A fravashi (Avestan ''fravaši''; Middle Persian ''fraward'', ''frawahr'', ''frohar'', ''frawash'', ''frawaksh'') is the guardian spirit mentioned in the Avesta of an individual, who sends out the ''urvan'' (often translated as 'soul') into the material world to fight the battle of good versus evil. On the morning of the fourth day after death, the ''urvan'' returns to its ''fravashi'', where its experiences in the material world are collected.

Etymology

In general, ''fravashi'' is believed to have at its root ''var-'' "to choose." From reconstructed ''*fravarti'' (/rt/ clusters in Avestan usually appear as /š/), ''fravashi'' could then be interpreted to mean "one who has been selected (for exaltation)." Also following ''var-'' "to choose" is the interpretation as "to choose/profess a faith," as also attested in the word ''fravarane'', the name of the Zoroastrian credo.

Other interpretations take other meanings of ''var-'' into consideration: Either as ''var-'' "to cover" that in a bahuvrihi with ''fra-'' "to ward" provides "protective valor," or a derivation from ''var-'' "to make/be pregnant" which gives "promoter of birth, birth-spirit." One interpretation considers a derivation from ''vart-'' "turn" hence "turning away, departing, death."

In scripture

The concept of the ''fravashi''s, unlike that of many of the other ''yazata''s, does not appear to have an equivalent in other Indo-Iranian religions. Although there are parallels with the Indian ''pitaras'' and Greek Prythani, the historical development of the concept is unclear, and there are several conflicting theories as to when and why ''fravashi''s received the role they play in the texts of the Avesta. Boyce speculates that perhaps the ''fravashi''s are the remnants of the hero-cult of the "Iranian Heroic Age" (''c.'' 1500 BCE onwards), when ancestor-worship was widespread.

Early Zoroastrian texts such as ''Yasht'' 17 make a clear departure from ancestor worship, but the ''fravashi''s may have been re-integrated later in an effort to make the religion more widely acceptable. The military prowess of the ''fravashi''s is celebrated throughout the ''Yasht''s, and in two sections they are clearly identified with the ''urvan''. According to Boyce, both are more consistent with the beliefs of the Iranian Heroic Age than with the philosophy expressed in the ''Gathas'', the most important part of the Avesta and thought to have been composed by Zoroaster himself.

The ''fravashi''s are not mentioned at all in the ''Gathas''. The earliest mention of them is in the ''Haptan Yasht'', where they are mentioned several times. In chapter 57 of the ''Yasna'', the ''fravashi''s are responsible for the course of the sun, moon, and stars (and will do so until the renovation of this world), and in nurturing waters and plants, and protecting the unborn in the womb. They would annually strive to ensure that "family, settlement, tribe, and country" had rain.

The principal source of information on the ''fravashi''s is ''Yasht'' 13 (''Farvardin'' ''Yasht''), the hymn that is addressed to them and in which they appear as beings who inhabit the stratosphere, and aid and protect those who worship them. In this hymn, the ''farvashi''s are described as a vast host of "many hundreds, many thousands, many tens of thousands" aiding Ahura Mazda in the creation of the universe.

In tradition

Although there is no physical description of a ''fravashi'' in the Avesta, the ''faravahar'', one of the best known symbols of Zoroastrianism, is commonly believed to be the depiction of one. The attribution of the name (which derives from the Middle Iranian word for ''fravashi'') to the symbol is probably a later development. In Avestan language grammar, the ''fravashi'' are unmistakably female, while the ''faravahar'' symbol is unmistakably male.

In the hierarchy of the ''yazata''s, the ''fravashi''s are the assistants of the Amesha Spenta ''Haurvatat'' (MP: ''Khordad'') of "Wholeness", whose special domain are "the Waters" (Avestan ''Apo'', MP: ''Aban'').

In the day-name dedications of the Zoroastrian calendar, the ''fravashi''s preside over the 19th day of the month and the 1st month of the year, and both are named ''Farvadin'' after these ''yazata''s. The Iranian civil calendar of 1925 follows Zoroastrian month-naming conventions and hence also has ''Farvadin'' as the name of the first month of the year.

References

Category:Yazatas

bg:Фраваши de:Fravashi fa:فروهر fr:Fravashi ja:フラワシ nn:fravasji pl:Frawaszi sv:Fravashi

Coordinates	37°46′45.48″N122°25′9.12″N
Birth date	January 01, 1984
Birth place	Nasik, Maharashtra, India
Birth name	Sayali Bhagat
Occupation	Actress, model
Yearsactive	2007–present }}

Sayali Bhagat ( ; born 1 January 1984) is an Indian actress and former Miss India.

Early life

Bhagat was born in Nashik, Maharashtra (Nashik Road) in a traditional family. She studied at Fravashi Academy, Nasik, and completed her graduation in BMS (Bachelor of Management Studies) from Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute of Finance and Management Studies. The college is located inside Mumbai University campus, Kalina, Santacruz.

Career

Like the other beauty contest winners, she too entered the modeling industry, followed by Bollywood. Her initial modeling assignments were for Dentzz, SNDT College show and Swarovski gems fashion show. ''The Train: Some Lines Should Never Be Crossed'' was her first Hindi film, co-starring Emraan Hashmi and Geeta Basra. The movie was released on 8 July 2007.

She also appeared as a journalist from Singapore, who pretends to interview Indian cricketer Rahul Dravid on the show MTV Bakra. In 2009, she was seen in the Hindi movie named, ''Paying Guests'', opposite Javed Jaffrey. She also appeared in a music video for the popular Punjabi song "Aish Karo" by A.S. Kang.

Filmography

Anjali Dixit ''Good Luck (2008 film) Sayali Bhagat Archana ''Newtonin Moondram Vidhi'' Seema ''Inkosaari'' Sangeeta Kadam ''Impatient Vivek''

Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
2007	The Train (2007 film)>The Train''	|	Hindi language>Hindi
rowspan="3"	2008	Good Luck'' ||	Saba Sharma	Hindi
''Halla Bol''	|	Hindi	Special appearance
''Bledu Babji''	|	Telugu language>Telugu
rowspan="4"	2009	|	Priya	Tamil language>Tamil
''Kirkit''	|	Hindi
''Paying Guests''	|	Hindi
''Jail (film)	Jail''	|	Hindi	Special appearance
rowspan="4"	2010	|		Telugu	Special appearance
''Shout (2010 film)	Shout''	|	Hindi	Filming
''The Saint Who Thought Otherwise''	|	Hindi	Filming
''Main Rony Aur Rony''	|	Hindi	Filming
rowspan="2"	2011	|	Shruti	Hindi
''Naughty @ 40''	|	Hindi	Special Appearance

References

External links

Category:Femina Miss India winners Category:Indian female models Category:Indian actors Category:Indian film actors Category:Tamil film actors Category:1984 births Category:Living people Category:People from Maharashtra

it:Sayali Bhagat mr:सायली भगत

Coordinates	37°46′45.48″N122°25′9.12″N
name	Brandon Lee
tradchinesename	李國豪
simpchinesename	李国豪
pinyinchinesename	Lǐ Guóháo
jyutpingchinesename	Lei5 Gwok3 Hou4
birth name	Brandon Bruce Lee
ancestry	Shunde, Guangdong, China
birth date	February 01, 1965
birth place	Oakland, California
death date	March 31, 1993
death place	Wilmington, North Carolina
restingplace	Seattle, Washington
restingplacecoordinates	Lakeview Cemetery
yearsactive	1985–1993
parents	Bruce Lee (1940-1973)Linda Lee Cadwell (1945)
partner	Eliza Hutton (1990–1993) }}

Brandon Bruce Lee (February 1, 1965 – March 31, 1993) was an American actor and martial artist. He was the son of martial arts film star Bruce Lee. After a promising start in action movies and the signing of a multi-film contract with 20th Century Fox, Lee was accidentally shot and killed in North Carolina at the age of 28 while filming ''The Crow''.

Early life

Brandon Lee was born in Oakland, California, the son of martial artist and actor Bruce Lee and Linda Emery. A week after his birth, his grandfather Lee Hoi-Chuen died. The family moved to Los Angeles, California when he was three months old. When offers for film roles became limited for his father, he and his family moved back to Hong Kong in 1965. His heritage on his mother's side is English and Swedish and his father is Chinese and German.

When Brandon was eight, his father died suddenly from cerebral edema. After his father's death, his family (including his younger sister, Shannon Lee, b. 1969) moved back to the United States. They lived briefly in his mother's hometown of Seattle, Washington, and then in Los Angeles, where Lee grew up in the affluent area of Rolling Hills.

He attended high school at Chadwick School, but was asked to leave for insubordination—more specifically, driving down the school's hill backwards, only three months before graduating. It is not known when exactly, but he did briefly attend Bishop Montgomery High School, located in Torrance. He received his GED in 1983 at the age of 18, and then went to Emerson College in Boston, Massachusetts where he majored in theater. After one year, Lee moved to New York City where he took acting lessons at the famed Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute and was part of the American New Theatre group founded by his friend John Lee Hancock. The bulk of Lee's martial arts instruction came from his father's top students, and best friends Dan Inosanto and Richard Bustillo.

Career

Lee returned to Los Angeles in 1985, where he worked for Ruddy Morgan Productions as a script reader. He was asked to audition for a role by casting director Lyn Stalmaster and got his first acting role in ''Kung Fu: The Movie'', a feature-length television movie which was a follow-up to the 1970s television series ''Kung Fu''. The film aired on ABC on February 1, 1986 which was also Lee's 21 birthday. In ''Kung Fu: The Movie'', Lee played Chung Wang, the suspected son of Kwai Chang Caine (David Carradine). Lee's real life father was originally considered to play the leading role in the ''Kung Fu'' TV series.

Lee got his first major film role later that year in the Hong Kong action thriller ''Legacy of Rage'' in which he starred alongside Michael Wong. This film also featured a cameo appearance by Bolo Yeung who appeared in his father's film, ''Enter the Dragon.'' The film was made in Cantonese, and directed by Ronny Yu. It was the only film Lee made in Hong Kong. He was also nominated for a Hong Kong Film Award in this role.

In 1987, Lee starred in the unsold television pilot ''Kung Fu: The Next Generation'' which aired on the ''CBS Summer Playhouse'' and was another follow-up to the ''Kung Fu'' TV series. In this film the story moved to the present day, and centered on the story of Johnny Caine (Lee), the great-grandson of Kwai Chang Caine (David Darlow).

In 1988, Lee made a guest appearance alongside Pat Morita in an episode of the short-lived American television series ''Ohara'' playing a villainous character named Kenji. In the summer of 1988, Lee also started filming his first English-language B-grade action film, ''Laser Mission''; it was filmed cheaply in South Africa, and was eventually released on the European market in 1990.

In 1991, he starred opposite Dolph Lundgren in the buddy cop action film ''Showdown in Little Tokyo''. This was marked as his first studio film and American film debut. Lee signed a multi-picture deal with 20th Century Fox in 1991. He had his first starring role in the action thriller ''Rapid Fire'' in 1992, and was scheduled to do two more films for them. In August of that year, Bruce Lee biographer John Little asked Brandon Lee what his philosophy in life was, and he replied, "Eat—or die!" Brandon later spoke of the martial arts and self-knowledge:

In 1992, Lee landed the lead role of Eric Draven, in the movie adaptation of ''The Crow'', a popular underground comic book. About his character, an undead rock musician avenging his murder and that of his fiancée, Lee said, "He has something he has to do and he is forced to put aside his own pain long enough to go do it". It was Lee's last film. Filming began on February 1, 1993, which was his 28th birthday.

Personal life

In 1990, Lee met Eliza "Lisa" Hutton at director Renny Harlin's office, located at the headquarters of 20th Century Fox. Hutton was working as a personal assistant to Harlin, and later became a story editor for Stillwater Productions, in 1991. Lee and Hutton moved in together in early 1991 and became engaged in October 1992.

They were due to be married in Ensenada, Mexico on April 17, 1993, a week after Lee was to complete filming on ''The Crow'', just 17 days after he died. At the time of Lee's death, Hutton was working as a casting assistant and was on set of ''The Crow'' so much that she was later credited with being Lee's on-set assistant. After his death, Hutton petitioned to have gun safety regulations tightened on film sets. ''The Crow'' is dedicated to the couple.

Death

On March 31, 1993, while making ''The Crow'', the crew filmed a scene in which his character walks into his apartment and discovers his fiancée being beaten and raped by thugs. Actor Michael Massee, who played one of the film's villains, was supposed to fire a revolver at Lee as he walked onto the scene.

Because the movie's second unit was running behind schedule, they decided to make dummy cartridges (cartridges that outwardly appear to be functional but contain no propellant or primers) from real cartridges by pulling out the bullets, dumping out the propellant and reinserting the bullets. However, the team neglected to remove the primers, which, if fired, could still produce just enough force to push the bullet out of the cartridge and into the barrel (a squib load). At some point prior to the fatal scene, the live primer in one of the improperly constructed dummy rounds was discharged by an unknown person while in the pistol, leaving the bullet stuck in the barrel.

This malfunction went unnoticed by the crew, and the same gun was later reloaded with blank cartridges and used in the scene in which Lee was shot. When the first blank cartridge was fired, the stuck bullet was propelled out of the barrel and struck Lee in the abdomen, lodging in his spine. He fell down instantly, and director Alex Proyas shouted "Cut!". When Lee did not get up, the cast and crew rushed to him and found that he was wounded. He was immediately rushed to the New Hanover Regional Medical Center in Wilmington by ambulance, but following a six-hour operation to remove the bullet, Lee was pronounced dead at 1:04 pm on March 31, 1993. He was 28 years old.

Lee's body was flown to Jacksonville, North Carolina, where an autopsy was performed. He was then flown to Seattle, Washington, where he was buried next to his father at Lakeview Cemetery, Seattle in a plot that Linda Lee Cadwell had originally reserved for herself.

The private funeral took place in Seattle, Washington, on April 3, 1993. Only close family and friends were permitted to attend, including Lee's immediate family as well as fiancée Eliza Hutton's parents and younger sister, who flew in from Missouri. The following day, 250 of Lee's family, friends and business associates attended a memorial service in Los Angeles, held at the house of actress Polly Bergen.

The gravestone, designed by North Snohomish County sculptor Kirk McLean, is a tribute to Lee and Hutton. Its two twisting rectangles of charcoal granite join at the bottom and pull apart at the top. "It represents Eliza and Brandon, the two of them, and how the tragedy of his death separated their mortal life together", said his mother, Linda Lee Cadwell, who described her son, like his father before him, as a poetic, romantic person. The shooting was ruled an accident.

Legacy

After Lee's death, his fiancée Eliza Hutton and his mother supported director Alex Proyas' decision to complete ''The Crow''. At the time of Lee's death, only eight days were left before completion of the movie. A majority of the film had already been completed with Lee and only a few scenes remained to be done.

To complete the film, stunt double Chad Stahelski, who was a friend of Lee's at Inosanto Academy, served as a stand-in; special effects were used to give him Lee's face. Another stunt double named Jeff Cadiente was also used to complete the movie. ''The Crow'' was released in May 1994 and became a box office hit, grossing over $50 million dollars in the U.S., and retaining a loyal cult following many years after its release. The film is dedicated to Lee and Hutton.

In an interview just prior to his death, Lee quoted a passage from Paul Bowles' book ''The Sheltering Sky'' that he had chosen for his wedding invitations; it is now inscribed on his tombstone:

The quotation is not attributed to Bowles on his tombstone. The interview can be seen on VHS, DVD and Blu-ray releases of ''The Crow''.

At the time of his death, his father's biopic ''Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story'' was ready for release. The film was released two months after Lee's death, with a dedication to his memory in the end credits. In the film, his father was portrayed by actor Jason Scott Lee (no relation).

Seven years after Lee's death, a direct-to-video Swedish film titled ''Sex, Lögner & Videovåld'' (Sex, Lies & Video Violence) was released in which Lee had a very brief cameo appearance. Lee had filmed his cameo appearance in 1992 at the time he was promoting ''Rapid Fire'' in Sweden, but the film was delayed for seven years before finally being released in 2000. It, too, was dedicated to Lee during the end credits.

In 2003, Lee's fiancee Hutton married and now resides in Los Angeles, after years of working with a nonprofit organization for abused and neglected children.

Filmography

Film
! Year	! Film	! Role	! Notes
1985	''Crime Killer''	Gangster	Uncredited
1986	''Legacy of Rage''	Brandon Ma	Alternative title: ''Long Zai jiang hu''
1990	''Laser Mission''	Michael Gold	Alternative title: ''Soldier of Fortune''
1991	''Showdown in Little Tokyo''	Johnny Murata
1992		Jake Lo
1992	''Sex, Lies and Video Violence''	Cameo	Not released until 2000.
1994		Eric Draven	Killed during filming.
Television
! Year	! Title	! Role	! Notes
1986	''Kung Fu: The Movie''	Chung Wang	Television movie
1987	''Kung Fu: The Next Generation''	Johnny Caine	Television Pilot. Aired on CBS Summer Playhouse
1988		Kenji

References

Further reading

Baiss, Bridget. ''The Crow: The Story Behind The Film''. London: Making of The Crow Inc, 2000. ISBN 1-8700-4854-7.

Dyson, Cindy. ''They Died Too Young: Brandon Lee''. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2001. ISBN 0-7910-5858-1.

Pilato, Herbie J. ''The Kung Fu Book of Caine: The Complete Guide to TV's First Mystical Eastern Western''. Boston: Charles A. Tuttle, 1993. ISBN 0-8048-1826-6.

Brandon Lee on the Tonight Show

External links

Brandon Lee Movement tribute site

Category:1965 births Category:1993 deaths Category:Accidental deaths in North Carolina Category:Actors from California Category:Actors who died on location Category:American actors of Hong Kong descent Category:American people of Swedish descent Category:American people of German descent Category:American people of English descent Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:Bruce Lee Category:Cantonese people Category:Deaths by firearm in North Carolina Category:Filmed accidental deaths Category:Filmed deaths of entertainers Category:Firearm accident victims Category:Hong Kong film actors Category:Emerson College alumni Category:Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute alumni

bg:Брендън Лий ca:Brandon Lee cs:Brandon Lee de:Brandon Lee es:Brandon Lee fr:Brandon Lee ko:브랜던 리 id:Brandon Lee it:Brandon Lee he:ברנדון לי hu:Brandon Lee mn:Брэндон Ли nl:Brandon Lee ja:ブランドン・リー no:Brandon Lee pl:Brandon Lee pt:Brandon Lee ru:Ли, Брэндон simple:Brandon Lee sr:Брендон Ли fi:Brandon Lee sv:Brandon Lee th:แบรนดอน ลี tr:Brandon Lee vi:Lý Quốc Hào zh-yue:李國豪 zh:李國豪 (演員)