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- 1921 NFL season
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Aberdare
Coordinates: 51°42′47″N 3°26′42″W / 51.713°N 3.445°W / 51.713; -3.445
Aberdare (Welsh: Aberdâr) is an industrial town in Cynon Valley area of Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales, situated at the confluence of the Rivers Dare (Dâr) and Cynon. The population at the 2001 census was 31,705 (ranked 13th largest in Wales). Aberdare is 4 miles (6.4 km) south west of Merthyr Tydfil, 24 miles (39 km) north west of Cardiff and 22 miles (35 km) north east of Swansea.
From being, at the beginning of the 19th century, a mere village in an agricultural district, the place grew rapidly in population owing to the abundance of its coal and iron ore, and the population of the whole parish (which was only 1,486 in 1801) increased tenfold during the first half of the 19th century. It has since declined, owing to the loss of most of the heavy industry.
Ironworks were established at Llwydcoed and Abernant in 1799 and 1800 respectively, followed by others at Gadlys and Aberaman in 1827 and 1847. These have not been worked since about 1875. After this, the iron industry was represented only by a small tinplate works, but by this stage the economy of the town was dominated by the coal mining industry. There were also several brickworks and breweries. During the latter half of the 19th century, considerable public improvements were made to the town, which became, despite its neighbouring collieries, a pleasant place to live. Its institutions included a post-graduate theological college (opened in connection with the Church of England in 1892, until 1907, when it was removed to Llandaff).
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Akademie der Künste
The Akademie der Künste, Berlin (Academy of the Arts, Berlin) is an arts institution in Berlin, Germany. It was founded in 1696 by Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg as the Prussian Academy of Arts, an academic institution where members could meet and discuss and share ideas. As early as 1699, the academy served as the arts council to the government and since 1931 has been exclusively tasked with this function. The academics arm ultimately developed into the Universität der Künste Berlin (Berlin University of the Arts) of today. The Academy is used to promote art, as well as advise and support the states of Germany.
The Akademie der Künste, Berlin was set up in 1696 by crown-prince Frederick III of Brandenburg, later king Frederick I of Prussia as an "Academy of Painterly, Sculptural and Architectural Art", providing a model of the learned society for the "Prussian Royal Academy of Art and Mechanical Sciences" (1704–1790) and the "Royal Academy of Berlin for Fine Arts and Mechanical Sciences" (1790–1809). Later renamed the Academy of Arts, Frederick's first academy later became the "Royal Prussian Academy of Arts" (1809–1882), the "Royal Academy of Arts" (1882) and finally the "Prussian Academy of Arts" (1926–1945). In its current form it was set up on 1 October 1993 by merging the "German Academy of Arts in [East] Berlin (set up in 1950 and renamed the "Academy of Arts of the German Democratic Republic" in 1972 then the "Berlin Academy of Arts" from 1990 to 1993) and the "German Academy of Arts in [West] Berlin" (founded in 1954).
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Auckland
The Auckland metropolitan area (
/ˈɔːklənd/, AWK-lənd), in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest and most populous urban area in the country with 1,377,200 residents, 31 percent of the country's population. Auckland has the largest Polynesian population of any city in the world. In Māori Auckland's names are Tāmaki Makaurau, and the transliterated version of Auckland, Ākarana.
The 2011 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Auckland 3rd equal place in the world on its list, while the Economist's World's Most Livable Cities index of 2011 ranked Auckland in 9th place. In 2010, Auckland was classified as a Beta World City in the World Cities Study Group’s inventory by Loughborough University.
Auckland lies between the Hauraki Gulf of the Pacific Ocean to the east, the low Hunua Ranges to the south-east, the Manukau Harbour to the south-west, and the Waitakere Ranges and smaller ranges to the west and north-west. The central part of the urban area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitemata Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the few cities in the world to have harbours on two separate major bodies of water.
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Australia
Australia ( /əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
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Barvikha
Coordinates: 55°44′30″N 37°16′43″E / 55.7416667°N 37.2786111°E / 55.7416667; 37.2786111
Barvikha (Russian: Барви́ха) is a village in Odintsovsky District of Moscow Oblast, Russia. It is the site of the Barvikha Sanatorium, the health resort of the President of Russia. During the Soviet era, Barvikha was known as the site of the most desirable state dachas for government officials and leading intellectuals, and many of Russia's wealthiest individuals have built private luxury dachas here since the late 1990s.
The village lies on the Rublyovo-Uspenskoye road leading to the west from Moscow, just outside the Moscow Ring Road and the boundaries of the city of Moscow. There is a Barvikha rail station on a spur of the Belarus direction of the Moscow Railway, first opened at the current site in 1927.
Barvikha is surrounded by a zone of pine forest nature preserve on the south bank of the Moscow River.
Two villages, Lutskaya (Луцкая) and Shulgina (Шульгина) existed in the area where modern Barvikha now stands. Later they grew and merged into a settlement, which was originally called Samynki (Самынки), after the Saminka River, on which the settlement stood. Over time, the name changed to Borikha (Бориха) and later—to Barvikha. By 1890, the population of the village consisted of almost 100 people.
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British Columbia
British Columbia
i/ˌbrɪtɪʃ kəˈlʌmbiə/ (B.C. or BC) (French: la Colombie-Britannique, C.-B.) is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu ("Splendour without Diminishment"). Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858. In 1871, it became the sixth province of Canada.
As well as being the westernmost province of Western Canada, British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest, along with the US states of Oregon and Washington. The province has strong cultural and personal ties to the Prairie Provinces and Ontario as well as to the West Coast of the United States and to Alaska and the Yukon.
The capital of British Columbia is Victoria, the 15th largest metropolitan region in Canada. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, and the second largest in the Pacific Northwest. In 2009, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,419,974 (about two and a half million of whom were in Greater Vancouver). The province is currently governed by the BC Liberal Party, led by Premier Christy Clark, who became leader as a result of the party election on February 26, 2011.
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Broadway theatre
Broadway theatre, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 40 professional theatres with 500 or more seats located in the Theatre District centered along Broadway, and in Lincoln Center, in Manhattan in New York City. Along with London's West End theatre, Broadway theatre is widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world.
The Broadway theatre district is a popular tourist attraction in New York. According to The Broadway League, Broadway shows sold approximately $1.081 billion worth of tickets in calendar year 2011, compared with $1.037 billion for 2010. Attendance in 2011 was 12.13 million.
New York did not have a significant theatre presence until about 1750, when actor-managers Walter Murray and Thomas Kean established a resident theatre company at the Theatre on Nassau Street, which held about 280 people. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggar's Opera. In 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice and The Anatomist. The company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the year the 2,000-seat Park Theatre was built on Chatham Street (now called Park Row). The Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, and especially so with the arrival of the Virginia Minstrels in the 1840s.
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Buckingham Palace
Buckingham Palace is the official London residence and office of the British monarch. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is a setting for state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focus for the British people at times of national rejoicing and crisis.
Originally known as Buckingham House, the building which forms the core of today's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1705 on a site which had been in private ownership for at least 150 years. It was subsequently acquired by George III in 1761 as a private residence for Queen Charlotte, and known as "The Queen's House". During the 19th century it was enlarged, principally by architects John Nash and Edward Blore, forming three wings around a central courtyard. Buckingham Palace finally became the official royal palace of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837. The last major structural additions were made in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the East front which contains the well-known balcony on which the Royal Family traditionally congregate to greet crowds outside. However, the palace chapel was destroyed by a German bomb in World War II; the Queen's Gallery was built on the site and opened to the public in 1962 to exhibit works of art from the Royal Collection.
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Butetown
Coordinates: 51°28′01″N 3°09′58″W / 51.467°N 3.166°W / 51.467; -3.166
Butetown (or The Docks, Welsh: Tre-Biwt) is a community in the south of the city of Cardiff, the capital of Wales. It was originally a model housing estate built in the early nineteenth century by John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute, for whose title the area was named. Commonly known as "Tiger Bay", this area became one of the UK's first multicultural communities with people from over 50 countries settled here by the outbreak of World War I, working in the docks and allied industries. Some of the largest communities included the Somalis, Yemenis and Greeks, whose influence still lives on today. A Greek Orthodox church still stands at the top of Bute Street.
In the 1960s, most of the original housing was demolished including the historic Loudoun Square, the original heart of Butetown. In its place was a typical 1960s housing estate of low-rise courts and alleys, and two high rise apartment blocks.
In the 1980s, the new Atlantic Wharf development was built on the reclaimed West Bute Dock, and has involved the construction of some 1300 new houses. Together with the developments in the Inner Habour and Roath Basin, it was hoped this would spur redevelopment and employment in Butetown, but it seems not to have. The divide between the wealthy Cardiff Bay, and the poor Tiger Bay seems as wide as ever, although some of the surviving areas of historic Butetown are becoming prime office and retail locations. With the new Century Wharf development to the west on the banks of the Taff, the housing estate is becoming a little 'boxed in', increasing feelings of exclusion. Over the next few decades, the 1960s housing will require renewal and it is hoped that new development will be more suitable of the urban context of the area and will provide a better mix of private and public housing to help fully integrate the community with the rest of the city.
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Cardiff
Cardiff (i/ˈkɑrdɪf/; Welsh: Caerdydd (info) Welsh pronunciation: [kairˈdiːð, kaˑɨrˈdɨːð]) is the capital and largest city in Wales and the 10th largest city in the United Kingdom. The city is Wales' chief commercial centre, the base for most national cultural and sporting institutions, the Welsh national media, and the seat of the National Assembly for Wales. The unitary authority area's mid 2010 population was estimated to be 341,054, while the population of the Larger Urban Zone was estimated at 861,400 in 2009. Cardiff is a significant tourism centre and the most popular visitor destination in Wales with 18.3 million visitors in 2010. In 2011, Cardiff was ranked 6th in the world in National Geographic's alternative tourist destinations.
The city of Cardiff is the county town of the historic county of Glamorgan (and later South Glamorgan). Cardiff is part of the Eurocities network of the largest European cities. The Cardiff Urban Area covers a slightly larger area outside of the county boundary, and includes the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth. A small town until the early 19th century, its prominence as a major port for the transport of coal following the arrival of industry in the region contributed to its rise as a major city.
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Columbia Law School
Columbia Law School is one of the professional graduate schools of Columbia University, a member of the Ivy League, in New York City, New York, United States. It offers the J.D., LL.M., and J.S.D. degrees in law.
Founded in 1858, Columbia has educated more Supreme Court Justices than any other institution except Yale and Harvard and has more alumni in the Forbes 400 than any other law school. Admission to Columbia Law is among the most selective in the U.S., with only 12% of applicants being accepted in 2010. Notably, the law school ranked #2 in the 2011 U.S. News report of "Law Schools that Receive the Most Applications." Columbia is historically the highest ranked law school in its home state of New York and holds the highest average pass rate for the New York bar (95.6%).
Columbia has produced a large number of distinguished alumni including, among others: two Presidents of the United States (Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Theodore Roosevelt); nine Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States (three of whom were Chief Justices); numerous U.S. Cabinet members and Presidential advisers; U.S. Senators, Representatives, and Governors; members of the federal trial and appellate courts; academicians and diplomats, civil rights and human rights activists, as well as prominent non-U.S. government judicial and political figures. Alumni of the Law School have been the president or founder of more than thirty colleges and universities in the nation.
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Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York, commonly referred to as Columbia University, is an American private Ivy League research university located in New York City, New York, United States. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. Today the university operates seven Columbia Global Centers overseas in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Santiago and Nairobi.
The university was founded in 1754 as King's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain. After the American Revolutionary War, King's College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. The University now operates under a 1787 charter that places the institution under a private board of trustees, and in 1896 it was further renamed Columbia University. That same year, the university's campus was moved from Madison Avenue to its location in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, where it occupies more than six city blocks, or 32 acres (0.13 km2). The university encompasses twenty schools and is affiliated with numerous institutions, including Teachers College, Barnard College, and the Union Theological Seminary, with joint undergraduate programs available through the Jewish Theological Seminary of America as well as the Juilliard School.
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Communist Party USA
Coordinates: 40°44′40.8″N 73°59′48.5″W / 40.744667°N 73.996806°W / 40.744667; -73.996806
The Communist Party USA (CPUSA) is a Marxist political party in the United States, established in 1919. It has a long, complex history that is closely related to the histories of similar communist parties worldwide and the U.S. labor movement.
For the first half of the 20th century, the CPUSA was the largest and most influential communist party in the United States. It played a very prominent role in the U.S. labor movement from the 1920s through the 1940s, having a major hand in founding most of the country's first industrial unions (which would later use the McCarran Internal Security Act to expel their Communist members) while also becoming known for opposing racism and fighting for integration in workplaces and communities during the height of the Jim Crow period of U.S. racial segregation. Historian Ellen Schrecker concludes that decades of recent scholarship offers a "nuanced portrayal of the party as both a Stalinist sect tied to a vicious regime and the most dynamic organization within the American Left during the 1930s and '40s". In regards to the former charge, the CPUSA, claiming proletarian internationalism (while the U.S. Government called it espionage), sponsored an elaborate intelligence network on behalf of the Soviet Union, involving over 500 members acting as agents. The most prominent example dealt with the Manhattan Project in which the network was accused in giving the blueprints of the atomic bomb to the Soviets; Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were thereafter convicted and executed as the chief architects of this plan. Subsequent examination of the trial record shows the testimony directly tying the Rosenbergs to the atomic blueprints was conflicted and possibly false.
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East Berlin
East Berlin was the name given to the eastern regions of Berlin between 1949 and 1990. East Berlin consisted of the Soviet sector of Berlin that was established in 1945. The American, British and French sectors became West Berlin, a part strongly associated with West Germany but a free city. Despite its status as part of an occupied city, East Berlin was claimed as the capital of East Germany, as the Soviets did not honor the distinction of a free city for their sector. From 13 August 1961 until 9 November 1989, East Berlin was separated from West Berlin by the Berlin Wall. The East German government referred to East Berlin simply as "Berlin" or often "Berlin, Hauptstadt der DDR" (Berlin, capital of the GDR). The term "Democratic Sector" was also used until the 1960s. (See also Naming conventions).
The Western Allies (the USA, Britain and France) never formally acknowledged the authority of the East German government to govern East Berlin; the official Allied protocol recognized only the authority of the Soviet Union in East Berlin in accordance with the occupation status of Berlin as a whole. The United States Command Berlin, for example, published detailed instructions for U.S. military and civilian personnel wishing to visit East Berlin. In fact, the three Western commandants regularly protested the presence of the East German National People's Army (NVA) in East Berlin, particularly on the occasion of military parades. Nevertheless, the three Western Allies eventually established embassies in East Berlin in the 1970s, although they never recognized it as the capital of East Germany. Treaties instead used terms such as "seat of government."
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Ebbw Vale
Coordinates: 51°46′40″N 3°12′42″W / 51.7779°N 3.2117°W / 51.7779; -3.2117
Ebbw Vale (Welsh: Glyn Ebwy) is a town at the head of the valley formed by the Ebbw Fawr tributary of the Ebbw River, south Wales. It is the largest town and the administrative centre of Blaenau Gwent county borough. The Ebbw Vale and Brynmawr conurbation has a population of roughly 33,000.
Originally a rather insignificant spot in rural Monmouthshire with only about 120 inhabitants at the end of the 18th century, Ebbw Vale—and the whole valley—was transformed by the Industrial Revolution. The Ebbw Vale Iron Works, later to become the Ebbw Steel works, opened in 1778, followed by the opening of a number of coal mines around 1790. At its height (1930s — 40s) the steel works in Ebbw Vale was the largest in Europe, attracting attention from German bombers during World War II. However the deep valley proved difficult to bomb and the plant survived. By the 1960s around 14,500 people were employed in the works in and around Ebbw Vale, but the end of the century witnessed a massive collapse to the industry. A strike in 1980 was followed by closures and redundancies which resulted in the dismantling of many of the old plants. In 2002 only 450 were employed in the old industries, and by July of that year the final works closed.
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Ferncliff Cemetery
Ferncliff Cemetery and Mausoleum is located on Secor Road in the hamlet of Hartsdale, town of Greenburgh, Westchester County, New York, about 25 miles north of Midtown Manhattan. It was founded in 1902, and is non-sectarian. Ferncliff has three community mausoleums, a crematory, a small chapel, and a main office located in the rear of the main building.
Ferncliff Cemetery is notable for its three community mausoleums.
The Ferncliff Mausoleum, aka "The Cathedral of Memories", is the cemetery's oldest mausoleum, constructed in 1928. It has classic architecture, but the corridors are dark without glass panes to admit natural light. Judy Garland, Ed Sullivan, and Joan Crawford are three of the most famous interments in the main mausoleum.
The Shrine of Memories is Ferncliff's second mausoleum and was constructed in 1959. "Shrine of Memories" is a more contemporary structure than "Ferncliff Mausoleum." It has many panes of glass to admit natural light, and there is a large frieze of Christopher Columbus in the main hall of the building. Basil Rathbone is one of the most famous interments in "Shrine of Memories."
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French Riviera
The Côte d'Azur, pronounced [kot dazyːʁ], often known in English as the French Riviera (French: Côte d'Azur; Occitan: Còsta d'Azur; that is "Azure Coast"), is the Mediterranean coastline of the southeast corner of France, also including the sovereign state of Monaco. There is no official boundary, but it is usually considered to extend from the Italian border in the east to Saint Tropez, Hyères, Toulon or Cassis in the west.
This coastline was one of the first modern resort areas. It began as a winter health resort for the British upper class at the end of the 18th century. With the arrival of the railway in the mid-19th century, it became the playground and vacation spot of British, Russian, and other aristocrats, such as Queen Victoria and King Edward VII, when he was Prince of Wales. In the summer, it also played home to many members of the Rothschild family. In the first half of the 20th century it was frequented by artists and writers, including Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Edith Wharton, Somerset Maugham and Aldous Huxley, as well as wealthy Americans and Europeans. After World War II it became a popular tourist destination and convention site. Many celebrities, such as Elton John and Brigitte Bardot, have homes in the region. Officially, the Côte d'Azur is home to 163 nationalities with 83,962 foreign residents, although estimates of the number of non-French nationals living in the area are often much higher.
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Hampstead
Coordinates: 51°33′15″N 0°10′28″W / 51.5541°N 0.1744°W / 51.5541; -0.1744
Hampstead (/ˈhæmpstɪd/ or /-stɛd/), commonly known as Hampstead Village, is an affluent area of London, England, 4 miles (6.4 km) north-west of Charing Cross. Part of the London Borough of Camden in Inner London, it is known for its intellectual, liberal, artistic, musical and literary associations and for Hampstead Heath, a large, hilly expanse of parkland. It has some of the most expensive housing in the London area. The village of Hampstead has more millionaires within its boundaries than any other area of the United Kingdom.
The name comes from the Anglo-Saxon words ham and stede, which means, and is a cognate of, the Modern English "homestead".
Although early records of Hampstead can be found in a grant by King Ethelred the Unready to the monastery of St. Peter’s at Westminster (AD 986) and it is referred to in the Domesday Book (1086), the history of Hampstead is generally traced back to the 17th century. Trustees of the Well started advertising the medicinal qualities of the chalybeate waters (water impregnated with iron) in 1700. Although Hampstead Wells was initially most successful and fashionable, its popularity declined in the 1800s due to competition with other fashionable London spas. The spa was demolished in 1882, although a water fountain was left behind.
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Harlem
Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, which since the 1920s has been a major African-American residential, cultural and business center. Originally a Dutch village, formally organized in 1658, it is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands. Harlem was annexed to New York City in 1873.
Harlem has been defined by a series of boom-and-bust cycles, with significant ethnic shifts accompanying each cycle. Black residents began to arrive en masse in 1904, with numbers fed by the Great Migration. In the 1920s and 1930s, the neighborhood was the focus of the "Harlem Renaissance", an outpouring of artistic and professional works without precedent in the American black community. However, with job losses in the time of the Great Depression and the deindustrialization of New York City after World War II, rates of crime and poverty increased significantly.
New York's revival in the late 20th century has led to renewal in Harlem as well. By 1995, Harlem was experiencing social and economic gentrification. Though the percentage of residents who are black peaked in 1950, the area remains predominantly black.
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Hollywood
Hollywood is a district in Los Angeles, California, United States situated west-northwest of downtown Los Angeles. Due to its fame and cultural identity as the historical center of movie studios and movie stars, the word Hollywood is often used as a metonym of American cinema. Today, much of the movie industry has dispersed into surrounding areas such as the Westside neighborhood, and the San Fernando and Santa Clarita Valleys, but significant auxiliary industries, such as editing, effects, props, post-production, and lighting companies remain in Hollywood, as does the backlot of Paramount Pictures.
On February 16, 2005, California Assembly Members Jackie Goldberg and Paul Koretz introduced a bill to require California to keep specific records on Hollywood as if it were independent, although it is not the typical practice of the City of Los Angeles to establish specific boundaries for districts or neighborhoods. For this to be done, the boundaries were defined. The bill was unanimously supported by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and the Los Angeles City Council. Assembly Bill 588 was approved by the Governor of California on August 28, 2006, and now the district of Hollywood has official borders. The border can be loosely described as the area east of West Hollywood, south of Mulholland Drive, Laurel Canyon, Cahuenga Boulevard, and Barham Boulevard, and the cities of Burbank and Glendale, north of Melrose Avenue and west of the Golden State Freeway and Hyperion Avenue. This includes all of Griffith Park and Los Feliz[citation needed] – two areas that were hitherto considered separate from Hollywood by most Angelenos. The population of the district, including Los Feliz, as of the 2000 census was 123,436 and the median household income was $33,409 in 1999.
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Howard University
Howard University is a federally chartered, private, coeducational, nonsectarian, historically black university located in Washington, D.C., United States. It has a Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education status of RU/H: Research Universities (high research activity).
From its outset it has been nonsectarian and open to people of both genders and all races. In addition to the undergraduate program, Howard has graduate schools of business, pharmacy, law, medicine, dentistry and divinity.
Shortly after the end of the Civil War, members of The First Congregational Society of Washington considered establishing a theological seminary for the education of African-American clergymen. Within a few weeks, the project expanded to include a provision for establishing a university. Within two years, the University consisted of the Colleges of Liberal Arts and Medicine. The new institution was named for General Oliver Otis Howard, a Civil War hero, who was both the founder of the University and, at the time, Commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau. Howard later served as President of the university from 1869-74.
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Kingsway Hall
The Kingsway Hall, Holborn, London, built in 1912, was the home of the West London Mission of the Methodist Church, and eventually became one of the most important recording venues for classical music and film music. Among the prominent Methodists associated with the Kingsway Hall was Donald Soper, who was Superintendent Minister at the West London Mission from 1936 until his retirement in 1978.
Kingsway Hall took its name from the street on to which its main entrance opened. The address was West London Mission, 75 Kingsway, London WC2.
In 1899, the London Council was given the power to proceed with major slum clearance in the area between Holborn and the Strand. The Methodist Church, which had operated the West London Mission from 1887, had land with a chapel on it, and decided to construct a new building. The Wesleyan Chapel at 67 Great Queen Street was renamed as Kingsway Hall in April 1907, but that building was also condemned by the London Council as part of the clearance.
A new seven-story building called Wesley House was home to the West London Mission until 1972 when it merged with the Hinde Street Methodist Chapel (a merger not completed until 1982). Wesley House included a youth club, religious meeting rooms, a luncheon club, mission offices, and accommodation for resident staff. Adjacent to Wesley House and with a frontage on to Kingsway the Church also speculated by building the International Buildings which was let to many tenants and was a source of much needed revenue to run the mission. The mission was inaugurated at Wesley House on December 6, 1911 but Kingsway Hall within Wesley House required another year of construction. Although Kingsway Hall itself has been demolished, Wesley House remains today, no longer a mission, as do the International Buildings.
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Maria Louisa Bustill
Maria Louisa Bustill Robeson (November 8, 1853 – January 20, 1904) was a Quaker schoolteacher; the wife of the Reverend William Drew Robeson of Witherspoon Church in Princeton, New Jersey and the mother of Paul Robeson and his siblings.
She was born in 1853 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Charles Hicks Bustill (1816-1890) and Emily Robinson (c. 1815-before 1860). She was of mixed Igbo African, Lenni-Lenape Native American, and Anglo-American descent, born into a prominent black Quaker family. Her siblings include: Samuel Bustill (1841-?); George Bustill (1847-?); Desaline Bustill (1848-?); and Mary Bustill (1854-?). After her mother Emily died some time before July 3, 1860, Charles remarried a woman whose first name was Catherine (1808-?). In 1870 Charles and his sons were working as expressmen in Philadelphia.
The Bustill family was part of the black bourgeoisie of Philadelphia; in the 1870s, Louisa attended Lincoln University. There she met and married William Drew Robeson I (1845-1918) in 1878. They had several children, and Louisa continued to teach school for many years while her husband served as minister of a black church in Princeton. They both emphasized education and advancement to their children.
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MI5
The Security Service, commonly known as MI5 (Military Intelligence, Section 5), is the United Kingdom's internal counter-intelligence and security agency and is part of its core intelligence machinery alongside the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS or MI6) focused on foreign threats, Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and Defence Intelligence (DI). All come under the direction of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC). The service has a statutory basis in the Security Service Act 1989 and the Intelligence Services Act 1994. Its remit includes the protection of British parliamentary democracy and economic interests, counter-terrorism and counter-espionage within the UK. Although mainly concerned with internal security, it does have an overseas role in support of its mission. Conversely, to ensure that the Home Secretary is responsible for intelligence operations within the UK, the Service may act on behalf of SIS and GCHQ[citation needed] even if the operation is outside its own functions (SIS and GCHQ report to the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs).
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Milwaukee
Milwaukee /mɪlˈwɔːkiː/ is the largest city in the U.S. state of Wisconsin, the 28th most populous city in the United States, and 39th most populous region in the United States. It is the county seat of Milwaukee County and is located on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan. According to 2010 census data, the City of Milwaukee has a population of 594,833. Milwaukee is the main cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee–Racine–Waukesha Metropolitan Area with a population of 1,751,316 as of 2010. Milwaukee is also the regional center of the seven county Greater Milwaukee Area, with an estimated population of 2,014,032 as of 2008.
The first Europeans to pass through the area were French missionaries and fur traders. In 1818, the French-Canadian explorer Solomon Juneau settled in the area, and in 1846 Juneau's town combined with two neighboring towns to incorporate as the City of Milwaukee. Large numbers of German and other immigrants helped increase the city's population during the 1840s and the following decades.
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Moscow
Moscow (
/ˈmɒskaʊ/ or /ˈmɒskoʊ/; Russian: Москва́, tr. Moskva; IPA: [mɐˈskva] (
listen)) is the capital and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural and scientific center of Russia and the continent. Moscow is the northernmost megacity on Earth, the most populous city in Europe, and the 6th largest city proper in the world. Its population, according to the results of the 2010 Census, is 11,503,501. Based on Forbes 2011, Moscow has the largest community of billionaires in the world.
Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia. In the course of its history the city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Soviet Union. Moscow is the site of the Moscow Kremlin, an ancient fortress that is today the residence of the Russian President and of the executive branch of the Government of Russia. The Kremlin is also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) also sit in Moscow.
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Moscow Conservatory
The Moscow Conservatory (Russian: Московская Государственная Консерватория им. П. И. Чайковского, Moscow State Conservatory named for P. I. Tchaikovsky) is a higher musical education institution in Moscow, and the second oldest conservatory in Russia after St. Petersburg Conservatory. Along with the St. Petersburg Conservatory, it is one of the leading music universities in the country.
It was co-founded in 1866 as the Moscow Imperial Conservatory by Nikolai Rubinstein (brother of the famous Russian pianist and composer Anton Rubinstein, who founded the St. Petersburg Conservatory in 1862) and Prince Nikolai Petrovitch Troubetzkoy.
At its opening, Tchaikovsky was appointed professor of theory and harmony, a post he held until approximately 1878. Since 1940, the conservatory has borne Tchaikovsky's name.
Prior to the Revolution the choral faculty of the conservatory was second to the Moscow Synodal School and Moscow Synodal Choir, but in 1919 both were closed and merged into the choral faculty. Some of the students now listed as being of the conservatory were in fact students of the Synodal School.
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Nazi Germany
The Third Reich, also Nazi Germany, is the common name for Germany when it was a totalitarian state ruled by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). On 30 January 1933 Hitler became chancellor of Germany, quickly eliminating all opposition to rule as sole leader. The state idolized Hitler as its Führer ("leader"), centralizing all power in his hands. Historians have emphasized the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. Kessel writes, "Overwhelmingly...Germans speak with mystification of Hitler's 'hypnotic' appeal..." Under the "leader principle", the Führer's word was above all other laws. Top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, but they had considerable autonomy. The government was not a coordinated, cooperating body, but rather a collection of factions struggling to amass power and curry favor with the Führer. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazi government restored prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy of free-market and central-planning practices. Extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of the Autobahns. The return to prosperity gave the regime enormous popularity; the suppression of all opposition made Hitler's rule mostly unchallenged.
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Neath
Coordinates: 51°40′N 3°49′W / 51.66°N 3.81°W / 51.66; -3.81
Neath (Welsh: Castell-nedd) is a town and community situated in the principal area of Neath Port Talbot, Wales, UK with a population of approximately 45,898 in 2001.Historically within Glamorgan, the town is located on the river of the same name, 7 miles (11 km) east northeast of Swansea.
Historically, Neath was the crossing place of the River Neath and has existed as a settlement since the Romans established the fort of Nido or Nidum in the AD 70s. The Roman fort took its name from the River Nedd; the meaning is obscure but 'shining' or simply 'river' have been suggested. Neath is the Anglicised form. The Antonine Itinerary (c. 2nd century) names only nine places in Roman Wales, one of them being Neath. There is evidence of undated prehistoric settlements on the hills surrounding the town, which were probably Celtic. The fort covered a large area which now lies under the playing fields of Dŵr-y-Felin Comprehensive School. In the late 1960s, there were reports in the local media of a massive Roman marching camp being found above Llantwit which would have accommodated many thousands of troops.
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New Zealand
New Zealand (Māori: Aotearoa) is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ‒ that of the North and South Islands ‒ as well as numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans.
During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of both animal and plant life. Most notable are the large number of unique bird species, many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals. With a mild maritime climate, the land was mostly covered in forest. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions caused by the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates clashing beneath the earth's surface.
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NKVD
The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Народный комиссариат внутренних дел, Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del), abbreviated NKVD (НКВД listen (help·info)) was the public and secret police organization of the Soviet Union that directly executed the rule of power of the Soviets, including political repression, during the era of Joseph Stalin.
The NKVD contained the regular, public police force of the USSR (including traffic police, firefighting, border guards and archives) but is better known for the activities of the Gulag and the Main Directorate for State Security (GUGB), which eventually became the Committee for State Security (KGB). It conducted mass extrajudicial executions, ran the Gulag system of forced labor camps, suppressed underground resistance, conducted mass deportations of entire nationalities and Kulaks to unpopulated regions of the country, guarded state borders, conducted espionage and political assassinations abroad, was responsible for influencing foreign governments, and enforced Stalinist policy within communist movements in other countries.
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Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (
i/ˌpɛnsɨlˈveɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a US state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, and the Great Lakes Region. The state borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Ontario, Canada to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.
Pennsylvania is the 33rd most extensive, the 6th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of shoreline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west. Of a total 46,055 square miles (119,282 km2), 44,817 square miles (116,075 km2) are land, 490 square miles (1,269 km2) are inland waters, and 749 square miles (1,940 km2) are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
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Philadelphia
Philadelphia ( /ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə/) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Philadelphia County, with which it is coterminous. The city is located in the Northeastern United States along the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers. It is the fifth-most-populous city in the United States, with a population of 1,526,006 as of the 2010 U.S. Census. Philadelphia is also the commercial, cultural, and educational center of the Delaware Valley, home to 6 million people and the country's fifth-largest metropolitan area. The Philadelphia metropolitan division consists of five counties in Pennsylvania and has a population of 4,008,994. Popular nicknames for Philadelphia are Philly and The City of Brotherly Love, the latter of which comes from the literal meaning of the city's name in Greek (Greek: Φιλαδέλφεια ([pʰilaˈdelpʰeːa], Modern Greek: [filaˈðelfia]) "brotherly love", compounded from philos (φίλος) "loving", and adelphos (ἀδελφός) "brother").
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Porthcawl
Coordinates: 51°29′N 3°41′W / 51.48°N 3.69°W / 51.48; -3.69
Porthcawl is a town and community on the south coast of Wales in the county borough of Bridgend, 25 miles (40 kilometres) west of the capital city, Cardiff and 19 miles (30.5 kilometres) southeast of Swansea. Situated on a low limestone headland on the South Wales coast, overlooking the Bristol Channel, Porthcawl developed as a coal port during the 19th century, but its trade was soon taken over by more rapidly developing ports such as Barry. Northwest of the town, in the dunes known as Kenfig Burrows, are hidden the last remnants of the town and Kenfig Castle, which were overwhelmed by sand about 1400.
Porthcawl is a holiday resort in South Wales and is home to a large static caravan park known as Trecco Bay. It has an extensive promenade and several beaches, two of which are Blue Flag beaches: a tourist-oriented beach at Trecco Bay, at the east end of the town; a sandy beach at Rest Bay, which lies to the northwest of the town; and the quiet and sandy Pink Bay leading out towards Sker Point where a tarmac-covered car park serves a sandy beach.
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Rhondda
Coordinates: 51°36′57″N 3°25′03″W / 51.615938°N 3.417521°W / 51.615938; -3.417521
Rhondda ( /ˈrɒnðə/), or the Rhondda Valley (Welsh: Cwm Rhondda), is a former coal mining valley in Wales, formerly a local government district, consisting of 16 communities built around the River Rhondda. The valley is made up of two valleys, the larger Rhondda Fawr valley (mawr large) and the smaller Rhondda Fach valley (bach small). Both the singular term 'Rhondda Valley' and the plural 'Rhondda Valleys' are commonly used. In 2001 the Rhondda constituency of the National Assembly for Wales had a population of 72,443; while the National Office of Statistics described the Rhondda urban area as having a population of 59,602. Rhondda is part of Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough and is part of the South Wales Valleys.
The Rhondda Valley is most notable for its historical link to the coal mining industry which was at its peak between 1840-1925 AD. The Rhondda Valleys were home to a strong early nonconformist Christian movement which manifested itself in the baptist chapels which moulded Rhondda values in the 19th and early 20th century. Rhondda is also famous for strong masculine cultural ties within a social community which expressed itself outside industry in the form of male voice choirs, sport and politics.
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Royal Festival Hall
The Royal Festival Hall is a 2,900-seat concert, dance and talks venue within Southbank Centre in London. It is situated on the South Bank of the River Thames, not far from Hungerford Bridge. It is a Grade I listed building - the first post-war building to become so protected (in 1981) . The London Philharmonic Orchestra and Philharmonia Orchestras perform the majority of their London concerts in the hall.
The hall was built as part of the Festival of Britain by Holland, Hannen & Cubitts for London County Council, and was officially opened on 3 May 1951. When the Greater London Council (LCC's successor) was abolished in 1986, the Hall was taken over by the Arts Council. Since the late 1980s the hall has operated an 'open foyers' policy, opening up the substantial foyer spaces to the public throughout the day, even if there are no performances. This has proved very popular and the foyers are now one of the most used public spaces in London.
Each year Southbank Centre puts on a festival known as "Meltdown". In 2010 the festival was curated by Richard Thompson and featured events across the Royal Festival Hall and Queen Elizabeth Hall.
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Rutgers University
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey /ˈrʌtɡərz/, usually referred to as Rutgers University or just Rutgers, is the largest institution for higher education in New Jersey, United States. It was originally chartered as Queen's College in 1766. It is the eighth-oldest college in the United States and one of the nine Colonial colleges founded before the American Revolution. Rutgers was originally a private university affiliated with the Dutch Reformed Church and admitted only male students, but evolved into a coeducational public research university. Rutgers is one of only two colonial colleges that later became public universities, the other being The College of William and Mary.
Rutgers was designated The State University of New Jersey by acts of the New Jersey Legislature in 1945 and 1956. The three campuses of Rutgers are in (1) New Brunswick and Piscataway, (2) Newark and (3) Camden. The Newark campus was formerly the University of Newark, which merged into the Rutgers system in 1946, and the Camden campus was created in 1950 from the College of South Jersey and the South Jersey Law School. Rutgers is the largest state university within New Jersey. The university offers more than 100 distinct bachelor, 100 master, and 80 doctoral and professional degree programs across 175 academic departments, 29 degree-granting schools and colleges, 16 of which offer graduate programs of study.
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Shottery
Shottery, formerly a small village a mile west of Stratford-Upon-Avon, is considered part of the town though retaining the feeling of a distinct village.
The village has a village hall, one secondary school, Shottery Girls Grammar, and one small primary school, Shottery St Andrew's CofE Primary School that has been open since the mid-19th century. The school has been threatened with closure numerous times due to local spending cuts, however locals have always managed to raise the funds required to keep the school open.
There is one pub (The Bell Inn), and the Santa Lucia Italian cuisine restaurant, opposite the pub, which has now closed. The latter building has long served as an eatery, and in Victorian times was a temperance movement soup kitchen. There was a Shottery Village Stores and Post Office, but it closed in the early 1990s and is now a private home.
The local park, Shottery Fields, contains two sub standard football (soccer) pitches and a children's play area. The Fields retain distinctive "ditch and furrow" undulations, marking medieval field systems, and these can be seen when the sun is low across the Fields. The Fields also contain a footpath to the town centre.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] (
listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Swansea University
Swansea University (Welsh: Prifysgol Abertawe) is a university located in Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom. Swansea University was chartered as University College of Swansea in 1920, as the fourth college of the University of Wales. In 1996, it changed its name to the University of Wales Swansea following structural changes within the University of Wales. The new title of Swansea University was formally adopted on 1 September 2007 when the University of Wales became a non-membership confederal institution and the former members became universities in their own right.
It is the third largest university in Wales in terms of number of students. The university campus is located next to the coast at the north of Swansea Bay, east of the Gower Peninsula, in the grounds of Singleton Park, just outside Swansea city centre. Swansea was granted its own degree-awarding powers in 2005 in preparation for possible changes within the University of Wales.
Swansea and Cardiff University compete in an annual varsity match, known as the Welsh version of the Oxbridge event, which includes the Welsh Varsity rugby and The Welsh Boat Race.
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Sydney Opera House
The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It was conceived and largely built by Danish architect Jørn Utzon, opening in 1973 after a long gestation that had begun with his competition-winning design in 1957.
Utzon received the Pritzker Prize, architecture's highest honour, in 2003. The Pritzker Prize citation stated:
The Sydney Opera House was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site on 28 June 2007. It is one of the 20th century's most distinctive buildings and one of the most famous performing arts centres in the world.[citation needed]
The Sydney Opera House is on Bennelong Point in Sydney Harbour, close to the Sydney Harbour Bridge. It sits at the northeastern tip of the Sydney central business district (the CBD), surrounded on three sides by the harbour (Sydney Cove and Farm Cove) and inland by the Royal Botanic Gardens.
Contrary to its name, the building houses multiple performance venues. The Sydney Opera House is among the busiest performing arts centres in the world, hosting over 1,500 performances each year attended by some 1.2 million people. It provides a venue for many performing-arts companies, including the four key resident companies Opera Australia, The Australian Ballet, the Sydney Theatre Company and the Sydney Symphony Orchestra, and presents a wide range of productions on its own account. It is also one of the most popular visitor attractions in Australia, with more than seven million people visiting the site each year, 300,000 of whom take a guided tour.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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West End theatre
West End theatre is a popular term for mainstream professional theatre staged in the large theatres of London's 'Theatreland', the West End. Along with New York's Broadway theatre, West End theatre is usually considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. Seeing a West End show is a common tourist activity in London.
Total attendances first surpassed 12 million in 2002 and 13 million in 2007, setting a new record for the West End. Since the late 1990s there has been an increase in the number of famous screen actors on the London stage.
The Theatre in London flourished after the English Reformation. The first permanent public playhouse, known simply as The Theatre, was constructed in 1576 in Shoreditch by James Burbage. It was soon joined by The Curtain. Both are known to have been used by William Shakespeare's company. In 1599, the timber from The Theatre was moved to Southwark, where it was used in building the Globe Theatre in a new theatre district formed, beyond the controls of the City corporation. These theatres were closed in 1642 during the interregnum.
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Westminster Theatre
The Westminster Theatre was a London theatre, on Palace Street in Westminster. It was originally built as the Charlotte Chapel in 1766, which was altered and given a new frontage for use as a cinema from 1924 onwards. It finally became a theatre in 1931 after radical alterations. By the time it fell out of use in the late 20th century, it had been remodelled twice more (in 1966 and 1972) and had three storeys, a 560 seat main house and a 100 seat studio theatre.
The theatre was bought by the Westminster Memorial Trust in April 1946 as a memorial to men in Moral Re-Armament who gave their lives in World War II. The Trust held it for more than thirty years. In the 1950s and 1960s it was the base for Furndel Productions, run by actor Alan Badel and producer William Anthony Furness. A long campaign to save it from demolition by its then owners ended when a fire destroyed 75% of the building on 27 June 2002, with demolition coming soon afterwards.
In May 2009, plans for a new 314-seat theatre and a smaller cabaret stage, flats and a restaurant, all situated on the site of the original building, were given approval by Westminster City Council.
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White House
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades that were meant to conceal stables and storage.
In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior. Reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed house in October 1817. Construction continued with the addition of the South Portico in 1824 and the North in 1829. Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office which was eventually moved as the section was expanded. The third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as a reception area for social events; Jefferson's colonnades connected the new wings. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space. By 1948, the house's load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the interior rooms were completely dismantled and a new internal load-bearing steel frame constructed inside the walls. Once this work was completed, the interior rooms were rebuilt.
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Wisconsin
Wisconsin (i/wɨsˈkɒnsɨn/) is a US state located in the north-central United States and is part of the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin is the 23rd most extensive and the 20th most populous of the 50 United States. Wisconsin's capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee. The state is divided into 72 counties.
The word Wisconsin originates from the name given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian speaking American Indian groups living in the region at the time of European contact. French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River and record its name, arriving in 1673 and calling the river Meskousing in his journal. This spelling was later corrupted to Ouisconsin by other French explorers, and over time this version became the French name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling to its modern form when they began to arrive in greater numbers during the early 19th century. The current spelling was made official by the legislature of Wisconsin Territory in 1845.
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Al Nesser
Alfred "Al" Louis Nesser (June 6, 1893 – March 1967) was a professional American football offensive lineman. He played for 7 teams (Akron Pros, Cleveland Bulldogs, Columbus Panhandles, Akron Indians, New York Giants, & Cleveland Indians) in the National Football League and the Cleveland Panthers in the first American Football League. He won NFL Championship titles with the Akron Pros in 1920 and the New York Giants in 1927. During his career, Al played against Charlie Copley, Fritz Pollard and Jim Thorpe.
Although he didn't play college football, prior to the formation of the NFL, Al played in the "Ohio League" for the Columbus Panhandles and the Canton Professionals (later renamed the Canton Bulldogs). He was one of the seven Nesser Brothers who played professional football. He became the last Nesser brother to retired from the game, when he ended his playing career in 1931. He was the last football player to play without having to use a mandatory helmet.
Although none of the Nessers have been named to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, Al was elected to the professional branch of the Helms Foundation Hall of Fame in 1952.
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Al Pierotti
Albert Felix "Al" Pierotti (October 24, 1895 – February 12, 1964) was a professional American football offensive lineman and Major League Baseball pitcher.
Pierotti played in the American Professional Football League with the Akron Pros, Cleveland Tigers and the New York Brickley Giants. Please note that Brickley's New York Giants are not related to the modern-day New York Giants. Al won the 1920 NFL Championship with Akron.
When the AFPA became the National Football League in 1922, Pierotti went on to play with the Milwaukee Badgers, Racine Legion, Boston Bulldogs, and the Providence Steam Roller. However in 1926, Al switiched briefly to the rivial American Football League started by Red Grange and his agent C. C. Pyle. During this season, Al played with the Boston Bulldogs, not to be confused with the NFL's Boston Bulldogs in 1929.
Prior to playing professional football, Al played college football at Washington and Lee University.
Pierotti began his professional baseball career with the minor league Providence Grays of the Eastern League. The following season, he joined the Boston Braves in August, appearing in six games. He pitched in two games the following year before returning to the Eastern League with the Pittsfield Hillies. After one more season, split between Pittsfield and the Waterbury Brasscos, Pierotti returned to football full-time.
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Ambrose McGuirk
Ambrose McGuirk was the first owner of the Milwaukee Badgers of the National Football League. He is best known for being ordered to sell the Badgers for his role in the 1925 Chicago Cardinals-Milwaukee Badgers scandal, in which four Chicago-area high school football players were employed by the Badgers for one game, a 59-0 loss against the Chicago Cardinals. When the scandal was discovered by NFL president Joe Carr, McGuirk was ordered to sell his Milwaukee franchise within 90 days. However Carr later decided that the penalty on McGuirk was too harsh and rescinded his earlier order. However by this time McGuirk had already sold the franchise to Chicago Bears fullback, Johnny Bryan.
Under McGuirk, the Badgers had entered the league in 1922, and through 1924 they were successful in fielding a competitive team. However 1925 saw the team go 0-6.
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American Masters
American Masters is a PBS television show which produces biographies on the artists, actors and writers of the United States who have left a profound impact on the nation's popular culture. It is produced by WNET in New York City. The show debuted on PBS in 1986.
Groups or organizations featured include: Actor's Studio, Algonquin Round Table, Group Theatre, Sweet Honey in the Rock, Women of Tin Pan Alley, Negro Ensemble Company, Juilliard School, the Beat Generation, The Singer-songwriters of the 1970s, Sun Records, Vaudeville, and Warner Bros. Pictures.
American Masters, a series "devoted to America's 'greatest native-born and adopted' artists," was originally scheduled to premier in September 1985; for "logistical scheduling reasons" the premiere was delayed until summer 1986, though on October 16, 1985, an American Masters "special" called Aaron Copland: A Self-Portrait was aired.
The first of the 15 first-season episodes was Private Conversations, a "cinema-verite documentary by Christian Blackwood done in that trickiest of cinematic forms: a film about a film, in this instance the television version of Death of a Salesman, directed by Volker Schlöndorff". It aired on June 23, 1986, as one of two episodes not specifically commissioned for the show's first season.
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Andrew Faulds
Andrew Matthew William Faulds (1 March 1923 – 31 May 2000) was a British actor and politician.
Born in Isoko, Tanganyika (now Tanzania), to missionary parents, Faulds married Bunty Whitfield in 1945. After graduating from the University of Glasgow, he joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1948 but first came to a wider public recognition playing Jet Morgan in Charles Chilton's radio drama Journey into Space on the BBC Light Programme.
In 1959, Faulds and his wife played host to Paul Robeson who had travelled to England to appear at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford upon Avon in Tony Richardson's production of Othello. Robeson had only recently been allowed to travel abroad again following the revocation of his passport. It was during this visit that Robeson inspired Faulds to take up political activism.
In the UK general election, 1964, the Labour Foreign Secretary, Patrick Gordon Walker, had been defeated in controversial circumstances in the Smethwick constituency by Conservative candidate Peter Griffiths. Smethwick had been a focus of immigration from the Commonwealth in the economic and industrial growth of the years following World War II and Griffiths ran a campaign critical of the government's policy. There were rumours that his supporters had covertly circulated the slogan If you want a nigger for a neighbour, vote Liberal or Labour. Faulds defeated Griffiths in the UK general election, 1966 and was Labour Member of Parliament for the constituency until his retirement in 1997. (The constituency was renamed Warley East in 1974.) Smethwick remained the focus of much racial tension in England throughout Faulds' office, in particular following the Rivers of Blood Speech by Enoch Powell in 1968 which Faulds characterised as "... unchristian ... unprincipled, undemocratic and racialist".
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Aneurin Bevan
Aneurin "Nye" Bevan (pronounced /əˈnaɪrɪn/; Welsh: [aˈnəɨ.rin]; 15 November 1897 – 6 July 1960) was a Welsh Labour Party politician who was the Deputy Leader of the Labour Party from 1959 until his death in 1960. The son of a coal miner, Bevan was a lifelong champion of social justice and the rights of working people. He was a long-time Member of Parliament (MP), representing Ebbw Vale for 31 years, and became recognised as one of the leaders of the party’s left wing, and of left-wing British thought generally. His most famous accomplishment came when, as Minister of Health in the post-war Attlee government, he spearheaded the establishment of the National Health Service, which provides medical care free at point-of-need to all Britons.
Bevan was born in Tredegar, Monmouthshire, in the South Wales Valleys and on the northern edge of the South Wales coalfield, the son of miner David Bevan and Phoebe née Prothero, a seamstress. Both Bevan's parents were Nonconformists; his father was a Baptist and his mother a Methodist. One of ten children, Bevan did poorly at school and his academic performance was so bad that his headmaster made him repeat a year. At age 13, Bevan left school and began working in the local Tytryst Colliery. David Bevan had been a supporter of the Liberal Party in his youth, but was converted to socialism by the writings of Robert Blatchford in the Clarion and joined the Independent Labour Party.
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Bayard Rustin
Bayard Rustin (pronunciation: /ˈbaɪərd/; March 17, 1912 – August 24, 1987) was an American leader in social movements for civil rights, socialism, pacifism and non-violence, and gay rights.
In the pacifist Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), Rustin practiced nonviolence. He was a leading activist of the early 1947–1955 civil-rights movement, helping to initiate a 1947 Freedom Ride to challenge with civil disobedience racial segregation on interstate busing. He recognized Martin Luther King, Jr.'s leadership, and helped to organize the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to strengthen King's leadership; Rustin promoted the philosophy of nonviolence and the practices of nonviolent resistance, which he had observed while working with Gandhi's movement in India. Rustin became a leading strategist of the civil rights movement from 1955–1968. He was the chief organizer of the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which was headed by A. Philip Randolph, the leading African-American labor-union president and socialist. Rustin also influenced young activists, such as Tom Kahn and Stokely Carmichael, in organizations like the Congress on Racial Equality (CORE) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).
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Benny Boynton
Benjamin Lee Boynton (December 6, 1898 – January 23, 1963), aka "The Purple Streak", was a professional football player who played during the early years of the National Football League. He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1962. He played in the NFL for the Washington Senators, Rochester Jeffersons and Buffalo Bisons.
Benny was born in Waco, Texas, in 1898, to Charles and Laura Boynton. He began his football career at Waco High School in 1912. During his sophomore year, Boynton became the team's starting quarterback, and kept the job until he graduated in 1916. While playing for Waco, he had a reputation as an accomplished halfback, an accurate and strong passer, a strong punter, and an aggressive tackler on defense.
After high school, Benny attended Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts. In his freshman year, Boynton led the school's football team to a 7-0-1 season, for their first undefeated season in school history. At the end of the season Benny was honored with his first All-American selection. It then that Ephs fan started referring to Boynton as “the Purple Streak,” a play on his quick ability and the school's colors, purple and white.
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Bill Fincher
William E. "Bill" Fincher (November 12, 1896 – July 17, 1978) was an American football player and coach. He played college football as an end and tackle at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Fincher also coached college football for one season. In 1921, he led the William & Mary Indians football team to a 4–3–1 record. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1974.
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Bo McMillin
Alvin Nugent "Bo" McMillin (January 12, 1895 – March 31, 1952) was an American football player and coach, who served at both the collegiate and professional levels. He played college football at Centre College in Danville, Kentucky, where was a three-time All-American at quarterback, and led the Centre Praying Colonels to a historic upset victory over Harvard in 1921. After graduating from Centre, McMillin played professionally with the Milwaukee Badgers and Cleveland Indians, two early teams of the NFL, in 1922 and 1923.
McMillin served as the head football coach at Centenary College of Louisiana (1922–1924), Geneva College (1925–1927), Kansas State University (1928–1933), and Indiana University (1934–1947), compiling a career college football coaching record of 140–77–13. He then returned to the NFL, coaching the Detroit Lions from 1948 to 1950 and the Philadelphia Eagles for the first two games of the 1951 season before he succumbed to a fatal illness. His career NFL coaching mark was 14–24. McMillin's legendary "poor mouthing", pronounced in his distinctive Texas drawl, was in sharp contrast to his teams' successes. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1951.
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Brooks Atkinson
Justin Brooks Atkinson (November 28, 1894 – January 14, 1984) was an American theatre critic. He worked for The New York Times from 1925 to 1960. In his obituary, the Times called him "the most important reviewer of his time."
Atkinson was born in Melrose, Massachusetts, where, as a boy, he printed his own newspaper (using movable type), and planned a career in journalism. He graduated from Harvard University in 1917, and worked at The Springfield Daily News and the Boston Evening Transcript, where he was assistant to the drama critic. In 1922, he became the editor of the New York Times Book Review, and in 1925 the drama critic.
Atkinson quickly became known for his commitment to new kinds of theatre—he was one of the first critical admirers of Eugene O'Neill—for his interest in all kinds of drama, including off-Broadway productions, and for his wit. In 1928, he said of the new play The Front Page, "No one who has ground his heels in the grime of a police headquarters press room will complain that this argot misrepresents the gentlemen of the press." Atkinson had covered the police beat for the Evening Transcript.
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Budge Garrett
Alfred Tennyson Garrett was a professional football player with the Akron Pros of the American Professional Football Association (renamed the National Football League in 1922). During his one year with the Pros he won the first AFPA/NFL Championship. He returned to the NFL in 1922 as a player-coach for the Milwaukee Badgers, compling a 2-1-3 record.
Prior to joining the NFL, Garrett grew up in Oklahoma on a Creek Indian Reservation. He later attended a played college football at Rutgers University. He later made the 1915 College Football All-America Team. He first played professional football for the Massillon Tigers and Youngstown Patricians of the "Ohio League", during the pre-NFL era.
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Bumpy Johnson
Ellsworth Raymond "Bumpy" Johnson (October 31, 1905 - July 7, 1968) was an African-American mob boss and bookmaker in New York City's Harlem neighborhood. The main Harlem associate of the Genovese crime family, Johnson's criminal career has inspired films and television.
Johnson was born in Charleston, South Carolina on October 31, 1905. Johnson derived his nickname "bumpy" from a bump on the back of his head. When he was 10, his older brother, Willie, was accused of killing a white man. Afraid of a possible lynch mob, his parents mortgaged their tiny home to raise money to send Willie up north to live with relatives. As Johnson became older, his parents worried about his short temper and insolence toward whites and in 1919 he was sent to live with his older sister Mabel in Harlem.
Johnson was an associate of numbers queen Madame Stephanie St. Clair.
After being released from prison in 1932, Johnson learned that notorious gangster Dutch Schultz, who was known as the Beer Baron of the Bronx, had moved in on the numbers racket in Harlem. Any numbers banker who refused to turn over his or her numbers operation to Schultz was targeted for violence, and even death. Johnson and Schultz entered into a truce where Johnson and St. Clair paid the "family tax" to Dutch and the Italian families, in order to continue to operate independently. The tax was only lifted when Schultz was murdered in 1935, which was arranged by Lucky Luciano and the Italian families and had nothing to do with Johnson, "Madam Queen" or the Harlem numbers rackets. Johnson ended up becoming a Genovese crime family enforcer for the Bronx and Harlem territories.
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Carl Van Vechten
Carl Van Vechten (June 17, 1880 – December 21, 1964) was an American writer and photographer who was a patron of the Harlem Renaissance and the literary executor of Gertrude Stein.
Born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, he graduated from Washington High School in 1898, and later the University of Chicago in 1903. In 1906, he moved to New York City. He was hired as the assistant music critic at the New York Times. His interest in opera had him take a leave of absence from the paper in 1907, to travel to Europe to explore opera. While in England he married his long time friend from Cedar Rapids, Anna Snyder. He returned to his job at the New York Times in 1909 and then became the first American critic of modern dance. At that time, Isadora Duncan, Anna Pavlova, and Loie Fuller were performing in New York City. The marriage to Anna Snyder ended in divorce in 1912 and he wed actress Fania Marinoff in 1914.
Several books of Van Vechten's essays on various subjects such as music and literature were published between 1915 and 1920. Between 1922 and 1930 Knopf published seven novels by Van Vechten, starting with Peter Whiffle: His Life and Works and ending with Parties.
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Cedric Belfrage
Cedric Henning Belfrage (November 8, 1904 – June 21, 1990) was a socialist, author, journalist, translator and co-founder of the radical US-weekly newspaper the National Guardian. Belfrage was also identified by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as a source of intelligence information to agents of the government of the Soviet Union, a connection later confirmed through decrypted Soviet cable communications.
Cedric Belfrage was born in London on November 8, 1904, He was educated at Gresham's School, Holt and started his writing career as a film critic at Cambridge University, where he published his first article in Kinematograph Weekly (1924). In 1927, Belfrage went to Hollywood, where he was hired by the New York Sun and Film Weekly as a correspondent. Belfrage returned to London in 1930 as Sam Goldwyn's press agent. Returning to Hollywood, he became politically active, joining the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League, co-editing a left literary magazine, The Clipper.
Belfrage joined the Communist Party USA in 1937, but withdrew his membership a few months later. Thereafter, he maintained a friendly but critical relationship. During World War II he worked in the British Security Coordination for the Western hemisphere.
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Chic Harley
Charles William "Chic" Harley (September 15, 1894 – April 21, 1974) was one of the outstanding American football players of the first half of the 20th century and the player who first brought the Ohio State University football program to national attention. Harley was Ohio State's first consensus first-team All-America selection and first three-time All-America selection. In 1951, he became a charter inductee in the College Football Hall of Fame.
In 1941, James Thurber described Harley's running skills for the New York City newspaper, PM, "If you never saw him run with a football, we can't describe it to you. It wasn't like Red Grange or Tom Harmon or anybody else. It was kind of a cross between music and cannon fire, and it brought your heart up under your ears."
Charles Harley was born in Chicago, Illinois, hence the source of the nickname Chic, but his family moved to Columbus, Ohio when he was 12 years old. There Harley attended East High School. The family was to return to Chicago just before Harley's senior year, but the Columbus East principal convinced the family to let Harley stay for his final year. In his career at East High School, Harley's team lost only one game, his last. So many people wanted to see Harley play that many times football games at East High's now-named "Harley Field" outdrew Ohio State football games.
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Clara Rockmore
Clara Rockmore (March 9, 1911 – May 10, 1998) was a virtuoso performer of the theremin, an electronic musical instrument.
Born as Clara Reisenberg in (present-day) Vilnius, Lithuania, Rockmore was a child prodigy on the violin and entered the Imperial conservatory of Saint Petersburg at the age of five. She studied violin under the virtuoso Leopold Auer, and remains to this day the youngest student ever to be admitted to the institution. Unfortunately, bone problems due to childhood malnutrition forced her to abandon violin performance past her teen years. That however led her to discover the newborn electronic instrument and become perhaps the most renowned player of the theremin.[citation needed]
Rockmore had several gifts that enabled her to play the theremin so well. Her classical training gave her an advantage over the many theremin performers who lacked this background. She possessed absolute pitch, helpful in playing an instrument that generates tones of any pitch throughout its range, not just those those defined by equal temperament. She had extremely precise, rapid control of her movements, important in playing an instrument that depends on the performer's motion and proximity rather than touch. She also had the advantage of working directly with Léon Theremin from the early days of the instrument's commercial development in the United States. Template:Robert Moog, "The Art Of The Theremin" liner notes
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Claude McKay
Claude McKay (September 15, 1889– May 22, 1948) was a Jamaican-American writer and poet. He was a seminal figure in the Harlem Renaissance and wrote three novels: Home to Harlem (1928), a best-seller which won the Harmon Gold Award for Literature, Banjo (1929), and Banana Bottom (1933). McKay also authored a collection of short stories, Gingertown (1932), and two autobiographical books, A Long Way from Home (1937) and Harlem: Negro Metropolis (1940). His book of poetry, Harlem Shadows (1922) was among the first books published during the Harlem Renaissance. His book of collected poems, Selected Poems (1953), was published posthumously.
McKay was attracted to communism in his early life, but he was never a member of the Communist Party.
Claude McKay was born Festus Claudius McKay in Nairne Castle near James Hill,Clarendon, Jamaica. He was the youngest child of Thomas Francis McKay and Hannah Ann Elizabeth Edwards, well-to-do farmers who had enough property to qualify to vote. Thomas McKay's father was of Ashanti descent, and Claude recounted that his father would share stories of Ashanti customs with him. Claude's mother was of Malagasy ancestry.
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Coretta Scott King
Coretta Scott King (April 27, 1927 – January 30, 2006) was an American author, activist, and civil rights leader. The widow of Martin Luther King, Jr., Coretta Scott King helped lead the African-American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s.
Mrs. King's most prominent role may have been in the years after her husband's 1968 assassination when she took on the leadership of the struggle for racial equality herself and became active in the Women's Movement.
Coretta Scott King was the third of four children born to Obadiah "Obe" Scott (1899–1998) and Bernice McMurray Scott (1904–1996) in Marion, Alabama. She had an older sister named Edythe Scott Bagley (1924–2011) an older sister named Eunice who did not survive childhood, and a younger brother named Obadiah Leonard, born in 1930. The Scott family had owned a farm since the American Civil War, but were not particularly wealthy. During the Great Depression the Scott children picked cotton to help earn money. Obe was the first black person in their neighborhood to own a truck. He had a barber shop in their home. He also owned a lumber mill, which was burned down by white neighbors.
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Desdemona
Desdemona is a character in William Shakespeare's play Othello (c.1601 – 1604). Shakespeare's Desdemona is a Venetian beauty who enrages and disappoints her father, a Venetian senator, when she elopes with Othello, a man several years her senior. When her husband is deployed to Cyprus in the service of the Republic of Venice, Desdemona accompanies him. There, her husband is manipulated by his ensign Iago into believing she is an adulteress, and, in the last act, she is murdered by her estranged spouse.
The role has attracted notable actresses through the centuries and has the distinction of being the role performed by Margaret Hughes, the first actress to appear on an English public stage.
Desdemona becomes the title character in a 2011 play written by Toni Morrison, revolving around Desdemona's relationship with the African nurse who raised her. The play arose from a collaboration between Morrison, director Peter Sellars, and musician Rokia Traoré.
Othello has its source in the 1565 tale, "Un Capitano Moro" in Gli Hecatommithi by Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinthio. While no English translation of Cinthio was available in print during Shakespeare's lifetime, it is possible that Shakespeare knew both the Italian original, Gabriel Chappuy's 1584 French translation, and an English translation in manuscript. Cinthio's tale may have been based on an actual incident occurring in Venice about 1508.
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Earl Potteiger
William Earl Potteiger (February 11, 1893 – April 7, 1959) was a professional American football running back and coach. Potteiger played professionally in both baseball and football and coached professionally in basketball, baseball and football. He is most famous as a player-coach for the New York Giants when they won their first NFL championship in 1927.
He also played minor league baseball from 1913 to 1917, in 1919, and from 1926 to 1927. He managed in the minors from 1926 to 1927 and in 1932.
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Earl Robinson
Earl Hawley Robinson (July 2, 1910 – July 20, 1991) was a singer-songwriter and composer from Seattle, Washington. Robinson is probably as well remembered for his left-leaning political views (a member of the Communist Party in the 1930s) as he is for his music, including the songs "Joe Hill", "Black and White", and the cantata "Ballad for Americans". In addition, he wrote many popular songs and was a composer for Hollywood films.
He studied violin, viola and piano as a child, and studied composition at the University of Washington, receiving a BM and teaching certificate in 1933. In 1934 he moved to New York City where he studied with Hanns Eisler and Aaron Copland. He was also involved with the depression-era WPA Federal Theater Project, and was actively involved in the anti-fascist movement and was the musical director at the Communist-run Camp Unity in upstate New York. In the 1940s he worked on film scores in Hollywood until he was blacklisted for being a Communist. Unable to work in Hollywood, he moved back to New York, where he headed the music program at Elisabeth Irwin High School, directing the orchestra and chorus.
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Eleanor Roosevelt
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (/ˈɛlɨnɔr ˈroʊzəvɛlt/; October 11, 1884 – November 7, 1962) was the First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. She supported the New Deal policies of her husband, distant cousin Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and became an advocate for civil rights. After her husband's death in 1945, Roosevelt continued to be an international author, speaker, politician, and activist for the New Deal coalition. She worked to enhance the status of working women, although she opposed the Equal Rights Amendment because she believed it would adversely affect women.
In the 1940s, Roosevelt was one of the co-founders of Freedom House and supported the formation of the United Nations. Roosevelt founded the UN Association of the United States in 1943 to advance support for the formation of the UN. She was a delegate to the UN General Assembly from 1945 and 1952, a job for which she was appointed by President Harry S. Truman and confirmed by the United States Senate. During her time at the United Nations she chaired the committee that drafted and approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. President Truman called her the "First Lady of the World" in tribute to her human rights achievements.
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Elisabeth Welch
Elisabeth Welch (19 February 1904 – 15 July 2003) was a singer, actress, and entertainer, whose career spanned seven decades. Her best-known songs were "Stormy Weather", "Love for Sale" and "Far Away in Shanty Town". She was American-born but was based in Britain for most of her career.
Elisabeth Margaret Welch was born on 19 February 1904 in Englewood, New Jersey, where her father was chief gardener of an estate. Her father was of indigenous American and African American ancestry; her mother was of Scottish and Irish descent. Elisabeth was brought up in a Baptist Christian family, and began her singing in a church choir.
She first intended to go from high school into social work, but instead chose to became a professional singer. She started her career in America, in New York, in 1922, but in 1929 she went on to Europe - first to Paris and then to London, which became her base for the rest of her life. In 1928 she was married to Luke Smith, a musician, and remained with him until his death in 1936; they had no children.
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Elmer Oliphant
Elmer Quillen Oliphant, nicknamed Catchie or Catchy, Olie or Ollie (July 9, 1892 in Bloomfield, IN – July 3, 1975 in New Canaan, Connecticut) was an American football player.
Oliphant originally attended Washington High School in Washington, IN, but transferred to Linton High School in Linton, IN during his junior year. He graduated from Linton in 1910. Honors earned in high school included being named an All State End in Football and Captain of the State Championship Track Team in 1910.
Purdue – Class of 1914, degree in Mechanical Engineering, member of Kappa Sigma Fraternity and
West Point – Class of 1918
Played for the Rochester Jeffersons (1920) and the Buffalo All-Americans (1921)
Identified as one of the greatest scorers in collegiate history. Credited with a total of 435 points in his college career – 135 at Purdue and 300 at Army. The track and football field area at Linton-Stockton High School was called Oliphant Field from at least the date the school was occupied in 1922 (and perhaps as early as 1918) until 1980. He was selected as Indiana’s Finest Amateur Athlete by the Helms Foundation in 1958 and was selected for the FWAA Early-Day All-Time All-America Team in 1969.
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Everett Strupper
George Everett "Stroop" Strupper (July 26, 1896 - February 4, 1950) was an All-American football player. He played halfback for Georgia Tech from 1915 to 1917. Strupper overcame deafness resulting from a childhood illness and was selected as an All-American in 1917. During Strupper's three years playing for Georgia Tech, the team compiled a record of 24-0-2 and outscored its opponents by a combined score of 1,135 to 61. In Georgia Tech's record-setting 220-0 win over Cumberland College in 1916, Strupper scored eight touchdowns. Strupper was posthumously elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1972 and the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame in 1974.
Strupper was a native of Columbus, Georgia and attended Riverside Military Academy in Gainesville, Georgia before enrolling at Georgia Tech. Strupper played halfback for Georgia Tech football teams under head coach John Heisman from 1915 to 1917. Strupper was deaf, and because of his deafness, he called the signals instead of the team’s quarterback. Strupper was a small man, with his height being stated in varying accounts to be between five-feet seven inches and five-feet, ten inches. His coach John Heisman later wrote that Strupper was "but 5 feet 7 inches in height, weighed only 148 pounds stripped." He was sometimes known as "little Everett Strupper."
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Faith Bandler
Faith Bandler, AC (born 27 September 1918) also known as Ida Lessing Faith Mussing is an Australian civil rights activist of South Sea Islander heritage. She is a campaigner for the rights of Indigenous Australians and South Sea Islanders. Bandler is best known for her leadership in the campaign for the 1967 referendum on Aboriginal Australians. Bandler is a native of Tumbulgum, New South Wales. A 1993 portrait of Bandler, by artist Margaret Woodward, is held by the State Library of New South Wales.
Bandler's father, Peter Mussing, had been blackbirded from Ambrym Island, part of Vanuatu, in 1883, at the age of about 13. He was then sent to Mackay, Queensland before being sent to work on a sugar cane plantation. He later escaped and married Bandler's mother, a Scottish-Indian woman from New South Wales. Bandler cites stories of her father's harsh experience as a slave labourer as a strong motivation for her activism. Bandler grew up with her family on a farm near Murwillumbah, New South Wales. Her father died in 1924, when Bandler was just five years old. In 1934, Bandler left school and moved to Sydney, where she worked as a dressmaker's apprentice.
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Fania Marinoff
Fania Marinoff (Rus.: Фаня Маринофф) (March 20, 1890 – November 17, 1971) was a Russian-born Jewish-American actress.
She played supporting and lead roles in dozens of Broadway plays between 1903 and 1937, and eight U.S. silent movies between 1914 and 1917.
Born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine), she was the youngest of 13 siblings. She came to the United States as a young child with her elder brother Louis, whom she lived with until she joined a traveling play company around the age of fourteen. She married Carl Van Vechten in 1914. They had met two years earlier, and their marriage lasted over 50 years, despite rumors of Van Vechten's homosexuality.[citation needed]
She died in Englewood, New Jersey from pneumonia.
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Frank Murrey
Frank Murrey was an American football player and track athlete. He played quarterback for Princeton University from 1918 to 1921 and was selected as an All-American quarterback by Walter Camp in 1918. In 1920, Murrey ran 77 yards for a touchdown in Princeton's 14-0 victory over Navy. The New York Times described the run as a "nerve-tingling moment" and a "dazzling serpentine gallop."
"Gathering speed before he reached the line of scrimmage, Murrey shot past the Navy end at full speed. ... He changed the ball from his left arm to his right, and with his straight left, bowled over two of the Navy tacklers. ... With the grace of a fancy skater, Murrey twisted easily out onto the gridiron when the side line was but a step away. ... When Murrey had dashed past midfield, there were still three of the Navy players in his path. He dodged and zigzagged past them ... The way to the Navy goal line was now clear, and Murrey gathered speed as he went along."
In 2000, Murrey was named as one of the backs on Princeton's All-Century Team 1900-99.
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Frank Nesser
Frank Nesser was a professional football player in the "Ohio League" and the early National Football League. During his career he played mainly for the Columbus Panhandles, however he did also play for a little for the Akron Indians, whenever he was recruited by Indians manager, Peggy Parratt.
Frank was a member of the Nesser Brothers, a group consisting of seven brothers who made-up the most famous football family in the United States from 1907 until the mid-1920s.
Nesser frequently engaged in kicking contests with the legendary Jim Thorpe; he once was credited with a 63-yard field goal and his punts were recalled as averaging 70 yards in the air. Frank was also a sensational runner, but his greatest value for the Panhandles was as a passer. He led the Panhandles in scoring during most of his professional seasons.
Nesser was also a minor league baseball player in the Ohio State League from 1910-1914. He later played in the North Carolina State League in 1915 and 1916. After abandoning baseball for a few years he restarted his career in the Illinois-Indiana-Iowa League in 1920 and played one final season, in 1921, in the Michigan-Ontario League. He left baseball after 9 seasons in which he posted a .325 batting average.
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Frank Nied
Francis Theodore Nied (August 14, 1894 - May 13, 1969) was a founder of the American Professional Football Association (later renamed the National Football League in 1922), as well as the owner of the Akron Pros and, as the team became known as in 1926, the Akron Indians.
Nied lived in Akron on South College Street and operated a cigar store in the six-story Hamilton Building at Main and Mill streets. It was a gathering place for athletes and fans, and filled with sports memorabilia and photos. The building was demolished in 1929 to make room for the 28-story building now known as FirstMerit Tower. Nied reopened the cigar store in the new building, but closed out his interests in 1947, selling to drugstore owner William J. Balaun.
Nied retired to St. Petersburg, Florida, where he reportedly died there in 1955 at the age of 61. However the date of his death is listed by Pro Football Reference as being much later, May 13, 1969.
After experiencing finanicial losses from 1912–1919, The Akron Indians was sold to Neid and Art Ranney, an Akron businessman and former football player at the University of Akron. The 1919 Indians finished the season 5-5-0 and lost money despite the presence of one of the country's best breakaway runners, Fritz Pollard. The new owners soon dropped the Indian moniker and adopted the new name the "Akron Pros," hoping to inspire better results, or at least better attendance. The team's home field Akron's League Park was laid out by Nied's father, Lew, in 1906 at the corner of Carroll and Beaver streets.
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Frank Rydzewski
Frank Xavier Rydzewski (November 16, 1892 – ?) was a professional football player in the National Football League. He played seven seasons in the NFL with the Chicago Tigers (1920), Cleveland Tigers (1920), Hammond Pros (1920, 1922–1926), Chicago Cardinals (1921), Chicago Bears (1923), and Milwaukee Badgers (1925). Prior to joining the NFL, Rydzewski played college football at Notre Dame under Knute Rockne. He earned All-American honors in 1917.
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Fritz Pollard
Frederick Douglass "Fritz" Pollard (January 27, 1894 – May 11, 1986) was the first African American head coach in the National Football League (NFL). Pollard along with Bobby Marshall were the first two African American players in the NFL in 1920. Sportswriter Walter Camp ranked Pollard as "one of the greatest runners these eyes have ever seen."
Pollard was born in Chicago on January 27, 1894. He attended Lane Tech High School where he played football, baseball, and ran track. Pollard attended Brown University, majoring in chemistry. Pollard played half-back on the Brown football team.
He later played pro football with the Akron Pros, the team he would lead to the NFL (APFA) championship in 1920. In 1921, he became the co-head coach of the Akron Pros, while still maintaining his roster position as running back. He also played for the Milwaukee Badgers, Hammond Pros, Gilberton Cadamounts, Union Club of Phoenixville and Providence Steam Roller. Some sources indicate that Pollard also served as co-coach of the Milwaukee Badgers with Al Garrett for part of the 1922 season. He also coached the non NFL team Gilberton. In 1923 and 1924, he served as head coach for the Hammond, Indiana football team.
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George Hauser
George W. Hauser (February 24, 1893 – November 8, 1968) was the 21st head football coach for the Colgate University Raiders and he held that position for two seasons, from 1926 until 1927. His overall coaching record at Colgate was 9 wins, 4 losses, and 5 ties. This ranks him 12th at Colgate in terms of total wins and 14th at Colgate in terms of winning percentage. Hauser was also the head football coach at the University of Minnesota from 1942 to 1944. During his tenure, he compiled a 15–11–1 (.574) record. His conference record stands at 8–8–1. He also played college football at Minnesota.
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Gertrude Stein
Gertrude Stein (February 3, 1874 – July 27, 1946) was an American writer, poet and art collector who spent most of her life in France.
Gertrude Stein, the youngest of a family of five children, was born on February 3, 1874, in Allegheny, Pennsylvania (merged with Pittsburgh in 1907) to upper-class German Jewish parents, Daniel and Amelia Stein. Her father was a railroad executive whose investments in streetcar lines and real estate made the family wealthy.
When Gertrude was three years old she and her family moved to Vienna and then Paris. They returned to America in 1878, settling in Oakland, California, where Stein attended First Hebrew Congregation of Oakland's Sabbath school.
Her mother died in 1888, and her father in 1891. Michael, her eldest brother, took over the family business holdings. He arranged for Gertrude, and another sister, Bertha, to live with their mother's family in Baltimore after the deaths of their parents. In 1892, she lived with her uncle David Bachrach. Bachrach had married Fanny Keyser, sister of Gertrude's mother Amelia, in 1877.
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Gil Noble
Gilbert Edward "Gil" Noble (February 22, 1932 – April 5, 2012) was an American television reporter and interviewer. He was the producer and host of New York City television station WABC-TV's weekly show, Like It Is, originally co-hosted with Melba Tolliver. The program focused primarily on issues concerning African Americans and those within the African diaspora.
He was born in Harlem, New York and raised by his parents who were Jamaican immigrants Gil and Iris Noble. After graduating from the City College of New York he worked for Union Carbide.
In 1962 he got his professional break into broadcast media when he was hired as a part-time announcer at WLIB radio. He began reading and reporting newscasts. Noble joined WABC-TV in July 1967 as a reporter, after reporting on the 1967 Newark riots. Starting in January 1968 he became an anchor of its Saturday and Sunday night newscasts. He became host of Like It Is a few months prior to the rebranding of the station's newscasts as Eyewitness News in November 1968. In addition, he was an occasional interviewer on some of WABC's other public affairs shows, such as Eyewitness Exclusive. From 1986 on, Noble concentrated exclusively on Like It Is. Noble also created documentaries on such topics as W. E. B. Du Bois, Malcolm X, Fannie Lou Hamer, Ella Baker, Decade of Struggle, Martin Luther King Jr., Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., Jack Johnson, Charlie Parker and the documentary Essay on Drugs. In 1977, he wrote, directed and produced the first documentary on Paul Robeson, entitled The Tallest Tree in Our Forest.
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Glenn Scobey Warner
Glenn Scobey Warner (April 5, 1871 – September 7, 1954), most commonly known as Pop Warner, was an American football player and coach. He served as the head coach at the University of Georgia (1895–1896), Cornell University (1897–1898, 1904–1906), the Carlisle Indian Industrial School (1899–1903, 1907–1914), the University of Pittsburgh (1915–1923), Stanford University (1924–1932), and Temple University (1933–1938), compiling a career college football record of 319–106–32. Warner coached four teams to national championships: in 1915, 1916, and 1918 with Pittsburgh and in 1926 with Stanford. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1951. Warner also helped start the popular youth American football organization, Pop Warner Little Scholars.
Warner was born in Springville, New York. He attended and played football for Cornell University. As captain of the Cornell football team, Warner obtained the nickname "Pop" because he was older than most of his teammates. After graduating from Cornell, he had a brief legal career in New York. In 1902, Warner played pro football for the Syracuse Athletic Club during the first World Series of Football, held at Madison Square Garden. It was during this event, that Warner played in the very first professional indoor football game as his Syracuse squad upset the heavily favored "New York" team. During the Series, Warner was cut badly on the side of his head. While he laughed it off at the time, he was replaced for the rest of the Series, by Blondy Wallace.
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Harry Belafonte
Harold George "Harry" Belafonte, Jr. (born March 1, 1927) is an American singer, songwriter, actor and social activist. He was dubbed the "King of Calypso" for popularizing the Caribbean musical style with an international audience in the 1950s. Belafonte is perhaps best known for singing "The Banana Boat Song", with its signature lyric "Day-O". Throughout his career he has been an advocate for civil rights and humanitarian causes and was a vocal critic of the policies of the George W. Bush Administration.
Born Harold George Bellanfanti, Jr., at Lying-in Hospital, Harlem, New York, Belafonte was the son of Melvine (née Love) – a housekeeper of Jamaican descent – and Harold George Bellanfanti, Sr., a Martiniquan who worked as a chef in the National Guard. From 1932 to 1940, he lived with his grandmother in her native country of Jamaica. When he returned to New York City, he attended George Washington High School after which he joined the Navy and served during World War II. In the 1940s, he was working as a janitor's assistant in NYC when a tenant gave him, as a gratuity, two tickets to see the American Negro Theater. He fell in love with the art form and also met Sidney Poitier. The financially struggling pair regularly purchased a single seat to local plays, trading places in between acts, after informing the other about the progression of the play. At the end of the 1940s, he took classes in acting at the Dramatic Workshop of The New School in New York with the influential German director Erwin Piscator alongside Marlon Brando, Tony Curtis, Walter Matthau, Bea Arthur and Sidney Poitier, while performing with the American Negro Theatre. He subsequently received a Tony Award for his participation in the Broadway revue John Murray Anderson's Almanac.
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Herb Sies
Dale Hubert "Herb" Sies was an American football player and coach. He was born on January 2, 1893 in Ames, Iowa and attended Davenport High School. He enrolled at the University of Pittsburgh, where he played football as a guard. Sies was named a consensus All-American in 1917. Seis played five seasons in the National Football League (NFL) and its predecessor, the American Professional Football Association. Sies began his professional playing career with the Cleveland Tigers in 1920 for whom he started one game. The following season, he played for the Dayton Triangles as a right guard. That season he started in nine games, and the following year, he started in eight games. In 1923, he both played for and served as the head coach for the Rock Island Independents. Sies coached his team to an 8–2–3 record to finish 12th in the league. He started in eight games for the Independents and made good three field goals and eight extra point attempts. That season, Collyer's Eye magazine named Sies to its All-NFL second team. In 1924, he returned to Dayton for his final season. He made one field goal attempt for the Triangles.
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Herbert Marshall
Herbert Marshall (23 May 1890 – 22 January 1966), born Herbert Brough Falcon Marshall, was an English actor.
His parents were Percy F. Marshall and Ethel May Turner. He graduated from St. Mary's College (later known as Harlow College, until c1964) in Old Harlow, Essex and worked for a time as an accounting clerk. Marshall overcame the loss of a leg in World War I, where he served in the London Scottish Regiment with fellow actors Basil Rathbone, Ronald Colman, and Claude Rains, to enjoy a long career.
His stage debut took place in 1911, and he entered motion pictures with Mumsie (1927). Initially he played romantic leads and later character roles. The suave actor spent many years playing romantic leads opposite such stars as Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Marlene Dietrich and Bette Davis, and starring in such classics as Trouble in Paradise (1932), The Little Foxes (1941), and The Razor's Edge (1946). He was featured in both the 1929 and the more famous 1940 version of The Letter, first as the murdered lover, then the wronged husband.
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Howard Fast
Howard Melvin Fast (November 11, 1914 – March 12, 2003) was an American novelist and television writer. Fast also wrote under the pen names E. V. Cunningham and Walter Ericson.
Fast was born in New York City. His mother, Ida (née Miller), was a British Jewish immigrant and his father, Barney Fast, was a Ukrainian Jewish immigrant whose name was shortened from Fastovsky upon arrival in the USA. When his mother died in 1923 and his father became unemployed, Howard's youngest brother, Julius, went to live with relatives, while he and his older brother Jerome worked by selling newspapers. He credited his early voracious reading to his part-time job in the New York Public Library.
Young Howard began writing at an early age. While hitchhiking and riding railroads around the country to find odd jobs, he wrote his first novel, Two Valleys, published in 1933 when he was 18. His first popular work was Citizen Tom Paine, a fictional account of the life of Thomas Paine. Always interested in American history, he also wrote The Last Frontier, about an attempt by Cheyennes to return to their native land; and Freedom Road, about the lives of former slaves during Reconstruction.
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Iago
Iago is a fictional character in Shakespeare's Othello (c. 1601–04). The play's main antagonist, Iago is the husband of Emilia, who is in turn the attendant of Othello's wife Desdemona. Iago hates Othello (who is also known as "The Moor") and devises a plan to destroy him by making him believe that his wife is having an affair with his lieutenant, Michael Cassio.
The role is thought to have been first played by Robert Armin, who typically played intelligent clown roles like Touchstone in As You Like It or Feste in Twelfth Night.
The character's source is traced to Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinthio's tale "Un Capitano Moro" in Gli Hecatommithi (1565). There, the character is simply "the ensign". Iago is a soldier and Othello's ancient (ensign or standard bearer).
Othello has its source in the 1565 tale, "Un Capitano Moro" from Gli Hecatommithi by Giovanni Battista Giraldi Cinthio. While no English translation of Cinthio was available in Shakespeare's lifetime, it is possible Shakespeare knew the Italian original, Gabriel Chappuy's 1584 French translation, or an English translation in manuscript. Cinthio's tale may have been based on an actual incident occurring in Venice about 1508. In Cinthio, Iago's counterpart is simply "the ensign."
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Ira Aldridge
Ira Frederick Aldridge (July 24, 1807 New York City – 7 August 1867 Łódź, Congress Poland), was an American and later British stage actor who made his career largely on the London stage and in Europe, especially in Shakespearean roles. He is the only actor of African-American descent among the 33 actors of the English stage honored with bronze plaques at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre at Stratford-upon-Avon. He was especially popular in Prussia and Russia, where he received top honors from heads of state.
Aldridge was born in New York City to Reverend Daniel and Luranah Aldridge July 24, 1805. According to Aldridge, his paternal grandfather was a Christian chief of the Fula in Senegal. At age 13, Aldridge went to the African Free School in New York City, established by the New York Manumission Society for the children of free blacks and slaves. They were given a classical education, with the study of English grammar, writing, mathematics, geography, and astronomy. His early "education" in theater included viewing plays from the high balcony of the Park Theatre, New York's leading theater of the time.
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Itzik Feffer
Itzik Feffer (1900 – August 12, 1952), also Fefer (Yiddish איציק פֿעפֿער, Russian Ицик Фефер, Исаàк Соломòнович Фèфер) was a Soviet Yiddish poet executed during Joseph Stalin's purges.
Itzik Feffer was born in Shpola, a town in Zvenigorod uyezd (district) of Kiev guberniya, Imperial Russia.
During the Second World War he was a military reporter with the rank of colonel and was vice chairman of the Soviet Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (JAC). He and Solomon Mikhoels traveled to the United States in 1943 in a well-documented fund-raising trip.
In 1948, after the assassination of the JAC Chairman Solomon Mikhoels, Feffer, along with other JAC members, was arrested and accused of treason. Feffer had been an informer for the NKVD (predecessor of the KGB) since 1943. Feffer reportedly cooperated with the investigation, providing false information that would lead to the arrest and indictment of over a hundred people, but at the trial made openly nationalistic statements and expressed pride in his Jewish identity. Feffer had also allegedly been one of the "most loyal and conformist Yiddish poets," helped to enforce strict ideological control over other Yiddish writers, and had a history of denouncing colleagues for their "nationalistic hysteria".. However, in 1952 Feffer, along with other defendants, was tried at a closed JAC trial, and executed on August 12, 1952 at Lubyanka prison.
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Jack Tenney
Jack B. Tenney (1898 – November 4, 1970) was an American politician who was noted for leading anti-communist investigations in California in the 1940s and early 1950s. Tenney was also the composer of several well-known songs, most notably "Mexicali Rose".
Tenney was born in 1898 in St. Louis, Missouri, but moved to California in 1909. After serving in the Army during World War I, he returned home and worked his way through law school. While a young attorney, he turned to songwriting and wrote such songs as "Mexicali Rose" and "On the Banks of the Old Merced".
Tenney ran for the California State Assembly as a Democrat in 1936 and won. In 1940, he also served as one of California's electors, casting his vote for Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1942, Tenney ran for the State Senate as a Republican, and served three four-year terms there.
Tenney made his name in the State Senate as a foe of communism, and was chair of the California Committee on Un-American Activities from 1941 to 1949. He stated, "You can no more coexist with communism than you can coexist with a nest of rattlesnakes." As the chairman of the California Senate Factfinding Subcommittee on Un-American Activities, which investigated alleged communists in California, Tenney "vigorously attacked everyone he believed to be a Communist or to have Communist sympathies". Those investigated by Tenney's committee included:
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Jackie Robinson
Jack Roosevelt "Jackie" Robinson (January 31, 1919 – October 24, 1972) was an American baseball player who became the first black Major League Baseball (MLB) player of the modern era. Robinson broke the baseball color line when he debuted with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947. As the first black man to play in the major leagues since the 1880s, he was instrumental in bringing an end to racial segregation in professional baseball, which had relegated black players to the Negro leagues for six decades. The example of his character and unquestionable talent challenged the traditional basis of segregation, which then marked many other aspects of American life, and contributed significantly to the Civil Rights Movement.
In addition to his cultural impact, Robinson had an exceptional baseball career. Over ten seasons, he played in six World Series and contributed to the Dodgers' 1955 World Championship. He was selected for six consecutive All-Star Games from 1949 to 1954, was the recipient of the inaugural MLB Rookie of the Year Award in 1947, and won the National League Most Valuable Player Award in 1949—the first black player so honored. Robinson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962. In 1997, Major League Baseball retired his uniform number, 42, across all major league teams.
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James Earl Jones
James Earl Jones (born January 17, 1931) is an American actor. Since his Broadway debut in 1957, Jones has spent more than five decades as "one of America's most distinguished and versatile actors" and has been termed "one of the greatest actors in American history." On November 12, 2011, Jones received an Honorary Academy Award.
He is well known for his distinctive bass voice and for his portrayal of characters of substance, gravitas and leadership.
James Earl Jones was born in Arkabutla, Mississippi, son of Robert Earl Jones (1910–2006), an actor, boxer, butler, and chauffeur who left the family shortly after James Earl's birth, and his wife Ruth (Connolly) Jones, a teacher and maid. Jones and his father reconciled many years later. Jones was raised by his maternal grandparents, farmers John Henry and Maggie Connolly. He is multiracial, with African, Irish, and Native American ancestry.
Jones describes his grandmother, Maggie, as "the most racist person I have ever known", thus forcing him to develop his own independent thinking. His grandmother was of Cherokee, Choctaw, and black ancestry.
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Jawaharlal Nehru
Jawaharlal Nehru (IPA: [dʒəʋaːɦərˈlaːl ˈneːɦru] ( listen), Hindi: जवाहरलाल नेहरू; 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964), often referred to with the epithet of Panditji, was an Indian lawyer, politician and statesman who became the first Prime Minister of independent India (1947–64) and became noted for his “neutralist” policies in foreign affairs. He was also one of the principal leaders of India’s independence movement in the 1930s and ’40s. Nehru was elected by the Indian National Congress to assume office as independent India's first Prime Minister, and re-elected when the Congress Party won India's first general election in 1951 and 1952. Nehru contributed to the establishment of a parliamentary democracy in India and was one of the founders of the international Non-Aligned Movement.
The son of moderate nationalist leader and Congressman Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru became a leader of the left wing of the Congress when fairly young. Rising to become Congress President under the mentorship of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Nehru was a charismatic leader, advocating complete independence for India from the British Empire. Throughout his life, Nehru advocated Democratic Socialism/Fabian Socialism and a strong public sector as the means by which economic development could be pursued by poorer nations. He was the father of Indira Gandhi and the maternal grandfather of Rajiv Gandhi, who would later serve as the third and sixth Prime Ministers of India respectively.
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Jimmy Conzelman
James Gleason "Jimmy" Dunn (March 6, 1898 – August 5, 1970) was a professional football player and coach in the National Football League. He was the head coach of the Chicago Cardinals.
He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1964. He died on August 5, 1970 of lung cancer.
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Jock Sutherland
Dr. John Bain "Jock" Sutherland, D.D.S., (March 21, 1889 – April 11, 1948) was an American football coach. He coached college football at Lafayette College (1919–1923) and the University of Pittsburgh (1924–1938) and professional football for the Brooklyn Dodgers (1940–1941) and Pittsburgh Steelers (1946–1947). He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1951.
A native of Coupar Angus in Scotland, Sutherland got his start in football by playing end at the University of Pittsburgh, commonly known as Pitt, under legendary coach Glen S. "Pop" Warner. Sutherland was named an All-American and played on Pitt's National Championship teams in 1915 and 1916.
Sutherland also played on Pitt's undefeated 1917 team. The 1917 team was known as "The Fighting Dentists" because on occasion every position was filled by dental students. The dental students on the 1917 team included Sutherland,Katy Easterday,Skip Gougler,"Tank" McLaren and "Jake" Stahl. Sutherland graduated from the University of Pittsburgh's School of Dentistry, where he also held a professorship in the instruction of bridge and crown.
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Joe Guyon
Joseph Napoleon Guyon (Anishinaabe: O-Gee-Chidah) (November 26, 1892 – November 27, 1971) was a professional American football player in the National Football League. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1966.
Guyon was an American Indian from the Ojibwa tribe (Chippewa) and was born on the White Earth Indian Reservation in White Earth, Minnesota. He received only a sixth-grade education from the American government.
Guyon attended and played college football at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School from 1912 to 1913 under head coach Pop Warner. While at Carlisle, the school had season records of 12-1-1, 11-2-1, scored 504 points one year, 295 another, and Guyon was honored as a halfback on Walter Camp's second-team All-America team. From 1914 to 1916, he attended the Keewatin Academy in Chicago, Illinois.
Guyon then attended and played football at Georgia Tech from 1917 to 1918 under head coach John Heisman. While he was at Georgia Tech, the team went 9-0 and 6-1, scoring 491 points then 462, and he was honored as an offensive tackle on Frank G. Menke's first All-America team. Against Vanderbilt University in 1917, Guyon ran 12 times for 344 yards. Georgia Tech were crowned national champions in 1917. From 1914 to 1918 , Georgia Tech had a 33-game unbeaten streak, during which in four (nonconsecutive) games of the streak Georgia Tech scored 222, 128, 119, and then 118.
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Joe Hill
Joe Hill, born Joel Emmanuel Hägglund in Gävle, Sweden, and also known as Joseph Hillström (October 7, 1879 – November 19, 1915) was a Swedish-American labor activist, songwriter, and member of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, also known as the "Wobblies"). A native Swedish speaker, he learned English during the early 1900s, while working various jobs from New York to San Francisco. Hill, as an immigrant worker frequently facing unemployment and underemployment, became a popular song writer and cartoonist for the radical union. His most famous songs include "The Preacher and the Slave", "The Tramp", "There is Power in a Union", "The Rebel Girl", and "Casey Jones—the Union Scab", which generally express the harsh but combative life of itinerant workers, and the perceived necessity of organizing to improve conditions for working people.
In 1914, John G. Morrison, a Salt Lake City area grocer and former policeman, and his son were shot and killed by two men. The same evening, Hill arrived at a doctor's office with a gunshot wound, and briefly mentioned a fight over a woman. Yet Hill was reluctant to explain further, and he was later accused of the grocery store murders on the basis of his injury. Hill was convicted of the murders in a controversial trial. Following an unsuccessful appeal, political debates, and international calls for clemency from high profile people and workers' organizations, Hill was executed in November, 1915. After his death, he was memorialized by several folk songs. His life and death have inspired books and poetry.
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Joe Louis
Joseph Louis Barrow (May 13, 1914 – April 12, 1981), better known as Joe Louis, was an American professional boxer and the World Heavyweight Champion from 1937 to 1949. He is considered to be one of the greatest heavyweights of all time. Nicknamed the Brown Bomber, Louis helped elevate boxing from a nadir in popularity in the post-Jack Dempsey era by establishing a reputation as an honest, hardworking fighter at a time when the sport was dominated by gambling interests. Louis' championship reign lasted 140 consecutive months, during which he participated in 27 championship fights, 26 championship fights during his reign; the 27th, against Ezzard Charles, was a challenge to Charles' Heavyweight title and so is not included in Louis' reign. All in all, Joe was victorious in 25 successful title defenses, a record for the heavyweight division. In 2005, Louis was ranked as the #1 heavyweight of all-time by the International Boxing Research Organization, and was ranked #1 on The Ring's list of the 100 Greatest Punchers of All-Time.
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John McNally
John Victor "Blood" McNally (November 27, 1903 – November 28, 1985) was an American football player who was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
A native of New Richmond, Wisconsin McNally was an intelligent and unathletic youth who graduated from high school at age 14. He blossomed into an athlete while at Saint John's University in Collegeville, Minnesota, where he became the captain of the basketball team and a letterman in track, baseball, and football, all in his junior year.
With one year of college eligibility left, McNally and a friend decided to join a professional football team. While passing by a movie theater, McNally saw the title of the film Blood and Sand on the marquee. He turned to his friend and said, "That's it. You be Sand. I'll be Blood."
Using the alias "Johnny Blood" — an alias that became his nickname — McNally was able to play professional football without losing his college eligibility.
McNally played in the National Football League for 14 seasons, with five different teams. In his prime, McNally was 6'1" and 188 lbs., known for his speed, agility, and pass-catching ability. He got his professional start in 1925 with the Milwaukee Badgers, where he became famous as the "Vagabond Halfback" for his off-the-field behavior and spontaneity. In 1926 and 1927 he played for the Duluth Eskimos, and in 1928 he played with the Pottsville Maroons.
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Johnny Bryan
John Frederick "Johnny" Bryan (February 28, 1897 – July 1, 1966) was a professional football player for the Chicago Cardinals, the Chicago Bears, and the Milwaukee Badgers. He was also a player-coach and franchise owner of the Badgers from 1925 until 1926.
The Badgers franchise was turned over to Bryan after it was discovered that the team had employed four Chicago high school players for game against the Chicago Cardinals that resulted in a 59-0 loss for the Badgers. As a result of the scandal, owner Ambrose McGuirk was forced by NFL President Joe Carr to turn over his franchise to Bryan.
Under Bryan, the team did manage to win two games in 1926 due to the arrival of end Lavern Dilweg. However Milwaukee dropped out of the NFL after that season.
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Jomo Kenyatta
Jomo Kenyatta[pron.] (1894 – 22 August 1978) served as the first Prime Minister (1963–1964) and President (1964–1978) of Kenya. He is considered the founding father of the Kenyan nation.
In Kenya, Nairobi's Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, Kenyatta International Conference Centre, Nairobi's main street and main streets in many Kenyan cities and towns, numerous schools, two Universities (Kenyatta University and Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology), the country's main referral hospital, markets, and housing estates are named after him. A statue in downtown Nairobi and monuments all over Kenya stand in his honor. Kenya observed a public holiday every 20 October in his honor until the new 2010 constitution abolished Kenyatta Day and replaced it with Mashujaa (Heroes') day. Kenyatta's face adorns Kenyan currency notes and coins of all denominations, but this is expected to change as the new constitution bans the use of the portrait of any person on Kenya's currency.
Jomo Kenyatta was born Kamau wa Ngengi to parents Ngengi wa Muigai and Wambui in the village of Gatundu, in British East Africa (now Kenya), a member of the Kikuyu. His date of birth, sometime in the early-to-mid 1890s, is unclear, and was unclear even to him, as his parents were almost certainly not literate, and no formal birth records of native Africans were kept in Kenya at that time. His father died while Kamau was very young after which, as per custom, he was adopted by his uncle Ngengi, who also inherited his mother, to become Kamau wa Ngengi. When his mother died during childbirth, young Kamau moved from Ng'enda to Muthiga to live with his medicine man grandfather Kũngũ wa Magana, to whom he became very close.
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José Ferrer
José Vicente Ferrer de Otero y Cintrón (January 8, 1912 – January 26, 1992), best known as José Ferrer, was a Puerto Rican actor, as well as a theater and film director. He was the first Puerto Rican, as well as the first Hispanic actor to win an Academy Award. Jose Ferrer donated his Academy Award to the University of Puerto Rico as a tribute to his roots. The prolific and distinguished thespian also won numerous Tony Awards: In 1947 he won a Tony Award for his theatrical performance of Cyrano de Bergerac, and in 1952 Ferrer won the Distinguished Dramatic Actor Award for The Shrike, plus the Outstanding Director Award for The Shrike, The Fourposter, and Stalag 17. Jose Ferrer's contributions to American theatre were recognized in 1981 when he was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame. Further honors came in 1985 when he was awarded the National Medal of Arts.
Ferrer was born in the Santurce, Puerto Rico, the son of Maria Providencia Cintron and Rafael Ferrer, an attorney and writer. He studied in the Swiss boarding school Institut Le Rosey. In 1933, he graduated from Princeton University, where he wrote a senior thesis "French Naturalism and Pardo Bazán"; he was also a member of the Princeton Triangle Club.
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Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar (Classical Latin: [ˈɡaː.i.ʊs ˈjuː.lɪ.ʊs ˈkaj.sar], July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman and a distinguished writer of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the gradual transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.
In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus and Pompey formed a political alliance that was to dominate Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power through populist tactics were opposed by the conservative elite within the Roman Senate[citation needed], among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero. Caesar's conquest of Gaul, completed by 51 BC, extended Rome's territory to the English Channel and the Rhine. Caesar became the first Roman general to cross both when he built a bridge across the Rhine and conducted the first invasion of Britain.
These achievements granted him unmatched military power and threatened to eclipse Pompey's standing. The balance of power was further upset by the death of Crassus in 53 BC. Political realignments in Rome finally led to a standoff between Caesar and Pompey, the latter having taken up the cause of the Senate. Ordered by the Senate to stand trial in Rome for various charges, Caesar marched on Rome with one legion—legio XIII—from Gaul to Italy, crossing the Rubicon in 49 BC. This sparked a civil war from which he emerged as the unrivaled leader of the Roman world.
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Kenneth Macgowan
Kenneth Macgowan (November 30, 1888 – April 27, 1963) was an American film producer. He won an Academy Award for Best Color Short Film for La Cucaracha (1934), the first live-action short film made in the three-color Technicolor process.
Born on November 30, 1888 in Winthrop, Massachusetts, Macgowan began his career as a drama critic. He wrote many books on the modern theater including The Theatre of Tomorrow (1921), Continental Stagecraft (1922) with Robert Edmond Jones, Masks and Demons (1923) with Herman Rosse, and Footlights Across America (1929). In 1922, he ran the Provincetown Playhouse as its producer, with Eugene O'Neill and Robert Edmond Jones as business partners. His close relationship with O'Neill lasted their lifetimes.
In 1928 he moved to Hollywood, California to become a story editor for the newly formed RKO Radio Pictures and quickly became an assistant producer. By 1932, Macgowan had become a film producer for RKO, including Little Women (1933), starring Katharine Hepburn, Joan Bennett, Frances Dee and Jean Parker as the March sisters.
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Knute Rockne
Knute Kenneth Rockne ( /kəˈnuːt/ kə-NOOT; March 4, 1888 – March 31, 1931) was an American football player and coach, both at the University of Notre Dame. He is regarded as one of the greatest coaches in college football history. His biography at the College Football Hall of Fame calls him "without question, American football's most-renowned coach." A Norwegian American, he was educated as a chemist at the University of Notre Dame. He popularized the forward pass and made Notre Dame a major factor in collegiate football.
Knute Rockne was born Knut Larsen Rokne in Voss, Norway to the smith and wagonmaker Lars Knutson Rokne (1858–1912) and his wife Martha Pedersdatter Gjermo (1859–1944). He emigrated with his parents at five years old to Chicago. He grew up in the Logan Square area of Chicago, on the northwest side of the city. Rockne learned to play football in his neighborhood and later played end in a local group called the Logan Square Tigers. He attended North West Division High School in Chicago playing football and also running track.
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Kwame Nkrumah
The Rt. Hon. Dr. Kwame Nkrumah (21 September 1909 – 27 April 1972), P.C., was the leader of Ghana and its predecessor state, the Gold Coast, from 1951 to 1966. Overseeing the nation's independence from British colonial rule in 1957, Nkrumah was the first President of Ghana and the first Prime Minister of Ghana. An influential 20th-century advocate of Pan-Africanism, he was a founding member of the Organization of African Unity and was the winner of the Lenin Peace Prize in 1963.
Kwame Nkrumah was born in 1909 to Madam Nyaniba in Nkroful, Gold Coast. Nkrumah trained to be a teacher at Achimota School in Accra from 1927 to 1930 . For the following 5 years he worked as a teacher in several schools in the Gold Coast including a Catholic school in Axim, whilst saving money to continue his education in the USA. In 1935 he sailed from Takoradi, the Gold Coast's main port, to Liverpool in England, and made his way to London where he obtained his student visa from the US Embassy. It was while he was in London in late 1935 thet he heard the news of Fascist Italy's invasion of Abyssinia, an event that outraged the young Nkrumah and influenced his political development. In October 1935 Nkrumah sailed from Liverpool to the United States and enrolled in Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. He graduated with a BA in 1939, and received a Bachelor of Sacred Theology in 1942. Nkrumah earned a Master of Science in education from the University of Pennsylvania in 1942, and a Master of Arts in philosophy the following year. While lecturing in political science at Lincoln he was elected president of the African Students Organization of America and Canada. As an undergraduate at Lincoln he participated in at least one student theater production and published an essay on European government in Africa in the student newspaper, The Lincolnian.
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LaVern Dilweg
LaVern "Lavvie" Ralph Dilweg (January 11, 1903 – January 2, 1968) was an American football player, official, lawyer, and politician.
Dilweg was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on January 11, 1903. He graduated from Marquette University Law School in Milwaukee in 1927, and was admitted to the Wisconsin Bar the same year. While at Marquette, Lavvie was an All-American End. In 1926, Lavvie played for the Milwaukee Badgers, an early NFL team. From 1927 to 1934, while practicing law, Lavvie played for the Green Bay Packers and was recognized as one of the best ends in the NFL during the 1920s and 1930s. His Packers won NFL championships in 1929, 1930, and 1931. Lavvie was an official in the Big Ten Conference until 1943.
Dilweg was elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives from Wisconsin's 8th congressional district in 1942 and served in the 78th United States Congress (January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1945). After serving in Congress, Lavvie resumed the practice of law in Green Bay, Wisconsin, and Washington, D.C. In 1961, he was confirmed as a member of the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission. He died on January 2, 1968, in St. Petersburg, Florida, and is interred at the Fort Howard Cemetery in Green Bay.
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Lorraine Hansberry
Lorraine Vivian Hansberry the 3rd (May 19, 1930 – January 12, 1965) was an African American playwright and author of political speeches, letters, and essays. Her best known work, A Raisin in the Sun, was inspired by her family's battle against racial segregation in Chicago.
Lorraine Hansberry was the youngest of four children of Carl Augustus Hansberry, a successful real estate broker, and Nannie Louise Perry. In 1938, her father bought a house in the Washington Park Subdivision of the South Side of Chicago, violating a restrictive covenant and incurring the wrath of many neighbors. The latter's legal efforts to force the Hansberrys out culminated in 1940 with Hansberry v. Lee, in which the U.S. Supreme Court held the particular racially-restrictive covenant in the case to be contestable (but not inherently invalid).[citation needed]
Hansberry attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison, but found college uninspiring and left in 1950 to pursue her career as a writer in New York City, where she attended The New School. She worked on the staff of the black newspaper Freedom under the auspices of Paul Robeson, and worked with W. E. B. DuBois, whose office was in the same building.A Raisin in the Sun was written at this time, and was a huge success. It was the first play written by an African-American woman to be produced on Broadway. Aged 29, she became the youngest American playwright and only the fifth woman to receive the New York Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Play. While many of her other writings were published in her lifetime - essays, articles, and the text for the SNCC book The Movement, the only other play given a contemporary production was The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window.
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Lou Usher
Louis Childs "Lou" Usher (June 27, 1897 – January 1, 1927) was a professional American football player who played offensive lineman for five seasons for the Rochester Jeffersons, Chicago Bears, Hammond Pros, Kenosha Maroons, and Milwaukee Badgers.
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Margaret Webster
Margaret Webster (March 15, 1905 - November 13, 1972) was an American-born theater actress, producer and director. Through her parents, she held dual US/UK citizenship.
Margaret Webster was born in New York City, the daughter of two famous actors, Ben Webster and Dame May Whitty. She spent the early part of her career in England, where she became well known in the theatre. She worked for several established theatrical companies, including from 1929-1930 at the Old Vic[1].
She returned to the US in 1937 and began an impressive run directing the play, Richard II with Maurice Evans in the title role. They formed a partnership that lasted until 1942, with Webster directing Evans in Broadway productions of Hamlet, Twelfth Night and Henry IV, Part I. It was while she was directing Hamlet in 1938 that she began her long romantic relationship with actress Eva Le Gallienne.[citation needed]
When Evans joined the army, Webster continued to have success directing classical plays on Broadway, notably The Cherry Orchard (1944) starring Le Gallienne, and her greatest triumph, Othello (1943), starring Paul Robeson in the title role and Jose Ferrer as Iago, which ran for 296 performances, by far the longest run of a Shakespearean production on Broadway, a record that has not been remotely approached since. She also played the role of Emilia in the production.
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Maria Louisa Bustill
Maria Louisa Bustill Robeson (November 8, 1853 – January 20, 1904) was a Quaker schoolteacher; the wife of the Reverend William Drew Robeson of Witherspoon Church in Princeton, New Jersey and the mother of Paul Robeson and his siblings.
She was born in 1853 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Charles Hicks Bustill (1816-1890) and Emily Robinson (c. 1815-before 1860). She was of mixed Igbo African, Lenni-Lenape Native American, and Anglo-American descent, born into a prominent black Quaker family. Her siblings include: Samuel Bustill (1841-?); George Bustill (1847-?); Desaline Bustill (1848-?); and Mary Bustill (1854-?). After her mother Emily died some time before July 3, 1860, Charles remarried a woman whose first name was Catherine (1808-?). In 1870 Charles and his sons were working as expressmen in Philadelphia.
The Bustill family was part of the black bourgeoisie of Philadelphia; in the 1870s, Louisa attended Lincoln University. There she met and married William Drew Robeson I (1845-1918) in 1878. They had several children, and Louisa continued to teach school for many years while her husband served as minister of a black church in Princeton. They both emphasized education and advancement to their children.
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Marie Seton
Marie Seton (20 March 1910 - 17 February 1985) was an actress, art, theatre and film critic and biographer of Sergei Eisenstein, Paul Robeson, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Satyajit Ray.
In 1935 Seton helped to establish the reputation of Jamaican sculptor Ronald Moody.
In 1936, she helped her friend C.L.R. James, the Trinidadian writer and radical political activist, to put on his play about the Haitian Revolution, Toussaint Louverture, which starred Paul Robeson in the title role, with the Stage Society.
Seton's reconstruction of Sergei Eisenstein’s projected epic, ¡Que viva México!, as a film released in 1939 entitled Time in the Sun, is considered by many critics as probably nearest to Eisenstein's concept because of her close relationship with the filmmaker.
She was a regular contributor to Sight and Sound and other publications.
In the late 1930s she became part of the circle of P. D. Ouspensky and later worked for him after his move to New York.
According to her friend, Pamela Cullen, Seton "had a fascination for India and as a young woman she had been introduced to India’s fight for independence by one of India’s greatest political figures, Krishna Menon, who was then a struggling lawyer in London. She also had family associations with India through her father, who had served as an officer in the Indian Army and been seriously wounded during one of the many uprisings of the period".
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Martin Duberman
Martin Bauml Duberman (born August 6, 1930) is an American historian, playwright, and gay-rights activist. He is Professor of History Emeritus at Lehman College and the Graduate School of the City University of New York and was the founder of the Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies at the CUNY Graduate School. He has authored over twenty books including James Russell Lowell (a National Book Award finalist), Paul Robeson, Stonewall, and the memoir Cures: A Gay Man's Odyssey. He is also a neoabolitionist scholar, as evidenced by his edited collection of essays, The Antislavery Vanguard. Reputedly, his play In White America won the Vernon Rice/Drama Desk Award for Best Off-Broadway Production in 1963.
In 1968, he signed the “Writers and Editors War Tax Protest” pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War. Around the same time, he wrote an article in the Partisan Review "criticiz[ing] SNCC and CORE for being 'anarchists,' for rejecting the authority of the state, for insisting that community be voluntary, and for stressing, along with SDS, participatory instead of representative democracy." He wrote that:
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Mary Hoyt Wiborg
Mary Hoyt Wiborg (January 28, 1888 - 1964) was a New York City socialite. She wrote the play Taboo in 1922 that starred Paul Robeson.
She was born on January 28, 1888 to Frank Bestow Wiborg in Cincinnati. She had two sisters, Olga Wiborg and Sara Sherman Wiborg. Olga married Sidney Webster Fish, the son of Stuyvesant Fish on September 18, 1915 in St. Luke's Episcopal Church in Easthampton, New York. The family moved to New York City and Frank became the Assistant Secretary of Commerce and Labor.
She died in 1964.
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Mary of Teck
Mary of Teck (Victoria Mary Augusta Louise Olga Pauline Claudine Agnes; 26 May 1867 – 24 March 1953) was the queen consort of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Empress of India, as the wife of King-Emperor George V.
Although technically a princess of Teck, in the Kingdom of Württemberg, she was born and brought up in the United Kingdom. Her parents were Francis, Duke of Teck, who was of German extraction, and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, a member of the British Royal Family. To her family, she was informally known as "May", after her birth month. At the age of 24 she was betrothed to Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale, the eldest son of the Prince of Wales, but six weeks after the announcement of the engagement he died unexpectedly of pneumonia. The following year she became engaged to Albert Victor's next surviving brother, George, who subsequently became king. Before her husband's accession she was successively Duchess of York, Duchess of Cornwall and Princess of Wales. As his queen consort from 1910, she supported her husband through the First World War, his ill-health and major political changes arising from the aftermath of the war and the rise of socialism and nationalism. After George's death in 1936, her eldest son Edward became King-Emperor, but to her dismay he abdicated the same year in order to marry twice-divorced American socialite Mrs. Wallis Simpson. She supported her second son, Albert, who succeeded to the throne as George VI, until his death in 1952. She died the following year, at the beginning of the reign of her granddaughter, Elizabeth II. Briefly, there were three queens in the country: Mary; her daughter-in-law, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother; and Elizabeth II.
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Max Yergan
Max Yergan (1892 in Raleigh, North Carolina – 1975) was an African American activist notable for being a Baptist missionary for the YMCA, then a Communist working with Paul Robeson, and finally a staunch anti-Communist who complimented the government of apartheid-era South Africa for that part of their program. He was a mentor of Govan Mbeki, who later achieved distinction in the African National Congress. He served as the second president of the National Negro Congress, a coalition of hundreds of African-American organizations created in 1935 by religious, labor, civic and fraternal leaders to fight racial discrimination, establish relations with black organizations throughout the world, and oppose the deportation of black immigrants. Along with Paul Robeson, he co-founded the International Committee on African Affairs in 1937, later the Council on African Affairs.
Dr. Yergan came to South Africa in 1920 as a missionary for the YMCA. He was the first African American to do YMCA work in South Africa. As a YMCA activist he was interested in improving social work in the nation and this influenced the founding of the Jan H. Hofmeyr School of Social Work. As a whole his experiences in South Africa radicalized him to the point he came to desire a more radical direction for the YMCA than it was willing to accept. After attempts to radicalize the YMCA failed he resigned from the organization in 1936 and became committed to Marxism.
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Māori people
The Māori (Māori pronunciation: [ˈmaːɔɾi], English: /ˈmaʊəri/) are the indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand. The Māori originated with settlers from eastern Polynesia, who arrived in New Zealand in several waves of canoe voyages at some time before 1300 CE. Over several centuries in isolation, the Polynesian settlers developed a unique culture that became known as the "Māori", with their own language, a rich mythology, distinctive crafts and performing arts. Early Māori formed tribal groups, based on eastern Polynesian social customs and organisation. Horticulture flourished using plants they introduced, and later a prominent warrior culture emerged.
The arrival of Europeans to New Zealand starting from the 17th century brought enormous change to the Māori way of life. Māori people gradually adopted many aspects of Western society and culture. Initial relations between Māori and Europeans were largely amicable, and with the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 the two cultures coexisted as part of a new British colony. Rising tensions over disputed land sales led to conflict in the 1860s. Social upheaval, decades of conflict and epidemics of introduced disease took a devastating toll on the Māori population, which went into a dramatic decline. But by the start of the 20th century the Māori population had begun to recover, and efforts were made to increase their standing in wider New Zealand society. Traditional Māori culture has enjoyed a revival, and a protest movement emerged in the 1960s advocating Māori issues.
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Nelson Mandela
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (Xhosa pronunciation: [xoˈliːɬaɬa manˈdeːla]; born 18 July 1918) is a South African politician who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, the first ever to be elected in a fully representative democratic election. Before being elected President, Mandela was a militant anti-apartheid activist, and the leader and co-founder of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC). In 1962 he was arrested and convicted of sabotage and other charges, and sentenced to life imprisonment. Mandela went on to serve 27 years in prison, spending many of these years on Robben Island. Following his release from prison on 11 February 1990, Mandela led his party in the negotiations that led to the establishment of democracy in 1994. As President, he frequently gave priority to reconciliation, while introducing policies aimed at combating poverty and inequality in South Africa.
In South Africa, Mandela is often known as Madiba, his Xhosa clan name; or as tata (Xhosa: father). Mandela has received more than 250 awards over four decades.
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Nigger
Nigger is a noun in the English language, most notable for its usage in a pejorative context to refer to black people (generally people of Sub-Saharan African descent), and also as an informal slang term, among other contexts. It is a common ethnic slur, and suggests that its target is extremely unsophisticated. The word originated as a term used in a neutral context to refer to black people, as a variation of the Spanish/Portuguese noun negro, a descendant of the Latin adjective niger (“color black”).
The variants neger and negar, derive from the Spanish and Portuguese word negro (black), and from the now-pejorative French nègre (nigger). Etymologically, negro, noir, nègre, and nigger ultimately derive from nigrum, the stem of the Latin niger (black) (pronounced [ˈniɡer] which, in every other grammatical case, grammatical gender, and grammatical number besides nominative masculine singular, is nigr-, the r is trilled).
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Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (April 15 [O.S. April 3] 1894, – September 11, 1971) led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the partial de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the early Soviet space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy. Khrushchev's party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Premier.
Khrushchev was born in the Russian village of Kalinovka in 1894, close to the present-day border between Russia and Ukraine. He was employed as a metalworker in his youth, and during the Russian Civil War was a political commissar. With the help of Lazar Kaganovich, he worked his way up the Soviet hierarchy. He supported Joseph Stalin's purges, and approved thousands of arrests. In 1939, Stalin sent him to govern Ukraine, and he continued the purges there. During what was known in the Soviet Union as the Great Patriotic War (Eastern Front of World War II), Khrushchev was again a commissar, serving as an intermediary between Stalin and his generals. Khrushchev was present at the bloody defense of Stalingrad, a fact he took great pride in throughout his life. After the war, he returned to Ukraine before being recalled to Moscow as one of Stalin's close advisers.
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Oscar Micheaux
Oscar Devereaux Micheaux (January 2, 1884 – March 25, 1951) was an American author, film director and independent producer of more than 44 films. Although the short-lived Lincoln Motion Picture Company produced some films, he is regarded as the first major African-American feature filmmaker, the most successful African-American filmmaker of the first half of the twentieth century and the most prominent producer of race films. He produced both silent films and "talkies" after the industry changed to incorporate speaking actors.
Micheaux was born on a farm in Metropolis, Illinois on January 2, 1884 He was the fifth child born to Calvin S. Michaux and Belle Michaux, who had a total of thirteen. In his later years, Micheaux added the “e” to his last name. Calvin Michaux was originally from Kentucky, and his father had been a slave. The family appeared to have been associated with French colonists because of its surname, possibly French Huguenots who had settled in Virginia in 1700, and whose descendants took slaves west migrated into Kentucky.
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Ossie Davis
Ossie Davis (born Raiford Chatman Davis, December 18, 1917 – February 4, 2005) was an Emmy Award winning and Grammy nominated, African- American film, television and Broadway actor, director, poet, playwright, author, and social activist.
Davis was born Raiford Chatman Davis in Cogdell, Clinch County, Georgia, a son of Kince Charles Davis, a railway construction engineer, and his wife Laura (née Cooper). The name Ossie came from a county clerk who misheard his mother's pronunciation of his initials "R.C." when he was born. So he inadvertently became "Ossie" when his mother told the courthouse clerk in Clinch River, Ga., who was filing his birth certificate that his name was R.C. Davis. Davis experienced racism from an early age as the KKK threatened to shoot his father, whose job they felt was too advanced for a black man to have. Following the wishes of his parents, he attended Howard University but dropped out in 1939 to fulfill his acting career in New York; he later attended Columbia University School of General Studies. His acting career, which spanned seven decades, began in 1939 with the Rose McClendon Players in Harlem. He made his film debut in 1950 in the Sidney Poitier film No Way Out. He voiced Anansi the spider on the PBS children's television series Sesame Street in its animation segments.
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Paul Robeson
Paul Leroy Robeson ( /ˈroʊbsən/ ROHB-sən April 9, 1898 – January 23, 1976) was an American singer and actor who was a political activist for the Civil Rights Movement. His disaffection with the policies of the United States (US) government, post-World War II and during McCarthyism, and his simultaneous advocation of the policies of the Soviet Union, brought retribution from the executive branch of the US government and scrutiny from the United States Congress. Though internationally acclaimed, he was subsequently blacklisted in the US from performing artistically and was not permitted to travel overseas. His right to travel was restored in 1958, but his health had broken down under controversial circumstances. Thereafter, he remained defiant and refused to admit any of his denunciations of US policy, or his support of the Soviet Union, was incorrect.
Early in his life, he won a scholarship to Rutgers University, where he was an football All-American and the class valedictorian. He subsequently graduated from Columbia Law School while playing professionally in the National Football League (NFL) and singing and acting in off-campus productions. After graduation, he worked briefly as a lawyer before focusing on the arts and becoming a popular figure on the acting stage.
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Peggy Ashcroft
Dame Peggy Ashcroft, DBE (22 December 1907 – 14 June 1991) was an English actress.
Born as Edith Margaret Emily Ashcroft in Croydon, Surrey, Ashcroft attended the Woodford School, Croydon and the Central School of Speech and Drama. A prolific stage actress from a young age, she first gained notoriety playing Naemi in Jew Suss in 1929, and Desdemona opposite Paul Robeson's Othello two years later, during which time the two had a brief affair.
Stardom came in 1934 when she played Juliet in a legendary production of Romeo and Juliet, at the New Theatre, in which Laurence Olivier and John Gielgud alternated in the roles of Romeo and Mercutio. She and Gielgud would later be acclaimed as Beatrice and Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing, which they played together a number of times, including a London engagement and European tour for the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in 1955 (she also played Cordelia to his King Lear during that tour). When she first played Beatrice with him in 1950, Gielgud found her performance "a revelation - an impish, rather tactless girl with a curious resemblance to Bea Lillie," while a teenage Peter Hall observed in her "English containment and decency, contrasted with a wild passion." She stayed at the top of the British theatrical profession throughout her career, with some of the highlights Three Sisters (1937) in which she played Irina, The Heiress (1949), Antony and Cleopatra (1953), As You Like It and Cymbeline (as Imogen) (1957), The Taming of the Shrew (1960), and The War of the Roses, the Royal Shakespeare Company's massive landmark compendium of the three Henry VI plays and Richard III, directed by Peter Hall for the RSC in 1963. Her last appearances for the RSC were as the Countess of Rousillon in Trevor Nunn's 1981 All's Well That Ends Well, a "perfect…performance" according to Financial Times critic Bertram Young, and in a revival of The Hollow Crown for a gala performance at The Swan on 22 June 1986.
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Peggy Parratt
George Watson "Peggy" Parratt was a professional football player who played in the "Ohio League" prior to it becoming a part of the National Football League. Born in Cleveland, Ohio, Parratt played for quarterback for the Shelby Blues, Lorain Pros, Massillon Tigers, Massillon All-Stars, Franklin Athletic Club of Cleveland, Akron Indians and the Cleveland Tigers between 1905 and 1916.
Parratt played college football at Case Western University. During his time at Case, he became a 3-time All-Ohio college star. However in 1905, he risked his amateur standing by playing professional ball on Sundays for the Shelby Blues. To hide his identity from the media and school officials, Parratt played under the name "Jimmy Murphy" and used a nose guard to conceal his face. However just weeks after his first game for Shelby, the Cleveland newspapers revealed that "Murphy" was really Peggy Parratt, in disguise. Soon afterwards Parratt was called in for questioning by the chairman of the Case University Athletic Board, Professor Arthur S. Wright. During the interview, Parratt openly admitted to breaking the amateur code. He was then barred from all further intercollegiate play at Case. At this time, Parratt was also a star basketball and baseball player for Case and was removed from those teams as well.
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Pete Henry
Wilbur Francis "Pete" Henry (October 31, 1897 – February 7, 1952) was a professional American football player and coach in the National Football League. He later worked for more than 20 years as athletic director and occasional football coach at Washington & Jefferson College, his alma mater.
Henry attended college at Washington & Jefferson, where he was an All-American tackle. In 1919, the reigning national champion Pittsburgh Panthers argued that Henry was an ineligible college player and refused to play against him. A gentleman's agreement among all college teams generally allowed players, like Henry, whose 1918 seasons were cut short by mandatory training for World War I to play. In fact, Pitt played several other teams with similarly situated players on several teams without complaint. The Panthers' stand caused an outcry among the local press and the Pitt alumni, but Henry agreed to sit out the game. In the end, Pitt won the game 7–6. In his later years, Henry was not one to keep souvenirs, but he did keep the program from that game.
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Pete Seeger
Peter "Pete" Seeger (born May 3, 1919) is an American folk singer and an iconic figure in the mid-20th-century American folk music revival. A fixture on nationwide radio in the 1940s, he also had a string of hit records during the early 1950s as a member of The Weavers, most notably their recording of Lead Belly's "Goodnight, Irene", which topped the charts for 13 weeks in 1950. Members of The Weavers were blacklisted during the McCarthy Era. In the 1960s, he re-emerged on the public scene as a prominent singer of protest music in support of international disarmament, civil rights, and environmental causes.
As a song writer, he is best known as the author or co-author of "Where Have All the Flowers Gone?", "If I Had a Hammer (The Hammer Song)", (composed with Lee Hays of The Weavers), and "Turn, Turn, Turn!", which have been recorded by many artists both in and outside the folk revival movement and are still sung throughout the world. "Flowers" was a hit recording for The Kingston Trio (1962); Marlene Dietrich, who recorded it in English, German and French (1962); and Johnny Rivers (1965). "If I Had a Hammer" was a hit for Peter, Paul & Mary (1962) and Trini Lopez (1963), while The Byrds popularized "Turn, Turn, Turn!" in the mid-1960s, as did Judy Collins in 1964, and The Seekers in 1966. Seeger was one of the folksingers most responsible for popularizing the spiritual "We Shall Overcome" (also recorded by Joan Baez and many other singer-activists) that became the acknowledged anthem of the 1960s American Civil Rights Movement, soon after folk singer and activist Guy Carawan introduced it at the founding meeting of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in 1960. In the PBS "American Masters" episode Pete Seeger: The Power of Song, Seeger states it was he who changed the lyric from the traditional "We will overcome" to the more singable "We shall overcome".
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Ralph Waldsmith
Ralph George "Fat" Waldsmith (August 7, 1892 – June 7, 1925) was a professional football player during the early years of the National Football League. Waldsmith won an NFL championship with the Canton Bulldogs in 1922. before that season, he played for the Cleveland Indians in the American Professional Football Association, which was the run-up to the NFL.
Prior to playing the NFL, Waldsmith played in the Ohio League with the Akron Indians in 1914, alongside Knute Rockne. He played in every game that season. In 1916 and 1917, Ralph won the Ohio League championship with the Canton Bulldogs. In 1919 Waldsmith was the coach and co-owner of the Akron Indians. That year he signed Fritz Pollard to play for Akron ao that the team could compete against the Massillon Tigers and Canton.
In 1978, Waldsmith was inducted into the University of Akron's Varsity “A” Sports Hall of Fame.
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Red Dunn
Joseph "Red" Dunn (June 21, 1901 – January 15, 1957) was a professional American football player who played running back and was an exceptional punter for eight seasons for the Milwaukee Badgers, Chicago Cardinals, and Green Bay Packers. He was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame in 1976. He is the grandfather of Arena Football League quarterback Jason Gesser. [1] Named “Red” for the color of his hair, Dunn possessed an equally colorful personality. He earned five letters competing in football, basketball and baseball at Marquette Academy. Dunn later attended Marquette University, earning All-America honors while leading the “Golden Avalanche” in 1922 and 1923 to a 17-0-1 record. While a Packer, he served as Curly Lambeau’s “field general” for the 1929, 1930 and 1931 NFL Champions. He later returned to coaching, assisting Frank Murray at Marquette University (1932–40). He is a member of the Green Bay Packers and the Wisconsin Sports Hall of Fame.
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Ridgely Torrence
Frederic Ridgely Torrence (Nov. 27, 1874 Xenia, Ohio - Dec. 25, 1950 New York City) was an American poet, and editor.
Son of Findley David Torrence and Mary Ridgely Torrence.
He attended Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, and Princeton University.
In the late 1890s he settled in Greenwich Village, in New York City, working as a librarian and becoming part of a circle of poets that included E. A. Robinson, William Vaughn Moody, and Robert Frost.Edmund Clarence Stedman helped him revise The House of a Hundred Lights.
He was the fiction editor at Cosmopolitan magazine, from 1905 to 1907.
The verse plays, showing the influence of John Millington Synge, showed realistic portrayals of African Americans, and a revolt against their station in society.
He was poetry editor of New Republic (1920–33), mentoring Louise Bogan.
He also organized the National Survey of the Negro Theater (1939), for the Rockefeller Foundation.
His papers are held at Princeton.
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Roland Hayes
Roland Hayes (June 3, 1887 – January 1, 1977) was a lyric tenor and is considered the first African American male concert artist to receive wide international acclaim as well as at home. Critics lauded his abilities and linguistic skills with songs in French, German and Italian.
Hayes was born in Curryville, Georgia, near Calhoun, on June 3, 1887, to Fanny and William Hayes, who were former slaves. When Hayes was eleven his father died, and his mother moved the family to Chattanooga, Tennessee. William Hayes claimed to have some Cherokee ancestry, while his maternal great-grandfather, Aba Ougi (also known as Charles) was a chieftain from Côte d'Ivoire. Aba Ougi was captured and shipped to America in 1790. Hayes was a singer trained with Arthur Calhoun in Chattanooga as well as at Fisk University in Nashville. As a student he began publicly performing, touring with the Fisk Jubilee Singers in 1911. He furthered his studies in Boston with Arthur Hubbard. During his period studying with Hubbard he was a messenger at the Hancock Life Insurance Company to support himself. Then in London he studied with George Henschel and Amanda Ira Aldridge.
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Roy Wilkins
Roy Wilkins (August 30, 1901 – September 8, 1981) was a prominent civil rights activist in the United States from the 1930s to the 1970s. Wilkins' most notable role was in his leadership of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Born in St. Louis, Missouri, Wilkins graduated from the University of Minnesota with a degree in sociology in 1923. He worked as a journalist at The Minnesota Daily and became editor of St. Paul Appeal, an African-American newspaper. After he graduated he became the editor of the The Call (Kansas City). In 1929, he married social worker Aminda "Minnie" Badeau; the couple had no children.
Between 1931 and 1934, Wilkins was assistant NAACP secretary under Walter Francis White. When W. E. B. Du Bois left the organization in 1934, he replaced him as editor of The Crisis, the official magazine of the NAACP. From 1949–50 Wilkins chaired the National Emergency Civil Rights Mobilization, which comprised more than 100 local and national groups.
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Sergei Eisenstein
Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein (23 January 1898 – 11 February 1948), né Eizenshtein, was a pioneering Soviet Russian film director and film theorist, often considered to be the "Father of Montage". He is noted in particular for his silent films Strike (1924), Battleship Potemkin (1925) and October (1927), as well as the historical epics Alexander Nevsky (1938) and Ivan the Terrible (1944, 1958).
Eisenstein was born to a middle-class family in Riga, Latvia but his family moved frequently in his early years, as Eisenstein continued to do throughout his life. His father Mikhail Osipovich Eisenstein was of German-Jewish and Swedish descent, and his mother, Julia Ivanovna Konetskaya, was from a Russian Orthodox family. His father was an architect and his mother was the daughter of a prosperous merchant. Julia left Riga the same year as the Russian Revolution (1905), bringing Sergei with her to St. Petersburg. Her son would return at times to see his father, who later moved to join them around 1910.Divorce followed and Julia deserted the family to live in France.
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Sidney Poitier
Sir Sidney Poitier, KBE ( /ˈpwɑːtjeɪ/ or /ˈpwɑːti.eɪ/; born February 20, 1927) is a Bahamian American actor, film director, author, and diplomat.
In 1963, Poitier became the first black person to win an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Lilies of the Field. The significance of this achievement was later bolstered in 1967 when he starred in three well-received films To Sir, with Love; In the Heat of the Night; and Guess Who's Coming to Dinner, making him the top box office star of that year. In all three films, issues revolve around the race of the characters Poitier portrays. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Poitier among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, ranking 22nd on the list of 25.
Poitier has directed a number of popular movies such as A Piece of the Action; Uptown Saturday Night, and Let's Do It Again (with friend Bill Cosby), and Stir Crazy (starring Richard Pryor and Gene Wilder). In 2002, 38 years after receiving the Best Actor Award, Poitier was chosen by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to receive an Honorary Award, designated "To Sidney Poitier in recognition of his remarkable accomplishments as an artist and as a human being." Since 1997 he has been the Bahamian ambassador to Japan. On August 12, 2009, Sidney Poitier was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States of America's highest civilian honor, by President Barack Obama.
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Simon of Cyrene
Simon of Cyrene (שמעון "Hearkening; listening", Standard Hebrew Šimʿon, Tiberian Hebrew Šimʿôn) was the man compelled by the Romans to carry the cross of Jesus as Jesus was taken to his crucifixion, according to all three Synoptic Gospels
By contrast, the Gospel of John does not mention Simon, saying only that Jesus carried the cross himself, or carried his own cross (John 19:17). This may mean that Jesus received no assistance on the journey to Calvary; or it may be that John wished to emphasise that Jesus took the load of the cross and therefore of the sins of mankind upon himself.
Because his home town, Cyrene, Libya, was located in northern Africa, a connection arose making Simon of Cyrene the first saintly Christian. Cyrene, a Greek colony, also had a Jewish community where 100,000 Judean Jews had settled during the reign of Ptolemy Soter (323-285 BC) and was an early center of Christianity. The Cyrenian Jews had a synagogue in Jerusalem, where many went for annual feasts. Tradition states his sons Rufus and Alexander became missionaries; the inclusion of their names in Mark suggests that they were of some standing in the Early Christian community at Rome. It has even been suggested that the Rufus mentioned by Paul in Romans 16:13 is the son of Simon of Cyrene. Some also link Simon himself with the "men of Cyrene" who preached the Gospel to the Greeks in Acts 11:20. On the other hand, Simon's name does not prove he was Jewish, and Alexander and Rufus were both common names and may have referred to others.
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Smith Act
The Alien Registration Act of 1940 (Smith Act, 76th United States Congress, 3d session, ch. 439, 54 Stat. 670, 18 U.S.C. § 2385, enacted June 29, 1940) is a United States federal statute that set criminal penalties for advocating the overthrow of the U.S. government and required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government.
The Act is best known for its use against political organizations and figures, with approximately 215 Americans indicted under terms of the legislation, including alleged communists, Trotskyists, and fascists. Prosecutions continued under the Smith Act until a series of United States Supreme Court decisions in 1957 reversed a number of convictions so obtained as unconstitutional. The statute has not been repealed.
The Act was proposed by Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia, a Democrat and a leader of the "anti-labor" bloc of congressmen. The bill was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
The Act set federal criminal penalties that included fines or imprisonment for as long as twenty years and denied all employment by the federal government for five years following a conviction for anyone who:
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Solomon Mikhoels
Solomon (Shloyme) Mikhoels (16 March [O.S. 4 March] 1890 – January 12/13, 1948) was a Soviet Jewish actor and the artistic director of the Moscow State Jewish Theater. Mikhoels served as the chairman of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee during the Second World War. However, as Joseph Stalin pursued an increasingly anti-Semitic line after the War, Mikhoels' position as a leader of the Jewish community led to increasing persecution from the Soviet state. In 1948, Mikhoels was murdered on the orders of Stalin and his body was run over to create the impression of a traffic accident.
Born Shloyme Vovsi in Dvinsk (now Daugavpils, Latvia), Mikhoels studied law in Saint Petersburg, but left school in 1918 to join Alexander Granovsky's Jewish Theater Workshop, which was attempting to create a national Jewish theater in Russia based on the Yiddish language. Two years later, in 1920, the workshop moved to Moscow, where it established the Moscow State Jewish Theater. This was in keeping with Vladimir Lenin's policy on nationalities, which encouraged them to pursue and develop their own cultures under the aegis of the Soviet state.
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Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict fought in Spain from 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939. The war began after a pronunciamiento (declaration of opposition) by a group of generals under the leadership of José Sanjurjo against the elected government of the Second Spanish Republic, at the time under the leadership of President Manuel Azaña. The rebel coup was supported by a number of conservative groups including the Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right, monarchists such as the religious conservative Carlists, and the Fascist Falange. The uprising was authoritarian and anti-separatist in inspiration; anti-Basque and anti-Catalan feeling marked the Nationalist zone.
Following the only partially successful coup, Spain was left militarily and politically divided. From that moment onwards, general Francisco Franco began a protracted war of attrition against the established government for the control of the country. The rebel forces received the support of Nazi Germany and the Kingdom of Italy, as well as neighbouring Portugal, while the Soviet Union and Mexico intervened in support of the Republican government or loyalist side.
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The Crisis
The Crisis is the official magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and was founded in 1910 by W. E. B. Du Bois (editor), Oswald Garrison Villard, J. Max Barber, Charles Edward Russell, Kelly Miller, W.S. Braithwaite, M. D. Maclean.
The original title of the journal was The Crisis: A Record of The Darker Races. From 1997 to 2003, it appeared as The New Crisis: The Magazine of Opportunities and Ideas, but the title has since reverted to The Crisis. The title derives from the poem "The Present Crisis" by James Russell Lowell. Published monthly, by 1920 its circulation had reached 100,000 copies. Du Bois proclaimed his intentions in his first editorial:
Predominantly a current-affairs journal, The Crisis also included poems, reviews, and essays on culture and history. Du Bois' initial position as editor was in line with the NAACP's liberal programme of social reform and racial equality, but by the 1930s Du Bois was advocating a form of black separatism. This led to disputes between Du Bois and the NAACP resulting in his resignation as editor in 1934. He was replaced by Roy Wilkins.
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Tom Davies
Thomas J. Davies (October 14, 1896 – February 29, 1972) was an American football player and coach. He played as a halfback at the University of Pittsburgh and was a consensus All-American in 1918 and 1920. After retiring as a player, Davies worked as a football coach for the next 26 years, including stints at the University of Pennsylvania, Geneva College, Allegheny College, the University of Rochester, the Carnegie Institute of Technology, the University of Scranton, and Western Reserve University. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1970.
Davies was a native of Gas City, Indiana. He moved to Washington, Pennsylvania when he was 11 years old. Davies played high school football at Aliquippa High School in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, and at Kiski Preparatory School in Saltsburg, Pennsylvania. Davies was working in a Washington factory when he got the chance to play football at Kiski. A friend refused to accept a football scholarship there unless Davies went along.
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Tony Benn
Anthony Neil Wedgwood "Tony" Benn, PC (born 3 April 1925), formerly 2nd Viscount Stansgate, is a British Labour Party politician, who served as a Member of Parliament (MP) for fifty years, and was also a Cabinet Minister under Harold Wilson and James Callaghan.
His successful campaign to renounce his hereditary peerage was instrumental in the creation of the Peerage Act 1963. In the Labour Government of 1964–1970 he served first as Postmaster General, where he oversaw the opening of the Post Office Tower, and later as a notably "technocratic" Minister of Technology. In the period when the Labour Party was in Opposition, Benn served for a year as the Chairman of the Labour Party. In the Labour Government of 1974–1979, he returned to the Cabinet, initially serving as Secretary of State for Industry, before being made Secretary of State for Energy, retaining his post when James Callaghan replaced Wilson as Prime Minister. During the Labour Party's time in Opposition during the 1980s, he was seen as the party's prominent figure on the left, and the term "Bennite" has come to be used in Britain for someone of a more radical left-wing position.
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Tony Richardson
Cecil Antonio "Tony" Richardson (5 June 1928 – 14 November 1991) was an English theatre and film director and producer.
Richardson was born in Shipley, Yorkshire in 1928, the son of Elsie Evans (Campion) and Clarence Albert Richardson, a chemist. He was Head Boy at Ashville College, Harrogate and attended Wadham College, Oxford, where his contemporaries included Kenneth Tynan, Lindsay Anderson and Gavin Lambert. He had the unprecedented distinction of being elected President of both the Oxford University Dramatic Society and the Experimental Theatre Club (the ETC), in addition to being theatre critic for the university magazine Isis.
In 1955, in his directing début, Richardson produced Jean Giraudoux's The Apollo of Bellac for Television with Denholm Elliott and Natasha Parry in the main roles.
Representative of the British "New Wave" of directors, he developed the ideas that led to the formation of the English Stage Company, along with his close friend George Goetschius and George Devine. He directed John Osborne's seminal play Look Back in Anger at the Court, writing both the theatre and playwright into British theatrical history. In the same period he directed Shakespeare in Stratford-upon-Avon. Then in 1957 he directed Laurence Olivier as Archie Rice in Osborne's The Entertainer, again at the Royal Court.
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Toussaint Louverture
François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture pronunciation (help·info), also Toussaint Bréda, Toussaint-Louverture (c. 1743 – April 7, 1803) was the leader of the Haitian Revolution. His military genius and political acumen led to the establishment of the independent black state of Haiti, transforming an entire society of slaves into a free, self-governing people. The success of the Haitian Revolution shook the institution of slavery throughout the New World.
Toussaint Louverture began his military career as a leader of the 1791 slave rebellion in the French colony of Saint Domingue. Initially allied with the Spaniards of neighboring Santo Domingo, Toussaint switched allegiance to the French when they abolished slavery. He gradually established control over the whole island, expelled British invaders and used political and military tactics to gain dominance over his rivals. Throughout his years in power, he worked to improve the economy and security of Saint Domingue. He restored the plantation system using free labour, negotiated trade treaties with Britain and the United States and maintained a large and well-disciplined army.
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Uta Hagen
Uta Thyra Hagen (12 June 1919 – 14 January 2004) was a German-born American actress and drama teacher. She originated the role of Martha in the 1963 Broadway premiere of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? by Edward Albee (who called her "a profoundly truthful actress"). Hagen was on the Hollywood blacklist, in part because of her association with Paul Robeson, and this curtailed film opportunities, focusing her to perform in New York theaters. She won the Tony Award three times. She later became a highly influential acting teacher at New York's Herbert Berghof Studio and authored best-selling acting texts, Respect for Acting, with Haskel Frankel, and A Challenge for the Actor. She was elected to the American Theatre Hall of Fame in 1981.
Born in Göttingen, Germany, the daughter of Thyra A. (née Leisner) and Oskar Frank Leonard Hagen, Hagen and her family emigrated to the United States in 1924, when her father received a position at Cornell University. She was raised in Madison, Wisconsin. She appeared in productions of the University of Wisconsin High School and in summer stock productions of the Wisconsin Players. She studied acting briefly at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 1936. After spending one semester at the University of Wisconsin, where her father was the head of the department of art history, she left for New York City in 1937. Her first professional role was as Ophelia opposite Eva Le Gallienne in the title role of Hamlet in Dennis, Massachusetts in 1937.
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Walter Camp
Walter Chauncey Camp (April 7, 1859 – March 14, 1925) was an American football player, coach, and sports writer known as the "Father of American Football". With John Heisman, Amos Alonzo Stagg, Pop Warner, Fielding H. Yost, and George Halas, Camp was one of the most accomplished persons in the early history of American football. He played college football at Yale College from 1876 to 1882. Camp served as the head football coach at Yale from 1888 to 1892 before moving to Stanford University, where he coached in December 1892 and in 1894 and 1895. Camp's Yale teams of 1888, 1891, and 1892 have been recognized as national champions. Camp was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1951.
Camp was born in the city of New Britain, Connecticut, the son of Leverett Lee and Ellen Sophia (Cornwell) Camp. He attended Hopkins Grammar School in New Haven, entered Yale College in 1876, and graduated in 1880. At Yale he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and Skull and Bones. He attended Yale Medical School, where his studies were interrupted first by an outbreak of typhoid fever and then by work for the Manhattan Watch Company. He worked for the New Haven Clock Company beginning in 1883, working his way up to chairman of the board of directors.
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Wikipedia Persondata
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Will Paynter
William Thomas Paynter (1903 - 1984) was a Welsh miners' leader involved in the hunger marches of the 1930s.
Paynter was born in Cardiff, where he had a basic education before going to work at a colliery at the age of fourteen. By the age of eighteen, he was working on the coal-face, and soon joined the Communist Party. He was instrumental in setting up the National Unemployed Workers' Movement, and in 1937 he joined the International Brigade to fight in the Spanish Civil War. In 1951 he became President of the South Wales Miners' Federation, and from 1959 to 1969 he was General Secretary of the National Union of Mineworkers. He was also a member of Acas.
He featured in a programme in the BBC television series All Our Working Lives, which was broadcast in the year of his death and discussed the changing nature of the coal industry.
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William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare (baptised 26 April 1564; died 23 April 1616) was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.
Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613 at age 49, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive, and there has been considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, sexuality, religious beliefs, and whether the works attributed to him were written by others.
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Robeson, Paul Filmography
- Out of My Dreams: Oscar Hammerstein II (2012)
- Sing Your Song (2011)
- Johnny Mercer: The Dream's on Me (2009)
- Brush with Life: The Art of Being Edward Biberman (2007)
- Pete Seeger: The Power of Song (2007)
- Our Paul: Remembering Paul Robeson (2007)
- AFI's 100 Years... 100 Songs: America's Greatest Music in the Movies (2004)
- La neuvième (2004)
- TV in Black: The First Fifty Years (2004)
- Freedom Highway: Songs that Shaped a Century (2001)
- Scandalize My Name: Stories from the Blacklist (1998)
- Small Steps, Big Strides: The Black Experience in Hollywood (1998)
- Bolshoi kontsert narodov, ili Dykhanie chein-stoksa (1991)
- That's Black Entertainment (1990)
- The Show Boat Story (1989)
- Musical Comedy Tonight II (1981)
- Paul Robeson: Tribute to an Artist (1979)
- Brother Can You Spare a Dime (1975)
- Black Shadows on the Silver Screen (1975)
- Das Lied der Ströme (1954)
- Native Land (1942)
- Native Land (1942)
- Tales of Manhattan (1942)
- The Proud Valley (1940)
- Land of Liberty (1939)
- Canciones de Madrid (1938)
- Big Fella (1937)
- King Solomon's Mines (1937)
- Jericho (1937)
- Show Boat (1936)
- Song of Freedom (1936)
- Sanders of the River (1935)
- Emperor Jones (1933)
- Borderline (1930)
- Camille (1926)
- Body and Soul (1925)
- Body and Soul (1925)
joy beats oppresion,
but oppression will make you pay,
cause our joy is fleeting while oppression never goes away.. you look them right in the eye,
yea you shout and sing them down,
but joy, our joy, don't really care for fighting
while oppression will just wait around for you to blink.
joy beats oppresion,
but oppression will make you pay.
speak up , black out, black listed, full blooded, red-
he gave us all he could
but when he got tired
and we all get tired
when we ain't thinking so good
when he got tired this country
it took everything damn back
had freed that it god damn could.
bullies will always take back everything they can,
from the joyous, from the free
lucky drunks who don't give a damn
this country will always take back everything it can.
speak up, black out, black listed, full blooded, red
speak up, black out, black listed, full blooded, red
he wasn't in it for hisself
he was in it for you and for me
but he fought it alone
and that just makes you bitter and mean
For a while this could be so good
For tonight we make the rules here inside this club
Me and the girls are here to tell you
they're fucking with you 'cause they want what you have
and that things are really pretty damn funny
and that things aren't really quite so bad
take this one thing with you to work and to school
and to home to mom and to dad
there are moments when you can stop the world
remember that friends don' t be sad
take this one thing with you to work and to school
and to home to mom and to dad
don't hang a man out to dry again,
don't make a man fight it alone again.
speak up, black out, black listed, full blooded, red
speak up, black out, black listed, full blooded, red
Famous quotes by Paul Robeson:
"[Singer Marian Anderson was investigated in 1958 when the State Department considered her for] a top level position. ... typical temperamental musician."
"The patter of their feet as they walk through Jim Crow barriers to attend school is the thunder of the marching men of Joshua, and the world rocks beneath their tread. [on the children of Little Rock]"
"I feel closer to my country than ever. There is no longer a feeling of lonesome isolation. Instead--peace. I return without fearing prejudice that once bothered me . . . for I know that people practice cruel bigotry in their ignorance, not maliciously"
"Yes, I heard my people singing!--in the glow of parlor coal-stove and on summer porches sweet with lilac air, from choir loft and Sunday morning pews--and my soul was filled with their harmonies. Then, too, I heard these songs in the very sermons of my father, for in the Negro's speech there is much of the phrasing and rhythms of folk-song. The great, soaring gospels we love are merely sermons that are sung; and as we thrill to such gifted gospel singers as Mahalia Jackson, we hear the rhythmic eloquence of our preachers, so many of whom, like my father, are masters of poetic speech."
"Freedom is a hard-bought thing and millions are in chains, but they strain toward the new day drawing near."
"As an artist I come to sing, but as a citizen, I will always speak for peace, and no one can silence me in this."
"In my music, my plays, my films, I want to carry always this central idea: to be African."
"I've learned that my people are not the only ones oppressed.. . . I have sung my songs all over the world and everywhere found that some common bond makes the people of all lands take to Negro songs as their own."
"Through my singing and acting and speaking, I want to make freedom ring. Maybe I can touch people's hearts better than I can their minds, with the common struggle of the common man."
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Ol' Man River
- Mighty Lak' a Rose
- Carry Me Back to Green Pastures
- It ain't Necessarily So
- Lazy Bones
- River Stay 'Way From My Door
- Rockin' Chair
- St. Louis Blues
- When it's Sleepy Time Down South
- Little Man You've Had a Busy Day
- Song of the Volga Boatman
- Mood Indigo
- Shortnin' Bread
- Sleepy River
- The Banjo Song
- Just Keepin' On
- Lazin'
- Roll Away Clouds
- Round the Bend of the Road
- Solitude
- A Woman is a Sometime Thing
- Take Me Away From the River
- Canoe Song (from "Sanders of the River")
- Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child
- Deep River
- Land of My Fathers
- Ma Curly Headed Baby
- Mighty Like a Rose
- A Perfect Day
- Swing Low, Sweet Chariot
- The Blind Ploughman
- The Cobbler's Song
- A Woman Is a Sometime Thing
- It Ain't Necessarily So
- It Takes a Long Pull to Get There
- Summertime
- Trees
- All Through the Night
- My Way
- No John No
- Ol' Man River
- Mighty Like a Rose
- Short'nin Bread
- My Curly-Headed Baby
- Ma Lindy Lou
- Mammy's Little Kinky-Headed Boy
- When It's Sleepy Time Down South
- Rockin' Chair
- Mood Indigo
- Wagon Wheels
- Canoe Song
- I Still Suits Me
- Sleepy River
- Water Boy
- Deep River
- Swing Low, Sweet Chariot
- Joshua Fit de Battle ob Jericho
- Hammer Song
- Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child
- All God's Chillun Got Wings
- My Old Kentucky Home
- An Eriskay Love Lilt
- Songs My Mother Taught Me
- Lullaby
- At Dawning
- Jerusalem
- 1952 Peace Arch Introduction
- Opening Remarks by Harvey Murphy
- Paul Robeson's Welcoming Remarks
- Every Time I Feel the Spirit
- Intro to Joe Hill by Harvey Murphy
- Joe Hill
- Loch Lomond
- Intro to No More Auction Block
- No More Auction Block
- Oh No, John
- Love Will Find a Way
- Ol' Man River
- 1953 Introductory Speech
- Didn't My Lord Deliver Daniel
- Go Down Moses
- Jacob's Ladder
- Theme From Beethoven's 9th
- Drink to Me Only With Thine Eyes
- Joe Hill
- Oh Thou Silent Autumn Night
- Scandalize My Name
- Song of the Four Rivers
- Without Thee (Gaelic Folk Song)
- Chin Chin (Chinese Marching Song)
- Speech
- Balm in Gilead
- Chassidic Chant
- From Border to Border
- Oh, How Proud Our Quiet Don
- The Lord God of Abraham
- The Purest Kind of Guy
- Joe Hill
- The Peat-Bog Soldiers
- The Four Insurgent Generals
- Native Land
- Song of the Plains
- Cradle Song
- Within Four Walls
- By an' By
- Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child
- John Henry
- Water Boy
- My Curly Headed Baby
- Mah Lindy Lou
- Wagon Wheels
- The House I Live In
- I Still Suits Me
- Sylvia
- Ol' Man River
- It Ain't Necessarily So
- Ol' Man River
- Roll Away, Clouds
- The Lonesome Road
- Got the South in My Soul
- Hush-A-Bye Lullaby
- Round the Bend of the Road
- Carry Me Back to Green Pastures
- Blue Prelude
- Wagon Wheels
- So Shy
- St. Louis Blues
- Little Man You've Had a Busy Day
- I Ain't Lazy, I'm Just Dreaming
- Shenandoah
- All Through the Night
- Solitude
- Song of the Volga Boatman
- Dear Old Southland
- Nothin'
- A Perfect Day
- Every Time I Feel the Spirit
- Balm in Gilead
- Volga Boat Song
- Monologue From "Othello" (Shakespeare)
- O Thou Silent Night (Alexandrov)
- Chinese Children's Song
- My Curly Headed Baby (Clutsam)
- Old Man River (Kern)
- Going Home (Dvorak)
- Monologue From "Boris Godunov" (Mussorgsky)
- The Orphan (Mussorgsky)
- Christ Lag in Todesbanden (Bach)
- Didn't My Lord Deliver Daniel
- Lullaby (Schubert)
- O No John
- Joe Hill (Robinson)
- Jacob's Ladder
- Chassidic Chant
- Freedom
- O Grieve You Now My Mother
- This Is the Hammer
- All Men Are Brothers (Beethoven)
- Ol' Man River
- Canoe Song
- All God's Chillun Got Wings
- Shortnin' Bread
- Swing Low, Sweet Chariot
- Lazy Bones
- All Through the Night
- Land of My Fathers
- River Stay Away From My Door
- When It's Sleep Time Down South
- Killing Song
- Congo Lullaby
- I Still Suits Me
- Lonesome Road
- Rockin' Chair
- Carry Me Back to Green Pastures
- Old Folks at Home
- Song of the Volga Boatmen
- Joshua Fit' the Battle of Jericho
- Shenandoah
- Mighty Lak' a Rose
- It Ain't Necessarily So
- Water Boy
- David of the White Rock
- The Black Emperor
- Ma Curly-Headed Baby
- Deep River
- Joe Hill
- John Henry
- THe Peat-Bog Soldiers
- Kevin Barry
- The Four Insurgent Generals
- The Purest Kind of Guy
- From Border to Border
- Oh, How Proud Our Quiet Don
- Within Four Walls
- Native Land
- Song of the Plains
- Cradle SOng
- Passing By
- Thosra
- Love at my Heart
- Ebenezer
- Lazini
- Encantadora Maria
- Just A-Wearyin' For You
- St. Louis Blues
- Mah Lindy Lou
- Summertime
- Ol' Man River
- The Little Black Boy
- Mammy
- Nothin
- The Blind Ploughman
- Snowball
- Old Folks At Home
- Poor Old Joe
- Lonesome Road
- Dear Old Southland
- Sleepy Time Down South
- Loch Lomond
- John Henry
- On My Journey
- Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child
- Balm in Gilead
- Star Vicino
- O'Isis and Osiris
- Prayer and Death
- [Spoken excerpt from 1952 Paul Robeson Birthday Celebration, Hartford Avenue Baptist Church, Detroit]
- Every Time I Feel the Spirit
- No More Auction Block for Me
- The House I Live In
- Joe Hill
- Ol' Man River
- Szivenem
- Jerusalem
- Deep River
- Curly Headed Baby
- Water Boy
- All Through the Night
- Danny Boy
- Eriskay Love Lilt
- Chinese Children's Song
- [Comments on Languages and Music of Many Lands]
- Hasidic Chant
- Oh No John
- Ode to Joy
- Dans le printemps de mes annees
- Othello
- Ol' Man River
- Were You There When They Crucified My Lord
- Shortnin' Bread
- Swing Low, Sweet Chariot
- Love Song (from "Sanders of the River")
- Fat Li'l Feller wid His Mammy's Eyes
- Round the Bend of the Road
- Don't You Cry, My Honey
- Take Me Away From the River
- Mighty Lak' a Rose
- Rockin' Chair
- Old Kentucky Home
- Piccaninny Slumber Song
- My Lindy Lou
- My Curly Headed Baby
- Killing Song
- Carry Me Back to Green Pastures
- Lonesome Road
- Get on Board, Little Children
- Just Keepin' On
- St. Louis Blues
- Rockin' Chair
- Mary Had a Baby, Yes, Lord
- Love Song
- All God's Chillun Got Wings
- The Banjo Song
- Bear the Burden
- When It's Sleepy Time Down South
- Killing Song
- High Water
- Lazy Bones
- Carry Me Back to Green Pastures
- Congo Lullaby
- Shortnin' Bread
- Snowball
- Fat Li'l Feller Wid His Mammy's Eyes
- Canoe Song
- River Stay 'way From My Door
- Hammer Song
- Water Me From the Line Rock
- Scandalize My Name
- Jacob's Ladder
- Witness
- Stand Still Jordan
- Takin' Names
- Swing Low, Sweet Chariot
- Hassidic Chant: Kaddish
- Wanderer
- Songs My Mother Taught Me
- VI Azoi Lebt Der Keyser
- The Minstral Boy
- The Orphan
- Zog Nit Keynmol (Song of the Warsaw Ghetto)
- Joe Hill
- No More Auction Block
- Some Day He'll Make It Plain to Me
- Didn't My Lord Deliver Daniel
- Mount Zion
- Let Us Break Bread Together on Our Knees
- Amazing Grace
- Skye Boat Song
- Shlof Mein Kind
- Now Sleeps the Chrimson Petal
- Passing By
- Little Girl
- Kevin Barry
- By 'n' By
- Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child
- John Henry
- Water Boy
- Go Down, Moses
- Balm in Gilead
- Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen
- Joshua Fit de Battle of Jericho
- Swing Low, Sweet Chariot & Every Time I Feel the Spirit
- I Got a Home in dat Rock & Gimme Your Han'
- No More Auction Block & Great Gettin' Up Morning
- Hear de Lam's A-cryin' & Going to Ride Up in de Chariot
- I'll Hear de Trumpet & Ezekial Saw de Wheel
- Poor Wayfarin' Stranger & Hammer Song
- Dere's a Man Goin' Round & I Know de Lord
- Git on Board, Little Chillun & Li'l David
- Ol' Man River
- My Old Kentucky Home
- Water Boy
- Shenandoah
- Swing Low, Sweet Chariot
- Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho
- Rockin' Chair
- Canoe Song
- It Ain't Necessarily So
- Swanee River
- Land of My Fathers
- Love Song
- Deep River
- Climbing Up (The Mountain Song)
- River, Stay 'way From My Door
- Mighty Lak' a Rose
- Ma Curly Headed Baby
- Song of Freedom
- Trees
- Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child
- Ol' Man River
- Steal Away
- Joshua Fit De Battle ob Jericho
- Water Boy
- Swing Low, Sweet Chariot
- Deep River
- Lonesome Road
- Mighty Lak' a Rose
- River, Stay 'Way From My Door
- Rockin' Chair
- When It's Sleepy Time Down South
- Mah Lindy Lou
- My Curly-Headed Baby
- Carry Me Back to Green Pastures
- Lazy Bones
- St. Louis Blues
- Congo Lullaby
- Canoe Song
- Shenandoah
- I Still Suits Me
- Summertime
- It Ain't Necessarily So
- Just A-Wearyin' for You
- Song of the Volga Boatmen
- Little Man, You've Had a Busy Day
- Down in Lover's Lane
- Swing Along
- Bear De Burden / All God's Chillun Got Wings
- Witness
- Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho
- De 'Ole Ark's A-Movering
- Ezekiel Saw the Wheel
- Scandalise My Name
- Sinner Please Doan' Let This Harves' Pass
- Work All de Summer
- Didn't My Lord Deliver Daniel?
- Dere's a Man Goin' Roun' Takin' Names
- Shenandoah
- Little Pal
- Lonesome Road
- Roll Away Clouds
- Ho! Ho!
- Climbing Up
- Song of Freedom
- Sleepy River
- Trees
- No! John No!
- Song of the Volga Boatmen
- There Is a Green Hill
- Nearer, My God, to Thee
- Fat Little Fellow / Mama's Little Baby-Love
- Ballad for Americans
- Spring Song
- Oh, Give Me Your Hand
- Chee La!
- Fengyang
- Chinese Soldiers Song
- Riding the Dragon
- From Border to Border
- Oh, How Proud Our Quiet Don
- The Purest Kind of Guy
- Joe Hill
- The Peat-Bog Soldiers
- The Four Insurgent Generals
- Native Land
- Song of the Plains
- Cradle Song
- Within Four Walls
- Anthem of the USSR
- The United Nations
- By an' By
- Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child
- John Henry
- Water Boy
- Go Down Moses
- Balm in Gilead
- Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen
- Joshua Fit de Battle of Jericho
- Shenandoah
- Deep River
- Go Down, Moses
- On My Journey
- Water Boy
- The Minstrel Boy
- Londonderry Air (Danny Boy)
- Loch Lomond
- Joshua Fought the Battle of Jericho
- Get on Board, Little Children
- Scandalize My Name
- Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child
- Eriskay Love Lilt
- Now Sleeps the Crimson Petal
- Mexican Lullaby
- All Through the Night
- Jerusalem
- Drink to me Only with thine Eyes (To Celia)
- The Four Rivers
- John Brown's Body
- The House I Live In
- Ballad for Americans
- Mammy
- Nothin'
- The Blind Ploughman
- Snowball
- Old Folks at Home
- Poor Old Joe (Old Black Joe)
- Lonesome Road
- Dear Old Southland
- Sleepy Time Down South
- Loch Lomand
- Roll away Clouds
- Ho Ho (Wagon Song)
- Just Keepin' on
- Climbing up
- Down de Lover's Lane
- All through the Night
Born: 1898-04-09
Died: 1976-01-23
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Paul Robeson - Ol' Man River (Showboat - 1936) J.Kern O. Hammerstein II
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
From Showboat's 2nd version (1936) Paul Robeson - Ol' Man River Ol' Man River (Jerome Kern - Oscar Hammerstein II) Lyrics from the Original Libretto Dare's a...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_Ol'_Man_River_Showboat_1936_JKern_O_Hammerstein_II
From Showboat's 2nd version (1936) Paul Robeson - Ol' Man River Ol' Man River (Jerome Kern - Oscar Hammerstein II) Lyrics from the Original Libretto Dare's a...
Paul Robeson, "Joe Hill"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
Robeson singing the famous labor ballad with photo overlay.
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson,_Joe_Hill
Robeson singing the famous labor ballad with photo overlay.
- published: 23 Jul 2009
- views: 209421
- author: Julian O. Long
Paul Robeson - Shenandoah
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
IF YOU LIKE THIS SUBSCRIBE "Oh, Shenandoah, I long to hear you Look away, you rollin' river Oh, Shenandoah, I long to hear you Look away. We're bound away Ac...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_Shenandoah
IF YOU LIKE THIS SUBSCRIBE "Oh, Shenandoah, I long to hear you Look away, you rollin' river Oh, Shenandoah, I long to hear you Look away. We're bound away Ac...
- published: 17 May 2008
- views: 426718
- author: StalinLeninMao
Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child-Paul Robeson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
There's so much to be said about Mr. Robeson. He was an athlete, attorney, incredible singer, movie star and much more. His father was born in slavery but es...
http://wn.com/Sometimes_I_Feel_Like_a_Motherless_Child-Paul_Robeson
There's so much to be said about Mr. Robeson. He was an athlete, attorney, incredible singer, movie star and much more. His father was born in slavery but es...
- published: 12 Dec 2008
- views: 209874
- author: varadero1839
Going Home - Paul Robeson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:08
- Updated: 03 Mar 2013
Magnificent live rendition of the Anton Dvorak adaptation - Going Home. From the live concert at Carnegie Hall in New York, 1958. DISCLAIMER: All rights rese...
http://wn.com/Going_Home_Paul_Robeson
Magnificent live rendition of the Anton Dvorak adaptation - Going Home. From the live concert at Carnegie Hall in New York, 1958. DISCLAIMER: All rights rese...
- published: 02 Oct 2009
- views: 140210
- author: varadero1839
Soviet/ USSR Anthem in English [by Paul Robeson]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
Soviet/ USSR Anthem in English, with Soviet Videos (recorded from Victory Parade of 1945). By Paul Robeson. English lyrics of this version United forever in ...
http://wn.com/Soviet_USSR_Anthem_in_English_by_Paul_Robeson_
Soviet/ USSR Anthem in English, with Soviet Videos (recorded from Victory Parade of 1945). By Paul Robeson. English lyrics of this version United forever in ...
- published: 10 Mar 2007
- views: 1302543
- author: lazarodesouzagomes
Paul Robeson's Moscow Concert.mpg
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 53:30
- Updated: 26 Feb 2013
A great moment of history and song, especially when Robeson publically announces he has seen Isaac Pfeffer, one of Stalin's disappeared persons, The audience...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson's_Moscow_Concertmpg
A great moment of history and song, especially when Robeson publically announces he has seen Isaac Pfeffer, one of Stalin's disappeared persons, The audience...
- published: 21 Jul 2011
- views: 2673
- author: OscarLevant1
Paul Robeson sings for the workers at Sydney Opera House
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
Paul Robeson at St Paul's Cathedral in Londonby Joe Stead 30686 views · 313. Watch Later The House I Live InPaul Robesonby rready555 43607 views · 032. Watch Later Mr Tambourine Man Bob Dylan Untitled H 264 for Apple Devicesby spontaneous45 1785 views · 456. Watch Later Wonderful Voice Mr Paul Robesonby varadero1839 11617 views · 317. Watch Later Paul Robeson Stand Still Jordanby dammir 5871 views · 244. Watch Later Paul Robeson America's low octaveby Spiciu 85536 views ...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_sings_for_the_workers_at_Sydney_Opera_House
Paul Robeson at St Paul's Cathedral in Londonby Joe Stead 30686 views · 313. Watch Later The House I Live InPaul Robesonby rready555 43607 views · 032. Watch Later Mr Tambourine Man Bob Dylan Untitled H 264 for Apple Devicesby spontaneous45 1785 views · 456. Watch Later Wonderful Voice Mr Paul Robesonby varadero1839 11617 views · 317. Watch Later Paul Robeson Stand Still Jordanby dammir 5871 views · 244. Watch Later Paul Robeson America's low octaveby Spiciu 85536 views ...
- published: 14 Nov 2010
- views: 8198
- author: spontaneous45
Paul Robeson - Summertime
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
IF YOU LIKE THIS SUBSCRIBE LYRICS: Summertime and the livin is easy Fish are jumpin and the cotton is high Oh your daddys rich and your ma is good lookin So ...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_Summertime
IF YOU LIKE THIS SUBSCRIBE LYRICS: Summertime and the livin is easy Fish are jumpin and the cotton is high Oh your daddys rich and your ma is good lookin So ...
- published: 17 May 2008
- views: 181343
- author: StalinLeninMao
Paul Robeson - Amazing grace
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 16 Feb 2013
If you have always wanted to hear him sing this, now you can!
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_Amazing_grace
If you have always wanted to hear him sing this, now you can!
- published: 25 Sep 2008
- views: 95333
- author: MusashiTzu
Let My People Go - Paul Robeson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:03
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
Wonderful. Great Job.
http://wn.com/Let_My_People_Go_Paul_Robeson
Paul Robeson - Old Man River
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:10
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
The words of Old Man River were (thankfully) to change many times since the original version was written by Hammerstein and Kerr. The first line "Niggers all...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_Old_Man_River
The words of Old Man River were (thankfully) to change many times since the original version was written by Hammerstein and Kerr. The first line "Niggers all...
- published: 24 Apr 2008
- views: 451453
- author: Joe Stead
Trees by Paul Robeson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:34
- Updated: 01 Mar 2013
Trees, a poem by Joyce Kilmer, is sung here by Paul Robeson (with the incredible bass voice). I love trees, this poem and the strength of Robeson's voice.
http://wn.com/Trees_by_Paul_Robeson
Trees, a poem by Joyce Kilmer, is sung here by Paul Robeson (with the incredible bass voice). I love trees, this poem and the strength of Robeson's voice.
- published: 06 Jan 2010
- views: 24557
- author: Adamfulgence
Paul Robeson - Land Of My Fathers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Updated: 02 Mar 2013
From the compilation An Evening with Paul Robeson the Wales National Anthem performed (in English) by the great singer and actor. Taken from an Emitape mono ...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_Land_Of_My_Fathers
From the compilation An Evening with Paul Robeson the Wales National Anthem performed (in English) by the great singer and actor. Taken from an Emitape mono ...
- published: 11 Mar 2010
- views: 73764
- author: Alberto Truffi
Paul Robeson discusses Othello
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:48
- Updated: 25 Feb 2013
The first black American to play Othello in an American Theatre. New York 1943.
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_discusses_Othello
The first black American to play Othello in an American Theatre. New York 1943.
- published: 12 Apr 2008
- views: 33088
- author: Joe Stead
The Volga Boatmen - sung by Paul Robeson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:43
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
A famous russian song sung by Paul Robeson . The painting belongs to the russian painter Ilya Repin.
http://wn.com/The_Volga_Boatmen_sung_by_Paul_Robeson
A famous russian song sung by Paul Robeson . The painting belongs to the russian painter Ilya Repin.
- published: 10 Feb 2008
- views: 367700
- author: Spiciu
HUAC's Jackie Robinson v Paul Robeson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:37
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
Now Paul Robeson was a star of internaional proportions He the first athleteoperasingerradio personalityactoractivist ever When the government wrongfully labeled him as a commieas if being black wasnt hard enough and took away his livelihood. Reply ... Paul Robeson was a champion and hero for blacks and workers In USSR he was treated as a man He was not discriminated against because of his color He was not belittled Like the 10 Paul Robeson stood up his people and his integrity. Reply ...
http://wn.com/HUAC's_Jackie_Robinson_v_Paul_Robeson
Now Paul Robeson was a star of internaional proportions He the first athleteoperasingerradio personalityactoractivist ever When the government wrongfully labeled him as a commieas if being black wasnt hard enough and took away his livelihood. Reply ... Paul Robeson was a champion and hero for blacks and workers In USSR he was treated as a man He was not discriminated against because of his color He was not belittled Like the 10 Paul Robeson stood up his people and his integrity. Reply ...
- published: 18 Jul 2009
- views: 6760
- author: newtimbuk2
"The House I Live In" (Paul Robeson)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
The original lyrics to this powerful song...Bass Paul Robeson at his best. THE HOUSE I LIVE IN (1947) What is America to me? A name, a map or a flag I see, A...
http://wn.com/The_House_I_Live_In_Paul_Robeson
The original lyrics to this powerful song...Bass Paul Robeson at his best. THE HOUSE I LIVE IN (1947) What is America to me? A name, a map or a flag I see, A...
- published: 13 Apr 2008
- views: 45220
- author: RReady555
Paul Robeson - jerusalem
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Updated: 02 Mar 2013
The most powerful of western basses with the darkest timbre. Along with the most fluid legato and natural beauty of ANY singer I ever heard. And did those fe...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_jerusalem
The most powerful of western basses with the darkest timbre. Along with the most fluid legato and natural beauty of ANY singer I ever heard. And did those fe...
- published: 16 Sep 2008
- views: 63677
- author: MusashiTzu
Paul Robeson - Gloomy Sunday
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
Yet another part of my Gloomy Sunday series! This one is sung by Paul Robeson. This version is the closest english version you can get to the original compos...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_Gloomy_Sunday
Yet another part of my Gloomy Sunday series! This one is sung by Paul Robeson. This version is the closest english version you can get to the original compos...
- published: 08 Jan 2008
- views: 131935
- author: KrysKras666
The Emperor Jones (1933) - Paul Robeson Film
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 72:57
- Updated: 02 Mar 2013
Based on the Eugene O'Neill play of the same name. At a Baptist prayer meeting, the preacher leads a prayer for Brutus Jones, who is leaving to become a rail...
http://wn.com/The_Emperor_Jones_1933_Paul_Robeson_Film
Based on the Eugene O'Neill play of the same name. At a Baptist prayer meeting, the preacher leads a prayer for Brutus Jones, who is leaving to become a rail...
- published: 26 Mar 2012
- views: 5332
- author: riverbends1
Scandalize My Name! - Paul Robeson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:55
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
Mr. Robeson sings the truth, in his own inimitable way, and what a superb rendition! DISCLAIMER: All rights reserved to the production companies and music la...
http://wn.com/Scandalize_My_Name!_Paul_Robeson
Mr. Robeson sings the truth, in his own inimitable way, and what a superb rendition! DISCLAIMER: All rights reserved to the production companies and music la...
- published: 09 Dec 2009
- views: 13911
- author: varadero1839
Vi azoy lebt der kayser? (aka How does the czar live, how does the tsar drink tea?)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
As sung by Paul Robeson, I translated the captions. Enjoy!
http://wn.com/Vi_azoy_lebt_der_kayser?_aka_How_does_the_czar_live,_how_does_the_tsar_drink_tea?
As sung by Paul Robeson, I translated the captions. Enjoy!
- published: 19 Apr 2010
- views: 4833
- author: Jane Peppler
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Paul Robeson Live - The Volga boatmen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:35
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
Much the same as the Kevin Maynor version I posted, but with that unsurpassed legato and vivid coloration that make Robeson so special!
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_Live_The_Volga_boatmen
Much the same as the Kevin Maynor version I posted, but with that unsurpassed legato and vivid coloration that make Robeson so special!
- published: 22 Sep 2008
- views: 8237
- author: MusashiTzu
Going Home - Paul Robeson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:08
- Updated: 03 Mar 2013
Magnificent live rendition of the Anton Dvorak adaptation - Going Home. From the live concert at Carnegie Hall in New York, 1958. DISCLAIMER: All rights rese...
http://wn.com/Going_Home_Paul_Robeson
Magnificent live rendition of the Anton Dvorak adaptation - Going Home. From the live concert at Carnegie Hall in New York, 1958. DISCLAIMER: All rights rese...
- published: 02 Oct 2009
- views: 140210
- author: varadero1839
Paul Robeson One Man show - Brotherhood of Man scene
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:08
- Updated: 24 Dec 2012
From the horrors of the Slave Trade, to the shame of the Holocaust. From the artistic wonders of the Harlem Renaissance, the Jazz- Bebop era. To McCarthyism,...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_One_Man_show_Brotherhood_of_Man_scene
From the horrors of the Slave Trade, to the shame of the Holocaust. From the artistic wonders of the Harlem Renaissance, the Jazz- Bebop era. To McCarthyism,...
- published: 28 Aug 2008
- views: 1116
- author: Ezra Edmond
THE HOUSE I LIVE IN - Paul Robeson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
This is Paul Robeson singing the beautiful and inspiring American patriotic song, "The House I Live In" (also known as "What Is America to Me?"). This song -...
http://wn.com/THE_HOUSE_I_LIVE_IN_Paul_Robeson
This is Paul Robeson singing the beautiful and inspiring American patriotic song, "The House I Live In" (also known as "What Is America to Me?"). This song -...
- published: 07 Jul 2011
- views: 572
- author: TheGoodlucks
THE HOUSE I LIVE IN by Paul Robeson 1948
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
Here's Paul Robeson singing The House I Live In, recorded from a 4 record album set of 78 rpm records by Columbia Masterworks series, released in 1948. Enjoy!
http://wn.com/THE_HOUSE_I_LIVE_IN_by_Paul_Robeson_1948
Here's Paul Robeson singing The House I Live In, recorded from a 4 record album set of 78 rpm records by Columbia Masterworks series, released in 1948. Enjoy!
- published: 08 Mar 2010
- views: 389
- author: cdbpdx
I Go On Singing: Paul Robeson's Life in His Words & Songs live stage show trailer.mov
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Updated: 05 Aug 2012
Once in a lifetime a human being comes along who stands head and shoulders above the rest. Paul Robeson was such a man. An all-American athlete, scholar, int...
http://wn.com/I_Go_On_Singing_Paul_Robeson's_Life_in_His_Words_Songs_live_stage_show_trailermov
Once in a lifetime a human being comes along who stands head and shoulders above the rest. Paul Robeson was such a man. An all-American athlete, scholar, int...
- published: 12 Jul 2012
- views: 1022
- author: tonybrownbaritone
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 1943 sung by Paul Robeson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 26 Feb 2013
The Warsaw Ghetto Rebellion - April 19 - May 16, 1943 Sung by Paul Robeson at the 1949 Moscow Concert (live) in Yiddish and historical pictures of the burnin...
http://wn.com/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_1943_sung_by_Paul_Robeson
The Warsaw Ghetto Rebellion - April 19 - May 16, 1943 Sung by Paul Robeson at the 1949 Moscow Concert (live) in Yiddish and historical pictures of the burnin...
- published: 20 Apr 2009
- views: 43439
- author: avi10024
Vi azoy lebt der kayser? (aka How does the czar live, how does the tsar drink tea?)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
As sung by Paul Robeson, I translated the captions. Enjoy!
http://wn.com/Vi_azoy_lebt_der_kayser?_aka_How_does_the_czar_live,_how_does_the_tsar_drink_tea?
As sung by Paul Robeson, I translated the captions. Enjoy!
- published: 19 Apr 2010
- views: 4833
- author: Jane Peppler
Lil Mister Live @ (Paul Robeson High School).wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:52
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
Rockin shit Leavin shit.
http://wn.com/Lil_Mister_Live_@_Paul_Robeson_High_Schoolwmv
Soviet/ USSR Anthem in English [by Paul Robeson]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
Soviet/ USSR Anthem in English, with Soviet Videos (recorded from Victory Parade of 1945). By Paul Robeson. English lyrics of this version United forever in ...
http://wn.com/Soviet_USSR_Anthem_in_English_by_Paul_Robeson_
Soviet/ USSR Anthem in English, with Soviet Videos (recorded from Victory Parade of 1945). By Paul Robeson. English lyrics of this version United forever in ...
- published: 10 Mar 2007
- views: 1302543
- author: lazarodesouzagomes
Paul Robeson - Old Man River
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:10
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
The words of Old Man River were (thankfully) to change many times since the original version was written by Hammerstein and Kerr. The first line "Niggers all...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_Old_Man_River
The words of Old Man River were (thankfully) to change many times since the original version was written by Hammerstein and Kerr. The first line "Niggers all...
- published: 24 Apr 2008
- views: 451453
- author: Joe Stead
The house I live in - Paul Robeson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
"The House I live in" Sung by Paul Robeson.
http://wn.com/The_house_I_live_in_Paul_Robeson
"The House I live in" Sung by Paul Robeson.
- published: 03 May 2012
- views: 183
- author: liamstarwatcher
Paul Robeson - Ol' Man River (Showboat - 1936) J.Kern O. Hammerstein II
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
From Showboat's 2nd version (1936) Paul Robeson - Ol' Man River Ol' Man River (Jerome Kern - Oscar Hammerstein II) Lyrics from the Original Libretto Dare's a...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_Ol'_Man_River_Showboat_1936_JKern_O_Hammerstein_II
From Showboat's 2nd version (1936) Paul Robeson - Ol' Man River Ol' Man River (Jerome Kern - Oscar Hammerstein II) Lyrics from the Original Libretto Dare's a...
- published: 29 Oct 2008
- views: 1882964
- author: 222pj222
October Revolution - Soviet Anthem by Paul Robeson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:09
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
CPGB-MLs meeting to celebrate the 91st Anniversary of the Great Socialist October Revolution opens with the Soviet national anthem as sung by the late great ...
http://wn.com/October_Revolution_Soviet_Anthem_by_Paul_Robeson
CPGB-MLs meeting to celebrate the 91st Anniversary of the Great Socialist October Revolution opens with the Soviet national anthem as sung by the late great ...
- published: 18 Nov 2008
- views: 18316
- author: ProletarianCPGBML
Paul Robeson, "Joe Hill"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
Robeson singing the famous labor ballad with photo overlay.
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson,_Joe_Hill
Robeson singing the famous labor ballad with photo overlay.
- published: 23 Jul 2009
- views: 209421
- author: Julian O. Long
Anthem Long Live The Soviet Union sung by Paul Robson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Updated: 10 Dec 2012
Long live The Soviet Union sung by Paul Robson.
http://wn.com/Anthem_Long_Live_The_Soviet_Union_sung_by_Paul_Robson
Long live The Soviet Union sung by Paul Robson.
- published: 30 May 2010
- views: 7453
- author: manxmedic
Stogie Kenyatta-The World is my Home-The Life of Paul Robeson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
Stogie Kenyatta-The World is my Home-The Life of Paul Robeson presented by: THE DREDSCOTT HERITAGE FOUNDATION ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI www.thedredscottfoundation....
http://wn.com/Stogie_Kenyatta-The_World_is_my_Home-The_Life_of_Paul_Robeson
Stogie Kenyatta-The World is my Home-The Life of Paul Robeson presented by: THE DREDSCOTT HERITAGE FOUNDATION ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI www.thedredscottfoundation....
- published: 23 Oct 2012
- views: 69
- author: Angelmeier
Paul Robeson "At Dawning" (Cadman-Eberhart)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:41
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
Paul Robeson "At Dawning" (Cadman-Eberhart) with orchestra 1938.
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_At_Dawning_Cadman-Eberhart
Paul Robeson "At Dawning" (Cadman-Eberhart) with orchestra 1938.
- published: 25 Dec 2012
- views: 76
- author: Addiobelpassato
WIFS - Paul Robeson (Live at Reggies)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:30
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
The World Inferno Friendship Society performs - "Paul Robeson" Live at Reggies Rock Club Chicago IL. Watch in HD. (Filmed on my iPhone 4s)
http://wn.com/WIFS_Paul_Robeson_Live_at_Reggies
The World Inferno Friendship Society performs - "Paul Robeson" Live at Reggies Rock Club Chicago IL. Watch in HD. (Filmed on my iPhone 4s)
- published: 01 Dec 2012
- views: 61
- author: JoeyDunseyMusic
Paul Robeson Academy fire - K. Craig LIVE noon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Paul Robeson Academy fire - K. Craig LIVE noon.
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_Academy_fire_K_Craig_LIVE_noon
Paul Robeson Academy fire - K. Craig LIVE noon.
- published: 10 May 2011
- views: 329
- author: wxyztvdetroit
Paul Robeson PSA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:02
- Updated: 23 Aug 2010
In honor of Black History Month, RU-tv recognizes the life of Paul Robeson. Robeson was a highly accomplished student-athlete at Rutgers who later had a succ...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_PSA
In honor of Black History Month, RU-tv recognizes the life of Paul Robeson. Robeson was a highly accomplished student-athlete at Rutgers who later had a succ...
- published: 04 Feb 2010
- views: 451
- author: rutv
Paul Robeson Academy 6:30 LIVE
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:15
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Paul Robeson Academy 6:30 LIVE.
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_Academy_630_LIVE
The Anthem of the USSR (English version by Paul Robeson)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:01
- Updated: 03 Mar 2013
Hey there guys, here's another one. One of the most beautiful anthems in world's history, English version (Sung by Paul Robeson) and a few pictures connected...
http://wn.com/The_Anthem_of_the_USSR_English_version_by_Paul_Robeson
Hey there guys, here's another one. One of the most beautiful anthems in world's history, English version (Sung by Paul Robeson) and a few pictures connected...
- published: 13 Sep 2011
- views: 916
- author: 1992speer
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Paul Robeson's Moscow Concert.mpg
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 53:30
- Updated: 26 Feb 2013
A great moment of history and song, especially when Robeson publically announces he has seen Isaac Pfeffer, one of Stalin's disappeared persons, The audience...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson's_Moscow_Concertmpg
A great moment of history and song, especially when Robeson publically announces he has seen Isaac Pfeffer, one of Stalin's disappeared persons, The audience...
- published: 21 Jul 2011
- views: 2673
- author: OscarLevant1
The Emperor Jones (1933) - Paul Robeson Film
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 72:57
- Updated: 02 Mar 2013
Based on the Eugene O'Neill play of the same name. At a Baptist prayer meeting, the preacher leads a prayer for Brutus Jones, who is leaving to become a rail...
http://wn.com/The_Emperor_Jones_1933_Paul_Robeson_Film
Based on the Eugene O'Neill play of the same name. At a Baptist prayer meeting, the preacher leads a prayer for Brutus Jones, who is leaving to become a rail...
- published: 26 Mar 2012
- views: 5332
- author: riverbends1
Paul Robeson Broadway "Othello"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 128:21
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
Paul Robeson's Broadway "Othello," directed by Margaret Webster, ran from 1943 to 1945. It presented a black actor in the title role for the first time in th...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_Broadway_Othello
Paul Robeson's Broadway "Othello," directed by Margaret Webster, ran from 1943 to 1945. It presented a black actor in the title role for the first time in th...
- published: 21 Nov 2012
- views: 298
- author: Xenu
Song of Freedom (1936) - Paul Robeson Film
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 73:24
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Song of Freedom, a 1936 British film starring Paul Robeson, may best represent the opportunity Robeson was looking for to "give a true picture of many aspect...
http://wn.com/Song_of_Freedom_1936_Paul_Robeson_Film
Song of Freedom, a 1936 British film starring Paul Robeson, may best represent the opportunity Robeson was looking for to "give a true picture of many aspect...
- published: 19 Oct 2012
- views: 572
- author: riverbends1
Big Fella (1937) - Paul Robeson Film
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 70:53
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
Big Fella is set on the docks and streets of Marseilles. Paul Robeson stars in the leading role, as a street-wise but honest dockworker who struggles with de...
http://wn.com/Big_Fella_1937_Paul_Robeson_Film
Big Fella is set on the docks and streets of Marseilles. Paul Robeson stars in the leading role, as a street-wise but honest dockworker who struggles with de...
- published: 19 Oct 2012
- views: 422
- author: riverbends1
Paul Robeson Jr interviewed by Dr Julianne Malveaux
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:59
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
Paul Robeson Jr. interviewed by Dr. Julianne Malveaux at the historic Lincoln Theatre in Washington, DC. This interview was part of the Hung Tao Choy Mei Lea...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_Jr_interviewed_by_Dr_Julianne_Malveaux
Paul Robeson Jr. interviewed by Dr. Julianne Malveaux at the historic Lincoln Theatre in Washington, DC. This interview was part of the Hung Tao Choy Mei Lea...
- published: 20 Jan 2013
- views: 87
- author: Abdur-Rahim Muhammad
Tribute to an Artist 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:44
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
Biography of Paul Robeson Part 1by lilbobby2012 5215 views; 1000. Watch Later Biography of Paul Robeson Part 2by lilbobby2012 1911 ... Paul Robeson Ol Man RiverShowboat 1936 JKern O Hammerstein IIby 222pj222 1884059 views; 339. Watch Later CPUSA Celebrates the Life of Paul Robesonby keywiki 410 views; 319. Watch Later Paul Robeson sings for the workers at Sydney Opera Houseby spontaneous45 8161 views; 520. Watch Later Slipknot The Blister Existsby Macadamia4 327371 ...
http://wn.com/Tribute_to_an_Artist_1
Biography of Paul Robeson Part 1by lilbobby2012 5215 views; 1000. Watch Later Biography of Paul Robeson Part 2by lilbobby2012 1911 ... Paul Robeson Ol Man RiverShowboat 1936 JKern O Hammerstein IIby 222pj222 1884059 views; 339. Watch Later CPUSA Celebrates the Life of Paul Robesonby keywiki 410 views; 319. Watch Later Paul Robeson sings for the workers at Sydney Opera Houseby spontaneous45 8161 views; 520. Watch Later Slipknot The Blister Existsby Macadamia4 327371 ...
- published: 19 Jun 2011
- views: 1389
- author: lilbobby2012
jericho 1936 paul robeson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 70:43
- Updated: 20 Sep 2012
PAUL ROBESON IN A ENGLISH FILM CALLED "JERICHO" ONE OF A SERIES OF FILMS THAT HE FILMED IN ENGLAND, WHICH CONTAINS THE SONG "MY WAY" ENJOY!!!!
http://wn.com/jericho_1936_paul_robeson
PAUL ROBESON IN A ENGLISH FILM CALLED "JERICHO" ONE OF A SERIES OF FILMS THAT HE FILMED IN ENGLAND, WHICH CONTAINS THE SONG "MY WAY" ENJOY!!!!
- published: 20 Sep 2012
- views: 151
- author: DAN SHARPLES
Southern 75 Paul Robeson 33 PPL Basketball
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 56:00
- Updated: 18 Jan 2013
Philadelphia Public League Baskeball 1/17/13.
http://wn.com/Southern_75_Paul_Robeson_33_PPL_Basketball
TheProudValley1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:24
- Updated: 22 Feb 2013
Who is the actor standing beside Paul Robeson when he sings on the street below the choir. A great film sadly very seldom seen today Ive shown it on both 16mm and 35mm but never ... about the making of it They speak with the directors son who give some great insight. I was very happy to find it There was actually a release of many of his works several years ago along with a few documentaries made to accompany Another great find of recent is the play featuring James Earl Jones playing Robeson ...
http://wn.com/TheProudValley1
Who is the actor standing beside Paul Robeson when he sings on the street below the choir. A great film sadly very seldom seen today Ive shown it on both 16mm and 35mm but never ... about the making of it They speak with the directors son who give some great insight. I was very happy to find it There was actually a release of many of his works several years ago along with a few documentaries made to accompany Another great find of recent is the play featuring James Earl Jones playing Robeson ...
- published: 23 Jun 2011
- views: 390
- author: lilbobby2012
EMPEROR JONES (1933) Paul Robeson - Dudley Digges
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 72:53
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Brutus Jones escapes from prison and flees. Using deception he finds himself the Emperor of an Island.
http://wn.com/EMPEROR_JONES_1933_Paul_Robeson_Dudley_Digges
Brutus Jones escapes from prison and flees. Using deception he finds himself the Emperor of an Island.
- published: 12 Nov 2012
- views: 308
- author: TheVideoCellar
Body and Soul (1925)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 79:30
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
Director:Oscar Micheaux Writers:Oscar Micheaux (novel) Oscar Micheaux (screenplay) Paul Robeson ... Reverend Isaiah T. Jenkins / His brother Sylvester Merced...
http://wn.com/Body_and_Soul_1925
Director:Oscar Micheaux Writers:Oscar Micheaux (novel) Oscar Micheaux (screenplay) Paul Robeson ... Reverend Isaiah T. Jenkins / His brother Sylvester Merced...
- published: 15 Jul 2012
- views: 2277
- author: maj1216
SANDERS OF THE RIVER PAUL ROBESON & LESLIE BANKS PART 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:28
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
Ira H. Gallen Video Resources 220 West 71st Street NYC 10023 (212) 724 - 7055 http://www.TVDAYS.com http://www.vidres@aol.com http://www.TVDAYS.com As the un...
http://wn.com/SANDERS_OF_THE_RIVER_PAUL_ROBESON_LESLIE_BANKS_PART_1
Ira H. Gallen Video Resources 220 West 71st Street NYC 10023 (212) 724 - 7055 http://www.TVDAYS.com http://www.vidres@aol.com http://www.TVDAYS.com As the un...
- published: 07 Aug 2008
- views: 5062
- author: SECRETMOVIES
Eng, & Science 49 Paul Robeson 47 2nd Half
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:51
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Philadelphia high school basketball, high school basketball www.whistletoppssportsnetwork.com.
http://wn.com/Eng,_Science_49_Paul_Robeson_47_2nd_Half
Philadelphia high school basketball, high school basketball www.whistletoppssportsnetwork.com.
- published: 06 Jan 2012
- views: 483
- author: protoman2417
Paul's Song (a tribute to Paul Robeson)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 59:56
- Updated: 11 Feb 2013
This performance took place at a small bookstore in the heart of Trenton. Harry Jackendoff tells the story of Paul Robeson and relates it to the greater poli...
http://wn.com/Paul's_Song_a_tribute_to_Paul_Robeson
This performance took place at a small bookstore in the heart of Trenton. Harry Jackendoff tells the story of Paul Robeson and relates it to the greater poli...
- published: 11 Apr 2012
- views: 147
- author: Thomas Florek
Paul Robeson --- The Emperor Jones
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 72:57
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
Paul Robeson The Emperor Jones. Drapeto Mania286 videos. Subscribe ... Holocaust You NEVER knew about {Namibia Genocide}by Drapeto Mania1004 views; EMPEROR JONES1933 Paul Robeson Dudley Digges 11253. Watch Later EMPEROR JONES1933 Paul ... Emperor Jones Early African American Film Starring Paul Robeson Part 3by mindsimedia2787 views; Paul Robeson 2001 Folk Alliance International Lifetime Achievement Award Recipient 827. Watch Later Paul Robeson 2001 Folk ...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_--_The_Emperor_Jones
Paul Robeson The Emperor Jones. Drapeto Mania286 videos. Subscribe ... Holocaust You NEVER knew about {Namibia Genocide}by Drapeto Mania1004 views; EMPEROR JONES1933 Paul Robeson Dudley Digges 11253. Watch Later EMPEROR JONES1933 Paul ... Emperor Jones Early African American Film Starring Paul Robeson Part 3by mindsimedia2787 views; Paul Robeson 2001 Folk Alliance International Lifetime Achievement Award Recipient 827. Watch Later Paul Robeson 2001 Folk ...
- published: 06 Dec 2012
- views: 101
- author: Drapetomania101
KB Solomon Pays Tribute to Paul Robeson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 64:05
- Updated: 16 Dec 2012
KB Solomon speaks about the life and accomplishments of Paul Robeson, a profound influence on civil rights for African Americans and social justice in the U....
http://wn.com/KB_Solomon_Pays_Tribute_to_Paul_Robeson
KB Solomon speaks about the life and accomplishments of Paul Robeson, a profound influence on civil rights for African Americans and social justice in the U....
- published: 17 Apr 2009
- views: 1253
- author: USCSocialWork
PAUL ROBESON LP-ROBESON.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 31:18
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
RECORDED 1958...NO DIGITAL RECORDING I'VE EVER HEARD SOUNDS AS SPECTACULAR AS THIS.
http://wn.com/PAUL_ROBESON_LP-ROBESON
RECORDED 1958...NO DIGITAL RECORDING I'VE EVER HEARD SOUNDS AS SPECTACULAR AS THIS.
- published: 29 Jan 2013
- views: 48
- author: PETETHEMADMANSBACK
Поль Робсон - концерт в Москве , 1949 год
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 60:25
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Концерт Поля Робсона в концертном зале им. Чайковского 14 июня 1949 года Paul Robeson - The Legendary Moscow Concert 1949 1. Compere 2. Compere - Over The Mo...
http://wn.com/Поль_Робсон_концерт_в_Москве_,_1949_год
Концерт Поля Робсона в концертном зале им. Чайковского 14 июня 1949 года Paul Robeson - The Legendary Moscow Concert 1949 1. Compere 2. Compere - Over The Mo...
- published: 09 Mar 2012
- views: 2744
- author: stanislavpaleha
Gang Stalking - Early targeted individuals Paul & Eslanda Robeson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:10
- Updated: 25 Feb 2013
In a Black History Month special, we remember the lives of the legendary civil rights activist, singer and actor Paul Robeson and his wife Eslanda, whose sto...
http://wn.com/Gang_Stalking_Early_targeted_individuals_Paul_Eslanda_Robeson
In a Black History Month special, we remember the lives of the legendary civil rights activist, singer and actor Paul Robeson and his wife Eslanda, whose sto...
- published: 12 Feb 2013
- views: 79
- author: phrygian20
Gang Stalking - Did the CIA Drug Paul Robeson - a Look at Mk Ultra
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:25
- Updated: 19 Feb 2013
In the 1950s, in the midst of the Cold War, the Central Intelligence Agency developed a highly classified psychological warfare program called MK Ultra. Afte...
http://wn.com/Gang_Stalking_Did_the_CIA_Drug_Paul_Robeson_a_Look_at_Mk_Ultra
In the 1950s, in the midst of the Cold War, the Central Intelligence Agency developed a highly classified psychological warfare program called MK Ultra. Afte...
- published: 14 Feb 2013
- views: 64
- author: phrygian20
King Solomon's Mines - Steampunk Movie Collection
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 71:17
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
King Solomon's Mines is a 1937 adventure film, the first film adaptation of the 1885 novel by the same name by Henry Rider Haggard. It starred Paul Robeson, ...
http://wn.com/King_Solomon's_Mines_Steampunk_Movie_Collection
King Solomon's Mines is a 1937 adventure film, the first film adaptation of the 1885 novel by the same name by Henry Rider Haggard. It starred Paul Robeson, ...
- published: 17 Jan 2013
- views: 373
- author: biscuitbuddiesvideo
Network X - Paul Robeson: Peace Arch Memorial Concert
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 27:26
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
Network X - 04/30/02 - Guest - Carl Chatski, Network X.
http://wn.com/Network_X_Paul_Robeson_Peace_Arch_Memorial_Concert
Network X - 04/30/02 - Guest - Carl Chatski, Network X.
- published: 18 Jan 2009
- views: 93
- author: talkingsticktv
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paul robeson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:21
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
An interview with Paul Robeson's son on the publication of the biography of his father by Martin Bauml Duberman.
http://wn.com/paul_robeson
An interview with Paul Robeson's son on the publication of the biography of his father by Martin Bauml Duberman.
- published: 20 May 2008
- views: 6746
- author: mediumcool123
Amiri Baraka on Paul Robeson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:11
- Updated: 21 Feb 2013
Amiri Baraka discusses the life of American Master Paul Robeson. This presentation takes place during the 2006 Paul Robeson "Here I Stand" award gala at the ...
http://wn.com/Amiri_Baraka_on_Paul_Robeson
Amiri Baraka discusses the life of American Master Paul Robeson. This presentation takes place during the 2006 Paul Robeson "Here I Stand" award gala at the ...
- published: 02 Mar 2012
- views: 362
- author: Abdur-Rahim Muhammad
Paul Robeson 1958
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:25
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
Paul Robeson interviewed in London.
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_1958
Paul Robeson discusses Othello
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:48
- Updated: 25 Feb 2013
The first black American to play Othello in an American Theatre. New York 1943.
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_discusses_Othello
The first black American to play Othello in an American Theatre. New York 1943.
- published: 12 Apr 2008
- views: 33088
- author: Joe Stead
Paul Robeson Jr interviewed by Dr Julianne Malveaux
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:59
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
Paul Robeson Jr. interviewed by Dr. Julianne Malveaux at the historic Lincoln Theatre in Washington, DC. This interview was part of the Hung Tao Choy Mei Lea...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_Jr_interviewed_by_Dr_Julianne_Malveaux
Paul Robeson Jr. interviewed by Dr. Julianne Malveaux at the historic Lincoln Theatre in Washington, DC. This interview was part of the Hung Tao Choy Mei Lea...
- published: 20 Jan 2013
- views: 87
- author: Abdur-Rahim Muhammad
Common interview 2012 Paul Robeson "Here I Stand" Pt 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:03
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
Hip hop legend Lonnie Rashid Lynn, Jr. aka Common interviewed on stage at the historic Lincoln Theatre in Washington, DC during the 2012 Paul Robeson "Here I...
http://wn.com/Common_interview_2012_Paul_Robeson_Here_I_Stand_Pt_1
Hip hop legend Lonnie Rashid Lynn, Jr. aka Common interviewed on stage at the historic Lincoln Theatre in Washington, DC during the 2012 Paul Robeson "Here I...
- published: 16 Oct 2012
- views: 246
- author: Abdur-Rahim Muhammad
Paul Robeson, "Joe Hill"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
Robeson singing the famous labor ballad with photo overlay.
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson,_Joe_Hill
Robeson singing the famous labor ballad with photo overlay.
- published: 23 Jul 2009
- views: 209421
- author: Julian O. Long
Paul Robeson sings for the workers at Sydney Opera House
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
Wonderful Voice Mr Paul Robesonby varadero1839 11617 views · 317. Watch Later Paul Robeson Stand Still Jordanby dammir 5871 views · 244. Watch Later Paul Robeson America's low octaveby Spiciu 85536 views · 052. Watch Later Andre Iguodala behind the glass from AI to reverse dunkby endz 558334 views · 200. Watch Later Paul Robeson Scandalize My Namewmvby John Coryell 1604 views · 304. Watch Later Paul Mabon sings Joe Hill fromAn Interview with Paul Robesonby Dirk Dantuma ...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_sings_for_the_workers_at_Sydney_Opera_House
Wonderful Voice Mr Paul Robesonby varadero1839 11617 views · 317. Watch Later Paul Robeson Stand Still Jordanby dammir 5871 views · 244. Watch Later Paul Robeson America's low octaveby Spiciu 85536 views · 052. Watch Later Andre Iguodala behind the glass from AI to reverse dunkby endz 558334 views · 200. Watch Later Paul Robeson Scandalize My Namewmvby John Coryell 1604 views · 304. Watch Later Paul Mabon sings Joe Hill fromAn Interview with Paul Robesonby Dirk Dantuma ...
- published: 14 Nov 2010
- views: 8198
- author: spontaneous45
Paul Robeson - Shenandoah
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
IF YOU LIKE THIS SUBSCRIBE "Oh, Shenandoah, I long to hear you Look away, you rollin' river Oh, Shenandoah, I long to hear you Look away. We're bound away Ac...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_Shenandoah
IF YOU LIKE THIS SUBSCRIBE "Oh, Shenandoah, I long to hear you Look away, you rollin' river Oh, Shenandoah, I long to hear you Look away. We're bound away Ac...
- published: 17 May 2008
- views: 426718
- author: StalinLeninMao
Paul Robeson Jr - Upfront TV Magazine
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:36
- Updated: 22 May 2012
Doug Ruffin interviews Paul Robeson Jr at the Buffalo, NY Harlem Book Fair in 2006. Robeson talks about his visit to the city of Buffalo and his book "The Bl...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_Jr_Upfront_TV_Magazine
Doug Ruffin interviews Paul Robeson Jr at the Buffalo, NY Harlem Book Fair in 2006. Robeson talks about his visit to the city of Buffalo and his book "The Bl...
- published: 29 Dec 2010
- views: 205
- author: UrbanLegacyFilmworks
Paul Robeson's Moscow Concert.mpg
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 53:30
- Updated: 26 Feb 2013
A great moment of history and song, especially when Robeson publically announces he has seen Isaac Pfeffer, one of Stalin's disappeared persons, The audience...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson's_Moscow_Concertmpg
A great moment of history and song, especially when Robeson publically announces he has seen Isaac Pfeffer, one of Stalin's disappeared persons, The audience...
- published: 21 Jul 2011
- views: 2673
- author: OscarLevant1
Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child-Paul Robeson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
There's so much to be said about Mr. Robeson. He was an athlete, attorney, incredible singer, movie star and much more. His father was born in slavery but es...
http://wn.com/Sometimes_I_Feel_Like_a_Motherless_Child-Paul_Robeson
There's so much to be said about Mr. Robeson. He was an athlete, attorney, incredible singer, movie star and much more. His father was born in slavery but es...
- published: 12 Dec 2008
- views: 209874
- author: varadero1839
Paul Robeson - Old Man River
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:10
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
The words of Old Man River were (thankfully) to change many times since the original version was written by Hammerstein and Kerr. The first line "Niggers all...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_Old_Man_River
The words of Old Man River were (thankfully) to change many times since the original version was written by Hammerstein and Kerr. The first line "Niggers all...
- published: 24 Apr 2008
- views: 451453
- author: Joe Stead
Common Interview 2012 Paul Robeson "Here I Stand" Pt 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:58
- Updated: 24 Feb 2013
Hip hop Legend Lonnie Rashid Lynn, Jr. aka Common is interviewed on stage at the historic Lincoln Theatre in Washington, DC. Common was there to receive the ...
http://wn.com/Common_Interview_2012_Paul_Robeson_Here_I_Stand_Pt_2
Hip hop Legend Lonnie Rashid Lynn, Jr. aka Common is interviewed on stage at the historic Lincoln Theatre in Washington, DC. Common was there to receive the ...
- published: 17 Oct 2012
- views: 138
- author: Abdur-Rahim Muhammad
Soviet/ USSR Anthem in English [by Paul Robeson]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
Soviet/ USSR Anthem in English, with Soviet Videos (recorded from Victory Parade of 1945). By Paul Robeson. English lyrics of this version United forever in ...
http://wn.com/Soviet_USSR_Anthem_in_English_by_Paul_Robeson_
Soviet/ USSR Anthem in English, with Soviet Videos (recorded from Victory Parade of 1945). By Paul Robeson. English lyrics of this version United forever in ...
- published: 10 Mar 2007
- views: 1301889
- author: lazarodesouzagomes
Going Home - Paul Robeson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:08
- Updated: 03 Mar 2013
Magnificent live rendition of the Anton Dvorak adaptation - Going Home. From the live concert at Carnegie Hall in New York, 1958. DISCLAIMER: All rights rese...
http://wn.com/Going_Home_Paul_Robeson
Magnificent live rendition of the Anton Dvorak adaptation - Going Home. From the live concert at Carnegie Hall in New York, 1958. DISCLAIMER: All rights rese...
- published: 02 Oct 2009
- views: 140210
- author: varadero1839
Paul Robeson - Summertime
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
IF YOU LIKE THIS SUBSCRIBE LYRICS: Summertime and the livin is easy Fish are jumpin and the cotton is high Oh your daddys rich and your ma is good lookin So ...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_Summertime
IF YOU LIKE THIS SUBSCRIBE LYRICS: Summertime and the livin is easy Fish are jumpin and the cotton is high Oh your daddys rich and your ma is good lookin So ...
- published: 17 May 2008
- views: 181343
- author: StalinLeninMao
Paul Robeson - Ol' Man River (Showboat - 1936) J.Kern O. Hammerstein II
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
From Showboat's 2nd version (1936) Paul Robeson - Ol' Man River Ol' Man River (Jerome Kern - Oscar Hammerstein II) Lyrics from the Original Libretto Dare's a...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_Ol'_Man_River_Showboat_1936_JKern_O_Hammerstein_II
From Showboat's 2nd version (1936) Paul Robeson - Ol' Man River Ol' Man River (Jerome Kern - Oscar Hammerstein II) Lyrics from the Original Libretto Dare's a...
- published: 29 Oct 2008
- views: 1882964
- author: 222pj222
Paul Robeson - Amazing grace
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 16 Feb 2013
If you have always wanted to hear him sing this, now you can!
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson_Amazing_grace
If you have always wanted to hear him sing this, now you can!
- published: 25 Sep 2008
- views: 95333
- author: MusashiTzu
Paul Robeson-historically black town, Princeton NJ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:30
- Updated: 14 Jul 2012
Princeton NJ's Witherspoon Section, African Americans Celebrate 250 years of cultural richness. Home of Paul Robeson and Witherspoon Street Presbyterian Chur...
http://wn.com/Paul_Robeson-historically_black_town,_Princeton_NJ
Princeton NJ's Witherspoon Section, African Americans Celebrate 250 years of cultural richness. Home of Paul Robeson and Witherspoon Street Presbyterian Chur...
- published: 03 Oct 2010
- views: 73
- author: TheGISTofFREEDOM
CPUSA Celebrates the Life of Paul Robeson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 05 Jul 2012
The Communist Party USA Celebrates the Life of Paul Robeson Info on Paul Robeson: http://www.keywiki.org/index.php/Paul_Robeson Info on the CPUSA: http://www...
http://wn.com/CPUSA_Celebrates_the_Life_of_Paul_Robeson
The Communist Party USA Celebrates the Life of Paul Robeson Info on Paul Robeson: http://www.keywiki.org/index.php/Paul_Robeson Info on the CPUSA: http://www...
- published: 11 Sep 2011
- views: 513
- author: keywiki
Paul Mabon sings Joe Hill from "An Interview with Paul Robeson"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:04
- Updated: 22 Aug 2012
Paul Mabon singing Joe Hill from the play "An Interview with Paul Robeson" performed at the Next Act Theatre in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
http://wn.com/Paul_Mabon_sings_Joe_Hill_from_An_Interview_with_Paul_Robeson
Paul Mabon singing Joe Hill from the play "An Interview with Paul Robeson" performed at the Next Act Theatre in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
- published: 22 Aug 2012
- views: 56
- author: Paul Mabon
Common interview during 2012 Paul Robeson "Here I Stand" award gala Pt 4 of 4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:33
- Updated: 19 Feb 2013
Hip Hop legend Common interviewed during the 2012 Paul Robeson "Here I Stand" award gala held annually at the historic Lincoln Theatre in Northwest Washingto...
http://wn.com/Common_interview_during_2012_Paul_Robeson_Here_I_Stand_award_gala_Pt_4_of_4
Hip Hop legend Common interviewed during the 2012 Paul Robeson "Here I Stand" award gala held annually at the historic Lincoln Theatre in Northwest Washingto...
- published: 20 Oct 2012
- views: 103
- author: Abdur-Rahim Muhammad
3:35
Paul Robeson Live - The Volga boatmen
Much the same as the Kevin Maynor version I posted, but with that unsurpassed legato and v...
published: 22 Sep 2008
author: MusashiTzu
Paul Robeson Live - The Volga boatmen
Much the same as the Kevin Maynor version I posted, but with that unsurpassed legato and vivid coloration that make Robeson so special!
- published: 22 Sep 2008
- views: 8237
- author: MusashiTzu
5:08
Going Home - Paul Robeson
Magnificent live rendition of the Anton Dvorak adaptation - Going Home. From the live conc...
published: 02 Oct 2009
author: varadero1839
Going Home - Paul Robeson
Magnificent live rendition of the Anton Dvorak adaptation - Going Home. From the live concert at Carnegie Hall in New York, 1958. DISCLAIMER: All rights rese...
- published: 02 Oct 2009
- views: 140210
- author: varadero1839
6:08
Paul Robeson One Man show - Brotherhood of Man scene
From the horrors of the Slave Trade, to the shame of the Holocaust. From the artistic wond...
published: 28 Aug 2008
author: Ezra Edmond
Paul Robeson One Man show - Brotherhood of Man scene
From the horrors of the Slave Trade, to the shame of the Holocaust. From the artistic wonders of the Harlem Renaissance, the Jazz- Bebop era. To McCarthyism,...
- published: 28 Aug 2008
- views: 1116
- author: Ezra Edmond
2:29
THE HOUSE I LIVE IN - Paul Robeson
This is Paul Robeson singing the beautiful and inspiring American patriotic song, "The Hou...
published: 07 Jul 2011
author: TheGoodlucks
THE HOUSE I LIVE IN - Paul Robeson
This is Paul Robeson singing the beautiful and inspiring American patriotic song, "The House I Live In" (also known as "What Is America to Me?"). This song -...
- published: 07 Jul 2011
- views: 572
- author: TheGoodlucks
3:07
THE HOUSE I LIVE IN by Paul Robeson 1948
Here's Paul Robeson singing The House I Live In, recorded from a 4 record album set of 78 ...
published: 08 Mar 2010
author: cdbpdx
THE HOUSE I LIVE IN by Paul Robeson 1948
Here's Paul Robeson singing The House I Live In, recorded from a 4 record album set of 78 rpm records by Columbia Masterworks series, released in 1948. Enjoy!
- published: 08 Mar 2010
- views: 389
- author: cdbpdx
4:17
I Go On Singing: Paul Robeson's Life in His Words & Songs live stage show trailer.mov
Once in a lifetime a human being comes along who stands head and shoulders above the rest....
published: 12 Jul 2012
author: tonybrownbaritone
I Go On Singing: Paul Robeson's Life in His Words & Songs live stage show trailer.mov
Once in a lifetime a human being comes along who stands head and shoulders above the rest. Paul Robeson was such a man. An all-American athlete, scholar, int...
- published: 12 Jul 2012
- views: 1022
- author: tonybrownbaritone
2:31
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 1943 sung by Paul Robeson
The Warsaw Ghetto Rebellion - April 19 - May 16, 1943 Sung by Paul Robeson at the 1949 Mos...
published: 20 Apr 2009
author: avi10024
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 1943 sung by Paul Robeson
The Warsaw Ghetto Rebellion - April 19 - May 16, 1943 Sung by Paul Robeson at the 1949 Moscow Concert (live) in Yiddish and historical pictures of the burnin...
- published: 20 Apr 2009
- views: 43439
- author: avi10024
3:20
Vi azoy lebt der kayser? (aka How does the czar live, how does the tsar drink tea?)
As sung by Paul Robeson, I translated the captions. Enjoy!...
published: 19 Apr 2010
author: Jane Peppler
Vi azoy lebt der kayser? (aka How does the czar live, how does the tsar drink tea?)
As sung by Paul Robeson, I translated the captions. Enjoy!
- published: 19 Apr 2010
- views: 4833
- author: Jane Peppler
3:52
Lil Mister Live @ (Paul Robeson High School).wmv
Rockin shit Leavin shit....
published: 06 May 2012
author: lilmister075
Lil Mister Live @ (Paul Robeson High School).wmv
Rockin shit Leavin shit.
- published: 06 May 2012
- views: 7205
- author: lilmister075
4:00
Soviet/ USSR Anthem in English [by Paul Robeson]
Soviet/ USSR Anthem in English, with Soviet Videos (recorded from Victory Parade of 1945)....
published: 10 Mar 2007
author: lazarodesouzagomes
Soviet/ USSR Anthem in English [by Paul Robeson]
Soviet/ USSR Anthem in English, with Soviet Videos (recorded from Victory Parade of 1945). By Paul Robeson. English lyrics of this version United forever in ...
- published: 10 Mar 2007
- views: 1302543
- author: lazarodesouzagomes
2:10
Paul Robeson - Old Man River
The words of Old Man River were (thankfully) to change many times since the original versi...
published: 24 Apr 2008
author: Joe Stead
Paul Robeson - Old Man River
The words of Old Man River were (thankfully) to change many times since the original version was written by Hammerstein and Kerr. The first line "Niggers all...
- published: 24 Apr 2008
- views: 451453
- author: Joe Stead
3:14
The house I live in - Paul Robeson
"The House I live in" Sung by Paul Robeson....
published: 03 May 2012
author: liamstarwatcher
The house I live in - Paul Robeson
"The House I live in" Sung by Paul Robeson.
- published: 03 May 2012
- views: 183
- author: liamstarwatcher
4:19
Paul Robeson - Ol' Man River (Showboat - 1936) J.Kern O. Hammerstein II
From Showboat's 2nd version (1936) Paul Robeson - Ol' Man River Ol' Man River (Jerome Kern...
published: 29 Oct 2008
author: 222pj222
Paul Robeson - Ol' Man River (Showboat - 1936) J.Kern O. Hammerstein II
From Showboat's 2nd version (1936) Paul Robeson - Ol' Man River Ol' Man River (Jerome Kern - Oscar Hammerstein II) Lyrics from the Original Libretto Dare's a...
- published: 29 Oct 2008
- views: 1882964
- author: 222pj222
2:09
October Revolution - Soviet Anthem by Paul Robeson
CPGB-MLs meeting to celebrate the 91st Anniversary of the Great Socialist October Revoluti...
published: 18 Nov 2008
author: ProletarianCPGBML
October Revolution - Soviet Anthem by Paul Robeson
CPGB-MLs meeting to celebrate the 91st Anniversary of the Great Socialist October Revolution opens with the Soviet national anthem as sung by the late great ...
- published: 18 Nov 2008
- views: 18316
- author: ProletarianCPGBML
Vimeo results:
3:17
Paul Robeson - Hasidic Chant
published: 26 Apr 2011
author: Elisheba
Paul Robeson - Hasidic Chant
1:48
Paul Robeson Show
Make sure you see the show, "Speak of Me as I Am," Friday, Saturday and Sundays during the...
published: 13 Aug 2010
author: Poplar Productions
Paul Robeson Show
Make sure you see the show, "Speak of Me as I Am," Friday, Saturday and Sundays during the month of August, at LA's Barnsdall Theater. Check out a true American Hero. Performed by KB Solomon. Directed by Jeffrey Anderson-Gunter. Music Director, Kirk Taylor
For Ticket Information Call: 323-960-5772
www.plays411.com/speakofme
See the Reviews at:
http://www.kpfk.org/eventcal.html?task=view_detail&agid;=1435&year;=2010&month;=08&day;=07
Youtube results:
3:01
Paul Robeson, "Joe Hill"
Robeson singing the famous labor ballad with photo overlay....
published: 23 Jul 2009
author: Julian O. Long
Paul Robeson, "Joe Hill"
Robeson singing the famous labor ballad with photo overlay.
- published: 23 Jul 2009
- views: 209421
- author: Julian O. Long
3:55
Anthem Long Live The Soviet Union sung by Paul Robson
Long live The Soviet Union sung by Paul Robson....
published: 30 May 2010
author: manxmedic
Anthem Long Live The Soviet Union sung by Paul Robson
Long live The Soviet Union sung by Paul Robson.
- published: 30 May 2010
- views: 7453
- author: manxmedic
4:24
Stogie Kenyatta-The World is my Home-The Life of Paul Robeson
Stogie Kenyatta-The World is my Home-The Life of Paul Robeson presented by: THE DREDSCOTT ...
published: 23 Oct 2012
author: Angelmeier
Stogie Kenyatta-The World is my Home-The Life of Paul Robeson
Stogie Kenyatta-The World is my Home-The Life of Paul Robeson presented by: THE DREDSCOTT HERITAGE FOUNDATION ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI www.thedredscottfoundation....
- published: 23 Oct 2012
- views: 69
- author: Angelmeier
2:41
Paul Robeson "At Dawning" (Cadman-Eberhart)
Paul Robeson "At Dawning" (Cadman-Eberhart) with orchestra 1938....
published: 25 Dec 2012
author: Addiobelpassato
Paul Robeson "At Dawning" (Cadman-Eberhart)
Paul Robeson "At Dawning" (Cadman-Eberhart) with orchestra 1938.
- published: 25 Dec 2012
- views: 76
- author: Addiobelpassato
53:30
Paul Robeson's Moscow Concert.mpg
A great moment of history and song, especially when Robeson publically announces he has se...
published: 21 Jul 2011
author: OscarLevant1
Paul Robeson's Moscow Concert.mpg
A great moment of history and song, especially when Robeson publically announces he has seen Isaac Pfeffer, one of Stalin's disappeared persons, The audience...
- published: 21 Jul 2011
- views: 2673
- author: OscarLevant1
72:57
The Emperor Jones (1933) - Paul Robeson Film
Based on the Eugene O'Neill play of the same name. At a Baptist prayer meeting, the preach...
published: 26 Mar 2012
author: riverbends1
The Emperor Jones (1933) - Paul Robeson Film
Based on the Eugene O'Neill play of the same name. At a Baptist prayer meeting, the preacher leads a prayer for Brutus Jones, who is leaving to become a rail...
- published: 26 Mar 2012
- views: 5332
- author: riverbends1
128:21
Paul Robeson Broadway "Othello"
Paul Robeson's Broadway "Othello," directed by Margaret Webster, ran from 1943 to 1945. It...
published: 21 Nov 2012
author: Xenu
Paul Robeson Broadway "Othello"
Paul Robeson's Broadway "Othello," directed by Margaret Webster, ran from 1943 to 1945. It presented a black actor in the title role for the first time in th...
- published: 21 Nov 2012
- views: 298
- author: Xenu
73:24
Song of Freedom (1936) - Paul Robeson Film
Song of Freedom, a 1936 British film starring Paul Robeson, may best represent the opportu...
published: 19 Oct 2012
author: riverbends1
Song of Freedom (1936) - Paul Robeson Film
Song of Freedom, a 1936 British film starring Paul Robeson, may best represent the opportunity Robeson was looking for to "give a true picture of many aspect...
- published: 19 Oct 2012
- views: 572
- author: riverbends1
70:53
Big Fella (1937) - Paul Robeson Film
Big Fella is set on the docks and streets of Marseilles. Paul Robeson stars in the leading...
published: 19 Oct 2012
author: riverbends1
Big Fella (1937) - Paul Robeson Film
Big Fella is set on the docks and streets of Marseilles. Paul Robeson stars in the leading role, as a street-wise but honest dockworker who struggles with de...
- published: 19 Oct 2012
- views: 422
- author: riverbends1
30:59
Paul Robeson Jr interviewed by Dr Julianne Malveaux
Paul Robeson Jr. interviewed by Dr. Julianne Malveaux at the historic Lincoln Theatre in W...
published: 20 Jan 2013
author: Abdur-Rahim Muhammad
Paul Robeson Jr interviewed by Dr Julianne Malveaux
Paul Robeson Jr. interviewed by Dr. Julianne Malveaux at the historic Lincoln Theatre in Washington, DC. This interview was part of the Hung Tao Choy Mei Lea...
- published: 20 Jan 2013
- views: 87
- author: Abdur-Rahim Muhammad
25:44
Tribute to an Artist 1
Biography of Paul Robeson Part 1by lilbobby2012 5215 views; 1000. Watch Later Biography of...
published: 19 Jun 2011
author: lilbobby2012
Tribute to an Artist 1
Biography of Paul Robeson Part 1by lilbobby2012 5215 views; 1000. Watch Later Biography of Paul Robeson Part 2by lilbobby2012 1911 ... Paul Robeson Ol Man RiverShowboat 1936 JKern O Hammerstein IIby 222pj222 1884059 views; 339. Watch Later CPUSA Celebrates the Life of Paul Robesonby keywiki 410 views; 319. Watch Later Paul Robeson sings for the workers at Sydney Opera Houseby spontaneous45 8161 views; 520. Watch Later Slipknot The Blister Existsby Macadamia4 327371 ...
- published: 19 Jun 2011
- views: 1389
- author: lilbobby2012
70:43
jericho 1936 paul robeson
PAUL ROBESON IN A ENGLISH FILM CALLED "JERICHO" ONE OF A SERIES OF FILMS THAT HE FILMED IN...
published: 20 Sep 2012
author: DAN SHARPLES
jericho 1936 paul robeson
PAUL ROBESON IN A ENGLISH FILM CALLED "JERICHO" ONE OF A SERIES OF FILMS THAT HE FILMED IN ENGLAND, WHICH CONTAINS THE SONG "MY WAY" ENJOY!!!!
- published: 20 Sep 2012
- views: 151
- author: DAN SHARPLES
56:00
Southern 75 Paul Robeson 33 PPL Basketball
Philadelphia Public League Baskeball 1/17/13....
published: 18 Jan 2013
author: protoman2417
Southern 75 Paul Robeson 33 PPL Basketball
Philadelphia Public League Baskeball 1/17/13.
- published: 18 Jan 2013
- views: 89
- author: protoman2417
24:24
TheProudValley1
Who is the actor standing beside Paul Robeson when he sings on the street below the choir...
published: 23 Jun 2011
author: lilbobby2012
TheProudValley1
Who is the actor standing beside Paul Robeson when he sings on the street below the choir. A great film sadly very seldom seen today Ive shown it on both 16mm and 35mm but never ... about the making of it They speak with the directors son who give some great insight. I was very happy to find it There was actually a release of many of his works several years ago along with a few documentaries made to accompany Another great find of recent is the play featuring James Earl Jones playing Robeson ...
- published: 23 Jun 2011
- views: 390
- author: lilbobby2012
72:53
EMPEROR JONES (1933) Paul Robeson - Dudley Digges
Brutus Jones escapes from prison and flees. Using deception he finds himself the Emperor o...
published: 12 Nov 2012
author: TheVideoCellar
EMPEROR JONES (1933) Paul Robeson - Dudley Digges
Brutus Jones escapes from prison and flees. Using deception he finds himself the Emperor of an Island.
- published: 12 Nov 2012
- views: 308
- author: TheVideoCellar
79:30
Body and Soul (1925)
Director:Oscar Micheaux Writers:Oscar Micheaux (novel) Oscar Micheaux (screenplay) Paul Ro...
published: 15 Jul 2012
author: maj1216
Body and Soul (1925)
Director:Oscar Micheaux Writers:Oscar Micheaux (novel) Oscar Micheaux (screenplay) Paul Robeson ... Reverend Isaiah T. Jenkins / His brother Sylvester Merced...
- published: 15 Jul 2012
- views: 2277
- author: maj1216
21:28
SANDERS OF THE RIVER PAUL ROBESON & LESLIE BANKS PART 1
Ira H. Gallen Video Resources 220 West 71st Street NYC 10023 (212) 724 - 7055 http://www.T...
published: 07 Aug 2008
author: SECRETMOVIES
SANDERS OF THE RIVER PAUL ROBESON & LESLIE BANKS PART 1
Ira H. Gallen Video Resources 220 West 71st Street NYC 10023 (212) 724 - 7055 http://www.TVDAYS.com http://www.vidres@aol.com http://www.TVDAYS.com As the un...
- published: 07 Aug 2008
- views: 5062
- author: SECRETMOVIES
26:51
Eng, & Science 49 Paul Robeson 47 2nd Half
Philadelphia high school basketball, high school basketball www.whistletoppssportsnetwork....
published: 06 Jan 2012
author: protoman2417
Eng, & Science 49 Paul Robeson 47 2nd Half
Philadelphia high school basketball, high school basketball www.whistletoppssportsnetwork.com.
- published: 06 Jan 2012
- views: 483
- author: protoman2417
Vimeo results:
3:17
Paul Robeson - Hasidic Chant
published: 26 Apr 2011
author: Elisheba
Paul Robeson - Hasidic Chant
1:48
Paul Robeson Show
Make sure you see the show, "Speak of Me as I Am," Friday, Saturday and Sundays during the...
published: 13 Aug 2010
author: Poplar Productions
Paul Robeson Show
Make sure you see the show, "Speak of Me as I Am," Friday, Saturday and Sundays during the month of August, at LA's Barnsdall Theater. Check out a true American Hero. Performed by KB Solomon. Directed by Jeffrey Anderson-Gunter. Music Director, Kirk Taylor
For Ticket Information Call: 323-960-5772
www.plays411.com/speakofme
See the Reviews at:
http://www.kpfk.org/eventcal.html?task=view_detail&agid;=1435&year;=2010&month;=08&day;=07
Youtube results:
59:56
Paul's Song (a tribute to Paul Robeson)
This performance took place at a small bookstore in the heart of Trenton. Harry Jackendoff...
published: 11 Apr 2012
author: Thomas Florek
Paul's Song (a tribute to Paul Robeson)
This performance took place at a small bookstore in the heart of Trenton. Harry Jackendoff tells the story of Paul Robeson and relates it to the greater poli...
- published: 11 Apr 2012
- views: 147
- author: Thomas Florek
72:57
Paul Robeson --- The Emperor Jones
Paul Robeson The Emperor Jones. Drapeto Mania286 videos. Subscribe ... Holocaust Yo...
published: 06 Dec 2012
author: Drapetomania101
Paul Robeson --- The Emperor Jones
Paul Robeson The Emperor Jones. Drapeto Mania286 videos. Subscribe ... Holocaust You NEVER knew about {Namibia Genocide}by Drapeto Mania1004 views; EMPEROR JONES1933 Paul Robeson Dudley Digges 11253. Watch Later EMPEROR JONES1933 Paul ... Emperor Jones Early African American Film Starring Paul Robeson Part 3by mindsimedia2787 views; Paul Robeson 2001 Folk Alliance International Lifetime Achievement Award Recipient 827. Watch Later Paul Robeson 2001 Folk ...
- published: 06 Dec 2012
- views: 101
- author: Drapetomania101
64:05
KB Solomon Pays Tribute to Paul Robeson
KB Solomon speaks about the life and accomplishments of Paul Robeson, a profound influence...
published: 17 Apr 2009
author: USCSocialWork
KB Solomon Pays Tribute to Paul Robeson
KB Solomon speaks about the life and accomplishments of Paul Robeson, a profound influence on civil rights for African Americans and social justice in the U....
- published: 17 Apr 2009
- views: 1253
- author: USCSocialWork
31:18
PAUL ROBESON LP-ROBESON.
RECORDED 1958...NO DIGITAL RECORDING I'VE EVER HEARD SOUNDS AS SPECTACULAR AS THIS....
published: 29 Jan 2013
author: PETETHEMADMANSBACK
PAUL ROBESON LP-ROBESON.
RECORDED 1958...NO DIGITAL RECORDING I'VE EVER HEARD SOUNDS AS SPECTACULAR AS THIS.
- published: 29 Jan 2013
- views: 48
- author: PETETHEMADMANSBACK
9:21
paul robeson
An interview with Paul Robeson's son on the publication of the biography of his father by ...
published: 20 May 2008
author: mediumcool123
paul robeson
An interview with Paul Robeson's son on the publication of the biography of his father by Martin Bauml Duberman.
- published: 20 May 2008
- views: 6746
- author: mediumcool123
14:11
Amiri Baraka on Paul Robeson
Amiri Baraka discusses the life of American Master Paul Robeson. This presentation takes p...
published: 02 Mar 2012
author: Abdur-Rahim Muhammad
Amiri Baraka on Paul Robeson
Amiri Baraka discusses the life of American Master Paul Robeson. This presentation takes place during the 2006 Paul Robeson "Here I Stand" award gala at the ...
- published: 02 Mar 2012
- views: 362
- author: Abdur-Rahim Muhammad
1:48
Paul Robeson discusses Othello
The first black American to play Othello in an American Theatre. New York 1943....
published: 12 Apr 2008
author: Joe Stead
Paul Robeson discusses Othello
The first black American to play Othello in an American Theatre. New York 1943.
- published: 12 Apr 2008
- views: 33088
- author: Joe Stead
30:59
Paul Robeson Jr interviewed by Dr Julianne Malveaux
Paul Robeson Jr. interviewed by Dr. Julianne Malveaux at the historic Lincoln Theatre in W...
published: 20 Jan 2013
author: Abdur-Rahim Muhammad
Paul Robeson Jr interviewed by Dr Julianne Malveaux
Paul Robeson Jr. interviewed by Dr. Julianne Malveaux at the historic Lincoln Theatre in Washington, DC. This interview was part of the Hung Tao Choy Mei Lea...
- published: 20 Jan 2013
- views: 87
- author: Abdur-Rahim Muhammad
18:03
Common interview 2012 Paul Robeson "Here I Stand" Pt 1
Hip hop legend Lonnie Rashid Lynn, Jr. aka Common interviewed on stage at the historic Lin...
published: 16 Oct 2012
author: Abdur-Rahim Muhammad
Common interview 2012 Paul Robeson "Here I Stand" Pt 1
Hip hop legend Lonnie Rashid Lynn, Jr. aka Common interviewed on stage at the historic Lincoln Theatre in Washington, DC during the 2012 Paul Robeson "Here I...
- published: 16 Oct 2012
- views: 246
- author: Abdur-Rahim Muhammad
3:01
Paul Robeson, "Joe Hill"
Robeson singing the famous labor ballad with photo overlay....
published: 23 Jul 2009
author: Julian O. Long
Paul Robeson, "Joe Hill"
Robeson singing the famous labor ballad with photo overlay.
- published: 23 Jul 2009
- views: 209421
- author: Julian O. Long
3:19
Paul Robeson sings for the workers at Sydney Opera House
Wonderful Voice Mr Paul Robesonby varadero1839 11617 views · 317. Watch Later Paul ...
published: 14 Nov 2010
author: spontaneous45
Paul Robeson sings for the workers at Sydney Opera House
Wonderful Voice Mr Paul Robesonby varadero1839 11617 views · 317. Watch Later Paul Robeson Stand Still Jordanby dammir 5871 views · 244. Watch Later Paul Robeson America's low octaveby Spiciu 85536 views · 052. Watch Later Andre Iguodala behind the glass from AI to reverse dunkby endz 558334 views · 200. Watch Later Paul Robeson Scandalize My Namewmvby John Coryell 1604 views · 304. Watch Later Paul Mabon sings Joe Hill fromAn Interview with Paul Robesonby Dirk Dantuma ...
- published: 14 Nov 2010
- views: 8198
- author: spontaneous45
3:16
Paul Robeson - Shenandoah
IF YOU LIKE THIS SUBSCRIBE "Oh, Shenandoah, I long to hear you Look away, you rollin' rive...
published: 17 May 2008
author: StalinLeninMao
Paul Robeson - Shenandoah
IF YOU LIKE THIS SUBSCRIBE "Oh, Shenandoah, I long to hear you Look away, you rollin' river Oh, Shenandoah, I long to hear you Look away. We're bound away Ac...
- published: 17 May 2008
- views: 426718
- author: StalinLeninMao
10:36
Paul Robeson Jr - Upfront TV Magazine
Doug Ruffin interviews Paul Robeson Jr at the Buffalo, NY Harlem Book Fair in 2006. Robeso...
published: 29 Dec 2010
author: UrbanLegacyFilmworks
Paul Robeson Jr - Upfront TV Magazine
Doug Ruffin interviews Paul Robeson Jr at the Buffalo, NY Harlem Book Fair in 2006. Robeson talks about his visit to the city of Buffalo and his book "The Bl...
- published: 29 Dec 2010
- views: 205
- author: UrbanLegacyFilmworks
53:30
Paul Robeson's Moscow Concert.mpg
A great moment of history and song, especially when Robeson publically announces he has se...
published: 21 Jul 2011
author: OscarLevant1
Paul Robeson's Moscow Concert.mpg
A great moment of history and song, especially when Robeson publically announces he has seen Isaac Pfeffer, one of Stalin's disappeared persons, The audience...
- published: 21 Jul 2011
- views: 2673
- author: OscarLevant1
2:50
Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child-Paul Robeson
There's so much to be said about Mr. Robeson. He was an athlete, attorney, incredible sing...
published: 12 Dec 2008
author: varadero1839
Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child-Paul Robeson
There's so much to be said about Mr. Robeson. He was an athlete, attorney, incredible singer, movie star and much more. His father was born in slavery but es...
- published: 12 Dec 2008
- views: 209874
- author: varadero1839
2:10
Paul Robeson - Old Man River
The words of Old Man River were (thankfully) to change many times since the original versi...
published: 24 Apr 2008
author: Joe Stead
Paul Robeson - Old Man River
The words of Old Man River were (thankfully) to change many times since the original version was written by Hammerstein and Kerr. The first line "Niggers all...
- published: 24 Apr 2008
- views: 451453
- author: Joe Stead
15:58
Common Interview 2012 Paul Robeson "Here I Stand" Pt 2
Hip hop Legend Lonnie Rashid Lynn, Jr. aka Common is interviewed on stage at the historic ...
published: 17 Oct 2012
author: Abdur-Rahim Muhammad
Common Interview 2012 Paul Robeson "Here I Stand" Pt 2
Hip hop Legend Lonnie Rashid Lynn, Jr. aka Common is interviewed on stage at the historic Lincoln Theatre in Washington, DC. Common was there to receive the ...
- published: 17 Oct 2012
- views: 138
- author: Abdur-Rahim Muhammad
Vimeo results:
3:17
Paul Robeson - Hasidic Chant
published: 26 Apr 2011
author: Elisheba
Paul Robeson - Hasidic Chant
1:48
Paul Robeson Show
Make sure you see the show, "Speak of Me as I Am," Friday, Saturday and Sundays during the...
published: 13 Aug 2010
author: Poplar Productions
Paul Robeson Show
Make sure you see the show, "Speak of Me as I Am," Friday, Saturday and Sundays during the month of August, at LA's Barnsdall Theater. Check out a true American Hero. Performed by KB Solomon. Directed by Jeffrey Anderson-Gunter. Music Director, Kirk Taylor
For Ticket Information Call: 323-960-5772
www.plays411.com/speakofme
See the Reviews at:
http://www.kpfk.org/eventcal.html?task=view_detail&agid;=1435&year;=2010&month;=08&day;=07
Youtube results:
4:00
Soviet/ USSR Anthem in English [by Paul Robeson]
Soviet/ USSR Anthem in English, with Soviet Videos (recorded from Victory Parade of 1945)....
published: 10 Mar 2007
author: lazarodesouzagomes
Soviet/ USSR Anthem in English [by Paul Robeson]
Soviet/ USSR Anthem in English, with Soviet Videos (recorded from Victory Parade of 1945). By Paul Robeson. English lyrics of this version United forever in ...
- published: 10 Mar 2007
- views: 1301889
- author: lazarodesouzagomes
5:08
Going Home - Paul Robeson
Magnificent live rendition of the Anton Dvorak adaptation - Going Home. From the live conc...
published: 02 Oct 2009
author: varadero1839
Going Home - Paul Robeson
Magnificent live rendition of the Anton Dvorak adaptation - Going Home. From the live concert at Carnegie Hall in New York, 1958. DISCLAIMER: All rights rese...
- published: 02 Oct 2009
- views: 140210
- author: varadero1839
2:38
Paul Robeson - Summertime
IF YOU LIKE THIS SUBSCRIBE LYRICS: Summertime and the livin is easy Fish are jumpin and th...
published: 17 May 2008
author: StalinLeninMao
Paul Robeson - Summertime
IF YOU LIKE THIS SUBSCRIBE LYRICS: Summertime and the livin is easy Fish are jumpin and the cotton is high Oh your daddys rich and your ma is good lookin So ...
- published: 17 May 2008
- views: 181343
- author: StalinLeninMao
4:19
Paul Robeson - Ol' Man River (Showboat - 1936) J.Kern O. Hammerstein II
From Showboat's 2nd version (1936) Paul Robeson - Ol' Man River Ol' Man River (Jerome Kern...
published: 29 Oct 2008
author: 222pj222
Paul Robeson - Ol' Man River (Showboat - 1936) J.Kern O. Hammerstein II
From Showboat's 2nd version (1936) Paul Robeson - Ol' Man River Ol' Man River (Jerome Kern - Oscar Hammerstein II) Lyrics from the Original Libretto Dare's a...
- published: 29 Oct 2008
- views: 1882964
- author: 222pj222
photo: AP / Aaron Favila
05 Mar 2013
Manila. Members of a major Philippine Muslim rebel force who were meant to have disarmed in the 1990s as part of a peace pact are involved in deadly battles in Malaysia, the group’s leader said on Tuesday. Nur Misuari, who founded the Moro National Liberation Front in the late 1960s, confirmed “freedom fighters” from his group were part of the militia sent by a self-proclaimed sultan to claim the Malaysian state of Sabah....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: AP / Ronald Zak
06 Mar 2013
6 March 2013 –. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon today urged an end to violence and encouraged dialogue among all parties to peacefully resolve the situation in Sabah, Malaysia ... Mr ... News Tracker. past stories on this issue ... Source....(size: 1.3Kb)
photo: US Army / Edward N. Johnson
06 Mar 2013
North Korea has threatened to cancel the 1953 ceasefire that ended the Korean War, citing a US-led push for punishing UN sanctions over its recent nuclear test and ongoing US-South Korean joint military drills. The threat came on Tuesday as the United States, with Chinese backing, introduced a draft UN resolution to punish North Korea for its nuclear test on February 12 ... 415 Source.. Agencies. Share. Send Feedback ... China ... News ... ....(size: 7.2Kb)
photo: WN / Emico Silalahi
05 Mar 2013
KOTA KINABALU. The Suluks stand united in accepting Malaysia as their motherland and support any move by the national security forces to evict the armed intruders from Sabah soil. Suluk groups here and in the peninsula said that although they and the intruders were clansmen, their loyalty and support was for Malaysia ... “They have invaded our homeland and had been cruel and acted like uncivilised people ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)
photo: AP / Lai Seng Sin
05 Mar 2013
KUALA LUMPUR. Malaysian security forces attacked a group of armed Filipinos early Tuesday to end the group's three-week occupation of a Borneo village, the prime minister said after the siege turned violent and became Malaysia's biggest security crisis in years ... The Philippine government asked Malaysia on Monday to exercise maximum tolerance to avoid further bloodshed ... 9 ... ....(size: 4.7Kb)
Philadelphia Daily News
07 Mar 2013
PAUL SOCOLAR, Philadelphia Public School Notebook ... Paul Robeson High School for Human Services. Robeson's graduation rate of 90 percent places it among the top-10 high schools in four-year graduation rates for freshmen who started in 2008 in the Philadelphia School District ... Robeson's 2012 graduation rate climbed from 83 percent a year ago ... PAUL SOCOLAR Philadelphia Public School Notebook....(size: 8.1Kb)
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
07 Mar 2013
Where ... When. Saturday through March 31 ... 7 p.m ... "A music teacher in middle school was turning me on to the Marian Andersons, the Leontyne Prices, Paul Robeson, of course, mainly concert artists ... When most people think of a pioneering African-American male vocalist, the name that comes to mind is Paul Robeson, the singer-actor-athlete and civil rights activist. "[Robeson] was a bigger-than-life character, and Roland Hayes wasn't," Mr ... ....(size: 7.8Kb)
Chicago Tribune
07 Mar 2013
Former guard Jannero Pargo and his wife, "Basketball Wives LA" reality show star Malaysia Pargo, have placed their seven-bedroom, 11,887-square-foot mansion in Riverwoods on the market for $2.4 million. A Chicago native who attended Paul Robeson High School in Englewood, Pargo, 33, twice played for the Bulls — from 2003 until 2006 and from 2009 until 2010 ... Ch. 32's Placko lists house. WFLD-Ch ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)
Huffington Post
07 Mar 2013
Rand Paul's filibuster of John Brennan's nomination for CIA director, praising Paul for his "tenacity" and "conviction.". As Paul's filibuster, which began on Wednesday morning, neared the 12 hour mark, McConnell made an appearance on the Senate floor to voice his support for his colleague's efforts ... Rand Paul ... Rand Paul, R-Ky ... (AP Photo/Senate Television)Rand Paul ... Rand Paul, R-Ky ... (AP Photo/Senate Television)Rand Paul ... Rand Paul, R-Ky....(size: 4.5Kb)
Huffington Post
07 Mar 2013
Rand Paul (R-Ky.) has ended his filibuster of the nomination of John Brennan as director of the Central Intelligence Agency. "I will speak until I can no longer speak," Paul said at the beginning of the filibuster, which he used to address concerns over President Obama's policies on civil liberties, including the president's controversial drone program ... Paul began the filibuster at 11.47 a.m ... After Paul ceded the floor, Sen ... Rand Paul....(size: 5.6Kb)
Huffington Post
07 Mar 2013
Republicans, from Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (Ky.) to filibuster-leader Rand Paul (Ky.), spoke for more than 12 hours ... Ron Wyden of Oregon, spoke in support of Paul during that time ... Chris Murphy (D-Conn.) even joked that Paul's filibuster was "background noise.". As the filibuster crept toward its 13th hour, Senate Majority Whip Dick Durbin (D-Ill.) joined to ask Paul whether the U.S ... Paul called it a "red herring." ... Rand Paul....(size: 6.3Kb)
WPXI
07 Mar 2013
Rand Paul ended his filibuster Thursday shortly after midnight, but Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, also a Kentucky Republican, said he would continue to oppose Brennan's confirmation and resist ending the debate on President Barack Obama's nominee to lead the spy agency ... And even as the night progressed, Paul appeared invigorated despite being on his feet for so long ... After Paul yielded the floor, Sen....(size: 7.7Kb)
Seattle Post
07 Mar 2013
Rand Paul ended his filibuster Thursday shortly after midnight, but Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, also a Kentucky Republican, said he would continue to oppose Brennan's confirmation and resist ending the debate on President Barack Obama's nominee to lead the spy agency ... And even as the night progressed, Paul appeared invigorated despite being on his feet for so long ... After Paul yielded the floor, Sen....(size: 7.7Kb)
The Associated Press
07 Mar 2013
WASHINGTON (AP) -- Senator Rand Paul has ended his filibuster blocking Senate confirmation of President Barack Obama's CIA nominee, nearly 13 hours after he began. Paul, a Kentucky Republican and tea party favorite, stopped his self-described filibuster early Thursday morning. Paul had been blocking confirmation of John Brennan to lead the CIA ... Paul said he recognized that he can't stop Brennan from being confirmed....(size: 8.0Kb)
MSNBC
07 Mar 2013
Rand Paul ended his filibuster Thursday shortly after midnight, but Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, also a Kentucky Republican, said he would continue to oppose Brennan's confirmation and resist ending the debate on President Barack Obama's nominee to lead the spy agency ... And even as the night progressed, Paul appeared invigorated despite being on his feet for so long ... After Paul yielded the floor, Sen....(size: 8.1Kb)
Star Tribune
07 Mar 2013
Rand Paul ended his filibuster Thursday shortly after midnight, but Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, also a Kentucky Republican, said he would continue to oppose Brennan's confirmation and resist ending the debate on President Barack Obama's nominee to lead the spy agency ... And even as the night progressed, Paul appeared invigorated despite being on his feet for so long ... After Paul yielded the floor, Sen....(size: 7.9Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
07 Mar 2013
Rand Paul has ended his filibuster to block Senate confirmation of President Obama's CIA nominee, nearly 13 hours after he began. Paul, a Kentucky Republican and Tea Party favorite, stopped his self-described filibuster early Thursday. Paul had been blocking confirmation of John Brennan to lead the CIA. GOP colleagues listening to Paul's closing statement applauded as he yielded the floor ... Paul rejected the request....(size: 2.6Kb)
The Daily Telegraph Australia
07 Mar 2013
In a remarkable display highlighting the partisan rift in Washington, Rand Paul led a more than 12-hour filibuster of John Brennan's appointment after the White House refused to unequivocally rule out drone strikes on US soil ... Democratic Majority Leader Harry Reid had been pushing for a confirmation vote to be held Wednesday, but those plans were dashed by Paul's lengthy floor speech ... But Paul was making Senate leaders sweat a little....(size: 6.5Kb)
For son, see Paul Robeson, Jr..
| Paul Robeson | |
|---|---|
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| Background information | |
| Birth name | Paul Leroy Robeson |
| Born | (1898-04-09)April 9, 1898 Princeton, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Died | January 23, 1976(1976-01-23) (aged 77) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Genres | Spirituals International folk Musicals |
| Occupations | Actor, concert singer, athlete, lawyer, social activist |
| Instruments | Vocals |
| Years active | 1917–63 |
| End | |||||||||
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Personal information
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date of birth: (1898-04-09)April 9, 1898 | |||||||||
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Career information
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| College: Rutgers | |||||||||
| Debuted in 1921 for the Akron Pros | |||||||||
| Last played in 1922 for the Milwaukee Badgers | |||||||||
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Career history
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Career highlights and awards
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| First team All-American (1917, 1918) | |||||||||
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Career NFL statistics as of 1922
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| College Football Hall of Fame | |||||||||
Paul Leroy Robeson ( /ˈroʊbsən/ ROHB-sən April 9, 1898 – January 23, 1976) was an American singer and actor who was a political activist for the Civil Rights Movement. His disaffection with the policies of the United States (US) government, post-World War II and during McCarthyism, and his simultaneous advocation of the policies of the Soviet Union, brought retribution from the executive branch of the US government and scrutiny from the United States Congress. Though internationally acclaimed, he was subsequently blacklisted in the US from performing artistically and was not permitted to travel overseas. His right to travel was restored in 1958, but his health had broken down under controversial circumstances. Thereafter, he remained defiant and refused to admit any of his denunciations of US policy, or his support of the Soviet Union, was incorrect.
Early in his life, he won a scholarship to Rutgers University, where he was an football All-American and the class valedictorian. He subsequently graduated from Columbia Law School while playing professionally in the National Football League (NFL) and singing and acting in off-campus productions. After graduation, he worked briefly as a lawyer before focusing on the arts and becoming a popular figure on the acting stage.
He was the first major concert star to popularize the performance of spirituals. He took the role of Shakespeare's Othello with an otherwise all-white cast. As his artistic career progressed, he became an outspoken political advocate. His political beliefs with respect to American policy caught the attention of the FBI, the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), and brought public condemnation in the US.
During the Cold War, Robeson's passport was revoked, under the auspices of the McCarran Act, due to his work in the anti-imperialism movement, his criticism of American civil rights policies, and his affiliation with members of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA).
Contents |
Early life[link]
Childhood (1898-1915)[link]
Paul Robeson was born in Princeton in 1898, to Reverend William Drew Robeson and Maria Louisa Bustill.[2] His mother, Maria, was from a prominent Quaker family of mixed ancestry: African, Anglo-American, and Lenape.[3] His father, William, had been born a slave but escaped from a plantation in his teens[4] and eventually became the minister of Princeton's Witherspoon Street Presbyterian Church in 1881.[5] Robeson had three brothers, William Drew, Jr. (born 1881), Reeve (born c. 1887), and Benjamin (born c. 1893), and one sister, Marian (born c. 1895).[6]
In 1900, a disagreement between William and white, financial supporters of Witherspoon arose with apparent racial undertones,[7] which were prevalent in Princeton.[8] William, who had the support of his entirely black congregation, resigned in 1901.[9] The loss of his position forced him to work menial jobs.[10] Three years later when Paul was six, Maria, who was nearly blind from cataracts, tragically died in a house fire.[11] Eventually, William became financially incapable of providing a house for himself and his children still living at home, Ben and Paul, so they moved into the attic of a store in Westfield, New Jersey.[12]
William found a stable parsonage at the St. Thomas A. M. E. Zion in 1910,[13] where Robeson would fill in for his father during sermons when he was called away.[14] In 1912, Robeson attended Somerville High School,[15] where he performed in Julius Caesar, Othello, sang in the chorus, and excelled in football, basketball, baseball and track.[16] His athletic dominance elicited racial taunts which he ignored.[17] Prior to his graduation, he won a statewide academic contest for a scholarship to Rutgers.[18] He took a summer job as a waiter in Narragansett Pier, Rhode Island, where he befriended Fritz Pollard.[19]
Rutgers University (1915-1919)[link]
File:CapandSkull-Robeson.jpg
Robeson (far left) was Rutgers Class of 1919 and one of four students selected into Cap and Skull
In the fall of 1915, Robeson became the third African-American student ever enrolled at Rutgers, and the only one at the time.[20] Although he was determined to excel at his studies, he tried out for the Rutgers Scarlet Knights football team that fall.[21] During tryouts, the players tested his resolve to make the team by engaging in unwarranted and excessive play that was arguably precipitated by racism.[22] In an ensuing practice, he used his superior size and strength to physically exact retribution against the other players. Witnessing his brutal tactics, the coach, Foster Sanford, decided he had overcome the provocation and announced that he had made the team.[23]
He then joined the debate team[24] and became involved with the Glee Club, although he was unable to join it because membership required attending all-white mixers, which he was prohibited from doing.[25] Undeterred, he sang on-campus informally and off-campus for spending money.[26] He also joined the track and field, basketball and baseball teams.[27] In his sophomore year, amidst Rutgers' sesquicentennial celebration, he was benched, in a stinging insult, when a Southern team refused to take the field because Rutgers fielded a Negro, Robeson.[28]
After a standout junior year of football,[29] he was recognized in The Crisis for his athletic, academic, and singing talents.[30] At what should have been a high point of Robeson's life,[31] his father fell grievously ill.[32] Consequently, Robeson took sole responsibility to care for him, shuttling between Rutgers and Somerville.[33] His father soon died, and at Rutgers, Robeson somberly expounded on the incongruity of African-Americans fighting to protect America and not being afforded the same opportunities as whites.[34]
He finished university with four annual oratorical triumphs[35] and varsity letters in multiple sports.[36] His play at end in football[37] won him recognition as a first-team All-American in both junior and senior years. Walter Camp considered him the greatest defensive end ever.[38] Academically, he was accepted into Phi Beta Kappa[39] and Cap and Skull.[40] His classmates showed their respect by[41] electing him class valedictorian.[42] They published a poem in The Daily Targum featuring his achievements.[43] In his valedictorian speech, he exhorted his classmates to work for equality for all Americans.[44]
Columbia Law School (1919-1923)[link]
Robeson entered New York University School of Law (NYU) in the fall of 1919.[45] To support himself, he became an assistant football coach at Lincoln,[46] where he joined the Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity.[47] Harlem had recently changed its predominantly Jewish American population to an almost entirely African-American one,[48] and Robeson was drawn to it.[49] He transferred to Columbia Law School in February 1920 and moved to Harlem.[50] He was already well-known in the black community for his singing,[51] and he was selected to perform at the dedication of the Harlem YWCA.[52] He began dating Eslanda "Essie" Goode, a histological chemist at NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital.[53] His theatrical debut was playing Simon in Ridgely Torrence's Simon of Cyrene.[54] After a year of courtship, Goode and Robeson married on August 17, 1921.[55]
Robeson was recruited by Pollard to play for the NFL's Akron Pros, while he continued his law studies.[56] In the spring, he postponed school[57] to portray Jim in Taboo by Mary Hoyt Wiborg.[58] He then sang in a chorus in an off-broadway production of Shuffle Along[59] before he abandoned it to join Taboo in Britain for the summer.[60] The play was adapted by director Mrs. Patrick Campbell to highlight his singing.[61] After the play ended, he befriended Lawrence Brown,[62] a classically trained musician,[63] before returning to Columbia while playing for the NFL's Milwaukee Badgers.[64] He ended his football career after 1922,[65] and months later, he graduated from law school.[66]
Theatrical ascension and ideological transformation (1923-1939)[link]
Harlem renaissance (1923–1927)[link]
Robeson briefly worked as a lawyer, but he renounced that career due to blatant racism in the field, which he felt would relegate him to a position far below his intellect.[67] Essie supported them as the head histological chemist of surgical pathology at New York-Presbyterian Hospital and they frequented the social functions at the future Schomburg Center.[68] In December, he landed the lead role of Jim in Eugene O'Neill's All God's Chillun Got Wings,[69] which culminated with Jim metaphorically consummating his marriage with his white wife by symbolically emasculating himself. Chillun's opening was postponed while a nationwide debate occurred over its plot.[70]
Chilluns delay led to a revival of The Emperor Jones with Robeson as Brutus, a role pioneered by Charles Sidney Gilpin.[71] The role terrified and galvanized him as it was practically a 90-minute soliloquy.[72] Reviews declared him an unequivocal success.[73] Weeks later, reviews of Jim in Chillun's, though arguably clouded by its controversial subject, were less favorable.[74] Robeson deflected criticism of Chillun's plot by writing that fate had drawn him to the "untrodden path" of drama and stated the importance to America of African culture and that the only "original" American culture was African-American and that the measure of a culture is in its artistic contributions.[75] The popular success of his acting placed him in elite social circles[76] and his ascension to fame had occurred at a startling pace,[77] which was forcefully aided by Essie.[78] Her naked ambition for Robeson was a startling dichotomy to his insouciance.[79] She quit her job, became his agent, and negotiated his first movie role in a silent race film directed by Oscar Micheaux, Body and Soul.[80]
To support a charity for single mothers, Robeson headlined a concert singing spirituals.[81] He performed his repertoire of spirituals on the radio.[82] Brown, who had become renowned while touring with gospel singer Roland Hayes, stumbled on Robeson in Harlem.[83] The two ad-libbed a set of spirituals, with Robeson as lead and Brown as accompanist. This so enthralled them that they booked Provincetown Playhouse for a concert.[84] The pair's rendition of African-American folk songs and spirituals was captivating,[85] and Victor Records signed Robeson to a contract.[86]
The Robesons went to London for a revival of Jones, before spending the rest of the fall on holiday on the French Riviera socializing with Gertrude Stein and Claude McKay.[87] Robeson and Brown performed a series of concert tours in America, with and without Essie, from January 1926 until May 1927.[88] During a hiatus in New York, Robeson learned that Essie was several months pregnant.[89] Nevertheless, Robeson and Brown toured Europe in October.[90] On November 2, 1927, Paul Robeson, Jr. was born. Essie experienced complications.[91] By mid-December, her health had deteriorated dramatically. Over her objections, Essie's mother wired Robeson and he returned to her in late December.[92] Essie completely recovered after a few months.[citation needed]
[edit] Show Boat (1928-1929)
Robeson played the stevedore "Joe" in the London production of the American musical Show Boat, at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.[93] His rendition of "Ol' Man River" became the benchmark for judging all future performers of the song.[94] Some black critics were not pleased with the play due to its usage of the word nigger.[95] It was, nonetheless, immensely popular with white audiences,[96] and it gained a royal audience, principally Queen Mary.[97] Robeson was summoned for a Royal Command Performance at Buckingham Palace in honor of the King of Spain, Alfonso XIII.[98] He was befriended by MPs from the House of Commons.[99] Feeling comfortable in London, the Robesons bought a home in Hampstead.[100] Show Boat continued for 350 performances and as of 2001, it remained the Royal's most profitable venture.[94] Robeson reflected on his life in his diary and wrote that it was all part of a "'higher plan'" and "God watches over me and guides me. He's with me and lets me fight my own battles and hopes I'll win."[101]
Marriage difficulties (1930-1932)[link]
Essie had learned early in their marriage that Robeson had been involved in extramarital affairs, but she tolerated them.[102] However, when she discovered that he was having an affair with a Ms. Jackson, she unfavorably altered the characterization of him in his biography.[103] At this time they went on a concert tour of Europe and there was no suggestion that their relationship had been harmed.[104] In early 1930, Essie and Robeson together starred in the experimental classic Borderline.[105]
They returned to the West End for Robeson's starring role in Shakespeare's Othello, opposite Peggy Ashcroft as Desdemona.[106] Essie's Paul Robeson, Negro was published, wherein she defamed him by describing him with "negative racial stereotypes," which he found appalling.[107] He internalized his disgust and became first black actor cast as Othello in Britain since Ira Aldridge.[108] The production met with mixed reviews which pointed out Robeson's "highly civilized quality [but lacking the] grand style."[109]
Drawn into an interview, Robeson stated that the best way to diminish the oppression African-Americans faced was for his artistic work to be an example of what "men of my colour" could accomplish rather than to "be a propagandist and make speeches and write articles about what they call the Colour Question."[110] After Essie's discovery of Robeson's affair with Ashcroft, she decided to seek a divorce and they split up.[111] Robeson's and Jackson's relationship became serious and they discussed marriage.[112] He returned to Broadway as Joe in the spring 1932 revival of Show Boat, to critical and popular acclaim.[113] Subsequently, Robeson received, with immense pride, an honorary master's degree from Rutgers.[114] Robeson was advised by Sanford that divorcing Essie and marrying Jackson would do irreparable damage to his reputation.[115] Jackson's and Robeson's relationship abruptly ended in 1932,[116] following which Paul and Essie reconciled, although their relation was permanently scarred.[117]
Ideological awakening (1933–1937)[link]
Robeson returned to the theatre as Joe in "Chillun" in 1933 because he found the character stimulating.[118] He received no financial compensation for "Chillun", but he was a pleasure to work with.[119] The play ran for several weeks and was panned by critics, except for Robesn's acting.[120] He then returned to the US for a lucrative portrayal Brutus in the film The Emperor Jones.[121] "Jones" became the first feature sound film starring an African American, an accomplishment not repeated for more than two decades in the U.S., and his acting was well-received, but offensive language in the script caused controversy.[122] On the film set he rejected any slight to his dignity, notwithstanding the widespread Jim Crow attitudes.[123] Although, the winter of 1932-1933 was, until then, the worst economic period in American history, Robeson was viewed, by some biographers, as unmindful of the disaster.[124]
Post-production, he returned home to England and publicly criticized African-Americans' rejection of their own culture.[125] His comments brought rebuke from the New York Amsterdam News, which retorted that his elitism had led him to "'jolly well [make an ass of himself].'"[126] Robeson declared that he would reject any offers to perform European opera because the music had no connection to his cultural heritage.[127] He enrolled in the School of Oriental and African Studies to study Swahili and Bantu, among other languages.[128] His "sudden interest" in African history and its impact on culture[129] coincided with his essay I Want to be African, wherein he wrote of his desire to embrace his heritage.[130] Consequently, Robeson undertook Bosambo in the movie Sanders of the River set in Nigeria,[131] which he felt would render a realistic view of colonial African culture.[citation needed]
His friends in the anti-imperialism movement and association with British socialists led him to visit the USSR.[130] Robeson, Essie, and Marie Seton embarked to the USSR on an invitation from Sergei Eisenstein in December 1934.[132] During their sojourn, they encountered the racism that flourished in Nazi Germany.[133] They were welcomed by Eisenstein upon reaching Moscow.[134] He found the USSR free of racism and spoke of the irrelevance of his race there.[135]
Sanders of the River was released in 1935. The film was immensely popular and made Robeson an international movie star.[136] However, his stereotypical portrayal of a colonial African[137] was seen as embarrassing to his stature as an artist[138] and damaging to his reputation.[139] The Commissioner of Nigeria to London protested the film as slanderous to his country,[140] and Robeson henceforth became more politically conscious of his roles.[141] In early 1936 he considered himself primarily apolitical, although he did express concern that Italy's conquest of Ethiopia was unnecessary.[142] He then played the role of Toussaint Louverture in the eponymous play by C.L.R. James at the Westminster Theatre and appeared in the films Song of Freedom[143], Show Boat, [144] Big Fella,[145] My Song Goes Forth (a.k.a. Africa Sings)[146], and the 1937 version of King Solomon's Mines.[147] Consequently in 1937, he was the 10th-most popular star in British cinema.[148]
Spanish Civil War (1937-1939)[link]
Robeson would later write that the struggle against fascism in Spain during the Spanish Civil War was "the turning point of my life", transforming him into a political activist and artist.[149] In 1937, he used his concert performances to advocate the Republicans cause and for the war's refugees.[150] He transformed his performances of Ol' Man River from a show tune into a battle cry of unwavering defiance.[151] His business agent became concerned about political involvement.[152] However, Robeson had decided that contemporary events were paramount and trumped his commercial activities.[153]
The artist must take sides. He must elect to fight for freedom or slavery. I have made my choice. I had no alternative.[154]
After an invitation from J. B. S. Haldane,[155] Robeson visited Spain in 1938 because he believed in the cause the members of the International Brigades were fighting for.[156] He sang spirituals to the Republicans,[157] appeared on Radio Madrid,[158] and provided a morale boost to the troops when they felt victory was doubtful.[159]
Robeson's view of the USSR was enhanced by the assistance it offered the Republicans.[160]
Months later to support Jawaharlal Nehru efforts for Indian independence, he welcomed him to Kingsway Hall where Nehru expounded on imperialism's affiliation with Fascism, .[161] He stated that he would no longer appear in "decadent Hollywood films", but instead would portray "the life, hopes and aspirations of the struggling people from which I come."[162] Robeson appeared in Unity Theatre's Plant in the Sun by Herbert Marshall[163] which dealt with labor activism.[164] He visited the Rhondda Valley and performed for miners and their families in Cardiff, Neath and Aberdare.[165] At Mountain Ash, his performance commemorated the Welsh killed while fighting for the Republicans.[166] He recorded a message to the Republicans, which would become his epitaph:
Political activism (1939–1958)[link]
Outbreak of World War II (1939–1943)[link]
Robeson returned from Europe after the outbreak of World War II, quickly becoming a national celebrity once again when he performed Ballad for Americans, an American patriotic cantata.[167] In 1940, Robeson appeared in The Proud Valley, playing a black laborer who arrives in the Rhondda Valley in Wales and wins the hearts of the local people. The film won good reviews.[168] It was the film of which he was most proud.[169] He sang "Ballad for Americans" at The Hollywood Bowl to the largest crowd in its history.[170] The Beverly Wilshire was the only hotel in Los Angeles willing to accommodate Robeson, at the then exorbitant rate of $100 per night and only if he would register under an assumed name. He complied, but then arranged to spend two hours every afternoon sitting in the lobby, where he could easily be recognized. When asked why, he responded, "To ensure that the next time Black singers and actors come through, they'll have a place to stay." During that period, Collier's magazine named him both "favorite male Negro singer" and "America's no.1 entertainer."[171]
With Max Yergan Robeson co-founded the International Committee on African Affairs in 1937 (from 1941, the Council on African Affairs, CAA). The CAA provided information about Africa across the US, particularly to African-Americans. During World War II, it functioned as a coalition that included activists from varying leftist backgrounds. Its most successful campaign was for South African famine relief in 1946. Under the weight of internal disputes, government repression, and financial hardships, the CAA disbanded in 1955.
When Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor brought the US into the war, Robeson was among the first performers to give benefit concerts on behalf of the war effort, making him one of the top American actors and singers of that era.[172]
In 1942 Robeson performed in the Frontier Films production of Native Land which was based on the La Follette Committee's investigation of the repression of labor organizations.[173] The FBI labeled it "...obviously a Communist project."[174]
In 1942, in Hollywood, Robeson participated in the anthology film Tales of Manhattan. His segment depicted black people's living conditions under the sharecropping system. Robeson was dissatisfied, calling it "very offensive to my people. It makes the Negro childlike and innocent and is in the old plantation hallelujah shouter tradition". He attempted to remove the film from distribution by buying up all its prints but this proved far too expensive. Robeson held a press conference, announcing that he would no longer act in Hollywood films because of the demeaning roles available to black actors and would gladly join others in picketing the film.[175]
Robeson performed at the Polo Grounds to support the USSR in the war, where he met two emissaries from the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, Solomon Mikhoels and Itzik Feffer (NKVD informant.[176]
[edit] The Broadway Othello (1943-1945)
Robeson reprised his role of Othello at the Shubert Theatre in 1943 under the direction of Margaret Webster.[citation needed] He became the first African-American to play the role with a white supporting cast on Broadway where it was immensely popular.[citation needed] He addressed a meeting of Major League Baseball (MLB) club owners and MLB Commissioner Landis in a failed attempt to have them admit black players.[177] Stage actress Uta Hagen played Desdemona, and José Ferrer played Iago. He toured North America with the show until 1945[citation needed] and received a Donaldson Award[178] and was awarded the and a Spingarn medal by the NAACP for his distinguished achievements in the performing arts and his humanitarian endeavors.[citation needed]
Onset of Cold War (1946–1948)[link]
In 1946, he opposed a move by the Canadian government to deport thousands of Japanese Canadians.[citation needed]
In July 1946, as Chairman of the Council on African Affairs, he telegraphed President Truman on the lynching of four African Americans in Georgia, demanding that the federal government "take steps to apprehend and punish the perpetrators ... and to halt the rising tide of lynch law."[179]
Following the rally, he led a delegation to the White House to present a legislative and educational program aimed at ending mob violence; demanding that lynchers be prosecuted and calling on Congress to enact a federal anti-lynching law. He then warned Truman that if the government did not do something to end lynching, "the Negroes will".[180] Truman refused his request to issue a formal public statement against lynching, stating that it was not "the right time". Robeson also gave a radio address, calling on all Americans of all races to demand that Congress pass civil rights legislation.[181]
On October 7, 1946, Robeson testified before the Tenney Committee that he was not a Communist Party member. He was never identified as an official member of any Communist organization.[170] The CRC and the CAA was placed on the Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations (AGLOSO).[182]
Robeson sang and spoke in 1948 at an event organized by the Los Angeles Civil Rights Congress (CRC) and labor unions to launch a campaign against job discrimination, for passage of the federal Fair Employment Practices Act also known as Executive Order 8802, anti-lynching and anti-poll tax legislation, and citizens’ action to defeat the county loyalty oath climate.
In 1948, Robeson was preeminent in the campaign to elect Progressive Party presidential candidate Henry A. Wallace, who had served as Vice-President under Franklin D. Roosevelt. Wallace was running on an anti-lynching, pro-civil rights platform and had attracted a diverse group of voters including Communists, liberals and trade unionists. On the campaign trail, Robeson went to the Deep South, where he performed for "overflow audiences... in Negro churches in Atlanta and Macon."[183]
Robeson's belief that the labor movement and trade unionism were crucial to the civil rights of oppressed people of all races became central to his political beliefs.[184] Robeson's close friend, the union activist Revels Cayton, pressed for "black caucuses" in each union, with Robeson's encouragement and involvement.[184]
In 1948, he opposed a bill calling for registration of Communist Party members and appeared before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Questioned about his affiliation with the Communist Party, he refused to answer, stating "Some of the most brilliant and distinguished Americans are about to go to jail for the failure to answer that question, and I am going to join them, if necessary."[citation needed] In 1949, he spoke in favor of the liberty of twelve Communists (including his long-time friend Benjamin Davis, Jr.) convicted under the Smith Act, which criminalized various left- and right-wing activities as seditious.[citation needed]
Controversies and international travels (1949)[link]
In the spring of 1949 Robeson learned that the performances were canceled by booking agents at the FBI's behest. For the first time in his professional life, Robeson was without a US concert audience. His recordings were banned from radio and stores, so he had to go overseas to work.[185] As a precondition to the renewal of his passport, he complied with a request from the State Department to sign a waiver to not make any "political or charitable appearances while on tour."[186] Under continual heavy surveillance by the FBI and the CIA during this tour,[187] he spoke at the Paris congress of the World Peace Council.[188] The speech, although misquoted by the Associated Press,[189] became a catalyst for his portrayal as an enemy of mainstream America.[190] According to the original text of the speech, it was an anti-imperialistic statement,[191] however over the wires came a declaration, attributed to Robeson, that America was a fascist nation and that it was ludicrous to believe that American Negroes would assist American armed forces due to generations of oppression.[192] The reaction by the press in the US was nearly universal, and sometimes vitriolic, condemnation.[citation needed] At the urging of the State Department, Roy Wilkins of the NAACP stated that regardless of lynchings, Black America would always serve in the armed forces.[193]
Robeson arrived in Moscow in June, but, unable to find any of his Jewish friends, including Feffer, he let his feelings be known to Soviet authorities.[194] Not willing to lose Robeson as a propagandist for the USSR,[195] Soviet authorities retrieved Feffer from a Moscow prison.[196] Feffer told him that the room was probably bugged, Mikhoels had been murdered, and, with insight, predicted his own fate to be a state execution.[196] At an ensuing concert, Robeson paid tribute to Feffer and Mikhoels, singing the Yiddish song "Zog Nit Keynmol".[196] Back in the US, Robeson denied that any persecution existed in the USSR, to keep the right wing of the US from taking the moral high ground.[197] To prevent the USSR's reputation, he kept the meeting secret, except from his son, for the rest of his life.[195]
This subsequent controversy over his Paris speech caused the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) to seek Jackie Robinson's testimony on the subject.[198] Robinson was reluctant to testify, in part because of Robeson's prior advocacy for the integration of professional baseball.[199] Robinson did not testify to the veracity of Robeson's published remarks, but he advised that such thinking was 'silly'. Robinson's statement was used to politically isolate Robeson.[200] Robeson declined to comment on Robinson personally, only saying that Robinson was entitled to his own opinion.[201]
Days later, the announcement of a concert to support the CRC, to be headlined by Robeson and held near Peekskill, New York, provoked local papers to decry the use of their community to support such subversives.[202] A small riot broke out prior to the concert, which was principally initiated by local residents of the American Legion and the Veterans of Foreign Wars.[203] Robeson pronounced that Peekskill was a part of the "'anti-fascist struggle'" and the concert was rescheduled.[204] The concert occurred without incident, while hundreds of New York State troopers patrolled the area.[205] As concert attendees left, the mob bombarded them with rocks and randomly beat them, resulting in scores of injuries—some serious, as police watched.[206] Under public pressure, the Governor of New York Thomas Dewey called a grand jury which promptly concluded the riots were a Communist plot "'to foment racial and religious hatreds.'"[207] Criticism of Robeson became a durable consensus, even among liberals, that Robeson's pronouncements were anathema to America.[208]
Blacklist and passport confiscation (1950-1955)[link]
A review of College Football: and All America Review defined it as "the most complete record on college football".[citation needed] It omitted Robeson's name from its listing of the 1917 college All-American football team.[209] Months later, NBC canceled Robeson's scheduled appearance on former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt's television program.[210] A spokesman for NBC declared either that, depending on sources, Robeson's appearance had not been approved by NBC headquarters,[211] or Robeson would "never appear on NBC."[citation needed] Press releases of the Civil Rights Congress objected that "censorship of Mr. Robeson's appearance on TV is a crude attempt to silence the outstanding spokesman for the Negro people in their fight for civil and human rights [and that our] basic democratic rights are under attack under the smoke-screen of anti-Communism." Protesters picketed NBC offices and protests arrived from numerous public figures, organizations and others.[citation needed]
In 1950, the State Department denied Robeson a passport and issued a "stop notice" at all ports, effectively confining him within the US. Robeson was not even allowed to travel to Canada or Mexico, countries that US citizens could visit without a passport. Far from seeking to revoke his citizenship and deport him, FBI and state department records indicate that the US government believed that a blacklisted existence inside the US borders would offer Robeson less freedom of expression than his presence internationally.[212] When Robeson and his lawyers met with officials at the State Department and asked why it was "detrimental to the interests of the United States Government" for him to travel abroad, they were told that "his frequent criticism of the treatment of blacks in the United States should not be aired in foreign countries"—it was a `family affair'."[213] When Robeson inquired about being re-issued a passport, the State Department declined, citing Robeson's refusal to sign a statement guaranteeing "not to give any speeches while outside the U.S."
In 1951 an article titled "Paul Robeson - the Lost Shepherd" was published in The Crisis, the official magazine of the NAACP, under the pseudonym "Robert Alan", described as "a well known New York journalist",[214] although Paul Jr. suspected it was authored by Earl Brown.[215] J. Edgar Hoover and the United States State Department arranged for the article to be printed and distributed in Africa[216] in order to defame Robeson's reputation and reduce his and Communists popularity in colonial countries.[217] Another article by Wilkins denounced Robeson as well as the CPUSA in terms consistent with the anti-Communist FBI propaganda.[218]
On December 17, 1951 Robeson presented to the United Nations an anti-lynching petition, "We Charge Genocide".[219] The document asserted that the US federal government, by its failure to act against lynching in the US, was "guilty of genocide" under Article II of the UN Genocide Convention.
In 1952 Robeson was awarded the International Stalin Prize by the USSR.[220] Unable to travel to Moscow, Robeson accepted the award in New York.[221] In April 1953, shortly after Stalin's death, Robeson penned To You Beloved Comrade, praising Stalin as dedicated to peace and a guide to the world: "Through his deep humanity, by his wise understanding, he leaves us a rich and monumental heritage."[222] Robeson's opinion on the USSR kept his passport out of reach and stopped his return to the entertainment industry and the civil rights movement.[223] In Robeson's opinion, the USSR was the guarantee of political balance in the world.[224]
The famed African-American singer and his wife were thus associated with the Communist Party and party front groups, and Robeson was publicly condemned for his beliefs.[225]
In a symbolic act of defiance against the travel ban, labor unions in the US and Canada organized a concert at the International Peace Arch on the border between Washington state and the Canadian province of British Columbia.[226] Robeson returned to perform a second concert at the Peace Arch in 1953,[227] and over the next two years two further concerts were scheduled. In this period, with the encouragement of his friend the Welsh politician Aneurin Bevan, Robeson recorded a number of radio concerts for supporters in Wales.
End of McCarthyism (1956-1957)[link]
In 1956, Robeson was called before HUAC after he refused to sign an affidavit affirming that he was not a Communist. In response to questions concerning his alleged party membership, Robeson first insisted that the Communist Party was a legal party and invited its members to join him in the voting booth, then he invoked the Fifth Amendment and refused to respond. Robeson refused to discuss Stalin, calling it "a question for the Soviet Union", instead lambasting committee members on civil rights issues and the enslavement and exploitation of blacks throughout American history. Asked why he had not remained in the USSR, he replied that "because my father was a slave and my people died to build this country, and I am going to stay here, and have a part of it just like you and no fascist-minded people will drive me from it! Is that clear?"
Campaigns were simultaneously launched in the US and UK to protest the passport ban. In the UK, The National Paul Robeson Committee was formed, sponsored by Members of Parliament as well as writers, scholars, actors, lawyers, trade union leaders and others. The Committee began a "Let Paul Robeson Sing" mass petition, which gathered signatures from tens of thousands of supporters. Over the next four years, many prominent figures in Britain argued for the restoration of his right to travel. The group held a conference and concert at St Pancras Town Hall, London headed by Cedric Belfrage, on May 26, 1957 with Robeson singing from New York over a telephone connection.[228]
Nikita Khrushchev's denunciation of Stalinism at the 1956 Party Congress silenced Robeson on Stalin, though he continued to praise the USSR[229] and in so doing imitated the defendants sent to their death in the Trial of Sixteen in 1936.[230]
In 1956, Robeson left the US for the first time since the travel ban, performing concerts in two Canadian cities in March. That year Robeson, along with close friend W. E. B. Du Bois, compared the anti-Stalinist revolution in Hungary to the "same sort of people who overthrew the Spanish Republican Government" and supported the Soviet invasion and suppression of the revolt.[231]
In 1957, Robeson was invited by Welsh miners to be the honored guest at the annual Eisteddfod Music Festival. An appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States to reinstate his confiscated passport had been rejected, but through the newly completed trans-Atlantic telephone hook-up between New York and Porthcawl, Wales, Robeson was able to sing to the 5,000 gathered there as he had earlier in the year to London. Journalist Gil Noble called the concert "perhaps the most emotional and moving in Robeson's long concert career."[citation needed]
Because of the controversy surrounding him, Paul Robeson's recordings and films lost mainstream distribution and he was universally condemned in the mainstream U.S press. During the height of the Cold War it became increasingly difficult in the US to hear Robeson sing on commercial radio, buy his music or to see his films.
Due to his blacklisting within the mainstream media, the concert stage, theater, radio, film and the civil rights movement, Robeson became a virtual nonperson."[232]
Later when his left-wing activism became controversial, accusations that he was a "'godless' Communist" were not accepted by his black churchgoing audiences, who felt he "personified the spirituals in his music". He never expressed "even the remotest allegiance to 'materialistic atheism'".[233]
Passport restored (1958–1963)[link]
Comeback international tours (1958-1960)[link]
Robeson's autobiography, Here I Stand, was published by a British publishing company in 1958. As part of his "comeback", he gave two sold-out recitals that month in Carnegie Hall, New York City, which were released on LP.[234] After the US Supreme Court ruled, in Kent v. Dulles, that the Secretary of State could not consider a person's political beliefs when responding to a passport request, Robeson's passport was restored in May 1958[235] and Robeson soon left for London.[236]
Robeson and Essie began traveling extensively, using London as their base. During this period Robeson was under constant surveillance by the CIA, MI6 and the State Department. In the United Kingdom, he found himself deluged with professional offers.
In August 1959 he left for Moscow where he received a tumultuous reception and needed a police escort at the airport.[237] A crowd of eighteen thousand people filled the Lenin Stadium (Khabarovsk) to capacity on August 17 where Robeson sang classic Russian songs along with American standards. Robeson and Essie then flew to Crimea to spend time at Yalta resting, working with a documentary film crew and spending time with Nikita Khrushchev. Robeson also visited Young Pioneer camp Artek[238] before returning to the UK.
On October 11, 1959 Robeson took part in a historic service at St.Paul's Cathedral, the first black performer to sing there. Four thousand people attended the evensong performance with hundreds overflowing onto the streets.[239] The State Department had circulated negative literature about him through the media in India; one censored CIA memo suggested that Robeson's appearance could be used to thwart the desegregation of a swimming pool.[240]
On a trip to Moscow, Robeson experienced bouts of dizziness and heart problems, and he was hospitalized for two months while Essie was diagnosed with operable cancer.[241]
Robeson recovered and returned to the UK to fulfill his engagements. In 1958, he visited the National Eisteddfod in Ebbw Vale as the guest of the local MP Aneurin Bevan, revisited his ties to the black community in Cardiff's Butetown and gave performances throughout Europe. During his run at the Royal Shakespeare Company playing Othello in Tony Richardson's 1959 production at Stratford-upon-Avon, he befriended actor Andrew Faulds whose family hosted him in the nearby village of Shottery. Robeson inspired him to take up a career in politics after admonishing him for being apolitical.[242] The production of Othello was geared towards Robeson's health concerns but gave him a lucrative seven month run and chance to participate in an updated version of the play. In 1960, in what would prove to be his final concert performance in Great Britain, Robeson sang with the Welsh Male Voice Choir, Côr Meibion Cwmbach, to raise money for the Movement for Colonial Freedom at the Royal Festival Hall.
Robeson embarked on a a two month concert tour of Australia and New Zealand in October 1960, with Essie, primarily to generate money,[243] at the behest of Bill Morrow.[244] After appearing at the Brisbane Festival Hall, they went to Auckland where Robeson first acknowledged that he needed money and then reaffirmed his support of Marxism,[245] denounced the inequality faced by the Māori and efforts to denigrate their culture.[246]
In a message to the Melbourne Peace Conference some time around December 1960/January 1961, Robeson said "...the people of the lands of Socialism want peace dearly".[247]
Back in Australia, he was introduced to Faith Bandler who enlightened the Robesons concerning the deprivation endured by Australian Aborigines.[248] Robeson became enraged and demanded the Australian government provide the Aborigines citizenship and equal rights.[249] He attacked the view of the Aborigines as unsophisticated and uncultured,[citation needed] and declared, "'there's no such thing as a backward human being, there is only a society which says they are backward.'" Robeson advocated for trade unions and supported their cause with impromptu performances, including the singing of Joe Hill at the Sydney Opera House construction site. He was given art and artifacts from Aborigine culture to signify trade union support for Aboriginal rights.[250] The Robesons sought out the Aborigines as much as possible, and they became further enlightened to their treatment.[251] Robeson, at the age of 62,[citation needed] won adulation in all artistic phases of this, his final major concert tour.[citation needed] Robeson left Australia as a respected, albeit controversial figure and his support for Aboriginal rights had a profound affect in Australia over the next decade.[252]
Health breakdown (1961–1963)[link]
Back in London, he planned his US return to participate in the Civil Rights Movement, stopping off in Africa, China and Cuba along the way. Essie argued to stay in London, fearing that he'd be "killed" if he did and would be "unable to make any money" due to harassment by the US government. Robeson disagreed and made his own travel arrangements, stopping off in Moscow in March 1961.[253]
In spring of 1961, Robeson again visited the USSR for the last time. During an uncharacteristically wild party in his Moscow hotel room, he locked himself in his bedroom and attempted suicide by cutting his wrists.[254] Three days later, under Soviet medical care, he told his son that he felt extreme paranoia, thought that the walls of the room were moving and, overcome by a powerful sense of emptiness and depression, tried to take his own life.[255]
Paul Jr. believed that his father's health problems stemmed from attempts by CIA and MI5 to "neutralize" his father.[256][257] He remembered that his father had had such fears prior to his prostate operation.[258] He said that three doctors treating Robeson in London and New York had been CIA contractors,[256] and that his father's symptoms resulted from being "subjected to mind depatterning under MKULTRA", a secret CIA programme.[259] Martin Duberman claimed that Robeson's health breakdown was probably brought on by a combination of factors including extreme emotional and physical stress, bipolar depression, exhaustion and the beginning of circulatory and heart problems. "[E]ven without an organic predisposition and accumulated pressures of government harassment he might have been susceptible to a breakdown".[254]
Robeson stayed at the Barvikha Sanatorium until September 1961, when he left for London. There his depression reemerged, and after another period of recuperation in Moscow, he returned to London. Three days after arriving back he became suicidal and suffered a panic attack while passing the Soviet Embassy.[260] He was admitted to The Priory hospital, where he underwent electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and was given heavy doses of drugs for nearly two years, with no accompanying psychotherapy.[261]
During his treatment at the Priory, Robeson was being monitored by the British MI5.[262] Both intelligence services were well aware of Robeson's suicidal state of mind. An FBI memo described Robeson's debilitated condition, remarking that his "death would be much publicized" and would be used for Communist propaganda, necessitating continued surveillance.[263] Numerous memos advised that Robeson should be denied a passport renewal which would ostensibly jeopardize his fragile health and his recovery process.[254]
In August 1963, disturbed about his treatment, friends had him transferred to the Buch Clinic in East Berlin.[264] Given psychotherapy and less medication, his physicians found him still "completely without initiative" and they expressed "doubt and anger" about the "high level of barbiturates and ECT" that had been administered in London. He rapidly improved, though his doctor stressed that "what little is left of Paul's health must be quietly conserved."[265]
Withdrawal from public life (1963-1976)[link]
In 1963, Robeson returned to the US and for the remainder of his life lived in seclusion.[266] He momentarily assumed a role in the civil rights movement,[256] making a few major public appearances before falling seriously ill during a tour. Double pneumonia and a kidney blockage in 1965 nearly killed him.[266] He lived in Harlem with his wife.
On January 15, 1965, Robeson gave the eulogy at the Harlem funeral of Lorraine Hansberry recalling her work at Freedomways and her contributions to civil rights. Robeson was also contacted by both Bayard Rustin and James L. Farmer, Jr. about the possibility of becoming involved with the mainstream of the Civil Rights movement.[267] Due to Rustin's past anti-Communist stances, Robeson declined to meet with him. Robeson eventually met with Farmer but because he was asked to denounce Communism and the USSR in order to assume a place in the mainstream, Robeson adamantly declined.[268]
After Essie died of cancer in December 1965,[269] Robeson moved in with his son's family in an Upper West Side apartment in New York City[270] and in 1968, settled at his sister's home in Philadelphia.[271]
Retirement[link]
In 1968, in honor of Paul Robeson's 70th birthday, celebrations were held in in East Germany, at the Royal Festival Hall in London, and in Moscow. The black commission of the CPUSA celebration remarked that "the white power structure has generated a conspiracy of silence around Paul Robeson. It wants to blot out all knowledge of this pioneering Black American warrior..."[272]
Despite Robeson's lengthy theater career, Brooks Atkinson, The New York Times theater critic from 1925 to 1960, included just a one-sentence reference to Robeson in his 1970 book Broadway, advertised as "an history of American theater".[273][274] Atkinson chronicled African-American performers, Show Boat and Eugene O'Neill, but only mentions Robeson briefly in context with Othello. In the early 1970s, The New York Times and The New York Daily News both ran extensive pieces on black actors who played Othello with no mention of Robeson.[273]
In these years Robeson was honored by accolades and celebrations, both in the US and internationally, including public arenas that had previously shunned him.[275]
He saw few visitors aside from close friends and gave few statements apart from a few messages to support current civil rights and international movements, feeling that his record "spoke for itself".[275] Though he had withdrawn from the public eye, close friends and family disputed rumors in the mainstream press that he was "broken" and "disillusioned".[271] He spent his final, unapologetic years in Philadelphia.[276]
In 1971, Actor's Equity created the Paul Robeson award to recognize the principles by which he lived.[277] A sold-out performance was held at Carnegie Hall to salute his 75th birthday in 1973. Birthday greetings arrived from several world-wide prominent officials or organizations. He was unable to attend because of illness, but a taped message from him was played which said in part, "Though I have not been able to be active for several years, I want you to know that I am the same Paul, dedicated as ever to the worldwide cause of humanity for freedom, peace and brotherhood."[citation needed]
Death and funeral[link]
On January 23, 1976 in Philadelphia, following complications of a stroke, Robeson died, at the age of 77.[278][279] He lay in state in Harlem for two days as a "parade of humanity paid their respects".[280] His funeral was held at Mother AME Zion Church in Harlem, where Robeson's brother Ben had been pastor for 27 years.[281] Honorary pall bearers included Harry Belafonte and Pollard.[citation needed] Bishop J. Clinton Hoggard performed the eulogy.[282] Robeson was cremated and his ashes interred in the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York.[citation needed]
Tributes and condolences came from around the world and from the US House of Representatives.[citation needed] Coretta Scott King remarked that she "deplored 'America's inexcusable treatment' of a man who had had 'the courage to point out her injustices.'"[281] The Amsterdam News eulogized him as "Gulliver among the Lilliputians [and his life would] always be a challenge and a reproach to white and Black America."[283] His biographer, Martin Duberman wrote:
"The white [American] press, after decades of harassing Robeson, now tipped its hat to a 'great American,' paid its gingerly respect in editorials that ascribed the vituperation leveled at Robeson in his lifetime to the Bad Old Days of the Cold War, implied those days were forever gone, downplayed the racist component central to his persecution, and ignored the continuing inability of white America to tolerate a black maverick who refused to bend. The black [American] press made no such mistakes. It had never, overall, been as hostile to Robeson as the white [American] press, (though at some points in his career, nearly so)."[281]
Legacy and honors[link]
Throughout 1976 memorials were held at Rutgers; The World Peace Council in Athens; Columbia University; Toronto; Shiloh Baptist Church in Washington, D.C.; and by Actor's Equity in Los Angeles.[284] On October 8, 1976, Artist's Tribute to the Life of Paul Robeson, was held at Carnegie Hall, as a benefit for the Paul Robeson Archive. Sidney Poitier proclaimed, "When Paul Robeson died, it marked the passing of a magnificent giant whose presence among us conferred nobility upon us all..."[284] Beginning in 1978, Robeson's films were finally shown on American television, with Show Boat debuting on cable television in 1983. Paul Robeson: Tribute to an Artist won an Academy Award for best short documentary in 1980.
Rutgers University named several of its facilities after Robeson.[285] Pennsylvania State University named its cultural center after the artist. [286] In 1995, he was named to the College Football Hall of Fame.[287]
The Paul Robeson Residence in Manhattan was declared a National Historic Landmark on December 8, 1976.[288]
As of 2011[update], Robeson's run of Othello was the longest of any Shakespeare play on Broadway, running for 296 performances.[citation needed]
Robeson accepted honorary life membership of the Japanese Canadian Committee for Democracy and gave a concert in Salt Lake City, then home to the Japanese American Citizens League.[289]
He was honored at the United Nations General Assembly for his efforts to end Apartheid in South Africa.[290]
The centenary of Robeson's birth was commemorated around the world, a Lifetime Achievement Grammy Award,[291] a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame,[292] and he was honored at SOAS through the Paul Robeson House.[293] Years later, an English Heritage Blue Plaque was erected at his former home in Hampstead,[294] and he was featured on a US postage stamp, the 27th in the Black Heritage Series.[295] In 2006 a tribute to Robeson was held at the SOAS.[citation needed]
The Welsh people maintained their loyalty to Robeson and in Cardiff in 2001, the exhibition Let Paul Robeson Sing! was unveiled.[296] American Jews continue to celebrate his memory as an ally.[297]
The first Paul Robeson Archive was established in 1965 at the Academy of Arts in East Berlin; five years previously, Robeson had been awarded an honorary doctorate by the Humboldt University of Berlin.[298]
The Robeson Family Archives at Howard University.[299] In 2010 Susan Robeson launched a project by Swansea University and the Welsh Assembly, to create an online learning resource in her grandfather's memory.[citation needed]
In multiple areas of American life, Robeson demonstrated his ability to achieve in the largest competitions. He dominated in academics, in sports, in singing and in acting, both in person and on screen. Not content with that,[citation needed] he demanded attention for his views on civil rights in America, Australia and South Africa, the labor movement,[300][301] religious liberty for Jews and others and the dangers of Fascism. These achievements were unparalleled in American life, and were all the more incredible given the barriers of racism that he had to surmount.[302]
Robeson brought Negro spirituals into the center of the American songbook and his renditions remain the standard for all later singers. This was just part of his rejection of the notion that African-American culture was anything but a treasure for all people.[303][citation needed]
Robeson was one of the first African-American singer-activists. He was the first black artist to refuse to play to segregated audiences. Robeson's work was cited by Nelson Mandela and other post-colonial world leaders for influencing African Independence movements.[citation needed] In the arts, James Earl Jones, Sidney Poitier and Harry Belafonte cited his film roles as the first to display dignity for black actors and pride in African heritage.[304][305] In films such as Jericho (1937) and The Proud Valley (1940), he portrayed leading roles without the subservience typical at the time.[306] Film industry figures and historians wrote of his influence as the first major black actor unwilling to play stereotypes.
While a consensus definition of Robeson's legacy has been debated,[307] Robeson personified resistance to oppression: "The artist must take sides. He must elect to fight for freedom or slavery. I have made my choice. I had no alternative."[308]
Filmography[link]
Main article: Paul Robeson filmography
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See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ "Thorpe-M'Millan Fight Great Duel: Robeson Scores Both Touchdowns for Locals Against Indians". The Milwaukee Sentinel: p. 7. 1922-11-20. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gP5PAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vgoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6937%2C3801262. ; cf. Badgers Trim Thorpe's Team
- ^ Robeson, Paul Jr. (2001). "Motherless Child (1898-1919)". The Undiscovered Paul Robeson, An Artist's Journey, 1898-1939. New York: Wiley. p. 3. ISBN 0-471-24265-9. http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/59/04712426/0471242659.pdf. ; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 18, Duberman: 4-5.
- ^ Brown: 5-6, 145-149; cf. Robeson, 2001: 4-5; Boyle and Bunie: 10-12.
- ^ Robeson 2001: 4, 337-338; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 4, Duberman: 4, Brown: 9-10
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 5-6, 14; cf. Robeson 2001: 4-5, Duberman: 4-6, Brown: 17, 26.
- ^ Robeson 2001: 3; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 18, Brown: 21
- ^ Duberman: 6-7; cf. Robeson, 2001: 5-6, Boyle and Bunie: 18-20.
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 16-17; cf. Duberman: 12.
- ^ Robeson 2001: 5-6; cf. Duberman: 6-9, Boyle and Bunie: 18-20, Brown: 26.
- ^ Duberman: 9; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 21, Robeson 2001: 6-7, Brown: 28.
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 22-23; cf. Duberman: 8, Robeson 2001: 7-8, Brown: 25-29.
- ^ Robeson 2001: 11; cf. Duberman: 9, Boyle and Bunie: 27-29.
- ^ Duberman: 9-10; cf. Brown: 39, Robeson 2001: 13-14.
- ^ Robeson 2001: 17; cf. Duberman: 30, Brown: 46-47.
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 37-38; cf. Duberman: 12, Brown: 49-51.
- ^ Duberman: 13-16; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 34-36, Brown: 43, 46, 48-49.
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 37-38; cf. Robeson: 16, Duberman: 13-16, Brown: 46-47'
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 41-42; cf. Brown: 54-55, Duberman: 17, Robeson 2001: 17-18; contra. The dispute is over whether it was a one-year or four-year scholarship. Robeson Found Emphasis to Win Too Great in College Football 1926-03-13
- ^ Duberman: 11; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 40-41, Robeson: 18-19, Brown: 53-54, 65, Carroll: 58.
- ^ Duberman: 19; cf. Brown: 60, 64, Gilliam: 15, Robeson 2001: 20.
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 45-49; cf. Duberman: 19, 24, Brown: 60, 65.
- ^ Duberman: 20-21; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 49-50, Brown: 61-63.
- ^ Van Gelder, Robert (1944-01-16). "Robeson Remembers: An interview with the Star of Othello, Partly about his Past". New York Times: pp. X1. http://search.proquest.com/docview/107050287. ; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 49-50, Duberman: 20-21, Robeson 2001: 22-23.
- ^ Yeakey, Lamont H. (Autumn, 1973). "A Student Without Peer: The Undergraduate College Years of Paul Robeson". Journal of Negro Education 42 (4): 499. JSTOR 2966562. http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~rosenl/sports%20Folder/Robeson%20as%20a%20Student.pdf. ; cf. ?
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 54; Duberman: 24, Levy: 1-2, Brown: 71, Robeson 2001: 28.
- ^ Duberman: 24; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 54, Brown: 71, Robeson 2001: 28, 31-32.
- ^ Duberman: 24; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 54, Brown: 70, Robeson 2001: 35.
- ^ Brown 68-70; cf. Duberman: 22-23, Boyle and Bunie: 59-60, Robeson 2001: 27, Pitt: 42.
- ^ Duberman: 22, 573; cf. Robeson 2001: 29-30, Brown: 74-82, Boyle and Bunie: 65-66
- ^ Du Bois, W. E. B. (March 1918). "Men of the Month". The Crisis 15 (5): 229–232. http://books.google.com/books?id=AloEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. ; cf. Marable: 171?
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 68
- ^ Robeson 2001: 33; cf. Duberman: 25, Boyle and Bunie: 68-69, Brown: 85-87
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 68-69.
- ^ Duberman: 25; cf. Boyle and Bunie 68-69, Brown: 86-87, Robeson 2001: 33.
- ^ Duberman: 24; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 69, 74, 437, Robeson 2001: 35
- ^ "Hall of Fame: Robeson". Record-Journal: p. 20. 1995-01-19. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NNVHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rf8MAAAAIBAJ&dq=robeson%20and%20brown%20inducted%20in%20hall&pg=4842%2C2952039. ; The number of letters varies between 12 and 15 based on author; cf. Duberman, p. 22, Boyle and Bunie: 73, Robeson 2001: 34-35.
- ^ Jenkins, Burris (1922-09-28). "Four Coaches—O'Neill of Columbia, Sanderson of Rutgers, Gargan of Fordham, and Thorp of N.Y.U.—Worrying About Outcome of Impending Battles". The Evening World: p. 24. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030193/1922-09-28/ed-1/seq-25/.
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 66; cf. Duberman: 22-23, Robeson 2001: 30, 35
- ^ "Who Belongs to Phi Beta Kappa?". The Phi Beta Kappa Society. Archived from the original on 2012-01-21. http://www.webcitation.org/64rvFrU3p. ; cf. Brown: 94, Boyle and Bunie: 74, Duberman: 24.
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 74; cf. Duberman: 26, Brown: 94.
- ^ Brown: 94-95; cf. Duberman: 30, Boyle and Bunie:75-76, Harris: 47.
- ^ Duberman: 26; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 75, Brown: 94, Robeson 2001: 36.
- ^ Kirshenbaum, Jerry (1972-03-27). "Paul Robeson: Remaking A Fallen Hero". Sports Illustrated 36 (13): 75–77. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1085935/3/index.htm.
- ^ Robeson, Paul Leroy (1919-06-10). "The New Idealism". The Targum 50 (1918-19): 570–571. http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~natalieb/plrvaledictory.htm. ; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 76, Duberman: 26-27, Brown: 95, Robeson 2001: 36-39.
- ^ Robeson 2001: 43; cf. Boyle and Bunie; 78-82, Brown: 107.
- ^ Duberman: 34; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 82, Robeson 2001: 44, Carroll: 140-141.
- ^ Brown: 111; cf. Gilliam: 25, Boyle and Bunie: 53; Duberman: 41
- ^ Carley, Rachel (1981-02-03), "Schomburg Collection for Research in Black Culture", Landmarks Preservation Committee, p. 4, http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/81-SCHOMBURG.pdf
- ^ Robeson 2001: 43
- ^ Robeson 2001: 43-44; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 82, Brown: 107-108.
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 143; cf. Robeson 2001: 45.
- ^ Weisenfeld: 161-162
- ^ Duberman: 34-35, 37-38; Boyle and Bunie: 87-89, Robeson 2001: 46-48.
- ^ Peterson: 93; cf. Robeson 2001: 48-49; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 89, 104, Who's Who New York Times 1924-05-11
- ^ Robeson 2001: 50-52; cf. Duberman: 39-41, cf. Boyle and Bunie: 88-89, 94, Brown: 119.
- ^ Levy 2000: 30; cf. Akron Pros 1920 by Bob Carrol, John Carroll p. 147-148, Robeson 2001: 53.
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 104-105.
- ^ Darnton, Charles (1922-04-05). ""Taboo" Casts Voodoo Spell". The Evening World: p. 24. http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030193/1922-04-05/ed-1/seq-24/. ; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 100-105, Review of Taboo, Duberman: 43
- ^ Wintz: 6-8; cf. Duberman 44-45, Robeson 2001: 57-59, Boyle and Bunie: 98-100
- ^ Duberman: 44-45; cf. Brown: 120, Robeson 2001: 57-59, Boyle: 100-101.
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 105-107; cf. Brown: 120, Duberman: 47-48, 50, Robeson 2001: 59, 63-64
- ^ Brown: 120-121; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 105-106
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 139
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 108-109; cf. Robeson 2001: 68-69, Duberman: 34, 51, Carrol: 151-152.
- ^ Levy: 31-32; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 111
- ^ Duberman: 54-55; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 111-113, Robeson 2001: 71, Brown: 122.
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 111-114; cf: Duberman: 54-55, Robeson 2001: 71-72, Gillam: 29
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 115; cf. History, Schomburg Unit Listed as Landmark: Spawning Ground of Talent 40 Seats Are Not Enough Plans for a Museum
- ^ Robeson 2001: 73; cf. Duberman: 52-55, Boyle and Bunie: 111, 116-117.
- ^ "All God's Chillun". Time. March 17, 1924. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,717940,00.html. "The dramatic miscegenation will shortly be enacted ... [produced by the Provincetown Players, headed by O'Neill], dramatist; Robert Edmund Jones, artist, and Kenneth Macgowan, author. Many white people do not like the [plot]. Neither do many black." ; cf. Duberman: 57-59, Boyle and Bunie: 118-121, Gillam: 32-33.
- ^ Robeson 2001: 73-76; cf. Gillam: 36-37, Duberman: 53, 57-59, 61-62, Boyle and Bunie: 90-91, 122-123.
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 123
- ^ Madden, Will Anthony (1924-05-17). "Paul Robeson Rises To Supreme Heights In "The Emperor Jones". Pittsburgh Courier: p. 8. http://search.proquest.com/docview/201849682. ; cf. Corbin, John (1924-05-07). "The Play; Jazzed Methodism" New York Times p. 18., Duberman: 62-63, Boyle and Bunie: 124-125.
- ^ Young, Stark (1924-08-24). "The Prompt Book". New York Times: pp. X1. http://search.proquest.com/docview/103317885. ; Chicago Tribune entitled: "All God's Chillun" Plays Without a Single Protest, Boyle and Bunie: 126-127, Duberman:64-65,
- ^ Robeson, Paul (2000). "An Actor's Wanderings and Hopes". In Sondra Kathryn Wilson. The Messenger Reader. New York: The Modern Library. pp. 292–293. ISBN 0-375-75539-X. "And there is an 'Othello' when I am ready...One of the great measures of a people is its culture. Above all things, we boast that the only true artistic contributions of America are Negro in origin. We boast of the culture of ancient Africa...[I]n any discussion of art or culture,[one must include] music and the drama and its interpretation...So today Roland Hayes is infinitely more of a racial asset than many who 'talk' at great length. Thousands of people hear him, see him, are moved by him, and are brought to a clearer understanding of human values. If I can so something of a like nature, I shall be happy. I shall be happy. My early experiences give me much hope." ; cf. Robeson, Paul (1925-01). "An Actor's Wanderings and Hopes". The Messenger 7 (1): 32
- ^ Gillam: 38-40; cf. Duberman:68-71, 76, Sampson: 9.
- ^ Robeson 2001: 84.
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 142-143; cf. "I Owe My Success To My Wife," Says Paul Robeson, Star In O'Neill's Drama
- ^ Robeson 2001: 84; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 149, 152.
- ^ Nollen: 14, 18-19, Duberman: 67, Boyle and Bunie: 160, Gillam: 43.
- ^ "Robeson to Sing for Nursery Fund: Benefit to Be Given in Greenwich Village Theatre March 15". New York Amsterdam News: p. 9. 1925-03-11. http://search.proquest.com/docview/226378502.
- ^ Coates, Ulysses (1925-04-18). "Radio". Chicago Defender: pp. A8. http://search.proquest.com/docview/492070128. cf. Robeson to Sing [Spirituals] Over Radio 1925-04-08
- ^ Duberman: 78; Boyle and Bunie: 139, Robeson 2001: 85.
- ^ Duberman: 79; cf. Gilliam: 41-42, Boyle and Bunie: 140, Robeson 2001: 85-86.
- ^ "Clara Young Loses $75,000 in Jewels". New York Times: p. 21. 1925-04-20. http://search.proquest.com/docview/103557765. ; cf. Paul Robeson, Lawrence Brown Score Big New York Success With Negro Songs, Music, Duberman: 80-81
- ^ Duberman: 82, 86, Boyle and Bunie: 149, Robeson 2001: 93, Robeson on Victor 1925-09-16
- ^ Gillam: 45-47; cf. Duberman: 83, 88-98, Boyle and Bunie: 161-167, Robeson 2001: 95-97.
- ^ Boyle and Bunie:169-184 cf. Duberman: 98-106, Gillam: 47-49
- ^ Duberman: 106; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 184.
- ^ Robeson 2001: 143; cf. Duberman: 106 Boyle and Bunie: 184.
- ^ Duberman: 110; cf. Robeson 2001: 147, Gillam: 49
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 186; cf. Duberman: 112, Robeson 2001: 148
- ^ "Drury Lane Theatre: 'Showboat'". The Times: p. 14. 1928-05-04. http://callisto10.ggimg.com/doc/LT/WrapPDF=contentSet=LT=recordID=0FFO-1928-MAY04-014-F.pdf. "Mr. Robeson's melancholy song about the 'old river' is one of the two chief hits of the evening." ; Duberman: 113-115, Boyle and Bunie: 188-192, Robeson 2001: 149-156.
- ^ a b Boyle and Bunie: 192.
- ^ Rogers, J A (1928-10-06). "'Show Boat' Pleasure-Disappointment": Rogers Gives New View Says Race Talent Is Submerged". Pittsburgh Courier: pp. A2. http://search.proquest.com/docview/201884274. "[Show Boat] is, so far as the Negro is concerned, a regrettable bit of American niggerism introduced into Europe." ; Duberman: 114, Gilliam: 52.
- ^ "Mrs. Paul Robeson Majestic Passenger: Coming to Settle Business Affairs of Her Distinguished Husband". New York Amsterdam News: p. 8. 1928-08-22. http://search.proquest.com/docview/226257877. ; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 193-197; cf. Duberman: 114, Gilliam: 52.
- ^ Sources differ on whether it was the Queen, or the King and Queen that attended. Boyle and Bunie: 192; cf. Robeson 2001: 155.
- ^ "Sings For Prince Of Wales". Pittsburgh Courier: p. 12. 1928-07-28. http://search.proquest.com/docview/201895989. ; cf. Duberman: 115, Boyle and Bunie: 196, Robeson 2001: 153.
- ^ "English Parliament Honors Paul Robeson". Chicago Defender: pp. A1. 1928-12-01. http://search.proquest.com/docview/492188338. ; cf. Seton 1978: 30; cf. Robeson 2001: 155, Boyle and Bunie: ?
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 205-207; cf. Robeson 2001: 153-156, Gilliam: 52, Duberman: 118.
- ^ Duberman: 126-127
- ^ Duberman, Martin (1988-12-28). "Writing Robeson". The Nation 267 (22): 33–38. http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=c3922fa1-3614-48b8-95ad-d8abde9f3d91%40sessionmgr13&vid=6&hid=14&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=nih&AN=1392513. ; cf. Gilliam: 57, Boyle and Bunie: 159-160, Robeson 2001: 100-101.
- ^ Robeson 2001: 163-165.
- ^ Duberman: 143-144; cf. Robeson 2001: 165-166.
- ^ Nollen: 24; cf. Duberman: 129-130, Boyle and Bunie: 221-223.
- ^ Duberman: 133-138; Gilliam: 59-60.
- ^ Robeson 2001: 172-173; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 230-234, Duberman: 139-140.
- ^ Morrison: 114; cf. Swindall 2011: 23, Robeson 2001: 166.
- ^ Nollen: 29; cf. Gilliam: 60, Boyle and Bunie: 226-229.
- ^ Robeson 2001: 176-177; cf. Nollen: 29.
- ^ Robeson 2001: 178-182; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 238-240, 257; cf. Gilliam: 62-64, Duberman: 140-144.
- ^ Duberman: 151; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 262-263.
- ^ Oakley, Annie (1932-05-24). "The Theatre and Its People". Border Cities Star: p. 4. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=695EAAAAIBAJ&sjid=aroMAAAAIBAJ&dq=robeson&pg=4621%2C562518. ; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 253-254, Duberman: 161, Robeson 2001: 192-193.
- ^ Duberman: 161; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 258-259, Robeson 2001: 132, 194.
- ^ Sources are unclear on this point. Duberman: 145; cf. Robeson 2001: 182.
- ^ Duberman: 162-163; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 262-263, Robeson 2001: 194-196.
- ^ Robeson 2001: 195-200; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 267-268, Duberman: 166.
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 271-272; cf. Duberman: 167, Robeson 2001: 203-204.
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 271-273; cf. Duberman: 167, Robeson 2001: 204.
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 273-274; cf. Duberman: 167, Robeson 2001: 204.
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 269-271.
- ^ Nollen: 41-42; cf. Robeson 2001: 207; Duberman: 168-169.
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 275-279; cf. Duberman: 167-168.
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 285-287.
- ^ "'Black Greatness'". The Border Cities Star: p. 4. 1933-09-08. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Nv4-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=hU0MAAAAIBAJ&dq=paul%20robeson&pg=3427%2C2173739. ; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 284-285; cf. Duberman: 169-170.
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 285-286.
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 284-285.
- ^ At this time, sources are unclear if it was in late 1933 or early 1934 in which Robeson enrolled at the SOAS. Boyle and Bunie: 288; cf. Duberman: 136-137, 170, 623; A Tribute to Paul Robeson.
- ^ The rationale for Robeson's sudden interest in African history is viewed as inexplicable by one off his biographers (Martin Bauml Duberman p. ?), and no biographers have stated an explanation, for what Duberman terms as a "sudden interest". ; cf. Cameron: p. 285
- ^ a b Nollen: 52.
- ^ Nollen: 45
- ^ Duberman: 182-185.
- ^ Smith, Ronald A. (Summer, 1979). "The Paul Robeson—Jackie Robinson Saga and a Political Collision". Journal of Sport History 6 (2). ; cf. Duberman: 184-185, 628-629.
- ^ Duberman: 189.
- ^ Foner 1978: 94-96 (Smith, Vern (1935-01-15). "'I am at Home,' Says Robeson at Reception in Soviet Union". Daily Worker)
- ^ Nollen: 53-55.
- ^ Nollen: 53; cf. Duberman 178-182.
- ^ Rotha, Paul (1935, Spring). "Sanders on the River". Cinema Quarterly 3 (3): 175–176. "You may, like me, feel embarrassed for Robeson. To portray on the public screen your own race as a smiling but cunning rogue, as clay in a woman's hands (especially when she is of the sophisticated American Brand), as toady to the white man is no small feat...It is important to remember that the multitudes of this country [Britain] who see Africa in this film, are being encouraged to believe this fudge is real. It is a disturbing thought. To exploit the past is the historian's loss. To exploit the present means in this case, the disgrace of a Continent." ; cf. Duberman: 180-182; contra: "Leicester Square Theatre: Sanders of the River", The Times: p. 12. 1935-04-03.
- ^ Low: 257; cf. Duberman: 181-182
- ^ Low: 170-171.
- ^ Sources are unclear if Robeson unilaterally took the final product of the film as insulting, or if his distaste of the film was abetted by criticism of the film. Nollen: 53; cf. Duberman: 182.
- ^ Foner 1978: 104-105. "'Naturally, I am interested in the Ethiopian situation,...although mine is not a political job. And just as naturally my sympathy is all with the Ethiopians. It would seem that those people could get along without the kind of civilizing that European nationals do with bombs and machine guns. There may be serious problems, slavery for example, but Ethiopia could work out her own problems in time. There is no reason to believe that Italy can work them out for her.'" (New York Herald-Tribune 1936-01-12 and New York World-Telegram 1936-01-11)
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0028282/
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0028249/
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0028629/
- ^ http://www.villonfilms.com/filmrec.php?queryIndex=0
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0029081/
- ^ "Most Popular Stars of 1937: Choice of British Public". The Mercury (Hobart, Tas. : 1860 - 1954) (Hobart, Tas.: National Library of Australia): p. 5. 12 February 1938. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29211761. Retrieved 25 April 2012. ; cf. Richards: 18
- ^ Robeson 1958: ?; cf. Robeson 1981: 38.
- ^ Robeson 2001: 292; cf. Boyle and Bunie: 375-378.
- ^ Glazer defines it as a change from a "..lyric of defeat into a rallying cry." Glazer: 167; cf. Roberson 2001: 293, Boyle and Bunie: 381, Lennox 2011: 124, Robeson 1981: 37, Hopkins: 313 "At Manchester Free Trade Hall on September 28, 1938, Paul Robeson led in singing the famous verses of ...Jerusalem...This suggests a very different spirit from that which the historian Gareth Stedman Jones found a generation earlier. He had written of workers who buried their millennial dreams and adopted a defensive strategy to fend off the aggressions of employers of the 1890s. ...For those who sang Jerusalem then, it was not as a battle-cry but as a hymn. For those caught up in the passion play of Spain, and still eager to recapture lost ideological positions it had become a battle cry."
- ^ Duberman: 222.
- ^ "Paul Robeson at the Unity Theater", Daily Express June 20, 1938.
- ^ "Spanish Relief Efforts: Albert Hall Meeting £1,000 Collected for Children". The Manchester Guardian: p. 6. 1937–06–25. http://search.proquest.com/docview/484207378. ; cf. Brown: 77, Robeson 2010: 372
- ^ Beevor: 356
- ^ Weyden: 433-434
- ^ Beevor: 356; cf. Eby: 279-280
- ^ Landis: 245-246
- ^ Wyden: 433-434
- ^ Boyle and Bunie: 372
- ^ "India's Struggle for Freedon[sic]: Mr. Nehru on Imperialism and Fascism". The Guardian. 1938–06–28. http://search.proquest.com/484443209. ; cf. Duberman:225
- ^ Katz, William Loren (2006–02–28). "Paul Robeson, Spain and the Anti-fascist Crusade". http://williamlkatz.com/paul-robeson-anti-fascist-crusade/.
- ^ "Robeson Joins London Workers' Theatre". Chicago Defender: p. 24. 1938–07–02. http://search.proquest.com/492546030.
- ^ Nollen: 122
- ^ "Paul Robeson". Coalfield Web Materials. University of Swansea. 2002. http://www.agor.org.uk/cwm/themes/Life/international_relations/paul_robeson.asp.
- ^ Boyle: 396.
- ^ Duberman: 236-238.
- ^ Boyle: 415.
- ^ Bourne, Stephen; Dr. Hywel Francis. "The Proud Valley" (PDF). Edinburgh Film Guide. Archived from the original on 2012-01-23. http://www.webcitation.org/64urHwHPx.
- ^ a b Duberman: 241.
- ^ Price: 8-9.
- ^ Robeson, Susan (1982-09-27). "Paul Robeson". New York Times: p. 32 (Section VII). http://search.proquest.com/docview/121974096.
- ^ Nollen: 137.
- ^ FBI record, "Paul Robeson". FBI 100-25857, New York, December 8, 1942.
- ^ Duberman: 259-261.
- ^ Lustiger: 125-127.
- ^ Foner, Henry (2002). "Foreword". In Dorinson, Joseph; Pencak, William. Paul Robeson: Essays on His Life and Legacy. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. p. 1. ISBN 0-7864-2163-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=Otiz7Mi-iUYC&pg=PA1.
- ^ "Paul Robeson as Othello". 2010-07-29. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tri203.html.
- ^ Nollen: 157
- ^ "Group Confers with Truman on Lynching". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette: p. 2. 1946-09-24. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kiojAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-mkDAAAAIBAJ&dq=paul%20robeson&pg=3729%2C2347331.
- ^ Nollen: 157-156.
- ^ Cornell, Douglas B. (1947-12-05). "Attorney General's List of 'Subversive Groups' is Derided by Solon". The Modesto Bee: p. 1. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rRJKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fB4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1486%2C5974723. ; cf. Goldstein 2008, p. 62, 66, 88
- ^ "Wallace Rally Presents Paul Robeson,Marshall". Atlanta Daily World: p. 3. 1948-06-22. http://search.proquest.com/docview/490850785. cf. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution 06/21/1948, Macon-The Central City 06/24/1948 Atlanta Daily World, pp. 2
- ^ a b Duberman: 249-250.
- ^ Robeson 2010: 137.
- ^ Robeson 2010: 138.
- ^ Robeson 2010: 138; cf. http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/robeson.htm Paul and Eslanda Robeson
- ^ Foner 1978: 197-198 (Press Release from the Council of African Affairs on 1949-05-11, drawn from a reporter's interview Copenhagen on 1949-05-03 and released by Telepress)
- ^ Robeson 2010: 142-143; cf. Foner 1978: 197-198 (Press Release from the Council of African Affairs on 1949-05-11, drawn from a reporter's interview Copenhagen on 1949-05-03 and released by Telepress), Seton 1958: 179, Interview with Paul Robeson, Jnr.
- ^ "Studs Terkel, Paul Robeson - Speak of Me As I Am, BBC, 1998"
- ^ Robeson 2010: 142-143; cf. Foner 1978: 197-198 (Press Release from the Council of African Affairs on 1949-05-11, drawn from a reporter's interview Copenhagen on 1949-05-03 and released by Telepress).
- ^ Robeson 2010: 142-143; cf. Duberman: 342-345, 687.
- ^ Wilkins: 200-205.
- ^ Duberman: 352-353
- ^ a b Lustiger: 210-211
- ^ a b c McConnell: 348
- ^ Duberman: 353-354
- ^ Duberman: 358-360; cf. Robinson 1972: 94-98
- ^ Robinson ?: 53; cf. Robinson 1972: 94-98.
- ^ Duberman: 361-362; cf. Robinson 1972: 94-98.
- ^ Duberman: 361-362; cf. Foner 1978: 219-222
- ^ Duberman: 364; cf. Robeson 1981: 181
- ^ Duberman: 365-368
- ^ Duberman: 367-368
- ^ Duberman: 369.
- ^ Duberman: 369-370
- ^ Duberman: 371-372.
- ^ Robeson: 373-374.
- ^ Brown 1998: 162; cf. Robeson 1971: 5, Walsh only listed a ten man team for the 1917 team and he lists no team due to World War I. Walsh: 1949: 16-18, 32, The information in the book was compiled by information from the colleges, "...but many deserving names are missing entirely from the pages of [the] book because ... their alma mater was unable to provide them. - Glenn S. Warner" Walsh: 6, The Rutgers University list was presented to Walsh by Gordon A. McCoy, Director of Publicity for Rutgers, and although this list says that Rutgers had two All-Americans at the time of the publishing of the book, the book only lists the other All-American and does not list Robeson as being an All-American. Walsh: 684, Furthermore, Robeson is not even listed as ever playing on the team. Walsh: 689
- ^ "Mrs. Roosevelt sees a 'Misunderstanding'". New York Times. 1950-03-15. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F00F14F9395C147B93C4A81788D85F448585F9.
- ^ "Protests Block Robeson as Guest On Mrs. Roosevelt's TV Program". New York Times: p. 1. 1950-03-14. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F50D11FD3C55177B93C6A81788D85F448585F9.
- ^ Wright 1975: 97.
- ^ Duberman: 388–389.
- ^ Robert Alan, "Paul Robeson - the Lost Shepherd". The Crisis, November 1951 pp. 569-573.
- ^ Duberman 1988: 396
- ^ Foner, Henry 2001 ? : 112-115 ?
- ^ Von Eschen: 127
- ^ Duberman: 396; cf. Foner, Henry 2001? : 112-115
- ^ Duberman: 397-398
- ^ "Paul Robeson is Awarded Stalin Prize". The News and Courier: p. 6. 1952-12-22. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=z2NjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=F0YNAAAAIBAJ&dq=stalin%20peace%20prize%20robeson&pg=4377%2C6224357.
- ^ "Post Robeson Gets Stalin Peace Prize". The Victoria Advocate: p. 5. 1953-09-25. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5FtTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Q4UDAAAAIBAJ&dq=stalin%20peace%20prize%20robeson&pg=7155%2C6420665.
- ^ Foner 1978: 347-349
- ^ Duberman: 354
- ^ Foner 1978: 236-241
- ^ Duberman: 400.
- ^ Duberman, p. 400.
- ^ Duberman p. 411.
- ^ Howard, Tony (2009-01-29). "Showcase: Let Robeson Sing". University of Warwick. http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/services/library/mrc/explorefurther/images/robeson/.
- ^ Duberman 1988: 437
- ^ Rogovin: 41-43
- ^ Barry Finger, "Paul Robeson: A Flawed Martyr", in: New Politics Vol. 7 No. 1 (Summer 1998)
- ^ Robeson 1978: 3-8
- ^ Duberman: 410
- ^ "Paul Robeson Live at Carnegie Hall: Anonymous, Spiritual Traditional, Russian Traditional, William Shakespeare, Aleksandr [Piano] Aleksandrov, George H. Clutsam, Jerome Kern, Antonin Dvorak, Modest Mussorgsky, Johann Sebastian Bach, Franz [Vienna] Schubert, English Traditional, Earl Robinson, Czech Traditional, Ludwig van Beethoven, Paul Robeson: Music". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/Paul-Robeson-Live-Carnegie-Hall/dp/B000000EFU/ref=sr_1_1?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1322100848&sr=1-1. Retrieved 2012-05-20.
- ^ Duberman: 463
- ^ "British Give Singer Paul Robeson Hero's Welcome". The Modesto Bee. 1958-07-11. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_UkhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5IAFAAAAIBAJ&dq=paul%20robeson&pg=2552%2C1422348.
- ^ Duberman: 469
- ^ The International Children Center Artek Timeline – the 1950s
- ^ Duberman: 471
- ^ Duberman: 472.
- ^ Robeson 1981: 218.
- ^ White, Michael (1 June 2000). "Obituary: Andrew Faulds". The Guardian (London). http://politics.guardian.co.uk/politicsobituaries/story/0,1441,563445,00.html.
- ^ Duberman: 487-491
- ^ Curthoys: 171.
- ^ Duberman: 489
- ^ Curthoys: 168 ; cf. Duberman: 489.
- ^ Foner 1978 : 470-471
- ^ Curthoys: 164, 173-175: cf. Duberman: 490
- ^ Curthoys: 175-177; cf. Duberman
- ^ Curthoys: 171-172
- ^ Curthoys: ? ; cf. Duberman: 490-491.
- ^ Curthoys: 178-180; cf. Duberman 491.
- ^ Robeson 2010: 309
- ^ a b c Duberman: 498-499.
- ^ Nollen: 180
- ^ a b c Radio broadcast presented by Amy Goodman, Did the U.S. Government Drug Paul Robeson? (Part 1). Democracy Now (July 1, 1999) Did the U.S. Government Drug Paul Robeson? (Part 2). Democracy Now (July 6, 1999).
- ^ Duberman: 563-564.
- ^ Duberman: 438-442.
- ^ Robeson, Paul Jr. (1999-12-20). "Time Out: The Paul Robeson Files". The Nation 269 (21): 9. http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=0d55a2a6-c110-46db-bd79-fbb91511a635%40sessionmgr13&vid=1&hid=8.
- ^ Duberman: 735-736
- ^ Nollen: 180-81
- ^ Travis, Alan (2003-03-06). "Paul Robeson was tracked by MI5". The Guardian (Guardian News and Media Limited). http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2003/mar/07/uk.race. ; cf. Western Mail, [1]
- ^ Duberman: 509
- ^ Nollen: 182
- ^ Duberman: 516-518.
- ^ a b Duberman: 537.
- ^ Robeson, Jr. 2010: 346
- ^ Farmer: 297-298.
- ^ Duberman: 162-163.
- ^ Robeson 1981: 235-237.
- ^ a b Bell: ?
- ^ Duberman: 542-543.
- ^ a b Robeson 1978: 6.
- ^ Brooks Atkinson, Broadway
- ^ a b Duberman: 516.
- ^ Brown 1998: 161
- ^ "James Earl Jones Wins 2011 Paul Robeson Award". http://broadwayworld.com/article/James-Earl-Jones-Wins-2011-Paul-Robeson-Award-20111010_page1.
- ^ Duberman: 548.
- ^ "Died". Time. February 2, 1976. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945524,00.html. "Paul Robeson, 77, superbly talented and ultimately tragic singer, actor and civil rights leader who won a world fame known to few blacks of his generation and spent his last years sick, half-forgotten and, in Coretta Scott King's words, "'buried alive'"; following a stroke; in Philadelphia."
- ^ Robeson 1981: 236–237
- ^ a b c Duberman: 549
- ^ Hoggard, Bishop J. Clinton. "Eulogy". The Paul Robeson Foundation. http://www.paulrobesonfoundation.org/eulogy.html.
- ^ Tapley, Mel (1976-01-31). "Every Artist Must Know Where He Stands". New York Amsterdam News: pp. D10+. http://search.proquest.com/docview/226443379. ; cf. Duberman: 549, 763
- ^ a b Paul Robeson Chronology.
- ^ "Paul Robeson Galleries". http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/artgallery/. ; cf. Paul Robeson Library, The Paul Robeson Cultural Center
- ^ "Paul Robeson Cultural Center". http://studentaffairs.psu.edu/cultural/faq.shtml.
- ^ Armour, Nancy (1995-08-26). "Brown, Robeson inducted into college football hall". The Day (Reid MacCluggage): pp. C6. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K5hGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=aPgMAAAAIBAJ&dq=robeson%20and%20brown%20inducted%20in%20hall&pg=1186%2C4831956.
- ^ "List of National Historic Landmarks by State", National Historic Landmarks Program, 2012-01-03, p. 71, http://www.cr.nps.gov/nhl/designations/Lists/LIST11.pdf
- ^ Robinson, Greg (March 13, 2008). "Paul Robeson and Japanese Americans, 1942-1949". j.. http://www.blackpast.org/?q=perspectives/paul-robeson-and-japanese-americans-1942-1949.
- ^ O'Malley, Padraig. "1978". Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory. http://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv01538/04lv01539/05lv01562/06lv01571.htm.
- ^ "From the Valley of Obscurity, Robeson's Baritone Rings Out; 22 Years After His Death, Actor-Activist Gets a Grammy". The New York Times. February 25, 1998. http://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/25/arts/valley-obscurity-robeson-s-baritone-rings-22-years-after-his-death-actor.html.
- ^ "The Paul Robeson centennial.". Ebony 53 (7): 110–114. 1998-05-01. http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=8dfcf4f4-65b8-4f26-a3c5-292e966af8ed%40sessionmgr13&vid=1&hid=17.
- ^ Wade-Lewis, Margaret (2007). Lorenzo Dow Turner: Father of Gullah studies. University of South Carolina Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-57003-628-6.
- ^ "Robeson, Paul (1898-1976), Jan. 20". http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/discover/blue-plaques/search/robeson-paul-1898-1976.
- ^ Quinones, Eric (2004-01-13). "Ceremony to honor Paul Robeson, Jan. 20". http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S07/40/11C40/index.xml.
- ^ Reva Klein, "Citizenship: Let Paul Robeson Sing" The Times Educational Supplement, October 26, 2001
- ^ Faingold, Noma (June 19, 1998). "Centennial of Birth Marked Here—Paul Robeson: Forgotten Hero of Jews, African-Americans". j.. http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/8521/centennial-of-birth-marked-here-paul-robeson-forgotten-hero-of-jews-african/.
- ^ "Paul Robeson zu Gast Unter den Linden — Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin" (in (German)). Hu-berlin.de. http://www.hu-berlin.de/pr/publikationen/humboldt/201001/geschichte/paul-robeson-zu-gast-unter-den-linden.
- ^ Duberman: 557
- ^ Robeson 1981: 13
- ^ Naison 1998: 182
- ^ Miller, Patrick B. (2004). "Muscular assimilationism : sport and the paradoxes of racial reform". In Charles K. Ross. Race and Sport. Jackson, Miss.: University Press of Mississippi. pp. 149–150. ISBN 1-57806-657-3.
- ^ Duberman: 81
- ^ Duberman: 90
- ^ Bogle 2001: 100
- ^ Nollen ?
- ^ Balaji: 430-432
- ^ "Spanish Relief Efforts: Albert Hall Meeting £1,000 Collected for Children". The Manchester Guardian: p. 6. 1937-06-25. http://search.proquest.com/hnpguardianobserver/docview/484207378.
References[link]
Primary materials[link]
- Dent, Roberta Yancy, with Marilyn Robeson and Paul Robeson, Jr. eds. Paul Robeson, Tributes, Selected Writings. New York: The Archives, 1976. OCLC 2507933.
- Foner, Philip S., ed. Paul Robeson Speaks: Writings, Speeches, Interviews, 1918–1974. Larchmont: Brunner/Mazel, 1978. ISBN 0-87630-179-0
- Robeson, Paul Leroy (1919-06-10). "The New Idealism". The Targum 50, 1918-1918: 570-1.
- Robeson, Paul; with Brown, Lloyd L. (1998). Here I Stand. (2 ed.). Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-6445-9
- Robeson, Paul (2000). "An Actor's Wanderings and Hopes". In Sondra Kathryn Wilson. The Messenger Reader. New York: The Modern Library. pp. 292–293. ISBN 0-375-75539-X.
Biographies[link]
- Boyle, Sheila Tully, and Andrew Bunie (2001). Paul Robeson: The Years of Promise and Achievement. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 1-55849-149-X
- Brown, Lloyd L. (1997). The Young Paul Robeson: On My Journey Now. Boulder: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-3178-1
- Duberman, Martin Bauml (1988). Paul Robeson. New York: New Press. ISBN 1-56584-288-X.
- Gilliam, Dorothy Butler (1976). Paul Robeson, All-American. Washington, D.C.: New Republic Books ISBN 0-915220-39-3
- Hoyt, Edwin P. (1968). Paul Robeson: The American Othello. Cleveland: The World Publishing Company.
- Ramdin, Ron (1987). Paul Robeson, The Man and His Mission. London: Peter Owen. ISBN 0-7206-0684-5
- Robeson, Eslanda (1930).Paul Robeson, Negro, London: Victor Gollancz Ltd.; 1st edition (1930) ASIN: B0006E8ML4
- Robeson Paul, Jr. (2001) The Undiscovered Paul Robeson, An Artist's Journey, 1898-1939. Wiley. eISBN 9780471151050
- Robeson Paul, Jr. (2010) The Undiscovered Paul Robeson, Quest for Freedom, 1939-1976. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-40973-1
- Seton, Marie (1958). Paul Robeson. London: Dennis Dobson.
Secondary materials[link]
- Balaji, Murali (2007). The Professor and the Pupil: The Politics and Friendship of W. E. B. Du Bois and Paul Robeson. New York: Nation Books ISBN 1-56858-355-9
- Beevor, Anthony (2007). The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939. London: Phoenix. ISBN 9780753821657
- Bell, Charlotte Turner (1986). Paul Robeson's Last Days in Philadelphia Bryn Mawr: Dorrance Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 0-8059-3026-4
- Bogle, Donald (2001). Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks: An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films (4 ed.). New York: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-1267-X
- Cameron, Kenneth M. (1990-10-01). "Paul Robeson, Eddie Murphy, and the Film Text of 'Africa'". Text & Performance Quarterly 10 (4): 282–293.
- Carroll, John M. (1992). Fritz Pollard: Pioneer in Racial Advancement. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01814-1
- Curthoys, Ann (2010). "Paul Robeson’s visit to Australia and Aboriginal activism, 1960" In Frances Peters-Little, Ann Curthoys and John Docker. Passionate histories : Myth, Memory and Indigenous Australia Canberra, Australia: ANU E Press and Aboriginal History Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-921666-65-0
- Dorinson, Joseph; with Pencak, William, eds. (2002). Paul Robeson: Essays on His Life and Legacy. Jefferson: McFarland and Company, Inc. ISBN 0-7864-1153-8
- Eby, Cecil D. (2007). Comrades and Commissars: The Lincoln Battalion in the Spanish Civil War. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 9780271029108
- Farmer, James (1985). Lay Bare The Heart: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement. New York: Arbor House. ISBN 0-87795-624-3
- Foner, Henry (2001). Paul Robeson: A Century of Greatness. Paul Robeson Foundation.
- Glazer, Peter (2007). "The lifted fist : performing the Spanish Civil War, New York City, 1936-1939" in Fernandez, James D. (ed.) and Carroll, Peter N. (ed.) Facing Fascism:New York and the Spanish Civil War. New York: Museum of the City of New York and NYU Press. ISBN 9780814716816
- Goldstein, Robert Justin (2009). American Blacklist: The Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1604-6
- Harris, Francis C. (1998) "Paul Robeson: An Athlete's Legacy" in Stewart, Jeffrey C. (ed.) Paul Robeson: Artist and Citizen. Rutgers University Press and The Paul Robeson Cultural Center. ISBN 0-8135-2511-X
- Hopkins, James K. (1999). Into the heart of the fire : the British in the Spanish Civil War. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3127-6
- Landis, Arthur H. (1967). The Abraham Lincoln Brigade. New York: Citadel Press.
- Low, Rachel (1985). Film Making in 1930s Britain. London: George Allen & Unwin. ISBN 0-04-791042-9.
- Lustiger, Arno (2003). Stalin and the Jews, The Red Book : the Tragedy of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee and the Soviet Jews. New York: Enigma. ISBN 1-929631-10-3
- Marable, Manning (2005), W.E.B. Du Bois: Black Radical Democrat, Paradigm Publishers, ISBN 978-1-59451-018-2
- McConnell, Lauren (2010). "Understanding Paul Robeson’s Soviet Experience" Theatre History Studies 30: 138-153.
- Morrison, Michael A. (May 2011). "Paul Robeson’s Othello at the Savoy Theatre, 1930". New Theatre Quarterly 27 (2): 114–140. doi: 10.1017/S0266464X11000261. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&pdftype=1&fid=8273757&jid=NTQ&volumeId=27&issueId=02&aid=8273756.
- Naison, Mark (1998). "Paul Robeson and the American Labor Movement" in Stewart, Jeffrey C. (ed.) Paul Robeson: Artist and Citizen. Rutgers University Press and The Paul Robeson Cultural Center. ISBN 0-8135-2511-X
- Nollen, Scott Allen (2010). Paul Robeson: Film Pioneer. Jefferson: McFarland and Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7864-3520-3
- Peterson, Bernard L. Jr. (1997). The African American Theatre Directory, 1816-1960. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29537-9
- Pitt, Larry (1969) Football at Rutgers: A History, 1869-1969. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press ISBN 0-8135-0747-2
- Robeson, Paul Jr. (1978). "Paul Robeson: Black Warrior". In Freedomways. Paul Robeson: The Great Forerunner. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. pp. 3–16. ISBN 0-396-07545-2.
- Richards, Jeffrey (1998). The Unknown 1930s: An Alternative History of the British Cinema 1929-39. New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-303-5
- Robeson, Susan (1981). The Whole World in His Hands: A Pictorial Biography of Paul Robeson Secaucus: Citadel Press. ISBN 0-8065-0754-3
- Robinson, Eugene (1978). "A Distant Image: Paul Robeson and Rutgers' Students". In Freedomways. Paul Robeson: The Great Forerunner. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. pp. 178–188. ISBN 0-396-07545-2.
- Robinson, Jackie and Duckett, Alfred (1972). I Never Had It Made. Hopewell: Ecco Press.
- Robinson, Robert (1988). Black on Red: A Black American's 44 Years inside the Soviet Union. Washington, D.C.: Acropolis Books. ISBN 0-87491-885-5.
- Rogovin, Vadim Z. (1998). 1937: Stalin's Year of Terror. Oak Park, MI: Mehring Books, Inc. ISBN 0-929087-77-1
- Sampson, Henry T. (2005). Swingin' on the Ether Waves: A Chronological History of African Americans in Radio and Television Programming, 1925-1955. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 0-8108-4087-1
- Seton, Marie (1978). "Paul Robeson on the English Stage". In Freedomways. Paul Robeson: The Great Forerunner. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. pp. 26–49. ISBN 0-396-07545-2. . A reprint of Seton 1958.
- Snyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00239-9.
- Stuckey, Sterling (1994). Going Through the Storm: The Influence of African American Art in History. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507677-X
- Swindall, Lindsay R. (2011). The Politics of Paul Robeson's Othello. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. eISBN 978-1-60473-825-4
- Von Eschen, Penny M. (1994). Race Against Empire: African Americans and Anti-colonialism, 1937-1957. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3197-2
- Walsh, Christy (1949). College Football: and All America Review. Murray & Gee.
- Weisenfeld, Judith (1997). African American Women and Christian Activism: New York's Black YWCA, 1905-1945. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00778-6
- Wintz, Cary D. ed. (2007). Harlem Speaks: A Living History of the Harlem Renaissance. Naperville: Sourcebooks. ISBN 978-1-4022-0436-4
- Wright, Charles (1975). Paul Robeson: Labor's Forgotten Champion. Detroit: Balamp Publishing. ISBN 0-913642-06-1
- Wyden, Peter (1983). The Passionate War: A Narrative History of the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-25330-1
Young adult materials[link]
- Du Bois, Shirley Graham (1995). Paul Robeson, Citizen of the World. Trenton: Africa World. ISBN 0-86543-468-9
- Holmes, Burnham (1995). Paul Robeson: A Voice of Struggle. Austin: Raintree Steck-Vaughn ISBN 0-8114-2381-6
- Larsen, Rebecca (1989). Paul Robeson: Hero Before His Time. New York: Franklin Watts. ISBN 0-531-10779-5
- McKissack, Pat; with McKissack, Fredrick (1992). Paul Robeson: A Voice to Remember. Hillside: Enslow Publishers. ISBN 0-89490-310-1
- Wright, David K. (1998). Paul Robeson: Actor, Singer, Political Activist. Springfield: Enslow Publishers. ISBN 0-89490-944-4
Film documentaries about Robeson[link]
- The Tallest Tree in Our Forest (1977)
- Paul Robeson: Tribute to an Artist (1979)
- Paul Robeson: Speak of Me As I Am (1998)
- Paul Robeson: Here I Stand (1999) PBS American Masters, directed by St. Clair Bourne
- Paul Robeson: Portraits of an Artist (2007) Irvington: Criterion Collection. ISBN 1-934121-19-3
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Paul Robeson |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Paul Robeson |
- Official Website of the Paul Robeson Foundation
- Paul Robeson at Find a Grave
- Paul Robeson at the Internet Movie Database
- Paul Robeson at the Internet Broadway Database
- Paul Robeson at the British Film Institute's Screenonline
- Works by or about Paul Robeson in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Robeson, Paul |
| Alternative names | Robeson, Paul Leroy |
| Short description | actor, singer, athlete, activist |
| Date of birth | April 9, 1898 |
| Place of birth | Princeton, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Date of death | January 23, 1976 |
| Place of death | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Robeson
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
