at the wheel of 1975 Alfa Romeo 33 TT 12 at the 2006 Goodwood Festival of Speed.]] The Alfa Romeo Tipo 33 was a sports racing prototype raced by the Alfa Romeo factory-backed team between 1967 and 1977. These cars took part for Sport Cars World Championship, Nordic Challenge Cup, Interserie and CanAm series. A small number of road going cars were derived from it in 1967, called Alfa Romeo 33 Stradale.

Alfa Romeo Tipo 33

´s Alfa Romeo Tipo 33]] Alfa Romeo started development of the Tipo 33 in the early 1960s, with the first car being built in 1965. It was sent to Autodelta to be completed and for additional changes to be made. It used an Alfa Romeo TZ2 straight-4 engine, but Autodelta produced its 2.0 litre V8 soon after. The 2000 cc (122ci) Tipo 33 mid-engined prototype debuted on 12 March 1967 at the Belgian hillclimbing event at Fléron, with Teodoro Zeccoli winning. The first version was named as “periscope” because it had very characteristic air inlet. It was powered by a 1995 cc (122ci) 90° V8 of 270 hp (201 kW), with a large-diameter tube frame. The original T33 proved unreliable and uncompetitive in the 1967 World Sportscar Championship season, its best result a 5th at the Nürburgring 1000, co-driven by Zeccoli and Roberto Bussinello.

Alfa Romeo 33/2

In 1968, Alfa's subsidiary, Autodelta, created an evolution model called 33/2. A road version, dubbed Alfa Romeo 33 Stradale, was also introduced. At the 24 Hours of Daytona, the Porsche 907 with 2.2L engines were dominating the overall race, but Alfa took the 2-litre class win, with Udo Schütz and Nino Vaccarella; after that the car was named as "Daytona". Win was repeated at the Targa Florio, where Nanni Galli and Ignazio Giunti also took second place overall, followed by teammates Lucien Bianchi and Mario Casoni. Galli and Giunti then won the class at the Nürburgring 1000 km, where the 2.5L version finished for the first time, 4th place in the 3.0L class with Schütz and Bianchi. However, in most races, the Alfa drivers were outclassed by their Porsche rivals which used bigger engines. In 1968, the car was used mainly by privateers, winning its class in the 1000km Monza, Targa Florio and Nürburgring races. At the end of season Alfa Romeo had finished third in the 1968 International Championship for Makes.

A total of 28 cars were built during 1968, allowing the 33/2 to be homologated as a Group 4 Sports Car for 1969.

Alfa Romeo 33/3

Designer	Autodelta

at the Nürburgring in 1971]] In 1969 at the 12 Hours of Sebring, the Alfa Romeo 33/3 made its debut. The engine was enlarged to 2998 cc (183ci) with 400 hp (298 kW), which put the 33/3 in the same class as the Porsche 908 and the Ferrari 312P. The chassis was now a monocoque. The Sebring race was very bad for the new car and Alfa did not take part in Le Mans because Bianchi died in a crash during a practising session. The car took a couple of wins in smaller competitions but overall the 1969 season was not good, and the team was again third in the championship.

After a dismal 1969, in 1970, the bigger 5.0L Porsche 917 and Ferrari 512 dominated, yet Toine Hezemans and Masten Gregory took third overall at Sebring, and Andrea De Adamich and Henri Pescarolo won their class in the 1000km Zeltweg, finishing second overall. Also in 1970, an Alfa T 33/3 was one of the "actors" of Steve McQueen's movie Le Mans, released in 1971.

In 1971, the Alfa Romeo racing effort was finally successful. Rolf Stommelen and Nanni Galli won their class at the 1000km Buenos Aires (followed by De Adamich and Pescarolo), before taking another class win (and second overall) at Sebring. De Adamich and Pescarolo later won outright at the 1000km Brands Hatch, a significant against the "invincible" 917s. They were then taking a class win at Monza (where Alfa Romeo took the three podium slots in the prototype class) and another one at Spa. At the Targa Florio, Vaccarella and Hezemans won outright, followed by teammates De Adamich and Gijs Van Lennep. Hezemans and Vaccarella won their class at Zeltweg, and De Adamich and Ronnie Peterson won overall at Watkins Glen. Season 1971 Alfa Romeo finished with second place in the championship. In 1972 the 5 litre Group 5 Sports Cars were banned and the 3 litre cars of Alfa Romeo, Ferrari and Matra, redesignated as Group 5 Sports Cars, challenged for outright victories.

Alfa Romeo T33/4

A 4 litre version was entered to 1972 and 1974 CanAm series by Otto Zipper, driver was Scooter Patrick. Autodelta was also one of entrants with T33/4 in season 1974. T33/3 version was also used in CanAm series earlier.

Alfa Romeo 33TT12

driving Alfa Romeo Tipo 33TT12 at the Nürburgring in 1974]] The 33 TT 12 (Telaio Tubolare, tubular chassis) appeared in 1973 with the Carlo Chiti-designed 12 cylinder 3.0L flat engine (500 bhp). The 1973 season was more or less development time and in 1974 the car won at Monza 1000 km and finished the season with second place in the championship. It wasn’t until 1975 that, after years of trying, Alfa Romeo won the World Championship for Makes. The season was one of almost total domination with seven wins in eight races., finishing second with that car. The SC12 Turbo was Alfa's first twin turbocharged V12-engine and it was introduced around same time as Renault's Formula One turbo engine. In the Alfa Romeo engine each bank was fed with its own turbocharger; that feature was adopted by many racecar makers in the following years.

The flat-12 engine was later used on Brabham-Alfa BT45, BT46 and Alfa Romeo 177 F1 cars.

Audio

References

External links

Alfa Romeo T33, striking example for the use of Rosso Corsa

Alfa Website also with Racing with History

World Sportscar Championship 1968 results

World Sportscar Championship 1977 results

World Sportscar Championship 1975 results

1972 Racing season Alfa vs. Ferrari

Can-Am Championship results

Tipo 033 Category:Sports prototypes Category:Vehicles with boxer engines Category:Can-Am cars

Name	Paul Brown
Caption	Paul Brown during his coaching tenure with the Browns.
Position	Head Coach
Birthdate	September 07, 1908 Norwalk, Ohio
Deathdate	August 05, 1991 Cincinnati, Ohio
Coachdebutyear	1941
Coachdebutteam	Ohio State Buckeyes football
Coachfinalyear	1975
Coachfinalteam	Cincinnati Bengals
College	Miami (Ohio)
Teams
Highlights
Stat1label	Win-Loss Record
Stat1value	213–104–9
Stat2label	Winning %
Stat2value	.672
Stat3label	Games
Stat3value	326
Pfrcoach	BrowPa0
Hof	34

Paul Eugene Brown (September 7, 1908 – August 5, 1991) was a coach in American football and a major figure in the development of the National Football League. A seminal figure in the game's history, Brown is considered the "father of the modern offense", and one of the greatest of football coaches in history, achieving success at every major level—high school, college, and professional—and introducing numerous innovative coaching methods still in use today. He is also credited with founding both the Cleveland Browns and Cincinnati Bengals franchises, with the former named after him and the latter naming their stadium in his honor.

Early life

Born in Norwalk, Ohio, Brown's family moved to Walshingham when he was nine. His father Lester, a dispatcher for the Wheeling and Lake Erie Railroad, was described as "very meticulous, serious-minded and highly-disciplined," all of which characterized Brown's later approach to coaching. Brown graduated from Washington High School in Massillon, Ohio in 1925, having played varsity quarterback in the wake of Harry Stuhldreher (one of Notre Dame's legendary Four Horsemen).

High school and college coaching career

Enrolling at The Ohio State University as a freshman quarterback, Brown found his 145-pound frame would not stand the rigors of major college football, and transferred to Miami University in Ohio, losing a year of eligibility in the process. Under Coach Chester Pittser, Brown played two years and was named to the All-Ohio small college second team by the AP at the end of the 1928 season.

Brown not only ended that frustrating losing streak, but also won the next six games with McKinley, and an overall total of 58 of the next 60 contests, tying one. Massillon was voted to six straight Ohio poll high school football championships (1935 through 1940). The Tigers outscored their opposition 2,393 to 168 during those six years. The 1940 team outscored its opponents 477 to 6, with the lone score against them made by Canton McKinley. During this period, Brown's achievements also helped build a new stadium for the high school that seated 20,000 people, and drew crowds that surpassed every football program in Ohio except Ohio State University. at Ohio State.

Paul Brown was also a brother of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Kappa chapter).

In his first season at Ohio State Brown went 6–1–1, losing to Northwestern University and their running back Otto Graham (who would go on to become his quarterback for the Browns for 10 seasons, reaching the championship game every season and winning 7 of them), and tying Michigan. The Buckeyes tied for second place in the Western Conference, finished 13th in the AP Poll, and Brown was voted fourth place on balloting for National Coach of the Year behind Frank Leahy, Bernie Bierman, and Earl Blaik.

The following year of 1942, despite losing 18 lettermen to graduation and to military service in World War II, Brown led the Buckeyes to a share of the university's first National championship, using a team of three seniors, 16 s, and 24 s. (Georgia also claimed the title that year.) Among his players were sophomore Les Horvath and four former Massillon players, two of whom (Lin Houston and Tommy James) would play for the Cleveland Browns. The only loss in 1942 was on the road to Wisconsin in a game that came to be known as the "Bad-Water Game," because most of the team came down with dysentery from unsanitary water during their travel to Madison by railroad.

Brown had recruited what was reputedly the finest freshman team in Ohio history in 1942 but lost virtually all of them to military service. In 1943 Ohio State was handicapped when the school affiliated itself with the U.S. Army's ASTP officer training, which did not allow its trainees to participate in varsity sports, while schools such as Michigan and Purdue became part of the Navy's V-12 program, which did. Although the Big Ten promulgated a special wartime exemption in 1943 allowing freshmen to play varsity football, Ohio State found itself in competition against older and larger teams (both military and college) featuring players such as Elroy Hirsch. The 1943 "Baby Bucks" had only five returning players and one starter from the national champion team, six from the 1942 freshman team, and 33 17-year-old freshmen, going 3–6.

After Brown was re-classified 1-A in February 1944, he was commissioned April 12, 1944, as a lieutenant (junior grade) in the United States Navy. He served at the Great Lakes Naval Station as head coach of its Bluejacket football team, which competed against other service teams and college programs, putting together a mark of 15-5-2 during the final two years of World War II. One of those five losses was to Ohio State on October 9, 1944.

After the war, despite still being Ohio State's head coach in absentia, Brown chose instead to go to Cleveland as part-owner, vice president, general manager and head coach for Arthur B "Mickey" McBride's entry in the upstart All-America Football Conference. He signed his contract February 8, 1945, while still in the Navy. A name-the-team poll taken in the Cleveland Plain Dealer's most popular submission was "Browns" in recognition of Paul Brown, already an established and popular figure in Ohio sports. Brown at first objected to the name and the team selected from the contest entries the name "Panthers." However, after an area businessman informed the team that he owned the rights to the name Cleveland Panthers from an earlier failed football team, another contest was held with the winning entry "Brown Bombers." It was shortened to Browns as Coach Brown rescinded his objection and agreed to the use of his name.

Until 1951, Brown retained an interest in coaching the Buckeyes. Despite his success as a professional head coach, he let it be known following the resignation of Wes Fesler that he would entertain an offer to return to Ohio State, and he received an immediate show of strong support from many of the same organizations and people who had supported him in 1940. However Brown had also alienated many of his supporters within the Buckeye alumni ranks for failing to return to the coaching position reserved for him at the end of World War II, and within the athletics department by signing Buckeye players, Lou Groza chief among them, to professional contracts before their college eligibility had ended. Brown strenuously denied breaking any rules, claiming that the Browns were allowed to sign those players because they had all completed World War II military service and their college classes had already graduated, as allowed by the rules then in place. Although he interviewed with the university's athletic board on January 27, 1951, with tumultuous campus support, the board unanimously rejected Brown in favor of Woody Hayes, who was unanimously endorsed by the board of trustees.

Professional leagues

Cleveland Browns

In 1945, a new professional football franchise was founded in Cleveland, Ohio. Team owner Arthur B. McBride hired Paul Brown when Brown was still coaching at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station during World War II, paying Brown $20,000 per year plus 15% of the profits, plus $1,000 per month until the end of the war. While the AAFC lasted only four seasons, the Browns served as the gold standard for the league, winning all four championships and losing only four games during the league's four-year existence.

Brown put together the most extensive player recruitment network that had ever been seen in pro football at the time. The great majority of the early Browns teams came from Massillon, Ohio State and Great Lakes. One key move came when he tapped Otto Graham, a single-wing tailback during his days at Northwestern University, as his quarterback, providing the team with a signal caller who would lead the team to the league title game in each of his ten seasons. In addition, Brown ignored the gentlemen's agreement that barred African-American players from the league, adding future Pro Football Hall of Famers Marion Motley and Bill Willis.

Following the merger between the NFL and AAFC, the Browns, along with the San Francisco 49ers and the first Baltimore Colts franchise, moved to the NFL in 1950. Critics had predicted that the overall weakness of the AAFC would expose the Browns. However, in their very first official NFL game, the Browns dismantled the two-time defending champion Philadelphia Eagles 35–10, putting up 487 yards of total offense, 346 of them in the air. They won the NFL Championship in their first year, defeating the Rams in the title game on December 24 on a last-minute field goal by Lou Groza. This 1950 NFL championship gave Brown the distinction of being the first head coach to win a college national championship and an NFL championship, Jimmy Johnson and Barry Switzer later winning college championships and Super Bowls. The Browns went on to appear in the next five title games, winning back-to-back titles in 1954 and 1955.

Brown was a great innovator during his time in Cleveland. He was the first to use intelligence tests to judge players, establish a game film library, instruct players in a classroom setting, use a radio transmitter to communicate with players on the field, and install face masks on helmets (At the professional level. Many players in college attached crude forms of face masks on their helmets before Brown.). Another innovation was the use of "messenger guards" to relay plays from the sidelines after the radio proved problematic due to the technology then available. The offense directed by Graham was the predecessor of the West Coast offense made famous by Bill Walsh, a protégé of Brown.

He was also a person known for his stubborn approach to criticism. In 1950, Eagles head coach Greasy Neale dismissed the Browns' shredding of his Eagles' vaunted defense in the season opener by saying, "All they do is pass the ball." In the teams' subsequent meeting a few months later, the Browns set an NFL record that still stands by attempting no passes in a 13–7 win over the Eagles.

At the end of the 1958 season, the Green Bay Packers were searching for a new head coach. They talked to Brown, who recommended either Blanton Collier or Vince Lombardi. Once Lombardi was hired, Brown made a short list of young players with promise but no roster spot. Lombardi chose four players, two became Hall of Famers and three of his four defensive linemen.

By 1959, Brown was respected enough in the NFL that efforts were made to draft him for the league's commissionership, which was vacant following the death of Bert Bell. Brown declined, and Pete Rozelle was eventually chosen.

Departure from Cleveland

Brown was terminated as coach on January 9, 1963 by majority owner, Art Modell, who had purchased the club in 1961. Controversy developed over the timing of the decision, coming in the midst of a local newspaper strike, which limited discussion of the move. Cleveland sportswriter Frank Gibbons said the firing was "Like toppling the Terminal Tower", which was then Cleveland's tallest building.

Modell and Brown were at odds from the start. Shortly after Modell took over the club, Brown made a trade with the Washington Redskins in December 1961 without Modell's knowledge. Brown's deal secured the rights to 1961 Heisman Trophy winner Ernie Davis, star running back from Syracuse University. However, the trade marked the beginning of the end of Brown's Cleveland career. Davis was diagnosed with leukemia during his first training camp in 1962. The feud between Brown and Modell was exacerbated when Brown chose not to play Davis, despite assurances from doctors that Davis could withstand the physical demands of NFL action. Modell, conversely, saw no harm in playing Davis. Ultimately, the relationship between coach and owner was never repaired, and Ernie Davis never played in a professional game, dying of the disease on May 18, 1963.

In exile after more than 30 years of coaching, Brown spent the next five years away from the sidelines, never once attending a Browns' contest. While he was secure financially, receiving his paycheck from the Browns for the duration of the final five years of his contract, as well as retaining approximately six percent of the team, Brown's frustration grew with each passing year. He later recalled, "It was terrible. I had everything a man could want: leisure, enough money, a wonderful family. Yet with all that, I was eating my heart out." Because Brown was still receiving his annual salary and liked to golf, it was said (in jest) that the only two people who made more money at golf than he did were Arnold Palmer and Jack Nicklaus.

Just months after his dismissal, Brown was rumored to be part of an ownership group to buy the Philadelphia Eagles, but no deal was ever officially signed. In May 1966, Brown sold his stake in the Browns and traveled with Ohio Governor James A. Rhodes to make a presentation on behalf of Cincinnati for an American Football League franchise.

Cincinnati Bengals

On September 26, 1968, Brown officially returned to football as principal owner, general manager, and coach of the Cincinnati Bengals of the NFL's rival American Football League. He would coach the team for eight seasons, leading the team to three playoff berths, including one in the team's third year of operation in 1970. In each of those seasons, as well as a number of preseason clashes, Browns' Bengals took on his former Browns team, reigniting the bitter rivalry between Brown and Modell. Brown was criticized for failing to shake Browns' coach Collier's hand after the first Browns/Bengals games in 1970.

Brown stepped down as coach on January 1, 1976, but remained as team president. Under him, the Bengals made two trips to the Super Bowl, losing both games to Bill Walsh's San Francisco 49ers. Following his death in 1991 of complications from pneumonia, Brown was succeeded by his son Mike as Bengals' team president.

Ironically, Walsh, who was a Cincinnati Bengals assistant for seven seasons under Brown, was passed over in favor of Bill "Tiger" Johnson when Brown retired in 1975. In a 2006 interview , Walsh claimed that during his tenure with the Bengals, Brown "worked against my candidacy" to be a head coach anywhere in the league. "All the way through I had opportunities, and I never knew about them," Walsh said. "And then when I left him, he called whoever he thought was necessary to keep me out of the NFL." Michael Lewis confirmed Walsh's argument (cf. "The Blind Side," pp. 96–7, W.W. Norton, 2006): "Brown had several times refused other NFL teams permission to interview Walsh for their head coaching jobs, without bothering to mention their interest to Walsh. Instead Brown had told Walsh that he didn't think he'd ever make a good NFL head coach."

Paul Brown's memoir, "PB: The Paul Brown Story", 1979, is considered one of the finest football books for aspiring coaches.

Honors

Brown was honored in 1967 by his election to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio. In addition to that accolade, two stadiums bear his name: Paul Brown Tiger Stadium in Massillon Ohio, and Paul Brown Stadium, current home of the Cincinnati Bengals. On July 29, Sporting News honored Brown by naming him to their 50 Greatest Coaches of All Time list, appearing in the 13th position, with only two other NFL coaches listed above him.

Brown's first wife, Kathryn "Katie" Brown, died in 1969 and in 1973 he married his former secretary, Mary Rightsell. He died in Cincinnati on August 5, 1991, and is buried in Rose Hill Cemetery in Massillon, Ohio.

Coaching tree

The following coaches either coached under or played for Paul Brown and were influenced at least to some degree by him and his football knowledge and offensive system:

*Blanton Collier (coach under Paul Brown)

Weeb Ewbank (coach under Paul Brown)

Abe Gibron (player)

Sid Gillman (coach)

Otto Graham (player for Paul Brown)

Bill "Tiger" Johnson (coach under Paul Brown)

Chuck Noll (player for Paul Brown)

Ara Parseghian (player for Paul Brown)

Lou Saban (player for Paul Brown)

Don Shula (player for Paul Brown)

Bill Walsh (coach under Paul Brown)

Bruce Coslet (player and head coach under team President Paul Brown)

Sam Wyche (player and head coach under team President Paul Brown)

Head coaching record

College

See also

American Football League players, coaches and contributors

References

External links

New York Times Obit

NFL Network: Paul Brown Feature - (Video)

Category:1908 births Category:1991 deaths Category:All America Football Conference coaches Category:Cincinnati Bengals executives Category:Cincinnati Bengals head coaches Category:Cincinnati Bengals owners Category:Cleveland Browns head coaches Category:High school football coaches in the United States Category:Miami RedHawks football coaches Category:Miami University alumni Category:National Football League head coaches Category:National Football League general managers Category:Ohio State Buckeyes football coaches Category:Ohio State Varsity O Hall of Fame Category:National Football League owners Category:People from Massillon, Ohio Category:People from Huron County, Ohio Category:Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees