Branches of Mathematics

Pure mathematics

• Algebra
• Calculus
• Geometry
• Topology
• Trignometry
• Combinatorics
• Logic
• Number theory

Applied mathematics

• Dynamical systems and differential equations
• Mathematical physics
• Computing
• Information theory and signal processing
• Probability and statistics
• Game theory
• Operations research

Related Topics

• Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Linear Equations
• Applied Physics
• Nano Technology
• Engineering Sciences
• Mathematical Medicine
• Fluid dynamics
• Computational Mathematics
• Gamma Ray Optics
• Onfrared Optics
• Relative Velocity
• Iciam
• Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
• Biomedical Engineering
• Neuroscience Research
• Quantum Cosmology
• Brain Research

• 10BASE5
• 5-4-3 rule
• Adjacency list
• Adjacency matrix
• ADSL
• Akamai Technologies
• Alfred Vail
• AmigaOS
• Ancient technology
• Andrew S. Tanenbaum
• Applied science
• Aquaculture
• ARPANET
• Associative array
• Assortativity
• Audio engineering
• Automation
• Backbone network
• Balance theory
• Beacon
• Bell Labs
• BeOS
• Bioinformatics
• Biological network
• Biomechatronics
• Biotechnology
• Bipartite graph
• BITNET
• Body area network
• Book Technology
• Booting
• Bus network
• Business informatics
• Business-to-business
• Business-to-consumer
• Cable
• Campus area network
• Campus network
• Category 5 cable
• Category Technology
• Cell relay
• Centrality
• Ceramic engineering
• Charles Wheatstone
• Chemical engineering
• Cheminformatics
• Circuit mode
• Circuit switched
• Circuit switching
• Civil engineering
• Claude Chappe
• Clean technology
• Client (computing)
• Coaxial cable
• Community structure
• Complete graph
• Complex contagion
• Complex network
• Computer engineering
• Computer hardware
• Computer network
• Computer science
• Computer virus
• Computer worm
• Connection-oriented
• Context switch
• Control engineering
• Core router
• Cryogenics
• Cut (graph theory)
• Cycle (graph theory)
• Dartmouth College
• Data link layer
• Datagrams
• Degree distribution
• Dependency network
• Dependent territory
• Device driver
• DiffServ
• Directed graph
• Domain Name System
• Domestic technology
• Donald Davies
• DOS
• Drum (communication)
• Earth
• Ecological design
• Ecotechnology
• Edge (graph theory)
• Educational software
• Electrical telegraph
• Electronic warfare
• Electronics
• Elisha Gray
• Energy technology
• Engineering
• Engineering geology
• Engineering physics
• Ephemeralization
• Epidemic model
• Erdős–Rényi model
• Ethernet
• Ethernet hub
• Ethernet over coax
• Ethics of technology
• Evolving networks
• Exokernel
• Extranet
• Facade engineering
• Fault (technology)
• Fax
• FDDI
• Fictional technology
• FidoNet
• Firewall (computing)
• Fisheries science
• Flow network
• Food chemistry
• Food engineering
• Food microbiology
• Food technology
• Frame Relay
• Frame relay
• G.hn
• General Electric
• Genetic engineering
• Geography
• George Stibitz
• Global area network
• GNU
• Grade of service
• Graph (mathematics)
• Graph drawing
• Green building
• Green nanotechnology
• Guglielmo Marconi
• Hardware abstraction
• Healthcare science
• Heliograph
• High tech
• History of radio
• Home area network
• Home network
• Home wiring
• HomePNA
• Homophily
• HTTP
• Human-readable
• Hybrid kernel
• Hydraulic telegraph
• Hydraulics
• Hype cycle
• Hypergraph
• ICT in agriculture
• IEEE
• IEEE 802
• IEEE 802.11
• IEEE 802.1D
• IEEE 802.1Q
• IEEE 802.1X
• IEEE 802.3
• Incidence list
• Incidence matrix
• Inevitability thesis
• Information Age
• Internet
• Internet backbone
• Internet protocol
• Internet Protocol
• Internetwork
• Interrupt
• Intranet
• IntServ
• Invention
• IP address
• IP Multicast
• IPv4
• IrDA
• ITU-T
• J.C.R. Licklider
• Jet Age
• Johann Philipp Reis
• John Logie Baird
• Kardashev scale
• Kernel (computing)
• Last mile
• Lawrence G. Roberts
• Lee De Forest
• Leonard Kleinrock
• Link analysis
• Link layer
• Linux
• List of technologies
• Live CD
• Live USB
• Local area network
• Loop (graph theory)
• Low-technology
• MAC Address
• MAC address
• Mac OS
• Mass media
• Materials science
• Mature technology
• Mechatronics
• Media access control
• Medical research
• Medical technology
• Medieval technology
• Memory management
• Memory protection
• Mesh network
• Metallurgy
• Microkernel
• Microsoft Windows
• Microtechnology
• Microwave
• Military engineering
• Military technology
• Mining engineering
• Mobile telephony
• Modem
• Monolithic kernel
• MorphOS
• Multicast
• Multigraph
• Multimedia learning
• Multiplexing
• Music technology
• Nanomedicine
• Nanotechnology
• Naval architecture
• Near-me area network
• Neolithic Revolution
• Network bridge
• Network card
• Network congestion
• Network effect
• Network hub
• Network layer
• Network motif
• Network performance
• Network science
• Network security
• Network segment
• Network socket
• Network sockets
• Network switch
• Network theory
• Network topology
• Networking hardware
• Neural network
• Neuroscience
• Nikola Tesla
• Nuclear engineering
• Nuclear technology
• Nutrition
• Octet (computing)
• Ontology engineering
• Operating system
• Optical engineering
• Optical fiber
• OS 2
• OSI layer 2
• OSI model
• Osi model
• Overlay network
• Packet switching
• PageRank
• Paging
• Particle physics
• Path (graph theory)
• Paul Baran
• Peer-to-peer
• Percolation theory
• Pharmacology
• Philo Farnsworth
• Photophone
• Physical layer
• Policies
• Portal Computing
• Portal Technology
• Posthumanism
• Process (computing)
• Propagation delay
• Protein engineering
• Protocol stack
• Quality of service
• Quantum technology
• Radio network
• Radio waves
• Radiotelephone
• Random graph
• ReactOS
• Reginald Fessenden
• Renewable energy
• Repeater
• Request for Comments
• Resilience (network)
• RF engineering
• Ring network
• Robert Tappan Morris
• Robotics
• Router (computing)
• Routing
• Safety engineering
• Sanitary engineering
• Satellite
• Scale-free network
• Scheduling algorithm
• Segmentation fault
• Semantic network
• Semaphore line
• Server (computing)
• Service quality
• Shortest job next
• Small-world network
• Social capital
• Social influence
• Social network
• Software engineering
• Sovereign state
• Sovereign territory
• Space technology
• Star network
• Stealth technology
• Storage area network
• Streaming media
• Subnetwork
• Sustainable design
• Systems engineering
• TCP IP
• Technicism
• Techno-progressivism
• Technocapitalism
• Technocentrism
• Technocracy
• Technocriticism
• Technological change
• Technology
• Technology brokering
• Technology education
• Technology transfer
• Technorealism
• Telecommunication
• Telecommunications
• Telegraphy
• Telephone line
• Telephone network
• Telephone switch
• Television network
• Telex
• Template Asia topic
• Template Technology
• The Telephone Cases
• Tim Berners-Lee
• Tissue engineering
• Transhumanism
• Transitive relation
• Transmission medium
• Transport
• Triadic closure
• Twisted pair
• UCLA
• Unauthorized
• University of Utah
• Unix
• User space
• VDSL
• Videotelephony
• Vint Cerf
• Vinton G. Cerf
• Virtual campus
• Virtual circuit
• Virtual education
• Virtual file system
• Virtual LAN
• Virtual memory
• Virtual tape library
• Visual technology
• Vladimir K. Zworykin
• Voice user interface
• Weighted network
• Western Electric
• Wide area network
• Wikiquote Technology
• William Stallings
• Wireless LAN
• Wireless network
• Wireless router
• World Wide Web
• X.25
• 
  

• 
  Bell Labs
  Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) is the research and development subsidiary of the French-owned Alcatel-Lucent and previously of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T), half-owned through its Western Electric manufacturing subsidiary.
  Bell Laboratories operates its headquarters at Murray Hill, New Jersey, United States, and has research and development facilities throughout the world.
  The Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory, also variously known as the Volta Bureau, the Bell Carriage House, the Bell Laboratory and the Volta Laboratory, was created in Washington, D.C. by Alexander Graham Bell.
  In 1880, the French government awarded Bell the Volta Prize of 50,000 francs (approximately US$10,000 at that time, about $250,000 in current dollars) for the invention of the telephone, which he used to found the Volta Laboratory, along with Sumner Tainter and Bell's cousin Chichester Bell. His research laboratory focused on the analysis, recording and transmission of sound. Bell used his considerable profits from the laboratory for further research and education to permit the "[increased] diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf".
  
  wn.com/Bell_Labs
• 
  University of Utah
  The University of Utah (also referred to as The U, the U of U or Utah) is a public, coeducational research university in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States.
  As the state's flagship university, Utah offers more than 100 undergraduate majors and more than 90 graduate degree programs. Graduate studies include the S.J. Quinney College of Law and the School of Medicine, Utah's only medical school. As of 2011, there are 23,371 undergraduate students and 7,448 graduate students, for an enrollment total of 30,819; with 84% coming from Utah and 6% coming from foreign countries. Just over 10% of students live on campus.
  The university's athletic teams, the Utes, participate in NCAA Division I athletics (FBS for football) as a member of the Pacific-12 Conference. Its football team has received national attention in recent years for winning the 2005 Fiesta Bowl and the 2009 Sugar Bowl.
  The university was established in 1850 as the University of Deseret by the General Assembly of the provisional State of Deseret, making it Utah's oldest institution of higher education. It received its current name in 1892, four years before Utah attained statehood, and moved to its current location in 1900.
  
  wn.com/University_of_Utah
• 
  World Wide Web
  The World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3, commonly known as the Web, or the "Information Superhighway"), is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia, and navigate between them via hyperlinks.
  Using concepts from his earlier hypertext systems like ENQUIRE, British engineer and computer scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee, now Director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), wrote a proposal in March 1989 for what would eventually become the World Wide Web. At CERN, a European research organization near Geneva situated on Swiss and French soil, Berners-Lee and Belgian computer scientist Robert Cailliau proposed in 1990 to use hypertext "... to link and access information of various kinds as a web of nodes in which the user can browse at will", and they publicly introduced the project in December.
  In the May 1970 issue of Popular Science magazine Arthur C. Clarke was reported to have predicted that satellites would one day "bring the accumulated knowledge of the world to your fingertips" using a console that would combine the functionality of the Xerox, telephone, television and a small computer, allowing data transfer and video conferencing around the globe. Clarke also determined that geosyncronous orbit would be possible at the altitude of 22,000 miles, which is why that region is called the Clarke Belt.
  
  wn.com/World_Wide_Web

• 
  Alfred Vail
  Alfred Lewis Vail (September 25, 1807 – January 18, 1859) was a machinist and inventor. Vail was central, with Samuel F. B. Morse, in developing and commercializing the telegraph between 1837 and 1844. Vail and Morse were the first two telegraph operators on Morse's first experimental line between Washington, DC, and Baltimore, and Vail took charge of building and managing several early telegraph lines between 1845 and 1848. He was also responsible for several technical innovations of Morse's system, particularly the sending key and improved recording registers and relay magnets. Vail left the telegraph industry in 1848 because he believed that the managers of Morse's lines did not fully value his contributions. His last assignment, superintendent of the Washington and New Orleans Telegraph Company, paid him only $900 a year, leading Vail to write to Morse, "I have made up my mind to leave the Telegraph to take care of itself, since it cannot take care of me. I shall, in a few months, leave Washington for New Jersey, ... and bid adieu to the subject of the Telegraph for some more profitable business."
  
  wn.com/Alfred_Vail
• 
  Charles Wheatstone
  Sir Charles Wheatstone FRS (6 February 1802 – 19 October 1875), was an English scientist and inventor of many scientific breakthroughs of the Victorian era, including the English concertina, the stereoscope (a device for displaying three-dimensional images), and the Playfair cipher (an encryption technique). However, Wheatstone is best known for his contributions in the development of the Wheatstone bridge, originally invented by Samuel Hunter Christie, which is used to measure an unknown electrical resistance, and as a major figure in the development of telegraphy.
  Charles Wheatstone was born in Barnwood Gloucester Gloucester. His father was a music-seller in the town, who moved to 128 Pall Mall, London, four years later, becoming a teacher of the flute. Charles, the second son, went to a village school, near Gloucester, and afterwards to several institutions in London. One of them was in Kennington, and kept by a Mrs. Castlemaine, who was astonished at his rapid progress. From another he ran away, but was captured at Windsor, not far from the theatre of his practical telegraph. As a boy he was very shy and sensitive, liking well to retire into an attic, without any other company than his own thoughts.
  
  wn.com/Charles_Wheatstone
• 
  Claude Chappe
  Claude Chappe (December 25, 1763 – January 23, 1805) was a French inventor who in 1792 demonstrated a practical semaphore system that eventually spanned all of France. This was the first practical telecommunications system of the industrial age, making Chappe the first telecom mogul with his "mechanical internet."
  Chappe was born in Brûlon, Sarthe, France, the grandson of a French baron. He was raised for church service, but lost his sinecure during the French Revolution. He was educated at the Lycée Pierre Corneille in Rouen.
  He and his four unemployed brothers decided to develop a practical system of semaphore relay stations, a task proposed in antiquity, yet never realized.
  Claude's brother, Ignace Chappe (1760–1829) was a member of the Legislative Assembly during the French Revolution. With his help, the Assembly supported a proposal to build a relay line from Paris to Lille (fifteen stations, about 120 miles), to carry dispatches from the war.
  The Chappe brothers determined by experiment that the angles of a rod were easier to see than the presence or absence of panels. Their final design had two arms connected by a cross-arm. Each arm had seven positions, and the cross-arm had four more permitting a 196-combination code. The arms were from three to thirty feet long, black, and counterweighted, moved by only two handles. Lamps mounted on the arms proved unsatisfactory for night use. The relay towers were placed from 12 to 25 km (10 to 20 miles) apart. Each tower had a telescope pointing both up and down the relay line. Chappe first called his invention the "tachygraph", which means fast writer. A friend suggested a name meaning a far writer, telegraph.
  
  wn.com/Claude_Chappe
• Donald Davies
  Donald Watts Davies, CBE FRS (7 June 1924 – 28 May 2000) was a Welsh computer scientist who was one of the inventors of packet switching computer networking, and originator of the term.
  Davies was born in Treorchy in the Rhondda Valley, Wales. His father, a clerk at a coalmine, died a few months later, and his mother took Donald and his twin sister back to her home town of Portsmouth, where he went to school.
  He received a BSc degree in physics (1943) at Imperial College London, and then joined the war effort working as an assistant to Klaus Fuchs. on the nuclear weapons Tube Alloys project at Birmingham University. He then returned to Imperial taking a first class degree in mathematics (1947); he was also awarded the Lubbock memorial Prize as the outstanding mathematician of his year.
  In 1955, he married Diane Burton; they had a daughter and two sons.
  From 1947, he worked at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) where Alan Turing was designing the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) computer. It is said that Davies spotted mistakes in Turing's seminal 1936 paper On Computable Numbers, much to Turing's annoyance. These were perhaps some of the first "programming" errors in existence, even if they were for a theoretical computer, the universal Turing machine. The ACE project was overambitious and foundered, leading to Turing's departure. Davies took the project over and concentrated on delivering the less ambitious Pilot ACE computer, which first worked in May 1950. A commercial spin-off, DEUCE was manufactured by English Electric Computers and became one of the best-selling machines of the 1950s.
  
  wn.com/Donald_Davies
• 
  Elisha Gray
  Elisha Gray (August 2, 1835 – January 21, 1901) was an American electrical engineer who co-founded the Western Electric Manufacturing Company. Gray is best known for his development of a telephone prototype in 1876 in Highland Park, Illinois and is considered by some writers to be the true inventor of the variable resistance telephone, despite losing out to Alexander Graham Bell for the telephone patent.
  Gray is also considered to be the father of the modern music synthesizer, and was granted over 70 patents for his inventions.
  Born into a Quaker family in Barnesville, Ohio, Gray was brought up on a farm. He spent several years at Oberlin College where he experimented with electrical devices. Although Gray was not a graduate of Oberlin College, he taught electricity and science at Oberlin and built laboratory equipment for Oberlin science departments.
  In 1862 while at Oberlin, Gray met and married Delia Minerva Shepard.
  In 1865 Gray invented a self-adjusting telegraph relay that automatically adapted to varying insulation of the telegraph line.
  
  wn.com/Elisha_Gray
• George Stibitz
  George Robert Stibitz (April 30, 1904 – January 31, 1995) is internationally recognized as one of the fathers of the modern first digital computer. He was a Bell Labs researcher known for his work in the 1930s and 1940s on the realization of Boolean logic digital circuits using electromechanical relays as the switching element.
  Stibitz was born in York, Pennsylvania. He received his bachelor's degree from Denison University in Granville, Ohio, his master's degree from Union College in 1927, and his Ph.D. in mathematical physics in 1930 from Cornell University.
  In November 1937, George Stibitz, then working at Bell Labs, completed a relay-based calculator he dubbed the "Model K" (for "kitchen table", on which he had assembled it), which calculated using binary addition. Replicas of the "Model K" now reside in the Smithsonian Institution, the William Howard Doane Library at Denison University and the American Computer Museum in Bozeman, Montana where the George R. Stibitz Computer and Communications Pioneer Awards are granted. Bell Labs subsequently authorized a full research program in late 1938 with Stibitz at the helm. Their Complex Number Calculator, completed January 8, 1940, was able to do calculations on complex numbers. In a demonstration to the American Mathematical Society conference at Dartmouth College on September 9, 1940, Stibitz used a teletype to send commands to the Complex Number Calculator in New York over telephone lines. It was the first computing machine ever used remotely over a phone line. (See the commemorative plaque and the hall where this event took place in the photos below.)
  
  wn.com/George_Stibitz
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  Guglielmo Marconi
  Guglielmo Marconi (Italian pronunciation: [ɡuʎˈʎɛːlmo marˈkoːni]; 25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937) was an Italian inventor, known as the father of long distance radio transmission and for his development of Marconi's law and a radio telegraph system. Marconi is often credited as the inventor of radio, and indeed he shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy". Much of Marconi's work in radio transmission was built upon previous experimentation and the commercial exploitation of ideas by others such as Hertz, Maxwell, Faraday, Popov, Lodge, Fessenden, Stone, Bose, and Tesla. As an entrepreneur, businessman, and founder of the The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company in 1897, Marconi succeeded in making a commercial success of radio by innovating and building on the work of previous experimenters and physicists. In 1924, he was ennobled as Marchese Marconi.
  Marconi was born in Bologna on April 25, 1874, the second son of Giuseppe Marconi, an Italian landowner, and his Irish wife, Annie Jameson, daughter of Andrew Jameson of Daphne Castle in the County Wexford, Ireland and granddaughter of John Jameson, founder of whiskey distillers Jameson & Sons. Marconi was educated privately in Bologna in the lab of Augusto Righi, in Florence at the Istituto Cavallero and, later, in Livorno. As a child Marconi did not do well in school.Baptized as a Catholic, he was also a member of the Anglican Church, being married into it; however, he still received a Catholic annulment.
  
  wn.com/Guglielmo_Marconi
• 
  Johann Philipp Reis
  Johann Philipp Reis (January 7, 1834 – January 14, 1874) was a self-taught German scientist and inventor. In 1861, he constructed the first make-and-break telephone, today called the Reis telephone.
  Reis was born in Gelnhausen, Germany. Reis's mother died while he was an infant, and he was raised by his paternal grandmother, a well-read, intelligent woman. At the age of six Reis was sent to the common school of his home town of Gelnhausen. Here his talents attracted the notice of his instructors, who advised his father to extend his education at a higher college. His father died before Reis was ten years old. His grandmother and guardians placed him at Garnier's Institute, in Friedrichsdorf, where he showed a taste for languages, and acquired both French and English, as well as a stock of miscellaneous information from the library.
  At the end of his fourteenth year, Reis was accepted to a Hassel Institute, at Frankfurt am Main, where he learned Latin and Italian. A love of science became apparent, and his guardians were recommended to send him to the Polytechnic School of Karlsruhe. His uncle wished him to become a merchant, and on March 1, 1850, Reis was apprenticed as a paints dealer in the establishment of J. F. Beyerbach, of Frankfurt, against his will. He told his uncle that he would learn the business chosen for him, but would continue his preferred studies as he could.
  
  wn.com/Johann_Philipp_Reis
• 
  John Logie Baird
  John Logie Baird FRSE (13 August 1888 – 14 June 1946) was a Scottishengineer and inventor of the world's first practical, publicly demonstrated television system, and also the world's first fully electronic colour television tube. Although Baird's electromechanical system was eventually displaced by purely electronic systems (such as those of Vladimir Zworykin, Marconi-EMI and Philo Farnsworth), Baird's early successes demonstrating working television broadcasts and his colour and cinema television work earn him a prominent place in television's invention. In 2002, Logie Baird was ranked number 44 in the list of the "100 Greatest Britons" following a UK-wide vote. In 2006, Logie Baird was also named as one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history, having been listed in the National Library of Scotland's 'Scottish Science Hall of Fame'. The "Baird" brand name was first owned by Thorn-EMI and was sold off to a small Chinese manufacturer when Thorn-EMI was dissolved.
  Baird was born in [[Helensburgh], Argyll and Bute (then Dunbartonshire). He was educated at Larchfield Academy (now part of Lomond School) in Helensburgh; the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College (which later became the University of Strathclyde); and the University of Glasgow. His degree course was interrupted by World War I and he never returned to graduate.
  
  wn.com/John_Logie_Baird
• 
  Lee De Forest
  Lee de Forest (August 26, 1873 – June 30, 1961) was an American inventor with over 180 patents to his credit. De Forest invented the Audion, a vacuum tube that takes relatively weak electrical signals and amplifies them. De Forest is one of the fathers of the "electronic age", as the Audion helped to usher in the widespread use of electronics. He is also credited with one of the principal inventions that brought sound to motion pictures.
  He was involved in several patent lawsuits and he spent a substantial part of his income from his inventions on the legal bills. He had four marriages and 25 companies, he was defrauded by business partners (as well as defrauding business partners himself), and he was once indicted for mail fraud, but was later acquitted.
  He typically signed his name "Lee de Forest."
  He was a charter member of the Institute of Radio Engineers, one of the two predecessors of the IEEE (the other was the American Institute of Electrical Engineers).
  DeVry University was originally named DeForest Training School, after Lee De Forest, by its founder Dr. Herman A. DeVry, who was a friend and colleague of De Forest's.
  
  wn.com/Lee_De_Forest
• 
  Leonard Kleinrock
  Leonard Kleinrock (born June 13, 1934) is an American engineer and computer scientist. A computer science professor at UCLA's Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, he made several important contributions to the field of computer networking, in particular to the theoretical side of computer networking. He also played an important role in the development of the ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet, at UCLA.
  His most well-known and significant work is his early work on queueing theory, which has applications in many fields, among them as a key mathematical background to packet switching, the basic technology behind the Internet. His initial contribution to this field was his doctoral thesis at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1962, published in book form in 1964; he later published several of the standard works on the subject. He described this work as:
  "Basically, what I did for my PhD research in 1961–1962 was to establish a mathematical theory of packet networks..."
  
  wn.com/Leonard_Kleinrock
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  Nikola Tesla
  Nikola Tesla (Serbian Cyrillic: Никола Тесла; 10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943) was a Serbian-American inventor, physicist, mechanical engineer, electrical engineer, and futurist. He was an important contributor to the use of commercial electricity, and is best known for developing the modern alternating current (AC) electrical supply system. His many revolutionary developments in the field of electromagnetism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were based on the theories of electromagnetic technology discovered by Michael Faraday. Tesla's patents and theoretical work also formed the basis of wireless communication and the radio.
  Born in the village of Smiljan (now part of Gospić, present day Croatia), Tesla was a subject of the Austrian Empire by birth and later became an American citizen. Because of his 1894 demonstration of short range wireless communication through radio and as the eventual victor in the "War of Currents", he was widely respected as one of the greatest electrical engineers who worked in America. He pioneered modern electrical engineering and many of his discoveries were of groundbreaking importance. In the United States during this time, Tesla's fame rivaled that of any other inventor or scientist in history or popular culture. Tesla demonstrated wireless energy transfer to power electronic devices in 1891, and aspired to intercontinental wireless transmission of industrial power in his unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower project.
  
  wn.com/Nikola_Tesla
• Paul Baran
  Paul Baran (1926–2011) was a Polish American engineer who was a pioneer in the development of computer networks. He invented packet switching techniques, and went on to start several companies and develop other technologies that are an essential part of the Internet and other modern digital communication.
  Paul Baran was born in Grodno, Second Polish Republic (now part of Belarus) on April 29, 1926. He was the youngest of three children in a Jewish family, with the Yiddish given name "Pesach". His family moved to the United States on May 11, 1928, settling in Boston and later in Philadelphia, where his father, Morris "Moshe" Baran (1884–1979), opened a grocery store. He graduated from Drexel University in 1949 (then called Drexel Institute of Technology), with a degree in electrical engineering. He then joined the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company, where he did technical work on UNIVAC models, the first brand of commercial computers in the USA. In 1955 he married Evelyn Murphy, moved to Los Angeles, and worked for Hughes Aircraft on radar systems. He obtained his Masters degree in engineering from UCLA in 1959, with advisor Gerald Estrin while taking night classes. His thesis was on character recognition.
  
  wn.com/Paul_Baran
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  Philo Farnsworth
  Philo Taylor Farnsworth (August 19, 1906 – March 11, 1971) was an American inventor and television pioneer. Although he made many contributions that were crucial to the early development of all-electronic television, he is perhaps best known for inventing the first fully functional all-electronic image pickup device (video camera tube), the "image dissector", the first fully functional and complete all-electronic television system, and for being the first person to demonstrate such a system to the public. Farnsworth developed a television system complete with receiver and camera, which he produced commercially in the form of the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation, from 1938 to 1951.
  In later life, Farnsworth invented a small nuclear fusion device, the Farnsworth–Hirsch fusor, or simply "fusor", employing inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC). Although not a practical device for generating nuclear energy, the fusor serves as a viable source of neutrons. The design of this device has been the acknowledged inspiration for other fusion approaches including the Polywell reactor concept in terms of a general approach to fusion design. Farnsworth held 165 patents, mostly in radio and television.
  
  wn.com/Philo_Farnsworth
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  Reginald Fessenden
  Reginald Aubrey Fessenden (October 6, 1866 – July 22, 1932), a naturalized American citizen born in Quebec, Canada, was an inventor who performed pioneering experiments in radio, including early—and possibly the first—radio transmissions of voice and music. In his later career he received hundreds of patents for devices in fields such as high-powered transmitting, sonar, and television.
  Reginald Aubrey Fessenden was born October 6, 1866, in East-Bolton, Quebec, Canada, the eldest of the Reverend Joseph Elisha Fessenden and Clementina Trenholme Fessenden's four children. Joseph Fessenden was a priest of the Church of England in Canada, and through the years the family moved to a number of postings within the Province of Ontario. While growing up, Reginald was an accomplished student. In 1877, at the age of eleven, he attended Trinity College School in Port Hope, Ontario for two years. At the age of fourteen, Bishop's College School in Lennoxville, Quebec granted Fessenden a mathematics mastership. At this time, Bishop's College School was a feeder school of Bishop's University and shared the same campus and buildings. In June 1878, the school had an enrollment of only 43 boys. Thus, while Fessenden was only a teenager, he was teaching mathematics to the young children at the school while simultaneously studying with the older students at Bishop's University. Total enrollment at the university for the school year 1883-84 was twenty-five students. At the age of eighteen, Fessenden left Bishop's without having been awarded a degree, even though he had "done substantially all the work necessary." (This lack of a degree may have hurt Fessenden's employment opportunities; when McGill University established an electrical engineering department, Fessenden was turned down on an application to be the chairman, in favor of an American.)
  
  wn.com/Reginald_Fessenden
• 
  Robert Tappan Morris
  Robert Tappan Morris (born November 8, 1965) is an American computer scientist, best known for creating the Morris Worm in 1988, considered the first computer worm on the Internet - and subsequently becoming the first person convicted under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.
  He went on to co-found the online store Viaweb, one of the first web-based applications, and later the funding firm Y Combinator - both with Paul Graham. He is a tenured professor in the department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  His father was the late Robert Morris, a coauthor of UNIX and the former chief scientist at the National Computer Security Center, a division of the National Security Agency (NSA).
  Morris created the worm while he was a graduate student at Cornell University. The original intent, according to him, was to gauge the size of the Internet. He released the worm from MIT to conceal the fact that it actually originated from Cornell. The worm exploited several vulnerabilities to gain entry to targeted systems, including:
  
  wn.com/Robert_Tappan_Morris
• 
  Vint Cerf
  Vinton Gray "Vint" Cerf (/ˈsɜrf/; born June 23, 1943) is an American computer scientist, who is recognized as one of "the fathers of the Internet", sharing this title with American computer scientist Bob Kahn. His contributions have been acknowledged and lauded, repeatedly, with honorary degrees and awards that include the National Medal of Technology, the Turing Award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and membership in the National Academy of Engineering.
  In the early days, Cerf was a program manager for the United States Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) funding various groups to develop TCP/IP technology. When the Internet began to transition to a commercial opportunity during the late 1980s,^{[citation needed]} Cerf moved to MCI where he was instrumental in the development of the first commercial email system (MCI Mail) connected to the Internet.
  Vinton Cerf was instrumental in the funding and formation of ICANN from the start. Cerf waited in the wings for a year before he stepped forward to join the ICANN Board. Eventually he became the Chairman of ICANN. Cerf was elected as the president of the Association for Computing Machinery in May 2012.
  
  wn.com/Vint_Cerf
• William Stallings
  Dr. William Stallings is an American author. He has authored textbooks on computer science topics such as operating systems, computer networks, computer organization, and cryptography. He also maintains a website titled Computer Science Student Resource.
  Stallings received his doctorate in computer science from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is currently working as an independent consultant.
  He has received the award for the best Computer Science textbook of the year from the Text and Academic Authors Association three times.
  Some books are listed below:
  
  
  
  wn.com/William_Stallings

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