The Wayback Machine - http://web.archive.org./web/20120715131543/http://wn.com/GETS
Sunday, 15 July 2012
It Gets Better: Dan and Terry
Annoying Orange - Orange Gets Autotuned
Joel Burns tells gay teens
Bizzle gets some Dunkers.
Mountain biking, Les Gets, 2011
It Gets Better
A Message from Severus Snape
Ian Gets Lucky
it gets better-----a music video by rebecca drysdale
Marvin Gaye Lets Get It On
It Gets Better: Apple Employees

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It Gets Better: Dan and Terry/video details
  • Order:
  • Published: 22 Sep 2010
  • Duration: 8:32
  • Updated: 29 Jun 2012
Author: itgetsbetterproject
Take the pledge: www.itgetsbetter.org Back to It Gets Better Project If you're gay or lesbian or bi or trans, and you've ever read about a kid like Billy Lucas and thought, "Fuck, I wish I could've told him that it gets better," this is your chance. We can't help Billy, but there are lots of other Billys out there—other despairing LGBT kids who are being bullied and harassed, kids who don't think they have a future—and we can help them.... READ MORE about the It Gets Better Project, in Savage Love, here: www.itgetsbetter.org Filmed by Kelly O.
http://web.archive.org./web/20120715131543/http://wn.com/It Gets Better: Dan and Terry/video details
Annoying Orange - Orange Gets Autotuned/video details
  • Order:
  • Published: 26 Feb 2010
  • Duration: 2:35
  • Updated: 25 Jun 2012
Author: realannoyingorange
Annoying Orange annoys a different kind of Apple. FREE version of my video game Kitchen Carnage is out!!! iTunes: bit.ly Android: bit.ly TSHIRTS: bit.ly TWITTER: twitter.com FACEBOOK: facebook.com MY WEBSITE: annoyingorange.com WATCH MY EPISODES! http CREATED by DANEBOE: youtube.com DANEBOE GAMING CHANNEL: youtube.com DANEBOE 2ND CHANNEL: youtube.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120715131543/http://wn.com/Annoying Orange - Orange Gets Autotuned/video details
Joel Burns tells gay teens
  • Order:
  • Published: 13 Oct 2010
  • Duration: 12:55
  • Updated: 29 Jun 2012
Author: joelburns
www.joelburns.com - Fort Worth City Councilman Joel Burns reaches out to GLBT teens with a personal story and a message of hope. For more information, or to stand with Joel today, go to http Connect with Joel: FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com TWITTER: www.twitter.com Interviews with Joel: The Ellen Show - bit.ly Star-Telegram - j.mp Fox 5 New York - t.co Today Show with Matt Lauer - j.mp ABC World News - t.co NPR All Things Considered - n.pr CNN Newsroom - bit.ly MSNBC - bit.ly
http://web.archive.org./web/20120715131543/http://wn.com/Joel Burns tells gay teens "it gets better" http://www.joelburns.com/video details
Bizzle gets some Dunkers./video details
  • Order:
  • Published: 28 Nov 2011
  • Duration: 1:29
  • Updated: 29 Jun 2012
Author: GixxxerG
Bizzle having himself a quick snack. www.cousinavimusic.com Due to the unexpected popularity of this video, I don't think I could live with myself if I didn't use this space to try to help out some lads I love dearly, and ask anyone who likes music to check out the site linked above. I know it might seem a bit shameless, but this isn't for personal gain. I just think that people deserve to hear them, and that they deserve to be heard, in equal measures. Thanks x
http://web.archive.org./web/20120715131543/http://wn.com/Bizzle gets some Dunkers./video details
Mountain biking, Les Gets, 2011/video details
  • Order:
  • Published: 12 Aug 2011
  • Duration: 2:07
  • Updated: 23 Jun 2012
Author: Jonvid85
www.jon-w.com Mountain biking in Les Gets, August 2011
http://web.archive.org./web/20120715131543/http://wn.com/Mountain biking, Les Gets, 2011/video details
  • Order:
  • Published: 22 Nov 2010
  • Duration: 8:02
  • Updated: 29 Jun 2012
Author: PixGetsBetter
A message of hope from employees at Pixar Animation Studios. It gets better. www.itgetsbetter.org Music courtesy of Geographer. www.geographermusic.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120715131543/http://wn.com/"It Gets Better" — Love, Pixar/video details
It Gets Better/video details
  • Order:
  • Published: 21 Sep 2010
  • Duration: 8:32
  • Updated: 25 Jun 2012
Author: itgetsbetterproject
Take the pledge: www.itgetsbetterproject.com Because of poor sound quality, please see new updated link: www.youtube.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120715131543/http://wn.com/It Gets Better/video details
A Message from Severus Snape/video details
  • Order:
  • Published: 04 Jul 2011
  • Duration: 3:33
  • Updated: 29 Jun 2012
Author: GavinCrawfordShow
Severus Snape shares a message of hope. * contains spoilers so finish the books first! People who came to my live show requested that I post this...enjoy.
http://web.archive.org./web/20120715131543/http://wn.com/A Message from Severus Snape/video details
Ian Gets Lucky/video details
  • Order:
  • Published: 15 Jan 2010
  • Duration: 4:28
  • Updated: 29 Jun 2012
Author: smosh
DELETED SCENE & ANTHONY'S OWN VID: bit.ly iSHUTUP APP FOR iPHONE: bit.ly When Ian and Anthony need money, Anthony files for unemployment... and Ian hatches a get-rich-quick scheme for himself! Will the Smosh app save the day? smosh.com http facebook.com myspace.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120715131543/http://wn.com/Ian Gets Lucky/video details
it gets better-----a music video by rebecca drysdale/video details
  • Order:
  • Published: 05 Jan 2011
  • Duration: 5:32
  • Updated: 29 Jun 2012
Author: beckdrys
a music video for lgbtq kids everywhere - now available on itunes! - lyrics at www.rebeccadrysdale.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120715131543/http://wn.com/it gets better-----a music video by rebecca drysdale/video details
Marvin Gaye Lets Get It On/video details
  • Order:
  • Published: 23 Mar 2008
  • Duration: 6:30
  • Updated: 29 Jun 2012
Author: dominiolinux
In 1976 Marvin Gayes marriage was about to collapse. He was also just about to be imprisoned because of non-paid child-support to his wife Anna. Reputedly Motown bailed Marvin out and he was suggested to leave US for a some time. Promoter Jeffrey Kruger arranged a European tour to start up in September 1976 and it also included a long waited visit to England for the first time in ten years. This concert in question was held in 10th October before sell-out audience in Edenhall concert hall Amsterdam. The track listing is pretty much identical compared to the Album "Marvin Gaye - Live At The London Palladium!" which was recorded on the same tour seven days earlier. Only songs missing are "Trouble Man" and "God is Love". All the other tracks are exactly (although in different order) the same as on this DVD, even including the content of medleys. These Medleys are actually one of the biggest problems in this concert. In a way the whole concert is one gigantic medley, while atleast what I was expecting, were the full versions of the songs. If compared to the performances in the "Live in Montreux" DVD this concert feels pretty boring. Marvin himself explained the reason for these medleys in Sharon Davis´ biography book like this; "I got a list of songs from my promoter. He told me all the tracks that were popular in England and I just put them into medley form for few minutes because I hadn´t done them in years. In fact, when I sing them in the States people go for popcorn and <b>...</b>
http://web.archive.org./web/20120715131543/http://wn.com/Marvin Gaye Lets Get It On/video details
It Gets Better: Apple Employees/video details
  • Order:
  • Published: 13 Apr 2011
  • Duration: 6:04
  • Updated: 29 Jun 2012
Author: AppleEmployees
Apple employees share a personal message for the It Gets Better Project. If you are considering suicide or need help, call the Trevor Project now: 866-4-U-TREVOR (866-488-7386).
http://web.archive.org./web/20120715131543/http://wn.com/It Gets Better: Apple Employees/video details
Paramore: That's What You Get [OFFICIAL VIDEO]/video details
  • Order:
  • Published: 27 Oct 2009
  • Duration: 3:40
  • Updated: 29 Jun 2012
Author: FueledByRamen
© WMG 2009. Paramore's music video for 'That's What You Get' from their album, RIOT! - available now on Fueled By Ramen. Visit paramore.net for more! LYRICS No sir, well I don't wanna be the blame, not anymore It's your turn, so take a seat we're settling the final score And why do we like to hurt so much? I can't decide You have made it harder just to go on And why, all the possibilities, well I was wrong That's what you get when you let your heart win, woah That's what you get when you let your heart win, woah I drowned out all my sense with the sound of its beating And that's what you get when you let your heart win, woah I wonder, how am I supposed to feel when you're not here 'Cause I burned every bridge I ever built when you were here I still try, holding onto silly things, I never learn Oh why, all the possibilities I'm sure you've heard That's what you get when you let your heart win, woah That's what you get when you let your heart win, woah I drowned out all my sense with the sound of its beating And that's what you get when you let your heart win, woah Pain make your way to me, to me And I'll always be just so inviting If I ever start to think straight This heart will start a riot in me Let's start, start, hey! Why do we like to hurt so much? Oh why do we like to hurt so much? That's what you get when you let your heart win, woah That's what you get when you let your heart win, woah That's what you get when you let your heart win, woah Now I can't trust myself <b>...</b>
http://web.archive.org./web/20120715131543/http://wn.com/Paramore: That's What You Get [OFFICIAL VIDEO]/video details
David Nalbandian angrily kicks Linesman and gets disqualified - Queens 2012 Final/video details
  • Order:
  • Published: 17 Jun 2012
  • Duration: 0:24
  • Updated: 28 Jun 2012
Author: YouSportHD
David Nalbandian angrily kicks Linesman and gets disqualified - Queens 2012 Final david nalbandian kicks linesman violence in queens final bbc one 2012 martin cilic mad angry disqualfied grass david nalbandian kicks linesman violence in queens final bbc one 2012 martin cilic mad angry disqualfied grass Nalbandian Disqualified Line judge Injury Tennis Queens Final
http://web.archive.org./web/20120715131543/http://wn.com/David Nalbandian angrily kicks Linesman and gets disqualified - Queens 2012 Final/video details
  • It Gets Better: Dan and Terry...8:32
  • Annoying Orange - Orange Gets Autotuned...2:35
  • Joel Burns tells gay teens "it gets better" http://www.joelburns.com...12:55
  • Bizzle gets some Dunkers....1:29
  • Mountain biking, Les Gets, 2011...2:07
  • "It Gets Better" — Love, Pixar...8:02
  • It Gets Better...8:32
  • A Message from Severus Snape...3:33
  • Ian Gets Lucky...4:28
  • it gets better-----a music video by rebecca drysdale...5:32
  • Marvin Gaye Lets Get It On...6:30
  • It Gets Better: Apple Employees...6:04
  • Paramore: That's What You Get [OFFICIAL VIDEO]...3:40
  • David Nalbandian angrily kicks Linesman and gets disqualified - Queens 2012 Final...0:24
Take the pledge: www.itgetsbetter.org Back to It Gets Better Project If you're gay or lesbian or bi or trans, and you've ever read about a kid like Billy Lucas and thought, "Fuck, I wish I could've told him that it gets better," this is your chance. We can't help Billy, but there are lots of other Billys out there—other despairing LGBT kids who are being bullied and harassed, kids who don't think they have a future—and we can help them.... READ MORE about the It Gets Better Project, in Savage Love, here: www.itgetsbetter.org Filmed by Kelly O.
8:32
It Gets Bet­ter: Dan and Terry
Take the pledge: www.​itgetsbetter.​org Back to It Gets Bet­ter Pro­ject If you're gay or ...
pub­lished: 22 Sep 2010
2:35
An­noy­ing Or­ange - Or­ange Gets Au­to­tuned
An­noy­ing Or­ange an­noys a dif­fer­ent kind of Apple. FREE ver­sion of my video game Kitchen Ca...
pub­lished: 26 Feb 2010
12:55
Joel Burns tells gay teens "it gets bet­ter" http://​www.​joelburns.​com
www.​joelburns.​com - Fort Worth City Coun­cil­man Joel Burns reach­es out to GLBT teens with a...
pub­lished: 13 Oct 2010
au­thor: joel­burns
1:29
Biz­zle gets some Dunkers.
Biz­zle hav­ing him­self a quick snack. www.​cousinavimusic.​com Due to the un­ex­pect­ed pop­u­lari...
pub­lished: 28 Nov 2011
au­thor: GixxxerG
2:07
Moun­tain bik­ing, Les Gets, 2011
www.​jon-w.​com Moun­tain bik­ing in Les Gets, Au­gust 2011...
pub­lished: 12 Aug 2011
au­thor: Jon­vid85
8:02
"It Gets Bet­ter" — Love, Pixar
A mes­sage of hope from em­ploy­ees at Pixar An­i­ma­tion Stu­dios. It gets bet­ter. www.​itgetsbet...
pub­lished: 22 Nov 2010
8:32
It Gets Bet­ter
Take the pledge: www.​itgetsbetterproject.​com Be­cause of poor sound qual­i­ty, please see new...
pub­lished: 21 Sep 2010
3:33
A Mes­sage from Severus Snape
Severus Snape shares a mes­sage of hope. * con­tains spoil­ers so fin­ish the books first! Peo...
pub­lished: 04 Jul 2011
4:28
Ian Gets Lucky
DELET­ED SCENE & AN­THO­NY'S OWN VID: bit.​ly iSHUT­UP APP FOR iPHONE: bit.​ly When Ian ...
pub­lished: 15 Jan 2010
au­thor: smosh
5:32
it gets bet­ter-----a music video by re­bec­ca drys­dale
a music video for lgbtq kids ev­ery­where - now avail­able on itunes! - lyrics at www.​rebecca...
pub­lished: 05 Jan 2011
au­thor: beckdrys
6:30
Mar­vin Gaye Lets Get It On
In 1976 Mar­vin Gayes mar­riage was about to col­lapse. He was also just about to be im­prison...
pub­lished: 23 Mar 2008
6:04
It Gets Bet­ter: Apple Em­ploy­ees
Apple em­ploy­ees share a per­son­al mes­sage for the It Gets Bet­ter Pro­ject. If you are con­sid...
pub­lished: 13 Apr 2011
3:40
Paramore: That's What You Get [OF­FI­CIAL VIDEO]
© WMG 2009. Paramore's music video for 'That's What You Get' from the...
pub­lished: 27 Oct 2009
0:24
David Nal­ban­di­an an­gri­ly kicks Lines­man and gets dis­qual­i­fied - Queens 2012 Final
David Nal­ban­di­an an­gri­ly kicks Lines­man and gets dis­qual­i­fied - Queens 2012 Final david na...
pub­lished: 17 Jun 2012
au­thor: YouS­portHD
2:25
Ski­ing Les Gets Feb 2009
James Cove Plan­et­S­KI skis in Les gets in Feb 09 and com­ments on fan­tas­tic snow con­di­tions ...
pub­lished: 05 Feb 2009
au­thor: plan­et­skieu
2:30
Fred Gets a Hair­cut
After Fred's school in­forms his mom that he has lice, she drops him off at a hair salo...
pub­lished: 27 May 2010
au­thor: Fred
4:55
Bill O'Reil­ly Gets Owned By Kid
PLEASE SUB­SCRIBE Up­date!!! I GOT AN HONOR!!!! #99 - Top Rated (All Time) - News & Poli...
pub­lished: 06 Sep 2007
au­thor: crow­man88
1:08
pimp gets knocked out
...
pub­lished: 20 Jun 2007
au­thor: num1­jack­ass
4:55
It Gets Bet­ter
If any­one needs to talk, just send me an e-mail: TheOtherTyler@​gmail.​com Fol­low me on Twit...
pub­lished: 09 Oct 2010
au­thor: TheOtherTyler
6:56
'You're The Gets'
A Hugo Pilch­er & Max Smith pro­duc­tion for no par­tic­u­lar rea­son...
pub­lished: 06 Apr 2011
au­thor: 2456­max
4:18
Doddy rid­ing in Les Gets, France
As part of a fea­ture for BikeRadar.​com, Moun­tain Bik­ing UK mag­a­zine's Doddy took this ...
pub­lished: 30 Jul 2009
au­thor: mel­low­fish
4:01
Gym Class Heroes: Ass Back Home ft. Neon Hitch [OF­FI­CIAL VIDEO]
© 2011 WMG. Gym Class Heroes' music video for 'Ass Back Home' fea­tur­ing N...
pub­lished: 09 Dec 2011




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photo: US Navy / MCS3 Jeff Atherton
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    Severus Snape
    Harry Potter character
    225px
    Alan Rickman as Severus Snape
    in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
    First appearance Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
    Last appearance Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
    Created by J. K. Rowling
    Portrayed by Alan Rickman (adult)
    Alec Hopkins (teenager)
    Benedict Clarke (child)
    House Slytherin

    Severus Snape is a fictional character in the Harry Potter book series written by J.K. Rowling. In the first novel of the series, he is hostile toward Harry and is built up to be the primary antagonist until the final chapters. As the series progresses, Snape's character becomes more layered and complex. Rowling does not fully reveal the details of his true loyalties until the end of the final book, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Over the course of the series, Snape's portrayal evolves from that of a malicious and partisan teacher to that of a pivotal character of considerable complexity and moral ambiguity. Snape primarily teaches Potions at Hogwarts, though in the sixth novel he teaches Defence Against the Dark Arts, a position which he was known to have desired throughout the series. He ultimately becomes Headmaster of Hogwarts in the final novel. Rowling has described him as "a gift of a character".[1]

    Contents

    Character development[link]

    In an interview,[2] Rowling described Snape's character as an "antihero". She has said that she drew inspiration for Snape's character from a disliked teacher from her own childhood,[3] and described Snape as a horrible teacher,[4] saying the "worst, shabbiest thing you can do as a teacher is to bully students."[5] However, she does suggest in the books that he is generally an effective teacher.[6] Although Rowling has said that Gilderoy Lockhart is her only character that she "deliberately based on a real person",[7] Snape was reportedly based, at least in part, on John Nettleship, who taught Rowling chemistry and employed her mother as an assistant at Wyedean School near Chepstow.[8][9][10] For Snape's surname, Rowling borrowed the name from the village of Snape, Suffolk.[11] In a 1999 interview,[12] and again in 2004,[7] Rowling singled out Snape as one of her favourite characters to write.

    Rowling was less forthcoming about Snape than she was for other characters, because his true loyalties and motivations were not revealed until the final book.[13] However, she hinted numerous times at Snape's important role, suggesting that people should "keep their eye on Snape."[3][14] Answering a question regarding Snape's love life and the redemptive pattern to his character in 1999, Rowling expressed her surprise at the foresight.[15] Rowling also disclosed that after the publication of Prisoner of Azkaban, there was one female fan who guessed Snape loved Lily Potter, making Rowling wonder how she had given herself away.[16]

    After the completion of the series, Rowling began to speak openly about Snape and admitted that she was particularly pleased with the way Snape's story played out throughout the course of the series, contrasting his character arc with that of Albus Dumbledore.[17] Rowling said, "the series is built around [Dumbledore and Snape]", and maintained that she always knew what Snape would turn out to be at the end and that she carefully plotted his storyline throughout the series. "I had to drop clues all the way through because as you know in the seventh book when you have the revelation scene where everything shifts and you realise why Snape was…what Snape's motivation was. I had to plot that through the books because at the point where you see what was really going on, it would have been an absolute cheat on the reader at that point just to show a bunch of stuff you've never seen before."[16] Rowling further said in an interview that she wanted Snape to find redemption and forgiveness: "Snape is a complicated man... he's a very—he was a flawed human being, like all of us. Harry forgives him—as we know, from the epilogue, Harry—Harry really sees the good in Snape ultimately... I wanted there to be redemption."[18]

    Appearances[link]

    [edit] Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone

    Severus Snape first appears in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, shortly after Harry Potter arrives at Hogwarts. He is the school's Potions Master, though he is widely rumoured to covet the Defence Against the Dark Arts post.[19] Snape himself confirms the rumour in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.[20] Snape is a sinister and malicious teacher who makes frequent snide and disparaging remarks at Harry's expense. He quickly becomes the primary antagonist of the book, as Harry suspects him of plotting to steal the philosopher's stone, and of attempting to kill him. Only the climax of the book reveals that Professor Quirrell, in league with Lord Voldemort, is the real enemy; Snape, suspicious of Quirrell, had been looking out for Harry throughout the book. In the final chapter, Dumbledore suggests that because Harry's father James had saved Snape's life when they were both students, even though the two detested each other, Snape felt responsible for Harry in return.[21] As the final book reveals, this is not the full story. In any case, even after Quirrell's true role is revealed, Harry retains feelings of suspicion and resentment towards Snape, and their relationship remains tense. Snape's behaviour and attitude towards Harry also remain unchanged.

    [edit] Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets

    Snape has a minor role in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, where he helps Gilderoy Lockhart oversee Hogwarts' short-lived Duelling Club,[22] but he has little interaction with the main plot. It is while attending the Duelling Club that Harry learns the Expelliarmus spell, which plays a significant role in later books, by seeing Snape use it.

    [edit] Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban

    In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Snape demonstrates his expertise with potions by brewing the complex Wolfsbane potion for the new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor, Remus Lupin.[23] Throughout the third book, Snape suspects that Lupin may be helping Sirius Black enter Hogwarts castle; Sirius had been convicted (wrongly, as it is later revealed) of murdering innocent bystanders and betraying the Potter family's hiding place to Voldemort. This suspicion stems from Lupin's friendship with Sirius and Harry's father, James, while they were all at Hogwarts as students.[24] Near the climax of the book, Snape attempts to apprehend Black, but Black escapes with Harry's aid. Snape informs Dumbledore of this circumstance, and when Harry and Lupin are not punished, Snape retaliates by revealing to the entire school that Lupin is a werewolf, forcing the latter to resign his post.[25]

    Prisoner of Azkaban reveals more details about the connection between Snape and James Potter. While in school together, Sirius once tricked Snape into almost entering the Shrieking Shack while Lupin was there, transformed into a werewolf. James realised the danger and stopped Snape, saving his life; this is the incident Dumbledore referred to at the end of the first book. Snape, however, believes James's actions were self-serving, to avoid being expelled.[26]

    [edit] Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

    Snape's role in the fourth novel, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, is not substantially different from that of the previous three books. He is apoplectic when Harry is unexpectedly entered into the Triwizard Tournament. Later Harry accidentally falls into Dumbledore's Pensieve and views memories of several Death Eater trials from years before. At one point, Snape is named as a Death Eater by Igor Karkaroff, but Dumbledore comes to Snape's defence, claiming that although Snape had indeed been a Death Eater, he changed sides before Voldemort's downfall and turned spy against him. Later, Dumbledore assures Harry that Snape's reformation is genuine, though he refuses to tell Harry how he knows this, saying the information "is a matter between Professor Snape and myself".[27]

    At the end of the book, Dumbledore attempts to convince a disbelieving Minister for Magic, Cornelius Fudge, that Voldemort has returned. As proof, Snape willingly shows Fudge the restored Dark Mark on his arm. He is subsequently sent on a secret mission by Dumbledore. This mission, as had been implied in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and revealed in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, was to rejoin the Death Eaters and spy on Voldemort as a re-doubled agent, while pretending to spy on Dumbledore on behalf of Voldemort.

    [edit] Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix

    In the fifth novel, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Snape returns to a more prominent role. With Voldemort having returned to a fully corporeal body, Snape continues working as a re-doubled agent for Dumbledore.[28] He is seen prior to the start of school at Number 12, Grimmauld Place giving reports to the Order of the Phoenix.[29] He has a very strained relationship with Sirius, who owns Grimmauld Place and must remain there in hiding. The two trade frequent snide remarks and at one point almost begin a duel. Snape taunts Sirius about the latter's not being able to take an active role in the Order's missions because of his fugitive status. Harry feels later that this taunting contributed to Sirius's willingness to take unsafe risks.[30] Back at school, Snape's allegiance to the Order has no effect on his dislike for Harry.

    Later in the book, Dumbledore has Snape teach Harry Occlumency, the protection of the mind from outside intrusion or influence.[30] The sessions are made difficult by their mutual hostility and end prematurely when Harry uses Dumbledore's Pensieve to view one of Snape's worst childhood memories without the latter's permission. He sees the memory of Snape being bullied by James and Sirius, and of calling Lily Evans a Mudblood.[24] Only in the final book is it revealed that, prior to this confrontation, Snape and Lily had been close friends.

    Towards the end of the novel, Dolores Umbridge captures Harry and questions him on the whereabouts of Dumbledore. She sends for Snape to provide a truth serum to force Harry to reveal any information he may be hiding. Snape claims that his supplies of Veritaserum were exhausted earlier, when she had attempted to use the drug surreptitiously to force information from Harry. Snape withholds further assistance.[31] It is later revealed that Snape had in fact supplied Umbridge with fake Veritaserum on the prior attempt. Snape then carries Harry's cryptic warning about Sirius' capture to the other Order members, allowing them to come to the rescue in the Department of Mysteries.[32] Harry still holds Snape partly responsible for Sirius's death, believing Snape's goading spurred Sirius into joining the battle.

    [edit] Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince

    In the second chapter of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Bellatrix Lestrange and Narcissa Malfoy visit Snape at his home in Spinner's End. Narcissa's son Draco has been given a difficult task by Voldemort, and Narcissa swears Snape to an Unbreakable Vow that he will protect Draco, help him complete Voldemort's task, and finish the task himself if Draco fails. When questioned by Bellatrix about his loyalties, Snape claims to have been working for Voldemort (rather than for Dumbledore) ever since Voldemort's return, and explains his actions in the previous books in that light. In addition, he points out that Dumbledore's protection has kept him out of Azkaban and free to operate on Voldemort's behalf.[33]

    At the start-of-term feast at Hogwarts, Dumbledore announces Snape as the new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor. Horace Slughorn, a retired Hogwarts teacher, replaces Snape as Potions Master. With Snape no longer teaching Potions, Harry enrolls in Slughorn's class and is lent an old textbook until his new one arrives. Harry finds marginalia, including a variety of hexes and jinxes seemingly invented by an unknown student, and substantial improvements to the book's standard potion-making instructions. The text is inscribed, This Book is the Property of the Half-Blood Prince. The notes greatly bolster Harry's performance in Potions, so much so that he impresses Slughorn. Snape, who maintains that he "never had the impression that [he] had been able to teach Potter anything at all", is suspicious of Harry's newfound Potions success.[34]

    Later, during a fight with Draco, Harry casts one of the Prince's spells marked "For Enemies," and is horrified by the devastating wounds it inflicts to Draco's face and chest. Snape rushes to the scene and heals Draco, then interrogates Harry regarding the spell, using Legilimency to extract the source of Harry's knowledge (the Potions textbook) from Harry's mind. When Snape insists that Harry show him his Potions textbook, Harry hides the Prince's book and gives him Ron Weasley's book instead. As punishment for the attack and knowing Harry is lying about the textbook, Snape assigns Harry detention during the final Quidditch match of the year.[35]

    Before leaving Hogwarts with Dumbledore to hunt another horcrux, Harry discovers from Professor Trelawney that it was Snape who overheard the prophecy and told it to Voldemort, resulting in Voldemort hunting down Harry and his parents. Despite this and Harry's angry questions, Dumbledore avers his trust in Snape. Returning to Hogwarts after retrieving Voldemort's Horcrux, Harry and Dumbledore alight atop the school's astronomy tower. Gravely weakened by Voldemort's protective potion, Dumbledore tells Harry to fetch Snape. Before Harry can leave, Draco suddenly arrives, intending to carry out Voldemort's order to assassinate Dumbledore, but is unable to commit the act. Death Eaters arrive, and Snape interrupts them, killing the headmaster himself.[36] Harry, paralyzed under his invisibility cloak by Dumbledore for his own protection, witnesses the kill, and is released upon Dumbledore's death. Enraged, he pursues Snape, Draco, and the Death Eaters as they flee the castle. Snape easily blocks Harry's spells and jeeringly points out Harry's mistakes, but never strikes back. During the confrontation, Snape reveals himself as the eponymous "Half-Blood Prince" (being the son of Muggle Tobias Snape and pure-blood Eileen Prince). Snape passes through the school gates and Disapparates with Draco in tow.[37] The full relationship between Dumbledore and Snape and the reason for Snape's actions remain unknown until the final book. In an interview, Rowling mentioned that at this point in the series, the Harry–Snape relationship has become "as personal, if not more so, than Harry–Voldemort."[38]

    [edit] Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

    In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Snape is named Headmaster of Hogwarts, while Death Eaters Alecto and Amycus Carrow are appointed to the Hogwarts staff. The novel later reveals that Snape uses his position as Headmaster to protect the students and to contain the Carrows.[39] In the course of the book, Harry and Ron are led to find the Sword of Godric Gryffindor by a Patronus taking the form of a doe.[40] Harry later learns that this was Snape's Patronus, taking the same shape as Harry's mother Lily's Patronus, and that Snape had been tasked by Dumbledore with ensuring that Harry gained possession of the sword.[39]

    Towards the end of the school year, Professors McGonagall, Flitwick, and Sprout force Snape to flee the school.[41] Voldemort summons Snape to the Shrieking Shack. Erroneously believing Snape is the master of the Elder Wand and that Snape's death will make him the master of the Wand, Voldemort kills Snape by having his pet snake Nagini bite him through the neck.[42] The dying Snape releases a cloud of memories and tells Harry, who has watched the entire scene from a hidden spot, to take them.

    From these memories, Harry sees Snape's childhood and learns his true loyalties. In this vision, Harry learns that Snape befriended Lily as a child when they lived near each other. Upon their arrival at Hogwarts, the Sorting Hat placed Snape and Lily into Slytherin and Gryffindor Houses, respectively. They remained friends for the next few years until they were driven apart by Snape's interest in the Dark Arts; the friendship finally ended following the bullying episode that Harry had briefly seen in the fifth book, in which Snape calls Lily "Mudblood". Despite this separation and Snape's animosity toward Lily's eventual husband James Potter, Snape remained in love with Lily, for the rest of his life.

    Harry then learns that Snape had revealed the prophecy made by Sybill Trelawney (not knowing, at first, that it was referring to Lily and her family) to Voldemort, prompting the Dark Lord to attack the Potters in an attempt to prevent its fulfilment. Though he asked Voldemort to spare Lily, Snape, still fearing for her safety, went to Dumbledore and begged him to protect the Potters. Dumbledore agreed and ensured that they were placed under the Fidelius Charm. In return, Snape became a re-doubled agent for the Order of the Phoenix against Voldemort, using his powers of Occlumency to hide his betrayal from Voldemort. Even with his efforts to protect her, Snape felt responsible for Lily's death when the Potters were betrayed by their Secret-Keeper, Peter Pettigrew. Snape demanded of Dumbledore, however, that his love for Lily (his reason for switching sides) be kept a secret. Dumbledore agreed and kept the secret for the rest of his life.

    Snape's memories then reveal that Dumbledore had been afflicted by a powerful curse cast on the Gaunt ring, one of Voldemort's Horcruxes, prior to the start of Harry's sixth year at Hogwarts. Although Snape's knowledge of the Dark Arts enabled him to slow the spread of the curse, the curse would have ultimately killed Dumbledore within a year. Dumbledore, aware that Voldemort had ordered Draco to kill him, asked Snape to kill him instead as a way of sparing the boy's soul and of preventing his own otherwise slow, painful death. Although Snape was reluctant, even asking about the impact of such an action on his own soul, Dumbledore implied that this kind of coup de grâce would not damage a human's soul in the same way murder would.[39] Snape agreed to do as the Headmaster requested. Snape's memories also provide Harry with the information he needs to ensure Voldemort's final defeat, in the form of conversations Snape had with Dumbledore.[39]

    Rowling noted in an interview that because Snape abandoned his post before dying or officially retiring, a portrait of him does not immediately appear in the Headmaster's office following his death. She adds, however, that she would like to think Harry made Snape's true loyalty and heroism known in the Wizarding world, and that he lobbied to ensure that a portrait be installed in the office.[43] In a separate interview, Rowling discussed Snape's back story, saying she had planned it ever since she wrote the first book because the whole series is built around it and she considers him one of the most important characters of the seventh book.[16]

    Epilogue[link]

    In the epilogue to Deathly Hallows, set nineteen years after Harry defeats Voldemort, Harry has named his second-born son Albus Severus, after Albus Dumbledore and Severus Snape. As Albus is about to enter his first year at Hogwarts, he expresses concern that he will be sorted into Slytherin. Harry tells his son, "you were named for two headmasters of Hogwarts. One of them [Snape] was a Slytherin and he was probably the bravest man I ever knew."[44]

    Portrayal within films[link]

    Severus Snape appears in all eight Harry Potter films,[45] portrayed by British actor Alan Rickman. Rickman was Rowling's personal choice to portray the character.[46] He had conversations with Rowling about his character and is one of the few Harry Potter actors that she spoke to prior to the completion of the book series about the future direction of the character.[47] "He knew very early on that he'd been in love with Lily," said Rowling. "He needed to understand […] where this bitterness towards this boy who's the living example of her preference for another man came from."[48]

    Rickman used this knowledge of Snape's ultimate loyalties throughout the films by deciding how to play certain scenes, deliver specific lines, or using body language to convey specific emotions.[49] When the directors of the films would ask him why he was doing a scene a certain way or delivering a line in a specific manner, Rickman would simply reply that he knew something they didn't.[50]

    Rickman himself has refrained from talking about Snape, asking readers to wait and "see what unfolds" in the course of the novels; however, he did say Snape is a complicated person, very rigid and full of himself; in an interview he went further, saying: "Snape isn't one who enjoys jokes and I strongly fear that his sense of humour is extremely limited... But in his defence, I will add that he didn't have an easy adolescence, particularly during his studies at Hogwarts."[51] He also said Snape is a fascinating character, and that he takes immense pleasure in playing such an ambiguous person.[52]

    Rickman's performance as Snape is popular with viewers and is appreciated among critics. Entertainment Weekly listed Rickman as one of the most popular movie stars in 2007 for his performance as Snape, saying: "As the icy, humourless magic instructor Severus Snape, Rickman may not be on screen long—but he owns every minute."[53] Rickman also noted fans' reactions; in an interview, he said he found "that people in general adore Snape. He is sarcastic, stubborn, etc, etc. But he is also fascinating. I have a lot of fun impersonating him."[52]

    In 2011, Empire magazine published an open letter from Rickman to J.K. Rowling, ruminating on the ten years of working on the Potter films and thanking her for telling the story.[54]

    In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, the fifteen-year-old Snape (portrayed by Alec Hopkins) makes a brief appearance in a flashback to Snape’s youth. In the final film, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2, the younger Snape, perhaps ten or eleven, is played by Benedict Clarke.

    Before Alan Rickman was offered the role of Severus Snape, the role was originally offered to Tim Roth,[55] who turned the role down in favour of portraying General Thade in Planet of the Apes.

    Characterisation[link]

    Outward appearance[link]

    Snape is described as a thin man with sallow skin, a large, hooked nose, and yellow, uneven teeth. He has shoulder-length, greasy black hair which frames his face, and cold, black eyes. He wears black, flowing robes which give him the appearance of "an overgrown bat".[56] The youthful Snape had a "stringy, pallid look", being "round-shouldered yet angular", having a "twitchy" walk "that recalled a spider" and "long oily hair that jumped about his face".[24]

    In the chapter illustrations by Mary GrandPré in the American editions of Prisoner of Azkaban and Order of the Phoenix, Snape is depicted as balding with a goatee, but in the next novel, Half-Blood Prince, he is depicted with long black hair.

    Personality[link]

    Snape is generally depicted as being cold, calculating, precise, sarcastic, and bitter. He strongly dislikes Harry and often insults him by insulting his father, James Potter. As the series progresses, it is revealed that his treatment of Harry stems from Snape's bitter rivalry with James when they were in school together. In particular, James and Sirius bullied Snape, which according to Alan Rickman caused the already lonely boy to further "shut himself in".[52] Rowling further described the young Snape as insecure and vulnerable: "Given his time over again [Snape] would not have become a Death Eater, but like many insecure, vulnerable people he craved membership of something big and powerful, something impressive.[...] [He] was so blinded by his attraction to the dark side he thought [Lily] would find him impressive if he became a real Death Eater."[2]

    The adult Snape, on the other hand, is portrayed as very self-assured and confident of his abilities, to a degree that Rickman described as "full of himself."[51] Director David Yates said Snape is a character with gravitas, authority and power.[57] Snape typically displays a very calm and collected demeanour, rarely at a loss for words or taken off guard. His temper, however, is sometimes short where Harry is concerned and positively flares when dealing with his erstwhile tormentor Sirius, or when accused of cowardice. His otherwise impassive and aloof attitude seems to stem from his belief that people who cannot control their emotions are weak.[30]

    Like some other prominent members of Slytherin house, Snape is shown to be a clever and cunning wizard.[42][58] He is intelligent and has a keen, analytical mind. In an interview, Rowling adds that Snape is immensely brave,[18] and when asked if she considers Snape a hero, replied: "Yes, I do; though a very flawed hero. An anti-hero, perhaps. He is not a particularly likeable man in many ways. He remains rather cruel, a bully, riddled with bitterness and insecurity—and yet he loved, and showed loyalty to that love and, ultimately, laid down his life because of it. That's pretty heroic!"[2]

    Magical abilities and skills[link]

    All seven novels show Snape to be a very powerful wizard and to have been outstanding while a student. He specialises in potion making and has talent and passion for the Dark Arts. Sirius Black claimed that Snape knew more hexes and curses as a first-year student at Hogwarts than most seventh-years knew.[58] Particularly gifted in potion making, Snape added major improvements to his Potions textbook while still a student. Also as a student, Snape shows a rare gift for discovering new spells. Remus Lupin describes Sectumsempra as Snape's "speciality" in Deathly Hallows.[59] Snape is shown using this spell as a teenager[24] and in the aerial battle in the last novel. Despite Sectumsempra's deadly power, Snape can also heal the wounds it causes.[35] Snape is adept at reversing or containing fatal damage from other dark curses as well, due to his vast knowledge of Dark Arts, as he does when Dumbledore[39] and then Katie Bell[60] are cursed. Skilful in the arts of Legilimency and especially Occlumency, Snape is able to both access the minds of others and protect his own thoughts—indeed, though Snape does not care for the term himself, Harry forms the uncomfortable impression early in the series that the Potions Master is able to "read minds." Being an Occlumens, Snape is able to keep his betrayal from Voldemort, who is himself described as being "the greatest Legilimens" in history.[33] According to Rowling, Snape is the only Death Eater capable of producing a full Patronus, which, like Lily's, is a doe.[2] Snape is a talented duellist, able to hold off by himself (if only briefly) a group of three Hogwarts professors that included former duelling champion Filius Flitwick. Professor McGonagall later implies that Snape learned to fly without the use of a broom, a rare skill previously displayed only by Voldemort.[41]

    Family[link]

    Snape's family background is mostly shown in flashbacks during the course of the last three novels. Snape was born to Eileen Prince, a witch, and Tobias Snape, a Muggle, making him a half-blood (hence the name, "Half-Blood Prince"). This is rare for a Death Eater, as remarked in the last book. Snape spent his early childhood living with his parents in a small house in Spinner's End. Snape's family was a poor one and he is described as wearing ill-fitting clothes "that were so mis-matched that it looked deliberate". As a child, Snape was apparently neglected and his parents often fought with one another. Snape was very eager to leave his home to go to Hogwarts.[39] Towards the end of the last novel, Harry draws parallels between his childhood, Snape's, and Voldemort's.[61]

    Loyalties[link]

    Snape's true loyalty was one of the most significant questions in the series up until the end of the final instalment, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Although the first five novels depict him as unfair and vindictive towards Harry and his friends, he invariably ends up protecting or otherwise helping them when they or their allies are in danger. Several characters express doubts about his loyalty, but Dumbledore's trust in him is generally taken to be the final word. The sixth novel, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, departs from that model. In the second chapter, Snape claims to have been working for Voldemort ever since the latter's return, and only pretending to help Dumbledore.[33] By killing Dumbledore toward the end of the novel, Snape seems to place himself firmly in Voldemort's camp.[36] Rowling maintains this impression through the early chapters of the seventh novel. However, near the climax of the book, Snape leaves Harry his dying thoughts (to be viewed in the Pensieve) and ultimately reveals to Harry that he had been loyal to Albus Dumbledore throughout the series.[39] Snape's fierce devotion to and love of his childhood friend, Lily Evans, Harry's mother, is the foundation of that loyalty.[39]

    After Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Snape's loyalty was a matter of intense debate among the fans. The issue was given special attention in the marketing campaigns on behalf of the last book, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. "Is Snape Good or Evil?" was one of the questions in Scholastic Inc.'s seven-question series, part of its marketing campaign for the book.[62] As part of the Waldenbooks marketing campaign, two free stickers, one that said "Trust Snape" and another that stated "Snape Is A Very Bad Man" were available with the book. Borders Group published a separate book on the topic, The Great Snape Debate, containing essays and arguments from both sides of the debate.[63][64]

    Reception[link]

    The secretive attitude and gradual unfolding of Snape's character was broadly admired, with Stephen Fry, the UK audio books narrator, saying in 2003: "Most characters like Snape are hard to love but there is a sort of ambiguity—you can’t quite decide—something sad about him—lonely and it’s fascinating when you think he’s going to be the evil one..., then slowly you get this idea he’s not so bad after all."[65] David Yates, who directed the final four films of the series, also expressed his views on the character, saying: "A character like Snape, where you're not really sure if he's a good guy or a bad guy, that gives you a latent tension... I think the coolest thing you can do with an audience is deny them a little bit of information."[57] Despite being less than kind, the character quickly gained popularity within fandom to a level that surprised Rowling herself.[7] Joyce Millman suggests in her essay "To Sir with Love" in the book Mapping the World of Harry Potter, that Snape is drawn from a tradition of Byronic heroes such as Wuthering Heights' Heathcliff.[66] Jenny Sawyer from The Christian Science Monitor commented on the character's development in the series.[67] She claimed that Snape is the only protagonist who genuinely has a choice to make and who struggles to do the right thing, hence the only one to face a "compelling inner crisis". She believed the popularity of the character is due to the moral journey and inner conflict that Snape undergoes within the series, as it is the hero's struggle and costly redemption that really matter: "[Snape's] character ached for resolution. And it is precisely this need for resolution—our desire to know the real Snape and to understand his choices—that makes him the most compelling character in the Potter epic."

    The final revelation of Snape's loyalty in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows was viewed positively by fans and critics alike. Daniel Radcliffe, who portrays Harry Potter in the movie series, expressed his delight, saying he was pleased to see that his theory that Snape would end up being a sort of tragic hero came through.[68] Elizabeth Hand from The Washington Post wrote, "The much-maligned loner Snape does not come onstage until the latter part of "Deathly Hallows," but when he does the book becomes his: Snape's fate, more than Voldemort's, perhaps more even than Harry's, is the most heartbreaking, surprising and satisfying of all of Rowling's achievements."[69]

    IGN listed Snape as their 4th top Harry Potter character, saying that he makes "quite an impact in the Harry Potter series",[70] and IGN's Joe Utichi called Snape his favourite Harry Potter character and praised his character development.[71] Shortly after the release of the final film, MTV held a public poll for fans to vote for the best character in the series, and Snape was voted #1.[72]

    In popular culture[link]

    The character of Severus Snape has appeared in various animated parodies of Harry Potter. He is a starring character in Neil Cicierega's online Potter Puppet Pals parodies, and has a centric episode titled Bothering Snape. Also, the video The Mysterious Ticking Noise with the chorus "Snape, Snape, Severus Snape" is the seventeenth most viewed video of all time as of 2008 and the winner for "Best Comedy" of the year 2007 at YouTube, with over 105 million views.[73] Snape also appears in an episode of Emmy award-winning television series Robot Chicken titled Harry Potter vs. Pubertis, and was voiced by Seth Green.[74] Snape is also parodied as Professor Santory Snapekin in Sluggy Freelance's webcomic entitled Torg Potter. In the first parody, Torg defeats a plot by Professor Snapekin to achieve ultimate power.[75]

    In a 2004 sketch on Saturday Night Live in which Lindsay Lohan appears as Hermione Granger, Snape is portrayed by Will Forte.[76] Snape has also been parodied in UK television. Comic Relief released a story called Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan, in which Snape is played by Jeremy Irons.[77][78] Alan Rickman appeared himself as Snape in a Harry Potter parody named "Louis Potter and the Philosopher's Scone" in Alistair McGowan's Big Impression show.[79] In the Harry Bladder sketches in All That, Snape appears as Professor Chafe (portrayed by Jeremy Rowley), whose legs were badly chafed, causing him to be unnecessarily mean. Many sketches feature students brewing potions that did silly things, like enlarge students' behinds, give males large breasts, or change people into bras. In a sketch comedy named "Cooking With..." on Australian TV series The Wedge, Snape catches Harry and Hermione making love.[80] In A Very Potter Musical, Snape is played by actor Joe Moses.

    References[link]

    1. ^ "Rowling on Snape". half-bloodprince.org. http://www.half-bloodprince.org/snape_jkr.php. 
    2. ^ a b c d "Web Chat with J.K. Rowling 30 July 2007 on Bloomsbury.com" (PDF). Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928135035/http://www.raincoast.com/harrypotter/pdfs/webchat-jkr.pdf. Retrieved 2 October 2007. 
    3. ^ a b "J.K. Rowling interview transcript". The Connection (WBUR Radio). 12 October 1999. http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1999/1099-connectiontransc2.htm. Retrieved 14 March 2008. 
    4. ^ "Barnes and Noble and Yahoo! chat with J.K. Rowling, 20 October 2001". http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/1000-livechat-barnesnoble.html. Retrieved 15 September 2007. 
    5. ^ Conversations with JK Rowling, p.21, quoted at JKR Quotes about Severus Snape: Accio Quote!
    6. ^ [OP Ch.12]
    7. ^ a b c "J.K. Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival". 15 August 2004. http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/news_view.cfm?id=80. Retrieved 14 March 2008. 
    8. ^ BBC article, "Rowling's 'spell' on science teacher", 28 December 2001
    9. ^ The name's Snape, Severus Snape, ThisIsGloucestershire.co.uk, 25 June 2009
    10. ^ Lia Hind, Chepstow inspiration for Harry Potter prof dies, 16 March 2011
    11. ^ "Rowling eToys Interview". 2000. http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/fall00-etoys.html. Retrieved 16 July 2007. 
    12. ^ "Harry Potter Author Works Her Magic, FamilyEducation website". 1999. http://school.familyeducation.com/harry-potter/reading/37736.html. Retrieved 3 September 2007. 
    13. ^ (About revealing what Snape's Patronus or Boggart are) "I'm not going to tell you[...], but that's because it would give so much away." "World Book Day Chat". 2004. http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2004/0304-wbd.htm. Retrieved 3 September 2007. 
    14. ^ "It is worth keeping an eye on old Severus definitely!" "Interview with Stephen Fry at Royal Albert Hall". 2003. http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2003/0626-alberthall-fry.htm. Retrieved 3 September 2007. 
    15. ^ "I'm slightly stunned that you've said that...and you'll find out why I'm so stunned if you read book 7." "J.K. Rowling interview transcript". The Connection (WBUR Radio). 12 October 1999. http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1999/1099-connectiontransc2.htm#p13. Retrieved 14 March 2008. 
    16. ^ a b c "JKR: Snape and Dumbledore Two of the Most Important Characters in "Deathly Hallows"". the-leaky-cauldron.org. http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2008/4/3/jkr-snape-and-dumbledore-two-of-the-most-important-characters-in-deathly-hallows. Retrieved 7 April 2008. 
    17. ^ MTV.com (15 October 2007). "'Harry Potter' Author J.K. Rowling Meets With L.A. Students, Plots Her Next Move.". http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2007/1015-mtv-adler.html. Retrieved 14 March 2008. 
    18. ^ a b Vieira, Meredith (29 July 2007). "Harry Potter: The Final Chapter". http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2007/0729-dateline-vieira.html. Retrieved 14 March 2008. 
    19. ^ [PS Ch.7]
    20. ^ [OP Ch.17]
    21. ^ [PS Ch.17]
    22. ^ [CS Ch.11]
    23. ^ [PA Ch.8]
    24. ^ a b c d [OP Ch.28]
    25. ^ [PA Ch.22]
    26. ^ [PA Ch.18]
    27. ^ [GF Ch.30]
    28. ^ [HBP Ch.25]
    29. ^ [OP Ch.4]
    30. ^ a b c [OP Ch.24]
    31. ^ [OP Ch.32]
    32. ^ [OP Ch.37]
    33. ^ a b c [HBP Ch.2]
    34. ^ [HBP Ch.15]
    35. ^ a b [HBP Ch.24]
    36. ^ a b [HBP Ch.27]
    37. ^ [HBP Ch.28]
    38. ^ Melissa Anelli and Emerson Spartz (16 July 2005). "The Leaky Cauldron and MuggleNet interview Joanne Kathleen Rowling: Part One". The Leaky Cauldron. http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2005/0705-tlc_mugglenet-anelli-1.htm. Retrieved 2 April 2008. 
    39. ^ a b c d e f g h [DH Ch.33]
    40. ^ [DH Ch.19]
    41. ^ a b [DH Ch.30]
    42. ^ a b [DH Ch.32]
    43. ^ "Transcript of webchat with J.K. Rowling". the-leaky-cauldron.org. 30 July 2007. http://the-leaky-cauldron.org/2007/7/30/j-k-rowling-web-chat-transcript. Retrieved 2 April 2008. 
    44. ^ [DH Epilogue]
    45. ^ Sneak peak of Part 2
    46. ^ Jess Cagle (5 November 2001). "The First Look At Harry". www.time.com. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1001148-3,00.html. Retrieved 31 March 2008. 
    47. ^ "JK Rowling interview in full". CBBC. 2 November 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/tv_film/newsid_1634000/1634994.stm. Retrieved 29 July 2007. 
    48. ^ "Anelli, Melissa, John Noe and Sue Upton. "PotterCast Interviews J.K. Rowling, part two."". http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2007/1224-pottercast-anelli.html. Retrieved 31 March 2008. 
    49. ^ Los Angeles Times. http://herocomplex.latimes.com/2011/12/30/harry-potter-alan-rickman-looks-back-on-decade-of-dark-magic/. 
    50. ^ Los Angeles Times. http://herocomplex.latimes.com/2011/12/30/harry-potter-alan-rickman-looks-back-on-decade-of-dark-magic/. 
    51. ^ a b "Alan Rickman Interviews Transcripts about Snape". http://whysnape.tripod.com/rickman.htm. 
    52. ^ a b c "Alan Rickman – French Interview Translation". http://whysnape.tripod.com/rickmanfrench.htm. 
    53. ^ "The movie stars we're loving right now". EW.com. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20043289_20043293_20043278_3,00.html. Retrieved 23 March 2008. 
    54. ^ jeffkatz.typepad.com
    55. ^ Shawn Adler (7 December 2007). "What Would "Potter" Have Been Like With Tim Roth As Snape?". MTV. http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2007/12/07/what-would-potter-have-been-like-with-tim-roth-as-snape/. Retrieved 8 December 2007. 
    56. ^ [PS Ch.8]
    57. ^ a b July 2007 "Director `denies' Potter audience... just a little". http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/19734081/date=13 July 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2008. 
    58. ^ a b [GF Ch.27]
    59. ^ [DH Ch.5]
    60. ^ [HBP Ch.13]
    61. ^ [DH Ch.34]
    62. ^ "Scholastic asks "Is Snape Good or Evil?"". 1 May 2007. http://www.hpana.com/news.19880.html. Retrieved 18 March 2008. 
    63. ^ "Severus Snape: Friend or Foe?". http://www.bordersmedia.com/harrypotter/snapepanel/default.asp. Retrieved 18 March 2008.  Link includes video.
    64. ^ "The Great Snape Debate – Borders Exclusive". http://www.bordersstores.com/search/title_detail.jsp?id=56815939. Retrieved 18 March 2008. 
    65. ^ "Interview with Stephen Fry at Royal Albert Hall". 2003. http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2003/0626-alberthall-fry.htm. Retrieved 3 September 2007. 
    66. ^ Mercedes Lackey, ed. (2006). Mapping the World of Harry Potter. BenBella Books, Inc.. pp. 39–52. ISBN 978-1-932100-59-4. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sKRkzVIK3foC&pg=PT13&lpg=PT13&dq=snape++wuthering-heights+byronic+snape#PPT13,M1. Retrieved 30 July 2008. 
    67. ^ "Missing from 'Harry Potter'". 25 July 2007. http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0725/p09s02-coop.html?page=1. Retrieved 23 June 2008. 
    68. ^ Steve Daly. "Daniel Radcliffe Talks 'Deathly Hallows'". EW.com. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20044270_20044274_20048635,00.html. Retrieved 18 March 2008. 
    69. ^ Elizabeth Hand (22 July 2007). "Harry's Final Fantasy: Last Time's the Charm". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/21/AR2007072101025.html. Retrieved 18 March 2008. 
    70. ^ Brian Linder, Phil Pirrello, Eric Goldman, Matt Fowler (14 July 2009). "Top 25 Harry Potter Characters". IGN. http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/100/1002569p5.html. Retrieved 3 April 2011. 
    71. ^ Joe Utichi (3 November 2010). "The Top 10 Harry Potter Characters". IGN. http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/113/1132181p2.html. Retrieved 3 April 2011. 
    72. ^ Jill Serjeant, Bob Tourtellotte (14 July 2011). "Snape voted greatest "Potter" character in MTV poll". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/14/us-harrypotter-poll-idUSTRE76D1FC20110714. Retrieved 25 July 2011. 
    73. ^ "PotterPuppetPals Top at YouTube Awards". www.the-leaky-cauldron.org. 22 March 2008. http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/2008/3/22/tic-tock-potterpuppetpals-top-at-youtube-awards. 
    74. ^ Harry Potter vs. Pubertis – ADD TV: The Robot Chicken Wiki
    75. ^ "Torg Potter and the Sorcerer's Nuts". http://www.sluggy.com/daily.php?date=030915. Retrieved 18 July 2007. 
    76. ^ "Saturday Night Live Transcripts". http://snltranscripts.jt.org/03/03rpotter.phtml. Retrieved 27 July 2007. 
    77. ^ "Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan". tv.com. http://www.tv.com/french-and-saunders/harry-potter-and-the-secret-chamberpot-of-azerbaijan/episode/255720/summary.html. Retrieved 8 July 2007. 
    78. ^ "French and Saunders: Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan". .frenchandsaunders.com. http://www.frenchandsaunders.com/rnd03/lineup/0302192116.shtml. Retrieved 8 July 2007. 
    79. ^ "BBC One press release" (PDF). 2001. http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2002/03_march/14/entertainment.pdf. Retrieved 20 May 2007. 
    80. ^ "Australian television: The Wedge episode guide". http://www.australiantelevision.net/wedge_episodes.html. Retrieved 25 May 2007. 

    External links[link]


    http://wn.com/Severus_Snape

    Related pages:

    http://ru.wn.com/Северус Снегг

    http://es.wn.com/Severus Snape




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    This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.


    Rebecca Drysdale (born in Ohio,[1] 1978 or 1979[2]) is an American comedian[2][3][4][5][6] who was a member of the Second City Chicago E.T.C. cast.[7] She won the 2005 Breakout Performer Award at the 2005 United States Comedy Arts Festival.[8] She performed as part of the multi-arts group performance Synesthesia.[9] She has written for sketch comedy shows such as The Big Gay Sketch Show and Key & Peele. In 2011 she made a viral video for the It Gets Better Project.[10][11][12] Drysdale currently lives in Los Angeles and is openly gay.[13]

    She is the younger sister of comedy writer Eric Drysdale.[7]

    References[link]

    1. ^ "Bio". Rebecca Drysdale. http://www.rebeccadrysdale.com/rebeccadrysdale.com/Bio.html. Retrieved 15 February 2011. 
    2. ^ a b Zoglin, Richard (9 April 2006). "Comedy Forging the Future: The Naked Truth". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1181640,00.html. Retrieved 9 January 2011. 
    3. ^ Darel Jevens (March 18, 2005). "Drysdale's comic star rages upward // Chicagoan plans to take her one-woman show to New York". Chicago Sun-Times. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10914306093E9D57&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved 7 January 2011. 
    4. ^ 13 Aug 2007 (13 August 2007). "Edinburgh Festival: Toulson and Harvey and Rebecca Drysdale". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/comedy/3667200/Edinburgh-Festival-Toulson-and-Harvey-and-Rebecca-Drysdale.html. Retrieved 7 January 2011. 
    5. ^ Ben Dowell (16 August 2007). "Rebecca Drysdale is One Woman… in Several Pieces". The Stage. http://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/review.php/17935/rebecca-drysdale-is-one-woman-in-several. Retrieved 7 January 2011. 
    6. ^ "A funny thing happened on the way to stardom; HBO's annual contest gives ambitious comedians a shot at the big time.". Los Angeles Times. Feb 15, 2005. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/793280721.html?dids=793280721:793280721&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Feb+15,+2005&author=Bob+Baker&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=A+funny+thing+happened+on+the+way+to+stardom;+HBO's+annual+contest+gives+ambitious+comedians+a+shot+at+the+big+time.&pqatl=google. Retrieved 7 January 2011. 
    7. ^ a b Oksenhorn, Stewart (11 February 2005). "Drysdale: weirdo makes a stand-up". Aspen Times. http://www.aspentimes.com/article/20050211/AE/102110005. Retrieved 9 January 2011. 
    8. ^ WitchelI, Alex (25 June 2006). "The Improviser". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02E1D91E31F936A15755C0A9609C8B63&pagewanted=2. Retrieved 9 January 2011. 
    9. ^ Jackson, Sharyn (27 March 2008). "Passing familiarity". Time Out New York. http://newyork.timeout.com/things-to-do/this-week-in-new-york/20947/passing-familiarity. Retrieved 9 January 2011. 
    10. ^ "it gets better-----a music video by rebecca drysdale". It Gets Better Project. YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTQNwMxqM3E. Retrieved 15 February 2011. 
    11. ^ Belge, Kathy (1 February 2008). "Julie Goldman Interview - An Interview with Lesbian Comedian Julie Goldman". about.com. http://lesbianlife.about.com/od/lesbianactors/a/JulieGoldman.htm. Retrieved 9 January 2011. 
    12. ^ Rossel, Emma (6 January 2011). ""It Gets Better": le rap lesbien qui dépote" (in French). Têtu. http://www.tetu.com/actualites/international/it-gets-better-le-rap-lesbien-qui-depote-18582. Retrieved 9 January 2011. 
    13. ^ Karman Kregloe (29 January 2008). "Interview With Rebecca Drysdale". AfterEllen. http://www.afterellen.com/people/2008/1/rebeccadrysdale?page=0%2C2. Retrieved 15 February 2011. 

    External links[link]


    http://wn.com/Rebecca_Drysdale




    This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Drysdale

    This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.


    Marvin Gaye
    Marvin Gaye in 1973
    Marvin Gaye in 1973
    Background information
    Birth name Marvin Pentz Gay, Jr.[1]
    Also known as Prince of Soul, Prince of Motown
    Born (1939-04-02)April 2, 1939
    Washington, D.C.
    Died April 1, 1984(1984-04-01) (aged 44)
    Los Angeles, California
    Genres R&B, soul, smooth soul, doo-wop, funk, quiet storm
    Occupations Singer-songwriter, composer, musician, record producer
    Instruments Vocals, keyboards, drums, percussion, clavinet, synthesizers, piano
    Years active 1958–1984
    Labels Motown (Tamla-Motown), Columbia
    Associated acts The Moonglows, The Originals, Martha and the Vandellas, Tammi Terrell, Mary Wells, Kim Weston, Diana Ross, Harvey Fuqua, Stevie Wonder, Smokey Robinson, Berry Gordy, Don Hussein

    Marvin Pentz Gay, Jr. (April 2, 1939 – April 1, 1984), better known by his stage name Marvin Gaye (he added the 'e' as a young man), was an acclaimed American singer-songwriter and musician with a three-octave vocal range,[2] who achieved major success in the 1960s and 1970s as an artist for the Motown Records label. He was shot dead by his father on April 1, 1984.

    Starting his career as a member of the doo-wop group The Moonglows in the late 1950s, he ventured into a solo career after the group disbanded in 1960, signing with Motown Records subsidiary, Tamla. He started off as a session drummer, but later ranked as the label's top-selling solo artist during the 1960s. He was crowned "The Prince of Motown"[3] and "The Prince of Soul".[4] because of solo hits such as "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)", "Ain't That Peculiar", "I Heard It Through the Grapevine," and his duet singles with singers such as Mary Wells and Tammi Terrell.

    His work in the early- and mid-1970s included the albums, What's Going On, Let's Get It On, and I Want You, which helped influence the quiet storm, urban adult contemporary, and slow jam genres. After a self-imposed European exile in the early 1980s, Gaye returned on the 1982 Grammy-Award winning hit, "Sexual Healing" and the Midnight Love album before his death.

    In 2008, the American music magazine Rolling Stone ranked Gaye at number 6 on its list of the Greatest Singers of All Time,[5] and ranked at number 18 on 100 Greatest Artists of All Time,[6] and he ranked number 20 on VH1's list of 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[7] Gaye was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987.[8]

    Contents

    Biography[link]

    Early life (1939–1957)[link]

    Marvin Pentz Gay, Jr.[1] was born on April 2, 1939 at Freedman's Hospital in Washington, D.C.. His father, Marvin Gay, Sr., was a storefront minister at the House of God (the House of God headquarters is located in Marvin's father's hometown of Lexington, Kentucky), a Hebrew Pentecostal sect which advocated strict conduct and taught and believed in both the Old and New Testament. His mother, Alberta Gay (née Cooper), was a domestic and schoolteacher. As a child, Gaye was raised in the Benning Terrace projects in southeast D.C.[9]

    By the time Marvin was four, his father was bringing Gaye with him to sing for church congregations. It would be during these trips that he would meet future friends and contemporaries including Bobby Womack and Aretha Franklin. Gaye's early home life was marked by domestic violence as his father would use any excuse to beat him. As a result of his father's temperament, Gaye and his three siblings were bed-wetters as children.[10] Gaye described his father a "tyrannical and powerful king" and even told a biographer he would've ended up a "child suicide statistic" had it not been for his mother's love.[10] By age fourteen, Gaye's parents moved to the Deanwood neighborhood of northeast D.C. The following year, Gaye's father quit the ministry after he was denied a position as the Chief Apostle (head overseer) of the House of God Inc. Unlike his mother, Marvin's father never could keep a job. Overtime, he developed alcoholism which increased the difficulty in Marvin's home. As a child, Marvin was forbidden to listen to secular music and was also forbidden to participate in sports and other secular activities deemed "sinful" by his father.

    As a child, Marvin learned how to play piano by ear. He later learned to play drums before reaching his teens. In middle school, Marvin discovered doo-wop and developed an addiction to the musical style that would later influence much of his own career. By the time he entered D.C.'s Cardozo High School, Marvin became a fan of artists such as Little Willie John, Sam Cooke and Ray Charles as well as pop singers Frank Sinatra, Billy Eckstine and Nat "King" Cole. To escape his father's punishment, Marvin and his brother Frankie would leave the house without suspicion and attend dances where some of the performers they admired would show up to perform. Influenced heavily by doo-wop groups such as The Moonglows and The Capris, Gaye began joining several doo-wop groups in the D.C. area including the Dippers with his best friend, Johnny Stewart, brother of R&B singer Billy Stewart. He then joined the D.C. Tones, whose members included Reese Palmer, who was another close friend, and Sondra Lattisaw, mother of R&B singer Stacy Lattisaw.[10] Gaye's relationship with his father led him to run away from home and join the United States Air Force in the hope of becoming an aviator. However, discovering his growing hatred for authority, he began defying orders and skipped practices. Faking mental illness, he was discharged.[10] His sergeant stated that Gaye refused to follow orders.[11] Upon returning to his hometown, he and former D.C. Tones member Reese Palmer formed a singing group they named the Marquees.

    Early career (1958–1962)[link]

    File:41GimE+AHbL. SL600 .jpg
    A 1959 promotional picture of Harvey and the Moonglows. Gaye is located in the right of a seated Fuqua.

    In 1958, the Marquees were discovered singing at a D.C. club by Bo Diddley, who signed them to Okeh Records, where they recorded "Wyatt Earp," with "Hey Little Schoolgirl" as its B-side. It received moderate success, but not the success Gaye and his band mates had hoped for. Later that year Harvey Fuqua, founder and co-lead singer of the landmark doo-wop group The Moonglows, recruited them, after the breakup of the original members, to be "The New Moonglows" which moved the formerly-named Marquees from Okeh to Chess Records. While there, the "new Moonglows" recorded background vocals for Chess recording stars Chuck Berry and Etta James. After "The Twelve Months of the Year", which featured a spoken monologue by Gaye, became a regional hit, the group issued "Mama Loochie", which was the first time Gaye sang lead on a record. The record was issued in late 1959 and became a hit in Detroit. Following a concert performance there, Gaye and other band members were arrested for small possession of marijuana. Afterwards, Fuqua decided to disband the group, keeping Gaye with him, as he favored him over the other members. In 1960, Harvey Fuqua had met Gwen Gordy and the couple embarked on both a personal and professional relationship. That year, the couple formed two record labels, the self-named Harvey Records, and Tri-Phi Records. Gaye was signed to the former label, whose other members included a young David Ruffin and Junior Walker. He provided drums for The Spinners' first hit, "That's What Girls Are Made For", which was released on Tri-Phi. Stories on how Gaye eventually met Berry Gordy and how he signed to Motown Records vary. One early story stated that Gordy discovered Gaye singing at a local bar in Detroit and that Gordy offered to sign Gaye on the spot. Gaye's recollection, and a story Gordy later reiterated, was that Gaye invited himself to Motown's annual Christmas party inside the label's Hitsville USA studios and played on the piano, singing "Mr. Sandman". Gordy saw Gaye from afar and, noting that Gaye was connected with Fuqua, began to make arrangements to absorb Fuqua's labels and bring all of the label's acts to Motown. Gordy said he immediately wanted to bring Gaye to Motown after seeing him perform, impressed by his vocals and piano playing. While working out negotiations, Fuqua would sell a 50 percent interest in Gaye to Gordy, as Gaye would find out later.[12] After Gordy absorbed Anna and Harvey in March 1961, Gaye was assigned to Motown's Tamla division.

    Gaye and Motown immediately clashed over material. While Motown was yet a musical force, Gaye set on singing standards and jazz rather than the usual rhythm and blues that fellow label mates were recording. Struggling to come to terms with what to do with his career, Gaye worked mainly behind the scenes, becoming a janitor, and also settled for session work playing drums on several recordings, which continued for several years. One of Gaye's first professional gigs for Motown was as a road drummer for The Miracles. Gaye developed a close friendship with the label's lead singer Smokey Robinson and they'd later work together. Though already a seasoned veteran of the road and almost exempt from Gordy's Artist Development, which began operating in 1961, Gaye was still required to attend schooling, which he refused. He eventually took advice from grooming director Maxine Powell to keep his eyes open while performing because "it looks like you're sleeping when you're performing".[10] Gaye would later regret skipping the school saying he could've benefited more from it.[10] Before releasing his first single in May 1961, he altered his last name to "Gaye", later stating that he added the "e" because "it sounded more professional" and to emulate what Sam Cooke had done before releasing his first secular record following his split from the Soul Stirrers. A famous story about the name change came from author David Ritz, Gaye's confidant in later years, who said Gaye had said that he wanted to "quiet the gossip" of his last name and to distance himself from his father.[13]

    In May 1961, Tamla released Gaye's first single, "Let Your Conscience Be Your Guide". The single flopped as a national release but was a regional hit in the Midwest, as was a follow-up single, the cover of "Mr. Sandman" (titled as just "Sandman" in Gaye's release in early 1962). In June 1961, Motown issued Gaye's first album, The Soulful Moods of Marvin Gaye compromising Gaye's jazz interests with a couple of R&B songs. The album tanked and no hit single came of it. A third regional hit, "Soldier's Plea", an answer to The Supremes' "Your Heart Belongs to Me", was the next release in the spring of 1962. Gaye had more success behind the scenes than in front. Gaye applied drumming on several Motown records for artists such as the Miracles, Mary Wells, The Contours and The Marvelettes. Gaye was also a drummer for early recordings by The Supremes, Martha and the Vandellas and Little Stevie Wonder. Gaye drummed on the Marvelettes hits, "Please Mr. Postman", "Playboy" and "Beechwood 4-5789" (a song he co-wrote). Later on, Gaye would be noted as the drummer in both the studio and live recordings of Wonder's "Fingertips" and as one of two drummers behind Martha and the Vandellas' landmark hit, "Dancing in the Street", another composition by Gaye, originally intended for Kim Weston. Gaye said he continued to play drums for Motown acts even after gaining fame on his own merit. For Gaye's fourth single, the singer was inspired to write lyrics to a song after an argument with his wife, Anna Gordy Gaye (née Anna Gordy). While working out the song, Gaye mentioned he had his first "major" power struggle with Motown head Berry Gordy over its composition. Gordy insisted on a chord change though Gaye was comfortable with how he wrote it, eventually Gaye changed the chord and the song was issued as "Stubborn Kind of Fellow" in September 1962. The song became a hit on the Hot Rhythm and Blues Sides chart reaching number 8 and eventually peaked at number 46 on the Billboard Hot 100 in early 1963. A parent album, That Stubborn Kinda Fellow, was released in December 1962, the same month that Gaye's fifth single, "Hitch Hike", was released. That song reached number 30 on the Billboard Hot 100, bringing Gaye his first top 40 single. His early success confirmed his arrival as a hit maker, and he landed on his first major tour as a performer on Motown's Motortown Revue.

    Early success (1963–66)[link]

    Gaye's career following his performances with the Motortown Revue assured him success. Gaye's next single, "Pride & Joy", became a major hit in the spring of 1963, reaching number-ten on the Billboard Hot 100, selling nearly one million copies. Later that year, Gaye repeated the success with the top 30 hit, "Can I Get a Witness", which found some leverage in the United Kingdom upon its release on Motown's UK label Stateside Records. Many of Gaye's early hits would later be heavily covered by acts such as The Rolling Stones, Dusty Springfield and The Who, performers who admired Gaye and American R&B music in general. Gaye's hits also was a big influence on the UK's mod scene with several mod groups including the future Elton John's Bluesology and Rod Stewart's Steampacket covering Gaye's hits there. Gaye's early hits were also a big influence on American producers, including Phil Spector, who nearly had a car accident while pulling over upon hearing "Stubborn Kind of Fellow" for the first time.

    Gaye's hits continued throughout 1964. Several top 20 pop hits from this period included "You Are a Wonderful One", "Try It Baby" and "Baby Don't You Do It" kept Gaye's momentum building. Gaye made his first public TV performance on American Bandstand in 1964 and later became a fixture on the show and on other programs such as Shindig! and Hullaballoo. His popularity further increased after Motown released his first duet project, an album with Mary Wells entitled Together. The duo had two hit singles, "Once Upon a Time" and "What's the Matter with You Baby". In late 1964, Gaye also appeared in the concert film The T.A.M.I. Show, where he performed his hits to an enthusiastic audience (with backing vocals by The Blossoms). Gaye reached the top 10 in early 1965 with "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)", which sold close to a million copies. Gaye eventually scored his first immediate million-sellers in 1965 with the Smokey Robinson compositions, "Ain't That Peculiar" and "I'll Be Doggone". These songs and other singles released during the 1965–66 period would be the result of Gaye's next release, Moods of Marvin Gaye.

    Gaye struggled with his success. While deemed a "smooth song-and-dance ladies' man", he still aspired to perform more jazz work in his catalog. Because of his success, Motown allowed him to work on such recordings including When I'm Alone I Cry, Hello Broadway and a Nat King Cole tribute album, A Tribute to the Great Nat "King" Cole. All three albums flopped. Gaye tried performing the songs onstage but soon stopped once he discovered that the crowds weren't too appreciative of the material. One proposed standards project, which took over two years to record, was shelved due to session problems. Gaye's performances at the Copacabana in 1966 also led to conflict between Gaye and Gordy as Motown had recorded the album for purposes of releasing it in early 1967. However due to a struggle, Motown eventually shelved it until it was later released three decades later. In early 1967, Gaye scored his first international hit with the duet, "It Takes Two", with Kim Weston, who coincidentally had already left the label when it became a hit. Only one televised performance of the song showed Gaye singing the song to a puppet. That year, Motown hooked Gaye up with veteran Philadelphia-based singer Tammi Terrell, who had an early stint with James Brown. Gaye would later say of Terrell that she was his "perfect partner" musically.

    File:Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell2.jpg
    A screenshot of a 1967 performance by Gaye and Terrell during taping of the Today Show.

    [edit] Tammi Terrell and I Heard It Through the Grapevine (1967–69)

    Terrell and Gaye's first major hit was the Nick Ashford and Valerie Simpson composition, "Ain't No Mountain High Enough". The duo quickly followed up with the top five hit ballad, "Your Precious Love". Despite rumors of a romantic relationship – Gaye was married to Anna Gordy and Terrell was dating Temptations lead vocalist David Ruffin – both singers denied such a relationship with Gaye saying later that they had a brother-and-sister relationship, a statement reiterated by Ashford & Simpson. Other hit singles the duo scored within an eighteen-month period included "If I Could Build My Whole World Around You", "Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" and "You're All I Need to Get By". Other hits such as "You Ain't Livin' till You're Lovin'" and "The Onion Song" found success in Europe. The duo's recording of "If This World Were Mine", the b-side of "If I Could Build My Whole World Around You", found modest success on the charts, the first sole Gaye composition to do so. The song later found major R&B success when Luther Vandross covered it with Cheryl Lynn over a decade later.

    The duo was also a success together onstage, Terrell's easy-going nature with the audience contrasting from Gaye's laid-back approach. However, that success was short-lived. On October 14, 1967, while performing at Virginia's Hampden-Sydney College, Terrell collapsed in Marvin's arms. She had been complaining of headaches in the weeks leading up to the concert, but had insisted she was all right. However, after she was rushed to Southside Community Hospital, doctors found that Terrell had a malignant brain tumor.[14]

    The diagnosis ended her performing career, though she still occasionally recorded, often with guidance and assistance. Terrell ceased recordings in 1969 and Motown struggled with recording of a planned third Gaye and Terrell album. Gaye initially had refused to go along with it saying that he felt Motown was taking unnecessary advantage of Terrell's illness. Gaye only reluctantly agreed because Motown assured him recordings would go to insure Terrell's health as she continued to have operations to remove the tumor, all of which were unsuccessful. In September 1969, the third Gaye and Terrell duet album, Easy was released, with many of the songs said to have been subbed by Valerie Simpson, while solo songs recorded years earlier by Terrell, had overdubbed vocals by Gaye.

    Terrell's illness put Gaye in a depression; at one point he attempted suicide but was stopped by Berry Gordy's father.[citation needed] He refused to acknowledge the success of his song "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", released in 1967 by Gladys Knight & The Pips (his version was recorded before, but released after theirs), his first number-one hit and the biggest selling single in Motown history to that point, with four million copies sold.[citation needed] His work with producer Norman Whitfield, who produced "Grapevine", resulted in similar success with the singles "Too Busy Thinking About My Baby" and "That's the Way Love Is". Meanwhile, Gaye's marriage was crumbling and he was bored with his music. Wanting creative control, he sought to produce singles for Motown session band The Originals, whose Gaye-produced hits, "Baby, I'm for Real" and "The Bells", brought success.

    [edit] What's Going On (1970–72)

    Tammi Terrell died of a brain tumor on March 16, 1970. Gaye was so emotional at her funeral that he talked to her lying in state as if she was going to respond. Gaye insisted, following Terrell's death, that he would no longer record duets with any other female performer, nor was he ever going to perform on stage again since Terrell's collapse and subsequent death had spooked him. He already had apprehensions about performing, suffering bouts of stage fright throughout his performing career. Prior to Terrell's death, he had withdrawn from a scheduled performance citing an illness and was later sued for failure to appear. After Terrell's death he stopped doing any more live gigs and never really recovered completely from her death. He had an inspiration, dating back to 1968, to try out for the Detroit Lions football team.[15] After he gained friendships with two of the Lions' players, Mel Farr and Lem Barney they encouraged him to get in shape and tryout, although the team ultimately wouldn't let him because they feared injuring one of the city's greatest singers.[16] After helping to collaborate what became "What's Going On", he returned to Hitsville on June 1, 1970 to record the song, which was inspired by Gaye's brother's accounts of his experience in the Vietnam War and co-writer Renaldo "Obie" Benson of the Four Tops' disgust of police brutality after seeing anti-war protesters attacked in San Francisco.

    Despite releases of several anti-war songs by The Temptations and Edwin Starr, Motown CEO Berry Gordy prevented Gaye from releasing the song, fearing a backlash against the singer's image as a sex symbol and openly telling him and others that the song "was the worst record I ever heard". Gaye, however, refused to record anything that was Motown's or Gordy's version of him. He later said that recording the song and its parent album "led to semi-violent disagreements between Berry and myself, politically speaking." Eventually the song was released with little promotion on January 17, 1971. The song soon shot up the charts topping the R&B chart for five weeks.[17][18] Eventually selling more than two million copies, an album was requested, and Gaye again defied Gordy by producing an album featuring lengthy singles that talked of other issues such as poverty, taxes, drug abuse and pollution. Released on May 21, 1971, the What's Going On album instantly became a million-seller crossing him over to young white rock audiences while also maintaining his strong R&B fan base. Because of its lyrical content and its mixture of funk, jazz, classical and Latin soul arrangements which departed from the then renowned "Motown Sound", it became one of Motown's first autonomous works, without help of Motown's staff producers. Based upon its themes and a segue flow into each of the songs sans the title track, the concept album became the new template for soul music.

    Other hit singles that came out of the album included "Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology)" and "Inner City Blues (Make Me Wanna Holler)", making Gaye the first male solo artist to have three top ten singles off one album on the Billboard Hot 100. All three singles sold over a million copies and were all number-one on the R&B chart. International recognition of the album was slow to come at first though eventually the album would be revered overseas as a "landmark pop record". It has been called "the most important and passionate record to come out of soul music, delivered by one of its finest voices".[19] The success of the title track influenced Stevie Wonder to release an album with similar themes, Where I'm Coming From, in April that year. Following the release of the album and its subsequent success, Wonder rejected a renewing offer with Motown unless he was allowed creative control on his recordings, which was granted a year later. Gaye's independent success not only related to Motown recording artists, other R&B artists of the era also began to rebel against labels to produce their own conceptual albums. The Jackson 5, one of Motown's final acts to benefit from the label's "glory years" (1959–72), tried unsuccessfully to get creative control for their own recordings and as a result left in 1975 for CBS Records.

    Gaye's success was nationally recognized: Billboard magazine awarded him the Trendsetter of the Year award, while he won several NAACP Image Awards including Favorite Male Singer. Rolling Stone named it Album of the Year, and was nominated for a couple of Grammy Awards though inexplicably wasn't nominated for Album of the Year. In 1972, Gaye reluctantly stepped out of his stage retirement to perform selected concerts, including one at his hometown of Washington, D.C. performing at the famed Kennedy Center, a recording of the performance was issued on a deluxe edition re-release of the What's Going On album. Also in 1972, Gaye performed for Jesse Jackson's PUSH organization and also for a Chicago-based benefit concert titled Save the Children aimed at removing the plight of urban violence in Chicago's inner city. The latter performance was issued as part of a concert film released in early 1973, also titled Save the Children. Following its success, Gaye signed a new contract with Motown Records for a then record-setting $1 million, then the most lucrative deal by a black recording artist.[10] With creative control, Gaye attempted to produce several albums throughout 1972 and early 1973 including an instrumental album, a jazz album, another conceptually-produced album of social affairs (the canceled You're the Man project) and an album with Willie Hutch co-producing. In late 1972, Gaye produced the score for the Trouble Man film and later produced the soundtrack of the same name. The title track was the only full vocal work of the album and was released as a single in the fall of 1972 eventually reaching number seven on the pop chart in the spring of 1973.

    [edit] Let's Get It On and continued success in music (1973–77)

    File:Gaye live1974.jpg
    Gaye performing live at the Oakland Coliseum on January 4, 1974 during his 1973–74 tour

    In late 1972, Gaye left Detroit and moved to Los Angeles but relocated to an area where he was far away from Motown, purchasing a house at the so-called "bohemian hippie" enclave of Topanga Canyon, which was a hotbed for musicians looking to get away from the trappings of the music industry and Hollywood itself. He continued to record music at Los Angeles' Motown studios (Hitsville West) and on March 18, 1973, recorded "Let's Get It On", reputedly inspired by Gaye's new-found independence, after separating from Anna Gordy the previous year. The single was released as a single in June of the year and became Gaye's second number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100. It also was a modest success internationally reaching number 31 in the United Kingdom. With the success of its recording, Gaye decided to switch completely from the social topics that were on What's Going On to songs with sensual appeal.

    Released in August 1973, Let's Get It On consisted of material Gaye had initially recorded during the sessions of What's Going On. It was hailed as "a record unparalleled in its sheer sensuality and carnal energy."[20] Other singles from the album included "Come Get to This", which recalled Gaye's early Motown soul sound of the previous decade, while the then-controversial "You Sure Love to Ball" reached modest success but was kept from being promoted by Motown due to its sexually explicit nature. With the success of What's Going On and Let's Get It On, Motown demanded a tour. Gaye only reluctantly agreed when demand from fans reached a fever pitch. After a delay, Gaye made his official return to touring on January 4, 1974 at the Oakland Coliseum in Oakland, California. The recording of the performance, held by several music executives as "an event", was later issued as the live album, Marvin Gaye Live!. Due to Gaye's growing popularity with his increasing crossover audience and the reaction of the performance of "Distant Lover", which Motown later released as a single in late 1974, the album sold over a million copies. Gaye's subsequent 10-city tour, which took off that August, was sold out and demand for more dates continued into 1975 while Gaye had struggled with subsequent recordings. A renewed contract with Motown in 1975 gave Gaye his own custom-made recording studio.

    To keep up with demand and hype, Motown released Gaye's final duet project, Diana & Marvin, an album with Diana Ross, which helped to increase Gaye's audience overseas with the duo's recording of "You Are Everything" reaching number-five in the UK, number-thirteen on the Dutch chart, and number 20 in Ireland, while the album itself sold over a million copies overseas with major success in the UK. The recording of Diana & Marvin had started in late 1971 and overdubbed sessions took place in 1972 but was shelved from a release until late 1973 following the release of Let's Get It On. Gaye toured throughout 1975 without new releases and collaborated in the studio producing songs for the likes of The Miracles (now without Smokey Robinson) and Yvonne Fair, helping to produce her version of Norman Whitfield's "Funky Music Sho Nuff Turns Me On", featured on Fair's The Bitch is Black, while also assisting her in the background with his vocals. Later in 1975, Gaye shaved his head bald in protest to Rubin Carter's prison sentence. Gaye initially insisted he would remain bald until Carter's release though Gaye's hair and beard returned within a few months.

    In 1976, Gaye released his first solo album in three years with I Want You. The title track became a number-one R&B hit, also reaching the top 20 of the national pop chart. The first of his albums to embrace the then popular disco sound of the time, Motown released a double-A 12' of "I Want You" alongside another smooth dancer, "After the Dance". The songs found success as a unit on the Billboard Hot Disco chart, reaching number-ten. By itself "After the Dance", which wasn't intended as a second single, eventually reached number fourteen on the R&B chart with minor pop traction, eventually reaching number 74. That year, Gaye faced several lawsuits with former musicians and also faced prison time for falling behind on alimony payments ordered by law following his first wife Anna Gordy filing legal separation after a 15-year marriage. Gaye avoided imprisonment after agreeing to do a tour of Europe, his first tour of such in little over a decade. His first stop was at London's Royal Albert Hall and then at the city's London Palladium, where a recording was later released in early 1977 as Live at the London Palladium. Gaye performed in France, Holland, Switzerland and Italy to packed audiences and then returned for several US tour dates though he often suffered from exhaustion from some of the US dates. Between 1975 and 1976, Gaye was recognized by major corporations including the United Nations for charitable work dedicated to children and to affairs related to black culture.

    In the spring of 1977, Gaye released "Got to Give It Up, Pt. 1", which gave him his third number-one US pop hit, the final one Gaye released in his lifetime. The song also topped the R&B and dance singles chart and also found some international success reaching the top ten in England. Released as the only studio track from the Palladium album, its success kept Palladium on the charts for a year eventually selling over two million copies. It was recognized by Billboard as one of the top-ten selling albums of all time that year.

    [edit] Here, My Dear and his final days at Motown (1978–81)

    In March 1977, his long, drawn-out court battle with former wife Anna Gordy ended. As a compromise to settle matters between the ex-couple over issues of alimony payments for their adopted son, Gaye's attorney until his death, Curtis Shaw, advised Gaye to remit a portion of the revenue that he was to get for his next studio album. Gaye entered the recording studio intending to produce a "lazy" album, but ended up with the sprawling double-album set, Here, My Dear, which was held up from release for over a year. Finally released after Motown's demand for new product in late 1978, the album was initially a flop, tanking after only a couple months on the charts. Its only single, "A Funky Space Reincarnation", peaked at number 23 on the R&B chart, in early 1979, becoming Gaye's first single since "Soldier's Plea" 17 years earlier to not hit the Billboard Hot 100.

    Gaye became a figure on talk show circuits for most of 1979, mostly appearing on Dinah Shore's Dinah & Friends. He also toured in 1979, first in the United States, then in England and in Japan, the latter being the first time (and, as it turned out, the only time) he ever toured that country. As the year continued, Gaye found himself in trouble financially, and at home with second wife, Janis Hunter. The couple split up in 1979, nearly eighteen months after marrying, and by that fall, following a performance in Hawaii, Gaye decided to remain in the state, fearing he might be imprisoned for failing to pay the IRS millions in back taxes; in court, his attorney claimed that several items within the singer's luggage, including tax returns, were stolen from him while at an airport. Meanwhile, Gaye, now heavily in the throes of drug addiction, struggled to record. Reports stated that while in Hawaii, Gaye lived inside a bread truck. He initially had planned to release a standards album titled The Ballads but discarded it, fearing fans would be disappointed by no recognizable hits on it. The singer then intended to release an album of love songs aimed for the disco audience titled Love Man, but within a year, however, Gaye thought of expressing his feelings about a possible Armageddon, as well as his battles of the heart. Gaye changed the titles of all the songs, rewrote lyrics, and retitled the album, In Our Lifetime, recording the album tracks while living in London in the middle of his exile.

    A 1980 European tour followed, after Gaye made a deal with British promoter Jeffrey Kruger, who had looked after Gaye's 1976–77 European tour and his Japanese engagement in 1979. Almost immediately, controversy arose, after Gaye failed to make the stage for Princess Margaret at the Royal Gala Charity Show. While Kruger recalls that Gaye showed up just as audiences were leaving, Gaye's musicians recalled that Gaye performed to the few that stayed for the performance though Princess Margaret had already left. Though Princess Margaret denied it, the international press printed the news as an "embarrassing snub", claiming that Gaye had deliberately arrived late. This led to a lawsuit between Gaye and Kruger that eventually settled out of court. While still in London, Gaye ran into problems when recordings of In Our Lifetime? were sent to Motown's offices back in Los Angeles, initially as rough mixes, to get Motown's response rather than intending to release it. However, desperate to release Marvin Gaye product, the label rushed the album out on January 15, 1981. Gaye was upset at the news, and accused the label of editing and remixing the album without his consent, putting out an unfinished song ("Far Cry"), altering the album art he requested, and removing the question mark from the title, muting its irony. Gaye vowed to never record another record for Motown. That summer, negotiations began to be made to release Gaye from the label. After several offers landed, Gaye accepted a deal for CBS Records, a deal that was finalized in March 1982.

    Comeback and sudden death (1982–84)[link]

    On the advice of Belgian concert promoter Freddy Cousaert, Gaye moved to Ostend, Belgium, in February 1981 where for a time he cut down on drugs and began to get back in shape both physically and emotionally. While in Belgium, Gaye began to make plans to renew his declining fortunes in his professional career, starting with a tour he titled "The Heavy Love Affair Tour" in England where he was greeted more warmly by the same London press that had criticized him of the Princess Margaret snub the previous year. The tour ended with two concert dates in Ostend. A documentary leading up to his Belgian concert performances titled Transit Ostend was initially released to just Belgian fans, and was later issued on VHS in bootleg copies following Gaye's death.

    After signing with CBS' Columbia Records division in 1982, Gaye worked on what became the Midnight Love album. Gaye reconnected with Harvey Fuqua while recording the album and Fuqua served as a production adviser on the album, which was released in October 1982. The parent single, "Sexual Healing", was released to receptive audiences globally, reaching number-one in Canada, New Zealand and the US R&B singles chart, while becoming a top ten US pop hit and hitting the top ten in three other selected countries including the UK. The single became the fastest-selling and fastest-rising single in five years on the R&B chart staying at number-one for a record-setting ten weeks. Gaye wrote "Sexual Healing" while in Ostend. Curtis Shaw later said that Gaye's Ostend period was "the best thing that ever happened to Marvin." The now-famous video of "Sexual Healing" was shot at the Casino-Kursaal in Ostend.[21] "Sexual Healing" won Gaye his first two Grammy Awards including Best Male Vocal Performance, in February 1983, and also won Gaye an American Music Award for Favorite Soul Single. It was called by People magazine "America's hottest musical turn-on since Olivia Newton John demanded we get "Physical".

    I don't make records for pleasure. I did when I was a younger artist, but I don't today. I record so that I can feed people what they need, what they feel. Hopefully, I record so that I can help someone overcome a bad time.
    NME – December 1982[22]

    The following year, he was nominated for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance again for the Midnight Love album. In February 1983, Gaye performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" at the NBA All-Star Game, held at The Forum in Inglewood, California, accompanied by Gordon Banks who played the studio tape from stands.[23] In March 1983, he gave his final television performance for Motown 25, reciting the history of black music and performed "What's Going On". He then embarked on a US tour in April to support his album. The tour, ending in August 1983, was plagued by Gaye's re-emerging cocaine addiction, increased cocaine-triggered paranoia and a bout with depression.

    When the tour ended, he attempted to isolate himself by moving into his parents' house in Los Angeles. As documented in the PBS "American Masters" 2008 exposé, several witnesses claimed Marvin's mental and physical condition spiraled out of control. Groupies and drug dealers would show up every day, which according to his brother Frankie's wife Irene Gaye, "hounded" him. Some close to Marvin said he threatened to commit suicide several times. After his father returned from D.C. in October 1983, their arguments grew more contentious. On April 1, 1984, Gaye's father fatally shot him when Gaye intervened in an argument between his parents over misplaced business documents. Coincidentally, the gun had been given to his father by Marvin four months previously. Doctors discovered Marvin's father had a brain tumor but he was deemed fit for trial. Charges for first-degree murder dropped when doctors revealed that Marvin's father had suffered bruises from his final fight with his son and was sentenced to five years of probation after accepting a plea bargain pleading guilty to voluntary manslaughter. Marvin died a day before turning 45.[24] Spending his final years in a retirement home, Marvin's father died of pneumonia in October 1998.

    In 1987, Marvin was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. He was also honored by Hollywood's Rock Walk in 1989 and was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1990. In 2005, the former D.C. native was inducted to the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame.[25] In 2007, two of Gaye's most important recordings, "I Heard It Through The Grapevine" and "What's Going On", were voted Legendary Michigan Songs. "Ain't No Mountain High Enough", his hit duet with Tammi Terrell, was also voted a Legendary Michigan Song in 2011.[26]

    Personal life[link]

    Gaye married twice. His first marriage was to Berry Gordy Jr.'s sister, Anna Gordy, who was 17 years his senior. Marvin and Anna were married on January 8, 1964 when Gaye was 24 and Gordy was 42. The marriage imploded after Marvin began courting Janis Hunter, the daughter of Slim Gaillard, in 1973. Anna filed for divorce in 1975; the divorce was finalized in March 1977. Gaye's erotic and disco-tinged studio album I Want You was based on his relationship with Hunter. In his book Mercy, Mercy Me: The Art, Loves, and Demons of Marvin Gaye, author and music writer Michael Eric Dyson elaborated on the relationship between I Want You and the relationship Gaye had with Hunter, which influenced his music:

    "I Want You" is unmistakably a work of romantic and erotic tribute to the woman he deeply loved and would marry shortly, Janis Hunter (Janis Gaye). Gaye's obsession with the woman in her late teens is nearly palpable in the sensual textures that are the album's aural and lyrical signature. Their relationship was relentlessly passionate and emotionally rough-hewn; they played up each other's strengths, and played off each other's weaknesses.[27]

    In October 1976, he married Janis, who was 17 years old when they met. However, the marriage dissolved within a year. After attempts at reconciliation, Janis filed for divorce in 1979. The divorce was finalized in February 1981. During this time, Marvin began dating a model from the Netherlands named Eugenie Vis.[28] In 1982 Gaye became involved with Lady Edith Foxwell, former wife of the British movie director Ivan Foxwell, and spent time with her at Sherston, her Wiltshire estate. Foxwell ran the fashionable Embassy Club and was referred to in the media as "the queen of London cafe society." The story of their affair was told by Stan Hey in the April 2004 issue of GQ. The report quoted writer/composer Bernard J. Taylor as saying he was told by Foxwell that she and Gaye had discussed marriage.

    Marvin Gaye was killed by his father on April 1, 1984, during an argument.[29]

    Gaye had three children. Marvin Pentz Gaye III (born 1965), by Denise Gordy, the niece of his first wife Anna Gordy. Marvin III was also adopted by his first wife Anna. The singer disclosed this in David Ritz's biography on Gaye, Divided Soul: The Life of Marvin Gaye, saying he was afraid of being criticized for not producing a child. Later, Gaye had two children with Janis Hunter, Nona Marvisa, nicknamed "Pie" by her dad (born September 4, 1974) and Frankie "Bubby" Christian Gaye (born November 16, 1975). Gaye introduced his daughter to a national audience during a show in 1975. Nona would do the same eight years later when her father was given a tribute by Soul Train. Nona has gone on to find success as a singer and actress. Gaye's eldest son was a music producer. Frankie is said to have taken work as an artist. Gaye also has two grandchildren: Marvin Pentz Gaye IV (born 1995), born on the anniversary of his grandfather's death;[30] and Nolan Pentz Gaye (born 1997).

    Musicianship[link]

    Marvin Gaye's musical style changed in various ways throughout his 26-year career. Upon his early recordings as member of The Marquees and Harvey & the New Moonglows in the late 1950s, Marvin recorded in a doo-wop vocal style. After signing his first solo recording contract with Motown, Marvin persuaded Motown executives to allow him to record an adult album of standards and jazz covers. His first album, The Soulful Moods of Marvin Gaye, conveyed those genres including several doo-wop and blues songs.

    The Motown Sound and psychedelic soul[link]

    Starting with his first charted hit, 1962's "Stubborn Kind of Fellow" through 1967's "Your Unchanging Love", Marvin's music featured a blend of black rhythm and blues and white pop music that came to be later identified as the "Motown Sound". Marvin's 1962–64 hits reflected a dance-pop/rock and roll approach while his 1965–69 recordings reflected a pop-soul style. Backed by Motown's in-house band The Funk Brothers, pre-1970 Marvin Gaye recordings were built around songs with simple, direct lyrics supported by an R&B rhythm section with orchestral strings and horns added for pop appeal. Marvin's early hits were conceived by Berry Gordy, Smokey Robinson, Mickey Stevenson and Holland–Dozier–Holland.

    Marvin's sound started to change slightly in 1967 after he began working with producers Norman Whitfield, Ashford & Simpson and Frank Wilson. Whereas Marvin's early sound reflected a youthful exterior, later songs during that period including "You", "Chained", "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", "Too Busy Thinking About My Baby" and "That's the Way Love Is" were all recorded under the psychedelic soul sound of the late sixties and early seventies. "Psychedelic soul" mixed guitar-driven rock with soul-based grooves. Marvin's vocal style also changed during that period where he began singing in a gospel texture that had been only hinted at in previous recordings.

    Social commentary and conceptual albums[link]

    In 1971, Marvin issued his landmark album, What's Going On. The album and its tracks were responsible in the changing landscape of rhythm and blues music as the album presented a full view of social ills in America, including war, police brutality, racism, drug addiction, environmentalism, and urban decay. Beforehand, recordings of social unrest had been recorded by the likes of (Curtis Mayfield &) The Impressions, The Temptations, Sam Cooke, Sly and the Family Stone and James Brown, but this was the first album fully devoted to those issues. The album was produced under what is called a song cycle and because of its theme of "what's going on" was considered one of the first concept albums to be released in soul music. Marvin's 1972 soundtrack Trouble Man, based on the blaxploitation film of the same name, mainly featured instrumentals with a few vocal runs, including songs with social commentary. Marvin's 1972 recordings outside that album – including "Where Are We Going", "Piece of Clay", "You're the Man" and "The World Is Rated X" – also raised social issues and was personal in nature. The songs were to be included in the unreleased 1972 album, You're the Man, which was canceled after the modest reception of the title single. Marvin issued his next "concept album" with 1973's Let's Get It On, based on the spiritual and erotic side of love and sex. Marvin released a similarly themed funk album in 1976, I Want You, before switching to personal issues with the albums Here, My Dear (1978) and In Our Lifetime (1981). The former album focused on Marvin's problems in his first marriage, while the latter focused on his own life struggles. Marvin's albums between 1971 and 1981 reflected a period where, as an Allmusic writer said, his music "not only redefined soul music as a creative force but also expanded its impact as an agent for social change".[31]

    From funk to disco to contemporary R&B[link]

    Starting in the early-seventies, Marvin's sound began to reflect the emerging sounds of funk and the later disco movement of the late 1970s. Marvin's double-sided 1976 single, "I Want You/After the Dance" and his 1977 hit, "Got to Give It Up" were his only successful attempts at recording disco-styled dance music whereas the 1978 single "A Funky Space Reincarnation", 1979's "Ego Tripping Out" and the 1981 singles "Praise" and "Heavy Love Affair" aimed at the funk-based urban audience. By itself, "I Want You", mixed funk with disco, soul and lite rock elements. With the release of 1982's triple-platinum Midnight Love and the massive platinum selling smash hit, "Sexual Healing", Marvin mixed the styles of funk and post disco with Caribbean and European-flavored pop music creating a mix that influenced the modern R&B sound. "Sexual Healing" was the biggest R&B hit of the 1980s – No.1 for 10 consecutive weeks. Some of Marvin's posthumous releases have been varied in nature: 1985's Dream of a Lifetime was produced mostly in an electro funk sound mostly in the first half of the album, while his posthumous "featuring" on rapper Erick Sermon's 2001 hit, "Music" brought him to a younger hip-hop audience.

    Legacy and influence[link]

    According to several historians, Marvin Gaye's career "spanned the entire history of rhythm and blues from fifties doo-wop to eighties contemporary soul."[32] Critics stated that Gaye's music "signified the development of black music from raw rhythm and blues, through sophisticated soul to the political awareness of the 1970s and increased concentration on personal and sexual politics thereafter."[33] Marvin's usage of multi-tracked vocalizing, recording songs of social, political and sexual issues, and producing albums of autobiographical nature have influenced a generation of recording artists of various genres. As an artist who broke away from the controlled atmosphere of Motown Records in the 1970s, he influenced the careers of label mates such as Stevie Wonder, The Isley Brothers and, later in Epic Records, Michael Jackson to gain creative control and produce/co-produce their own albums. The careers of later R&B stars such as Rick James, Prince, R. Kelly, D'Angelo, Raheem DeVaughn, Maxwell, Janet Jackson, George Michael, Justin Timberlake, Usher, Bobby V, Trey Songz and J. Holiday also were influenced by the music of Marvin Gaye. Marvin's erotically concept albums such as Let's Get It On and I Want You inspired similar albums released by Smokey Robinson, Barry White and his co-producer on I Want You, Leon Ware. Modern-day artists such as Teena Marie and Mary J. Blige have also referenced Marvin in their own songs. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked him No.18 on their list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time".[34]

    Tributes and covers[link]

    In 1983, Spandau Ballet recorded the single "True" as a tribute to Marvin and the Motown sound he helped established. That same year, electro-funk group R. J.'s Latest Arrival mentioned him with their dance hit, "Shackles on My Feet". DeBarge's 1983 hit, "All This Love" was musically influenced by Marvin's sound and was rumored that they had wanted Marvin to record the song himself. However, Marvin had left the label before they could approach him.

    On April 2, 1984, the day after Marvin's death, Duran Duran dedicated their live performance of "Save a Prayer" while on their Sing Blue Silver tour and appearing on their Arena album to him. Tribute songs to the singer included Diana Ross' "Missing You" and The Commodores' "Nightshift" became hits with each song reaching number-one on the Billboard Hot R&B Singles chart. Other artists who have either paid tribute to Marvin in a song or referenced him have included close friend and former Motown label-mate Edwin Starr, who released "Marvin" the month after his death, Teena Marie's "My Dear Mr. Gaye", Todd Rundgren's "Lost Horizon", the Violent Femmes' 1988 single "See My Ships", Maze featuring Frankie Beverly's 1989 R&B hit, "Silky Soul", ABC's 1987 single "When Smokey Sings" (Gaye's "What's Going On (song)" is sampled for the Miami Mix) and George Michael's "John and Elvis Are Dead" where Marvin is mentioned in one the final lines from the repeated chorus. Stevie Wonder wrote the song "Lighting Up the Candles" as a tribute to Gaye following his death and performed the song originally at Gaye's funeral service. Wonder later recorded the song for the Jungle Fever soundtrack.

    In 1992, Israeli artist Izhar Ashdot dedicated his song "Eesh Hashokolad" to Gaye. Two tribute albums, 1995's Inner City Blues: The Music of Marvin Gaye (which featured Nona's version of "Inner City Blues") and 1999's Marvin Is 60 featured covers of Marvin's most famous material. Since the 1960s, Marvin's songs have been covered by a variety of artists. The Rolling Stones and The Who recorded "Baby Don't You Do It" early in their careers. The Band also recorded "Baby Don't You Do It" numerous times under the title "Don't Do It"; the different versions, both studio and live, appear on several of their albums and box sets (the only one to be released as a single came from Rock of Ages), as well as in their 1976 concert film The Last Waltz. Rod Stewart during his early tenure with Steampacket covered "Can I Get a Witness". His 1965 hit, "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)" was covered three times by Junior Walker in 1966, again in 1975 by James Taylor, and again in 2002 by gospel singer Helen Baylor. In Baylor's version she substituted the word "baby" for Jesus.

    Gaye's 1968 hit "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" has been frequently covered with versions recorded by Creedence Clearwater Revival, Roger Troutman, Edwin Starr and The California Raisins. Donny Hathaway performed a live version of "What's Going On" for his 1972 Live album while Cyndi Lauper recorded a top forty version of "What's Going On" in 1987, the song was re-recorded by a variety of contemporary pop, R&B and rap artists in 2001(again, including Nona) for AIDS benefit and was later dedicated to the events of the September 11, 2001 attacks. A few years after that, rock band A Perfect Circle covered the song in their own hard rock version. The singer's "Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology)" was covered by rock band The Strokes which featured Eddie Vedder on lead vocals. R&B singer Angela Winbush covered "Inner City Blues" in 1994 and was recorded in a slightly different version by Gil-Scott Heron in the 1970s. Aaliyah covered "Got to Give It Up" on her album One in a Million.

    Gospelsoul legends Mavis Staples and Aretha Franklin have each covered "Wholy Holy" from the What's Going On album while "Let's Get It On" was famously sampled by Shaggy on his breakthrough single, 1994's "Boombastic". Versions of "Sexual Healing" have been recorded by Soul Asylum, Ben Harper, Max-A-Million, Kate Bush, Neil Finn, Sarah Connor and Ne-Yo. Michael McDonald, Diana Ross and Amy Winehouse have all covered or redone their own versions of "Ain't No Mountain High Enough", Marvin's 1967 hit with Tammi Terrell while Luther Vandross and Cheryl Lynn reinterpreted the Marvin/Tammi single, "If This World Were Mine" in 1982. Mary J. Blige and Method Man, with permission, sampled an interpolation of "You're All I Need to Get By" for their 1995 hit, "You're All I Need/I'll Be There for You". In June 2008, D'Angelo alongside Erykah Badu recorded Gaye's hit duo with Terrell, "Your Precious Love" for his "The Best So Far"...compilation album.

    On April 2, 2006, on what would have been the singer's 67th birthday, a park near the neighborhood where Marvin grew up at in Washington, D.C. was renamed after him after a discussion with the City Council. "Inner City Blues (Make Me Wanna Holler)" was covered by John Mayer in his Album As/Is, released in 2004. The cover also featured DJ Logic. Elton John's song "Club at the End of the Street" also mentions Marvin Gaye. On the 25th anniversary of Marvin Gaye's death, the singer's hometown of Washington, D.C. again honored the singer by renaming a street he grew up on called "Marvin Gaye Way".

    Musical achievements and posthumous releases[link]

    Gaye scored 41 Top 40 hit singles on Billboard's Pop Singles chart between 1963 and 2001, 60 Top 40 R&B singles chart hits from 1962 to 2001, 18 Top Ten pop singles on the pop chart, 38 Top 10 singles on the R&B chart,[35] three number-one pop hits and thirteen number-one R&B hits and tied with Michael Jackson in total as well as the fourth biggest artist of all-time to spend the most weeks at the number-one spot on the R&B singles chart (52 weeks). In all, Gaye produced a total of 67 singles on the Billboard charts in total, spanning five decades, including five posthumous releases.

    The year a remix of "Let's Get It On" was released to urban adult contemporary radio, "Let's Get It On" was certified gold by the RIAA for sales in excess of 500,000, making it the best-selling single on Motown in the United States. Gaye's "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" is the best-selling international Motown single, explained by a re-release in Europe following a Levi 501 Jeans commercial in 1986.

    On June 19, 2007, Hip-O Records reissued Gaye's final Motown album, In Our Lifetime as an expanded two-disc edition titled In Our Lifetime?: The Love Man Sessions, bringing back the original title with the question mark and included a different mix of the album, which was recorded in London and also including the original songs from the Love Man album, which were songs later edited lyrically for the songs that made the In Our Lifetime album. The same label released a deluxe edition of Gaye's Here, My Dear album, which included a re-sequencing of tracks from the album from producers such as Salaam Remi and Bootsy Collins.

    His 1983 NBA All-Star performance[36] of the national anthem was used in a Nike commercial featuring the 2008 US Olympic basketball team. Also, on CBS Sports' final NBA telecast to date (before the contract moved to NBC) at the conclusion of Game 5 of the 1990 Finals, they used Gaye's 1983 All-Star Game performance over the closing credits. When VH1 launched on January 1, 1985, Gaye's 1983 rendition of the national anthem was the very first video to be aired. Most recently, it was used in the intro to Ken Burns' Tenth Inning documentary on the game of baseball.

    In 2008, Gaye earned $3.5 million, and took 13th place in 'Top-Earning Dead Celebrities' in Forbes Magazine.[37]

    In a MusicRadar.com poll, "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", one of his most famous songs, was voted No.1 and greatest Motown song and his "What's Going On" made the top five.[38]

    Documentaries and movies[link]

    A documentary about Gaye – What's Going On: The Marvin Gaye Story – was a UK/PBS co-production, directed by Jeremy Marre and was first broadcast in 2006; two years later, the special re-aired with a different production and newer interviews after it was re-broadcast as an American Masters special. Gaye is referenced as one of the supernatural acts to appear in the short story and later television version of Stephen King's Nightmares and Dreamscapes in "You Know They Got a Hell of a Band".

    A play by Caryl Phillips called A Long Way from Home, focusing on Gaye's relationship with his father and his last years in Ostend, was broadcast by BBC Radio 3 in March 2008. It featured O. T. Fagbenle as Gaye and Kerry Shale as Marvin Gay Sr., with Rhea Bailey, Rachel Atkins, Damian Lynch, Alibe Parsons, Ben Onwukwe and Major Wiley. It was directed by Ned Chaillet and produced by Chris Wallis.

    So far, three movies are currently being planned on Marvin Gaye's life. One movie, Sexual Healing, is based on the post-Motown career of his later years, with Jesse L. Martin playing Marvin and James Gandolfini playing Marvin's Belgium-based mentor, concert promoter Freddy Cousaert.[39] Another film, simply titled, Marvin, is also in plans for production with F. Gary Gray in helm to direct the film.[40] This film, unlike Sexual Healing, will focus on Marvin's entire life story because unlike Sexual Healing, the second film was allowed rights to Marvin's Motown catalog. Musicians Common and Usher and actor Will Smith have either been rumored to or have aspired to play the singer possibly in the second film. A third film on Gaye is reportedly being produced by Motown with director Cameron Crowe.[41]

    Discography[link]

    Filmography[link]

    • 1965: T.A.M.I. Show (documentary)
    • 1969: The Ballad of Andy Crocker (television movie)
    • 1971: Chrome & Hot Leather (television movie)
    • 1972: Trouble Man (cameo; soundtrack)
    • 1973: Save the Children (documentary)

    Videography[link]

    Marvin Gaye in popular culture[link]

    In advertising[link]

    • During the 2008 Summer Olympics, Nike ran ads focused on the United States' Men's Basketball Team featuring Marvin Gaye's 1983 performance of "The Star-Spangled Banner" during the NBA All-Star Game. The message is: the team found inspiration in the way Marvin Gaye performed the song.
    • "A Funky Space Reincarnation," from his 1978 album "Here, My Dear," was used in the Dior J'Adore perfume commercial that features Charlize Theron.

    In music[link]

    • Singer Diana Ross honors Marvin Gaye in the 1984 song titled "Missing You."
    • Singer Teena Marie pays tribute to Marvin Gaye with her song titled "My Dear Mr. Gaye."
    • In 1997, R&B singer Aaliyah did a cover to Marvin Gaye's "Got To Give It Up" which featured Slick Rick.
    • In the song "Hörst Du mich?" by German Hip Hop band Fettes Brot, the first verse is dedicated to Marvin Gaye.[43]
    • The Commodores paid tribute to Marvin Gaye and Jackie Wilson on their hit "Nightshift" in 1985.
    • The Prefab Sprout song "When the angels", from their 1985 album Steve McQueen, is a tribute to Marvin Gaye.[44]
    • "See My Ships", a song from 3 (the 1989 Violent Femmes album), the shooting of Marvin Gaye is used in a double-entendre to express anxiety about a final judgement by God (the 'father'): "Mercy mercy me, Marvin Gaye, he was shot by his father, O my father have mercy on me"[45]
    • The Avett Brothers reference Marvin Gaye in their song "The Day Marvin Gaye Died"
    • Rapper Tupac Shakur referenced Gaye in his song "Keep Ya Head Up".
    • Rapper Big Sean recorded a song used on his Finally Famous album titled "Marvin & Chardonnay" featuring Kanye West and Roscoe Dash.
    • Rapper Drake recorded "Marvin's Room" in reference to producing the song in Marvin Gaye's studio.
    • Rapper Charles Hamilton referenced Marvin in his song "Stay On Your Level":
    • Rapper Tyler, The Creator referenced Marvin in his song "Yonkers".
    • Rapper Immortal Technique referenced Marvin and "What's Going On" in his song "Crossing the Boundary".
    • Rapper B. Dolan referenced Marvin in his song "Marvin (Can't Remember)".
    • Rapper Cormega referenced Marvin in his song "Journey".
    • R&B singer R. Kelly mentions Gaye at the end of "If I Could Make The World Dance" on his 2004 "Happy People/U Saved Me" album. Kelly states "Marvin Gaye inspired me to write that one y'all".
    • Jazz composer & multi-instrumentalist Don Byron's String Quartet No. 2; Four Thoughts on Marvin Gaye, I-IV, a tribute to the life of Marvin Gaye, was released by the string quartet ETHEL on the album Heavy (Innova, 2012).

    Onscreen[link]

    Film
    • He played "Jim" in the 1971 biker film Chrome and Hot Leather, which also featured Larry Bishop.
    Television

    In poetry[link]

    • On multi-genre performer B. Dolan's 2010 album, Fallen House Sunken City (Strange Famous Records), "Marvin" is a poem about the last days of Marvin Gaye.

    References[link]

    1. ^ a b Simmonds, Jeremy (2008). The Encyclopedia of Dead Rock Stars: Heroin, Handguns, and Ham Sandwiches. Chicago Review Press. p. 190. ISBN 1-55652-754-3. 
    2. ^ "Marvin Gaye Studio Vocal Range &" (video). World News Network. http://wn.com/marvin_gaye_studio_vocal_range_%5Bd2-eb6%5D%5Bnote_by_note&#93;. Retrieved December 23, 2010. 
    3. ^ Edmonds, Ben (2003). What's Going On?: Marvin Gaye and the Last Days of the Motown Sound. Canongate U.S.. p. 12. ISBN 1-84195-314-8. 
    4. ^ Ritz, David (1985, rev. 1991). Divided Soul: The Life of Marvin Gaye. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80443-4. 
    5. ^ "Rolling Stone: 100 Greatest Singers Of All Time". p. 6. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/24161972/page/6. Retrieved December 23, 2010. 
    6. ^ "Rolling Stone: The Immortals, The first 50". http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5939214/the_immortals_the_first_fifty/. Retrieved December 23, 2010. 
    7. ^ "VH1 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.". http://stereogum.com/495331/vh1-100-greatest-artists-of-all-time/list/. 
    8. ^ "Marvin Gaye Timeline". The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. January 21, 1987. http://rockhall.com/story-of-rock/timelines/marvin-gaye/. Retrieved December 23, 2010. 
    9. ^ Gaye, Frankie; Basten, Fred E. (2003). Marvin Gaye, My Brother. Backbeat Books. p. 4. ISBN 0-87930-742-0. 
    10. ^ a b c d e f g "Marvin Gaye – Singer/Songwriter". BBC – h2g2. June 5, 2007. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A23192868. Retrieved August 23, 2008. 
    11. ^ "Marvin Gaye No Military Hit". September 13, 2005. http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0913051_marvin_gaye_1.html. Retrieved December 23, 2010. 
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    13. ^ "The Stars of Motown". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/hg2g/A10508384. Retrieved December 23, 2010. 
    14. ^ "Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell: Perfect Together". http://www.tammiterrell.com/perfect_together.html. Retrieved January 22, 2009. 
    15. ^ Jason Plautz (June 30, 2011). "Marvin Gaye, Detroit Lions Wide Receiver?". Mental Floss. http://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/archives/92596. Retrieved March 1, 2012. 
    16. ^ Music Urban Legends Revealed #16. Legendsrevealed.com (2009-07-29). Retrieved on 2012-05-14.
    17. ^ Vincent, Rickey; Clinton, George (1996). Funk: The Music, the People, and the Rhythm of the One. Macmillan. p. 129. ISBN 0-312-13499-1. 
    18. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits: Complete Chart Information About America's Most Popular Songs and Artists, 1955–2003. Billboard Books. p. 250. ISBN 0-8230-7499-4. 
    19. ^ John Bush. It also was sixth greatest album by Rolling Stone magazine. What's Going On remains one of the few examples in modern music where critical acclaim and immediate commercial success occurred simultaneously. What's Going On was the first in a series of Motown albums in which albums overtook singles in commercial importance as well as cultural significance.review of What's Going On, by Marvin Gaye, allmusic.com (accessed June 10, 2005).
    20. ^ Jason Ankeny, review of Let's Get It On, by Marvin Gaye, allmusic.com (accessed June 10, 2005).
    21. ^ "What's On in Ostend". http://blog.ramada-ostend.com/ostendblog/. Retrieved November 16, 2010. 
    22. ^ Tobler, John (1992). NME Rock 'N' Roll Years (1st ed.). London: Reed International Books Ltd. p. 373. CN 5585. 
    23. ^ Batchelor, Bob (2005). Basketball in America: From the Playgrounds to Jordan's Game and Beyond. Haworth Press. pp. 41–43. ISBN 0-7890-1613-3. 
    24. ^ "Marvin Gaye's father and killer dies". news.bbc.co.uk. October 25, 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/200833.stm. Retrieved October 27, 2008. 
    25. ^ [http:www.michiganrockandrolllegends.com/mrrl-hall-of-fame/84-marvin-gaye
    26. ^ Legendary Michigan Songs. Michigan Rock and Roll Legends. Retrieved on 2012-05-14.
    27. ^ Michael Eric Dyson (2005). Mercy, Mercy Me: The Art, Loves and Demons of Marvin Gaye. Basic Civitas Books. p. 164. http://books.google.com/books?id=EL5_I4Dkx7IC&pg=RA1-PA164&dq=marvin+gaye+janis&sig=ACfU3U2q-LTCmmmZSpFPM21J8woC-eE8Og. Retrieved July 8, 2011. 
    28. ^ "The Life and Tragic Death of Motown's - Crime Library — To Europe — Crime Library on". Trutv.com. February 15, 2012. http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/celebrity/marvin_gaye/10b.html. Retrieved March 1, 2012. 
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    35. ^ Joel Whitburns Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942–2004, 2004
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    38. ^ Music Radar: Marvin Gaye's Grapevine voted greatest Motown song
    39. ^ Sexual Healing (2010)
    40. ^ Marvin: The Life Story of Marvin Gaye (2009)
    41. ^ "Legends come together to celebrate 50th anniversary". http://www.macombdaily.com/articles/2009/11/20/entertainment/srv0000006871169.txt. Retrieved November 24, 2009. 
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    43. ^ "Songtext: Fettes Brot 1 – Hörst Du Mich?". Magistrix.de. http://www.magistrix.de/lyrics/Fettes%20Brot%201/Hoerst-Du-Mich-257532.html. Retrieved July 8, 2011. 
    44. ^ Buckley, Peter (2003). The rough guide to rock. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-85828-457-6. 
    45. ^ "Violent Femmes:See My Ships Lyrics". Wikia.com. http://lyrics.wikia.com/Violent_Femmes:See_My_Ships. Retrieved November 2, 2011. 

    Further reading[link]

    • Davis, Sharon (1991). Marvin Gaye: I Heard It Through The Grapevine. Croydon, Surrey: Bookmarque Ltd. ISBN 1-84018-320-9
    • Dyson, Michael Eric (2004). Mercy, Mercy Me: The Art, Loves, and Demons of Marvin Gaye. New York/Philadelphia: Basic Civitas. ISBN 0-465-01769-X.
    • Gambaccini, Paul (1987). The Top 100 Rock 'n' Roll Albums of All Time. New York: Harmony Books.
    • Garofalo, Reebee (1997). Rockin' Out: Popular Music in the USA. Allyn & Bacon. ISBN 0-205-13703-2. 
    • Gaye, Frankie with Basten, Fred E. (2003). Marvin Gaye: My Brother. Backbeat Books, ISBN 0-87930-742-0
    • Heron, W. Kim (April 8, 1984). Marvin Gaye: A Life Marked by Complexity. Detroit Free Press.
    • Posner, Gerald (2002). Motown : Music, Money, Sex, and Power. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50062-6.
    • Ritz, David (1986). Divided Soul: The Life of Marvin Gaye. Cambridge, Mass: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81191-X
    • Turner, Steve (1998). Trouble Man: The Life and Death of Marvin Gaye. London: Michael Joseph. ISBN 0-7181-4112-1
    • Ward, Ed, Geoffrey Stokes and Ken Tucker (1986). Rock of Ages: The Rolling Stone History of Rock and Roll. Rolling Stone Press. ISBN 0-671-54438-1. 
    • White, Adam (1985). The Motown Story. London: Orbis. ISBN 0-85613-626-3

    External links[link]

    http://wn.com/Marvin_Gaye

    Related pages:

    http://ru.wn.com/Гэй, Марвин

    http://es.wn.com/Marvin Gaye




    This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Gaye

    This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.


    David Nalbandian

    Nalbandian at Boodles 2011.
    Full name David Pablo Nalbandian
    Country  Argentina
    Residence Unquillo, Córdoba Province, Argentina
    Born (1982-01-01) January 1, 1982 (age 30)
    Unquillo, Córdoba, Argentina
    Height 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)[1]
    Weight 174 pounds (79kg)
    Turned pro 2000
    Plays Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
    Career prize money $10,904,957
    Singles
    Career record 368–176
    Career titles 11
    Highest ranking No. 3 (March 20, 2006)
    Current ranking No. 40 (May 21, 2012)
    Grand Slam Singles results
    Australian Open SF (2006)
    French Open SF (2004, 2006)
    Wimbledon F (2002)
    US Open SF (2003)
    Other tournaments
    Tour Finals W (2005)
    Olympic Games 3R (2008)
    Doubles
    Career record 45–52
    Career titles 0
    Highest ranking No. 105 (October 5, 2009)
    Current ranking No. 402 (April 2, 2012)
    Grand Slam Doubles results
    Australian Open 1R (2003)
    French Open 1R (2003)
    Wimbledon 2R (2003)
    Last updated on: April 2, 2012.
    Nalbandian signing autographs at 2006 Australian Open.jpg

    David Pablo Nalbandian (born January 1, 1982) is an Argentine professional tennis player and former world no. 3. He was runner-up at the 2002 Wimbledon Championships and the winner of the Tennis Masters Cup in 2005.

    Contents

    Biography[link]

    David Nalbandian was born in the small city of Unquillo in Córdoba Province, Argentina. His mother is of Italian descent and his father is of Armenian descent. He turned a professional tennis player at the age of 18.[2]

    Career on the ATP[link]

    2000–2002[link]

    He turned professional in 2000. In 2001, he finished in the ATP top 50 for the first time. He finished 2002 as the no. 1 Argentine and South American for the first time in his career, winning two ATP titles and reaching the Wimbledon final, where he lost to Lleyton Hewitt.

    2003–2004[link]

    Nalbanian was not able to return to the Wimbledon final in 2003, as he was knocked out in the round of 16 by hometown favourite Tim Henman. He did however make an impressive run at the U.S. Open, taking out both of the Wimbledon finalists 20th seed Mark Philippoussis, and the second seed Roger Federer along the way to a semifinal matchup with Andy Roddick. It was the second time in less than a month that he had met Roddick in a high-stakes match, having lost to him in the final of the Rogers Cup a few weeks earlier. Nalbandian started strongly, taking a two sets to love lead, and held a match point in the third-set tiebreak. There was a little bit of controversy during the match, when a fan yelled "out" at 7–7 in the tiebreak, causing Nalbandian to mishit his following shot when he thought the linesman was the one who called it. Roddick took the point and eventually prevailed in the tiebreak.[3] Ultimately, he was unable to finish the match off and eventually lost 6–7, 3–6, 7–6, 6–1, 6–3. He finished 2003 ranked #8 in the world.

    In 2004, Nalbandian achieved his best result at the French Open reaching the semifinals, losing to eventual champion Gastón Gaudio. Although he did not win any titles in 2004, he did finish runner-up at both the Rome Masters and the Madrid Masters, where he was completely overpowered and outclassed by Carlos Moyá and Marat Safin respectively. He broke into the top 5 for the first time in his career in August and finished 2004 ranked as the world no. 9 player.

    2005[link]

    In 2005, Nalbandian advanced to the quarterfinals of the Australian Open, Wimbledon, and the U.S. Open. More importantly, he won the Tennis Masters Cup, becoming only the second Argentine tennis player in history (after Guillermo Vilas in 1974) to win the year-end tournament. Having replaced American Andy Roddick, Nalbandian won two of his three group matches (to Roger Federer, Ivan Ljubičić, and Guillermo Coria). In the semifinals, he defeated Russian Nikolay Davydenko, and in the final, he beat world no. 1 Roger Federer in a fifth-set tiebreak. Nalbandian also became the first player to win the cup without previously attaining a Grand Slam or Masters Series title.

    2006[link]

    In January 2006, Nalbandian beat Fabrice Santoro of France, 7–5, 6–0, 6–0, in the quarterfinals of the Australian Open, becoming, at the time, only the second active player (along with Roger Federer) to have reached the semifinals of each Grand Slam tournament. He lost in the semifinals to Marcos Baghdatis in a hard-fought five-set match, despite holding a two-set-to-love advantage and four games to two in the final set. In May, Nalbandian won the Estoril Open Tournament in Portugal for the second time, being one of only three men to achieve this accomplishment (Carlos Costa, 1992 and 1994; and Thomas Muster, 1995 and 1996). One month later, Nalbandian reached his second French Open semifinal. It was the only time in his career that he reached two Grand Slam semifinals in one calendar year. He played Roger Federer and started strongly, winning the first set 6–3 and going 3–0 up in the second set. At 5–2 down in the third set, Nalbandian decided to retire from the match due to stomach injury. At Wimbledon, Nalbandian was beaten in the third round, where he lost to Fernando Verdasco in straight sets. At the US Open, Nalbandian was beaten in the second round by Marat Safin.

    Nalbandian then competed in the Davis Cup semifinal tie against Australia. David easily won against Mark Philippoussis, 6–4, 6–3, 6–3, to give Argentina a 1–0 lead. Argentina went on to win 5–0 to reach the Davis Cup final.

    Later in the year, Nalbandian reached semifinals at the Masters Series Madrid and the Masters Cup, where he lost to Roger Federer and James Blake, respectively.

    Despite winning both of his single rubbers in the Davis Cup final against Marat Safin and Nikolay Davydenko, Nalbandian could not stop the Russian Davis Cup team. Argentina went on to lose 3–2.

    2007[link]

    2007 saw Nalbandian drop out of the world's top 20 for the first time since 2003, after losing in the fourth round of the 2007 French Open to Nikolay Davydenko. Nalbandian suffered various abdominal injuries, a back injury, and a leg injury during the year.

    He fell to no. 26 in the world, until his season changed after winning the 2007 Madrid Masters. He won the tournament by defeating second seed Rafael Nadal, third seed Novak Djoković, and top seed Roger Federer in consecutive rounds, becoming the third player after Boris Becker and Djoković to defeat the world's top three players in a single tournament. He defeated Nadal, 6–1, 6–2, in the quarterfinals. His good form carried him to his second top-3 win of the tournament, defeating Djoković in the semifinals. He then stunned Federer in the final, 1–6, 6–3, 6–3. He also reached the doubles semifinals with Guillermo Cañas in the tournament, before losing to top-seeded Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan in the semifinals. After the tournament, his singles ranking moved up from no. 25 on the tour to no. 18.

    Nalbandian then played at the 2007 Paris Masters and again defeated Federer in the third round, 6–4, 7–6. He then beat David Ferrer in the quarterfinals in a closely fought match, 7–6, 6–7, 6–2. After beating Richard Gasquet, 6–2, 6–4 in the semifinals, Nalbandian won his second straight ATP Masters Series title over Rafael Nadal, 6–4, 6–0, thus, becoming the first player to win the Madrid and Paris Masters back to back since former world no. 1, Marat Safin in 2004. This win allowed Nalbandian to move back into the world's top 10 at no. 9. After Paris Masters Nalbandian became the first player to defeat no.1 and no. 2 players in consecutive tournaments and win them.

    2008[link]

    David Nalbandian attempting to defend his title at the 2008 BNP Paribas Masters

    Nalbandian began his 2008 season back in the top 10. However, at the Australian Open, he failed to reach the quarterfinals, suffering a 6–1, 6–2, 6–3, loss to the 22nd seed Juan Carlos Ferrero in the third round. On February 24, 2008, Nalbandian won the Copa Telmex on home soil in Buenos Aires, beating compatriot José Acasuso 3–6, 7–6, 6–4, in the final. With that win, he moved to world no. 8. The following week, He arrived at the Abierto Mexicano Telcel in Acapulco, Mexico and cruised all the way to the finals, along the way defeating Boris Pašanski, Santiago Ventura, Potito Starace, and Luis Horna, dispatching them all in straight sets, but then lost in the final to Spaniard Nicolás Almagro 1–6, 6–7.

    He entered his first ATP Masters Series tournament of the year at the 2008 Pacific Life Open, and received a bye in the first round because of his seventh seeding. In the second round, he defeated Ernests Gulbis 6–4, 4–6, 7–6, and then came back to beat Radek Štěpánek 7–6, 0–6, 7–6. In the fourth round, he avenged his defeat by beating Juan Carlos Ferrero, to whom he lost earlier in the year at the Australian Open, 6–2, 6–2. He lost, however, in the quarterfinals against Mardy Fish 3–6, 7–6, 6–7, in a very close match. He then lost at the Monte Carlo Masters to eventual finalist Roger Federer 7–5, 2–6, 2–6. In Barcelona, he was the third seed, but was eliminated by Stanislas Wawrinka in the third round. At the 2008 Rome Masters, he fell in his opening match to Nicolás Almagro 4–6, 5–7.

    At the French Open, Nalbandian suffered a shock loss in the second round to Frenchman Jérémy Chardy. After being two sets up and seemingly in control, he lost the next three to hand Chardy the win 6–3, 6–4, 2–6, 1–6, 2–6. He also suffered early exits from both Wimbledon and the US Open, losing in the second round and third round, respectively. His indoor season, however, was a success, as he won his ninth career title at the 2008 Stockholm Open, defeating Robin Söderling 6–2, 5–7, 6–3, in the finals. He was defending champion at the Madrid Masters, but was quickly eliminated by fellow Argentine Juan Martín del Potro in the third round. He then entered both the Davidoff Swiss Indoors and the BNP Paribas Masters, where he was once again the defending champion. He did not win either of these tournaments, but found himself in the finals of both. To end the year, he participated in the 2008 Davis Cup and was up on an opening match against David Ferrer. Despite a victory, he ended up on the losing team against Spain in the Davis Cup finals in Argentina (The Argentine team lost 1–3). He then made numerous offensive comments in the press against Spain, the Spanish tennis team, and its top star Rafael Nadal. It was rumoured[4] that he and friend Agustín Calleri where involved in a fight after they lost their doubles rubber. Nalbandian strenuously denied this.[5] However, he was fined $10,000 for leaving the stadium after his and Calleri's defeat in doubles to the Spaniards Fernando Verdasco and Feliciano López and his refusal to appear at a subsequent press conference to comment on the Argentine team's setback.

    2009[link]

    Nalbandian started his 2009 tour by winning his tenth career ATP title at the Medibank International in Sydney, Australia, after defeating Finland's Jarkko Nieminen, 6–3, 6–7, 6–2, in the final. At the Australian Open, he defeated Marc Gicquel in the first round, 6–1, 4–6, 6–2, 6–3, before being upset by unseeded Taiwanese player Lu Yen-Hsun, 4–6, 7–5, 6–4, 4–6, 2–6, in the second round.

    At the 2009 BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, Nalbandian lost to world no. 1 Rafael Nadal, 6–3, 6–7, 0–6, in the fourth round for the first time, failing to convert on five match points in the second set.

    In May, he announced that he would have to undergo a hip surgery, resulting in not being able to compete in the remaining Grand Slams and the Davis Cup. In August, he announced that he would return to practice and eventually to competitive tennis at the Australian Open in January. A few days before the beginning of the tournament, he was forced to withdraw from the event due to an abdominal injury.

    2010[link]

    Because of several knee injuries in the early part of the 2010 season, he finally made a return, beginning at the 2010 Copa Telmex, his hometown tournament. He beat Potito Starace in the first round 6–2, 7–6, over a period of two days due to a rain delay. In the second round, he beat Daniel Gimeno-Traver 6–7, 6–4, 7–6. However, he pulled out of his quarterfinals match against fifth seed Albert Montañés due to a right leg injury. He made a return to tennis by playing doubles for Argentina in the Davis Cup against Sweden in Stockholm, which he won in straight sets. He also played the deciding singles rubber, defeating Vinciguerra 7–5, 6–3, 4–6, 6–4, and thus helped Argentina reach the quarterfinals.

    Playing in his first Masters Series event since Monte Carlo the previous year, he appeared at the 2010 BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells. There, he won his first round match against Stefan Koubek, 6–2, 7–6. In his next-round match, he played 22nd seed Jürgen Melzer and lost 4–6, 1–6.

    He then entered the 2010 Sony Ericsson Open in Miami as a wildcard entrant. He beat Łukasz Kubot 6–3, 6–2, and 30th seed Viktor Troicki 6–3, 4–6, 6–4, before falling to the fourth seed Rafael Nadal in three sets 7–6, 2–6, 2–6.

    Nalbandian entered the 2010 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters in Monaco, ranked no. 151 in the world, beating Andreas Beck in straight sets, before coming through 3–6, 6–4, 7–6 against world no. 13 Mikhail Youzhny of Russia in the second round. Nalbandian beat Tommy Robredo, before losing in the quarterfinals to the second-ranked Novak Đoković 2–6, 3–6.

    Nalbandian withdrew from the 2010 Internazionali BNL d'Italia with a right leg injury. The injury persisted, and Nalbandian withdrew from both the 2010 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open and 2010 Roland Garros. He also withdrew from the 2010 Wimbledon Championships.

    In July, Nalbandian played two singles matches for Argentina against Russia in the Davis Cup at the Olympic Stadium in Moscow. He defeated Nikolay Davydenko, 6–4, 7–6, 7–6, in the first rubber, and Mikhail Youzhny, 7–6, 6–4, 6–3, in the fifth and final rubber, giving Argentina a victory of 3–2 to qualify for the semifinals.

    He made his return in the 2010 Legg Mason Tennis Classic, where he won the title, his first since 2009 Medibank International Sydney after wins over Rajeev Ram, 6–4, 6–0, Stanislas Wawrinka, 6–3, 6–1, Marco Chiudinelli, 6–1, 6–0, Gilles Simon, 3–6, 6–2, 6–3, and Marin Čilić, 6–2, 6–2. He defeated Marcos Baghdatis in the finals, 6–2, 7–6, guaranteeing a jump in the rankings up to the vicinity of world no. 45.[6] The following week, David had a successul run to the quarterfinals in the Roger's Masters Series in Toronto, defeating David Ferrer, Tommy Robredo, and Robin Söderling, before Andy Murray ended his 11-match winning streak. This run took his rank up to world no. 37.

    Nalbandian competed at the 2010 BNP Paribas Masters, where he lost to world no.4 Andy Murray, 6–2, 4–6, 3–6 in the second round.

    2011[link]

    Nalbandian began the year ranked no. 27 in the world. As sixth seed in the Auckland Open, David Nalbandian beat Fabio Fognini, Philipp Kohlschreiber, John Isner, and Nicolas Almagro, without losing a set. However, he lost in the final against favorite David Ferrer. His performance propelled him to the rank of no. 21 in the world, while also achieving the no. 1 Argentina position at the expense of Juan Martín del Potro, who was also injured. Subsequently, fate made Nalbandian face Lleyton Hewitt, his rival in the first round of the Australian Open. The match, dubbed the "Clash of the Titans", went in the fifth set as in 2005, but this time for Nalbandian, after 57 games. Nalbandian saved two match points, and the effects of this duel were felt in the second round, where he was forced to retire because of cramps and fatigue, 1–6, 0–6, 0–2, to Ričardas Berankis. After the Australian Open, Nalbandian played in the Movistar Open. He began his tour on clay by beating his compatriot Carlos Berlocq, before losing against another Argentine, Horacio Zeballos. Then, in Buenos Aires, Nalbandian lost in the quarterfinals against Tommy Robredo. David then played a Davis Cup match, winning in four sets against Romanian Adrian Ungur. Because of a torn hamstring and a hernia, Nalbandian missed many tournaments including Indian Wells, Miami, Monte Carlo, Madrid and Rome Masters. He lost to Roger Federer in the third round of Wimbledon.

    2012[link]

    In the Australian Open, Nalbandian had a five-set loss to Isner and was fined $8,000 for unsportsmanlike conduct following the match.[7] On February, David participated in two Davis Cup matches for Argentina against the German team, defeating Florian Mayer in a singles match[8] and then partnering with Eduardo Schwank to win a doubles match against Tommy Haas and Philipp Petzschner to help the Argentinian team advance to the quarterfinals.[9] Afterwards, Nalbandian played a string of clay tournaments, reaching the quarterfinals in the Brasil Open, semifinals in Buenos Aires and a first round exit at the Mexican Open. He then entered the first ATP Masters 1000 tournament of the year, the 2012 BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, losing in the quarterfinals to Rafael Nadal[10]. After the tournament, Nalbandian reached no. 1 in the ATP Rankings. Nalbandian failed to progress past the first round in the 2012 French Open as he was beaten by the Romanian, Adrian Ungur in four sets.

    Playing style[link]

    Nalbandian is an all-court player and a very clean ball striker.[11] He uses powerfully struck, sharply accurate groundstrokes which have very low error-percentage. He has a decent, but not particularly dominating service game compared to top 20 players. His signature play is the wide drive that swings out of court on both sides, low and spinning. He is able to take high balls on the backhand and forehand side and return them with acute angles and low trajectories and uses these skills with great tactical intelligence.[12] Given his adept use of angle, depth, and pace, his opponents often have difficulty breaking down one particular side.

    His ground game is complemented by his anticipation, speed and ability to end points at the net. Nalbandian's trademark shot is his double-handed backhand down-the-line, which he often uses to set up a point, by either hitting a clean winner or forcing a weak return from the opponent. Nalbandian is also known to be one of the game's best returners. He is consistently able to knock balls back deep on the baseline time and time again to effectively set up the point or rip return winners off second serves, but he also has the ability to block it back deep when returning a more effective serve. He is also known to use a "chip-and-charge" technique against the opponents serves to surprise them.[13]

    Equipment[link]

    David Nalbandian is sponsored by Yonex. His racquet of choice is the Yonex VCORE 95D, although like many top players, it is likely that this is a paintjob of an earlier model Yonex. He wears Yonex shoes and Topper clothing. He strings with Luxilon Big Banger Original.

    Major finals[link]

    Grand Slam finals[link]

    Singles: 1 (0–1)[link]

    Outcome Year Championship Surface Opponent Score
    Runner-up 2002 Wimbledon Grass Australia Lleyton Hewitt 1–6, 3–6, 2–6

    Year-End Championships finals[link]

    Singles: 1 (1–0)[link]

    Outcome Year Championship Surface Opponent Score
    Winner 2005 Shanghai Hard Switzerland Roger Federer 6–7(4–7), 6–7(11–13), 6–2, 6–1, 7–6(7–3)

    Masters Series finals[link]

    Singles: 6 (2–4)[link]

    Outcome Year Championship Surface Opponent Score
    Runner-up 2003 Montréal Hard United States Andy Roddick 1–6, 3–6
    Runner-up 2004 Rome Clay Spain Carlos Moyà 3–6, 3–6, 1–6
    Runner-up 2004 Madrid Hard (i) Russia Marat Safin 2–6, 4–6, 3–6
    Winner 2007 Madrid Hard (i) Switzerland Roger Federer 1–6, 6–3, 6–3
    Winner 2007 Paris Hard (i) Spain Rafael Nadal 6–4, 6–0
    Runner-up 2008 Paris Hard (i) France Jo-Wilfried Tsonga 3–6, 6–4, 4–6

    Career finals[link]

    Singles: 22 (11–11)[link]

    Legend
    Grand Slam tournaments (0–1)
    ATP World Tour Finals (1–0)
    ATP World Tour Masters 1000 (2–4)
    ATP World Tour 500 Series (1–1)
    ATP World Tour 250 Series (7–5)
    Titles by Surface
    Hard (5–5)
    Clay (4–3)
    Grass (0–1)
    Carpet (2–2)
    Outcome No. Date Championship Surface Opponent Score
    Runner-up 1. October 1, 2001 Palermo, Italy Clay Spain Félix Mantilla 6–7(2–7), 4–6
    Winner 1. April 8, 2002 Estoril, Portugal Clay Finland Jarkko Nieminen 6–4, 7–6(7–5)
    Runner-up 2. July 8, 2002 Wimbledon, London, UK Grass Australia Lleyton Hewitt 1–6, 3–6, 2–6
    Winner 2. October 21, 2002 Basel, Switzerland Carpet (i) Chile Fernando González 6–4, 6–3, 6–2
    Runner-up 3. August 11, 2003 Montreal, Canada Hard United States Andy Roddick 1–6, 3–6
    Runner-up 4. October 27, 2003 Basel, Switzerland Carpet (i) Argentina Guillermo Coria W/O
    Runner-up 5. May 10, 2004 Rome, Italy Clay Spain Carlos Moyà 3–6, 3–6, 1–6
    Runner-up 6. October 18, 2004 Madrid, Spain Hard (i) Russia Marat Safin 2–6, 4–6, 3–6
    Runner-up 7. October 25, 2004 Basel, Switzerland Carpet (i) Czech Republic Jiří Novák 7–5, 3–6, 4–6, 6–1, 2–6
    Winner 3. May 1, 2005 Munich, Germany Clay Romania Andrei Pavel 6–4, 6–1
    Winner 4. November 20, 2005 Year-End Championships, Shanghai, China Carpet (i) Switzerland Roger Federer 6–7(4–7), 6–7(11–13), 6–2, 6–1, 7–6(7–3)
    Winner 5. May 7, 2006 Estoril, Portugal Clay Russia Nikolay Davydenko 6–3, 6–4
    Winner 6. October 21, 2007 Madrid, Spain Hard (i) Switzerland Roger Federer 1–6, 6–3, 6–3
    Winner 7. November 4, 2007 Paris, France Hard (i) Spain Rafael Nadal 6–4, 6–0
    Winner 8. February 24, 2008 Buenos Aires, Argentina Clay Argentina José Acasuso 3–6, 7–6(7–5), 6–4
    Runner-up 8. March 1, 2008 Acapulco, Mexico Clay Spain Nicolás Almagro 1–6, 6–7(1–7)
    Winner 9. October 4, 2008 Stockholm, Sweden Hard (i) Sweden Robin Söderling 6–2, 5–7, 6–3
    Runner-up 9. October 26, 2008 Basel, Switzerland Hard (i) Switzerland Roger Federer 3–6, 4–6
    Runner-up 10. November 2, 2008 Paris, France Hard (i) France Jo-Wilfried Tsonga 3–6, 6–4, 4–6
    Winner 10. January 17, 2009 Sydney, Australia Hard Finland Jarkko Nieminen 6–3, 6–7(9–11), 6–2
    Winner 11. August 8, 2010 Washington, U.S. Hard Cyprus Marcos Baghdatis 6–2, 7–6(7–4)
    Runner-up 11. January 15, 2011 Auckland, New Zealand Hard Spain David Ferrer 3–6, 2–6
    Exhibition Tournaments (8)
    Outcome No. Date Championship Surface Opponent Score Draw
    Winner 1. January 17, 2004 AAMI Classic, Kooyong, Australia Hard United States Andre Agassi 6–2, 6–3 8
    Winner 2. December 11, 2005 Indoor Master Tennis – Córdoba, Argentina Carpet (i) Argentina Mariano Puerta 6–3, 6–4 4
    Winner 3. December 18, 2005 Copa Argentina – Buenos Aires, Argentina Hard Argentina Agustín Calleri 3–6, 6–2, 6–3 12
    Winner 4. December 11, 2006 Indoor Master Tennis – Córdoba, Argentina Carpet (i) Chile Nicolás Massú 6–4, 6–3 12
    Winner 5. December 16, 2007 Copa Argentina – Buenos Aires, Argentina Hard Argentina Juan Mónaco 6–4, 7–5 8
    Winner 6. December 13, 2009 Copa Minero – San Juan, Argentina Carpet (i) Argentina Gastón Gaudio 6–2, 6–2 4
    Winner 7. December 20, 2009 Copa Argentina – Buenos Aires, Argentina Hard Cyprus Marcos Baghdatis 6–4, 6–4 6
    Winner 8. December 19, 2010 Copa Argentina – Buenos Aires, Argentina Hard Argentina Juan Mónaco 6–3, 7–6(7–5) 6

    Doubles: 1 (0–1)[link]

    Runner-ups (1)

    Singles Performance timeline[link]

    Key
    W  F  SF QF #R RR Q# A P Z# PO SF-B F NMS

    Won tournament, or reached Final, Semifinal, Quarterfinal, Round 4, 3, 2, 1, played in Round Robin or lost in Qualification Round 3, Round 2, Round 1, Absent from a tournament or Participated in a team event, played in a Davis Cup Zonal Group (with its number indication) or Play-off, won a bronze or silver match at the Olympics. The last is for a Masters Series/1000 tournament that was relegated (Not a Masters Series).

    Current as far as the 2012 French Open.

    Tournament 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 SR W–L Win %
    Grand Slam Tournaments
    Australian Open A A 2R QF QF QF SF 4R 3R 2R A 2R 2R 0 / 10 26–10 72.22
    French Open A LQ 3R 2R SF 4R SF 4R 2R A A A 1R 0 / 8 20–8 74.07
    Wimbledon A A F 4R A QF 3R 3R 1R A A 3R 0 / 7 19–7 73.08
    US Open A 3R 1R SF 2R QF 2R 3R 3R A 3R 3R 0 / 10 21–10 67.74
    Win–Loss 0–0 2–1 9–4 13–4 10–3 15–4 13–4 10–4 5–4 1–1 2–1 5–3 1–2 0 / 35 86–35 71.07
    Year-End Championship
    ATP World Tour Finals A A A RR A W SF A A A A A 1 / 3 6–6 50.00
    Davis Cup
    Davis Cup Singles A A SF SF QF SF F QF F A SF F QF 0 / 10 23–6 79.31
    Summer Olympics
    Summer Olympics A Not Held A Not Held 3R Not Held 0 / 1 2–1 66.67
    ATP Masters Series
    Indian Wells Masters A A 2R 1R A 4R 4R 4R QF 4R 2R A QF 0 / 9 17–9 65.38
    Miami Masters 1R 1R 1R 3R A 3R SF 3R 2R 2R 3R A 2R 0 / 11 10–11 47.62
    Monte Carlo Masters A A 3R 2R QF A 3R 2R QF 3R QF A A 0 / 8 16–8 66.67
    Rome Masters A A 2R 1R F 1R SF A 2R A A A 2R 0 / 7 11–7 61.11
    Hamburg Masters A A 1R SF 1R 1R A A A ATP 500 series 0 / 4 4–4 50.00
    Canada Masters A A QF F 1R 2R 1R 3R A A QF 1R 0 / 8 14–8 63.64
    Cincinnati Masters A A 1R QF A 2R 2R 1R A A 3R 2R 0 / 7 8–7 53.33
    Shanghai Not Held NMS Not Held Not ATP Masters Series A A 2R 0 / 1 1–1 50.00
    Madrid Masters A A 3R A F SF SF W 3R A A A 1R 1 / 7 19–6 78.00
    Paris Masters A A 2R A A 2R A W F A 2R A 1 / 5 12–4 75.00
    Win–Loss 0–1 0–1 9–9 14–7 12–5 8–8 15–7 17–5 13–6 4–3 12–6 2–3 6–4 2 / 67 112–65 63.28
    Statistics
    Tournaments played 2 9 25 20 14 20 16 18 17 9 11 13 10 184
    Titles–Finals 0–0 0–1 2–3 0–2 0–3 2–2 1–1 2–2 2–5 1–1 1–1 0–1 0–0 11 / 184 11–22 50.00
    Win–Loss 0–2 17–9 36–24 42–20 34–14 44–19 44–19 31–18 44–16 14–7 28–10 22–12 15–11 11 / 184 371–181 67.21
    Year End Ranking 245 47 12 8 9 6 8 9 11 64 27 64

    References[link]

    External links[link]

    Awards and achievements
    Preceded by
    Argentina Manu Ginóbili and
    Carlos Tévez
    Olimpia de Oro
    2005
    Succeeded by
    Argentina Germán Chiaraviglio

    http://wn.com/David_Nalbandian

    Related pages:

    http://ru.wn.com/Налбандян, Давид

    http://es.wn.com/David Nalbandian




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