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- author: dasede
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Argentina
Argentina
i/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
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Bank of America
Coordinates: 35°13′36.41″N 80°50′33.57″E / 35.2267806°N 80.8426583°E / 35.2267806; 80.8426583
Bank of America Corporation is an American multinational banking and financial services corporation headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina. It is the second-largest bank holding company in the United States by assets. Bank of America serves clients in more than 150 countries and has a relationship with 99% of the U.S. Fortune 500 companies and 83% of the Fortune Global 500. The company is a member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and a component of both the S&P 500 Index and the Dow Jones Industrial Average.
As of 2010, Bank of America is the fifth-largest company in the United States by total revenue, as well as the third-largest non-oil company in the U.S. (after Walmart and General Electric). In 2010, Forbes listed Bank of America as the 3rd biggest company in the world.
The bank's 2008 acquisition of Merrill Lynch made Bank of America the world's largest wealth management corporation and a major player in the investment banking market.
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California
California (pronouncedi/kælɨˈfɔrnjə/) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third most extensive (after Alaska and Texas). It is home to the nation's second- and sixth-largest census statistical areas (Los Angeles Metropolitan Area and San Francisco Bay Area), and eight of the nation's fifty most populated cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach and Oakland). The capital city is Sacramento.
California's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west, to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east – from the Redwood–Douglas-fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state is dominated by Central Valley, a major agricultural area. California contains both the highest and lowest points in the contiguous United States (Mount Whitney and Death Valley), and has the third-longest coastline of all states (after Alaska and Florida). Earthquakes are a common occurrence due to the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire: about 37,000 are recorded annually.
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Chicago
Chicago (
i/ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ or /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/) is the largest city in the US state of Illinois and the third most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles. The city has around 2.7 million residents. Its metropolitan area, sometimes called "Chicagoland", is the third largest in the United States, with an estimated 9.8 million people. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County, though a small portion also extends into DuPage County.
Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. Today, Chicago is listed as an alpha+ global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and ranks seventh in the world on the 2012 Global Cities Index. The city retains its status as an international hub for finance, industry, telecommunications and infrastructure, with O'Hare International Airport being the second busiest airport in the world in terms of traffic movements. In 2008[update], the city hosted 45.6 million domestic and overseas visitors. Among metropolitan areas, Chicago has the 4th largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the world, ranking just behind Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles. Chicago is one of the most important Worldwide Centers of Commerce and trade.
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County Kilkenny
County Kilkenny (Irish: Contae Chill Chainnigh) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the South-East Region and is also located in the province of Leinster. It is named after the city of Kilkenny. The territory of the county was the core part of the ancient Irish Kingdom of Osraige which in turn was the core of the Diocese of Ossory. Kilkenny County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 95,360.
Kilkenny is the 16th largest of Ireland’s 32 counties in area and the 21st largest in terms of population. It is the third largest of Leinster’s 12 counties in size and seventh largest in terms of population.
The county was also divided into subdivisions called baronies. Baronies are divided into townlands. There were 9 baronies and about 800 townlands in Kilkenny in 1802. Each barony was made up of a number of parishes or parts of parishes. Both civil parishes and baronies are now largely obsolete (except for some purposes such as legal transactions involving land) and are no longer used for local government purposes.
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Disneyland Paris
Disneyland Paris is a holiday and recreation resort in Marne-la-Vallée, a new town in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. The complex is located 32 km (20 mi) from the centre of Paris and lies for the most part within the commune of Chessy, Seine-et-Marne.
Disneyland Paris is composed of two theme parks, a retail, dining and entertainment district, and seven Disney-owned hotels. Operating since 12 April 1992, it was the second Disney resort to open outside the United States (following Tokyo Disney Resort) and the first to be owned and operated by Disney.
Disneyland Paris is operated by French company Euro Disney S.C.A., a public company of which 39.78 percent of its stock is held by The Walt Disney Company, 10 percent by the Saudi Prince Alwaleed and 50.22 percent by other shareholders. The senior leader at the resort is chairman and CEO Philippe Gas.
The complex was a subject of controversy during the periods of negotiation and construction in the late 1980s and early '90s, when a number of prominent French figures voiced their opposition and protests were held by French labour unions and others. A further setback followed the opening of the resort as park attendance, hotel occupancy and revenues fell below projections. The complex was renamed from Euro Disney Resort to Disneyland Paris in 1994. In July 1995, the company saw its first quarterly profit.
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Disneyland Resort
The Disneyland Resort is a recreational resort in Anaheim, California. The resort is owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks and Resorts division and is home to two theme parks, three hotels and a shopping, dining, and entertainment area known as Downtown Disney.
The area now known as the Disneyland Resort was developed by Walt Disney in the 1950s and for over 40 years was known simply as Disneyland. When it opened to guests in 1955, the property consisted of Disneyland, its 100-acre (0.40 km2) parking lot, and a hotel known as the Disneyland Hotel, owned and operated by Disney's business partner Jack Wrather.
After succeeding with the multi-park, multi-hotel business model at Walt Disney World in Florida, Disney decided to apply the same business model in Anaheim and acquired large parcels of land adjacent to Disneyland. This included purchasing the Disneyland Hotel from the Wrather company as well as the Pan Pacific Hotel from its Japanese owners; Disney re-branded the latter as the Disneyland Pacific Hotel. After its first publicly known proposal for a second theme park in Anaheim was scrapped, construction began in 1998 on a theme park called Disney's California Adventure Park, later renamed Disney California Adventure Park; a hotel called Disney's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa; a renovation, renaming, and re-theming of the Disneyland Pacific Hotel as the Disney's Paradise Pier Hotel; and an admission-free shopping and dining area called Downtown Disney. During the expansion, the name Disneyland Resort was coined to refer to the entire Disney complex, while Disneyland Park was coined to refer to the original theme park.
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Florida
Florida (i/ˈflɒrɪdə/) is a state in the southeastern United States, bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 4th most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state capital is Tallahassee, its largest city is Jacksonville, and the South Florida metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan area in the southeastern U.S.
Much of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Its geography is marked by a coastline, by the omnipresence of water and the threat of hurricanes. Florida has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, encompassing approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), and is the only state to border both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and its terrain is characterized by sedimentary soils. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. Its symbolic animals like the American alligator, Florida panther and the manatee, can be found in the Everglades, one of the most famous national parks in the world.
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Golden Oak Ranch
The Walt Disney Company’s Golden Oak Ranch is a movie ranch that serves as an interior and exterior filming location. The ranch is off of Placerita Canyon Road in Canyon Country, California, less than an hour north of Los Angeles; its entrance is about 2 miles (3.2 km) from Placerita Canyon Road's intersection with State Route 14.
The ranch is on land that was part of the Rancho San Francisco land grant. It was named in honor of Francisco Lopez, the man credited with discovering gold in California, years before the discovery that precipitated the California Gold Rush.
Walt Disney bought the 315-acre (1.27 km2) ranch in 1959 for $300,000. Subsequent purchases of adjacent land grew the area of the ranch to 827 acres (3.35 km2).
In October 2009 Disney announced plan to construct a 12 stage production facility on 56 acres (230,000 m2) at the ranch. Expected to generate more than 3000 jobs during construction and more than 2800 permanent full and part time jobs, the facility is projected to contribute $533 million annually in economic activity. Construction is slated to begin in 2013.
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Gowran
Gowran (Irish: Gabhrán) is a village and former town in County Kilkenny, Ireland. Gowran Park race course is located nearby. Gowran is located on the N9 national primary road where it is crossed by the R702 regional road.
Gowran was a place of importance prior to the Norman invasion and a royal residence of the Kings of Ossory, sometimes recorded as the Kings of Gowran. King Robert the Bruce with his army of Scots and Ulstermen took the town in 1316. James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormonde built Gowran Castle in 1385 close to the site of the present castle and town walls were erected circa 1415. King James I made Gowran a parliamentary borough in 1608.
The town, under the command of Colonel Robert Hammond, surrendered to Oliver Cromwell on 21 March 1650 following a siege. Colonel Hammond was a cousin of Cromwell's. The soldiers of the garrison accepted Cromwell's offer of quarter for their lives and handed their officers over to the Parliamentarians. Cromwell ordered the execution by firing squad of all but one of the officers; a priest captured in the castle was hanged.
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Hong Kong Disneyland
Hong Kong Disneyland (Chinese: 香港迪士尼樂園) is located on reclaimed land in Penny's Bay, Lantau Island. It is the first theme park located inside the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort and is owned and managed by the Hong Kong International Theme Parks. The park opened to visitors on 12 September 2005. Disney attempted to avoid problems of cultural backlash by attempting to incorporate Chinese culture, customs, and traditions when designing and building the resort, including adherence to the rules of Feng Shui. For instance, a bend was put in a walkway near the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort entrance so good "qi" (chi) energy wouldn't flow into the South China Sea.
The park consists of five themed areas: Main Street, U.S.A., Fantasyland, Adventureland, Tomorrowland and Toy Story Land. The theme park's cast members speak in Cantonese, English, and Mandarin. Guide maps are printed in traditional and simplified Chinese as well as English, French, and Japanese.
The park has a daily capacity of 34,000 visitors — the least of all Disneyland parks. It has so far fallen short of its targeted visitorship figures. The park attracted 5.2 million visitors in its first year, below its target of 5.6 million. Visitor numbers fell 20% in the second year to 4 million, inciting criticisms from local legislators. However, the park attendance slightly increased by 8% in the third year, attracting a total of 4.5 million visitors in 2007. In 2009, the park attendance again increased by 2% to 4.8 million visitors. The attendance continued to surge and received 5.23 million guests in the 2009/2010 fiscal year. Since the opening of Hong Kong Disneyland, the theme park has hosted over 25 million guests. According to AECOM and TEA, Hong Kong Disneyland is the 15th most visited theme park in the world in 2010, with 5.2 million visitors.
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Illinois
Illinois (i/ˌɪlɨˈnɔɪ/ IL-i-NOY) is the 25th most extensive and the 5th most populous of the 50 United States, and is often noted as a microcosm of the entire country. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois, and natural resources like coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a broad economic base. Illinois is a major transportation hub. The Port of Chicago connects the state to other global ports from the Great Lakes, via the Saint Lawrence Seaway, to the Atlantic Ocean; as well as the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River, via the Illinois River. For decades, O'Hare International Airport has ranked as one of the world's busiest airports. Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics.
Although the state's largest population centers today are in northern Illinois, originally the state's population grew from south to north, with settlers arriving from Kentucky in the 1810s. In 1818, Illinois achieved statehood. Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River, one of the few natural harbors on southern Lake Michigan. Railroads and John Deere's invention of the self-scouring steel plow turned Illinois' rich prairie into some of the world's most productive and valuable farmlands, attracting immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden. By 1900, the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars. The Great Migration established a large community of African Americans in Chicago that created the city's famous jazz and blues cultures.
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La Plata
La Plata (English: The Silver) is the capital city of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and of La Plata partido. According to the 2001 census [INDEC], the partido has a population of 574,369 and its metropolitan area has 694,253 inhabitants. The city itself has a population of 186,524.
La Plata was planned and developed to serve as the provincial capital after the city of Buenos Aires was federalized in 1880, and it was officially founded by Governor Dardo Rocha on 19 November 1882. Its construction is fully documented in photographs by Tomás Bradley Sutton. La Plata was renamed Eva Perón City (Ciudad Eva Perón) between 1952 and 1955.
The city is home to two football (soccer) teams that play in the first division: Estudiantes de La Plata and Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata.
Rocha decided to erect a new city to host the provincial government institutions and the planned university. Urban planner Pedro Benoit designed a city layout based on a rationalist conception of urban centers. The city has the shape of a square with a central park and two main diagonal avenues, north-south and east-west. (In addition, there are numerous other shorter diagonals.) This design is copied in a self-similar manner in small blocks of six by six blocks in length. Every six blocks, one finds a small park or square. Other than the diagonals, all streets are on a rectangular grid, and are numbered consecutively. Thus, La Plata is nicknamed "la ciudad de las diagonales" ("city of diagonals"). It is also called "la ciudad de los tilos" ("city of tilia (linden trees)") because of the large number of linden trees lining many streets and squares.
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Lincolnshire
Coordinates: 53°4′N 0°11′W / 53.067°N 0.183°W / 53.067; -0.183
Lincolnshire (
/ˈlɪŋkənʃə/ or /ˈlɪŋkənʃɪə/; abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the east of England. It borders Norfolk to the south east, Cambridgeshire to the south, Rutland to the south west, Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire to the west, South Yorkshire to the northwest, and the East Riding of Yorkshire to the north. It also borders Northamptonshire in the south for just 20 yards (18 m), England's shortest county boundary. The county town is Lincoln, where the county council has its headquarters.
The ceremonial county of Lincolnshire is composed of the non-metropolitan county of Lincolnshire and the area covered by the unitary authorities of North Lincolnshire and North-East Lincolnshire. Therefore, part of the ceremonial county is in the Yorkshire and the Humber region, and part is in the East Midlands region. The county is the second largest of the English counties and one that is predominantly agricultural in land use. The county can be broken down into a number of geographical sub-regions including: the Lincolnshire Fens (south Lincolnshire), the Carrs (similar to the Fens but in north Lincolnshire), the Lincolnshire Wolds, and the industrial Humber Estuary and North Sea coast around Grimsby and Scunthorpe.
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Los Angeles
Los Angeles (i/lɒs ˈændʒələs/ loss-AN-jə-ləs; Spanish: [los ˈaŋxeles], which is written Los Ángeles; British pronounciation /lɒs ˈændʒəliːz/ loss-AN-jə-leez) with a population at the 2010 United States Census of 3,792,621, is the most populous city in the state of California, and the second most populous in the United States, after New York City. It has an area of 468.67 square miles (1,213.8 km2), and is located in Southern California. Often known by its initials L.A., the city is the focal point of the larger Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana metropolitan statistical area and Greater Los Angeles Area region, which contain 12,828,837 and nearly 18 million people respectively as of 2010, making it one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world and the second largest in the United States. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the United States, while the entire Los Angeles area itself has been recognized as the most diverse of the nation's largest cities. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos".
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Magic Kingdom
Magic Kingdom is one of four theme parks at the Walt Disney World Resort located near Orlando, Florida. The first park built at the resort, Magic Kingdom opened Oct. 1, 1971. Designed and built by WED Enterprises, the park's layout and attractions are similar to Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California. In 2011, the park hosted approximately 17 million visitors, making it the most visited theme park in the world.
Although Walt Disney himself had been highly involved in planning The Florida Project, The Walt Disney Company began construction on Magic Kingdom and the entire resort in 1967 after his death. The park was built similarly to the existing Disneyland in California but was built in a larger area and improved upon the design of Disneyland in several ways.
There are several anecdotes relating to reasons for some of the features of Walt Disney World, and Magic Kingdom specifically. According to one story, Walt Disney once saw a Frontierland cowboy walking through Tomorrowland at Disneyland. He disliked that the cowboy intruded on the futuristic setting of Tomorrowland and wanted to avoid situations like this in the new park. Therefore, Magic Kingdom was built over a series of tunnels called utilidors, a portmanteau of utility and corridor. These tunnels allow employees (aka cast members) to move through the park out of sight from guests, maintaining the show's cast.
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NASA
Coordinates: 38°52′59″N 77°0′59″W / 38.88306°N 77.01639°W / 38.88306; -77.01639
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the agency of the United States government that is responsible for the nation's civilian space program and for aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's mission statement has been to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research." On September 14, 2011, NASA announced that it had selected the design of a new Space Launch System that it said would take the agency's astronauts farther into space than ever before and provide the cornerstone for future human space exploration efforts by the U.S.
NASA was established by the National Aeronautics and Space Act on July 29, 1958, replacing its predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The agency became operational on October 1, 1958. U.S. space exploration efforts have since been led by NASA, including the Apollo moon-landing missions, the Skylab space station, and later the Space Shuttle. Currently, NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle and Commercial Crew vehicles. The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program (LSP) which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for unmanned NASA launches.
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Norton Disney
Coordinates: 53°07′13″N 0°40′46″W / 53.1204°N 0.6795°W / 53.1204; -0.6795
Norton Disney is a small village and civil parish on the western boundary of the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It lies midway between Lincoln and Newark, 2 miles (3.2 km) to the south-east of the A46.
Norton Disney is the seat of the Disney family, the name an Anglicised version of the original French surname d'Isigny, of Isigny-sur-Mer, Normandy, from whom film producer Walt Disney's family might be descended.
The Village has one public house, The Green Man, which was formerly the St Vincent Arms.
There is a commemorative brass in the medieval church of St Michael commemorating three generations of the d’Iseni or Disney family, made about 1580. In the bottom panel is an inscription reading:
Two mosaic floors were found when excavating a Roman villa in the parish. The site was near to the Roman town of Brough or 'Crocoalana', on the Fosse Way, just over the border in Nottinghamshire.[citation needed]
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Pixar
Pixar Animation Studios /ˈpɪksɑr/ is an American computer animation film studio based in Emeryville, California. The studio has earned twenty-six Academy Awards, seven Golden Globes, and three Grammy Awards, among many other awards and acknowledgments. It is best known for its CGI-animated feature films created with PhotoRealistic RenderMan, its own implementation of the industry-standard RenderMan image-rendering application programming interface used to generate high-quality images. Pixar began in 1979 as the Graphics Group, part of the Computer Division of Lucasfilm before it was acquired by Apple Computer co-founder Steve Jobs in 1986. The Walt Disney Company bought Pixar in 2006 at a valuation of $7.4 billion; the transaction made Jobs the largest shareholder in Disney.
Pixar has produced twelve feature films, beginning with Toy Story in 1995. It was followed by A Bug's Life in 1998, Toy Story 2 in 1999, Monsters, Inc. in 2001, Finding Nemo in 2003, The Incredibles in 2004, Cars in 2006, Ratatouille in 2007, WALL-E in 2008, Up in 2009, Toy Story 3 (to date, the highest-grossing animated film of all-time, grossing over $1 billion worldwide) in 2010, and Cars 2 in 2011. Eleven of the films have received critical and financial success, with the notable exception being Cars 2, which received substantially less praise than Pixar's previous films. As of February 2012, its films have made over $7 billion worldwide, with its $602 million average gross by far the highest of any studio in the industry. In addition, all of the films produced by Pixar are among the top 50 highest-grossing animated films of all time, with Finding Nemo (#27), Up (#44), and Toy Story 3 (#8) all in the top 50 highest-grossing films of all time.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] (
listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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The Prospect Studios
The Prospect Studios (also known as ABC Television Center [West]) is a lot containing several television studios located at 4151 Prospect Avenue in the Los Feliz neighborhood of Los Angeles, at the corner of Prospect and Talmadge Avenues (named in honor of silent screen star Norma Talmadge), just east of Hollywood. For over fifty years, this facility served as the West Coast headquarters of the American Broadcasting Company, before the network moved its main headquarters to the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. From 1949 to 1999, the ABC-owned Los Angeles television station, KABC-TV, was also located there. The station moved to a new state-of-the-art facility located on a portion of Disney's Grand Central Creative Campus (GC3) in nearby Glendale, California in December 1999.
Opening in 1915 as The Vitagraph Studio, the original silent film plant included two daylight film stages, support buildings and many exterior film sets. In 1925, Vitagraph's founder Albert Smith sold the company to the Warner brothers. In 1927, the facility became The Warner East Hollywood Annex and was used for many large-scale films. Here, in 1927, Warner Bros. shot portions of the historical first sound film, The Jazz Singer, using the Vitaphone process which synchronized audio and picture. The "interior" club scenes for the film were shot in Stage 5, still located today in the center of the Studio Lot. In the 1930s and '40s, Warner Bros. continued to shoot on the Lot using large water tanks, ship and backlot sets.
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Times Square Studios
Times Square Studios (TSS) is an American television studio located in the Times Square neighborhood of the Manhattan borough of New York City, New York. The studio is best known as the production home of ABC News' Good Morning America (GMA), a morning news and talk program and segments for GMA on ABC News Now.
Times Square Studios is owned by The Walt Disney Company, a media and entertainment conglomerate, which also owns ABC. It was designed by Walt Disney Imagineering, Disney's design and development arm. The original concept for the studio was conceived by Harry Grossman.[clarification needed] His plan called for the studio to broadcast many shows twenty-four hours a day for both Disney-owned and non-Disney programs.
The building's outer facade consists of over 9 LED ribbons of lights. The 8th LED ribbon of lights from the top is used as a ticker for ABC News, while the 9th is a sports ticker for ESPN. Also on the facade is a large TV display made by Mitsubishi - Diamond Vision despite the visual that states Siemens. This screen mainly broadcasts the late SportsCenter, along with WABC-TV and ABC News newscasts during non-GMA hours, along with high-profile sports events, series and films on the ABC and ESPN family of networks for both the convenience of Times Square visitors and to provide a simple venue for crowd photo ops for those high-profile events.
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Tokyo Disney Resort
Coordinates: 35°37′47″N 139°52′58″E / 35.62972°N 139.88278°E / 35.62972; 139.88278
Tokyo Disney Resort (東京ディズニーリゾート, Tōkyō Dizunī Rizōto?) is a theme park and vacation resort located in Urayasu, Chiba, Japan, just east of Tokyo. It is owned and operated by the Oriental Land Company with a license from The Walt Disney Company. The resort opened on April 15, 1983, as a single theme park (Tokyo Disneyland), but developed into a resort with two theme parks, three Disney hotels, six non-Disney hotels, and a shopping complex. Tokyo Disneyland was the first Disney theme park opened outside the United States.
Tokyo Disney Resort has three main entertainment sections: Tokyo Disneyland, Tokyo DisneySea and Ikspiari, which is a variation of the Downtown Disney shopping, dining and entertainment area found at the Disney resorts in California and Florida. It also contains Bon Voyage!, which is the official Disney goods specialty shop of Tokyo Disney Resort.
Like the other Disney resorts, the Tokyo Disney Resort has 3 Disney-branded hotels; the Disney Ambassador Hotel, the Tokyo DisneySea Hotel MiraCosta (the building in which the entrance to Tokyo DisneySea is located), and the recently opened Tokyo Disneyland Hotel.
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1127 Mimi
1127 Mimi is a main belt asteroid orbiting the Sun. Approximately 46 kilometers in diameter, it makes a revolution around the Sun once every 4 years. It completes one rotation once every 13 hours. It was discovered by Sylvain Julien Victor Arend on January 13, 1929. It was named for the wife of astronomer Eugène Joseph Delporte. Through an error, the names intended for 1127 Mimi and 1145 Robelmonte had been switched, and each name had been proposed by the discoverer of the other asteroid. Its provisional designation was 1929 AJ.
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Constantin Mimi
Constantin A. Mimi (March 10, 1868 - April 17, 1935) was a Bessarabian politician and winemaker.
He graduated from Odessa State University and SupAgro (Montpellier).
When the February Revolution happened in Petrograd in 1917, the governor of Bessarabia Governorate stepped down and passed his legal powers to Constantin Mimi, the President of the Gubernial Zemstvo, which was named the Commissar of the Provisional Government in Bessarabia, with Vladimir Criste his deputy. Similar procedures took place in all regions of the Russian Empire: the chiefs of the Tsarist administrations passed their legal powers to the chiefs of the County and Governorate Zemstvos, which were then called County/Governorate Commissars.
On July 20 [O.S. July 2] 1917, Constantin Mimi, the official Commissar of the Russian Provisional Government (of Kerenski) in Chişinău, gathered delegates of all major political, national, professional and administrative organizations to a "delegation" to protest and reject the pretensions of the Ukrainian Central Rada to annex Bessarabia.
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Mimi Filmography
- Il colchico e la rosa (1921)
- Il mio antropofago (1921)
- Forse che sì forse che no (1921)
- Beatrice (1921)
- Favilla (1921)
- Papà Lebonnard (1920)
- Il demone del fuoco (1920)
- L'istitutrice di sei bambine (1920)
- Passa il dramma a Lilliput (1919)
- Capitan Fracassa (1919)
- Il castello del diavolo (1919)
- Il gorgo fascinatore (1919)
- Il leone mansueto (1919)
- Il protetto della morte (1919)
- Martino il trovatello (1919)
- Mentre il pubblico ride (1919)
- Carnevalesca (1918)
- L'incubo (1918)
- L'attentato (1918)
- Mademoiselle Pas-Chic (1918)
- La reginetta Isotta (1918)
- La spirale della morte (1917)
- Astrid (1917)
Mimi Filmography
- Grandes finales de telenovelas (2010)
- Para todos (2009)
- Latin American Idol (2006)
- Quinceañera (2006)
- Cada mañana (2003)
- Flans: El concierto (2000)
- Rola la rola (1999)
- Amor de nadie (1990)
- Flans: Revelaciones (1990)
- Cautiva (1986)
- Flans en concierto (1986)
Mimi Filmography
- Debauchery 12 (2002)
- Euro Angels Hardball 13: The Hole Story (2001)
- Private Matador 11: A Sex Portrait (2001)
karaoke
Mimi
You funny good for nothing Mimi
Am I the guy for Mimi
You little honey of a Mimi
I'm aiming high
Mimi you got me sad and dreamy
You could free me if you'd see me Mimi
You know I'd like to have a little of some Mimi by and by
Oh Mimi you got me sad and dreamy
You could free me if you'd see me Mimi
You know I'd like to have a little some
Of Mimi
By and by
Cuando cantas, siento un poema feliz
Dentro de mí
Cuando sonríes yo sé que la tristeza
Se quisiera reir
Eres tú, la estrella preferida de mi cabaret
La estrella preferida de mi cabaret
La estrella preferida de mi cabaret
Oh mimi, no me trates así
Cuando me miras, comprendo que me gusta la vida
Mas si me olvidas,
Soy el borracho del bar de la esquina
Eres tú, la estrella preferida de mi cabaret
La estrella preferida de mi cabaret
La estrella preferida de mi cabaret
Oh mimi, no me trates así
Oh, mimi no me trates así
Eres tú, la estrella preferida de mi hit parade
La estrella preferida de mi hit parade
La estrella preferida de mi hit parade
Oh mimi, no me trates así
Oh, mimi no me trates así
Si me acaricias,
Ya no me asustan las malas noticias
Si me desprecias siento lo inútil
Que es a veces la ciencia
Eres tú, la estrella preferida de mi cabaret
La estrella preferida de mi cabaret
La estrella preferida de mi cabaret
Oh mimi, no me trates así
Oh, mimi no me trates así
Mi mimi no me trates así
Oh mimi, no me trates así
Oh, mimi no me trates así
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"Love & Hip Hop" Star Mimi Faust Says Stevie J And Joseline Are NOT Engaged!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:14
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
Mimi called into the TT Torrez Show to talk about her love triangle with her daughter's father, Stevie J and his "artist"/boo thang Joseline, their supposed "engagement" and more! Check it out!
http://wn.com/Love_Hip_Hop_Star_Mimi_Faust_Says_Stevie_J_And_Joseline_Are_NOT_Engaged!
Mimi called into the TT Torrez Show to talk about her love triangle with her daughter's father, Stevie J and his "artist"/boo thang Joseline, their supposed "engagement" and more! Check it out!
- published: 24 Jul 2012
- views: 210805
- author: TT Torrez
Mimi's New Year's Resolutions
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:17
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
I decided to make a video of my new year's resolutions, so that I'm more accountable to actually accomplish them all in this new year.
http://wn.com/Mimi's_New_Year's_Resolutions
I decided to make a video of my new year's resolutions, so that I'm more accountable to actually accomplish them all in this new year.
- published: 02 Jan 2012
- views: 74367
- author: EverythingLuxy
MiMi - "Once Again" (official Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Updated: 29 Dec 2012
www.mimi.de - order "Road To Last Night" here at iTunes wmg.cc
http://wn.com/MiMi_Once_Again_official_Video
www.mimi.de - order "Road To Last Night" here at iTunes wmg.cc
- published: 19 May 2011
- views: 168784
- author: mimi
Mimi Kirk's Raw Cookies
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:33
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
Mimi Kirk shows how to make raw cookies this week. Her favorite raw food cookies EVER! Find the recipe at her website www.youngonrawfood.com/recipes and the equipment and many of the ingredients can be purchased at www.youngonrawfood.com/shop
http://wn.com/Mimi_Kirk's_Raw_Cookies
Mimi Kirk shows how to make raw cookies this week. Her favorite raw food cookies EVER! Find the recipe at her website www.youngonrawfood.com/recipes and the equipment and many of the ingredients can be purchased at www.youngonrawfood.com/shop
- published: 19 May 2011
- views: 37526
- author: Mimi Kirk
Miky y Mimi Botargas Walt Disney
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:17
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
TELEGRAMA SHOW presenta a Miky y Mimi en 1 fiesta infanil.
http://wn.com/Miky_y_Mimi_Botargas_Walt_Disney
TELEGRAMA SHOW presenta a Miky y Mimi en 1 fiesta infanil.
- published: 01 Mar 2011
- views: 77874
- author: telegramashow
Bassnectar - Butterfly (feat. Mimi Page)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:16
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
I am back from London and will start uploading regularly again. www.bassnectar.net Bassnectar: www.bassnectar.net soundcloud.com www.facebook.com Mimi Page: www.facebook.com www.mimipage.com Picture valadj.deviantart.com
http://wn.com/Bassnectar_Butterfly_feat_Mimi_Page
I am back from London and will start uploading regularly again. www.bassnectar.net Bassnectar: www.bassnectar.net soundcloud.com www.facebook.com Mimi Page: www.facebook.com www.mimipage.com Picture valadj.deviantart.com
- published: 10 Apr 2012
- views: 261537
- author: SuicideSheeep
John Lennon's Aunt Mimi 1981 Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:55
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
A very rare interview with John's Aunt Mimi.
http://wn.com/John_Lennon's_Aunt_Mimi_1981_Interview
A very rare interview with John's Aunt Mimi.
- published: 25 Mar 2009
- views: 133926
- author: bigpaul1980
Shotgun Radio - A Bad Place (feat. Mimi Page) (Minnesota Remix)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:41
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
Check out my other channel: www.youtube.com This track is beyond awesome. The build up, the breakdown, the drop... all awesome! Purchase: www.beatport.com Minnesota: www.facebook.com soundcloud.com Shotgun Radio: www.facebook.com Mimi Page: www.facebook.com www.mimipage.com Release by Simplify Recordings: www.simplifyrecordings.com http Picture: www.sendspace.com
http://wn.com/Shotgun_Radio_A_Bad_Place_feat_Mimi_Page_Minnesota_Remix
Check out my other channel: www.youtube.com This track is beyond awesome. The build up, the breakdown, the drop... all awesome! Purchase: www.beatport.com Minnesota: www.facebook.com soundcloud.com Shotgun Radio: www.facebook.com Mimi Page: www.facebook.com www.mimipage.com Release by Simplify Recordings: www.simplifyrecordings.com http Picture: www.sendspace.com
- published: 07 Mar 2012
- views: 143389
- author: MrSuicideSheep
Alex and Mimi Wedding Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
Enjoy this trailer of our wedding that took place in Punta Cana, Dominican Republic in May 2010. We are very grateful and fortunate to have found each other and to have great friends, family, and now YOU join us for this special occasion. Our friend Kevin Sarasom filmed this trailer www.redmuse.ca
http://wn.com/Alex_and_Mimi_Wedding_Trailer
Enjoy this trailer of our wedding that took place in Punta Cana, Dominican Republic in May 2010. We are very grateful and fortunate to have found each other and to have great friends, family, and now YOU join us for this special occasion. Our friend Kevin Sarasom filmed this trailer www.redmuse.ca
- published: 06 Mar 2011
- views: 499671
- author: EverythingLuxy
Mimi la souris (lyrics)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:11
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
C'est mimi, C'est mimi, C'est mimi la petiet souris., mimi la souris
http://wn.com/Mimi_la_souris_lyrics
C'est mimi, C'est mimi, C'est mimi la petiet souris., mimi la souris
- published: 29 May 2010
- views: 525369
- author: Loes Asbroek
John's Aunt Mimi 1981 UK Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:55
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
The complete interview John Lennon's Aunt Mimi did in 1981. I had never seen this complete, so I thought I would share it. Mimi had a great sense of humor, very similar to Johns. Mimi confirms John planned on visiting soon
http://wn.com/John's_Aunt_Mimi_1981_UK_Interview
The complete interview John Lennon's Aunt Mimi did in 1981. I had never seen this complete, so I thought I would share it. Mimi had a great sense of humor, very similar to Johns. Mimi confirms John planned on visiting soon
- published: 26 Nov 2008
- views: 86215
- author: walawala1973
Mimi Cracra
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:14
- Updated: 01 Jan 2013
l'eau elle aime çà
http://wn.com/Mimi_Cracra
Let Go by Kezwik ft. Mimi Page
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
Dubstep.NET Presents: Let Go by Kezwik ft. Mimi Page Please Subscribe Here: bit.ly Our favorite track from Kezwik's second release with Simplify Recordings, "Let Go" featuring the gorgeous voice of Mimi Page is an absolutely exquisite blend of utterly breath-taking vocals with rapturous, out-of-this-world synth design. Mimi's breathy, ethereal voice serves as an ideal compliment to the young Kezwik's filthy, mechanical style, a brilliant vocal dubstep combination with utterly limitless potential. Buy: www.beatport.com Follow Kezwik: www.facebook.com soundcloud.com Follow Mimi Page: www.facebook.com www.twitter.com soundcloud.com Follow us @ www.Dubstep.NET
http://wn.com/Let_Go_by_Kezwik_ft_Mimi_Page
Dubstep.NET Presents: Let Go by Kezwik ft. Mimi Page Please Subscribe Here: bit.ly Our favorite track from Kezwik's second release with Simplify Recordings, "Let Go" featuring the gorgeous voice of Mimi Page is an absolutely exquisite blend of utterly breath-taking vocals with rapturous, out-of-this-world synth design. Mimi's breathy, ethereal voice serves as an ideal compliment to the young Kezwik's filthy, mechanical style, a brilliant vocal dubstep combination with utterly limitless potential. Buy: www.beatport.com Follow Kezwik: www.facebook.com soundcloud.com Follow Mimi Page: www.facebook.com www.twitter.com soundcloud.com Follow us @ www.Dubstep.NET
- published: 14 May 2012
- views: 13350
- author: dubstep
A quick peek inside Mimi Kirk's refrigerator
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
Mimi gives you a quick peek into how she stores and organizes her food in her refrigerator in order to make raw food prep quicker and the fruits and vegetables fresher longer.
http://wn.com/A_quick_peek_inside_Mimi_Kirk's_refrigerator
Mimi gives you a quick peek into how she stores and organizes her food in her refrigerator in order to make raw food prep quicker and the fruits and vegetables fresher longer.
- published: 15 Jul 2011
- views: 156032
- author: Mimi Kirk
Spring Fashion Haul- Mimi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:19
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
Hi guys, In this video I'm wearing : - sequin vest from H&M; - grey off shoulder top from H&M; - watch - Michael Kors - Ring- borrowed from Leyla :) TFC: All the clothes in this video ( including my outfit ) were purchased by me with my own money. :)
http://wn.com/Spring_Fashion_Haul_Mimi
Hi guys, In this video I'm wearing : - sequin vest from H&M; - grey off shoulder top from H&M; - watch - Michael Kors - Ring- borrowed from Leyla :) TFC: All the clothes in this video ( including my outfit ) were purchased by me with my own money. :)
- published: 05 Apr 2011
- views: 122459
- author: EverythingLuxy
Dancing Mood & Mimi Maura - Yesterday Once More (En Vivo)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Updated: 26 Dec 2012
Click to add a description...
http://wn.com/Dancing_Mood_Mimi_Maura_Yesterday_Once_More_En_Vivo
Best Dubstep Ever - Kezwik feat. Mimi Page - Let Go (Kairo Kingdom Remix)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
DroneMusicOfficial will only Upload what is Amazing, Nothing we wouldn't listen to, to ensure 100% satisfaction with each and every video! Like and Subscribe for More! Buy Link: s.beatport.com Follow Kezwik and Simplify Recordings: Kezwik Facebook: on.fb.me Simplify SoundCloud: bit.ly Simplify Facebook: on.fb.me Simplify Youtube: bit.ly Follow Dream Crusher Media: Youtube: bit.ly SoundCloud: bit.ly Facebook: on.fb.me Dubstep, Drumstep, DnB, Drum n Bass, Electro, Electronic, House, Electro-House, Progressive-House, Progressive, EDM, Dance, Glitchhop, Music.
http://wn.com/Best_Dubstep_Ever_Kezwik_feat_Mimi_Page_Let_Go_Kairo_Kingdom_Remix
DroneMusicOfficial will only Upload what is Amazing, Nothing we wouldn't listen to, to ensure 100% satisfaction with each and every video! Like and Subscribe for More! Buy Link: s.beatport.com Follow Kezwik and Simplify Recordings: Kezwik Facebook: on.fb.me Simplify SoundCloud: bit.ly Simplify Facebook: on.fb.me Simplify Youtube: bit.ly Follow Dream Crusher Media: Youtube: bit.ly SoundCloud: bit.ly Facebook: on.fb.me Dubstep, Drumstep, DnB, Drum n Bass, Electro, Electronic, House, Electro-House, Progressive-House, Progressive, EDM, Dance, Glitchhop, Music.
- published: 08 Sep 2012
- views: 2675
- author: DroneMusicOfficial
Best Dubstep Ever - Kezwik - Let Go ft. Mimi Page
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
DroneMusicOfficial will only Upload what is Amazing, Nothing we wouldn't listen to, to ensure 100% satisfaction with each and every video! Like and Subscribe for More! Buy Link: s.beatport.com Follow Kezwik and Simplify Recordings: Kezwik Facebook: on.fb.me Simplify SoundCloud: bit.ly Simplify Facebook: on.fb.me Simplify Youtube: bit.ly Follow Dream Crusher Media: Youtube: bit.ly SoundCloud: bit.ly Facebook: on.fb.me Dubstep, Drumstep, DnB, Drum n Bass, Electro, Electronic, House, Electro-House, Progressive-House, Progressive, EDM, Dance, Glitchhop, Music.
http://wn.com/Best_Dubstep_Ever_Kezwik_Let_Go_ft_Mimi_Page
DroneMusicOfficial will only Upload what is Amazing, Nothing we wouldn't listen to, to ensure 100% satisfaction with each and every video! Like and Subscribe for More! Buy Link: s.beatport.com Follow Kezwik and Simplify Recordings: Kezwik Facebook: on.fb.me Simplify SoundCloud: bit.ly Simplify Facebook: on.fb.me Simplify Youtube: bit.ly Follow Dream Crusher Media: Youtube: bit.ly SoundCloud: bit.ly Facebook: on.fb.me Dubstep, Drumstep, DnB, Drum n Bass, Electro, Electronic, House, Electro-House, Progressive-House, Progressive, EDM, Dance, Glitchhop, Music.
- published: 05 Sep 2012
- views: 2866
- author: DroneMusicOfficial
Bassnectar - Butterfly (ft. Mimi Page)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:26
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
"Butterfly (ft. Mimi Page)" From the Album VaVa Voom Available from: www.bassnectar.net/vava-voom/ itunes.apple.com Vocals and Piano by: Mimi Page Song Written by: Bassnectar and Mimi Page Video Created by: Will Sampson Ben Epstein Patrick Nissim Brian Barrow Cast: Nya Elise Dickson Edited by: Mike Felker Coloring and Visual Effects by: Brian Barrow Production Design by: Chris Oroza and Dan Marino Makeup by: Tayler Berez Special Thanks: Andrew Penczner David Robertson Rachel Haden
http://wn.com/Bassnectar_Butterfly_ft_Mimi_Page
"Butterfly (ft. Mimi Page)" From the Album VaVa Voom Available from: www.bassnectar.net/vava-voom/ itunes.apple.com Vocals and Piano by: Mimi Page Song Written by: Bassnectar and Mimi Page Video Created by: Will Sampson Ben Epstein Patrick Nissim Brian Barrow Cast: Nya Elise Dickson Edited by: Mike Felker Coloring and Visual Effects by: Brian Barrow Production Design by: Chris Oroza and Dan Marino Makeup by: Tayler Berez Special Thanks: Andrew Penczner David Robertson Rachel Haden
- published: 27 Nov 2012
- views: 2768
- author: EclectiCoENT
![Bassnectar - Butterfly (ft. Mimi Page) [OFFICIAL]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130103114014im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/o-K_xgxrL4s/default.jpg "Bassnectar - Butterfly (ft. Mimi Page) [OFFICIAL]")
Bassnectar - Butterfly (ft. Mimi Page) [OFFICIAL]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
BASSNECTAR - VAVA VOOM - NEW ALBUM - OUT NOW Free download of "Ugly" + album bundles available at: www.bassnectar.net "Butterfly (ft. Mimi Page)" Vocals & Piano by Mimi Page Written by Bassnectar & Mimi Page VAVA VOOM 1. Vava Voom (ft. Lupe Fiasco) 2. Empathy 3. Ugly (ft. Amp Live) 4. Ping Pong 5. What (ft. Jansten) 6. Pennywise Tribute 7. Do It Like This (ft. ill.Gates) 8. Laughter Crescendo [2012 Version] 9. Butterfly (ft. Mimi Page) 10. Nothing Has Been Broken (ft. Tina Malia) 11. Chronological Outtakes
http://wn.com/Bassnectar_Butterfly_ft_Mimi_Page_OFFICIAL_
BASSNECTAR - VAVA VOOM - NEW ALBUM - OUT NOW Free download of "Ugly" + album bundles available at: www.bassnectar.net "Butterfly (ft. Mimi Page)" Vocals & Piano by Mimi Page Written by Bassnectar & Mimi Page VAVA VOOM 1. Vava Voom (ft. Lupe Fiasco) 2. Empathy 3. Ugly (ft. Amp Live) 4. Ping Pong 5. What (ft. Jansten) 6. Pennywise Tribute 7. Do It Like This (ft. ill.Gates) 8. Laughter Crescendo [2012 Version] 9. Butterfly (ft. Mimi Page) 10. Nothing Has Been Broken (ft. Tina Malia) 11. Chronological Outtakes
- published: 07 Apr 2012
- views: 364614
- author: BassnectarLabs
Legally Blonde I - full movie by mimi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 93:10
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
Legally Blonde Pravna plavusa I (ceo film) - by mimi
http://wn.com/Legally_Blonde_I_full_movie_by_mimi
Legally Blonde Pravna plavusa I (ceo film) - by mimi
- published: 24 Aug 2012
- views: 69371
- author: kasnoZAoboje
photo: AP / Ng Han Guan
02 Jan 2013
SEOUL -- In a domestically televised New Year's Day speech, North Korean supreme leader Kim Jong Un said he wanted to "remove confrontation" on this divided peninsula and called on "anti-reunification forces" in South Korea to cease their hostility toward the North. The lengthy address, which laid out the national goals for 2013, marked Mr ... Mr. Kim on Tuesday asked for a detente -- but with prerequisites that the conservative Ms ... ....(size: 3.2Kb)
photo: AP / Emanuel Ekra
01 Jan 2013
INZA BAKAYOKO. Associated Press= ABIDJAN, Ivory Coast (AP) — A crowd stampeded after leaving a New Year's fireworks show early Tuesday in Ivory Coast's commercial center, killing 61 people — many of them youths — and injuring more than 200, rescue workers said. The death toll was expected to rise, the officials said ... Issa Sako of the fire department rescue team.....(size: 8.1Kb)
photo: AP / Felicia Fonseca
01 Jan 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. For good reason Mark Charles, a member of the Navajo Nation, is deeply offended that buried on page 45 of the 2010 Defense Appropriation Act (after pages on the maintenance and operation of the United States Military) is an "official" apology to Native American People ... political leaders and officials find it extremely difficult in expressing remorse for past mistakes ... Escorted by the U.S....(size: 5.6Kb)
photo: AP / Mohammad Hannon
02 Jan 2013
The United Nations has estimated that more than 60,000 people have been killed in Syria's 21-month-old uprising against authoritarian rule, a toll one-third higher than what anti-regime activists had counted. The UN human rights chief called the toll "truly shocking". Opposition activist groups had been estimating the death toll at more than 45,000 and this was the first time that the UN estimate was higher ... 30, 2012 ... - AP. ....(size: 6.3Kb)
photo: AP / Abdullah Al-Yasin
01 Jan 2013
BEIRUT (Reuters) - Syrians woke on New Year's Day to countrywide aerial bombardment, while President Bashar al-Assad's forces and rebels fighting to topple him clashed on the outskirts of the capital. Free Syrian Army fighters and civilians search for bodies under rubble after an air strike by a fighter jet loyal to Syrian President Bashar al-Assad in Aleppo's al-Marja district December 31, 2012. REUTERS/Muzaffar Salman (SYRIA - Tags ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
The Dallas Morning News
03 Jan 2013
Mildred Rose Allegan “Mimi” McShane consistently delivered, whether she was performing as a Dallas Symphony Orchestra cellist or mentoring young musicians. “She was this very snarky, funny woman who enriched all of our lives,” said Stamos Martin, whom McShane helped mold from a 14-year-old with potential into a graduate music student at the University of Missouri. McShane, 76, died Dec. 16 at Baylor University Medical of peritonitis ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)
STL Today
03 Jan 2013
BALLWIN • Troy coach Bryce Gregory offered Trojans senior guard Hannah Henderson a choice headed into the team’s opening round game of the 2013 EPR Classic against Fort Zumwalt South ... I decided I was going to play inspired ... After Hannah Henderson’s twin sister, Mimi, sank a runner and a free throw early in the fourth quarter to give the Trojans the 39-37 lead, Hannah Henderson went to work ... Mimi Henderson led all scorers with 11 points....(size: 6.6Kb)
MSNBC
03 Jan 2013
Beginning this weekend, it will cost drivers more to take a trip on the Pennsylvania Turnpike. However, there is some good news. Those of you with E-ZPass will pay about 25 percent less than cash customers, said Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission spokeswoman Mimi Doyle. The new rates go into effect at 12.01 a.m. Sunday. Rates will increase 10 percent for cash customers and 2 percent for E-ZPass users, she said ... Advertise . AdChoices ... 1 ... ....(size: 5.1Kb)
The Examiner
03 Jan 2013
The third silent vigil organized by KARA took place on Dec 29, 2012 at Phillips Square, in Montreal. This was the last protest of 2012. The silent vigils are a Fur-bearer Defenders Campaign derived from the 'Fur Trim Is A Trap' initiative by the British Columbia based animal advocacy group ... This past Saturday, the weather was not easy to endure for any of the activists ... Photo credit. ... Location ... "... "- Keya Kim. "... - Larousse Mimie ... "....(size: 5.4Kb)
Harpers Bazaar
03 Jan 2013
Mimi Xu is in demand ... “The best thing about my job is that it\'s in constant evolution,” says Mimi of the various facets of her career, “I want to do better at it tomorrow then I did yesterday.”\r\n ... \"Mimi’s a smart, easy going girl with a talent for throwing musical punches, which she did for me last season....(size: 48.6Kb)
noodls
02 Jan 2013
owns and operates full-service restaurants under the Bob Evans and Mimi's Café brand names. At the end of the second fiscal quarter (October 26, 2012), Bob Evans owned and operated 565 family restaurants in 19 states, primarily in the Midwest, mid- Atlantic and Southeast regions of the United States, while Mimi's Café owned and operated 145 casual restaurants located in 24 states, primarily in California and other western states....(size: 4.9Kb)
The Examiner
02 Jan 2013
Rumors continue to swirl about a secret wedding for engaged couple, Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie. The couple has been plagued by unyielding wedding rumors since their engagement in April 2012. Did a fashion designer help the private couple pull off a secret wedding? ... For inquiries, contact MiMi at boutique-mix@hotmail.com. ....(size: 1.6Kb)
The Examiner
02 Jan 2013
GableStage will present the American premiere of a 90-minute version of Hamlet from January 12 to February 10 ... McCraney, a Voices United and New World School of the Arts High School alum, who will also direct ... The play stars Alana Arenas, Mimi Davila, Ryan George, Peter Haig, Arielle Hoffman, Dylan L ... ....(size: 1.5Kb)
The Examiner
02 Jan 2013
Transgender model, Andrej Pejic is making fashion history on the cover of the January 2013 issue of Elle Magazine, Serbia. He is the first transgender model ever to be on the cover of the high fashion magazine. According to a Jan ... Pejic has also appeared in various campaigns for the designer ... For inquiries, contact MiMi at boutique-mix@hotmail.com ... ....(size: 1.9Kb)
Signon San Diego
02 Jan 2013
Dr. Mimi Guarneri, founder of the Scripps Center for Integrative Medicine, has been installed as 2013 president of the American Board of Integrative Holistic Medicine (ABIHM). Founded in 1996, the ABIHM supports the personal and professional development of physicians through education and certification in the field of integrative holistic medicine. The ABIHM creates and promotes standards for integrative holistic medicine ... Comments () ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
The Examiner
02 Jan 2013
Looking golden and fashionably tamer, rapper and American Idol judge, Nicki Minaj rang in the New Year in Las Vegas. The stylish fashionista poured herself into the ‘celebrity nightclub and red carpet uniform;’ a very, tight, curve-enhancing, low cut, shimmery, gold, Hervé Léger bandage dress ... The Daily Mail reported on Jan ... For inquiries, contact MiMi at boutique-mix@hotmail.com. Suggested by the author. ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
The Examiner
02 Jan 2013
Anne Hathaway covers the February 2013, issue of Harper’s Bazaar UK and gets candid with the magazine about her “tumultuous romantic past and blissed-out present and describes how she prepped for a coming-of-age role.” ... Looking flawless in a strapless gown, the February cover girl compares herself to Rihanna and frets over her self-described, uninteresting, vanilla image ... For inquiries, contact MiMi at boutique-mix@hotmail.com ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
The Examiner
02 Jan 2013
A rocker chic, Taylor Swift headlined ABC’s “Dick Clark’s New Year's Rockin' Eve” show on Dec. 31, 2012, at Times Square in New York. She performed two of her hits from her ‘Red’ album, ‘I Knew You Were Trouble’ and ‘We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together’ for the excited crowd ... She accessorized her outfit with her red microphone and red nail polish.View slideshow ... Can't ... For inquiries, contact MiMi at boutique-mix@hotmail.com ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
Mimi may refer to:
|
People[link]
- Mimi (given name)
- Constantin Mimi (1868–1935), a Bessarabian politician and winemaker
Places[link]
- Mimi, Nepal
- Mimi, New Zealand, a locality in Taranaki, New Zealand
- Mimi River (disambiguation)
Other uses[link]
- Mimi (film), a 1935 British film
- Mimi's Cafe, a restaurant chain in the United States
- Mimi (folklore), fairy-like being in the mythology of Australian aborigines
- Mimi Kajiru, a 2002 album by Maximum the Hormone
- Mimi language (disambiguation), a name given to several languages of Wadai
- Mimi le Duck, a 2004 musical
- MiMi London, a London luxury clothing and accessories reailer
- "Mimi" (song), a popular song by Rodgers and Hart
- Mimi Secue, an Austrian slowcore band
- Mimi Temple, a temple in China
- Mimivirus, the largest known virus affecting amoeba
- The Voyage of the Mimi, an American educational television series
- Mimì (La bohème), a character in the opera La bohème
- HMS Mimi and HMS Toutou, two boats that the British brought through Africa to Lake Tanganyika to fight the Germans in 1915
- 1127 Mimi, an asteroid orbiting the Sun
- Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument, a direct and remote sensing instrument aboard the Cassini orbiter that produces images and other data about the particles trapped in Saturn's magnetic field, or magnetosphere
 |
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
- This article is about the songwriter. For the CEO of Apple, Inc. see Steve Jobs.
Stevie J (born Steven Jordan) is an American musician, singer, record producer and songwriter. This upstate New Yorker is the leader of the Bad Boy Entertainment Hitmen roster of in-house producers and writers during the 90s and thus worked often with the label's owner Sean "Puffy" Combs, producing on massive Bad Boy albums and catalog. Such as the debut of R&B quartet 112, Stevie produced their lead single "Only You" featuring Notorious B.I.G., and he also produced 80% of 112's debut album. Stevie J also produced the entire second album from The Notorious B.I.G.: Life After Death. Stevie J produced songs like "Mo Money Mo Problems", Nasty Boy", "Notorious Thugs" featuring Bone Thugs, "Another", "You're Nobody", and "Last Day" just to name a few of Biggie's classics. He also produced the hugely successful tribute single by Puff Daddy - "I'll Be Missing You". Stevie went on to win a Grammy Award for the production on the Puff Daddy & The Family album. Outside of his association with Bad Boy, he has also produced for artists including Mariah Carey, with whom he won a Grammy Award for the contribution on her album Butterfly (1997). From the album, he produced songs like "Honey" (the album's lead single), "Breakdown" (featuring Bone Thugs-n-Harmony), "Babydoll", and for Carey's #1's (1998) "I Still Believe" and "Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)". He also worked with Beyoncé Knowles in her song "Summertime", Jay-Z in songs like "Ride or Die" and "Lucky Me", Lil Wayne, Deborah Cox, Tamia, Tevin Campbell, and co-writing Eve's "Blow Ya Mind".
Contents |
Works[link]
1996[link]
- Total: "Total" and "Who Is It Interlude" and "No One Else Remix” from the album Total
- Soul For Real: “Where Do We Go” from the album For Life
- Horace Brown: "How Can We Stop", “I Want You Baby” from the album Horace Brown
- 112: “112 Intro”, “Pleasure and Pain”, “Come See Me Remix”, “Sexy You Interlude”, “I Can't Believe”, “Only You Remix”, “I Will Be There”, “In Love With You”, “Why Does”, “Throw It All Away”, “Only You” from the album 112
- Faith Evans: "I Just Can't" from High School High Original Soundtrack
- Mona Lisa: "Just Wanna Please You" (Stevie J. Version)
- Faith Evans: "Soon As I Get Home"(REMIX) from the album Faith
- SWV: "You're The One" (Bad Boy Remix)
- The Isley Brothers: "Floatin' On Your Love" (Bad Boy Remix), "Floatin' On Your Love"(Bad Boy Slow Remix)
- Babyface: "This Is For The Lover In You" (Puffy Combs Remix)
- Chantay Savage: "I Will Survive" (Puffy Combs Bad Boy Remix)
- Tevin Campbell: "You Don't Have To Worry" from the album Back To The World
- MC Lyte: "Cold Rock A Party" (Bad Boy Remix)
- New Edition: "You Don't Have To Worry" (Bad Boy Remix)
- Boyz II Men: "Can't Let Her Go" from the album Evolution
1997[link]
- Mariah Carey: "Breakdown", "Honey", "Baby Doll" from the album Butterfly
- Notorious B.I.G.: "Life After Death Intro", "Somebody Gotta Die", "Last Day", "Mo Money Mo Problems", "Niggas Bleed", "Notorious Thugs", "Another", "Playa Hater", "Nasty Boy", "My Downfall", "You're Nobody (till Somebody Kills You)" from the album Life After Death
- Various Artists: "I'll Be Missing You", "I'll Be Missing You Instrumentals" from the album Tribute To The Notorious B.I.G.
- Puff Daddy and the Family: "No Way Out Intro", "Victory", "Been Around The World", "Don't Stop what You're Doing", "It's All About The Benjiman's", "Is this The End", "Friend", "I'll Be Missing You", "Can't Nobody Hold Ya Down" from the album No Way Out
- Simone Hines: "Yeah Yeah Yeah" (Stevie J. Remix)
- Tasha Holiday: "Just The Way You Like It" from the album Just The Way You Like It
- Mase: "Love U So" from the album Harlem World
- Jay-Z: "Lucky Me" from the album In My Lifetime, Vol. 1 (Produced with Buckwild)
- Gina Thompson: "The Things You Do" - Single (Bad Boy Remix)
- KRS-One: "Step Into a World / Rapture's Delight" (Bad Boy Remix)
- Puff Daddy and Faith Evans: "I'll Be Missing You" - single
- Sting & The Police: "Roxanne '97"
- Total: "Kissing you" (Remix)
1998[link]
- 112: "So Much Love Interlude", "Crazy Over You", "Never Mind" from the album Room 112
- Simply Red: "The Air I Breathe" Single from the album 25
- Deborah Cox: "September", "Don't You Worry" from the album One Wish
- Jay-Z: "Ride or Die" from the album Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life
- Faith Evans: "Lately I" from the album Keep The Faith
- Tamia: "Falling For You" from the album Tamia
- LL Cool J: "Don't Be Late, Don't Come Too Soon" from the album Phenomenon
- Total: "If You Want Me", "What About Us?" (Bad Boy Remix) from the album Kima, Keisha, and Pam
- The Jacksons: "Want You Back" Remix from album Motown 40 Forever
- R. Kelly: "Spendin' Money" from the album R. (Co-Producer/Writer)
- Brian McKnight: "You Should Be Mine (Don't Waste Your Time)" from the album Anytime
1999[link]
- Mariah Carey: "I Still Believe" (Stevie J. Remix) from US CD #2
- Tevin Campbell: "Another Way", "For Your Love", "My Love and Blind", "Dandelion", "Losing All Control", "Siempre Estaras en Mi (Dandelion)" from the album Tevin Campbell
- Notorious B.I.G.: "Would You Die For Me" from the album Born Again
- Mariah Carey: "Theme From Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To?)" from the #1's album
2000[link]
- Mariah Carey: "Honey", "I Still Believe" from the album #1's Import Bonus Tracks
2001[link]
- 112: "I Surrender" from the album Part III
- Mariah Carey: "Honey", "I Still Believe" from the album Greatest Hits
- Tyrese & Heavy D: "Criminal Mind" from Blue Streak Original Soundtrack
- Eve:" You Had Me, You Lost Me", "Let Me Blow Ya Mind" from the album Scorpion
2003[link]
- Mariah Carey: "Honey", "Breakdown" from the album The Remixes.
- Mary J. Blige: "Love & Life Intro", "Love At First Sight", "Feel Like Making Love" from the album Love & Life
- 112: "Intro/Medley", "It's Going Down Tonight", "Hot and Wet", "Right Here for You", "Knock You Down Interlude", "Know You Down", "Hot and Wet Remix", "Give It To Me" from the album Hot and Wet
- Beyoncé: "Summertime" (Co-Producer/Writer)
- Snoop Dogg and Loon: "Gangsta Shit" from Bad Boys 2 Soundtrack
2004[link]
- Carl Thomas: "Worth It Out", "A Promise" from the album Let's Talk About It
- Eightball and MJG: "Shot Off", "Trying To Get At You", "Baby Girl" from the album Living Legends
- New Edition: "Been So Long" from the album One Love
2005[link]
- B5: "Dance For You", "Let It Be", "No More Games"
- Black Rob: "Y'all Know Who Killed Him" from the album The Black Rob Report
- The Notorious B.I.G.: "Nasty Girl", "Down For Whatever" from the album Duets The Final Chapter
2006[link]
- Notorious B.I.G.: "Mo Money Mo Problems" from the album DUB Hop Tribute To Notorious B.I.G.
2007[link]
- Notorious B.I.G.: "Notorious Thugs" from Greatest Hits
2008[link]
- Cheri Dennis: "Freak" from the album In And Out Of Love
2009[link]
- Day26: Forever In A Day produced by Anwar Sadler
- "Notorious Thugs" from Notorious Soundtrack
External links[link]
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | J, Stevie |
| Alternative names | Steven Jordan |
| Short description | Multi Talented Musical Genius |
| Date of birth | 11/02/? |
| Place of birth | UTICA, NEW YORK |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about Walt Disney, the person. For the company he founded, see The Walt Disney Company. For other uses, see Walt Disney (disambiguation).
| Walt Disney | |
|---|---|
 Walt Disney on January 1, 1954 |
|
| Born | Walter Elias Disney (1901-12-05)December 5, 1901[1] Hermosa, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Died | December 15, 1966(1966-12-15) (aged 65) Burbank, California, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Lung Cancer |
| Resting place | Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California, U.S. |
| Residence | Burbank, California |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | McKinley High School |
| Occupation | Film producer, Co-founder of The Walt Disney Company, formerly known as Walt Disney Productions |
| Years active | 1920–1966 |
| Home town | Chicago, Illinois |
| Political party | Republican |
| Board member of | The Walt Disney Company |
| Religion | Christian (Congregationalist)[2] |
| Spouse | Lillian Bounds (1925–1966; his death) |
| Children | Diane Marie Disney Sharon Mae Disney |
| Parents | Elias Disney Flora Call Disney |
| Relatives | Ronald William Miller (son-in-law) Robert Borgfeldt Brown (son-in-law) Roy Edward Disney (nephew) |
| Family | Herbert Arthur Disney (brother) Raymond Arnold Disney (brother) Roy Oliver Disney (brother) Ruth Flora Disney (sister) |
| Awards | 7 Emmy Awards, 22 Academy Awards, Cecil B.DeMille Award |
| Signature |  |
Walter Elias "Walt" Disney (December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) was an American film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, animator, entrepreneur, entertainer, international icon,[3] and philanthropist, well known for his influence in the field of entertainment during the 20th century. Along with his brother Roy O. Disney, he was co-founder of Walt Disney Productions, which later became one of the best-known motion picture producers in the world. The corporation is now known as The Walt Disney Company and had an annual revenue of approximately US$36 billion in the 2010 financial year.[4]
Disney is particularly noted as a film producer and a popular showman, as well as an innovator in animation and theme park design. He and his staff created some of the world's most well-known fictional characters including Mickey Mouse, for whom Disney himself provided the original voice. During his lifetime he received four honorary Academy Awards and won 22 Academy Awards from a total of 59 nominations, including a record four in one year,[5] giving him more awards and nominations than any other individual in history.[6] Disney also won seven Emmy Awards and gave his name to the Disneyland and Walt Disney World Resort theme parks in the U.S., as well as the international resorts Tokyo Disney Resort, Disneyland Paris, and Hong Kong Disneyland.
The year after his December 15, 1966 death from lung cancer in Burbank, California, construction began on Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. His brother Roy Disney inaugurated the Magic Kingdom on October 1, 1971.
Contents |
1901–1937: Beginnings[link]
Childhood[link]
File:Flora and Elias Disney.JPG
Walt’s parents, Elias and Flora (Call) Disney
Disney was born on December 5, 1901, at 2156 N. Tripp Avenue in Chicago's Hermosa community area to Irish-Canadian father Elias Disney and Flora Call Disney, who was of German and English descent.[7][8] His great-grandfather, Arundel Elias Disney, had emigrated from Gowran, County Kilkenny, Ireland where he was born in 1801. Arundel Disney was a descendant of Robert d'Isigny, a Frenchman who had travelled to England with William the Conqueror in 1066.[9] With the d'Isigny name anglicised as "Disney", the family settled in a village now known as Norton Disney, south of the city of Lincoln, in the county of Lincolnshire.
In 1878, Disney's father Elias had moved from Huron County, Ontario, Canada to the United States at first seeking gold in California before finally settling down to farm with his parents near Ellis, Kansas, until 1884. Elias worked for the Union Pacific Railroad and married Flora Call on January 1, 1888, in Acron, Florida. The family moved to Chicago, Illinois, in 1890,[10] hometown of his brother Robert[10] who helped Elias financially for most of his early life.[10] In 1906, when Walt was four, Elias and his family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri,[11] where his brother Roy had recently purchased farmland.[11] In Marceline, Disney developed his love for drawing[12] with one of the family's neighbors, a retired doctor named "Doc" Sherwood, paying him to draw pictures of Sherwood's horse, Rupert.[12] His interest in trains also developed in Marceline, a town that owed its existence to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway which ran through it. Walt would put his ear to the tracks in anticipation of the coming train[8] then try and spot his uncle, engineer Michael Martin, conducting the train.
The Disneys remained in Marceline for four years,[13] before moving to Kansas City in 1911[14] where Walt and his younger sister Ruth attended the Benton Grammar School. At school he met Walter Pfeiffer who came from a family of theatre aficionados, and introduced Walt to the world of vaudeville and motion pictures. Before long Walt was spending more time at the Pfeiffers' than at home.[15] As well as attending Saturday courses at the Kansas City Art Institute,[16] Walt often took Ruth to Electric Park, 15 blocks from their home, which Disney would later acknowledge as a major influence of his design of Disneyland.[citation needed]
Teenage years[link]
In 1917, Elias acquired shares in the O-Zell jelly factory in Chicago and moved his family back to the city,[17] where in the fall Disney began his freshman year at McKinley High School and took night courses at the Chicago Art Institute.[18] He became the cartoonist for the school newspaper, drawing patriotic topics and focusing on World War I. Despite dropping out of high school at the age of sixteen to join the army, Disney was rejected for being underage.[19]
After his rejection by the army, Walt and a friend decided to join the Red Cross.[20] Soon after joining he was sent to France for a year, where he drove an ambulance, but only after the armistice was signed on November 11, 1918.[21]
Hoping to find work outside the Chicago O-Zell factory,[22] in 1919 Walt moved back to Kansas City to begin his artistic career.[23] After considering whether to become an actor or a newspaper artist, he decided on a career as a newspaper artist, drawing political caricatures or comic strips. But when nobody wanted to hire him as either an artist or even as an ambulance driver, his brother Roy, then working in a local bank, got Walt a temporary job through a bank colleague at the Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio[23] where he created advertisements for newspapers, magazines, and movie theaters.[24] At Pesmen-Rubin he met cartoonist Ubbe Iwerks[25] and when their time at the studio expired, they decided to start their own commercial company together.[26]
In January 1920, Disney and Iwerks formed a short-lived company called, "Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists". However, following a rough start, Disney left temporarily to earn money at the Kansas City Film Ad Company, and was soon joined by Iwerks who was not able to run their business alone.[27] While working for the Kansas City Film Ad Company, where he made commercials based on cutout animations, Disney became interested in animation, and decided to become an animator.[28] The owner of the Ad Company, A.V. Cauger, allowed him to borrow a camera from work to experiment with at home. After reading the Edwin G. Lutz book Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and Development, Disney considered cel animation to be much more promising than the cutout animation he was doing for Cauger. Walt eventually decided to open his own animation business,[29] and recruited a fellow co-worker at the Kansas City Film Ad Company, Fred Harman, as his first employee.[29] Walt and Harman then secured a deal with local theater owner Frank L. Newman, arguably the most popular "showman" in the Kansas City area at the time,[30] to screen their cartoons at his local theater, which they titled Laugh-O-Grams.[30]
Laugh-O-Gram Studio[link]
Presented as "Newman Laugh-O-Grams",[30] Disney's cartoons became widely popular in the Kansas City area[31] and through their success, he was able to acquire his own studio, also called Laugh-O-Gram,[32] for which he hired a vast number of additional animators, including Fred Harman's brother Hugh Harman, Rudolf Ising, and his close friend Ubbe Iwerks.[33] Unfortunately, studio profits were insufficient to cover the high salaries paid to employees. Unable to successfully manage money,[34] Disney's studio became loaded with debt[34] and wound up bankrupt[35] whereupon he decided to set up a studio in the movie industry's capital city, Hollywood, California.[36]
Hollywood[link]
Disney and his brother Roy pooled their money and set up a cartoon studio in Hollywood[37] where they needed to find a distributor for Walt's new Alice Comedies, which he had started making while in Kansas City[35] but never got to distribute. Disney sent an unfinished print to New York distributor Margaret Winkler, who promptly wrote back to him that she was keen on a distribution deal for more live-action/animated shorts based upon Alice's Wonderland.[38]
Alice Comedies[link]
Virginia Davis, the live-action star of Alice’s Wonderland and her family relocated from Kansas City to Hollywood at Disney's request, as did Iwerks and his family. This was the beginning of the Disney Brothers' Studio located on Hyperion Avenue in the Silver Lake district, where it remained until 1939. In 1925, Disney hired a young woman named Lillian Bounds to ink and paint celluloid. After a brief courtship, the pair married that same year.
The new series, Alice Comedies, proved reasonably successful, and featured both Dawn O'Day and Margie Gay as Alice with Lois Hardwick also briefly assuming the role. By the time the series ended in 1927, its focus was more on the animated characters and in particular a cat named Julius who resembled Felix the Cat, rather than the live-action Alice.
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit[link]
Main article: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
By 1927, Charles Mintz had married Margaret Winkler and assumed control of her business. He then ordered a new all-animated series to be put into production for distribution through Universal Pictures. The new series, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, was an almost instant success, and the character, Oswald — drawn and created by Iwerks — became a popular figure. The Disney studio expanded and Walt re-hired Harman, Rudolph Ising, Carman Maxwell, and Friz Freleng from Kansas City.
Disney went to New York in February 1928 to negotiate a higher fee per short and was shocked when Mintz told him that not only did he want to reduce the fee he paid Disney per short but also that he had most of his main animators, including Harman, Ising, Maxwell, and Freleng—but not Iwerks, who refused to leave Disney—under contract and would start his own studio if Disney did not accept the reduced production budgets. Universal, not Disney, owned the Oswald trademark, and could make the films without Walt. Disney declined Mintz's offer and as a result lost most of his animation staff whereupon he found himself on his own again.[39]
It subsequently took his company 78 years to get back the rights to the Oswald character when in 2006 the Walt Disney Company reacquired the rights to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit from NBC Universal, through a trade for longtime ABC sports commentator Al Michaels.[40]
Mickey Mouse[link]
Main article: Mickey Mouse
After losing the rights to Oswald, Disney felt the need to develop a new character to replace him, which was based on a mouse he had adopted as a pet while working in his Laugh-O-Gram studio in Kansas City.[41] Ub Iwerks reworked the sketches made by Disney to make the character easier to animate although Mickey's voice and personality were provided by Disney himself until 1947. In the words of one Disney employee, "Ub designed Mickey's physical appearance, but Walt gave him his soul."[41] Besides Oswald and Mickey, a similar mouse-character is seen in the Alice Comedies, which featured "Ike the Mouse". Moreover, the first Flip the Frog cartoon called Fiddlesticks showed a Mickey Mouse look-alike playing fiddle. The initial films were animated by Iwerks with his name prominently featured on the title cards. Originally named "Mortimer", the mouse was later re-christened "Mickey" by Lillian Disney who thought that the name Mortimer did not fit. Mortimer later became the name of Mickey's rival for Minnie – taller than his renowned adversary and speaking with a Brooklyn accent.
The first animated short to feature Mickey, Plane Crazy was a silent film like all of Disney's previous works. After failing to find a distributor for the short and its follow-up, The Gallopin' Gaucho, Disney created a Mickey cartoon with sound called Steamboat Willie. A businessman named Pat Powers provided Disney with both distribution and Cinephone, a sound-synchronization process. Steamboat Willie became an instant success,[42] and Plane Crazy, The Galloping Gaucho, and all future Mickey cartoons were released with soundtracks. After the release of Steamboat Willie, Disney successfully used sound in all of his subsequent cartoons, and Cinephone also became the new distributor for Disney's early sound cartoons.[43] Mickey soon eclipsed Felix the Cat as the world's most popular cartoon character[41] and by 1930, despite their having sound, cartoons featuring Felix had faded from the screen after failing to gain attention.[44] Mickey's popularity would subsequently skyrocket in the early 1930s.[41]
[edit] Silly Symphonies
Following in the footsteps of Mickey Mouse series, a series of musical shorts titled, Silly Symphonies were released in 1929. The first, The Skeleton Dance was entirely drawn and animated by Iwerks, who was also responsible for drawing the majority of cartoons released by Disney in 1928 and 1929. Although both series were successful, the Disney studio thought it was not receiving its rightful share of profits from Pat Powers,[45] and in 1930, Disney signed a new distribution deal with Columbia Pictures. The original basis of the cartoons was their musical novelty with the first Silly Symphony cartoons featuring scores by Carl Stalling.[46]
Iwerks was soon lured by Powers into opening his own studio with an exclusive contract, while Stalling would also later leave Disney to join Iwerks.[47] Iwerks launched his Flip the Frog series with the first voiced color cartoon Fiddlesticks, filmed in two-strip Technicolor. Iwerks also created two other cartoon series, Willie Whopper and the Comicolor. In 1936, Iwerks shut down his studio in order to work on various projects dealing with animation technology. He would return to Disney in 1940 and go on to pioneer a number of film processes and specialized animation technologies in the studio's research and development department.
By 1932, although Mickey Mouse had become a relatively popular cinema character, Silly Symphonies was not as successful. The same year also saw competition increase as Max Fleischer's flapper cartoon character, Betty Boop, gained popularity among theater audiences.[48] Fleischer, considered Disney's main rival in the 1930s,[49] was also the father of Richard Fleischer, whom Disney would later hire to direct his 1954 film 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. Meanwhile, Columbia Pictures dropped the distribution of Disney cartoons to be replaced by United Artists.[50] In late 1932, Herbert Kalmus, who had just completed work on the first three-strip technicolor camera,[51] approached Walt and convinced him to reshoot the black and white Flowers and Trees in three-strip Technicolor.[52] Flowers and Trees would go on to be a phenomenal success and would also win the first 1932 Academy Award for Best Short Subject: Cartoons. After the release of Flowers and Trees, all subsequent Silly Symphony cartoons were in color while Disney was also able to negotiate a two-year deal with Technicolor, giving him the sole right to use their three-strip process,[53][54] a period eventually extended to five years.[46] Through Silly Symphonies, Disney also created his most successful cartoon short of all time, The Three Little Pigs (1933).[55] The cartoon ran in theaters for many months, featuring the hit song that became the anthem of the Great Depression, "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf".[56]
First Academy Award[link]
In 1932, Disney received a special Academy Award for the creation of "Mickey Mouse", a series which switched to color in 1935 and soon launched spin-offs for supporting characters such as Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto. Pluto and Donald became standalone cartoons in 1937,[57] with Goofy following in 1939.[58] Of all Mickey's partners, Donald Duck, who first teamed up with Mickey in the 1934 cartoon, Orphan's Benefit, was arguably the most popular, going on to become Disney's second most successful cartoon character of all time.[59]
Children[link]
The Disneys' first attempt at pregnancy ended in miscarriage. Lillian became pregnant again and gave birth to a daughter, Diane Marie Disney, on December 18, 1933.[60] Later, the Disneys adopted Sharon Mae Disney (December 31, 1936 – February 16, 1993).[61]
Diane married Ron Miller at the age of 20 and is known as Diane Disney Miller. The Millers established and own a winery called Silverado Vineyards in California.[62] Diane and Ron Miller have seven children: Christopher, Joanna, Tamara, Jennifer, Walter, Ronald and Patrick.[63] Years later, Diane went on to become the cofounder of The Walt Disney Family Museum, with the aid of her children.[60] The museum was created to preserve her father's image and reach out to millions of Disney fans worldwide.[64] The museum displays a chronological view of Walt Disney's life through personal artifacts, interactive kiosks and various animations.[64]
Sharon Mae Disney was born December 31, 1936, in Los Angeles, California and was later adopted by the Disneys, due to Lillian's several birth complications.[63][65] In 1950, Sharon went on to star as herself in the Walt Disney Studios special One Hour in Wonderland.[66] Sharon married Robert Brown in 1958, with whom she had one child, and they remained married until his death in 1967.[65] Sharon married William Lund in 1969 and had two children with him, but six years later they divorced.[65][67] Sharon was a philanthropist and had contributed to charities such as the Marianne Frostig Center of Educational Therapy and the Curtis School foundation.[68] In 1993 at the age of 57, Sharon died from cancer at St. John's Hospital in Santa Monica, California.[65] After Sharon's death, her estate donated $11 million to the California School of Performing Arts, where she was a member of the board of trustees for almost two decades. Sharon's donation was commemorated by renaming the School of Dance the Sharon D. Lund School of Dance.[60][69]
1937–1941: Golden age of animation[link]
[edit] "Disney's Folly": Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
.jpg)
Following the creation of two cartoon series, in 1934 Disney began planning a full-length feature. The following year, opinion polls showed that another cartoon series, Popeye the Sailor, produced by Max Fleischer, was more popular than Mickey Mouse.[70] Nevertheless, Disney was able to put Mickey back on top as well as increase his popularity by colorizing and partially redesigning the character to become what was considered his most appealing design to date.[41] When the film industry learned of Disney's plans to produce an animated feature-length version of Snow White, they were certain that the endeavor would destroy the Disney Studio and dubbed the project "Disney's Folly". Both Lillian and Roy tried to talk Disney out of the project, but he continued plans for the feature, employing Chouinard Art Institute professor Don Graham to start a training operation for the studio staff. Disney then used the Silly Symphonies as a platform for experiments in realistic human animation, distinctive character animation, special effects, and the use of specialized processes and apparatus such as the multiplane camera – a new technique first used by Disney in the 1937 Silly Symphonies short The Old Mill.[71]
All of this development and training was used to increase quality at the studio and to ensure that the feature film would match Disney's quality expectations. Entitled Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the feature went into full production in 1934 and continued until mid-1937, when the studio ran out of money. To obtain the funding to complete Snow White, Disney had to show a rough cut of the motion picture to loan officers. The film premiered at the Carthay Circle Theater on December 21, 1937 and at its conclusion the audience gave Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs a standing ovation. Snow White, the first animated feature in America made in Technicolor, was released in February 1938 under a new distribution deal with RKO Radio Pictures. RKO had been the distributor for Disney cartoons in 1936, after it closed down the Van Beuren Studios in exchange for distribution.[72] The film became the most successful motion picture of 1938 and earned over $8 million on its initial release. These initial release earnings for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs would be the equivalent of $122,487,945 in 2010.[73]
Golden age of animation[link]
Following the success of Snow White, for which Disney received one full-size, and seven miniature Oscar statuettes, he was able to build a new campus for the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, which opened for business on December 24, 1939. Snow White was not only the peak of Disney's success, but also ushered in a period that would later be known as the Golden Age of Animation for the studio.[74][75] Feature animation staff, having just completed Pinocchio, continued work on Fantasia and Bambi as well as the early production stages of Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan and Wind in the Willows while the shorts staff carried on working on the Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto cartoon series, ending the Silly Symphonies at this time.[clarification needed More info needed on end of the Silly Symphonies to make a new and separate sentence.] Animator Fred Moore had redesigned Mickey Mouse in the late 1930s after Donald Duck overtook him in popularity among theater audiences.[76]
Pinocchio and Fantasia followed Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs into the movie theaters in 1940, but both proved financial disappointments. The inexpensive Dumbo was then planned as an income generator, but during production most of the animation staff went on strike, permanently straining relations between Disney and his artists.
1941–1945: World War II era[link]
In 1941, the U.S. State Department sent Disney and a group of animators to South America as part of its Good Neighbor policy, at the same time guaranteeing financing for the resultant movie, Saludos Amigos.[77]
Shortly after the release of Dumbo in October 1941, the US entered World War II. The U.S. Army and Navy Bureau of Aeronautics[78] contracted most of the Disney studio's facilities where the staff created training and instruction films for the military, home-front morale-boosting shorts such as Der Fuehrer's Face and the 1943 feature film Victory Through Air Power. However, military films did not generate income, and the feature film Bambi underperformed on its release in April 1942. Disney successfully re-issued Snow White in 1944, establishing a seven-year re-release tradition for his features. In 1945, The Three Caballeros was the last animated feature released by the studio during the war.
In 1944, Encyclopædia Britannica publisher William Benton, entered into unsuccessful negotiations with Disney to make six to twelve educational films per annum. Disney was asked by the US Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, Office of Inter-American Affairs (OIAA), to make an educational film about the Amazon Basin, which resulted in the 1944 animated short, The Amazon Awakens.[79][80][81][82][83]
1945–1955: Post-war period[link]
Disney studios also created inexpensive package films, containing collections of cartoon shorts, and issued them to theaters during this period. These included Make Mine Music (1946), Melody Time (1948), Fun and Fancy Free (1947) and The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949). The latter had only two sections, the first based on The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame, and the second on The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving. During this period, Disney also ventured into full-length dramatic films that mixed live action and animated scenes, including Song of the South and So Dear to My Heart. After the war ended, Mickey's popularity would also fade.[84]
By the late 1940s, the studio had recovered enough to continue production on the full-length features Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan, both of which had been shelved during the war years. Work also began on Cinderella, which became Disney's most successful film since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. In 1948 the studio also initiated a series of live-action nature films, titled True-Life Adventures, with On Seal Island the first. Despite its resounding success with feature films, the studio's animation shorts were no longer as popular as they once were, with people paying more attention to Warner Bros. and their animation star Bugs Bunny. By 1942, Leon Schlesinger Productions, which produced the Warner Bros. cartoons, had become the country's most popular animation studio.[85] However, while Bugs Bunny's popularity rose in the 1940s, so did Donald Duck's,[86] a character who would replace Mickey Mouse as Disney's star character by 1949.[87]
During the mid-1950s, Disney produced a number of educational films on the space program in collaboration with NASA rocket designer Wernher von Braun: Man in Space and Man and the Moon in 1955, and Mars and Beyond in 1957.
Disney and the Second Red Scare[link]
Disney was a founding member of the anti-communist group Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals. In 1947, during the Second Red Scare,[88] Disney testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), where he branded Herbert Sorrell, David Hilberman and William Pomerance, former animators and labor union organizers, Communist agitators. All three men denied the allegations and Sorrell went on to testify before the HUAC in 1946 when insufficient evidence was found to link him to the Communist Party.[89][90]
Disney also accused the Screen Cartoonists Guild of being a Communist front, and charged that the 1941 strike was part of an organized Communist effort to gain influence in Hollywood.[88]
1955–1966: Theme parks and beyond[link]
Planning Disneyland[link]
On a business trip to Chicago in the late-1940s, Disney drew sketches of his ideas for an amusement park where he envisioned his employees spending time with their children. The idea for a children's theme park came after a visit to Children's Fairyland in Oakland, California. It also said that Disney may have been inspired to create Disneyland in the park Republic of the Children located in Manuel B. Gonnet, La Plata, Argentina, and opened in 1951.[91] This plan was originally intended to be built on a plot located across the street to the south of the studio. These original ideas developed into a concept for a larger enterprise that would become Disneyland. Disney spent five years developing Disneyland and created a new subsidiary company, WED Enterprises, to carry out planning and production of the park. A small group of Disney studio employees joined the Disneyland development project as engineers and planners, and were dubbed Imagineers.[citation needed]
As Disney explained one of his earliest plans to Herb Ryman, who created the first aerial drawing of Disneyland presented to the Bank of America during fund raising for the project, he said, "Herbie, I just want it to look like nothing else in the world. And it should be surrounded by a train."[92] Entertaining his daughters and their friends in his backyard and taking them for rides on his Carolwood Pacific Railroad had inspired Disney to include a railroad in the plans for Disneyland.
Disneyland grand opening[link]
File:Waltopening.jpg
Walt Disney giving the dedication day speech July 17, 1955
Disneyland officially opened on July 18, 1955. On Sunday, July 17, 1955, Disneyland hosted a live TV preview, among the thousands of people in attendance were Ronald Reagan, Bob Cummings and Art Linkletter, who shared cohosting duties, as well as the mayor of Anaheim. Walt gave the following dedication day speech:
| “ | To all who come to this happy place; welcome. Disneyland is your land. Here age relives fond memories of the past .... and here youth may savor the challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, the dreams and the hard facts that have created America ... with the hope that it will be a source of joy and inspiration to all the world. | ” |
Carolwood Pacific Railroad[link]
Main article: Carolwood Pacific Railroad
During 1949, Disney and his family moved to a new home on a large piece of land in the Holmby Hills district of Los Angeles, California. With the help of his friends Ward and Betty Kimball, who already had their own backyard railroad, Disney developed blueprints and immediately set to work on creating a miniature live steam railroad for his backyard. The name of the railroad, Carolwood Pacific Railroad, came from his home's location on Carolwood Drive. The railroad's half-mile long layout included a 46-foot (14 m) long trestle bridge, loops, overpasses, gradients, an elevated berm, and a 90-foot (27 m) tunnel underneath his wife's flowerbed. He named the miniature working steam locomotive built by Disney Studios engineer Roger E. Broggie Lilly Belle in his wife's honor and had his attorney draw up right-of-way papers giving the railroad a permanent, legal easement through the garden areas, which his wife dutifully signed; however, there is no evidence of the documents ever recorded as a restriction on the property's title.[clarification needed]
Expansion into new areas[link]
As Walt Disney Productions began work on Disneyland, it also began expanding its other entertainment operations. In 1950, Treasure Island became the studio's first all-live-action feature, soon followed by 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (in CinemaScope, 1954), Old Yeller (1957), The Shaggy Dog (1959), Pollyanna (1960), Swiss Family Robinson (1960), The Absent-Minded Professor (1961), and The Parent Trap (1961). The studio produced its first TV special, One Hour in Wonderland, in 1950. Disney began hosting a weekly anthology series on ABC entitled Disneyland, after the park, on which he aired clips of past Disney productions, gave tours of his studio, and familiarized the public with Disneyland as it was being constructed in Anaheim. The show also featured a Davy Crockett miniseries, which started the "Davy Crockett craze" among American youth, during which millions of coonskin caps and other Crockett memorabilia were sold across the country.[93] In 1955, the studio's first daily television show, Mickey Mouse Club debuted on ABC. It was a groundbreaking comedy/variety show aimed specifically for children. Disney took a strong personal interest in the show and even returned to the animation studio to voice Mickey Mouse in its animated segments during its original 1955-59 production run. The Mickey Mouse Club would continue in various incarnations in syndication and on the Disney Channel into the 1990s.
As the studio expanded and diversified into other media, Disney devoted less of his attention to the animation department, entrusting most of its operations to his key animators, whom he dubbed the Nine Old Men. Although he was spending less time supervising the production of the animated films, he was always present at story meetings.[94] During Disney's lifetime, the animation department created the successful Lady and the Tramp ( the first animated film in CinemaScope) in 1955, Sleeping Beauty ( the first animated film in Super Technirama 70mm) in 1959, One Hundred and One Dalmatians (the first animated feature film to use Xerox cels) in 1961, and The Sword in the Stone in 1963.
Production of short cartoons kept pace until 1956, when Disney shut down the responsible division although special shorts projects would continue for the remainder of the studio's duration on an irregular basis. These productions were all distributed by Disney's new subsidiary, Buena Vista Distribution, which had taken over all distribution duties for Disney films from RKO by 1955. Disneyland, one of the world's first theme parks, finally opened on July 17, 1955, and was immediately successful. Visitors from around the world came to visit Disneyland, which contained attractions based on a number of successful Disney characters and films.
After 1955, the Disneyland TV show was renamed Walt Disney Presents. It switched from black-and-white to color in 1961 and changed its name to Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color, at the same time moving from ABC to NBC,[95] and eventually evolving into its current form as The Wonderful World of Disney. The series continued to air on NBC until 1981, when it was picked up by CBS.[96] Since then, it has aired on ABC, NBC, the Hallmark Channel and the Cartoon Network via separate broadcast rights deals. During its run, the Disney series offered some recurring characters, such as the newspaper reporter and sleuth "Gallegher" played by Roger Mobley with a plot based on the writings of Richard Harding Davis.
Disney had already formed his own music publishing division in 1949 and in 1956, partly inspired by the huge success of the television theme song The Ballad of Davy Crockett, he created a company-owned record production and distribution entity called Disneyland Records.
Early 1960s successes[link]
File:Shermans042.jpg
(Left to right) Robert B. Sherman, Richard M. Sherman and Walt Disney sing "There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow" (1964)
By the early 1960s, the Disney empire had become a major success, and Walt Disney Productions had established itself as the world's leading producer of family entertainment. Walt Disney was the Head of Pageantry for the 1960 Winter Olympics.
After decades of pursuit, Disney finally acquired the rights to P.L. Travers' books about a magical nanny. Mary Poppins, released in 1964, was the most successful Disney film of the 1960s and featured a memorable song score written by Disney favorites, the Sherman Brothers. The same year, Disney debuted a number of exhibits at the 1964 New York World's Fair, including Audio-Animatronic figures, all of which were later integrated into attractions at Disneyland and a new theme park project which was to be established on the East Coast.
Although the studio would probably have proved major competition for Hanna-Barbera, Disney decided not to enter the race and mimic Hanna-Barbera by producing Saturday morning TV cartoon series. With the expansion of Disney's empire and constant production of feature films, the financial burden involved in such a move would have proven too great.
Plans for Disney World and EPCOT[link]
In early 1964, Disney announced plans to develop another theme park to be called Disney World a few miles southwest of Orlando, Florida. Disney World was to include "the Magic Kingdom", a larger, more elaborate version of Disneyland. It would also feature a number of golf courses and resort hotels. The heart of Disney World, however, was to be the Experimental Prototype City (or Community) of Tomorrow, known as EPCOT for short.
Mineral King Ski Resort[link]
During the early-to-mid 1960s, Walt Disney developed plans for a ski resort in Mineral King, a glacial valley in California's Sierra Nevada mountain range. He brought in experts such as the renowned Olympic ski coach and ski-area designer Willy Schaeffler, who helped plan a visitor village, ski runs and ski lifts among the several bowls surrounding the valley. Plans finally moved into action in the mid 1960s, but Walt died before the actual work started. Disney's death and opposition from conservationists ensured that the resort was never built.
Death[link]
Like many people of the time, Walt Disney was a chain smoker his entire adult life, although he made sure he was not seen smoking around children.[97] In 1966, Disney was scheduled to undergo surgery to repair an old neck injury[98] caused by many years of playing polo at the Riviera Club in Hollywood.[99] On November 2, during pre-operative X-rays, doctors at Providence St. Joseph Medical Center, across the street from the Disney Studio, discovered a tumor in his left lung.[100] Five days later a biopsy showed the tumor to be malignant and to have spread throughout the entire left lung.[100] After removal of the lung, doctors informed Disney that his life expectancy was six months to two years.[100] After several chemotherapy sessions, Disney and his wife spent a short amount of time in Palm Springs, California.[98] On November 30, Disney collapsed at his home. He was revived by fire department personnel and rushed to St. Joseph's where on December 15, 1966, at 9:30 a.m., ten days after his 65th birthday, Disney died of acute circulatory collapse, caused by lung cancer.[98] The last thing he reportedly wrote before his death was the name of actor Kurt Russell, the significance of which remains a mystery, even to Russell.[101]
Roy O. Disney continued out with the Florida project, insisting that the name be changed to Walt Disney World in honor of his brother.
The final productions in which Disney played an active role were the animated feature The Jungle Book and the animated short Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day, as well as the live-action musical feature The Happiest Millionaire, all released in 1967. Songwriter Robert B. Sherman recalled of the last time he saw Disney:
| “ | He was up in the third floor of the animation building after a run-through of The Happiest Millionaire. He usually held court in the hallway afterward for the people involved with the picture. And he started talking to them, telling them what he liked and what they should change, and then, when they were through, he turned to us and with a big smile, he said, 'Keep up the good work, boys.' And he walked to his office. It was the last we ever saw of him.[102] | ” |
Hibernation Urban Legend[link]
A long-standing urban legend maintains that Disney was cryogenically frozen, and his frozen corpse stored beneath the Pirates of the Caribbean ride at Disneyland.[103] In fact, Disney was cremated on December 17, 1966, and his ashes interred at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California. The first known human cryogenic freezing did not occur until January 1967, more than a month after Disney's death.[103]
According to "at least one Disney publicist", as reported in the French magazine Ici Paris in 1969, the source of the rumor was a group of Disney Studio animators with "a bizarre sense of humor" who were playing a final prank on their late boss.[104]
Although the rumor is acknowledged as false by most historians, Robert Mosley (in Disney’s World (1986)) and Marc Eliot (in Walt Disney – Hollywood’s Dark Prince (1993)) argue that Disney may have known of cryonics and may have had an interest in the science.[105] However his daughter Diane wrote in 1972, "There is absolutely no truth to the rumor that my father, Walt Disney, wished to be frozen. I doubt that my father had ever heard of cryonics."[104]
Legacy: 1967–present[link]
Continuing Disney Productions[link]
After Walt Disney's death, Roy Disney returned from retirement to take full control of Walt Disney Productions and WED Enterprises. In October 1971, the families of Walt and Roy met in front of Cinderella Castle at the Magic Kingdom to officially open the Walt Disney World Resort.
After giving his dedication for Walt Disney World, Roy asked Lillian Disney to join him. As the orchestra played "When You Wish upon a Star", she stepped up to the podium accompanied by Mickey Mouse. He then said, "Lilly, you knew all of Walt's ideas and hopes as well as anybody; what would Walt think of it [Walt Disney World]?". "I think Walt would have approved," she replied.[106] Roy died from a cerebral hemorrhage on December 20, 1971, the day he was due to open the Disneyland Christmas parade.
During the second phase of the "Walt Disney World" theme park, EPCOT was translated by Disney's successors into EPCOT Center, which opened in 1982. As it currently exists, EPCOT is essentially a living world's fair, different from the actual functional city that Disney had envisioned. In 1992, Walt Disney Imagineering took the step closer to Disney's original ideas and dedicated Celebration, Florida, a town built by the Walt Disney Company adjacent to Walt Disney World, that hearkens back to the spirit of EPCOT. EPCOT was also originally intended to be devoid of Disney characters which initially limited the appeal of the park to young children. However, the company later changed this policy and Disney characters can now be found throughout the park, often dressed in costumes reflecting the different pavilions.
The Disney entertainment empire[link]
Today, Walt Disney's animation/motion picture studios and theme parks have developed into a multi-billion dollar television, motion picture, vacation destination and media corporation that carry his name. Among other assets The Walt Disney Company owns five vacation resorts, eleven theme parks, two water parks, thirty-nine hotels, eight motion picture studios, six record labels, eleven cable television networks, and one terrestrial television network. As of 2007, the company had annual revenues of over U.S. $35 billion.[107]
Disney Animation[link]
Walt Disney was a pioneer in character animation. He was one of the first people to move away from basic cartoons with just "impossible outlandish gags" and crudely drawn characters to an art form with heartwarming stories and characters the audience can connect to on an emotional level. The personality displayed in the characters of his films and the technological advancements remain influential when animating today. He was also considered by many of his colleagues to be a master storyteller and the animation department did not fully recover from his demise until the late 1980s in a period known as the Disney Renaissance. The most financially and critically successful films produced during this time include Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), The Little Mermaid (1989), Beauty and the Beast (1991), Aladdin (1992) and The Lion King (1994). In 1995, Walt Disney Pictures distributed Pixar's Toy Story, the first computer animated feature film. Walt Disney's nephew Roy E. Disney claimed that Walt would have loved Toy Story and that it was "his kind of movie".[108] With the rise of computer animated films a stream of financially unsuccessful Traditional hand-drawn animated features in the early years of the 2000s (decade) emerged. This led to the company's controversial decision to close the traditional animation department. The two satellite studios in Paris and Orlando were closed, and the main studio in Burbank was converted to a computer animation production facility, firing hundreds of people in the process. In 2004, Disney released what was announced as their final "traditionally animated" feature film, Home on the Range. However, since the 2006 acquisition of Pixar, and the resulting rise of John Lasseter to Chief Creative Officer, that position has changed with the largely successful 2009 film The Princess and the Frog. This marked Disney's return to traditional hand-drawn animation and the studio hired back staff who had been laid-off in the past. Today, Disney produces both traditional and computer animation.
CalArts[link]
In his later years, Disney devoted substantial time to funding The California Institute of the Arts (CalArts). Formed in 1961 through a merger of the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music and the Chouinard Art Institute, which had helped in the training of the animation staff during the 1930s, when Disney died, one-fourth of his estate went to CalArts, which helped in building its campus. In his will, Disney paved the way for the creation of several charitable trusts which included one for the California Institute of the Arts and other for the Disney Foundation.[109] He also donated 38 acres (0.154 km2) of the Golden Oaks ranch in Valencia for construction of the school. CalArts moved onto the Valencia campus in 1972.
In an early admissions bulletin, Disney explained: "A hundred years ago, Wagner conceived of a perfect and all-embracing art, combining music, drama, painting, and the dance, but in his wildest imagination he had no hint what infinite possibilities were to become commonplace through the invention of recording, radio, cinema and television. There already have been geniuses combining the arts in the mass-communications media, and they have already given us powerful new art forms. The future holds bright promise for those who imaginations are trained to play on the vast orchestra of the art-in-combination. Such supermen will appear most certainly in those environments which provide contact with all the arts, but even those who devote themselves to a single phase of art will benefit from broadened horizons."[110]
Walt Disney Family Museum[link]
In 2009, The Walt Disney Family Museum opened in the Presidio of San Francisco. Thousands of artifacts from Disney's life and career are on display, including 248 awards that he received.[111]
Antisemitism accusations[link]
Disney was long rumored to be antisemitic during his lifetime, and such rumors have persisted after his death. Indeed, in the 1930s he welcomed German filmmaker and Nazi propagandist Leni Riefenstahl to Hollywood.[112] Disney biographer Neal Gabler, the first writer to gain unrestricted access to the Disney archives, concluded in 2006 that available evidence does not support such accusations. In a CBS interview Gabler summarized his findings:
| “ | That's one of the questions everybody asks me... My answer to that is, not in the conventional sense that we think of someone as being an antisemite. But he got the reputation because, in the 1940s, he got himself allied with a group called the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, which was an anti-Communist and antisemitic organization. And though Walt himself, in my estimation, was not antisemitic, nevertheless, he willingly allied himself with people who were antisemitic, and that reputation stuck. He was never really able to expunge it throughout his life.[113] | ” |
Disney eventually distanced himself from the Motion Picture Alliance in the 1950s.[114]
The Walt Disney Family Museum acknowledges that Disney did have "difficult relationships" with some Jewish individuals, and that ethnic stereotypes common to films of the 1930s were included in some early cartoons, such as Three Little Pigs and The Opry House. However, the museum points out that Disney employed Jews throughout his career, donated to several Jewish charities (The Hebrew Orphan Asylum, Yeshiva College[disambiguation needed 
], Jewish Home for the Aged, The American League for a Free Palestine)[114] and was named "1955 Man of the Year" by the B'nai B'rith chapter in Beverly Hills.[114][115]
Academy Awards[link]
Walt Disney holds the record for both the most Academy Award nominations (59) and the number of Oscars awarded (22). He also earned four honorary Oscars. His last competitive Academy Award was posthumous.[116]
- 1932: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Flowers and Trees (1932)
- 1932: Honorary Award for creation of Mickey Mouse.
- 1934: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Three Little Pigs (1933)
- 1935: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: The Tortoise and the Hare (1934)
- 1936: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Three Orphan Kittens (1935)
- 1937: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: The Country Cousin (1936)
- 1938: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: The Old Mill (1937)
- 1939: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Ferdinand the Bull (1938)
- 1939: Honorary Award for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) The citation read, "For Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, recognized as a significant screen innovation which has charmed millions and pioneered a great new entertainment field." (The award, unique in the history of the Oscars, is one large statuette and seven miniature statuettes.)[5]
- 1940: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Ugly Duckling (1939)
- 1941: Honorary Award for Fantasia (1940), shared with: William E. Garity and J.N.A. Hawkins. The citation for the certificate of merit read, "For their outstanding contribution to the advancement of the use of sound in motion pictures through the production of Fantasia."[5]
- 1942: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Lend a Paw (1941)
- 1943: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Der Fuehrer's Face (1942)
- 1949: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Seal Island (1948)
- 1949: Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award (Honorary Award)
- 1951: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Beaver Valley (1950)
- 1952: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Nature's Half Acre (1951)
- 1953: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Water Birds (1952)
- 1954: Best Documentary, Features: The Living Desert (1953)
- 1954: Best Documentary, Short Subjects: The Alaskan Eskimo (1953)
- 1954: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Toot Whistle Plunk and Boom (1953)
- 1954: Best Short Subject, Two-reel: Bear Country (1953)
- 1955: Best Documentary, Features: The Vanishing Prairie (1954)
- 1956: Best Documentary, Short Subjects: Men Against the Arctic
- 1959: Best Short Subject, Live Action Subjects: Grand Canyon
- 1969: Best Short Subject, Cartoons: Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day
Other honors[link]
Walt Disney was the inaugural recipient of a star on the Anaheim walk of stars awarded in recognition of his significant contribution to the city of Anaheim and specifically Disneyland, which is now the Disneyland Resort. The star is located at the pedestrian entrance to the Disneyland Resort on Harbor Boulevard. Disney has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for motion pictures and the other for his television work.
Walt Disney received the Congressional Gold Medal on May 24, 1968 (P.L. 90-316, 82 Stat. 130–131) and the Légion d'Honneur awarded by France in 1935.[117] In 1935, Walt received a special medal from the League of Nations for creation of Mickey Mouse, held to be Mickey Mouse award.[118] He also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom on September 14, 1964.[119] On December 6, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Walt Disney into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts.
A minor planet, 4017 Disneya, discovered in 1980 by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina, is named after him.[120]
The Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, California, opened in 2003, was named in his honor.
Waltograph, a freeware typeface, is based on his signature and handwriting.
In 1993, HBO began development of a Walt Disney biopic, directed by Frank Pierson and produced by Lawrence Turman, but the project never materialized and was soon abandoned.[121] However, Walt - The Man Behind the Myth, a biographical documentary about Disney, was later made.[122]
| Preceded by None |
Voice of Mickey Mouse 1928–1947, 1955-1959 |
Succeeded by Jimmy MacDonald |
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ "Walt Disney". IMDB. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000370/. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ http://www.disneydreamer.com/Waltfaith.htm
- ^ Dave Bryan (2002-08-13). "Walt Disney Helped Wernher von Braun Sell Americans on Space". Associated Press. http://www.space.com/news/spacehistory/vonbraun_disney_020813.html. Retrieved 2010-09-27. [dead link]
- ^ "2010 Form 10-K, Walt Disney Company". United States Securities and Exchange Commission. http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1001039/000119312510268910/d10k.htm.
- ^ a b c "Walt Disney Academy awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/index.jsp. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Results Page - Academy Awards Database". http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/help/helpMain.jsp?helpContentURL=statistics/indexStats.html. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ "Walt Disney, the man behind the mouse". Chicago Sun-Times. 2009-09-27. http://www.suntimes.com/lifestyles/1790811,disney-walt-museum-san-francisco-092709.article. Retrieved 2010-10-21. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Walt Disney biography". Just Disney. Archived from the original on 2008-06-05. http://web.archive.org/web/20080605151444/http://www.justdisney.com/WaltDisney100/biography01.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ Disneyland Paris. Michelin. 2002-08-07. p. 38. ISBN 2-06-048002-7.
- ^ a b c Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 7.
- ^ a b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 9-10.
- ^ a b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 15.
- ^ "Walt Disney Hometown Museum". Walt Disney Museum. http://www.waltdisneymuseum.org/. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 18.
- ^ Thomas 1991, pp. 33–41
- ^ "Biography of Walt Disney, Film Producer – kchistory.org – Retrieved September 14, 2009". Kchistory.org. http://kchistory.org/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/Biographies&CISOPTR=31&CISOBOX=1&REC=2. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 30.
- ^ Thomas 1991, pp. 42–43
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 36.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 37.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 38.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 42.
- ^ a b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 44.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 45.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 46.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 48.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 51.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 52.
- ^ a b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 56.
- ^ a b c Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 57.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 58.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 64.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 64-71.
- ^ a b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 68.
- ^ a b Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 72.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 75.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 78.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 80.
- ^ Neal Gabler, "Walt Disney:The Triumph of the American Imagination" (2006), p. 109.
- ^ Stay 'tooned: Disney gets 'Oswald' for Al Michaels, at ESPN web site, retrieved January 4, 2010
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- ^ a b c d Sharon Disney - Biography
- ^ One Hour in Wonderland (TV 1950) - IMDb
- ^ Barrier, 2008, p.324)
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- ^ "Popeye's Popularity – Article from 1935". Golden Age Cartoons. http://forums.goldenagecartoons.com/showthread.php?t=2907. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
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- ^ "Cartoons that Time Forgot". Images Journal. http://www.imagesjournal.com/issue08/reviews/vanbeuren/. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
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- ^ "U.S. Naval Activities World War II by State". Patrick Clancey. http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ref/USN-Act/CA.html. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
- ^ Gabler, 2006, p.444
- ^ Cramer, Gisela; Prutsch, Ursula, "Nelson A. Rockefeller's Office of Inter-American Affairs (1940–1946) and Record Group 229", Hispanic American Historical Review 2006 86(4):785–806; doi:10.1215/00182168-2006-050. Cf. p.795 and note 28.
- ^ Bender, Pennee. "Hollywood Meets South American and Stages a Show" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Studies Association. 2009-05-24 <[1][dead link]>
- ^ Niblo, Stephen R., "Mexico in the 1940s: Modernity, Politics, and Corruption", Wilimington, Del. : Scholarly Resources, 1999. ISBN 0-8420-2794-7. Cf. "Nelson Rockefeller and the Office of Inter-American Affairs", p.333
- ^ Leonard, Thomas M.; Bratzel, John F., Latin America during World War II, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2007. ISBN 978-0-7425-3741-5. Cf. p.47.
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- ^ a b "Testimony of Walter E. Disney before HUAC". CNN. 1947-10-24. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080514003423/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/06/documents/huac/disney.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ Cogley, John (1956) Report on Blacklisting, Volume I, Movies Fund for the Republic, New York, p. 34 OCLC 3794664; reprinted in 1972 by Arno Press, New York ISBN 0-405-03915-8
- ^ "Communist brochure" Screen Actors Guild accessed October 20, 2008
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- ^ Cotter, Bill. "The Television Worlds of Disney – PART II". Disney. http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/tvworldsofdisney/index.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ John Lasseter-Commentary-Sleeping Beauty-2008 DVD
- ^ "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". Island Net. http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/disnehis/disn1961.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". Island Net. http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/disnehis/disn1981.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ Gabler, Neal 2006 Walt Disney: The Triumph of Imagination, Alfed A. Knofph Inc, New York City
- ^ a b c "The Day Walt Died". Disney. http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/exhibits/articles/waltspassing/index.html. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Horsing Around With Walt and Polo". Mouse Planet. http://www.mouseplanet.com/articles.php?art=ww070711ws. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ a b c "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". Island Net. http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/disnehis/disn1966.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ "Kurt Russell Confirms Disney's Last Words". Star Pulse. http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2007/04/24/kurt_russell_confirms_that_walt_disney_s. Retrieved 2007-04-24.
- ^ Greene, K&R (2001). Inside The Dream: The Personal Story Of Walt Disney. Disney Editions. p. 180. ISBN 0-7868-5350-6.
- ^ a b Mikkelson, B & DP (2007-08-24). "Suspended Animation". Snopes.com. http://www.snopes.com/disney/waltdisn/frozen.asp. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
- ^ a b Urban Legends Reference Pages © 1995-2001 by Barbara and David P. Mikkelson
- ^ Hoaxipedia, museumofhoaxes.com "Walt Disney Frozen" by Elliot Feldman © 2008 Alex Boese
- ^ Griffiths, Bill. "Grand opening of Walt Disney world". http://www.startedbyamouse.com/archives/GrandOpeningWDW01.shtml. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
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- ^ Plagens, Peter (2000). Sunshine Muse: Art on the West Coast, 1945–1970. University of California Press. p. 159. ISBN 0-520-22392-6.
- ^ Rothstein, Edward (September 30, 2009). "Exploring the Man Behind the Animation". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/01/arts/design/01disney.html?pagewanted=1.
- ^ Dargis, Manohla (21September 2011). "And Now a Word From the Director". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/movies/conflicting-voices-in-lars-von-triers-words-and-works.html?scp=1&sq=And%20Now%20a%20Word%20from&st=Search. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
- ^ "Walt Disney: More Than 'Toons, Theme Parks". CBS News. 2006-11-01. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/11/01/earlyshow/leisure/books/main2141735.shtml.
- ^ a b c Gabler, Neal (2007). Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination. Random House. p. 458. ISBN 978-0-679-75747-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=41e-Ru0wRkEC&pg=PA458.
- ^ http://disney.go.com/disneyatoz/familymuseum/collection/insidestory/inside_1933d.html
- ^ Walt Disney - Awards
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- ^ link removed, see edit summary
- ^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 342. ISBN 3-540-00238-3. http://books.google.com/books?q=4017+Disneya.
- ^ David Rooney (1994-03-03). "Disney wins Houston and Washington teaming ...". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR119623. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
- ^ "Walt: The Man Behind the Myth (TV 2001) - IMDb". Internet Movie Database. IMDb.com, Inc.. 2011. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0296273/. Retrieved 2011-07-14.
References[link]
- Thomas, Bob (1994). Walt Disney: An American Original. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-6027-8.
Further reading[link]
- Barrier, Michael (1999). Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516729-5.
- Broggie, Michael (1997, 1998, 2005). Walt Disney's Railroad Story. Virginia Beach, Virginia. Donning Publishers. ISBN 1-56342-009-0
- Eliot, Marc (1993). Walt Disney: Hollywood's Dark Prince. Carol. ISBN 1-55972-174-X
- Mosley, Leonard. Disney's World: A Biography (1985, 2002). Chelsea, MI: Scarborough House. ISBN 0-8128-8514-7.
- Gabler, Neal. Walt Disney: The Triumph of American Imagination (2006). New York, NY. Random House. ISBN 0-679-43822-X
- Schickel, Richard, and Dee, Ivan R. (1967, 1985, 1997). The Disney Version: The Life, Times, Art and Commerce of Walt Disney. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, Publisher. ISBN 1-56663-158-0.
- Sherman, Robert B. and Sherman, Richard M. (1998) "Walt's Time: From Before to Beyond" ISBN 0-9646059-3-7
- Thomas, Bob (1991). Disney's Art of Animation: From Mickey Mouse to Beauty and the Beast. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 1-56282-899-1.
- Watts, Steven, The Magic Kingdom: Walt Disney and the American Way of Life, University of Missouri Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8262-1379-0
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Walt Disney |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Walt Disney |
- Walt Disney at the Internet Movie Database
- Walt Disney at the TCM Movie Database
- Works by or about Walt Disney in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Walt Disney Family Museum
- Walt Disney Gravesite
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Disney, Walter Elias |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Producer, director and animator |
| Date of birth | December 5, 1901 |
| Place of birth | Chicago, Illinois, United States |
| Date of death | December 15, 1966 |
| Place of death | Los Angeles, California, United States |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"Lennon" redirects here. For other uses, see Lennon (disambiguation).
For other people named John Lennon, see John Lennon (disambiguation).
| John Lennon MBE |
|
|---|---|
 Lennon rehearses "Give Peace a Chance" in Montreal, Canada, in 1969 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | John Winston Lennon |
| Born | (1940-10-09)9 October 1940 Liverpool, England, UK |
| Died | 8 December 1980(1980-12-08) (aged 40) New York, New York, US |
| Genres | Rock, pop |
| Occupations | Musician, singer-songwriter, record producer, artist, writer |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, piano, harmonica, harmonium, electronic organ, six-string bass |
| Years active | 1957–75, 1980 |
| Labels | Parlophone, Capitol, Apple, EMI, Geffen, Polydor |
| Associated acts | The Quarrymen, The Beatles, Plastic Ono Band, The Dirty Mac, Yoko Ono |
| Website | www.johnlennon.com |
| Notable instruments | |
| Rickenbacker 325 Epiphone Casino Gibson J-160E |
|
John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (9 October 1940 – 8 December 1980) was an English musician and singer-songwriter who rose to worldwide fame as one of the founder members of The Beatles, one of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed acts in the history of popular music. Together with Paul McCartney, he formed one of the most celebrated songwriting partnerships of the 20th century.
Born and raised in Liverpool, Lennon became involved as a teenager in the skiffle craze; his first band, The Quarrymen, evolved into The Beatles in 1960. As the group disintegrated towards the end of the decade, Lennon embarked on a solo career that produced the critically acclaimed albums John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band and Imagine, and iconic songs such as "Give Peace a Chance" and "Imagine". After his marriage to Yoko Ono in 1969, he changed his name to John Ono Lennon. Lennon disengaged himself from the music business in 1975 to devote time to raising his infant son Sean, but re-emerged with Ono in 1980 with the new album Double Fantasy. He was murdered three weeks after its release.
Lennon revealed a rebellious nature and acerbic wit in his music, writing, drawings, on film, and in interviews. Controversial through his political and peace activism, he moved to New York City in 1971, where his criticism of the Vietnam War resulted in a lengthy attempt by Richard Nixon's administration to deport him, while some of his songs were adopted as anthems by the anti-war movement.
As of 2012 Lennon's solo album sales in the United States exceed 14 million units, and as writer, co-writer or performer, he is responsible for 25 number-one singles on the US Hot 100 chart. In 2002 a BBC poll on the 100 Greatest Britons voted him eighth, and in 2008, Rolling Stone ranked him the fifth-greatest singer of all-time. He was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1987 and into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994.
Contents
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History[link]
1940–57: Early years[link]
Lennon was born in war-time England, on 9 October 1940 at Liverpool Maternity Hospital to Julia and Alfred Lennon, a merchant seaman who was away at the time of his son's birth.[1] He was named John Winston Lennon after his paternal grandfather, John "Jack" Lennon, and then-Prime Minister Winston Churchill.[2] His father was often away from home but sent regular pay cheques to 9 Newcastle Road, Liverpool, where Lennon lived with his mother,[3] but the cheques stopped when he went absent without leave in February 1944.[4][5] When he eventually came home six months later, he offered to look after the family, but Julia—by then pregnant with another man's child—rejected the idea.[6] After her sister, Mimi Smith, twice complained to Liverpool's Social Services, Julia handed the care of Lennon over to her. In July 1946 Lennon's father visited Smith and took his son to Blackpool, secretly intending to emigrate to New Zealand with him.[7] Julia followed them—with her partner at the time, 'Bobby' Dykins—and after a heated argument his father forced the five-year-old to choose between them. Lennon twice chose his father, but as his mother walked away, he began to cry and followed her.[8] It would be 20 years before he had contact with his father again.[9]
Throughout the rest of his childhood and adolescence he lived with his aunt and uncle, Mimi and George Smith, who had no children of their own, at Mendips, 251 Menlove Avenue, Woolton.[10] His aunt bought him volumes of short stories, and his uncle, a dairyman at his family's farm, bought him a mouth organ and engaged him in solving crossword puzzles.[11] Julia visited Mendips on a regular basis, and when he was 11 years old he often visited her at 1 Blomfield Road, Liverpool, where she played him Elvis Presley records, and taught him the banjo, learning how to play "Ain't That a Shame" by Fats Domino.[12]
In September 1980 he talked about his family and his rebellious nature:
Part of me would like to be accepted by all facets of society and not be this loudmouthed lunatic musician. But I cannot be what I am not. Because of my attitude, all the other boys' parents ... instinctively recognised what I was, which was a troublemaker, meaning I did not conform and I would influence their kids, which I did ... I did my best to disrupt every friend's home ... Partly, maybe, it was out of envy that I didn't have this so-called home, but I really did ... There were five women who were my family. Five strong, intelligent women. Five sisters. Those women were fantastic ... that was my first feminist education ... One happened to be my mother ... she just couldn't deal with life. She had a husband who ran away to sea and the war was on and she couldn't cope with me, and when I was four-and-a-half, I ended up living with her elder sister ... the fact that I wasn't with my parents made me see that parents are not gods.[13]
He regularly visited his cousin, Stanley Parkes, who lived in Fleetwood. Seven years Lennon's senior, Parkes took him on trips, and to local cinemas.[14] During the school holidays, Parkes often visited Lennon with Leila Harvey, another cousin, often travelling to Blackpool two or three times a week to watch shows. They would visit the Blackpool Tower Circus and see artists such as Dickie Valentine, Arthur Askey, Max Bygraves and Joe Loss, with Parkes recalling that Lennon particularly liked George Formby.[15] After Parkes's family moved to Scotland, the three cousins often spent their school holidays together there. Parkes recalled, "John, cousin Leila and I were very close. From Edinburgh we would drive up to the family croft at Durness, which was from about the time John was nine years old until he was about 16."[16] He was 14 years old when his uncle George died of a liver haemorrhage on 5 June 1955 (aged 52).[17]
Lennon was raised as an Anglican and attended Dovedale Primary School.[18] From September 1952 to 1957, after passing his Eleven-Plus exam, he attended Quarry Bank High School in Liverpool, and was described by Harvey at the time as, "A happy-go-lucky, good-humoured, easy going, lively lad."[19] He often drew comical cartoons which appeared in his own self-made school magazine called The Daily Howl,[20] but despite his artistic talent, his school reports were damning: "Certainly on the road to failure ... hopeless ... rather a clown in class ... wasting other pupils' time."[21]
His mother bought him his first guitar in 1956, an inexpensive Gallotone Champion acoustic for which she "lent" her son five pounds and ten shillings on the condition that the guitar be delivered to her own house, and not Mimi's, knowing well that her sister was not supportive of her son's musical aspirations.[22] As Mimi was sceptical of his claim that he would be famous one day, she hoped he would grow bored with music, often telling him, "The guitar's all very well, John, but you'll never make a living out of it".[23] On 15 July 1958, when Lennon was 17 years old, his mother, walking home after visiting the Smiths' house, was struck by a car and killed.[24]
Lennon failed all his GCE O-level examinations, and was accepted into the Liverpool College of Art only after his aunt and headmaster intervened.[25] Once at the college, he started wearing Teddy Boy clothes and acquired a reputation for disrupting classes and ridiculing teachers. As a result, he was excluded from the painting class, then the graphic arts course, and was threatened with expulsion for his behaviour, which included sitting on a nude model's lap during a life drawing class.[26] He failed an annual exam, despite help from fellow student and future wife Cynthia Powell, and was "thrown out of the college before his final year."[27]
1957–70: The Quarrymen to The Beatles[link]
Further information: The Quarrymen, Lennon–McCartney, Brian Epstein, The Beatles, Beatlemania, British Invasion, and More popular than Jesus
1957–65: Formation, commercial break-out, and touring years[link]
The Beatles evolved from Lennon's first band, the Quarrymen. Named after Quarry Bank High School, the group was established by him in September 1956 when he was 15, and began as a skiffle group.[28] By the summer of 1957 the Quarrymen played a "spirited set of songs" made up of half skiffle, and half rock and roll.[29] Lennon first met Paul McCartney at the Quarrymen's second performance, held in Woolton on 6 July at the St. Peter's Church garden fête, after which McCartney was asked to join the band.[30]
McCartney says that Aunt Mimi: "was very aware that John's friends were lower class", and would often patronise him when he arrived to visit Lennon.[31] According to Paul's brother Mike, McCartney's father was also disapproving, declaring Lennon would get his son "into trouble";[32] although he later allowed the fledgling band to rehearse in the McCartneys' front room at 20 Forthlin Road.[33][34] During this time, the 18-year-old Lennon wrote his first song, "Hello Little Girl", a UK top 10 hit for The Fourmost nearly five years later.[35]
George Harrison joined the band as lead guitarist,[36] even though Lennon thought Harrison (at 14 years old) was too young to join the band, so McCartney engineered a second audition on the upper deck of a Liverpool bus, where Harrison played "Raunchy" for Lennon.[37] Stuart Sutcliffe, Lennon's friend from art school, later joined as bassist.[38] Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Sutcliffe became "The Beatles" in early 1960. In August that year The Beatles, engaged for a 48-night residency in Hamburg, Germany, and desperately in need of a drummer, asked Pete Best to join them.[39] Lennon was now 19, and his aunt, horrified when he told her about the trip, pleaded with him to continue his art studies instead.[40] After the first Hamburg residency, the band accepted another in April 1961, and a third in April 1962. Like the other band members, Lennon was introduced to Preludin while in Hamburg,[41] and regularly took the drug, as well as amphetamines, as a stimulant during their long, overnight performances.[42]
Brian Epstein, The Beatles' manager from 1962, had no prior experience of artist management, but nevertheless had a strong influence on their early dress code and attitude on stage.[43] Lennon initially resisted his attempts to encourage the band to present a professional appearance, but eventually complied, saying, "I'll wear a bloody balloon if somebody's going to pay me".[44] McCartney took over on bass after Sutcliffe decided to stay in Hamburg, and drummer Ringo Starr replaced Best, completing the four-piece line-up that would endure until the group's break-up in 1970. The band's first single, "Love Me Do", was released in October 1962 and reached #17 on the British charts. They recorded their debut album, Please Please Me, in under 10 hours on 11 February 1963,[45] a day when Lennon was suffering the effects of a cold,[46] which is evident in the vocal on the last song to be recorded that day, Twist and Shout.[47] The Lennon–McCartney songwriting partnership yielded eight of its fourteen tracks. With few exceptions—one being the album title itself—Lennon had yet to bring his love of wordplay to bear on his song lyrics, saying: "We were just writing songs ... pop songs with no more thought of them than that–to create a sound. And the words were almost irrelevant".[45] In a 1987 interview, McCartney said that the other Beatles idolised John: "He was like our own little Elvis ... We all looked up to John. He was older and he was very much the leader; he was the quickest wit and the smartest".[48]
The Beatles achieved mainstream success in the UK during the beginning of 1963. Lennon was on tour when his first son, Julian, was born in April. During their Royal Variety Show performance, attended by the Queen Mother and other British royalty, Lennon poked fun at his audience: "For our next song, I'd like to ask for your help. For the people in the cheaper seats, clap your hands ... and the rest of you, if you'll just rattle your jewellery."[49] After a year of Beatlemania in the UK, the group's historic February 1964 US debut appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show marked their breakthrough to international stardom. A two-year period of constant touring, moviemaking, and songwriting followed, during which Lennon wrote two books, In His Own Write and A Spaniard in the Works.[50] The Beatles received recognition from the British Establishment when they were appointed Members of the Order of the British Empire in the Queen's Birthday Honours of 1965.[51]
Lennon grew concerned that fans attending Beatles' concerts were unable to hear the music above the screaming of fans, and that the band's musicianship was beginning to suffer as a result.[52] Lennon's "Help!" expressed his own feelings in 1965: "I meant it ... It was me singing 'help'".[53] He had put on weight (he would later refer to this as his "Fat Elvis" period),[54] and felt he was subconsciously seeking change.[55] The following January he was unknowingly introduced to LSD when a dentist, hosting a dinner party attended by Lennon, Harrison and their wives, spiked the guests' coffee with the drug.[56] When they wanted to leave, their host revealed what they had taken, and strongly advised them not to leave the house because of the likely effects. Later, in an elevator at a nightclub, they all believed it was on fire: "We were all screaming ... hot and hysterical."[56] A few months later in March, during an interview with Evening Standard reporter Maureen Cleave, Lennon remarked, "Christianity will go. It will vanish and shrink ... We're more popular than Jesus now—I don't know which will go first, rock and roll or Christianity."[57] The comment went virtually unnoticed in England but caused great offence in the US when quoted by a magazine there five months later. The furore that followed—burning of Beatles' records, Ku Klux Klan activity, and threats against Lennon—contributed to the band's decision to stop touring.[58]
1966–70: Studio years, break-up and solo work[link]
File:Beatles-our-world.jpg
Lennon (right) performing "All You Need Is Love" with The Beatles in 1967 to 400 million viewers of "Our World".
Deprived of the routine of live performances after their final commercial concert on 29 August 1966, Lennon felt lost and considered leaving the band.[59] Since his involuntary introduction to LSD in January, he had made increasing use of the drug, and was almost constantly under its influence for much of the year."[60] According to biographer Ian MacDonald, Lennon's continuous experience with LSD during the year brought him "close to erasing his identity".[61] 1967 saw the release of "Strawberry Fields Forever", hailed by TIME magazine for its "astonishing inventiveness",[62] and the group's landmark album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, which revealed Lennon's lyrics contrasting strongly with the simple love songs of the Lennon–McCartney's early years.
In August, after having been introduced to the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the group attended a weekend of personal instruction at his Transcendental Meditation seminar in Bangor, Wales,[63] and were informed of Epstein's death during the seminar. "I knew we were in trouble then", Lennon said later. "I didn't have any misconceptions about our ability to do anything other than play music, and I was scared".[64] They later travelled to Maharishi's ashram in India for further guidance, where they composed most of the songs for The Beatles and Abbey Road.[65]
The anti-war, black comedy How I Won the War, featuring Lennon's only appearance in a non–Beatles' full-length film, was shown in cinemas in October 1967.[66] McCartney organised the group's first post-Epstein project,[67] the self-written, -produced and -directed television film Magical Mystery Tour, released in December that year. While the film itself proved to be their first critical flop, its soundtrack release, featuring Lennon's acclaimed, Lewis Carroll-inspired "I am the Walrus", was a success.[68][69] With Epstein gone, the band members became increasingly involved in business activities, and in February 1968 they formed Apple Corps, a multimedia corporation comprising Apple Records and several other subsidiary companies. Lennon described the venture as an attempt to achieve, "artistic freedom within a business structure",[70] but his increased drug experimentation and growing preoccupation with Yoko Ono, and McCartney's own marriage plans, left Apple in need of professional management. Lennon asked Lord Beeching to take on the role, but he declined, advising Lennon to go back to making records. Lennon approached Allen Klein, who had managed The Rolling Stones and other bands during the British Invasion. Klein was appointed as Apple's chief executive by Lennon, Harrison and Starr,[71] but McCartney never signed the management contract.[72]
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Sample of "Give Peace a Chance", recorded in 1969 during Lennon and Ono's second Bed-In for Peace. As described by biographer Bill Harry, Lennon wanted to "write a peace anthem that would take over from the song 'We Shall Overcome'—and he succeeded ... it became the main anti-Vietnam protest song."[73]
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At the end of 1968, Lennon featured in the film The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus (not released until 1996) in the role of a Dirty Mac band member. The supergroup, comprising Lennon, Eric Clapton, Keith Richards and Mitch Mitchell, also backed a vocal performance by Ono in the film.[74] Lennon and Ono were married on 20 March 1969, and soon released a series of 14 lithographs called "Bag One" depicting scenes from their honeymoon,[75] eight of which were deemed indecent and most of which were banned and confiscated.[76] Lennon's creative focus continued to move beyond The Beatles and between 1968 and 1969 he and Ono recorded three albums of experimental music together: Unfinished Music No.1: Two Virgins[77] (known more for its cover than for its music), Unfinished Music No.2: Life with the Lions and Wedding Album. In 1969 they formed The Plastic Ono Band, releasing Live Peace in Toronto 1969. In protest at Britain's involvement in the Nigerian Civil War,[78] Lennon returned his MBE medal to the Queen, though this had no effect on his MBE status, which could not be renounced.[79] Between 1969 and 1970 Lennon released the singles "Give Peace a Chance" (widely adopted as an anti-Vietnam-War anthem in 1969),[80] "Cold Turkey" (documenting his withdrawal symptoms after he became addicted to heroin[81]) and "Instant Karma!".
Lennon left the group in September 1969,[82] and agreed not to inform the media while the band renegotiated their recording contract, but he was outraged that McCartney publicised his own departure on releasing his debut solo album in April 1970. Lennon's reaction was, "Jesus Christ! He gets all the credit for it!"[83] He later wrote, "I started the band. I disbanded it. It's as simple as that."[84] In later interviews with Rolling Stone magazine, he revealed his bitterness towards McCartney, saying, "I was a fool not to do what Paul did, which was use it to sell a record."[85] He spoke too of the hostility he perceived the other members had towards Ono, and of how he, Harrison, and Starr "got fed up with being sidemen for Paul ... After Brian Epstein died we collapsed. Paul took over and supposedly led us. But what is leading us when we went round in circles?"[86]
1970–80: Solo career[link]
1970–72: Initial solo success and activism[link]
In 1970, Lennon and Ono went through primal therapy with Dr. Arthur Janov in Los Angeles, California. Designed to release emotional pain from early childhood, the therapy entailed two half-days a week with Janov for four months; he had wanted to treat the couple for longer, but they felt no need to continue and returned to London.[87] Lennon's emotional debut solo album, John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band (1970), was received with high praise. Critic Greil Marcus remarked, "John's singing in the last verse of 'God' may be the finest in all of rock."[88] The album featured the songs "Mother", in which Lennon confronted his feelings of childhood rejection,[89] and the Dylanesque "Working Class Hero", a bitter attack against the bourgeois social system which, due to the lyric "you're still fucking peasants", fell foul of broadcasters.[90][91] The same year, Tariq Ali's revolutionary political views, expressed when he interviewed Lennon, inspired the singer to write "Power to the People". Lennon also became involved with Ali during a protest against Oz magazine's prosecution for alleged obscenity. Lennon denounced the proceedings as "disgusting fascism", and he and Ono (as Elastic Oz Band) released the single "God Save Us/Do the Oz" and joined marches in support of the magazine.[92]
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Sample of "Imagine", Lennon's "most famous post-Beatles' track."[93] Like "Give Peace a Chance", the song became an anti-war anthem, but its lyrics offended religious groups. Lennon's explanation was, "If you can imagine a world at peace, with no denominations of religion—not without religion, but without this 'my God is bigger than your God' thing—then it can be true."[94]
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With Lennon's next album, Imagine (1971), critical response was more guarded. Rolling Stone reported that "it contains a substantial portion of good music" but warned of the possibility that "his posturings will soon seem not merely dull but irrelevant".[95] The album's title track would become an anthem for anti-war movements,[96] while another, "How Do You Sleep?", was a musical attack on McCartney in response to lyrics from Ram that Lennon felt, and McCartney later confirmed,[97] were directed at him and Ono. However, Lennon softened his stance in the mid-1970s and said he had written "How Do You Sleep?" about himself.[98] He said in 1980: "I used my resentment against Paul ... to create a song ... not a terrible vicious horrible vendetta ... I used my resentment and withdrawing from Paul and The Beatles, and the relationship with Paul, to write 'How Do You Sleep'. I don't really go 'round with those thoughts in my head all the time".[99]
Lennon and Ono moved to New York in August 1971, and in December released "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)".[100] To advertise the single, they paid for billboards in 12 cities around the world which declared, in the national language, "WAR IS OVER—IF YOU WANT IT".[101] The new year saw the Nixon Administration take what it called a "strategic counter-measure" against Lennon's anti-war propaganda, embarking on what would be a four-year attempt to deport him: embroiled in a continuing legal battle, he was denied permanent residency in the US until 1976.[102]
Recorded as a collaboration with Ono and with backing from the New York band Elephant's Memory, Some Time in New York City was released in 1972. Containing songs about women's rights, race relations, Britain's role in Northern Ireland, and Lennon's problems obtaining a green card,[103] the album was poorly received—unlistenable, according to one critic.[104] "Woman Is the Nigger of the World", released as a US single from the album the same year, was televised on 11 May, on The Dick Cavett Show. Many radio stations refused to broadcast the song because of the word "nigger".[105] Lennon and Ono gave two benefit concerts with Elephant's Memory and guests in New York in aid of patients at the Willowbrook State School mental facility.[106] Staged at Madison Square Garden on 30 August 1972, they were his last full-length concert appearances.[107]
1973–75: "Lost weekend"[link]
While Lennon was recording Mind Games (1973), he and Ono decided to separate. The ensuing 18-month period apart, which he later called his "lost weekend",[108] was spent in Los Angeles and New York in the company of May Pang. Mind Games, credited to the "Plastic U.F.Ono Band", was released in November 1973. Lennon also contributed "I'm the Greatest", to Starr's album Ringo (1973), released the same month. (an alternate take, from the same 1973 Ringo sessions, with Lennon providing a guide vocal, appears on John Lennon Anthology).
In early 1974, Lennon was drinking heavily and his alcohol-fuelled antics with Harry Nilsson made headlines. Two widely publicised incidents occurred at The Troubadour club in March, the first when Lennon placed a menstruation "towel" on his forehead and scuffled with a waitress, and the second, two weeks later, when Lennon and Nilsson were ejected from the same club after heckling the Smothers Brothers.[109] Lennon decided to produce Nilsson's album Pussy Cats and Pang rented a Los Angeles beach house for all the musicians[110] but after a month of further debauchery, with the recording sessions in chaos, Lennon moved to New York with Pang to finish work on the album. In April, Lennon had produced the Mick Jagger song "Too Many Cooks (Spoil the Soup)" which was, for contractual reasons, to remain unreleased for more than 30 years. Pang supplied the recording for its eventual inclusion on The Very Best of Mick Jagger (2007).[111]
Settled back in New York, Lennon recorded the album Walls and Bridges. Released in October 1974, it yielded his only number-one single in his lifetime, "Whatever Gets You Thru the Night", featuring Elton John on backing vocals and piano.[112] A second single from the album, "#9 Dream", followed before the end of the year. Starr's Goodnight Vienna (1974) again saw assistance from Lennon, who wrote the title track and played piano.[113] On 28 November, Lennon made a surprise guest appearance at Elton John's Thanksgiving concert at Madison Square Garden, in fulfilment of his promise to join the singer in a live show if "Whatever Gets You Thru the Night"—a song whose commercial potential Lennon had doubted—reached number one. Lennon performed the song along with "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" and "I Saw Her Standing There", which he introduced as "a song by an old estranged fiancee of mine called Paul".[114]
Lennon co-wrote "Fame", David Bowie's first US number one, and provided guitar and backing vocals for the January 1975 recording.[115] The same month, Elton John topped the charts with his cover of "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", featuring Lennon on guitar and back-up vocals (Lennon is credited on the single under the moniker of "Dr. Winston O'Boogie"). He and Ono were reunited shortly afterwards. Lennon released Rock 'n' Roll (1975), an album of cover songs, in February. "Stand by Me", taken from the album and a US and UK hit, became his last single for five years.[116] He made what would be his final stage appearance in the ATV special A Salute to Lew Grade, recorded on 18 April and televised in June.[117] Playing acoustic guitar, and backed by an eight-piece band, Lennon performed two songs from Rock 'n' Roll ("Stand By Me", which was not broadcast, and "Slippin' and Slidin'") followed by "Imagine".[117]
1975–80: Retirement and return[link]
With the birth of his second son Sean on 9 October 1975, Lennon took on the role of househusband, beginning what would be a five-year hiatus from the music industry during which he gave all his attention to his family.[13] Within the month, he fulfilled his contractual obligation to EMI/Capitol for one more album by releasing Shaved Fish, a compilation album of previously recorded tracks.[13] He devoted himself to Sean, rising at 6 am daily to plan and prepare his meals and to spend time with him.[118] He wrote "Cookin' (In the Kitchen of Love)" for Starr's Ringo's Rotogravure (1976), performing on the track in June in what would be his last recording session until 1980.[119] He formally announced his break from music in Tokyo in 1977, saying, "we have basically decided, without any great decision, to be with our baby as much as we can until we feel we can take time off to indulge ourselves in creating things outside of the family."[120] During his career break he created several series of drawings, and drafted a book containing a mix of autobiographical material and what he termed "mad stuff",[121] all of which would be published posthumously.
He emerged from retirement in October 1980 with the single "(Just Like) Starting Over", followed the next month by the album Double Fantasy, which contained songs written during a journey to Bermuda on a 43-foot sailing boat the previous June,[122] that reflected Lennon's fulfilment in his new-found stable family life.[123] Sufficient additional material was recorded for a planned follow-up album Milk and Honey (released posthumously in 1984).[124] Released jointly with Ono, Double Fantasy was not well received, drawing comments such as Melody Maker's "indulgent sterility ... a godawful yawn".[125]
8 December 1980: Death[link]
Main article: Death of John Lennon
At around 10:50 pm on 8 December 1980, as Lennon and Ono returned to their New York apartment in The Dakota, Mark David Chapman shot Lennon in the back four times at the entrance to the building. Lennon was taken to the emergency room of the nearby Roosevelt Hospital and was pronounced dead on arrival at 11:07 pm.[126] Earlier that evening, Lennon had autographed a copy of Double Fantasy for Chapman.[127]
Ono issued a statement the next day, saying "There is no funeral for John", ending it with the words, "John loved and prayed for the human race. Please pray the same for him."[128] His body was cremated at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. Ono scattered his ashes in New York's Central Park, where the Strawberry Fields memorial was later created.[129] Chapman pleaded guilty to second-degree murder and was sentenced to 20 years to life; as of 2011, he remains in prison, having been denied parole six times.[130][131]
Personal relationships[link]
Cynthia Lennon[link]
Further information: Cynthia Lennon
File:John and Cynthia on car.JPG
John Lennon and Cynthia Powell in 1959
Lennon and Cynthia Powell met in 1957 as fellow students at the Liverpool College of Art.[132] Although being scared of Lennon's attitude and appearance, she heard that he was obsessed with French actress Brigitte Bardot, so she dyed her hair blonde. Lennon asked her out, but when she said that she was engaged, he screamed out, "I didn't ask you to fuckin' marry me, did I?"[133] She often accompanied him to Quarrymen gigs and travelled to Hamburg with McCartney's girlfriend at the time to visit him.[134] Lennon, jealous by nature, eventually grew possessive and often terrified Powell with his anger and physical violence.[135] Lennon later said that until he met Ono, he had never questioned his chauvinistic attitude to women. The Beatles' song "Getting Better", he said, told his own story, "I used to be cruel to my woman, and physically—any woman. I was a hitter. I couldn't express myself and I hit. I fought men and I hit women. That is why I am always on about peace".[13]
Recalling his reaction in July 1962 on learning that Cynthia was pregnant, Lennon said, "There's only one thing for it Cyn. We'll have to get married."[136] The couple were married on 23 August at the Mount Pleasant Register Office in Liverpool. His marriage began just as Beatlemania took hold across the UK. He performed on the evening of his wedding day, and would continue to do so almost daily from then on.[137] Epstein, fearing that fans would be alienated by the idea of a married Beatle, asked the Lennons to keep their marriage secret. Julian was born on 8 April 1963; Lennon was on tour at the time and did not see his son until three days later.[138]
Cynthia attributes the start of the marriage breakdown to LSD, and as a result, she felt that he slowly lost interest in her.[139] When the group travelled by train to Bangor, Wales, in 1967, for the Maharishi Yogi's Transcendental Meditation seminar, a policeman did not recognise her and stopped her from boarding. She later recalled how the incident seemed to symbolise the ending of their marriage.[140] After arriving home at Kenwood, and finding Lennon with Ono, Cynthia left the house to stay with friends. Alexis Mardas later claimed to have slept with her that night, and a few weeks later he informed her that Lennon was seeking a divorce and custody of Julian on grounds of her adultery with him. After negotiations, Lennon capitulated and agreed to her divorcing him on the same grounds. The case was settled out of court, with Lennon giving her £100,000, and custody of Julian.[141]
Brian Epstein[link]
File:Epstein at Hard Days Night.jpg
Starr, McCartney, Lennon, Harrison and Epstein at the preview of A Hard Day’s Night in 1964
Further information: Brian Epstein
The Beatles were performing at Liverpool's Cavern Club in 1962, when all four Beatles were introduced to Epstein after a midday concert. Epstein was homosexual. According to biographer Philip Norman, one of his reasons for wanting to manage the group was that he was physically attracted to Lennon. Almost as soon as Julian was born, Lennon went on holiday to Spain with Epstein, leading to speculation about their relationship. Questioned about it later, Lennon said, "Well, it was almost a love affair, but not quite. It was never consummated. But it was a pretty intense relationship. It was my first experience with a homosexual that I was conscious was homosexual. We used to sit in a café in Torremolinos looking at all the boys and I'd say, 'Do you like that one? Do you like this one?' I was rather enjoying the experience, thinking like a writer all the time: I am experiencing this."[142] Soon after their return from Spain, at McCartney's twenty-first birthday party in June 1963, Lennon physically attacked Cavern Club MC Bob Wooler for saying "How was your honeymoon, John?" The MC, known for his wordplay and affectionate but cutting remarks, was making a joke,[143] but ten months had passed since Lennon's marriage, and the honeymoon, deferred, was still two months in the future.[144] To Lennon, who was intoxicated with alcohol at the time, the matter was simple: "He called me a queer so I battered his bloody ribs in".[145]
Lennon delighted in mocking Epstein for his homosexuality and for the fact that he was Jewish.[146] When Epstein invited suggestions for the title of his autobiography, Lennon offered Queer Jew; on learning of the eventual title, A Cellarful of Noise, he parodied, "More like A Cellarful of Boys".[147] He demanded of a visitor to Epstein's flat, "Have you come to blackmail him? If not, you're the only bugger in London who hasn't."[146] During the recording of "Baby, You're a Rich Man", he sang altered choruses of "Baby, you're a rich fag Jew".[148][149]
Julian Lennon[link]
Further information: Julian Lennon
Lennon's first son, Julian, was born as his commitments with The Beatles intensified at the height of Beatlemania during his marriage to Cynthia. Lennon was touring with The Beatles when Julian was born on 8 April 1963. Julian's birth, like his mother Cynthia's marriage to Lennon, was kept secret because Epstein was convinced public knowledge of such things would threaten The Beatles' commercial success. Julian recalls how some four years later, as a small child in Weybridge, "I was trundled home from school and came walking up with one of my watercolour paintings. It was just a bunch of stars and this blonde girl I knew at school. And Dad said, 'What's this?' I said, 'It's Lucy in the sky with diamonds.'"[150] Lennon used it as the title of a Beatles' song, and though it was later reported to have been derived from the initials LSD, Lennon insisted, "It's not an acid song."[151] McCartney corroborated Lennon's explanation that Julian innocently came up with the name.[151] Lennon was distant from Julian, who felt closer to McCartney than to his father. During a car journey to visit Cynthia and Julian during Lennon's divorce, McCartney composed a song, "Hey Jules", to comfort him. It would evolve into The Beatles song "Hey Jude". Lennon later said, "That's his best song. It started off as a song about my son Julian ... he turned it into 'Hey Jude'. I always thought it was about me and Yoko but he said it wasn't."[152]
Lennon's relationship with Julian was already strained, and after Lennon and Ono's 1971 move to New York, Julian would not see his father again until 1973.[153] With Pang's encouragement, it was arranged for him (and his mother) to visit Lennon in Los Angeles, where they went to Disneyland.[154] Julian started to see his father regularly, and Lennon gave him a drumming part on a Walls and Bridges track.[155] He bought Julian a Gibson Les Paul guitar and other instruments, and encouraged his interest in music by demonstrating guitar chord techniques.[155] Julian recalls that he and his father "got on a great deal better" during the time he spent in New York: "We had a lot of fun, laughed a lot and had a great time in general."[156]
In a Playboy interview with David Sheff shortly before his death, Lennon said, "Sean was a planned child, and therein lies the difference. I don't love Julian any less as a child. He's still my son, whether he came from a bottle of whiskey or because they didn't have pills in those days. He's here, he belongs to me, and he always will." He said he was trying to re-establish a connection with the then 17-year-old, and confidently predicted, "Julian and I will have a relationship in the future."[13] After his death it was revealed that he had left Julian very little in his will.[157]
Yoko Ono[link]
Further information: Yoko Ono
Two versions exist of how Lennon met Ono. According to the first, on 9 November 1966 Lennon went to the Indica Gallery in London, where Ono was preparing her conceptual art exhibit, and they were introduced by gallery owner John Dunbar.[158] Lennon was intrigued by Ono's "Hammer A Nail": patrons hammered a nail into a wooden board, creating the art piece. Although the exhibition had not yet begun, Lennon wanted to hammer a nail into the clean board, but Ono stopped him. Dunbar asked her, "Don't you know who this is? He's a millionaire! He might buy it." Ono had supposedly not heard of The Beatles, but relented on condition that Lennon pay her five shillings, to which Lennon replied, "I'll give you an imaginary five shillings and hammer an imaginary nail in."[13] The second version, told by McCartney, is that in late 1965, Ono was in London compiling original musical scores for a book John Cage was working on, Notations, but McCartney declined to give her any of his own manuscripts for the book, suggesting that Lennon might oblige. When asked, Lennon gave Ono the original handwritten lyrics to "The Word".[159]
Ono began telephoning and calling at Lennon's home, and when his wife asked for an explanation, he explained that Ono was only trying to obtain money for her "avant-garde bullshit".[160] In May 1968, while his wife was on holiday in Greece, Lennon invited Ono to visit. They spent the night recording what would become the Two Virgins album, after which, he said, they "made love at dawn."[161] When Lennon's wife returned home she found Ono wearing her bathrobe and drinking tea with Lennon who simply said, "Oh, hi."[162] Ono became pregnant in 1968 and miscarried a male child they named John Ono Lennon II on 21 November 1968,[129] a few weeks after Lennon's divorce from Cynthia was granted.[163]
During Lennon's last two years in The Beatles, he and Ono began public protests against the Vietnam War. They were married in Gibraltar on 20 March 1969, and spent their honeymoon in Amsterdam campaigning with a week-long Bed-In for peace. They planned another Bed-In in the United States, but were denied entry,[164] so held one instead at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, where they recorded "Give Peace a Chance".[165] They often combined advocacy with performance art, as in their "Bagism", first introduced during a Vienna press conference. Lennon detailed this period in The Beatles' song "The Ballad of John and Yoko".[166] Lennon changed his name by deed poll on 22 April 1969, adding "Ono" as a middle name. The brief ceremony took place on the roof of the Apple Corps building, made famous three months earlier by The Beatles' Let It Be rooftop concert. Although he used the name John Ono Lennon thereafter, official documents referred to him as John Winston Ono Lennon, since he was not permitted to revoke a name given at birth.[167] After Ono was injured in a car accident, Lennon arranged for a king-sized bed to be brought to the recording studio as he worked on The Beatles' last album, Abbey Road.[168] To escape the acrimony of the band's break-up, Ono suggested they move permanently to New York, which they did on 31 August 1971.
They first lived in the St. Regis Hotel on 5th Avenue, East 55th Street, then moved to a street-level flat at 105 Bank Street, Greenwich Village, on 16 October 1971. After a robbery, they relocated to the more secure Dakota at 1 West 72nd Street, in May 1973.[169]
May Pang[link]
Further information: May Pang
ABKCO Industries, formed in 1968 by Allen Klein as an umbrella company to ABKCO Records, recruited May Pang as a receptionist in 1969. Through involvement in a project with ABKCO, Lennon and Ono met her the following year. She became their personal assistant. After she had been working with the couple for three years, Ono confided that she and Lennon were becoming estranged from one another. She went on to suggest that Pang should begin a physical relationship with Lennon, telling her, "He likes you a lot." Pang, 22, astounded by Ono's proposition, eventually agreed to become Lennon's companion. The pair soon moved to California, beginning an 18-month period he later called his "lost weekend".[108] In Los Angeles, Pang encouraged Lennon to develop regular contact with Julian, whom he had not seen for two years. He also rekindled friendships with Starr, McCartney, Beatles' roadie Mal Evans, and Harry Nilsson. Whilst drinking with Nilsson, after misunderstanding something Pang said, Lennon attempted to strangle her, relenting only when physically restrained by Nilsson.[170]
On moving to New York, they prepared a spare room in their newly rented apartment for Julian to visit.[170] Lennon, hitherto inhibited by Ono in this regard, began to reestablish contact with other relatives and friends. By December he and Pang were considering a house purchase, and he was refusing to accept Ono's telephone calls. In January 1975, he agreed to meet Ono—who said she had found a cure for smoking. But after the meeting he failed to return home or call Pang. When Pang telephoned the next day, Ono told her Lennon was unavailable, being exhausted after a hypnotherapy session. Two days later, Lennon reappeared at a joint dental appointment, stupefied and confused to such an extent that Pang believed he had been brainwashed. He told her his separation from Ono was now over, though Ono would allow him to continue seeing her as his mistress.[171]
Sean Lennon[link]
Further information: Sean Lennon
When Lennon and Ono were reunited, she became pregnant, but having previously suffered three miscarriages in her attempt to have a child with Lennon, she said she wanted an abortion. She agreed to allow the pregnancy to continue on condition that Lennon adopt the role of househusband; this he agreed to do.[172] Sean was born on 9 October 1975, Lennon's 35th birthday, delivered by Caesarean section. Lennon's subsequent career break would span five years. He had a photographer take pictures of Sean every day of his first year, and created numerous drawings for him, posthumously published as Real Love: The Drawings for Sean. Lennon later proudly declared, "He didn't come out of my belly but, by God, I made his bones, because I've attended to every meal, and to how he sleeps, and to the fact that he swims like a fish."[173]
Former Beatles[link]
Although his friendship with Starr remained consistently warm during the years following The Beatles' break-up in 1970, Lennon's relationship with McCartney and Harrison varied. He was close to Harrison initially, but the two drifted apart after Lennon moved to America. When Harrison was in New York for his December 1974 Dark Horse tour, Lennon agreed to join him on stage, but failed to appear after an argument over Lennon's refusal to sign an agreement that would finally dissolve The Beatles' legal partnership. (Lennon eventually signed the papers while holidaying in Florida with Pang and Julian.[174]) Harrison incensed Lennon in 1980 when he published an autobiography that made little mention of him. Lennon told Playboy, "I was hurt by it. By glaring omission ... my influence on his life is absolutely zilch ... he remembers every two-bit sax player or guitarist he met in subsequent years. I'm not in the book."[175]
Lennon's most intense feelings were reserved for McCartney. In addition to attacking him through the lyrics of "How Do You Sleep?", Lennon argued with him through the press for three years after the group split. The two later began to reestablish something of the close friendship they had once known, and in 1974 even played music together again, before growing apart once more. Lennon said that during McCartney's final visit, in April 1976, they watched the episode of Saturday Night Live in which Lorne Michaels made a $3,000 cash offer to get The Beatles to reunite on the show.[176] The pair considered going to the studio to make a joke appearance, attempting to claim their share of the money, but were too tired.[13] Lennon summarised his feelings towards McCartney in an interview three days before his death: "Throughout my career, I've selected to work with...only two people: Paul McCartney and Yoko Ono....That ain't bad picking."[177]
Along with his estrangement from McCartney, Lennon always felt a musical competitiveness with him and kept an ear on his music. During his five-year career break he was content to sit back so long as McCartney was producing what Lennon saw as mediocre "product".[178] When McCartney released "Coming Up" in 1980, the year Lennon returned to the studio and the last year of his life, he took notice. "It's driving me crackers!" he jokingly complained, because he could not get the tune out of his head.[178] Asked the same year whether the group were dreaded enemies or the best of friends, he replied that they were neither, and that he had not seen any of them in a long time. But he also said, "I still love those guys. The Beatles are over, but John, Paul, George and Ringo go on."[13]
Political activism[link]
Lennon and Ono used their honeymoon as what they termed a "Bed-In for Peace" at the Amsterdam Hilton Hotel; the March 1969 event attracted worldwide media ridicule.[179][180] At a second Bed-In three months later at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal[181] Lennon wrote and recorded "Give Peace a Chance". Released as a single, it was quickly taken up as an anti-war anthem and sung by a quarter of a million demonstrators against the Vietnam War in Washington, DC, on 15 October, the second Vietnam Moratorium Day.[80][182]
Later that year, Lennon and Ono supported efforts by the family of James Hanratty, hanged for murder in 1962, to prove his innocence.[183] Those who had condemned Hanratty were, according to Lennon, "the same people who are running guns to South Africa and killing blacks in the streets. ... The same bastards are in control, the same people are running everything, it's the whole bullshit bourgeois scene."[184] In London, Lennon and Ono staged a "Britain Murdered Hanratty" banner march and a "Silent Protest For James Hanratty",[78] and produced a 40-minute documentary on the case. At an appeal hearing years later, Hanratty's conviction was upheld.[185]
Lennon and Ono showed their solidarity with the Clydeside UCS workers' work-in of 1971 by sending a bouquet of red roses and a cheque for £5,000.[186] On moving to New York City in August that year, they befriended two of the Chicago Seven, Yippie peace activists Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman.[187] Another peace activist, John Sinclair, poet and co-founder of the White Panther Party, was serving ten years in prison for selling two joints of marijuana after previous convictions for possession of the drug.[188] In December 1971 at Ann Arbor, Michigan, 20,000 people attended the "John Sinclair Freedom Rally", a protest and benefit concert with contributions from Lennon, Stevie Wonder, Bob Seger, Bobby Seale of the Black Panther Party, and others.[189] Lennon and Ono, backed by David Peel and Rubin, performed an acoustic set of four songs from their forthcoming Some Time in New York City album including "John Sinclair", whose lyrics called for his release. The day before the rally, Michigan State had drastically reduced the penalties for Sinclair's crimes and three days after the rally, he was released on bail.[190] The performance was recorded and two of the tracks later appeared on John Lennon Anthology (1998).[191]
Following the Bloody Sunday incident in Northern Ireland in 1972, in which 13 unarmed civil rights protesters were shot dead by the British Army, Lennon said that given the choice between the army and the IRA (who were not involved in the incident) he would side with the latter. Lennon and Ono wrote two songs protesting British presence and actions in Ireland for their Some Time in New York City album: "Luck of the Irish" and "Sunday Bloody Sunday". In 2000, David Shayler, a former member of Britain's domestic security service MI5 suggested that Lennon had given money to the IRA though this was swiftly denied by Ono.[192] Biographer Bill Harry records that following Bloody Sunday, Lennon and Ono financially supported the production of the film The Irish Tapes, a political documentary with a Republican slant.[193]
According to FBI surveillance reports (and confirmed by Tariq Ali in 2006) Lennon was sympathetic to the International Marxist Group, a Trotskyist group formed in Britain in 1968.[194] However, the FBI considered Lennon to have limited effectiveness as a revolutionary since he was "constantly under the influence of narcotics".[195]
Deportation attempt[link]
Following the impact of "Give Peace a Chance" and "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)", both strongly associated with the anti–Vietnam War movement, the Nixon administration, hearing rumours of Lennon's involvement in a concert to be held in San Diego at the same time as the Republican National Convention,[196] tried to have him deported. Nixon believed that Lennon's anti-war activities could cost him his re-election;[197] Republican Senator Strom Thurmond suggested in a February 1972 memo that "deportation would be a strategic counter-measure" against Lennon.[198] The next month the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) began deportation proceedings, arguing that his 1968 misdemeanor conviction for cannabis possession in London had made him ineligible for admission to the United States. Lennon spent the next three and a half years in and out of deportation hearings until on 8 October 1975, when a court of appeals barred the deportation attempt, stating " ... the courts will not condone selective deportation based upon secret political grounds."[199][103] While the legal battle continued, Lennon attended rallies and made television appearances. Lennon and Ono co-hosted the Mike Douglas Show for a week in February 1972, introducing guests such as Jerry Rubin and Bobby Seale to mid-America.[200] In 1972, Bob Dylan wrote a letter to the INS defending Lennon, stating:
John and Yoko add a great voice and drive to the country's so-called art institution. They inspire and transcend and stimulate and by doing so, only help others to see pure light and in doing that, put an end to this dull taste of petty commercialism which is being passed off as Artist Art by the overpowering mass media. Hurray for John and Yoko. Let them stay and live here and breathe. The country's got plenty of room and space. Let John and Yoko stay![201][202]
On 23 March 1973, Lennon was ordered to leave the US within 60 days.[203] Ono, meanwhile, was granted permanent residence. In response, Lennon and Ono held a press conference on 1 April 1973 at the New York City Bar Association, where they announced the formation of the state of Nutopia; a place with "no land, no boundaries, no passports, only people".[204] Waving the white flag of Nutopia (two handkerchiefs), they asked for political asylum in the US. The press conference was filmed, and would later appear in the 2006 documentary The U.S. vs. John Lennon.[205] Lennon's Mind Games (1973) included the track "Nutopian International Anthem", which comprised three seconds of silence.[206] Soon after the press conference, Nixon's involvement in a political scandal came to light, and in June the Watergate hearings began in Washington, DC. They led to the president's resignation 14 months later. Nixon's successor, Gerald Ford, showed little interest in continuing the battle against Lennon, and the deportation order was overturned in 1975. The following year, his US immigration status finally resolved, Lennon received his "green card" certifying his permanent residency, and when Jimmy Carter was inaugurated as president in January 1977, Lennon and Ono attended the Inaugural Ball.[207]
FBI surveillance and declassified documents[link]
After Lennon's death, historian Jon Wiener filed a Freedom of Information Act request for FBI files documenting the Bureau's role in the deportation attempt.[208] The FBI admitted it had 281 pages of files on Lennon, but refused to release most of them on the grounds that they contained national security information. In 1983, Wiener sued the FBI with the help of the American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California. It took 14 years of litigation to force the FBI to release the withheld pages.[209] The ACLU, representing Wiener, won a favourable decision in their suit against the FBI in the Ninth Circuit in 1991.[210] The Justice Department appealed the decision to the Supreme Court in April 1992, but the court declined to review the case.[211] In 1997, respecting President Bill Clinton's newly instigated rule that documents should be withheld only if releasing them would involve "foreseeable harm", the Justice Department settled most of the outstanding issues outside court by releasing all but 10 of the contested documents.[211] Wiener published the results of his 14-year campaign in January 2000. Gimme Some Truth: The John Lennon FBI Files contained facsimiles of the documents, including "lengthy reports by confidential informants detailing the daily lives of anti-war activists, memos to the White House, transcripts of TV shows on which Lennon appeared, and a proposal that Lennon be arrested by local police on drug charges".[212] The story is told in the documentary The U.S. vs. John Lennon. The final 10 documents in Lennon's FBI file, which reported on his ties with London anti-war activists in 1971 and had been withheld as containing "national security information provided by a foreign government under an explicit promise of confidentiality", were released in December 2006. They contained no indication that the British government had regarded Lennon as a serious threat; one example of the released material was a report that two prominent British leftists had hoped Lennon would finance a left-wing bookshop and reading room.[213]
-
Further information: Jon_Wiener#Wiener_battles_with_the_FBI
Writing and art[link]
Lennon's biographer Bill Harry writes that Lennon began drawing and writing creatively at an early age with the encouragement of his uncle. He collected his stories, poetry, cartoons, and caricatures in a Quarry Bank High School exercise book that he called the Daily Howl. The drawings were often of crippled people, and the writings satirical, and throughout the book was an abundance of wordplay. According to classmate Bill Turner, Lennon created the Daily Howl to amuse his best friend and later Quarrymen band mate, Pete Shotton, to whom he would show his work before he let anyone else see it. Turner said that Lennon "had an obsession for Wigan Pier. It kept cropping up", and in Lennon's story A Carrot In A Potato Mine, "the mine was at the end of Wigan Pier." Turner described how one of Lennon's cartoons depicted a bus stop sign annotated with the question, "Why?". Above was a flying pancake, and below, "a blind man wearing glasses leading along a blind dog—also wearing glasses".[214]
Lennon's love of wordplay and nonsense with a twist found a wider audience when he was 24. Harry writes that In His Own Write (1964) was published after "Some journalist who was hanging around The Beatles came to me and I ended up showing him the stuff. They said, 'Write a book' and that's how the first one came about". Like the Daily Howl it contained a mix of formats including short stories, poetry, plays and drawings. One story, "Good Dog Nigel", tells the tale of "a happy dog, urinating on a lamp post, barking, wagging his tail—until he suddenly hears a message that he will be killed at three o'clock". The Times Literary Supplement considered the poems and stories "remarkable ... also very funny ... the nonsense runs on, words and images prompting one another in a chain of pure fantasy". Book Week reported, "This is nonsense writing, but one has only to review the literature of nonsense to see how well Lennon has brought it off. While some of his homonyms are gratuitous word play, many others have not only double meaning but a double edge." Lennon was not only surprised by the positive reception, but that the book was reviewed at all, and suggested that readers "took the book more seriously than I did myself. It just began as a laugh for me".[215]
In combination with A Spaniard in the Works (1965), In His Own Write formed the basis of the stage play The John Lennon Play: In His Own Write, co-adapted by Victor Spinetti and Adrienne Kennedy. After negotiations between Lennon, Spinetti and the artistic director of the National Theatre, Sir Laurence Olivier, the play opened at the Old Vic in 1968. Lennon and Ono attended the opening night performance, their second public appearance together to date.[216] After Lennon's death, further works were published, including Skywriting by Word of Mouth (1986); Ai: Japan Through John Lennon's Eyes: A Personal Sketchbook (1992), with Lennon's illustrations of the definitions of Japanese words; and Real Love: The Drawings for Sean (1999). The Beatles Anthology (2000) also presented examples of his writings and drawings.
Musicianship[link]
Instruments played[link]
Further information: John Lennon's musical instruments and List of The Beatles' instruments
His playing of a mouth organ during a bus journey to visit his cousin in Scotland caught the driver's ear. Impressed, the driver told Lennon of a harmonica he could have if he came to Edinburgh the following day, where one had been stored in the bus depot since a passenger left it on a bus.[217] The professional instrument quickly replaced Lennon's toy. He would continue to play harmonica, often using the instrument during The Beatles' Hamburg years, and it became a signature sound in the group's early recordings. His mother taught him how to play the banjo, later buying him an acoustic guitar. At 16, he played rhythm guitar with the Quarrymen.[218] As his career progressed, he played a variety of electric guitars, predominantly the Rickenbacker 325, Epiphone Casino and Gibson J-160E, and, from the start of his solo career, the Gibson Les Paul Junior.[219][220] Occasionally he played a six-string bass guitar, the Fender Bass VI, providing bass on some Beatles' numbers that occupied McCartney with another instrument.[221] His other instrument of choice was the piano, on which he composed many songs, including "Imagine", described as his best-known solo work.[222] His jamming on a piano with McCartney in 1963 led to the creation of The Beatles' first US number one, "I Want to Hold Your Hand".[223] In 1964, he became one of the first British musicians to acquire a Mellotron keyboard, though it was not heard on a Beatles' recording until "Strawberry Fields Forever" in late 1966.[224]
Vocal style[link]
When Lennon recorded "Twist and Shout", the final track during the mammoth one-day session that captured the band's 1963 debut album Please Please Me, his voice, already compromised by a cold, came close to giving out. Lennon said, "I couldn't sing the damn thing, I was just screaming."[225] In the words of biographer Barry Miles, "Lennon simply shredded his vocal cords in the interests of rock 'n' roll."[226] The Beatles' producer, George Martin, tells how Lennon "had an inborn dislike of his own voice which I could never understand. He was always saying to me: 'DO something with my voice! ... put something on it ... Make it different.'"[227] Martin obliged, often using double-tracking and other techniques. Music critic Robert Christgau says that Lennon's "greatest vocal performance ... from scream to whine, is modulated electronically ... echoed, filtered, and double tracked."[228]
As his Beatles' era segued into his solo career, his singing voice found a widening range of expression. Biographer Chris Gregory writes that Lennon was, "tentatively beginning to expose his insecurities in a number of acoustic-led 'confessional' ballads, so beginning the process of 'public therapy' that will eventually culminate in the primal screams of 'Cold Turkey' and the cathartic John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band."[229] David Stuart Ryan notes Lennon's vocal delivery to range from, "extreme vulnerability, sensitivity and even naivety" to a hard "rasping" style.[230] Wiener too describes contrasts, saying the singer's voice can be "at first subdued; soon it almost cracks with despair"[231] Music historian Ben Urish recalls hearing The Beatles' Ed Sullivan Show performance of "This Boy" played on the radio a few days after Lennon's murder: "As Lennon's vocals reached their peak ... it hurt too much to hear him scream with such anguish and emotion. But it was my emotions I heard in his voice. Just like I always had."[232]
Legacy[link]
Music historians Schinder and Schwartz, writing of the transformation in popular music styles that took place between the 1950s and the 1960s, say that The Beatles' influence cannot be overstated: having "revolutionized the sound, style, and attitude of popular music and opened rock and roll's doors to a tidal wave of British rock acts", the group then "spent the rest of the 1960s expanding rock's stylistic frontiers".[233] Liam Gallagher, his group Oasis among the many who acknowledge the band's influence, identifies Lennon as a hero; in 1999 he named his first child Lennon Gallagher in tribute.[234] On National Poetry Day in 1999, after conducting a poll to identify the UK's favourite song lyric, the BBC announced "Imagine" the winner.[94]
In a 2006 Guardian article, Jon Wiener wrote: "For young people in 1972, it was thrilling to see Lennon's courage in standing up to [US President] Nixon. That willingness to take risks with his career, and his life, is one reason why people still admire him today."[235] Whilst for music historians Urish and Bielen, Lennon's most significant effort was "the self-portraits ... in his songs [which] spoke to, for, and about, the human condition."[236]
Lennon continues to be mourned throughout the world and has been the subject of numerous memorials and tributes. In 2010, on what would have been Lennon's 70th birthday, the John Lennon Peace Monument was unveiled in Chavasse Park, Liverpool, by Cynthia and Julian Lennon.[237] The sculpture entitled 'Peace & Harmony' exhibits peace symbols and carries the inscription "Peace on Earth for the Conservation of Life · In Honour of John Lennon 1940–1980".
Awards and sales[link]
The Lennon–McCartney songwriting partnership is regarded as one of the most influential and successful of the 20th century. As performer, writer or co-writer Lennon has had 25 number one singles on the US Hot 100 chart.a His album sales in the US stand at 14 million units.[238] Double Fantasy, released shortly before his death, and his best-selling, post-Beatles' studio album[239] at three million shipments in the US,[240] won the 1981 Grammy Award for Album of the Year.[241] The following year, the BRIT Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music went to Lennon.[242]
Participants in a 2002 BBC poll voted him eighth of "100 Greatest Britons".[243] Between 2003 and 2008, Rolling Stone recognised Lennon in several reviews of artists and music, ranking him fifth of "100 Greatest Singers of All Time"[244] and 38th of "100 Greatest Artists of All Time",[245] and his albums John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band and Imagine, 22nd and 76th respectively of "The RS 500 Greatest Albums of All Time".[245][246] He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) with the other Beatles in 1965.[51] He was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1987[247] and into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994.[107]
Discography[link]
Main article: John Lennon discography
See also: The Beatles discography
- Unfinished Music No.1: Two Virgins (with Yoko Ono) (1968)
- Unfinished Music No.2: Life with the Lions (with Yoko Ono) (1969)
- Wedding Album (with Yoko Ono) (1969)
- John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band (1970)
- Imagine (1971)
- Some Time in New York City (with Yoko Ono) (1972)
- Mind Games (1973)
- Walls and Bridges (1974)
- Rock 'n' Roll (1975)
- Double Fantasy (with Yoko Ono) (1980)
- Milk and Honey (with Yoko Ono) (1984)
- Menlove Ave. (1986)
Notes[link]
^ Note a: Lennon was responsible for 25 Billboard Hot 100 number one singles as performer, writer or co-writer.
- Solo (2): "Whatever Gets You Thru the Night", "(Just Like) Starting Over".[248]
- With The Beatles (20): "Can't Buy Me Love", "I Feel Fine", "I Want to Hold Your Hand", "Love Me Do", "She Loves You", "A Hard Day's Night", "Eight Days a Week", "Help!", "Ticket to Ride", "Yesterday", "Paperback Writer", "We Can Work It Out", "All You Need Is Love", "Hello Goodbye", "Penny Lane", "Hey Jude", "Something/"Come Together", "Get Back", "Let It Be", "The Long and Winding Road"/"For You Blue".[249]
- As co-writer of and performer on release by another artist (1): "Fame" (David Bowie).[250]
- As co-writer of releases by other artists (2): "A World Without Love" (Peter and Gordon),[251] "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" (Elton John).[252]
Citations[link]
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 504.
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 24: "Julia offered the name in honour of... Winston Churchill".
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 24: "The entire Stanley clan gathered nightly at Newcastle Road".
- ^ Lennon 2005, p. 54: "Until then he had sent her money each month from his wages, but now it stopped".
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 26: "In February 1944 ... he was arrested and imprisoned. Freddie subsequently disappeared for six months".
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 27.
- ^ Lennon 2005, p. 56: "Alf admitted to her that he had planned to take John to live in New Zealand".
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 30: "Julia went out of the door... John ran after her".
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 497.
- ^ Lennon 2005, p. 56: "Hard to see why Mimi wanted John, as she had always said she didn't want children".
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 32: "When he was old enough, taught John how to solve crossword puzzles".
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 48: "To get them started, she applied the triad to 'Ain't That a Shame'".
- ^ a b c d e f g h Sheff 1981.
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 32: "Parkes recalled... Leila and John to the cinema as often as three times a day".
- ^ Harry 2009.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 702.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 819.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 411.
- ^ Spitz 2005, pp. 32–33.
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 40.
- ^ ClassReports 2008.
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 45.
- ^ Norman 2008, p. 89.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 48.
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 100.
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 553–555.
- ^ Lennon 2005, p. 50.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 738.
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 95.
- ^ Spitz 2005, pp. 93–99.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 44.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 32.
- ^ Miles 1997, pp. 38–39.
- ^ Lennon 2005, p. 47.
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 337–338.
- ^ Miles 1997, pp. 47, 50.
- ^ Miles 1997, pp. 47.
- ^ Lennon 2005, p. 64.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 57.
- ^ Lennon 2005, p. 53.
- ^ Miles 1997, pp. 66–67.
- ^ Lennon 2005, p. 57.
- ^ The Beatles 2000, p. 67.
- ^ Frankel 2007.
- ^ a b Harry 2000b, p. 721.
- ^ Lewisohn 1988, pp. 24–26: "Twist and Shout, which had to be recorded last because John Lennon had a particularly bad cold".
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 376: "He had been struggling all day to reach notes, but this was different, this hurt".
- ^ Doggett 2010, p. 33.
- ^ Shennan 2007.
- ^ Coleman 1984a, pp. 239–240.
- ^ a b London Gazette 1965, p. 5488.
- ^ Coleman 1984a, p. 288.
- ^ Gould 2008, p. 268.
- ^ Lawrence 2005, p. 62.
- ^ The Beatles 2000, p. 171.
- ^ a b Harry 2000b, p. 570.
- ^ Cleave 2007.
- ^ Gould 2008, pp. 5–6, 249, 281, 347.
- ^ Brown 1983, p. 222.
- ^ Gould 2008, p. 319.
- ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 281.
- ^ Time 1967.
- ^ BBC News 2007b.
- ^ Brown 1983, p. 276.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 397.
- ^ Hoppa 2010.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 349-373.
- ^ Logan 1967.
- ^ Lewisohn 1988, p. 131.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 31.
- ^ TelegraphKlein 2010.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 549: "Paul never did sign the management contract".
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 276–278.
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 774–775.
- ^ Fawcett 1976, p. 185.
- ^ Coleman 1984a, p. 279.
- ^ Coleman 1984a, pp. 48–49.
- ^ a b Miles and Badman 2003.
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 615–617.
- ^ a b Perone 2001, pp. 57–58.
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 160–161.
- ^ Edmondson 2010, pp. 129–130.
- ^ Spitz 2005, pp. 853–54.
- ^ Loker 2009, p. 348.
- ^ Wenner 2000, p. 32.
- ^ Wenner 2000, p. 24.
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 408–410.
- ^ Blaney 2005, p. 56.
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 640–641.
- ^ Riley 2002, p. 375.
- ^ Schechter 1997, p. 106.
- ^ Wiener 1990, p. 157.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 382.
- ^ a b Harry 2000b, pp. 382–383.
- ^ Gerson 1971.
- ^ Vigilla 2005.
- ^ Goodman 1984.
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 354–356.
- ^ Peebles 1981, p. 44.
- ^ Allmusic 2010f.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 960.
- ^ Wiener 1990, p. 204.
- ^ a b BBC News 2006a.
- ^ Landau 1974.
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 979–980.
- ^ Deming 2008.
- ^ a b The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum 1994.
- ^ a b Harry 2000b, pp. 698–699.
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 927–929.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 735.
- ^ The Very Best of Mick Jagger liner notes
- ^ Badman 2001, 1974.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 284.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 970.
- ^ The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum 1996.
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 240, 563.
- ^ a b Harry 2000b, p. 758.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 553.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 166.
- ^ Bennahum 1991, p. 87.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 814.
- ^ BBC News 2006b.
- ^ Schinder & Schwartz 2007, p. 178.
- ^ Ginell 2009.
- ^ Badman 2001, 1980.
- ^ Ingham 2006, p. 82.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 145.
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 692.
- ^ a b Harry 2000b, pp. 510.
- ^ CNN.com 2004.
- ^ BBC News 2010a.
- ^ Lennon 2005, pp. 17–23.
- ^ Lennon 2005, p. 21.
- ^ Lennon 2005, pp. 89–95.
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 492–493.
- ^ Lennon 2005, p. 91.
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 493–495.
- ^ Lennon 2005, p. 113.
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 496–497.
- ^ Warner Brothers 1988.
- ^ Lennon 2005, p. 305–306: "He had agreed that I should have custody of Julian", "He raised his offer to £100,000".
- ^ Harry 2000a, p. 232.
- ^ Harry 2000a, pp. 1165, 1169.
- ^ Lennon 2005, pp. 94, 119–120.
- ^ Harry 2000a, p. 1169.
- ^ a b Harry 2000b, p. 232.
- ^ Coleman 1992, pp. 298–299.
- ^ Norman 2008, p. 503.
- ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 206.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 517.
- ^ a b Harry 2000b, p. 574.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 341.
- ^ Pang 2008, back cover.
- ^ Lennon 2005, pp. 252–255.
- ^ a b Lennon 2005, p. 258.
- ^ Times Online 2009.
- ^ Badman 2003, p. 393.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 682.
- ^ Miles 1997, p. 272.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 683.
- ^ Two Virgins liner notes
- ^ Lennon 1978, p. 183.
- ^ Spitz 2005, p. 800.
- ^ Kruse 2009, p. 16.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 276.
- ^ Coleman 1992, p. 550.
- ^ Coleman 1984b, p. 64.
- ^ Emerick & Massey 2006, pp. 279–280.
- ^ "John & Yoko's New York | Baby Boomers | iStopOver Magazine". Magazine.istopover.com. 16 August 2010. http://magazine.istopover.com/2010/08/16/john-yoko-new-york/. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
- ^ a b Harry 2000b, p. 700.
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 700–701.
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 535, 690.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 535.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 195.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 327.
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 934–935.
- ^ Cohn 2010–2011, p. 95.
- ^ a b Seaman 1991, p. 122.
- ^ Miles and Badman 2003, 1969: "They were ridiculed by the world's media".
- ^ Anderson 2010, p. 83: "The Bed-In stunt was ridiculed by the press".
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 745–748.
- ^ Holsinger 1999, p. 389.
- ^ Wenner 2000, p. 43.
- ^ Clark 2002.
- ^ Milmo 2002.
- ^ McGinty 2010.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 344.
- ^ Buchanan 2009.
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 789–790, 812–813.
- ^ Glenn 2009.
- ^ Calkin 2002.
- ^ Bright 2000.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 403.
- ^ Ali 2006.
- ^ Brooks 2005.
- ^ Wiener 1999, p. 2.
- ^ BBC News 2000.
- ^ Wiener 1990, p. 225.
- ^ Coleman 1992, pp. 576–583.
- ^ BBC News 2006c.
- ^ Wiener, Jon. "Bob Dylan's defense of John Lennon". The Nation, 8 October 2010
- ^ "Photo Copy of Bob Dylan's 1972 Letter to the INS in Defense of John Lennon". Lennonfbifiles.com. http://lennonfbifiles.com/natl_comm_john_yoko/bob_dylan.html. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
- ^ Wiener 1999, p. 326.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 663.
- ^ Urish & Bielen 2007, p. 143.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 664.
- ^ Coleman 1984a, p. 289.
- ^ Wiener 1999, p. 13.
- ^ Friedman 2005, p. 252.
- ^ Wiener 1999, p. 315.
- ^ a b Wiener 1999, pp. 52–54, 76.
- ^ Wiener 1999, p. 27.
- ^ The Associated Press 2006.
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 179–181.
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 393–394.
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 396–397.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 313.
- ^ Harry 2000b, pp. 738–740.
- ^ Prown and Newquist 2003, p. 213.
- ^ Lawrence 2009, p. 27.
- ^ Everett 1999, p. 297.
- ^ Blaney 2005, p. 83.
- ^ Everett 2001, p. 200.
- ^ Babiuk 2002, pp. 164–165.
- ^ Wenner 2000, p. 14.
- ^ Miles and Badman 2003, p. 90.
- ^ Coleman 1992, pp. 369–370.
- ^ Wiener 1990, p. 143.
- ^ Gregory 2007, p. 75.
- ^ Ryan 1982, pp. 118, 241.
- ^ Wiener 1990, p. 35.
- ^ Urish & Bielen 2007, p. 123.
- ^ Schinder & Schwartz 2007, p. 160.
- ^ Harry 2000b, p. 265.
- ^ Wiener 2006.
- ^ Urish & Bielen 2007, pp. 121–122.
- ^ The Telegraph (9 October 2010). "Monument to John Lennon unveiled in Liverpool on his '70th birthday'". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/8052634/Monument-to-John-Lennon-unveiled-in-Liverpool-on-his-70th-birthday.html.
- ^ RIAA 2010b.
- ^ Greenberg 2010, p. 202.
- ^ RIAA 2010a.
- ^ grammy.com.
- ^ Brit Awards 2010.
- ^ BBC News 2002.
- ^ Browne 2008.
- ^ a b Rolling Stone 2008.
- ^ Rolling Stone 2003.
- ^ Songwriters Hall of Fame 2009.
- ^ Allmusic 2010a.
- ^ "Most No. 1s By Artist (All-Time)". Billboard.com. http://www.billboard.com/specials/hot100/charts/most-no1s-overall.shtml. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
- ^ Allmusic 2010e.
- ^ Allmusic 2010d.
- ^ Allmusic 2010c.
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Further reading[link]
- Kane, Larry (2007). Lennon Revealed. Running Press. ISBN 978-0-7624-2966-0
- Pang, May; Edwards, Henry (1983). Loving John: The Untold Story. Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-37916-6.
- Wiener, Jon. The John Lennon FBI Files
- Yorke, Richard (1969). "John Lennon: Ringo's Right, We Can't Tour Again", New Musical Express, 7 June 1969, reproduced by Crawdaddy!, 2007.
External links[link]
 |
Book: John Lennon |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: John Lennon |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: John Lennon |
- John Lennon at The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
- John Lennon discography at MusicBrainz
- John Lennon at the Internet Movie Database
- BBC Archive on John Lennon
- NPR Archive on John Lennon
- John Lennon and Yoko Ono – slideshow by Life magazine
- John Lennon hosted by EMI Group Limited
- Unveiling of 'Peace & Harmony', European Peace Monument – Dedicated to John Lennon
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Lennon, John |
| Alternative names | Lennon, John Winston (birth name); Lennon, John Winston Ono |
| Short description | Rock musician |
| Date of birth | 9 October 1940 |
| Place of birth | Liverpool, England, United Kingdom |
| Date of death | 8 December 1980 |
| Place of death | New York City, New York, United States of America |
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