled parts of Kashmir
• Line of communication, in the military
• Lock out chamber, a submarine diving chamber used for Special Operations Forces/Diver lock out

Organizations[link]

• Library of Congress, the national library of the United States
• LeMoyne-Owen College, a historically black college located in Memphis, Tennessee
• Lyric Opera of Chicago
• Liga Obrera Comunista, or Communist Workers League (Spain), a Trotskyist group in Spain active from 1976–1990
• Loc Publishing, an imprint of the German group VDM Publishing devoted to the reproduction of Wikipedia content
• Love Of Crips, or League Of Crips, a gang abbreviation

People[link]

• L.O.C. (born 1979), Danish rapper (real name being Liam O'Connor)
• Tone Lōc (born 1966), American hiphop artist and director
• Spider Loc (born 1979), American rapper

Places[link]

• Loc River (disambiguation)
• Lóc, the Hungarian name for Loţu village, Sângeorgiu de Pădure town, Mureş County, Romania

Science, technology, and medicine[link]

• Lab-on-a-chip, a term for devices that integrate multiple laboratory functions on a single chip
• Launch off Capture, a method of integrated circuit testing using scan chain
• Level of consciousness, a medical assessment of a patient's degree of consciousness
• Limit of convection, the altitude where the virtual potential temperatures of a moist rising air parcel and the environment are equal
• Limiting oxygen concentration, a concept in fire safety engineering
• Lines of (source) code, a software metric used to measure the amount of code in a software program
• LOC record, geolocation information resource record in Domain Name System
• Loss of consciousness, see Level of consciousness
• Loss-of-coolant accident, a mode of failure for a nuclear reactor
• LOC, length of cut (as in machining operations, the length of cut the side of an END MILL can cut into a piece of metal)

Finance[link]

• Line of credit

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

CIT may refer to:

Educational institutions[link]

• California Institute of Technology (Caltech)
• Canberra Institute of Technology
• Carnegie Institute of Technology, the College of Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University
• Cebu Institute of Technology, a private university located in Cebu City, Philippines
• Center for Information Technology (Specialty Center), specialty center at Deep Run High School
• Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology (Tumkur, India)
• Chiba Institute of Technology (Chibatech)
• Chhattisgarh Institute of Technology
• Coimbatore Institute of Technology
• Cork Institute of Technology
• Chartered Institute of Transport London

Companies[link]

• CIT Group, a commercial and consumer finance company
• Central Independent Television, an ITV affiliate
• Compagnia Italiana Turismo, an Italian travel agency

Other organizations[link]

• Center for Information Technology, an agency of the United States Federal Government
• United States Court of International Trade
• Confederación Interamericana de Trabajadores
• Center Industrial IT in Lemgo, Germany

Biology and medicine[link]

• CIT (gene), a human gene that encodes the enzyme Citron Rho-interacting kinase
• CIT Program Tumor Identity Cards (A major cancer genomics program from the French National League Against Cancer)
• Colonic irrigation technician
• CIT (Lometopane)

Information technology[link]

• Cisco Internetwork Troubleshooting, one of four tests required to obtain a Cisco Career Certification
• Computer and Information Technology
• Customer Interaction Tracker

Other[link]

• CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament, an NCAA college basketball postseason tournament.
• Corporate Income Tax
• Counselor-in-Training (or Camper In Transition), a programs for teens attending summer camp that may be interested in leadership roles in future years
• Critical Incident Technique
• Crisis intervention training
• Crisis intervention team
• Cash-in-transit

Cit may refer to:

• Citrulline, an amino acid
• Cit (consciousness) or chit, Sanskrit for consciousness or awareness

See also[link]

• Citadel (disambiguation)
• City (disambiguation)
• Citation (disambiguation)
• Columbia Institute for Tele-Information
• Citi
• Citibank
• Citicorp
• Citigroup
• Citicard

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (February 2012)

Arp Schnitger (born July 2, 1648 in Schmalenfleth, buried July 28, 1719) was a highly influential German organ builder. He was primarily active in Northern Europe, especially the Netherlands and Germany, where a number of his instruments survive to the present day; his organs can also be found as far away as Portugal and Brazil.

Notable examples still in use include the organ at St. Pancratiuskirche, Neuenfelde, Hamburg [1] (completed in 1688, his largest two-manual instrument); St. Jacobikirche, Hamburg (perhaps the most famous surviving Schnitger organ, completed in 1693)[2]; St. Martinikerk, Groningen, the Netherlands (1692)[3]; St. Ludgerikirche, Norden (1688)[4]; St. Cosmae und Damianikirche, Stade (Schnitger's first organ, completed in 1676 after the death of his teacher Berendt Huss)[5]; St. Peter und Paulkirche, Cappel (perhaps the most authentic of Schnitger's organs still in existence, originally in the Johanniskirche, Hamburg, 1680)[6]; and St. Michaeliskerk, Zwolle, the Netherlands (completed by his son Franz Caspar after Schnitger's death)[7]. Organs like this are credited with inspiring the renaissance in organ building during the early twentieth century, with a return to tracker action and smaller, more cohesive instruments, as distinct from the late-Romantic trend of extremely large symphonic organs. In particular, the organ at the Jacobikirche, Hamburg, played a pivotal role in the organ reform movement beginning in 1925, as a series of conferences taking place at historical organ sites in Germany and Alsace was inaugurated there.

The importance of Schnitger to the history of organ building cannot be overestimated. Schnitger was one of the most prolific builders of his time, completing more than 150 instruments and running several shops. His organ designs typify the essential North German organ: multiple divisions, usually with a rückpositif (division on the gallery rail, behind the player's back); large, independent pedal divisions, often placed in towers on either side of the main case; well-developed principal choruses in each division with abundant reeds, flutes, and mutation stops; and meantone temperament. All of these features could be found on North German organs prior to Schnitger's activity; Schnitger's genius lay in his ability to synthesize these elements into a prototypical style of organ building, and in his prolific output. The latter was made possible by his good business sense: Schnitger was one of the first builders to use cost-cutting measures on a large scale to ensure the affordability of organs for small village churches.

Many of Schnitger's landmark instruments were actually rebuilds or expansions of existing organs (as at St. Jacobikirche, Hamburg, a renovation and enlargement of an earlier instrument by Fritzsche, 1635). Often, the expansion of the pedal division required the addition of pedal towers on either side of the case. This feature has come to be one of the most-typically associated with the North German style, despite the fact that a majority of smaller organs did not have pedal towers.

A number of Schnitger's organs were featured on recordings by E. Power Biggs, who is generally credited with reintroducing them to modern listeners. More recently, Schnitger's organs can be heard on several recordings by German organist Harald Vogel. Schnitger's instruments in Groningen, Uithuisen, Nordbroek and Nieuw Scheemda were featured in the documentary Martinikerk Rondeau, in which Jurgen Ahrend, Cor Edskes and Bernhardt Edskes detail Schnitger's life and demonstrate his working methods. Schnitger's organs have also served as inspiration for many modern builders; GOArt, a Swedish organ building consortium, has even gone so far as to build an exact copy of a Schnitger organ for research purposes.

Surviving Schnitger organs[link]

year	town	church	picture	manuals	stops	original by Schnitger
1668–75/88	Stade (D)	St. Cosmae et Damiani		III/P	42	case, prospect, 35 stops (8 partly)
1677–79	Bülkau (D)	St. John the Baptist		I	10 (?)	case, prospect; today II/P/22
1678–79/1709	Jork (D)	St. Matthias		III/P	35	case, prospect; today II/P/22
1680	Cappel (D)	St. Peter and Paul		II/P	30	case, prospect, 18 stops, 10 other old stops re-used by Schnitger
1678–82	Oederquart (D)	St. Johannis		III/p	28	case, prospect; today II/P/17
1682–83	Lüdingworth (D)	St. Jacobi		III/P	35	case, prospect, 14 stops (complete or partly), much old pipework reused by Schnitger (half of the organ)
1684	Elmshorn (D)	St. Nicolai		II/P	23	case; today III/P/33
1686	Hamburg-Bergstedt (D)	Ev. Church		I	8	case, 2-3 stops
1687	Blankenhagen (D)	Village Church		II/p	12	case, 4-5 stops
1687	Steinkirchen (D)	St. Nicolai et Martini		II/P	28	case, prospect, 13 stops, 8 other partly
1683–88	Hamburg-Neuenfelde (D)	St. Pankratius		II/P	34	case, prospect, 18 stops
1688	Mittelnkirchen (D)	St. Bartholomäus		II/p	22	6-8 stops; today II/P/32
1688–90	Hollern (D)	St. Mauritius		II/P	24	case, prospect, 13 stops (complete or partly)
1686–88/1691–92	Norden (D)	St. Ludgeri		III/P	46	case, 13 stops, 8 old stops reused by Schnitger
1691–92	Groningen (NL)	Martinikerk (Groningen)		III/P	53	case of the pedal, prospect, 6 stops, other old stops reused by Schnitger; today III/P/52
1689–93	Hamburg (D)	St. Jacobi		IV/P	60	43 stops (complete or partly), some reused by Schnitger → Schnitger organ (Hamburg)
1693	Groningen (NL)	Pelstergasthuiskerk		II/p	20	case, 2 register (7 partly)
1693	Eutin (D)	castle		I	9	case
1693–94	Grasberg (D)	Luth. Church		II/P	21	case, 14 stops
1695–96	Noordbroek (NL)	Hervormde Kerk		II/P	20	case, 10-11 stops; today II/P/24
1695–96	Harkstede (NL)	Hervormde Kerk		I	7	case, prospect, 5 stops; today I/p/9 (10)
1696–97	Peize (NL)	Hervormde Kerk		II/P	22	case, prospect, 4-6 stops, old stops reused by Schnitger
1697–98	Strückhausen (D)	St. Johannes		II/p	12	case of the Hauptwerk, 2 stops; today II/P/15
1697–98	Dedesdorf (D)	St. Laurentius		II/p	12	case of the manuals, 10 stops; today II/P/18
1697–98	Golzwarden (D)	St. Bartholomäus		II/P	20	case; today II/P/22
1699	Nieuw-Scheemda (NL)	Hervormde Kerk		I/p	8	case, 4-6 stops
1696–99	Mensingeweer (NL)	Hervormde Kerk		I	9	case, prospekt, 6 stops
1699	Ganderkesee (D)	St. Cyprian und Cornelius		II/p	16	case, prospect, 9 stops; today II/P/22
1700–01	Uithuizen (NL)	Hervormde Kerk		II/P	28	case, 19 stops, 6 others partly
1701	Maia, Portugal	Monastery Church San Salvador	[8]	II	12	case, 11 stops
1701	Mariana, Minas Gerais (Brazil)	Cathedral Nossa Senhora da Assunção		II/p	18	case, prospect, 14 stops (complete or partly); probably by Schnitger's co-worker Heinrich Hullenkampf[1]
1701	Faro, Portugal	Cathedral		II	22	probably by Schnitger's co-worker Heinrich Hullenkampf[1]
1699–1702	Clausthal-Zellerfeld (D)	St. Salvatoris		III/P	55	case; today II/P/29
1700–02	Groningen (NL)	Der Aa-kerk		III/P	32	case, prospect, ca. 13 stops, 10 old stops reused by Schnitger; today III/P/40
1702	Estebrügge (D)	St. Martin		II/P	34	case
1704	Eenum (NL)	Hervormde Kerk		I	10	case, prospect, 4-6 stops; today I/p/10
1704	Godlinze (NL)	Hervormde Kerk		II/p (?)	16	case, prospect, 8-9 stops; today I/p/12
1705	Accum (D)	St. Willehad		II/p	14	case
1707–08	Lenzen (D)	St. Katharinen		II/P	27	case partly, 2-3 stops
1707–08	Hamburg-Ochsenwerder (D)	St. Pankratius		II/P	30	case, prospect, 5-11 stops; today II/P/24
1709–10	Weener (D)	St.-Georg		II/p	22	case, 6 stops; today II/P/29
1710–11	Pellworm (D)	Old Church		II/P	24	case, 11 stops (complete or partly)
1710–11	Sneek (NL)	Grote of Martinikerk		III/P	36	case, prospect, 10 stops (complete or partly)
1711	Ferwert (NL)	Hervormde Kerk		II/P	26	5 stops
1710–13	Abbehausen (D)	St. Laurentius		II/P	24	case, prospect, 2 stops
1714–16	Rendsburg (D)	Christuskirche		II/P	29	case, 4 stops; today IV/P/51
1715–19	Itzehoe (D)	St. Laurentii		IV/P	43	case, prospect; today IV/P/58
1719–21	Zwolle (NL)	Grote of Sint-Michaëlskerk		IV/P	64	case, main part of the stops; finished by the sons Franz Caspar Schnitger and Johann Georg Schnitger

See also[link]

• Pipe organ
• Johann Sebastian Bach
• Dieterich Buxtehude
• North German Organ School

References[link]

1. ^ ^{a b} Organ Tours of Brasil

• Peggy Kelley Reinburg (1982). Arp Schnitger, organ builder; catalyst for the centuries. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-30927-3. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Arp Schnitger

• Organs of Arp Schnitger
• Arp Schnitger, Organ Builder – Organ Itinerary. In Google Earth Community.
• http://www.schnitgerorgel.de
• http://www.fuguestatefilms.co.uk/martinikerk