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Mouse chording is the capability of performing actions when multiple mouse buttons are held down, much like a chorded keyboard. Like mouse gestures, chorded actions may lack feedback and affordance and would therefore offer no way for users to discover possible chords without reference. A similar feature such as a context menu would require less training.

In the X Window System, and on some laptops with integrated 2-button mice, a three button mouse can be emulated using a chorded click from both the right and left buttons which is translated into a middle click. This middle-click emulation does not enable chords which involve the middle click. The Apple Mighty Mouse does not support mouse chording due to the design of the button sensors.

One common application of mouse chording, called rocker navigation, is found in Opera and in mouse gesture extensions of Mozilla Firefox. Rocker navigation typically involves the following two mouse chords:

• Hold the left button and click the right button to move forward in the browser's history.
• Hold the right button and click the left button to move backward in the browser's history.

The operating systems Plan 9 and Oberon and the acme development environment make heavy use of mouse chording. OS/2 Presentation Manager can also use chording to copy and paste text using two buttons however Common User Access key combinations are more frequently used.

Applications that support mouse chording[link]

• Microstation - CAD software, uses chording to snap to elements.
• CATIA - CAD/CAM/CAE software, uses middle and left mouse button chording to zoom, pan and rotate screen representation
• Acme and Wily
• Opera
• Maxthon
• Blender 3D
• Plan 9 from Bell Labs
• Oberon operating system
• Sketchup
• Valve Hammer Editor
• Celestia - Pressing both mouse buttons allows the user to adjust distance from an object.
• Minesweeper (Windows) - Pressing both mouse buttons clears around a square after the correct number of flags have been placed in the surrounding squares.
• UDE
• World of Warcraft
• Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas - The weapon aiming system in the PC version of San Andreas implements mouse chording, as it requires the user to hold the right mouse button to aim while clicking or holding the left button to fire a weapon or use an item, such as a camera.
• Eve Online - Pressing both the left and right mouse buttons allows for an alternative method of camera control.
• Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas 2 - On the PC version of the game, by default the right mouse button must be held to take cover and the left mouse button to fire a weapon.
• The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim - On the PC version, holding both buttons activates dual casting.

External links[link]

• acme manual page, describes the various chords in acme
• rio manual page, describes chording inside the Plan 9 window system
• Copying and Pasting using the Mouse, describes chording in OS/2.

Danger Mouse
Background information
Birth name	Brian Joseph Burton
Born	(1977-07-29) July 29, 1977 (age 34)
Origin	White Plains, New York, United States
Genres	Hip hop, alternative rock, neo-psychedelia, electronica, neo-soul, alternative hip hop, indie rock, folk rock, ambient
Occupations	Music Producer, Artist, Musician
Instruments	Piano/keyboards, organ, guitar, bass guitar, drums, Percussion, synthesiser
Years active	1998–present
Labels	Capitol / EMI, Lex
Associated acts	Beck, The Black Keys, Broken Bells, Cee Lo Green, Danger Doom, Electric Guest, Gnarls Barkley, The Good, the Bad and the Queen, Gorillaz, Jack White, Jemini, Joker's Daughter, MF Doom, Norah Jones, POP ETC, Sparklehorse
Website	dangermousesite.com

Brian Joseph Burton (born July 29, 1977),^[1] better known by his stage name Danger Mouse, is an American musician, songwriter and producer. He came to prominence in 2004 when he released The Grey Album, which combined vocal performances from Jay-Z's The Black Album with instrumentals from the Beatles' White Album.

He formed Gnarls Barkley with Cee Lo Green and produced its albums St. Elsewhere and The Odd Couple. He produced the second Gorillaz album, 2005's Demon Days, as well as Beck's 2008 record Modern Guilt and an album with Joker's Daughter in 2007. He has been nominated for a Grammy Award in the Producer of the Year category five times (2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011), and won the award in 2011. In addition, Burton worked with rapper MF Doom as Danger Doom and released the album The Mouse and the Mask and the EP Occult Hymn.

In 2009 he collaborated with James Mercer of the indie rock band The Shins to form Broken Bells. The group's first album was released on March 9, 2010.

Danger Mouse was listed as one of Esquire magazine's seventy-five most influential people of the 21st century. In 2010 he began producing an album for U2.^[2]

Early life[link]

Brian Burton was born in White Plains, New York. He spent much of his childhood in Spring Valley, New York. Burton also lived in Athens, Georgia for a while, where his trip-hop work was released under the name "Pelican City".^[3] He also remixed work by several local artists, including Neutral Milk Hotel^[4] and DJ'd for University of Georgia radio station WUOG-FM. From 1998 to 2003, Burton also created a series of remix CDs and records under the stage name Danger Mouse. He performed in a mouse outfit because he was too shy to show his face, and took his name from the British cartoon series Danger Mouse.^[5]

Music career[link]

While in Athens, Burton took second place in a 1998 talent contest and was asked to open for a concert at the University of Georgia featuring OutKast and Goodie Mob. Afterwards, Burton approached Cee Lo Green, a member of Goodie Mob, and gave him an instrumental demo tape. It would be several years before the pair made contact again, but the two would eventually collaborate as Gnarls Barkley.^[6]

2001–2004[link]

Burton moved to Britain for a couple of years, living in New Cross in London and working at the Rose^[7] pub near London Bridge. While there, he sent a demo to Lex Records, which signed him. Burton's first original releases under the name Danger Mouse were his collaborations with rapper Jemini, including the album Ghetto Pop Life, released in 2003 on Lex Records. While the Danger Mouse debut was well-received by critics, he did not rise to fame until he created The Grey Album, mixing a cappella versions of Jay Z's The Black Album over beats crafted from samples of The Beatles' White Album. The remix album, originally created just for his friends, spread over the Internet and became very popular with both the general audience and critics, with Rolling Stone calling it the ultimate remix record^[8] and Entertainment Weekly ranking it the best record of that year.^[9] He discussed his feelings about any controversy the album may have created in the documentary Alternative Freedom. Danger Mouse was also named among the Men of the Year by GQ in 2004 and won a 2005 Wired Rave Award.^[10]

2004–2007[link]

The Grey Album also got the attention of Damon Albarn, who enlisted Danger Mouse to produce the Gorillaz' second studio album, Demon Days. Demon Days earned Burton a Grammy Award nomination for Producer of the Year.

Danger Mouse collaborated with MF Doom who together are known as DANGERDOOM.

Danger Mouse's next project was The Mouse and the Mask, a collaboration with MF DOOM (as DANGERDOOM) about and for Cartoon Network's Adult Swim. The two had previously collaborated on the Danger Mouse remix of Zero 7's "Somersault", on the Prince Po track "Social Distortion", and on Gorillaz' "November Has Come". A year later, DANGERDOOM released a follow-up EP called Occult Hymn. The 7-track EP featured new songs as well as remixes of tracks from The Mouse & The Mask and was released exclusively as a free download on Adult Swim's site.

In 2006, Danger Mouse and Cee-Lo (as Gnarls Barkley) released their first album, St. Elsewhere, which included the international hit single "Crazy". "Crazy" became the first UK number-one single based solely on downloads.^[11] He also produced two tracks on The Rapture's 2006 album Pieces of the People We Love. In the Autumn of 2006, Sparklehorse released their fourth album, 'Dreamt for Light Years in the Belly of a Mountain', a collaboration with Danger Mouse and Steven Drozd of The Flaming Lips. In August and September 2006, Danger Mouse collaborated with British graffiti artist Banksy to replace 500 copies of Paris Hilton's album Paris in English music stores with altered album artwork and a 40 minute instrumental song containing various statements she had made.^[12]

2007–present[link]

Danger Mouse (left) and Cee Lo performing as Gnarls Barkley in 2007

In January 2007, Danger Mouse produced another collaboration with Damon Albarn on The Good, the Bad and the Queen, along with Clash bassist Paul Simonon, former Verve guitarist Simon Tong and Afrobeat pioneer and Africa 70 drummer Tony Allen.

In March 2008, The Odd Couple, the second album of his and Cee-lo's Gnarls Barkley project, was released. In May 2008, an album with Martina Topley-Bird, titled The Blue God, was released. Martina collaborated on "All Alone", one song on the Danger Mouse produced Gorillaz second LP, Demon Days. Also released in May 2008 was Replica Sun Machine, an album with the band The Shortwave Set, including a collaboration with Van Dyke Parks and the Velvet Underground's John Cale, according to British music magazine New Musical Express.

Upcoming releases include a follow-up to Ghetto Pop Life entitled Kill Your Heroes. KYH was scheduled to be released in summer of 2006, but its release has been pushed back to an undetermined date. A collaborative album with Black Thought of The Roots is said to be in the works.^[13] He was also working on an album with The Black Keys and Ike Turner. Turner's death was expected to cancel the album, but The Black Keys and Danger Mouse released Attack & Release in April 2008. Some songs must have been recorded by Turner, however, as a posthumous Danger Mouse produced album has been mentioned, as well as another collaboration with MF Doom.^[14]

Danger Mouse also produced Beck's album Modern Guilt, which was released in July 2008.^[15] In April 2009, he and Helena Costas released an album as Joker's Daughter titled The Last Laugh. Danger Mouse was also listed as one of Esquire's 75 most influential people of the 21st century.

Since 2005, Danger Mouse (as a producer as well as an artist with Gnarls Barkley) has been nominated for 11 Grammy Awards: Producer of the Year (2005, 2006 and 2008), Record of Year (2006), Album of Year (2006), Best Alternative Album (2006 and 2008), Best Urban Alternative Performance (2006), Best Short Form Music Video (2007 and 2008) and Best Pop Performance (2008) He won two Grammy Awards in 2006 for Best Alternative Album and Best Urban Alternative Performance.

Danger Mouse and Sparklehorse were due to release an album in the summer of 2009 entitled Danger Mouse and Sparklehorse Present: Dark Night of the Soul (together with a 100+ photo book with photographs by David Lynch).^[16][16][17] Due to a dispute with EMI the album was not released officially until 12 July 2010 .^[18] However, the BBC reported that Danger Mouse planned to release a full illustrated jewel case with a blank CD-R included in it.^[16][17][19] The CD-R was to be labeled:

"For Legal Reasons, enclosed CD-R contains no music. Use it as you will."^[16][17][19]

On November 8, 2009, Paste Magazine named Danger Mouse the "Best Producer of the Decade (2000-2009)."^[20]

Together with James Mercer, Danger Mouse (billed by his real name, Brian Burton) formed Broken Bells. The project was first announced on Tuesday, September 29, 2009.^[21] 21 December 2009 the band informed fans in an e-mail message of the release of their debut single "The High Road", which was made available as a free download on their official site.^[22] The self-titled debut album was released in the U.S. on March 9, 2010.

In 2010 Danger Mouse began producing an album with the band U2, rumoured to be released in 2012. U2's frontman, Bono, said, "We have about 12 songs with him. At the moment that looks like the album we will put out next because it's just happening so easily."^[23]

Since 2005, Danger Mouse has been composing a spaghetti western album with composer Daniele Luppi. Jack White and Norah Jones do the main vocals on the album. Instrumentation was done mainly by musicians who played on the original Ennio Morricone scores. Danger Mouse does not play any instruments on the album. The style of the album reflects much of Danger Mouse's work since 2005, such as segments of Beck's "Modern Guilt", aspects of "Dark Night of the Soul", and songs like "Mongrel Heart" off of the self-titled Broken Bells album. The album is titled Rome and was released on May 16, 2011.^[24]

On February 13, 2011, Danger Mouse won a Grammy for Best Producer for his work on the Black Keys' Brothers, Broken Bells selftitled, and the Danger Mouse and Sparklehorse album Dark Night of the Soul.

On November 1, 2011, Los Angeles-based indie band Electric Guest released their first single, "Troubleman/American Daydream", produced by Danger Mouse. Danger Mouse produced the band's whole debut album Mondo which is set for release on April 24, 2012.

On May 1, 2012, Norah Jones released her Danger Mouse-produced fifth studio album Little Broken Hearts (Blue Note/EMI).^[25][26]

Danger Mouse co-wrote the song "Keep It for Your Own" by POP ETC, which is set to be released with the band's first album under their current name on June 12, 2012. ^[27]

Philosophy[link]

In an interview for the New York Times magazine, Danger Mouse was compared to a film auteur, basing his music production philosophy on the cinematic philosophy of directors like Woody Allen. "Woody Allen was an auteur: he did his thing, and that particular thing was completely his own," he said. "That's what I decided to do with music. I want to create a director's role within music, which is what I tried to do on this album (St. Elsewhere)... I can create different kinds of musical worlds, but the artist needs the desire to go into that world... Musically, there is no one who has the career I want. That's why I have to use film directors as a model."^[6]

Awards[link]

• 2004 Entertainment Weekly Album of the year (Danger Mouse - The Grey Album)
• 2004 GQ Magazine "Men of the Year"
• 2005 Wired Magazine Rave Award (Music)
• 2005 Grammy Nomination (Danger Mouse - Producer of the Year)
• 2005 Q Magazine (Best Producer)
• 2006 Grammy Award - Best Alternative Album (Gnarls Barkley -St. Elsewhere)
• 2006 Grammy Award - Best Urban/Alternative Performance (Gnarls Barkley - Crazy)
• 2006 Entertainment Weekly Album of the Year (Gnarls Barkley - St. Elsewhere)
• 2006 Grammy Nomination (Danger Mouse - Producer of the Year)
• 2006 Q Magazine (Song of the Year - Gnarls Barkley "Crazy" )
• 2008 Rolling Stone Magazine Best Producer in Rock
• 2009 Esquire Magazine 75 Most Influential People of the 21st Century
• 2009 Grammy Nomination (Danger Mouse - Producer of the Year)
• 2009 GQ Magazine Album of the Year (Danger Mouse & Sparklehorse - Dark Night of the Soul)
• 2009 Paste Magazine "Producer of the Decade"
• 2010 Grammy Nomination - Best Alternative Album (Gnarls Barkley - The Odd Couple)
• 2010 Rolling Stone Magazine - Song of the Decade (Gnarls Barkley - Crazy)
• 2011 Grammy Award (Danger Mouse - Producer of the Year)
• 2011 Grammy Nomination - Best Alternative Album (Broken Bells - Broken Bells)
• 2012 Grammy Nomination (Danger Mouse - Producer of the Year)

Discography[link]

Danger Mouse albums[link]

• Danger Mouse and Jemini – Ghetto Pop Life (2003)
• Danger Mouse – The Grey Album (2004)
• Gorillaz – Demon Days (2005)
• Danger Doom – The Mouse & The Mask (2005)
• Danger Doom - Occult Hymn (2006)
• The Rapture – Pieces of the People We Love (2006)
• Sparklehorse – Dreamt for Light Years in the Belly of a Mountain (2006)
• Gnarls Barkley – St. Elsewhere (2006)
• The Good, the Bad & the Queen (2007)
• The Black Keys – Attack & Release (2008)
• Gnarls Barkley – The Odd Couple (2008)
• The Shortwave Set – Replica Sun Machine (2008)
• Martina Topley-Bird – The Blue God (2008)
• Beck – Modern Guilt (2008)
• Joker's Daughter – The Last Laugh (2009)
• Danger Mouse and Sparklehorse – Dark Night of the Soul (2010)
• Broken Bells – Broken Bells (2010)
• The Black Keys – Brothers "Tighten Up" (2010)
• Broken Bells – Meyrin Fields (2011)
• Danger Mouse and Daniele Luppi – Rome (2011) (UK chart peak: #20)
• The Black Keys - El Camino (2011)
• Electric Guest - Mondo (2012)
• Norah Jones - Little Broken Hearts (2012)
• U2 - Unknown

Solo singles[link]

Pelican City[link]

• The Chilling Effect (1999)
• Rhode Island (2000)
• Pelican City vs. Scanner – EP (2002)

Promos[link]

• Danger Mouse Promo: Volume 1 (1998)
• Danger Mouse Promo: Volume 2 (1999)
• Danger Mouse Promo: Volume 3 (2000)
• Danger Mouse Promo: Volume 4 (2000)
• Danger Mouse Promo: Remix EP 12" White (2001)
• Danger Mouse Promo: Remix EP 12" Red (2002)
• Danger Mouse Promo: Remix EP 12" Yellow (2003)

Contributions[link]

• Verve Remixed 3 (2005) – Dinah Washington – "Baby, Did You Hear?" (Danger Mouse remix)
• The Now Sound Redesigned – "To a Black Boy" by Danger Mouse (with Murs)

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

References[link]

Danger Mouse and Daniele Luppi join the Virgin Red Room for a sunglasses-clad interview.

External links[link]

• Official website
• Danger Mouse Breaks Down The Grey Album
• EFF: Grey Tuesday: A Quick Overview of the Legal Terrain
• Illegal-art.org: The Grey Album Download
• Cease and desist letter from EMI #1
• Conversation with Danger Mouse and Jason Bentley – June 21, 2006

Douglas Carl Engelbart ("Doug")
Douglas Engelbart in 2008
Born	(1925-01-30) January 30, 1925 (age 87) Portland, Oregon, USA
Citizenship	US
Nationality	US
Fields	Inventor
Institutions	Stanford Research Institute, Tymshare, McDonnell Douglas, Bootstrap Institute/Alliance, Doug Engelbart Institute
Alma mater	Oregon State College (BS); UC Berkeley (PhD)
Doctoral advisor	John R. Woodyard
Known for	Computer mouse, Hypertext, Groupware, Interactive Computing
Notable awards	National Medal of Technology, Lemelson-MIT Prize, Turing Award, Lovelace Medal, Norbert Wiener Award for Social and Professional Responsibility, Fellow Award, Computer History Museum
Website
dougengelbart.org

Douglas Carl Engelbart (born January 30, 1925) is an American inventor, and an early computer and internet pioneer. He is best known for his work on the challenges of human-computer interaction, resulting in the invention of the computer mouse,^[1] and the development of hypertext, networked computers, and precursors to GUIs. He is a committed, vocal proponent of the development and use of computers and networks to help cope with the world’s increasingly urgent and complex problems.^[2]

Engelbart embedded a set of organizing principles in his lab, which he termed "bootstrapping strategy". He designed the strategy to accelerate the rate of innovation of his lab.^[3]

Early life and education[link]

Engelbart was born in Portland, Oregon on January 30, 1925 to Carl Louis Engelbart and Gladys Charlotte Amelia Munson Engelbart. He is of German, Swedish and Norwegian descent.^[4]

He was the middle of three children, with a sister Dorianne (3 years older), and a brother David (14 months younger). They lived in Portland in his early years, and moved to the countryside to Johnson Creek when he was 9 or 10, after the death of his father. He graduated from Portland's Franklin High School in 1942.

Midway through his college studies at Oregon State University (then called Oregon State College), near the end of World War II, he was drafted into the US Navy, serving two years as a radar technician in the Philippines. On a small island, in a tiny hut on stilts, he first read Vannevar Bush's article "As We May Think", which greatly inspired him.

He returned to Oregon State and completed his Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering in 1948.

While at Oregon State, he was a member of Sigma Phi Epsilon social fraternity.^{[citation needed]} He was hired by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics at the Ames Research Center, where he worked through 1951.^[5]

Career and accomplishments[link]

The first prototype of a computer mouse, as designed by Bill English from Engelbart's sketches^[6]

Epiphany[link]

Doug Engelbart's career was inspired in 1951 when he got engaged and suddenly realized he had no career goals beyond getting a good education and a decent job. Over several months he reasoned that:

1. he would focus his career on making the world a better place;
2. any serious effort to make the world better requires some kind of organized effort;
3. harnessing the collective human intellect of all the people contributing to effective solutions was the key;
4. if you could dramatically improve how we do that, you'd be boosting every effort on the planet to solve important problems—the sooner the better; and
5. computers could be the vehicle for dramatically improving this capability.^{[citation needed]}

In 1945, Engelbart had read with interest Vannevar Bush's article "As We May Think",^[7] a call to arms for making knowledge widely available as a national peacetime grand challenge. Doug had also read something about computers (a relatively recent phenomenon), and from his experience as a radar technician he knew that information could be analyzed and displayed on a screen. He envisioned intellectual workers sitting at display "working stations", flying through information space, harnessing their collective intellectual capacity to solve important problems together in much more powerful ways. Harnessing collective intellect, facilitated by interactive computers, became his life's mission at a time when computers were viewed as number crunching tools.

He enrolled in graduate school in electrical engineering at University of California, Berkeley, graduating with an Master of Science degree in 1953, and a Ph.D. in 1955.^[5] As a graduate student at Berkeley he assisted in the construction of the California Digital Computer project CALDIC. His graduate work led to several patents.^[8] After completing his PhD he stayed on at Berkeley as assistant professor to teach for a year, and left when it was clear he could not pursue his vision there. He then formed a startup, Digital Techniques, to commercialize some of his doctorate research on storage devices, but after a year decided instead to pursue the research he had been dreaming of since 1951. He took a position at Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in Menlo Park, California, in 1957. He initially worked for Hewitt Crane on magnetic devices and miniaturization of electronics; Engelbart and Crane became lifelong friends.

SRI and ARC[link]

At SRI, Engelbart gradually obtained over a dozen patents (some resulting from his graduate work), and by 1962 produced a report about his vision and proposed research agenda titled Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework.^[9] This led to funding from ARPA to launch his work. Engelbart recruited a research team in his new Augmentation Research Center (ARC, the lab he founded at SRI), and became the driving force behind the design and development of the On-Line System, or NLS. He and his team developed computer-interface elements such as bit-mapped screens, the mouse, hypertext, collaborative tools, and precursors to the graphical user interface. He conceived and developed many of his user interface ideas back in the mid-1960s, long before the personal computer revolution, at a time when most individuals were kept away from computers, and could only use computers through intermediaries (see batch processing), and when software tended to be written for vertical applications in proprietary systems.

Two Apple Macintosh Plus mice, 1986

Engelbart applied for a patent in 1967 and received it in 1970, for the wooden shell with two metal wheels (computer mouse - U.S. Patent 3,541,541), which he had developed with Bill English, his lead engineer, a few years earlier. In the patent application it is described as an "X-Y position indicator for a display system". Engelbart later revealed that it was nicknamed the "mouse" because the tail came out the end. His group also called the on-screen cursor a "bug", but this term was not widely adopted.

He never received any royalties for his mouse invention. During an interview, he says "SRI patented the mouse, but they really had no idea of its value. Some years later it was learned that they had licensed it to Apple for something like $40,000."

Engelbart showcased the chorded keyboard and many more of his and ARC's inventions in 1968 at the so-called mother of all demos.^[10]

ARPANET[link]

Engelbart's research was funded by ARPA, SRI's ARC became involved with the ARPANET (the precursor of the Internet).

The first message on the ARPANET was sent by UCLA student programmer Charley Kline, at 10:30 p.m, on October 29, 1969 from Boelter Hall 3420.^[11] Supervised by Leonard Kleinrock, Kline transmitted from the university's SDS Sigma 7 Host computer to the Stanford Research Institute's SDS 940 Host computer. The message text was the word "login"; the "l" and the "o" letters were transmitted, but the system then crashed. Hence, the literal first message over the ARPANET was "lo". About an hour later, having recovered from the crash, the SDS Sigma 7 computer effected a full "login". The first permanent ARPANET link was established on November 21, 1969, between the IMP at UCLA and the IMP at the Stanford Research Institute. By December 5, 1969, the entire four-node network was established.^[12]

In addition to SRI and UCLA, UCSB, and the University of Utah were part of the original four network nodes. By December 5, 1969, the entire 4-node network was connected.

ARC soon became the first Network Information Center and thus managed the directory for connections among all ARPANET nodes. ARC also published a large percentage of the early Request For Comments, an ongoing series of publications that document the evolution of ARPANET into the Internet. Although the NIC at first used NLS, it was intended to be a production service to other network users, while Engelbart continued to focus on innovative research. This inherent conflict led to establishing the NIC as its own group, led by Elizabeth J. Feinler.^[13]

Anecdotal notes[link]

Historian of science Thierry Bardini argues that Engelbart's complex personal philosophy (which drove all his research) foreshadowed the modern application of the concept of coevolution to the philosophy and use of technology.^[14]

Bardini points out that Engelbart was strongly influenced by the principle of linguistic relativity developed by Benjamin Lee Whorf. Where Whorf reasoned that the sophistication of a language controls the sophistication of the thoughts that can be expressed by a speaker of that language, Engelbart reasoned that the state of our current technology controls our ability to manipulate information, and that fact in turn will control our ability to develop new, improved technologies. He thus set himself to the revolutionary task of developing computer-based technologies for manipulating information directly, and also to improve individual and group processes for knowledge-work.^[14]

End of research career[link]

Engelbart slipped into relative obscurity after 1976. Several of Engelbart's researchers became alienated from him and left his organization for Xerox PARC, in part due to frustration, and in part due to differing views of the future of computing. Engelbart saw the future in collaborative, networked, timeshare (client-server) computers, which younger programmers rejected in favor of the personal computer. The conflict was both technical and social: the younger programmers came from an era where centralized power was highly suspect, and personal computing was just barely on the horizon.

Engelbart served on the board of directors of Erhard Seminars Training (EST). Several key ARC personnel were also involved. Although EST had been recommended by other researchers, the controversial nature of EST and other social experiments reduced the morale and social cohesion of the ARC community.^[14]

The Mansfield Amendment, the end of the Vietnam War, and the end of the Apollo program reduced ARC's funding from ARPA and NASA. SRI's management, which disapproved of Engelbart's approach to running the center, placed the remains of ARC under the control of artificial intelligence researcher Bertram Raphael, who negotiated the transfer of the laboratory to a company called Tymshare. Engelbart's house in Atherton, California burned down during this period, causing him and his family even further problems. Tymshare took over NLS and the lab that Engelbart had founded, hired most of the lab's staff including its creator as a Senior Scientist, renamed the software Augment, and offered it as a commercial service via its new Office Automation Division. Tymshare was already somewhat familiar with NLS; back when ARC was still operational, it had experimented with its own local copy of the NLS software on a minicomputer called OFFICE-1, as part of a joint project with ARC.

At Tymshare, Engelbart soon found himself marginalized and relegated to obscurity. Operational concerns at Tymshare overrode Engelbart's desire to do further research. Various executives, first at Tymshare and later at McDonnell Douglas (which took over Tymshare in 1984), expressed interest in his ideas, but never committed the funds or the people to further develop them. His interest inside of McDonnell Douglas was focused on the enormous knowledge management and IT requirements involved in the lifecycle of an aerospace program, which served to strengthen Doug's resolve to motivate the IT arena toward global interoperability and an open hyperdocument system.^[15] Engelbart retired from McDonnell Douglas in 1986, determined pursue his work free from commercial pressure.

Teaming with his daughter, Christina Engelbart, in 1988 he founded the Bootstrap Institute to coalesce his ideas into a series of three-day and half-day management seminars offered at Stanford University 1989–2000. By the early 1990s there was sufficient interest among his seminar graduates to launch a collaborative implementation of his work, and the Bootstrap Alliance was formed as a non-profit home base for this effort. Although the invasion of Iraq and subsequent recession spawned a rash of belt-tightening reorganizations which drastically redirected the efforts of their alliance partners, they continued with the management seminars, consulting, and small-scale collaborations. In the mid-1990s they were awarded some DARPA funding to develop a modern user interface to Augment, called Visual AugTerm (VAT), while participating in a larger program addressing the IT requirements of the Joint Task Force.

Honors[link]

Since the late 1980s, prominent individuals and organizations have recognized the seminal importance of Engelbart's contributions:^[16]

In December 1995, at the Fourth WWW Conference in Boston, he was the first recipient of what would later become the Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award. In 1997 he was awarded the Lemelson-MIT Prize of $500,000, the world's largest single prize for invention and innovation, and the ACM Turing Award. To mark the 30th anniversary of Engelbart's 1968 demo, in 1998 the Stanford Silicon Valley Archives [1] and the Institute for the Future hosted Engelbart's Unfinished Revolution[2], a symposium at Stanford University's Memorial Auditorium, to honor Engelbart and his ideas. Also that year, ACM SIGCHI awarded him the CHI Lifetime Achievement Award (and inducted him into the CHI Academy in 2002).

Engelbart was awarded The Franklin Institute's Certificate of Merit in 1996 and the Benjamin Franklin Medal in 1999 in Computer and Cognitive Science.

In early 2000 Engelbart produced, with volunteers and sponsors, what was called The Unfinished Revolution – II[3], also known as the Engelbart Colloquium at Stanford University, to document and publicize his work and ideas to a larger audience (live, and online).^[17][18]

In December 2000, US President Bill Clinton awarded Engelbart the National Medal of Technology, the United States' highest technology award.^[19] In 2001 he was awarded a British Computer Society's Lovelace Medal, and in 2005 he was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum and honored with the Norbert Wiener Award, which is given annually by Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility.

Robert X. Cringely did an hour long interview with Engelbart on December 9, 2005 in his NerdTV [4] video podcast series. On December 9, 2008, Engelbart was honored at the 40th Anniversary celebration of the 1968 "Mother of All Demos".^[20] This event, produced by SRI International, was held at Memorial Auditorium at Stanford University. Speakers included several members of Engelbart's original Augmentation Research Center (ARC) team including Don Andrews, Bill Paxton, Bill English, and Jeff Rulifson, Engelbart's chief government sponsor Bob Taylor, and other pioneers of interactive computing, including Andy van Dam and Alan Kay. In addition, Christina Engelbart spoke about her father's early influences and the ongoing work of the Doug Engelbart Institute.^[21] In June 2009, the New Media Consortium recognized Engelbart as an NMC Fellow ^[22] for his lifetime of achievements. In 2011, Engelbart was inducted into IEEE Intelligent Systems' AI's Hall of Fame.^[23][24]

Recent work and legacy[link]

Doug Engelbart attended Program for the Future 2010 Conference^[25] where hundreds of people convened at The Tech Museum in San Jose and online to engage in dialog about how to pursue Doug Engelbart's vision to augment collective intelligence.

The most complete coverage of Engelbart's bootstrapping ideas can be found in Boosting Our Collective IQ,^[26] by Douglas C. Engelbart, 1995. This is a special keepsake including three of Engelbart's key papers, artfully edited and produced into book form by Yuri Rubinsky and Christina Engelbart to commemorate the presentation of the 1995 SoftQuad Web Award to Doug Engelbart at the World Wide Web conference in Boston that December, honoring his early and seminal contribution to the hypertext systems. Only 2,000 softcover copies were printed, and 100 hardcover, numbered and signed by Doug Engelbart and Tim Berners-Lee. 30 pages, 5.5″×9″ includes Epilogue and details of the Award. Engelbart's book is now being republished by the Doug Engelbart Institute.^[27]

Two comprehensive histories of Engelbart's laboratory and work are in What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry by John Markoff and A Heritage of Innovation: SRI's First Half Century[5] by Donald Neilson. Other books on Engelbart and his laboratory include Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing by Thierry Bardini and The Engelbart Hypothesis: Dialogs with Douglas Engelbart, by Valerie Landau and Eileen Clegg in conversation with Douglas Engelbart.^[28] All four of these books are based on interviews with Engelbart as well as other contributors in his laboratory.

Engelbart is now Founder Emeritus of the Doug Engelbart Institute, which he founded in 1988 with his daughter Christina Engelbart, who is now Executive Director. The Institute promotes Engelbart's philosophy for boosting Collective IQ—the concept of dramatically improving how we can solve important problems together—using a strategic bootstrapping approach for accelerating our progress toward that goal.^[29]

In 2005 Engelbart received a National Science Foundation grant to fund the open source HyperScope [6] project. The Hyperscope team built a browser component using Ajax and DHTML designed to replicate Augment's multiple viewing and jumping capabilities (linking within and across various documents). HyperScope is perceived as the first step of a process designed to engage a wider community in a dialogue, on development of collaborative software and services, based on Engelbart's goals and research. The Doug Engelbart Institute is now based at SRI International.

Engelbart has served on the Advisory Boards of the University of Santa Clara Center for Science, Technology, and Society [7], Foresight Institute,^[19] Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, The Technology Center of Silicon Valley, and The Hyperwords Company Ltd (producer of the Firefox Add-On called Hyperwords.^[30]

Family[link]

Engelbart has four children, Gerda, Diana, Christina and Norman with his first wife of 47 years, Ballard who died in 1997. He has nine grandchildren. He remarried on January 26, 2008 to writer and producer Karen O'Leary Engelbart.^[31][32] An 85th birthday celebration was held at the Tech Museum of Innovation.^[33]

See also[link]

• Dynamic Knowledge Repository
• Collective intelligence

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Bardini, Thierry (2000). Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3723-1. 
• Landau, Valerie; Clegg, Eileen (2009). The Engelbart Hypothesis: Dialogs with Douglas Engelbart. Berkeley: Next Press. http://engelbartbook.com. 

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Douglas Engelbart

External audio
Audio
	"Collective IQ and Human Augmentation", Interview with Douglas Engelbart
Videos
	Doug Engelbart featured on JCN Profiles, Archive.org

• Doug Engelbart's official website and home of the Doug Engelbart Institute (formerly Bootstrap)
• Engelbart course facilitated by Valerie Landau at CSU Monterey Bay
• U.C. Berkeley Lecture in IEOR 190C Feb. 2008
• Douglas C. Engelbart Papers, 1953-2005(call number M0638; 464 linear ft.) are housed in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives at Stanford University Libraries
• Engelbart's Unfinished Revolution; December 1998 at Stanford University
• Engelbart and the Dawn of Interactive Computing – December 9, 2008 – 40th anniversary commemorative event
• The History of Doug Engelbart and Interactive Computing
• As We May Work – the Pursuit of Collective IQ, from IBM Symposium site
• Wired article: The Click Heard Round The World
• Transcript of 2003 visit to San Jose State University
• Doug Engelbart: Father of the Mouse
• Doug Engelbart 1968 Demo Original 90-minute video from MouseSite
• OpenAugment Consortium, dedicated to the preservation of the Augment system
• SRI mouse
• Doug Engelbart Video Archives, Archive.org

The following is a list of significant men and women known for being the father, mother, or considered the founders mostly in Western socities in a field, listed by category. In most non-science fields, the title of being the "father" is debatable.

Church[link]

Games[link]

Humanities[link]

Military[link]

Nations[link]

Natural and social sciences[link]

Sports[link]

Technology[link]

Fields[link]

Inventions[link]

Towns, cities and regions[link]

Transport[link]

See also[link]

• List of inventors
• Father of medicare
• Founders of statistics

References[link]