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Oak | |
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Foliage and acorns of Quercus robur | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
(unranked): | Angiosperms |
(unranked): | Eudicots |
(unranked): | Rosids |
Order: | Fagales |
Family: | Fagaceae |
Genus: | Quercus L. |
Species | |
An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus ( /ˈkwɜrkəs/;[1] Latin "oak tree"), of which about 600 species exist. "Oak" may also appear in the names of species in related genera, notably Lithocarpus. The genus is native to the northern hemisphere, and includes deciduous and evergreen species extending from cool temperate to tropical latitudes in Asia and the Americas.
Oaks have spirally arranged leaves, with a lobed margin in many species; some have serrated leaves or entire leaves with a smooth margin. Many deciduous species are marcescent, not dropping dead leaves until spring. The flowers are catkins, produced in spring. The fruit is a nut called an acorn, borne in a cup-like structure known as a cupule; each acorn contains one seed (rarely two or three) and takes 6–18 months to mature, depending on species. The live oaks are distinguished for being evergreen, but are not actually a distinct group and instead are dispersed across the genus.
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Oak trees are a flowering plant. The genus is divided into two subgenera and a number of sections:
The Subgenus Quercus is divided into the following sections:
Interspecific hybridization is quite common among oaks but usually between species within the same section only and most common in the white oak group (subgenus Quercus, section Quercus; see List of Quercus species). Inter-section hybrids, except between species of sections Quercus and Mesobalanus, are unknown. Recent systematic studies appear to confirm a high tendency of Quercus species to hybridize because of a combination of factors. White oaks are unable to discriminate against pollination by other species in the same section. Because they are wind pollinated and they have weak internal barriers to hybridization, hybridization produces functional seeds and fertile hybrid offspring.[2] Ecological stresses, especially near habitat margins, can also cause a breakdown of mate recognition as well as a reduction of male function (pollen quantity and quality) in one parent species.[2][3]
Frequent hybridization among oaks has consequences for oak populations around the world; most notably, hybridization has produced large populations of hybrids with copious amounts of introgression, and the evolution of new species.[4] Frequent hybridization and high levels of introgression have caused different species in the same populations to share up to 50% of their genetic information.[5] Having high rates of hybridization and introgression produces genetic data that often does not differentiate between two clearly morphologically distinct species, but instead differentiates populations.[6] Numerous hypotheses have been proposed to explain how oak species are able to remain morphologically and ecologically distinct with such high levels of gene flow, but the problem is still largely a mystery to botanists.
The Fagaceae, or oak family, is a very slow evolving clade compared to other angiosperms,[7][8] and the patterns of hybridization and introgression in Quercus pose a great challenge to the concept of a species since a species is often defined as a group of “actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.”[9] By this definition, many species of Quercus would be lumped together according to their geographic and ecological habitat, despite clear distinctions in morphology and, to a large extent, genetic data.
Oak wood has a density of about 0.75 g/cm3, great strength and hardness, and is very resistant to insect and fungal attack because of its high tannin content. It also has very appealing grain markings, particularly when quartersawn. Wide, quarter-sawn boards of oak have been prized since the Middle Ages for use in interior paneling of prestigious buildings such as the debating chamber of the House of Commons in London, England, and in the construction of fine furniture. Oak wood, from Quercus robur and Quercus petraea, was used in Europe for the construction of ships, especially naval men of war, until the 19th century, and was the principal timber used in the construction of European timber-framed buildings. Today oak wood is still commonly used for furniture making and flooring, timber frame buildings, and for veneer production. Barrels in which wines, sherry, and spirits such as brandy, Scotch whisky and Bourbon whiskey are aged are made from European and American oak. The use of oak in wine can add many different dimensions to wine based on the type and style of the oak. Oak barrels, which may be charred before use, contribute to the colour, taste, and aroma of the contents, imparting a desirable oaky vanillin flavour to these drinks. The great dilemma for wine producers is to choose between French and American oakwoods. French oaks (Quercus robur, Q. petraea) give the wine greater refinement and are chosen for the best wines since they increase the price compared to those aged in American oak wood. American oak contributes greater texture and resistance to ageing, but produces more violent wine bouquets. Oak wood chips are used for smoking fish, meat, cheeses[10] and other foods.
Japanese oak is used in the making of professional drums from manufacturer Yamaha Drums. The higher density of oak gives the drum a brighter and louder tone compared to traditional drum materials such as maple and birch.
The bark of the Cork oak, is used to produce wine stoppers (corks). This species grows in the Mediterranean Sea region, with Portugal, Spain, Algeria and Morocco producing most of the world's supply. Of the North American oaks, the Northern red oak is the most prized of the red oak group for lumber, all of which is marketed as red oak regardless of the species of origin. It is not good for outdoor use due to its open capillaries. One can blow air through an end grain piece 10 inches long to make bubbles come out in a glass of water. These openings give fungus easy access when the finish deteriorates. The standard for the lumber of the white oak group – all of which is marketed as white oak – is the White Oak. White Oak is often used to make wine barrels. The wood of the deciduous Pedunculate Oak and Sessile Oak accounts for most of the European oak production, but evergreen species, such as Holm oak and Cork oak also produce valuable timber.
The bark of the White Oak is dried and used in medical preparations. Oak bark is also rich in tannin, and is used by tanners for tanning leather. Acorns are used for making flour or roasted for acorn coffee.
Oak galls were used for centuries as the main ingredient in manuscript ink, harvested at a specific time of year.[citation needed] In Korea, oak bark is used to make shingles for traditional roof construction.
Oaks are keystone species in a wide range of habitats from Mediterranean semi-desert to subtropical rainforest. For example, oak trees are important components of hardwood forests, and certain species are particularly known to grow in associations with members of the Ericaceae in oak-heath forests.[11][12] A number of kinds of truffles, including the two well known varieties, the black Périgord truffle[13] and the white Piedmont truffle,[14] have symbiotic relationships with oak trees.
Many species of oaks are under threat of extinction in the wild, largely due to land use changes, livestock grazing and unsustainable harvesting. For example, over the past 200 years, large areas of oak forest in the highlands of Mexico, Central America and the northern Andes have been cleared for coffee plantations and cattle ranching. There is a continuing threat to these forests from exploitation for timber, fuelwood and charcoal.[15] In the USA, entire oak ecosystems have declined due to a combination of factors still imperfectly known, but thought to include fire suppression, increased consumption of acorns by growing mammal populations, herbivory of seedlings, and introduced pests.[16] In a recent survey, 78 wild oak species have been identified as being in danger of extinction, from a global total of over 500 species.[17] The proportion under threat may be much higher in reality, as there is insufficient information about over 300 species, making it near impossible to form any judgement of their status.
Sudden Oak Death (Phytophthora ramorum) is a water mould that can kill oaks within just a few weeks. Oak Wilt, caused by the fungus Ceratocystis fagacearum (a fungus closely related to Dutch Elm Disease), is also a lethal disease of some oaks, particularly the red oaks (the white oaks can be infected but generally live longer). Other dangers include wood-boring beetles, as well as root rot in older trees which may not be apparent on the outside, often being discovered only when the trees come down in a strong gale. Oak apples are galls on oaks made by the gall wasp. The female kermes scale causes galls to grow on kermes oak. Oaks are used as food plants by the larvae of Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species such as the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar, which can defoliate oak and other broadleaved tree species in North America.[18]
A considerable number of galls are found on oak leaves, buds, flowers, roots, etc. Examples are Oak artichoke gall, Oak Marble gall, Oak apple gall, Knopper gall, and Spangle gall.
A number of species of fungus cause powdery mildew on oak species. In Europe the species Erysiphe alphitoides is the most common cause.[19]
A new and as yet little understood disease of mature oaks, Acute oak decline, has been reported in parts of the UK since 2009.[20]
Additionally, the Oak Processionary Moth (Thaumetopoea processionea) has become a serious threat in the UK since 2006. It defoliates the trees, and is hazardous to human health.
The leaves and acorns of the oak tree are poisonous to cattle, horses, sheep, and goats in large amounts due to the toxin tannic acid, and cause kidney damage and gastroenteritis. Additionally, once livestock have a taste for the leaves and acorns, they may seek them out. Symptoms of poisoning include lack of appetite, depression, constipation, diarrhea (which may contain blood), blood in urine, and colic. The exception to livestock and oak toxicity is the domestic pig, which may be fed entirely on acorns in the right conditions, and has traditionally been pastured in oak woodlands (such as the Spanish dehesa and the English system of pannage) for hundreds of years. Acorns are also edible to humans in processed form, after leaching of the tannins. They are a staple part of the forage consumed by wildlife, including squirrels.
The oak is a common symbol of strength and endurance and has been chosen as the national tree of many countries. Already an ancient Germanic symbol (in the form of the Donar Oak, for instance), certainly since the early nineteenth century, it stands for the nation of Germany.[21] In 2004 the Arbor Day Foundation[22] held a vote for the official National Tree of the United States of America. In November 2004, Congress passed legislation designating the oak as America's National Tree.[23]
Other countries have also designated the oak as their national tree including England, Estonia, France, Germany, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the United States, Wales, Galicia, Bulgaria, and Serbia.[citation needed]
The oak is the emblem of County Londonderry in Northern Ireland, as a vast amount of the county was covered in forests of the tree until relatively recently. The name of the county comes from the city of Derry, which originally in Irish was known as Doire meaning oak.
The Irish County Kildare derives its name from the town of Kildare which originally in Irish was Cill Dara meaning the Church of the Oak or Oak Church.
Iowa designated the oak as its official state tree in 1961; and the White Oak is the state tree of Connecticut, Illinois and Maryland. The Northern Red Oak is the provincial tree of Prince Edward Island, as well as the state tree of New Jersey. The Live Oak is the state tree of Georgia, USA.
The oak is a national symbol from the Basque Country, specially in the province of Biscay.
Oak leaves are traditionally an important part of German Army regalia. They also symbolize rank in the United States Armed Forces. A gold oak leaf indicates an O-4 (Major or Lt. Commander), whereas a silver oak leaf indicates an O-5 (Lt. Colonel or Commander). Arrangements of oak leaves, acorns and sprigs indicate different branches of the United States Navy Staff corps officers. Oak leaves are embroidered onto the covers (hats) worn by field grade officers and flag officers in the United States armed services.
If a service member earns multiple awards of the same medal, then instead of wearing a ribbon or medal for each award, he or she wears one metal representation of an "oak leaf cluster" attached to the appropriate ribbon for each subsequent award.
The oak tree is used as a symbol by a number of political parties. It is the symbol of the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom,[24] and formerly of the Progressive Democrats in Ireland.[25] In the cultural arena, the oakleaf is the symbol of the National Trust (UK) and The Royal Oak Foundation.[citation needed]
In Greek mythology, the oak is the tree sacred to Zeus, king of the gods. In Zeus's oracle in Dodona, Epirus, the sacred oak was the centerpiece of the precinct, and the priests would divine the pronouncements of the god by interpreting the rustling of the oak's leaves.[26]
In Baltic mythology, the oak is the sacred tree of Latvian Pērkons, Lithuanian Perkūnas and Prussian Perkūns. Pērkons is the god of thunder and one of the most important deities in the Baltic pantheon.
In Celtic polytheism, the name of the oak tree was part of the Proto-Celtic word for 'druid': *derwo-weyd- > *druwid- ; however, Proto-Celtic *derwo- (and *dru-) can also be adjectives for 'strong' and 'firm', so Ranko Matasovic interprets that *druwid- may mean 'strong knowledge'. As in other Indo-European faiths, Taranus, being a Thunder God, was associated with the oak tree.
In Norse mythology, the oak was sacred to the thunder god, Thor. Some scholars speculate[weasel words] that the reason for this is that the oak – the largest tree in northern Europe – was the one most often struck by lightning. Thor's Oak was a sacred tree of the Germanic Chatti tribe. According to legend, the Christianisation of the heathen tribes by Saint Boniface was marked by the oak's being replaced by the fir (whose triangular shape symbolizes the Trinity) as a "sacred" tree.[27]
In the Bible, the oak tree at Shechem is the site where Jacob buries the foreign gods of his people (Gen. 35:4) . In addition, Joshua erects a stone under an oak tree as the first covenant of the Lord (Josh. 24.25-7). In Isaiah 61, the prophet refers to the Israelites as "Oaks of Righteousness".
In Slavic mythology, the oak was the most important tree of the god Perun.
Several individual oak trees, such as the Royal Oak in Britain and the Charter Oak in the United States, are of great historical or cultural importance; for a list of important oaks, see Individual oak trees.
"The Proscribed Royalist, 1651", a famous painting by John Everett Millais, depicted a Royalist fleeing from Cromwell's forces and hidden in an oak. Millais painted the picture in Hayes, Kent, from a local oak tree that became known as the Millais Oak.[28][29]
Approximately 50 km west of Toronto, Canada is the town of Oakville, ON, famous for its history as a shipbuilding port on Lake Ontario.
The city of Raleigh, N.C., is known as "The City of Oaks."
The Jurupa Oak tree — a clonal colony of Quercus palmeria or Palmer’s Oak found in Riverside County, California — is believed to be the world's oldest organism at 13,000 years.[30]
Large groups of very old oak trees are rare. One of the oldest groups of oak trees, found in Poland, is about 480 years old, which was assessed by dendrochronological methods[31].
Linnaeus described only five species of oak from eastern North America, based on general leaf form. These were White oak, Quercus alba; Chestnut oak, Q. montana; Red oak, Q. rubra; Willow oak Q. phellos; and Water oak, Q. nigra. Because he was dealing with confusing leaf forms, the Q. prinus and Q. rubra specimens actually included mixed foliage of more than one species. For that reason, some taxonomists in the past proposed different names for these two species (Q. montana and Q. borealis, respectively), but the original Linnaean names have now been lectotypified by removing some of the specimens in Linnaeus' herbarium.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Quercus |
Wikispecies has information related to: Quercus |
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Kim Kardashian | |
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Kim Kardashian Fragrance Launch, Glendale, CA on February 22, 2011 |
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Born | Kimberly Noel Kardashian October 21, 1980 Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
Nationality | American |
Ethnicity | Armenian, Dutch, Scottish |
Occupation | Businesswoman, socialite, television personality, model, actress |
Years active | 2007–present |
Height | 5 ft 2.5 in (1.59 m) |
Television | Keeping Up with the Kardashians Kourtney and Kim Take New York |
Spouse |
Damon Thomas (m. 2000–2004) |
Parents | Robert Kardashian (father) Kris Jenner (mother) Bruce Jenner (stepfather) |
Relatives | Kourtney Kardashian (sister) Khloé Kardashian (sister) Robert Kardashian Jr. (brother) Kylie Jenner (half-sister) Kendall Jenner (half-sister) |
Website | |
kimkardashian.celebuzz.com |
Kimberly Noel "Kim" Kardashian[1] (born October 21, 1980[2]) is an American socialite, celebutante, television personality, model, actress and businesswoman. She is known for starring in Keeping Up with the Kardashians, the E! reality series that she shares with her family, and its spin-offs including Kourtney and Kim Take New York.[3]
Prior to the development of her career as a reality television star, Kardashian gained notoriety as the subject of a sex tape that subsequently resulted in a court awarding her $5 million. She has been involved in the production of several lines of clothing and fragrances. In 2010, she was the highest earning reality star, with estimated earnings of $6 million, and is one of the most highly documented and followed celebrities in the world in popular media.
In August 2011, Kardashian married basketball player Kris Humphries in a widely publicized ceremony. In October 2011, Kardashian filed for divorce, 72 days after the wedding.
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Kardashian was born in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of attorney Robert Kardashian and his wife Kris Kardashian (née Houghton). Her father was a third generation Armenian American, and her mother is of Dutch and Scottish descent.[4] Kardashian has two sisters, Kourtney and Khloé, and one brother, Robert. She has stepbrothers Burton Jenner, Brandon Jenner, and reality TV star Brody Jenner, step-sister Casey Jenner, and half-sisters Kendall Jenner and Kylie Jenner.[5] She attended Marymount High School.[6]
In 2000, Kardashian married music producer Damon Thomas; their relationship ended in divorce in 2004. Subsequently she dated R&B singer Ray J, NFL star Reggie Bush[7] and Dallas Cowboys wide receiver Miles Austin.[8] She also dated model Gabriel Aubry.[9]
In February 2007, a home sex video that she made with singer Ray J in 2003[10] was leaked.[11] Vivid Entertainment bought the rights for $1 million and released the film as Kim Kardashian: Superstar on February 21.[11] Kardashian sued Vivid for ownership of the tape. In late April 2007, Kardashian dropped the suit and settled with Vivid Entertainment for $5 million.[12]
Kardashian was a friend of Paris Hilton, who introduced her to the socialite scene.[13] Her first acting role was in the television series Beyond the Break. In October 2007, along with her two sisters, mother, brother, half-sisters, and stepfather she starred in the E! television series, Keeping Up with the Kardashians. As of October 2011, the series has aired 69 episodes over six seasons.
Kardashian co-owns a clothing boutique called D-A-S-H with her sisters Kourtney and Khloé.[14] In December 2007, Kardashian posed nude for Playboy.[15] In February 2008, Bongo Jeans announced that she would be their face model.[16] She has also modeled for Carl's Jr., Sugar Factory lollipops, and various other products.[17][18]
Kardashian starred in the 2008 disaster film spoof Disaster Movie as Lisa,[19] and appeared in the How I Met Your Mother episode "Benefits". She also appeared on the Season 3 premiere of the series 90210 with her sisters Khloé and Kourtney; they all played themselves.[20] Kardashian was a guest hostess of WrestleMania XXIV and appeared as a guest judge during Cycle 13 of America's Next Top Model.[21] On December 16, 2009, Kardashian made a guest star appearance on CBS's CSI: NY with Vanessa Minnillo.[22][19] In 2009 she had a cameo as club bouncer in the 2009 porn film spoof Deep in the Valley[19]
Kardashian was one of 13 participants on the seventh season of Dancing with the Stars.[23][19] She was partnered with Mark Ballas and was the third contestant voted off the show on September 30, 2008, finishing in 11th place overall.[24] Sanford Siegal, the creator of the Cookie Diet, sued Kardashian, claiming she defamed him on Twitter. According to Siegal, Kardashian tweeted in October 2009 that he was "falsely promoting" that she was on the cookie diet. Siegal filed a claim in a Florida state court claiming the statements are false and defamatory. He also alleges that Kardashian was on QuickTrim's payroll when she posted the tweet. Kardashian's tweet appears to stem from an article on CookieDiet.com, that named Kardashian as one of many celebrities who saw positive results on the diet. Kardashian sent a cease-and-desist order to Siegal, demanding the link be removed.[25]
Kardashian released her own fragrance product in 2010.[26] In March 2009, Kardashian launched an endorsement with ShoeDazzle shopping,[27] of which she is the co-founder and chief fashion stylist.[17] The following month on April 9, 2009, Kardashian released a workout DVD series, Fit In Your Jeans By Friday, with trainers Jennifer Galardi and Patrick Goudeau.[14][28] In September 2009, Fusion Beauty and Seven Bar Foundation launched "Kiss Away Poverty", with Kardashian as the face of the campaign. For every LipFusion lipgloss sold, $1 went to the Foundation to fund women entrepreneurs in the US.[29]
She has also been featured in numerous international editions of FHM, including the cover of the April 2010 Australian edition and the UK March 2011 edition.[30] Famous Cupcakes, a Los Angeles bakery, created a vanilla cupcake mix for Kardashian. The cupcake flavor is called Va-Va-Va-Nilla.[17] Kardashian has also created jewelry along with her sisters, Khloé and Kourtney. They produced a collection for Virgins, Saints, and Angels in 2010.[31]
Again with her sisters, Kardashian has released various clothing lines. One called K-Dash was to be sold on QVC in 2010,[32] and in the same year they produced a range for Bebe.[33][34][35] As of August 2011 they are creating another for Sears, called the Kardashian Kollection.[36] In addition, Kardashian and her sisters created a sunless tanner called Kardashian Glamour Tan in 2010.[37] On July 1, 2010, the New York City branch of Madame Tussauds revealed a wax figure of Kardashian.[38]
Kardashian is the producer of The Spin Crowd, a reality television show about Command PR, a New York City public relations firm, run by Jonathan Cheban and Simon Huck. The show follows them as they settle into their new offices in Los Angeles. Kardashian is friends with both, specifically Cheban, and frequently appears on her reality shows. She also appeared at the 2010 MTV VMAs on September 12, 2010.[39] She also appeared in and was the subject and judge of a task on the ninth episode of Season 10 of The Apprentice in 2010; the two teams had to create an in-store display for her new perfume line, to be sold at Perfumania.[40][41] Kim, Kourtney, and Khloé wrote an autobiography entitled Kardashian Konfidential, which was released in stores on November 23, 2010.[42]
In April 2010, Kardashian sparked controversy over the way she held a cat for a photograph.[43] The same year, animal rights organization PETA criticized Kardashian for repeatedly wearing fur coats, and named her as one of the five worst people or organizations of 2010 when it came to animal welfare.[44] In June 2010, The Guardian commented on her ability to attract payments of up to US$10,000 from sponsors for each tweet that she broadcasts.[45]
In December 2010, Kardashian filmed a music video for a song titled "Jam (Turn It Up)". The video was directed by Hype Williams; Kanye West makes a cameo in the video.[46] Kardashian premiered the song during a New Year's Eve party at TAO Las Vegas on December 31, 2010.[47] The song was produced by The-Dream and Tricky Stewart. When asked if an album is in the works, Kardashian replied: "There's no album in the works or anything – just one song we did for Kourtney and Kim Take New York, and a video Hype Williams directed, half of the proceeds we're giving away to a cancer foundation, because The-Dream's and one of my parents passed away from cancer. It's just all having fun – with a good cause".[48] Jim Farber, writing for the Daily News, called the song a "dead-brained piece of generic dance music, without a single distinguishing feature," and suggested that the single made Kardashian the "worst singer in the reality TV universe."[49]
Kardashian's 2010 earnings were the highest among Hollywood-based reality stars, being estimated at $6 million.[50]
Kardashian has supported the recognition of the Armenian Genocide on numerous occasions and has encouraged Barack Obama and the United States government to consider its acknowledgement. On April 21, 2011, a few days before the 96th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide, she wrote about the issue on her blog in an effort to put it under spotlight and also sent a tweet to her fans urging its recognition.[51]
Kardashian began dating NBA player Kris Humphries of the New Jersey Nets in October 2010. They became engaged in May 2011,[52] and married on August 20, 2011 in Montecito, California.[53] A two-part TV special showing the preparations and the wedding itself aired on E! in early October 2011, amidst what the Washington Post called a "media blitz" related to the wedding.[54] After 72 days of marriage, Kardashian filed for divorce from Humphries on October 31, 2011, citing irreconcilable differences.[55] After filing for the divorce, Kardashian asked the court to order Humphries to pay his own legal expenses.[56] On December 1, 2011, Humphries filed his response to Kardashian's petition, requesting an annulment on the grounds of fraud or if the court will not grant an annulment, a decree of legal separation rather than Kardashian's requested divorce.[57]
Several news outlets have surmised that Kardashian's marriage to Humphries was merely a publicity stunt to promote the Kardashian family's brand and their subsequent television ventures.[58] Her former publicist has also claimed that her short-lived wedding was indeed staged and a ploy to generate money. Kardashian has since filed suit against him, saying his claims were untrue.[59] A widely circulated petition asking to remove all Kardashian related programing off the air has been followed since their split.[60] In March 2012, Kardashian and her sisters Kourtney and Khloe were named in a $5 million class action lawsuit against QuickTrim, the weight loss supplement they endorse.[61]
Year | Title | Role | Notes |
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2007–present | Keeping Up with the Kardashians | Herself | Reality show |
2008 | Dancing with the Stars | Herself | |
2008 | Disaster Movie | Lisa Taylor[62] | |
2009 | CSI: NY | Debbie Fallon | Season 6, 1 episode |
2009–2010 | Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami | Herself | Guest star, 5 episodes |
2009 | America's Next Top Model | Herself | Cycle 13, 1 episode |
2009 | Deep in the Valley | Summa Eve | |
2009 | How I Met Your Mother | Herself | Season 4, 1 episode |
2009 | Beyond the Break | Elle | Season 3, 4 episodes |
2010 | 90210 | Herself | Season 3, 1 episode |
2011 | Khloé & Lamar | Herself | Guest star, 3 episodes |
2011–present | Kourtney and Kim Take New York | Herself | Reality show |
2011 | America's Next Top Model | Herself | Cycle 17, 1 episode |
2012 | Drop Dead Diva | Nikki | Season 4, 1 episode |
2012 | Last Man Standing | Herself | Season 1, 1 episode |
2012 | The Marriage Counselor | Ava[63] | |
2012 | 30 Rock | Herself | Cameo appearance in live episode |
2012 | Alan Carr: Chatty Man | Herself | Season 8, episode 4 |
This article uses bare URLs for citations. Please consider adding full citations so that the article remains verifiable. Several templates and the Reflinks tool are available to assist in formatting. (Reflinks documentation) (March 2012) |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kim Kardashian |
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Juan Pablo Montoya Roldán (born September 20, 1975) is a Colombian race car driver known internationally for participating in and winning Formula One and CART race competitions. Currently, he competes in NASCAR, driving the #42 Target Chevrolet Impala for Earnhardt Ganassi Racing in the Sprint Cup Series. He and wife Connie have three children: son Sebastian and daughters Paulina and Manuela.
The highlights of his career include winning the International F3000 championship in 1998, and the CART Championship Series in 1999, as well as victories in some of the most prestigious races in the world. He is the only driver to have won the premier North American open-wheel CART title, the Indianapolis 500 and the 24 Hours of Daytona, all at the first attempt. Montoya is one of two drivers to have won the CART title in his rookie year, the first being Formula One World Champion Nigel Mansell in 1993. He has also equalled Graham Hill's feat of being a Monaco Grand Prix and Indianapolis 500 race winner; Montoya is currently one of only two active drivers (along with Jacques Villeneuve) who has won two legs of the Triple Crown of Motorsport.
Montoya has also become a crossover race winner by winning races (starting in each case in his rookie year) in Formula One, CART, IndyCar, Grand-AM and NASCAR equalling in that respect Mario Andretti's caliber of success (except for the F1 World Championship); And shares honors as well with Dan Gurney in being IndyCar/F1/NASCAR race winner. Montoya is also the only driver to have competed in all three major events at Indianapolis, finishing fourth or better in each event. He finished 1st in the Indianapolis 500, 2nd in the Brickyard 400, and 4th in the US Grand Prix.
In October 2009, Montoya was ranked 30th in a list of the top 50 Formula One drivers of all time by Times Online.[1]
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He was born in Bogotá, Colombia, where he was taught the techniques of karting from an early age by his father Pablo, an architect and motorsport enthusiast.
Montoya moved to the Colombian Formula Renault Series in 1992, while racing there he won four of eight races and had five poles. The same year, he also participated in the U.S. Skip Barber driving school, and was hailed by driving instructors as being one of the best pupils to ever come through their school. 1993 saw Montoya switch to the Swift GTI Championship, a series he dominated by winning seven of eight races and earning eight poles. The following year, 1994, was a very busy year for the 19-year-old Colombian, as it saw him race in three separate series: the Sudam 125 Karting (he won the title), USA Barber Saab (finished third in points, won two races), and Formula N in Mexico (a series in which he won the title). As his success continued year after year, Montoya came to be known for his uncanny ability to win pole positions (as well as races), in some cases taking 80% of a season's poles (see Career results below). For the next three years, Montoya raced in various divisions, continually progressing upward. He raced in the 1995 British Formula Vauxhall Championship, winning three races and finishing third in the championship. In 1996, he raced in the British Formula 3 with Fortec Motorsport, winning two races, and finishing 5th in the championship points standings, as well as taking part in events in Zandvoort, Netherlands and Silverstone.
Montoya got the opportunity to advance in his motor racing career when he was hired by the RSM Marko, Formula 3000 team in 1997. In the ten races during the season, Montoya had three wins and three pole positions. He finished his rookie season, second in the championship points standings, just 1.5 points shy of taking the overall season title. During this time, Williams noticed his potential and invited him to test with the team at Jerez, Spain along with three other drivers. Montoya was the fastest of them all and he and Max Wilson were signed by WilliamsF1 to be test drivers for the following season.
Alongside his Formula One testing duties for Williams, he competed again in F3000 and took the title in a close contest with Nick Heidfeld who was driving for McLaren's F3000 team. During the 1998 F3000 season, Montoya opened the season up with a record four straight pole positions. He also achieved another record that year by being the first driver to lap the entire grid at the race in Pau. Montoya finished the 1998 F3000 season with four wins, seven pole positions, and nine podium finishes in twelve races.
Renault, Williams' engine supplier for most of the 1990s, left Formula One at the end of the 1997 season. With no major engine suppliers available, Williams were forced to sign a contract to run customer engines for the 1998 and 1999 seasons. In 1998 the team failed to win a race for the first time in a decade. For the 1999 season, in the hope of attracting more investors to the underperforming team, Frank Williams agreed to a driver swap with CART team owner Chip Ganassi, in which Ganassi's 1997 and 1998 CART champion driver, Alessandro Zanardi, would return to Formula One and Montoya would take his place in the competitive American series.
While Zanardi had a miserable year in Formula One, Montoya, with Honda power and a great Reynard chassis at his disposal, took the American motorsport scene by storm. He took the 1999 title in his rookie year, something accomplished six years earlier by former Formula One Champion Nigel Mansell.
The season that saw Montoya crowned as the youngest ever CART FedEx Championship Series Champion at the age of 24 was closely fought, especially with Dario Franchitti who led the championship going into the final race in California. Both drivers finished the season with equal number of points but having won seven races to the Scotsman's three decided the title in the Colombian's favor. However, the CART rookie also attracted criticism—notably from Michael Andretti and his team for his aggressive style of driving.
Montoya still had a contractual relationship with Williams and after his impressive rookie season the Grove-based team were keen for him to drive for them in Formula One. However, the young Colombian decided to race in the US for one more year.
In 2000 the Ganassi team switched to Toyota engines and Lola chassis. The package was strong for ovals and high speed tracks, but was less well suited to street and most road circuits. Toyota’s engines were not yet reliable and often failed the team. Despite this, Montoya led more laps than anyone else and took the maiden victory for a Toyota engine in the series. He was also the most popular driver, but in a season where he failed to finish in 40% of the races, he was out of contention for the championship.
The Ganassi team also competed in the prestigious Indianapolis 500 race, part of the rival Indy Racing League series using a G-Force(Panoz) chassis and a Comptech-tuned Oldsmobile Aurora engine. Media and drivers were critical of the way Juan Pablo approached the Brickyard, many IRL drivers labelled him as reckless and predicted an early retirement from the race. The media activity around the event was intense, with Montoya and his CART teammate Jimmy Vasser being the first CART drivers to "cross-over" to drive in the Indy 500. Despite public warnings from two-time Indy 500 winner Al Unser, Jr. claiming that if a driver does not respect the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, the place "will bite you - hard" Montoya shrugged off the advice claiming that all four corners were exactly the same and that the track required less attention than the road courses in the CART series and in European racing.
In the event, the Colombian star led 167 of 200 laps and claimed top honours at the end of the 500-mile (800 km) race, taking an easy victory on his first attempt. He was the first to do so since Formula One World Champion Graham Hill in 1966 and was the first Colombian winner. His compatriot Roberto José Guerrero had previously finished twice as runner up.
Montoya won the next week the Miller Lite 225 at The Milwaukee Mile. That victory marked his eighth and Toyota's first win in the CART (Champ Car World Series) series.
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (August 2008) |
Over the weekend of the 2000 Indianapolis 500, Williams-BMW announced a two-year deal for Montoya to partner Ralf Schumacher starting in 2001. During the first half of his Formula One career, he consolidated his position as a fast driver and a race win challenger; Montoya became a title contender during 2003 but the hopes of fighting for the title gradually faded as his cars lacked pace and stronger, more consistent, challengers arrived on the scene.
Montoya was voted top Latin American driver at the Premios Fox Sports awards in 2003 and 2005.[2][3]
Montoya made his Formula One debut for the BMW-powered Williams team in the 2001 Formula One season at the Australian Grand Prix. In that race, he qualified 11th and went off in the first corner and went further down the order but, with a good drive and a high rate of retirements, he went up to fifth until he retired with an engine failure.
The second round was the Malaysian Grand Prix and Montoya qualified better in sixth place but stalled on the grid and had to start from the back. He only lasted for three laps before retiring after spinning off in a rain shower.
Less than a month after his debut, in the Brazilian Grand Prix, he had his best qualifying, a fourth place finish. He got up to second on the first lap and there was a safety car due to an incident in the first corner. On the restart, which was on the third lap, Montoya shocked the F1 world by passing World Champion Michael Schumacher into the first corner. He held off Schumacher, who was on a two-stop strategy compared to Montoya's one stop strategy until Schumacher's first stop. Montoya now seemed to have the race in his pocket as he had a five-second advantage over eventual winner David Coulthard. However, while he was lapping Jos Verstappen, the Dutchman accidentally rammed into the back of him, taking Montoya out.
After his performance in Brazil, expectations were high going into the fourth round, the San Marino Grand Prix. Montoya qualified in seventh, and was well set for points in the race but more bad luck, this time due to a brake failure which took him out of fifth place, leaving him without a point after four races.
Round 5 was the Spanish Grand Prix and Montoya needed a good result but did not look like getting it, so, after another poor qualifying, Montoya found himself down in 12th place. He made up for it by making a quick start by gaining five places and was up to sixth in the first corner (David Coulthard was starting from the back of the grid after stalling on the formation lap). He got ahead of Jacques Villeneuve in the second round of pitstops. He stayed on the track and climbed up to second due to a high attrition rate. The second place finish was just what he needed after the four retirements.
In the next race, the Austrian Grand Prix, Montoya finally outpaced his teammate Ralf Schumacher in qualifying and took a career-best second. It looked better and better for him as he took the lead at the start and pulled away, with second-placed Ralf holding up a string of five cars behind him. But, after 10 laps, Ralf retired with brake failure. It was proven that even Montoya was struggling with the same problems, and Ralf was told to hold the others up so Montoya can build a gap. With Ralf out, the five drivers, led by Michael Schumacher began to zero in on Montoya at over a second a lap. Soon Schumacher was right on Montoya's tail and tried to pass him around the outside at Remus Curve. Montoya kept on the inside, braked late, locked up and went to the gravel. Schumacher was also forced to go to the gravel to avoid Montoya. Montoya rejoined seventh, just behind Schumacher. Montoya went for an early stop which solved his problems. He was set for one point in sixth until he stopped on the track with a hydraulic failure. After the race, Schumacher said that 'all Montoya was doing was to try to take Schumacher out with himself off the circuit'.
In the Monaco Grand Prix, Montoya did not reproduce his previous form and had to be satisfied with qualifying seventh. In the race, he made 1 position at the start. He then tried to pressurize teammate Ralf Schumacher to make a mistake, but it was he himself who made the mistake, by sliding into the barriers on the Swimming Pool section on lap 3. That was the end of the race for him.
Montoya went into the Canadian Grand Prix desperately needing some points, after having had only 6 points from seven races. His qualifying did not help the cause at all though, as he qualified way down in 10th. He gained one place at the first corner but then could not keep the pace of the cars in front. He came under pressure from a charging Rubens Barrichello, and pushed his car too hard and retired after crashing into a wall while trying to both fend off Barrichello and catch up with the cars in front.
The ninth round of the season was the European Grand Prix and Montoya held pole for most of qualifying only for both Michael and Ralf Schumacher to bump him down to third in the final seconds. At the start of the race, he kept third and ran three seconds behind the two leaders. After the first round of stops, the two leaders came ahead of the one-stopping David Coulthard but Montoya came behind. He was stuck there for five laps and it cost him three seconds. He was forced to settle for third and that became second when Ralf was given a ten-second, stop-and-go penalty for a pitlane infringement. Montoya finished in second, and the result gave him more confidence than ever.
Montoya only finished six races, but he nevertheless won three pole positions and stood on the podium four times, including his maiden Formula One victory at the 2001 Italian Grand Prix at Monza.
In the 2002 Formula One season, Montoya was the best of the rest as Ferrari's dominance left available no better place than third. Schumacher and Rubens Barrichello won 15 of 17 races. Although he did not win a race, unlike Coulthard and his team mate Ralf Schumacher, Montoya was one of the few drivers to compete with Schumacher on the track. As in 2001, he stood out for his forceful overtaking moves on the World Champion, although several times he lost places through clashing with the German. For qualifying, the BMW WilliamsF1 FW24 could be set up to use its tires more effectively than its rivals and generate more grip. With this weapon, Montoya was able to achieve seven pole positions, usually setting his pole time in the very last seconds of the session. He set the fastest-ever average speed over a lap during the qualifying session of the 2002 Italian Grand Prix at Monza.
Although the 2003 chassis was built by the team specifically for Montoya's driving style, the machine needed time to be developed. Problems with oversteer were still present, often resulting in 360° spins in front of the crowd, in addition to reliability problems with the BMW engine.
From the Monaco Grand Prix, the FW25 proved to be the class of the field, allowing Montoya to take victory at Circuit de Monaco from Kimi Räikkönen. During the 2003 French Grand Prix, after a misunderstanding with the pit crew, there was a vocal exchange of expletives between the Colombian and his team. This was followed by a formal letter of reprimand from the BMW Williams F1 team.[citation needed] McLaren-Mercedes announced that they would take on his racing services from 2005 at an end of season announcement, although it was believed that Montoya had already decided to leave immediately after the French GP.
Bad luck for rivals and excellent on-track performances from the Colombian meant he was a title contender, particularly after a key victory at the German Grand Prix. Williams, however, were unable to keep pace with the latest developments from Ferrari, coupled with a midseason amendment to tyre regulations that forced the Michelin-shod Williams, among others, to quickly make a new design to avoid being disqualified. With that, the Bridgestone-shod Ferraris returned to form. Montoya failed to claim another victory that year. A drive-through penalty at the United States Grand Prix after a collision with Ferrari's Barrichello ended his title chances in the last race he would finish in 2003. He was leading the final race of the season in Japan when he had a hydraulic failure.
2004 was a disappointing year for Montoya. His relationship with the team was strained throughout the season since both parties knew he would be leaving for the McLaren team at the end of the year.
Early season promise faded as the radical looking ‘tusked’ Williams FW26 initially lacked pace and both drivers were frequently left struggling to score points. However, the car was significantly overhauled during the season and the radical nose designed by a former Ferrari aerodynamicist was finally replaced with a more conventional one for the final stages of the season. Montoya left the team on a high note by winning his last race with them, the 2004 Brazilian Grand Prix, which was closely contested with future team mate Kimi Räikkönen.
After driving for Williams for four full seasons, Montoya found the McLaren Mercedes car unpredictable, often claiming it felt like the steering wheel was not "attached" to the rest of the car.[4]
Having been criticised in previous years for his lack of fitness, Montoya began a training program under the direction of McLaren personnel but all the effort was lost when, just after the Malaysian Grand Prix, he injured his shoulder while in Spain. After missing two Grands Prix he made an early return before he was completely healed. In fact he was often seen with his arm almost motionless for the remaining five Grands Prix even while in the paddock for the British GP.[citation needed]
In practice for the Monaco Grand Prix Montoya was penalized to start from the back by race stewards for brake-testing his former Williams team mate, Ralf Schumacher, causing a four car collision. At the Canadian Grand Prix Montoya was in contention for the win, but he was disqualified after leaving the pitlane under a red light. As a Michelin runner, Montoya did not start the US Grand Prix (see 2005 US Grand Prix). The Colombian was on track for a possible podium finish at Magny-Cours when his hydraulics failed. He retired from the lead of the Hungarian GP due to a broken driveshaft. His team mate had a similar failure 8 GP before, which shows the differences in suspension geometry between both McLarens as the torsional forces are carried out in different manner.
During the year Montoya suffered even more from oversteer than he had at Williams.[citation needed] On several occasions he spun during practice. More seriously he spun in his return from injury at the Spanish Grand Prix and most notoriously at the last corner during qualifying for the German Grand Prix. On that occasion he made up for it by climbing from 20th to 8th after the first two corners eventually finishing in a respectable 2nd.
Montoya worked with the team during the year to identify suspension geometry and aerodynamic problems that were making the car unpredictable. It is said[by whom?] that he helped the team to improve the car a lot, benefiting both himself and his team mate.
He had to learn how to cope with a very nervous and 'oversteery' car,[citation needed] in these conditions and after bad luck for his team mate, he scored his first victory for McLaren Mercedes in the British GP and in the same conditions at Monza.
For most of the season Montoya's major concerns were the ongoing problems with backmarkers. Both Tiago Monteiro and Antônio Pizzonia collided with him, as had Jos Verstappen in 2001, and Jacques Villeneuve forced him off the track in one of the final races of the year. These incidents prevented Montoya from completing his main task for the team; stopping Fernando Alonso and Renault F1 from increasing their lead in the standings.
In the final stages of the season it was clear that Montoya and his car were finally adapted to one another.[citation needed] The Colombian has often attributed this to the greater effort made by the McLaren-Mercedes Team than by Williams to tune the car to his driving style.[citation needed] In the last 7 grands prix Montoya finished, he scored 3 wins, 2 poles and 5 podiums, as well as setting a track record(fastest lap) of 1:24.770,[5] which stands today still, at the 2005 Turkish Grand Prix. At the Brazilian GP, Montoya led home McLaren's first 1-2 result in years, ahead of newly crowned world champion Fernando Alonso in third. It was his last finish of the year. In Japan he was forced off the track by Jacques Villeneuve on lap one, while in China a loose drain cover rose up and hit his car, damaging the engine.
Montoya started his 2006 season learning that the 2005 F1 Champion Fernando Alonso had been contracted by McLaren-Mercedes for the 2007 season. At the same time McLaren did not take up their option on Montoya for 2007, while his teammate Kimi Räikkönen remained a free agent, although it was later revealed that Räikkönen had signed with Ferrari for 2007 before Alonso had signed his McLaren deal.
During the first three races, Montoya consistently underperformed on the track, not managing to improve his position from the start at the Bahrain and Malaysia Grands Prix. Problems with his engine mapping also contributed, resulting in poor straight line performance.
At the Australian Grand Prix, he drove an excellent race but with a few mistakes. His car spun near the end of the warm-up lap, caused by too much throttle while warming the tyres, and if Fisichella had not stalled his Renault before the start of the race and triggered another formation lap, Montoya would have started at the back end of the grid. He did manage to regain his grid position though, which angered other team managers. His race ended when towards the end of the race he hit a kerb on the exit of the final corner, while chasing Ralf Schumacher hard for third place. The impact triggered an automatic electronic device in the McLaren MP4-21, shutting down his engine as it went into safety mode.
In the San Marino Grand Prix, Montoya was forced to use the team spare car for the qualifying session when it was learnt that his car had a fuel pressure problem. McLaren fitted his engine into the team spare car, thus saving Montoya from a 10-place grid penalty. He managed to qualify in seventh place ahead of Räikkönen. The race however was very undramatic for him and a steady performance saw him finish third, earning his first podium finish of the season.
The races at the Nürburgring and the Circuit de Catalunya, however, were very disappointing for Montoya. He qualified in 9th position for the European Grand Prix but then was stuck behind traffic for almost the whole race before his engine failed a few laps from the end. Catalunya saw Montoya failing to qualify in the top 10 for the first time in the season. He qualified 12th in an underperforming McLaren. He was heavily fuelled and was on a one-stop strategy for the race but he spun and his car got stuck on a kerb and his race was over. Montoya had a solid race at Monaco, inheriting second place 14.5 seconds behind championship leader Fernando Alonso after Räikkönen and Mark Webber went out with engine problems on lap 50. Once again, though, he appeared to be somewhat off his team mate's pace.
The Canadian Grand Prix saw Montoya pull off a stunning overtaking move on Michael Schumacher on the opening lap, but contact with Nico Rosberg on the next lap and a mistake at the last corner resulted in Montoya bracing the wall and damaging the car, leading to retirement.
The US Grand Prix also brought further disappointment to Montoya's season. An 8-car crash on the first corner saw him retire from the race, yet again taking no points. This crash also involved team-mate Räikkönen, and as one of the main instigators of the crash, this cast further doubt upon Montoya's future in Formula One.
Montoya's Formula One career effectively came to an end on July 9 when he announced in a public press conference from the US that he had signed a contract to run in the NASCAR series from 2007. On July 11, 2006, McLaren-Mercedes announced that Montoya would stop racing for the team with immediate effect. This ultimately confirmed Montoya's exit from F1. However, in the press conference on July 14 at the French Grand Prix, Ron Dennis stated that Montoya was still under contract with McLaren-Mercedes and he would remain in contract with the team until the expiration of the deal. Following further speculation that he could start racing in the NASCAR series as early as 2006, Dennis publicly offered Montoya an early exit from his contract with McLaren-Mercedes, provided that he resigned from receiving any payout to terminate his contract.[6][7]
On July 9, 2006, Montoya announced his plans to compete in the NASCAR Nextel Cup series beginning with the 2007 season, racing for Chip Ganassi and Felix Sabates' NASCAR operation, Chip Ganassi Racing, in the No. 42 Texaco/Havoline Car. "I'm looking forward to racing in the Nextel Cup Series for Chip Ganassi in the Big Red Car. I think I will learn a lot from my teammates and other drivers around me. It will be tough though to get used to the difference in the cars." Montoya made his stock car debut in an Automobile Racing Club of America (ARCA) event at the Talladega Superspeedway on October 6, 2006. He qualified second, led the first nine laps, and finished third when the race was called after 79 of 92 laps.[8] Three weeks later he followed this with an 11th place finish after a mid-race spin at the Sam's Town 250 at Memphis Motorsports Park, his first appearance in NASCAR's second division Busch Series.[9] He competed in the final three races of the Busch Series season, but did not better this performance. He would later run 17 Busch Series races on a part time schedule the following year. On November 19, 2006, Montoya competed for the first time in NASCAR's premier division, the NEXTEL Cup Series. He qualified 29th in the #30 Texaco car at the Ford 400 at Homestead-Miami Speedway. He was running just outside the top 10 when contact with Ryan Newman ended his race on lap 251. His car ended up in the grass engulfed in flames due to his fuel cell erupting during the crash and he was credited with a 34th place finish.[10] Finished 71st in series points.
Montoya visited victory lane three times across three different racing series in 2007. He kicked off 2007 with a win in his first Rolex 24 At Daytona race in the Grand American Road Racing Association. Then, in just his seventh-career Nationwide Series race, Montoya took the checkered flag in Mexico City to earn his first win in a stock car. His abilities on the road course were evident to his competitors when he captured his first Sprint Cup victory after qualifying 32nd at Infineon Raceway. Montoya and his No. 42 crew went on to amass one win, three top-five and six top-10 finishes during the 2007 Sprint Cup season. Montoya also earned the honor of NASCAR Sprint Cup Series 2007 Rookie of the Year and finished 20th in series points.
In 2008, Montoya and the No. 42 team amassed two top-five, three top-10 and seven top-15 finishes which include a runner-up finish at Talladega Superspeedway. In addition, Montoya became the first driver in history to win in his first two starts in the Rolex 24 At Daytona, which he won with teammates Scott Pruett, Memo Rojas and Dario Franchitti. Montoya ended the season 25th in the points standings, 5 spots lower than in 2007. On November 14 it was announced the Ganassi team would merge with Dale Earnhardt Inc., Montoya was confirmed to drive the #42 as the team switches from Dodge to Chevrolet.[11]
It was announced in January that Target would take over as Montoya's primary sponsor for the 2009 Cup season.
Montoya ran in the Rolex 24 Hours of Daytona and finished second after a thrilling duel with David Donohue. Montoya's Lexus did not have the speed that Donohue had in the Porsche he was driving, and when Montoya was slowed by lap traffic in the chicane, Donohue was able to pass Montoya and hold him off to take the victory, denying Montoya his third straight 24 hour win. The margin of victory in the 2009 Rolex 24 Hours of Daytona was 0.167 seconds, making it the closest finish in Rolex 24 hour history.
Montoya finished 14th in the Daytona 500 and finished 11th at Auto Club Speedway.
On April 25, he won his first career pole at the Aaron's 499 at Talladega. After going a lap down Montoya finished 8th at the Pocono 500 at Pocono Raceway. He followed this up a week later with a 6th place at the Lifelock 400 at Michigan International Speedway. After racing in the top 10 all day Montoya got his third top 10 in a row with a 6th place at the Toyota/Save Mart 350 at Infineon Raceway in Sonoma. Montoya got his best ever finish at Daytona International Speedway in the Coke Zero 400 where after going a lap down twice he battled back to 9th. Montoya dominated Allstate 400 at the Brickyard in Indianapolis on July 26 after starting from second position. It was the first time in his NASCAR career that he scored bonus points for leading the most laps in the event, however he was penalised with pass-through after his last pit stop for speeding in the pit lane. His healthy 5 second advantage over the rest of the field was gone and he ended up finishing 11th. After a pit lane error Montoya slipped back from his top 10 spot at the Sunoco Red Cross Pennsylvania 500 at Pocono Raceway. However, a good pit call meant Montoya pitted prior to a caution which meant he started the next restart in 4th. After slipping back to 5th he made up good ground to pass Bowyer second. He went after leader Hamlin but could not catch him. The second place finish was his first top 5 of the year and joint best on an oval. At the Carfax 400 at Michigan, Montoya posted the 3rd quickest qualifying time just 0.087 seconds off of the pole. In the race Montoya gradually slipped back and grew frustrated with crew chief Brian Pattie as the car was getting tighter and tighter, Kasey Kahne and Montoya made contact when the 9 car got loose and its splitter touched the 42's right rear tire. The contact resulted in Montoya's right rear going flat and he lost a lap on pit road fixing the minor body damage. However he shortly got the lucky dog and raced up to 20th before dropping back to 23rd, Montoya gained 4 positions on the last lap as others ran out of fuel, resulting in a 19th place finish which at least kept Juan 7th in points.
Montoya finished the first 26 races in eighth place in the standings, which made him the first foreign born driver to qualify for the Chase for the Sprint Cup. He began the Chase in 11th place after reseeding, and was placed as high as 3rd during the Chase before finishing the year in eighth place.
On October 24, 2009, Montoya was the victim of a racial stereotype during ESPN's coverage of a college football game between Ohio State and Minnesota. During a break from the action, announcers Chris Spielman and Bob Griese were discussing the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. Spielman remarked on Montoya's poor performance in the chase, and in response, Griese said: "He's out having a taco." Griese later apologized at the conclusion of the broadcast. Nonetheless, ESPN suspended Griese for one week.[12]
Montoya ran in the Rolex 24 Hours of Daytona for Chip Ganassi in the #02 Chip Ganassi Racing with Felix Sabates BMW Riley with NASCAR teammate Jamie McMurray and Indycar champions Scott Dixon and Dario Franchitti. The team led for around four hours and completed 249 laps. However, the car was forced to retire after 8:29:58 due to an engine failure, robbing the team of a potential victory. The Ganassi #01 entry then took the lead before Action Express Racing ultimately took the checkered flag.
Montoya began his NASCAR season with Daytona Speedweeks; the first race was the Bud Shootout exhibition race in which he finished 10th. Montoya had earlier posted the fifth fastest time in Daytona 500 qualifying but the unique qualifying system during Speedweeks meant Montoya would start P2 in the 2nd Gatorade Duel on Thursday the 11th to race for starting position in the Daytona 500 on the 14th.
Juan Pablo Montoya started the 2010 edition of the Watkins Glen race in 3rd place and led 74 of the 90 laps to win his 2nd career Sprint Cup Series race. This made him the first foreign-born driver to have multiple wins in NASCAR Sprint Cup history. Montoya did not make the Chase for the Sprint Cup and ended up 17th in points with six top-fives and fourteen top-tens. Montoya also won the pole for the Lenox Industrial Tools 301, the Brickyard 400, and the AMP Energy Juice 500.
The 2011 season started well for Montoya. Montoya, Scott Dixon, Dario Franchitti, and Jamie McMurray drove the #02 Chip Ganassi Racing BMW Riley to start 5th and finish 2nd in the Rolex 24 hours of Daytona. The #02 team finished behind their team mates driving the #01 Chip Ganassi Racing BMW Riley.
Montoya started the 2011 NASCAR season on a high note finishing 6th in the Daytona 500 and 5th in points. He was involved in two wrecks, both involving Jamie McMurray, his teammate. No serious damage occurred to either of the cars; they both ended up in the top ten. Two weeks later in the Kobalt Tools 400 at Las Vegas Motor Speedway, Montoya, in a blue Clorox scheme led seven laps and finished 3rd. Montoya won the pole for the Auto Club 400 and the Crown Royal 400. It was announced that his crew chief since mid-2008, Brian Pattie, would be replaced by Jim Pohlman.
Montoya has re-signed with Earnhardt-Ganassi Racing to remain in the #42 car in the Sprint Cup Series in 2012.[13]
During the 2012 Daytona 500, during lap 160, Montoya's car spun out and collided with a track support vehicle with a jet dryer in tow due to a rear suspension mechanical malfunction, causing leaking vapors from the dryer to catch fire, leading to a lengthy red flag. The driver of the support vehicle and Montoya were both cleared medically after the accident.
Montoya's helmet was silver (or white) with red and blue arrow designs on the sides with yellow lines on the arrows' center and the yellow mouthplate area,[14] some of the helmets (such as the silver one with the flaming Colombian flag) were winning entries of Échele Cabeza al casco de Juan Pablo Montoya contest.
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Year | Entrant | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | DC | Points |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1997 | RSM Marko | SIL Ret |
PAU 1 |
HEL Ret |
NÜR 4 |
PER 11 |
HOC 5 |
A1R 1 |
SPA DSQ |
MUG 3 |
JER 1 |
2nd | 37.5 | ||
1998 | Super Nova Racing | OSC 15 |
IMO Ret |
CAT 1 |
SIL 1 |
MON 6 |
PAU 1 |
A1R 2 |
HOC 3 |
HUN 3 |
SPA 2 |
PER 1 |
NÜR 3 |
1st | 65 |
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
Year | Team | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | Rank | Points |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1999 | Ganassi | Reynard | Honda | MIA 10 |
MOT 13 |
LBH 1 |
NAZ 1 |
RIO 1 |
GAT 11 |
MIL 10 |
POR 2 |
CLE 1 |
ROA 13 |
TOR 22 |
MIC 2 |
DET 17 |
MDO 1 |
CHI 1 |
VAN 1 |
LAG 8 |
HOU 25 |
SUR 16 |
FON 4 |
1st | 212 |
2000 | Ganassi | Lola | Toyota | MIA 23 |
LBH 19 |
RIO 22 |
MOT 7 |
NAZ 4 |
MIL 1 |
DET 18 |
POR 17 |
CLE 6 |
TOR 24 |
MIC 1 |
CHI 12 |
MDO 24 |
ROA 16 |
VAN 17 |
LAG 6 |
GAT 1 |
HOU 2 |
SUR 24 |
FON 10 |
9th | 126 |
Year | Chassis | Engine | Start | Finish | Team |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | G-Force | Oldsmobile | 2 | 1 | Chip Ganassi Racing |
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | WDC | Points |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | BMW WilliamsF1 Team | Williams FW23 |
BMW P80 3.0 V10 | AUS Ret |
MAL Ret |
BRA Ret |
SMR Ret |
ESP 2 |
AUT Ret |
MON Ret |
CAN Ret |
EUR 2 |
FRA Ret |
GBR 4 |
GER Ret |
HUN 8 |
BEL Ret |
ITA 1 |
USA Ret |
JPN 2 |
6th | 31 | ||
2002 | BMW WilliamsF1 Team | Williams FW24 |
BMW P82 3.0 V10 | AUS 2 |
MAL 2 |
BRA 5 |
SMR 4 |
ESP 2 |
AUT 3 |
MON Ret |
CAN Ret |
EUR Ret |
GBR 3 |
FRA 4 |
GER 2 |
HUN 11 |
BEL 3 |
ITA Ret |
USA 4 |
JPN 4 |
3rd | 50 | ||
2003 | BMW WilliamsF1 Team | Williams FW25 |
BMW P83 3.0 V10 | AUS 2 |
MAL 12 |
BRA Ret |
SMR 7 |
ESP 4 |
AUT Ret |
MON 1 |
CAN 3 |
EUR 2 |
FRA 2 |
GBR 2 |
GER 1 |
HUN 3 |
ITA 2 |
USA 6 |
JPN Ret |
3rd | 82 | |||
2004 | BMW WilliamsF1 Team | Williams FW26 |
BMW P84 3.0 V10 | AUS 5 |
MAL 2 |
BHR 13 |
SMR 3 |
ESP Ret |
MON 4 |
EUR 8 |
CAN DSQ |
USA DSQ |
FRA 8 |
GBR 5 |
GER 5 |
HUN 4 |
BEL Ret |
ITA 5 |
CHN 5 |
JPN 7 |
BRA 1 |
5th | 58 | |
2005 | Team McLaren Mercedes |
McLaren MP4-20 |
Mercedes FO 110R 3.0 V10 | AUS 6 |
MAL 4 |
BHR |
SMR |
ESP 7 |
MON 5 |
EUR 7 |
CAN DSQ |
USA DNS |
FRA Ret |
GBR 1 |
GER 2 |
HUN Ret |
TUR 3 |
ITA 1 |
BEL 14 |
BRA 1 |
JPN Ret |
CHN Ret |
4th | 60 |
2006 | Team McLaren Mercedes |
McLaren MP4-21 |
Mercedes FO 108S 2.4 V8 | BHR 5 |
MAL 4 |
AUS Ret |
SMR 3 |
EUR Ret |
ESP Ret |
MON 2 |
GBR 6 |
CAN Ret |
USA Ret |
FRA | GER | HUN | TUR | ITA | CHN | JPN | BRA | 8th | 26 |
Records in F1
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
Year | Team | No. | Sponsor | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | NSCC | Points |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 | Chip Ganassi Racing | 42 | Texaco/ Havoline |
Dodge | DAY | CAL | MEX | LSV | ATL | BRI | TEX | NAS | PHO | TAL | RIC | DAR | LOW | DOV | NS2 | KEN | MIL | DY2 | CHI | NHA | MAR | GAT | IND | GLN | MIC | BR2 | CL2 | RC2 | DV2 | KAN | LW2 | MEM 11 |
TX2 28 |
PH2 20 |
HOM 14 |
68th | 438 |
2007 | Chip Ganassi Racing | 42 | Texaco/ Havoline |
Dodge | DAY 40 |
CAL 39 |
MEX 1 |
LSV 20 |
ATL 8 |
BRI 14 |
NAS | TEX 30 |
PHO 21 |
TAL 7 |
RIC 11 |
DAR 15 |
LOW 40 |
DOV 14 |
NS2 | KEN | MIL | NHA 34 |
DY2 30 |
CHI 21 |
GAT | IND | CAN | GLN 33 |
MIC | BR2 | CL2 | RC2 | DV2 | KAN | LW2 | MEM | TX2 | PH2 | HOM | 36th | 1689 |
2008 | Chip Ganassi Racing | 40/42 | Fastenal/ Powerade |
Dodge | DAY | CAL | LSV | ATL | BRI | NAS | TEX | PHO | MEX | TAL | RIC | DAR | LOW | DOV | NS2 | KEN | MIL | NHA | DY2 | CHI | GAT | IND | CAN | GLN | MIC | BR2 | CL2 | RC2 | DV2 | KAN | LW2 | MEM | TX2 15 |
PH2 | HOM 17 |
86th | 230 |
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
Year | Team | No. | Sponsor | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | NSCC | Points |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 | Chip Ganassi Racing | 30 | Texaco/ Havoline |
Dodge | DAY | CAL | LSV | ATL | BRI | MAR | TEX | PHO | TAL | RIC | DAR | LOW | DOV | POC | MIC | INF | DY2 | CHI | NHA | PO2 | IND | GLN | MI2 | BR2 | CA2 | RI2 | NH2 | DV2 | KAN | TL2 | LW2 | MR2 | AT2 | TX2 | PH2 | HOM 34 |
69th | 61 |
2007 | Chip Ganassi Racing | 42 | Texaco/ Havoline |
Dodge | DAY 19 |
CAL 26 |
LSV 22 |
ATL 5 |
BRI 32 |
MAR 16 |
TEX 8 |
PHO 33 |
TAL 31 |
RIC 26 |
DAR 23 |
LOW 28 |
DOV 31 |
POC 20 |
MIC 43 |
INF 1 |
NHA 19 |
DY2 32 |
CHI 15 |
IND 2 |
PO2 16 |
GLN 39 |
MI2 26 |
BR2 17 |
CA2 33 |
RI2 41 |
NH2 23 |
DV2 10 |
KAN 28 |
TL2 15 |
LW2 37 |
MR2 8 |
AT2 34 |
TX2 25 |
PH2 17 |
HOM 15 |
20th | 3487 |
2008 | Chip Ganassi Racing | 42 | Texaco Havoline |
Dodge | DAY 32 |
CAL 20 |
LSV 19 |
ATL 16 |
BRI 15 |
MAR 13 |
TEX 19 |
PHO 16 |
TAL 2 |
RIC 32 |
DAR 23 |
LOW 30 |
DOV 12 |
POC 38 |
MIC 38 |
INF 6 |
NHA 32 |
DY2 38 |
CHI 18 |
IND 38 |
PO2 40 |
GLN 4 |
MI2 25 |
BR2 19 |
CA2 20 |
RI2 31 |
NH2 17 |
DV2 39 |
KAN 20 |
TL2 25 |
LW2 34 |
MR2 14 |
AT2 40 |
TX2 43 |
PH2 17 |
HOM 17 |
25th | 3329 |
2009 | Earnhardt Ganassi Racing | 42 | Target | Chevrolet | DAY 14 |
CAL 11 |
LSV 31 |
ATL 27 |
BRI 9 |
MAR 12 |
TEX 7 |
PHO 24 |
TAL 20 |
RIC 10 |
DAR 20 |
LOW 8 |
DOV 30 |
POC 8 |
MIC 6 |
INF 6 |
NHA 12 |
DY2 9 |
CHI 10 |
IND 11 |
PO2 2 |
GLN 6 |
MI2 19 |
BR2 25 |
AT2 3 |
RI2 19 |
NH2 3 |
DV2 4 |
KAN 4 |
CAL2 3 |
LW2 35 |
MR2 3 |
TL2 19 |
TX2 37 |
PH2 8 |
HOM 38 |
8th | 6252 |
2010 | Earnhardt Ganassi Racing | 42 | Target | Chevrolet | DAY 10 |
CAL 37 |
LSV 37 |
ATL 3 |
BRI 26 |
MAR 36 |
PHO 5 |
TEX 34 |
TAL 3 |
RIC 6 |
DAR 5 |
DOV 35 |
CHA 38 |
POC 8 |
MIC 13 |
INF 10 |
NHA 34 |
DY2 27 |
CHI 16 |
IND 32 |
PO2 16 |
GLN 1 |
MI2 7 |
BR2 7 |
AT2 9 |
RI2 7 |
NH2 16 |
DV2 14 |
KAN 29 |
CAL2 14 |
CH2 11 |
MR2 19 |
TL2 3 |
TX2 28 |
PH2 16 |
HOM 35 |
17th | 4118 |
2011 | Earnhardt Ganassi Racing | 42 | Target | Chevrolet | DAY 6 |
PHO 19 |
LSV 3 |
BRI 24 |
CAL 10 |
MAR 4 |
TEX 13 |
TAL 30 |
RIC 29 |
DAR 23 |
DOV 32 |
CHA 12 |
KAN 17 |
POC 7 |
MIC 30 |
INF 22 |
DY2 9 |
KTY 15 |
NHA 30 |
IND 28 |
PO2 32 |
GLN 7 |
MI2 25 |
BR2 19 |
ATL 15 |
RI2 15 |
CHI 14 |
NH2 9 |
DV2 22 |
KA2 23 |
CH2 14 |
TL2 23 |
MA2 22 |
TX2 18 |
PH2 15 |
HOM 31 |
21st | 932 |
2012 | Earnhardt Ganassi Racing | 42 | Target | Chevrolet | DAY 36 |
PHO 11 |
LSV 25 |
BRI 8 |
CAL 17 |
MAR 21 |
TEX 16 |
KAN 12 |
RIC 12 |
TAL 32 |
DAR |
CHA |
DOV |
POC |
MIC |
INF |
KTY |
DY2 |
NHA |
IND |
PO2 |
GLN |
MI2 |
BR2 |
ATL |
RI2 |
CHI |
NH2 |
DV2 |
TL2 |
CH2 |
KA2 |
MA2 |
TX2 |
PH2 |
HOM |
16th | 239 |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Juan Pablo Montoya |
Sporting positions | ||
---|---|---|
Preceded by Ricardo Zonta |
International Formula 3000 Champion 1998 |
Succeeded by Nick Heidfeld |
Preceded by Alex Zanardi |
CART FedEx Championship Series Champion 1999 |
Succeeded by Gil de Ferran |
Preceded by Tony Kanaan |
CART Rookie of the Year 1999 |
Succeeded by Kenny Bräck |
Preceded by Kenny Bräck |
Indianapolis 500 Winner 2000 |
Succeeded by Hélio Castroneves |
Preceded by Robby McGehee |
Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year 2000 |
Succeeded by Hélio Castroneves |
Preceded by Denny Hamlin |
NASCAR Nextel Cup Series Rookie of the Year 2007 |
Succeeded by Regan Smith |
Awards and achievements | ||
Preceded by Jenson Button |
Autosport Rookie of the Year 2001 |
Succeeded by Mark Webber |
Preceded by Jenson Button |
Lorenzo Bandini Trophy 2002 |
Succeeded by Michael Schumacher |
Preceded by Michael Schumacher |
Autosport International Driver of the Year 2003 |
Succeeded by Jenson Button |
Pablo Montoya (also known as Jose Pablo Montoya) (January 7, 1816 - February 7, 1847 [1]) was a New Mexican politician who was active both in the 1837 revolt against the Mexican government, and in the Taos Revolt of 1847 against the United States, during the Mexican-American War.
Contents |
Jose Pablo Montoya was born January 7, 1816, the son of Andres Montoya and Victoria Velarde.[2]
He married Maria Teresa Esquevel and they had established a family in present-day Taos, New Mexico.[3] He was likely a landowner and rancher.
At some point, Montoya was the mayor of Taos. In 1837 he was part of the New Mexican revolt against the Mexican government.[4] In September of that year he led an army of 3000 rebels to within a league and a half of Santa Fe, where he arranged a truce with General Armijo. He secured his personal immunity by turning over the planners of the rebellion, who were jailed in Santa Fe and later executed by Armijo's forces. Montoya was allowed to return to his home.[5]
In January 1847 Montoya participated in the insurrection against United States rule in New Mexico, started among those who did not accept the Mexican governor's surrender.[6] The historian David Lavender said that Montoya "style[d] himself as the Santa Anna of the North."[7]
Montoya was captured during the 1847 revolt. After the US had re-established control, a US military court charged and convicted him of treason. The judges sentenced him and 14 other men to death for their roles in the revolt. Montoya and the others were hanged in the central plaza of Taos on April 6, 1847.