Historically, city status in England and Wales was associated with the presence of a
cathedral, such as
York Minster.
City status in the United Kingdom is granted by the British monarch to a select group of communities. The holding of city status gives a settlement no special rights other than that of calling itself a "city". Nonetheless, this appellation carries its own prestige and, consequently, competitions for the status are hard fought. The status does not apply automatically on the basis of any particular criteria, although in England and Wales it was traditionally given to towns with diocesan cathedrals. This association between having a cathedral and being called a city was established in the early 1540s when King Henry VIII founded dioceses (each having a cathedral in the see city) in six English towns and also granted them city status by issuing letters patent.
City status in Ireland was granted to far fewer communities than in England and Wales, and there are only two pre nineteenth century cities in present-day Northern Ireland. In Scotland, city status did not explicitly receive any recognition by the state until the nineteenth century. At that time, a revival of grants of city status took place, first in England, where the grants were accompanied by the establishment of new cathedrals, and later in Scotland and Ireland.
In the twentieth century, it was explicitly recognised that the status of city in England and Wales would no longer be bound to the presence of a cathedral, and grants made since have been awarded to communities on a variety of criteria, including population size.
The abolition of some corporate bodies as part of successive local government reforms, beginning with the Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840, has deprived some ancient cities of their status. However, letters patent have been issued for most of the affected cities to ensure the continuation or restoration of their status. At present, Rochester and Elgin are the only former cities in the United Kingdom: despite the lack of formal status the former is commonly referred to as a "city", at least by its inhabitants.
It is important to note, however, that the suffix "City" does not, in itself, denote city status; it may be appended to UK locations for reasons of historical association (e.g. White City) or for marketing purposes (e.g. Stratford City)
In the 16th century, a town was recognised as a city by the English Crown if it had a diocesan cathedral within its limits. This association between having a cathedral and being called a city was established when Henry VIII founded dioceses (each having a cathedral in the see city) in six English towns and also granted them city status by issuing letters patent.[1] Some cities today are very small because they were granted city status in the 16th century, then were unaffected by population growth during the Industrial Revolution—notably Wells (population about 10,000) and St David's (population about 2,000) (see List of smallest cities in the United Kingdom). After the 16th century, no new dioceses (and no new cities) were created until the 19th century.
In 1836, Ripon was the first of a number of new dioceses to be created. Ripon Town Council assumed that this had elevated the town to the rank of a city, and started referring to itself as the City and Borough of Ripon. The next diocese to be created was Manchester, and the Borough Council began to informally use the title city. When Queen Victoria visited Manchester in 1851, the doubts surrounding the status of the town were raised. The situation was resolved when the borough petitioned for city status, which was granted by letters patent in 1854. This eventually forced Ripon to regularise its position; its city status was recognised by Act of Parliament in 1865. This led to the unusual position of Ripon, with the diocese cathedral, having city status whilst the rapidly expanding conurbation of Leeds - in the same diocese - did not. The Manchester case established a precedent that any municipal borough in which an Anglican see was established was entitled to petition for city status. Accordingly, Truro, St Albans, Liverpool, Newcastle upon Tyne and Wakefield were all officially designated as cities between 1877 and 1888. This was not without opposition from the Home Office, who dismissed St Albans as "a fourth or fifth rate market town" and objected to Wakefield's elevation on grounds of population. In one new diocese, Southwell, a city was not created, because Southwell was a village without a borough corporation and therefore could not petition the Queen. The diocese covered the counties of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, and the boroughs of Derby and Nottingham were disappointed that they would not be able to claim the title of city.[2]
The link with Anglican dioceses was broken in 1889 when Birmingham successfully petitioned for city status on the grounds of its large population and history of good local government. At the time of the grant, Birmingham lacked an Anglican cathedral, although the parish church later became a cathedral in 1905. This new precedent was followed by other large municipalities: Leeds and Sheffield became cities in 1893, and Bradford, Kingston upon Hull and Nottingham were honoured on the occasion of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897. The last three had been the largest county boroughs outside the London area without city status.[2]
Between 1897 and 1914, applications were received from a number of other boroughs, but only one was successful: in 1905, Cardiff was designated a city and granted a lord mayoralty as "the Metropolis of Wales".
The London Government Act 1899 abolished the existing local authorities within the County of London and replaced them with 28 metropolitan boroughs. Among the bodies to be dissolved was the Court of Burgesses of the City of Westminster. William Burdett-Coutts, one of Westminster's Members of Parliament, brought forward an amendment to rename the proposed borough of Greater Westminster to City of Westminster. This was intended to give "recognition to the title which the area ... had possessed for over three and a half centuries". He felt that if the status was not retained for the new borough it "must necessarily disappear altogether". The amendment was rejected by the government, however, with the First Lord of the Treasury, Arthur Balfour, believing it would be "an anomaly which, I think, would be not unnaturally resented by other districts which are as large in point of population as Westminster, although doubtless not so rich in historical associations".[3][4] The government eventually relented, with Balfour stating that "as soon as the necessary arrangements under the London Government Act have been completed, there will be conferred on the borough of Westminster, as constituted under the Act, the title of city, originally conferred in the time of Henry VIII".[5][6] Letters patent were duly issued granting the title of "city" to the newly created Metropolitan Borough of Westminster.[7]
In 1907, the Home Office and King Edward VII agreed on a policy that future applicants would have to meet certain criteria. This policy, which was not at the time made public, had the effect of stemming the number of city creations.
The 1907 policy contained three criteria:
- A minimum population of 300,000.
- A "local metropolitan character"—this implied that the town had a distinct identity of its own and was the centre of a wider area.
- A good record of local government.[2]
However, well into the twentieth century it was often assumed that the presence of a cathedral was sufficient to elevate a town to city status, and that for cathedral cities the city charters were recognising its city status rather than granting it. On this basis, the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica said that Southwell and St Asaph were cities.
The policy laid down by Edward VII was continued by his successor, George V, who ascended the throne in 1910. In 1911, an application for city status by Portsmouth was refused. Explaining the Home Secretary's reason for not recommending the King to approve the petition, the Lord Advocate stated:
...during the reign of his late Majesty it was found necessary, in order to maintain the value of the distinction, to lay down a rule as to the minimum population which should ordinarily, in connexion with other considerations, be regarded as qualifying a borough for that higher status.[8][9]
Following the First World War, the King made an official visit to Leicester in 1919 to commemorate its contributions to the military victory. The borough council had made several applications for city status since 1889, and took the opportunity of the visit to renew its request. Leicester had a population of approximately 230,000 at the previous census, but its petition was granted as an exception to the policy, as it was officially a restoration of a dignity lost in the past.[10] When the county borough of Stoke-on-Trent applied for city status in 1925, it was initially refused as it had only 294,000 inhabitants. The decision was overturned, however, as it was felt to have outstanding importance as the centre of the pottery industry. The effective relaxation of the population rule led to applications from Portsmouth and Salford. The civil servants in the Home Office were minded to refuse both applications. In particular, Salford was felt to be "merely a scratch collection of 240,000 people cut off from Manchester by the river". Salford's case, however, was considered favourably by the Home Secretary, William Joynson-Hicks, MP for a neighbouring constituency of Manchester. Following protests from Portsmouth, which felt it had better credentials as a larger town and as the "first Naval Port of the kingdom", both applications were approved in 1926.[2]
In 1927, a Royal Commission on Local Government was examining local authority areas and functions in England and Wales. The question arose as to which towns were entitled to be called cities, and the chairman, the Earl of Onslow, wrote to the Home Office to seek clarification. The Home Office replied with a memorandum that read:
The title of a city which is borne by certain boroughs is a purely titular distinction. It has no connexion with the status of the borough in respect of local government and confers no powers or privileges. At the present time and for several centuries past the title has been obtained only by an express grant from the Sovereign effected by letters patent; but a certain number of cities possess the title by very ancient prescriptive right. There is no necessary connexion between the title of a city and the seat of a bishopric, and the creation of a new see neither constitutes the town concerned a city nor gives it any claim to the grant of letters patent creating it a city.[11]
In 1928, Plymouth submitted an application for city status. As the borough was larger than Portsmouth, and had recently absorbed Devonport and East Stonehouse, the King agreed to the request. However, he indicated that he had "come to an end of city making", and Southampton's application in the following year was turned down.[2]
The next city to be created was Lancaster as part of the coronation celebrations of King George VI. With a population of a little over 50,000, Lancaster was stated to be an exception due to the town's "long association with the crown" and because it was "the county town of the King's Duchy of Lancaster". Following the Second World War, members of Cambridge Borough Council made contact with Lancaster officials for assistance in their application. Cambridge became a city in 1951, again for "exceptional" reasons, as the only ancient seat of learning in the kingdom not a city or royal burgh and to coincide with the 750th anniversary of the borough's first charter of incorporation.[12] Croydon also applied in 1951, but failed as it was felt not to have a sufficient identity apart from Greater London, and reports on the conduct of local government in the town were unfavourable.[2]
It was anticipated that the coronation of Elizabeth II in 1953 would lead to the creation of a city, and Wolverhampton, Preston and Southampton made approaches. In the event, the only civic honour given was that of a lord mayoralty to Coventry. Derby and Southwark made unsuccessful applications in 1955.
The planned reorganisations by the Local Government Commissions for England and Wales from 1958 effectively blocked new city grants. Southampton lodged a petition in 1958. Initially refused in 1959, pending the decision of the Commission, it was eventually allowed in 1964.[13] In the meantime, the administration of London was reformed under the London Government Act 1963. While the City of London was permitted to continue in existence largely unchanged, Westminster was merged with two neighbouring authorities to form a new London borough from 1 April 1965.[14] In December 1963 it was announced that a charter was to be granted incorporating the new authority as "Westminster", and that the Queen had accepted the advice of the Home Secretary to raise the London borough to the title and dignity of city.[15]
With the establishment of the Royal Commission on Local Government in England in 1966, city grants were again in abeyance in England. Attempts by Derby, Teesside and Wolverhampton to become cities were not proceeded with.
In Wales, Swansea campaigned for city status throughout the 1960s. The campaign came to a successful conclusion in 1969, in conjunction with the investiture of Charles, Prince of Wales.[16]
The Local Government Act 1972 abolished all existing local authorities outside London (other than parish councils) in England and Wales. This meant that the various local authorities that held city status ceased to exist on 1 April 1974.[17] To preserve city status, new letters patent were issued to the metropolitan borough, non-metropolitan district or successor parish councils created by the 1972 Act.[18] Because some of the new boroughs or districts covered areas much wider than the previous city, this had the effect that city status was awarded to a number of local government districts which were not themselves towns and included a number of towns and villages outside the urban areas from which the districts took their names, for example the cities of Bradford, Leeds and Winchester. There were three exceptions: charter trustees were established for the Cities of Lichfield and New Sarum (or Salisbury) which were neither districts nor parishes, and special letters patent preserved the City of Rochester as part of the new Borough of Medway.[19]
In 1977, as part of the celebrations of the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II, the Home Office identified nine candidates for city status: Blackburn, Brighton, Croydon, Derby, Dudley, Newport, Sandwell, Sunderland and Wolverhampton.[2] Ultimately, Derby received the award as the largest non-metropolitan district not already designated a city.[20] In April 1980 a parish council was created for Lichfield, and the charter trustees established six years earlier were dissolved. City status was temporarily lost until new letters patent were issued in November of the same year.[21] In 1992, on the fortieth anniversary of the monarch's accession, it was announced that another town would be elevated to a city. An innovation on this occasion was that a competition was to be held, and communities would be required to submit applications. Sunderland was the successful applicant.[22] This was followed in 1994 by the restoration of the dignity to St David's, historic see of a bishop.[23]
Since 2000, city status has been awarded to towns by competition on special occasions (see Current practice of granting city status below). Four successful applicants in England have become cities, as well as two in Wales; in 2000 for the Millennium Celebrations, the new cities were Brighton and Hove and Wolverhampton; in 2002 for the Queen's Golden Jubilee it was Preston and Newport, and in 2012 for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee it was Chelmsford and St Asaph.[24][25][26][27]
Other than the cities of London and Westminster, no local authorities in the Greater London area have been granted city status. The Home Office had a policy of resisting any attempt by metropolitan boroughs to become cities even when their populations, and other proposed claims as qualifying criteria, might otherwise have made them eligible. It was felt that such a grant would undermine the status of the two existing cities in the capital. The Metropolitan Borough of Southwark made a number of applications, but in 1955 the borough's town clerk was told not to pursue the matter any further.[2] Outside the boundaries of the county, the County Borough of Croydon made three applications, all of which were dismissed as it was not seen as being sufficiently separate from London. When the successor London Borough of Croydon applied in 1965 the Assistant Under Secretary of State summarised the case against Croydon: "...whatever its past history, it is now just part of the London conurbation and almost indistinguishable from many of the other Greater London boroughs".[2]
The same objections were made when the London Boroughs of Croydon and Southwark unsuccessfully entered the competition for city status to mark the millennium: Croydon was said to have "no particular identity of its own" while Southwark was "part of London with little individual identity".[2] When the most recent competition was held to mark the Golden Jubilee of 2002, Croydon made a sixth application, again unsuccessful. It was joined by the London Borough of Greenwich, which emphasised its royal and maritime connections, while claiming to be "to London what Versailles is to Paris".[2]
Scotland had no cities by royal charter or letters patent prior to 1889. The nearest equivalent in pre-Union Scotland was the royal burgh. The term city was not always consistently applied, and there were doubts over the number of officially designated cities. The royal burghs of Edinburgh and Perth anciently used the title civitas, but the term city does not seem to have been used prior to the fifteenth century. Unlike the situation in England, in Scotland there was no link between the presence of a cathedral and the title of city. Aberdeen, Glasgow and Edinburgh were accepted as cities by ancient usage by the eighteenth century, while Perth and Elgin also used the title.[2] In 1856, the burgh of Dunfermline resolved to use the title of city in all official documents in the future, based on long usage and its former status as a royal capital. The status was never officially recognised.[2]
In 1889, Dundee was granted city status by letters patent. The grant by formal document led to doubts about the use of the title city by other burghs. In 1891, the city status of Aberdeen was confirmed when the burgh was enlarged by local Act of Parliament. The Royal Burgh of Inverness applied for promotion to a city as part of the Jubilee honours in 1897. The request was not granted, partly because it would draw attention to the lack of any charter granting the title to existing cities.[2] Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh and Glasgow were constituted "counties of cities" by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929. The Act made no statement on the title city for any other burgh. In 1969, the Home Secretary, James Callaghan, stated that there were six cities in Scotland (without naming them) and Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Elgin, Glasgow and Perth were the only burghs listed as cities in 1972.[2][28]
The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 completely reorganised Scotland's local administration in 1975. All burghs were abolished, and a system of districts created. The four districts of Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Dundee and Glasgow had City included in their titles by the Act. The 1975 districts were replaced with the present council areas by the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 in 1996, and the same four cities were designated.
Since the 1996 reorganisation, two more Scottish cities have been designated: Inverness as part of the millennium celebrations, and Stirling in 2002, to commemorate Queen Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee. In the case of both these cities, there are no city councils and no formal boundaries. In January 2008, a petition to matriculate armorial bearings for the City of Inverness was refused by Lord Lyon King of Arms on the grounds that there is no corporate body or legal persona to whom arms can be granted.[29]
After plans to restore city status on Perth in 2007 were backed by newly elected First Minister Alex Salmond, saying it should be granted "at the next commemorative opportunity".[30] The local authority, Perth and Kinross, stated that the 800th anniversary of the city in 2009 should create "a foundation for Perth to bid for formal city status",[31] it was announced on 14 March 2012, that Perth would become Scotland's seventh city to mark the Queen's Diamond Jubilee.[27]
City status in Ireland tended historically to be granted by royal charter. There are many towns in Ireland with Church of Ireland cathedrals that have never been called cities. In spite of this, Armagh was considered a city, by virtue of its being the seat of the Primate of All Ireland, until the abolition of Armagh's city corporation by the Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840. The only historic city with a charter in present-day Northern Ireland is Derry. Derry was given its first charter by James I in 1604, but the garrison was attacked and destroyed by Cahir O'Doherty in 1608.[32] The present city is the result of a second charter granted in 1613 to members of the London guilds, as part of the Plantation of Ulster, providing for the building of a walled city, which was renamed Londonderry.[33]
In 1887, the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria was celebrated, and the Borough of Belfast submitted a memorial to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland seeking city status. Belfast based its claim on its similarity to two English boroughs that had received the honour—the seaport of Liverpool and the textile centre of Manchester—and the fact that it had (at the time) a larger population than the City of Dublin. Following some legal debate, city status was conferred in 1888. The grant of the honour on the grounds of being a large industrial town, rather than a diocesan centre, was unprecedented. Belfast's example was soon followed by Birmingham and Dundee in England and Scotland respectively.[2]
In 1994, Armagh's city status was restored.[23] In 2002, Lisburn and Newry were two of the five towns in the UK that were granted city status by Queen Elizabeth II to mark her Golden Jubilee. In the case of Lisburn, the status extends to the entire local government district.[34] Newry, like Inverness and Stirling in Scotland, has no formal boundaries or city council. The letters patent were presented to representatives of Newry and Mourne District Council on behalf of the city.[35]
According to a Memorandum from the Home Office issued in 1927,
If a town wishes to obtain the title of a city the proper method of procedure is to address a petition to the King through the Home Office. It is the duty of the Home Secretary to submit such petitions to his Majesty and to advise his Majesty to the reply to be returned. It is a well-established principle that the grant of the title is only recommended in the case of towns of the first rank in population, size and importance, and having a distinctive character and identity of their own. At the present day, therefore, it is only rarely and in exceptional circumstances that the title is given.[11]
In fact, a town can now apply for city status by submitting an application to the Lord Chancellor, who makes recommendations to the sovereign. Competitions for new grants of city status have been held to mark special events, such as coronations, royal jubilees or the Millennium.
Some cities in England, Wales and Northern Ireland have the further distinction of having a Lord Mayor rather than a simple Mayor—in Scotland, the equivalent is the Lord Provost. Lord Mayors have the right to be styled "The Right Worshipful The Lord Mayor". The Lord Mayors and Provosts of Belfast, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Glasgow, City of London and York have the further right to be styled "The Right Honourable the Lord Mayor" (or Provost), although they are not members of the Privy Council as this style usually indicates. The style is associated with the office, not the person holding it, so "The Right Worshipful Joseph Bloggsworthy" would be incorrect.
There are currently 66 recognised cities (including 30 Lord Mayoralties or Lord Provostships) in the UK: 50 cities (23 Lord Mayoralties) in England, five cities (two Lord Mayoralties) in Wales, six cities (four Lord Provostships) in Scotland and five cities (one Lord Mayoralty) in Northern Ireland.
In the Republic of Ireland, the ceremonial head of the city government of Dublin is the Lord Mayor of Dublin. This title was granted by Charles II in 1665 when Dublin was part of the Kingdom of Ireland. Whilst the 1665 letters patent provided for the Lord Mayor to hold the formal title of Right Honourable, this was repealed in 2001. There is also a Lord Mayor of Cork, a title granted in 1900 when Cork was still part of the United Kingdom.
In modern practice, competitions are held for cities that wish to gain the distinction of a Lord Mayor. The 2002 competition was entered by Bath, Cambridge, Carlisle, Chichester, Derby, Exeter, Gloucester, Lancaster, Lincoln, St Albans, St David's, Salford, Southampton, Sunderland, Truro, Wolverhampton and Worcester; the successful candidate was Exeter.[36]
Since local government reorganisation in 1974 city status has been awarded to a number of local government districts which are not themselves towns. Each includes a number of towns and villages outside the urban area from which the district takes its name. These districts include
- City of Bradford, including the towns of Bingley, Ilkley, Keighley and Shipley as well as Bradford
- City of Canterbury, including the towns of Herne Bay and Whitstable as well as Canterbury
- City of Lancaster, including the towns of Carnforth, Heysham and Morecambe as well as Lancaster
- City of Leeds, including the towns of Otley, Pudsey and Wetherby as well as Leeds
- City of Preston, including rural areas as well as Preston
- City of St Albans, including the town of Harpenden as well as St Albans
- City of Salford, including the towns of Eccles, Pendlebury and Swinton as well as Salford
- City of Sunderland, including the towns of Hetton-le-Hole, Houghton-le-Spring and Washington as well as Sunderland
- City of Wakefield, including the towns of Castleford, Ossett and Pontefract as well as Wakefield
- City of Winchester, including the towns of Bishop's Waltham and New Alresford as well as Winchester
Rochester was recognised as a city from 1211 to 1998. On 1 April 1974, the city council was abolished, becoming part of the Borough of Medway, a local government district in the county of Kent. However, under letters patent the former city council area was to continue to be styled the "City of Rochester" to "perpetuate the ancient name" and to recall "the long history and proud heritage of the said city".[37] The city was unique, as it had no council or charter trustees and no mayor or civic head. In 1979, the Borough of Medway was renamed as Rochester-upon-Medway, and in 1982 further letters patent transferred the city status to the entire borough.[38] On 1 April 1998, the existing local government districts of Rochester-upon-Medway and Gillingham were abolished and became the new unitary authority of Medway. Since it was the local government district that officially held city status under the 1982 letters patent, when it was abolished, it also ceased to be a city. The other local government districts with city status that were abolished around this time (Bath and Hereford) had decided to appoint charter trustees to maintain the existence of the city and the mayoralty. However, Rochester-upon-Medway City Council had decided not to. Medway Council apparently only became aware of this when, in 2002, they discovered that Rochester was not on the Lord Chancellor's Office's list of cities.[39][40] In 2010, it started to refer to the "City of Medway" in promotional material, but it was rebuked and instructed not to do so in future by the Advertising Standards Authority.[41]
- Ballymena in Northern Ireland has been known informally as "The City of the Seven Towers" since the nineteenth century.[42]
- The community council for Brechin is called City of Brechin & District Community Council. The local football team is known as Brechin City F.C. (they were formed at a meeting on City Road in the town). Brechin also possesses a cathedral, and was (and is) the ancient seat of the see of Brechin.
- Dunfermline styles itself "A Twinned City" on the signs welcoming visitors to the town.[43] The area committee of Fife council is called City of Dunfermline Area Committee.
- The community council for Elgin is called City and Royal Burgh of Elgin Community Council. The local football team is known as Elgin City F.C..
- The local football team in Guildford is named Guildford City F.C.
- Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City are medium-sized New Towns in Hertfordshire established to reduce the overcrowding of London as part of the Garden city movement.
- In its planning, the government of the day intended Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, to be a "new city" in scale, and it was referred to as such in contemporary supporting papers, but was gazetted in 1967 as a New Town. It has used the term "City Centre" on its buses and road signs for many years, mainly to avoid confusion with the centres of its pre-existing constituent towns.
- After its unsuccessful attempts to gain city status, the town of Reading, Berkshire, started using the phrase "City Centre" on its buses[44] and car-park signs. Reading's urban area has in excess of 350,000 inhabitants, making it one of the largest urban areas in the UK and larger than many sizeable cities including Southampton, Kingston upon Hull and Derby. However, the population of the Borough of Reading was estimated as 142,800 in 2006 by the Office of National Statistics, as a number of the town's large eastern and southern suburbs (such as Earley and Woodley) lie within neighbouring local authorities.
The holding of city status gives a settlement no special rights other than that of calling itself a "city". Nonetheless, this appellation carries its own prestige and, consequently, competitions for the status are hard fought.
Historically, city status could only be granted to incorporated towns. The grant was specifically awarded to the relevant local government area such as a civil parish or borough. However, recent grants have used a looser wording, where the status is awarded to the "town". In most cases the "town" is held to be coterminous with the relevant local government area, such that the city status holder is the corporate body of the council. Examples include the Letters Patent awarded to the "Towns of Brighton and Hove", the "Town of Wolverhampton" and the "Town of Newport in the County Borough of Newport". In each case the existing borough council became the city council.
In some cases, like the cities of Stirling and Inverness, there was no existing corporate body. Stirling Council's application for city status was specifically for the urban area of the (now former) Royal Burgh of Stirling and included proposed city boundaries. Thus, not all of the council area has city status, and there is no official city council.
Most cities, however, do have city councils, which have varying powers depending on the type of settlement. There are unitary authorities (including metropolitan and London boroughs), which are responsible for all local government services within their area. (The only London borough having city status is the City of Westminster). Many cities have ordinary district councils, which share power with county councils. At the bottom end of the scale, some cities have civil parish councils, with no more power than a village.
Some cities that used to have a city council but have subsequently had it abolished may have charter trustees, drawn from the local district council, who appoint the mayor and look after the city's traditions.
Most "cities" are not, in fact, cities in the traditional sense of the word (that is, a large urban area) but are local government districts that have city status and often encompass large rural areas. This leads to the oddity whereby city status can be granted to areas that include more than one town. "Federal" cities of this type include Stoke-on-Trent, Sunderland and Brighton and Hove; in all these cases a borough was formed to govern an area covering several towns and then city status was granted to the borough. Other examples include the City of Canterbury and the City of Wakefield, while the City of Sheffield contains part of the Peak District National Park. The largest "city" district in terms of area is the City of Carlisle, which covers some 400 square miles (1,000 km2) of mostly rural landscape in the north of England, and is larger than smaller counties such as Merseyside or Rutland. This is, however, merely a curiosity and has had no impact on the general usage of the word city in the UK, which has unambiguously retained its urban meaning in British English. Residents of the rural parts of the "City of Carlisle" and the like might be aware of the name of their local council, but would not consider themselves to be inhabitants of a city with a small c.
Equally, there are some cities where the local government district is in fact smaller than the historical or natural boundaries of the city. Five examples of this are Manchester (where the traditional area associated includes areas of the neighbouring authorities of Trafford, Tameside, Oldham, Bury and the City of Salford), Kingston upon Hull (where surrounding areas and villages that are effectively suburbs, such as Cottingham, come under East Riding of Yorkshire Council), Glasgow (where suburban areas of the city are located in East Dunbartonshire, East Renfrewshire, North Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, South Lanarkshire and West Dunbartonshire), Wolverhampton (areas of the neighbouring authorities of Walsall, Dudley and South Staffordshire) and, most obviously, London (Greater London outside the City of London).
At each census, the government produces a report called "Key Statistics for Urban Areas",[45] which gives the population of the actual town or city. Another report gives the total population of the district controlled by the council bearing its name, from which the rural population figure may be derived.
City status grants have been used to mark special royal and other occasions. The first competition was held in 1992, to mark the fortieth anniversary of the Queen's reign. Sunderland was the winner. In 1994, two historic seats of Bishoprics—St David's and Armagh—were granted city status. They had been considered cities historically, but this status had lapsed.
For the city applications in 2000, held to celebrate the millennium, the following towns and boroughs requested city status:[2]
- East of England: Chelmsford, Colchester, Ipswich, Luton, Southend-on-Sea
- East Midlands: Northampton
- Greater London: Croydon, Southwark
- North East England: Middlesbrough
- North West England: Blackburn, Blackpool, Bolton, Preston, Stockport, Warrington
- Northern Ireland: Ballymena, Lisburn
- Scotland: Ayr, Inverness, Paisley, Stirling
- South East England: Brighton and Hove, Dover, Guildford, Maidstone, Medway, Milton Keynes, Reading
- South West England: Swindon
- Wales: Aberystwyth, Machynlleth, Newport, Newtown, St Asaph, Wrexham
- West Midlands: Shrewsbury and Atcham, Telford and Wrekin, Wolverhampton
- Yorkshire and the Humber: Doncaster
The three winners were Brighton and Hove, Wolverhampton and Inverness, which were subsequently dubbed "Millennium Cities".[46]
For the 2002 applications, held to celebrate the Queen's Golden Jubilee, the entrants included all of the above towns except Southwark, together with Greenwich and Wirral in England, Dumfries in Scotland and Carrickfergus, Coleraine, Craigavon and Newry in Northern Ireland. There was controversy in the rest of the UK—especially in Wales—over the fact that two of the three winners of the 2000 competition were English towns, so 2002 was run as four separate competitions. The winners in Great Britain were Preston in England, Newport in Wales, and Stirling in Scotland. In Northern Ireland it was decided to award city status to two entrants: Lisburn (predominantly unionist) and Newry (predominantly nationalist) so that offence would not be caused to either community. Exeter was awarded Lord Mayoralty status in a separate application.
To mark the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, another competition was launched for towns to bid for city status, as well as for existing cities to bid for Lord Mayoralty or Provostship.[47] The six month application period opened on 1 December 2010, with the winners expected to be announced in the first half of 2012.[48] 26 applications were received, but that of Dumfries was rejected as invalid.[49] The remaining 25 applicants for city status in 2012 were:[50]
- East of England: Chelmsford, Colchester, Luton, Southend-on-Sea
- East Midlands: Corby
- Greater London: Croydon, Tower Hamlets
- North East England: Gateshead, Middlesbrough
- North West England: Bolton, Stockport
- Northern Ireland: Coleraine, Craigavon
- Scotland: Perth
- South East England: Medway, Milton Keynes, Reading
- South West England: Bournemouth, Dorchester, St Austell
- Wales: St Asaph, Wrexham
- West Midlands: Dudley
- Yorkshire and the Humber: Doncaster, Goole
It was expected that one new city would be created, however "in recognition of the significance of every part of the UK" in Jubilee year, as well as the "high quality" of the bids submitted it was announced on 14 March 2012 that there would be three new cities created. Chelmsford, Perth and St Asaph, were dubbed the "Jubilee cities". Armagh was awarded Lord Mayoralty status in a separate application. [51]
City status is conferred by letters patent and not by a royal charter (except historically in Ireland). There are twenty towns in England and Wales that were recognised as cities by "ancient prescriptive right"; none of these communities had been formally declared a city, but they had all used the title since "time immemorial", that is, prior to 3 September 1189.[2]
The holding of city status brings no special benefits other than the right to be called a city. All cities where a local government unit that holds that status is abolished have to be re-issued with letters patent reconfirming city status following local government reorganisation where that holder has been abolished. This process was followed by a number of cities since 1974, and York and Hereford's status was confirmed twice, in 1974 and again in the 1990s. Failure to do so leads to the loss of city status as happened at Rochester in 1998 (see above), and also previously in St David's and Armagh, although both of these latter have regained city status since losing it. All three of these had been cities since time immemorial before the loss of city status.
Charters originated as charters of incorporation, allowing a town to become an incorporated borough, or to hold markets. Some of these charters recognised officially that the town involved was a city. Apart from that recognition, it became accepted that such a charter could make a town into a city. The earliest examples of these are Hereford and Worcester, both of which received charters in 1189.
The formal definition of a city has been disputed, in particular by inhabitants of towns that have been regarded as cities in the past but are not generally considered cities today. Additionally, although the Crown clearly has the right to bestow "official" city status, some have doubted the right of the Crown to define the word city in the United Kingdom. In informal usage, city can be used for large towns or conurbations that are not formally cities. The best-known example of this is London, which contains two cities (the City of London and the City of Westminster) but is not itself a city.
There are currently 69 officially designated cities in the UK, of which eleven have been created since 2000 in competitions to celebrate the new millennium and Queen Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee in 2002 and Diamond Jubilee in 2012. The designation is highly sought after, with over 40 communities submitting bids at recent competitions.
- City status has been applied to a variety of entities including towns, local government districts and civil parishes.
- See List of cities in the United Kingdom for a list of entities holding the status for each city.
In relation to the fact that being the seat of a Church of England diocese is no longer sufficient or necessary to gain city status, a number of cathedral towns exist. Towns with Anglican cathedrals may nevertheless be referred to as "cities" by their inhabitants—particularly in the case of Rochester.
Additionally, Llandaff, which is now part of the City of Cardiff local government district, is home to Llandaff Cathedral.
The 1911 Encyclopeædia Britannica refers to Llandaff, Southwell and St Asaph as cities.
In total there are 16 English and Welsh towns that have city status but do not have Anglican cathedrals within their borders—Bath (a former cathedral), Brighton and Hove, Cambridge, Hull, Lancaster, Leeds, Nottingham, Plymouth, Preston, Salford, Southampton, Stoke-on-Trent, Sunderland, Swansea, Westminster (although Westminster Abbey was a cathedral briefly during the reign of Henry VIII) and Wolverhampton.[52]
The national church of Scotland, the Church of Scotland, is presbyterian in governance (not recognising authority of bishops) so with no bishops or dioceses, and thus has high kirks rather than cathedrals. However, the pre-Reformation dioceses do have extant cathedrals, some of which (such as that of St Andrews) are now in ruins.
As noted above, both Perth and Elgin were recognised as cities prior to 1975. Additionally, five other pre-Reformation sees—Brechin, Dunblane, Dunkeld, Kirkwall and St Andrews—are often referred to as cities. Dornoch, Fortrose and Whithorn also possess pre-Reformation cathedrals.
Stirling, which was awarded city status in 2002, has never had a cathedral. Inverness, which was awarded city status in 2001, did not historically have a cathedral until the present episcopal building in the late 19th century, 3 centuries after the Reformation removed the authority of bishops in Scotland.
In Northern Ireland, as noted above, possession of a diocesan cathedral has never (except in the anomalous case of Armagh) been sufficient to attain this status.
In spite of this, the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica refers to Armagh (Armagh had lost city status in 1840) and Lisburn as cities. Armagh subsequently regained city status formally in 1994 and Lisburn achieved city status in 2002.
There are four towns in Northern Ireland with Church of Ireland cathedrals that do not have city status—Clogher, Downpatrick, Dromore and Enniskillen.
Newry is the only city in Northern Ireland that does not have a Church of Ireland cathedral within its borders.
As noted above, in ordinary discourse, city can refer to any large settlement, with no fixed limit.
There are certain towns with large urban areas that could qualify for city status on the grounds of population size. Some have applied for city status and had the application turned down. Northampton is one of the most populous urban districts not to be a London Borough, metropolitan borough, unitary authority or city; on this basis, the council claims that it is the largest town in England.[53]
The government-published "Key Statistics for Urban Areas 2001"[45] show that the following are the ten largest urban areas outside Greater London not having a city as a component. The name shown is the largest town in the area:
- Bournemouth – 383,713
- Reading – 369,804
- Teesside – 365,323
- Birkenhead – 319,675
- Southend – 269,415
- Blackpool – 261,088
- Aldershot – 243,344
- Luton – 236,318
- Medway – 231,659 (The former city of Rochester is part of this area)
- Barnsley – 207,726
See List of urban areas in the United Kingdom for further examples.
The largest local authorities to have applied for city status in the recent competitions are:
- London Borough of Croydon – 330,587
- Metropolitan Borough of Wirral – 312,293
- Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster – 286,866
- Metropolitan Borough of Stockport – 284,528
- Metropolitan Borough of Bolton – 261,037
- Borough of Medway – 249,488
- London Borough of Southwark – 244,866
- London Borough of Tower Hamlets - 220,500
- London Borough of Greenwich – 214,403
- Borough of Milton Keynes – 207,057
- Borough of Northampton – 194,458
- Borough of Warrington – 191,084
- Borough of Luton – 184,371
- Borough of Swindon – 180,051
- Borough of Telford and Wrekin – 161,600
- Borough of Southend-on-Sea – 159,600
- County Borough of Wrexham - 133,068
- Borough of Shrewsbury and Atcham - 95,896 (borough abolished on 1 April 2009 in local government reforms)
- ^ Beckett, J. V. (2005). City status in the British Isles, 1830-2002. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. p. 22. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jqqSSOyjBEoC&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Beckett, J V (2005). City status in the British Isles, 1830–2002. Historical urban studies. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-5067-7.
- ^ "London Government Bill". Hansard 1803 - 2005. Parliament of the United Kingdom. 16 May 1899. http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1899/may/16/london-government-bill-1. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
- ^ "House of Commons. Tuesday May 16". The Times: p. 9. 17 May 1899.
- ^ "City of Westminster". Hansard 1803 - 2005. Parliament of the United Kingdom. 31 July 1899. http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1899/jul/31/city-of-westminster#S4V0075P0_18990731_HOC_90. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
- ^ "House of Commons". The Times: p. 10. 1 August 1899.
- ^ Letters patent dated 27 October 1900 declared that "the Metropolitan Borough of Westminster ... shall be a City, and shall be called and styled the City of Westminster, and shall have all such rank, liberties, privileges, and immunities as are incident to a City". London Gazette: no. 27242. p. 6613. 30 October 1900. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
- ^ "Portsmouth". Hansard 1803 - 2005. Parliament of the United Kingdom. 20 June 1911. http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1911/jun/20/portsmouth. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
- ^ "House of Commons - Status of Portsmouth", The Times, 21 June 1911.
- ^ "Leicester, a City: Sequel to the Recent Royal Visit", The Times, 17 June 1919.
- ^ a b "Functions of local authorities. Memorandum from Health Ministry", The Times, 17 June 1927.
- ^ "Cambridge petition to the King", The Times, 19 March 1951.
- ^ "City Status For Southampton", The Times, 12 February 1964.
- ^ "Fifty votes keep the City as unique local authority". The Times: p. 16. 14 February 1963.
- ^ "The New Westminster (Official Appointments and Notices)". The Times: p. 8. 24 December 1963.
- ^ "Prince announces city status for Swansea", The Times, Friday, 4 July 1969.
- ^ Local Government Act 1972 (c.70), ss.1(10) and 1(11)
- ^ London Gazette: no. 46255. pp. 4400–4401. 4 April 1974. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
- ^ Medway Council Archives. "Synopsis of Medway Area charters". http://cityark.medway.gov.uk/query/results/?Mode=Search&SearchMode=explorer&SearchWords=&DateList=&.submit=Submit+Query&Exact=Yes&Boolean=AND&Results=25&PathList=%2FAccessions%2FSynopsis_of_Medway_Area_Charters%2F&.cgifields=Verbose&.cgifields=Exact. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
- ^ Patrick O'Leary, "Derby's long road to city status", The Times, 29 July 1977, p.14
- ^ "Local Government in Lichfield: Historical Background". Lichfield City Council. 2009. http://www.lichfield.gov.uk/cc-background.ihtml. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
- ^ "Sunderland casts off ailing past to win city status", The Times, 15 February 1992.
- ^ a b "Religious centres recover city status", The Guardian, 8 July 1994.
- ^ Cahal Milmo, "A tale of three (new) cities", The Independent, 19 December 2000.
- ^ "Joy for Wolverhampton as town becomes Millennium city", Birmingham Evening Mail, 18 December 2000.
- ^ "Favoured five become city slickers: Political fix claim as English Labour towns upgraded to mark Queen's jubilee", The Guardian, 15 March 2002.
- ^ a b Results of Diamond Jubilee Civic Honours Competition announced (14 March 2012). "http://www.dpm.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/news/results-diamond-jubilee-civic-honours-competition-announced". Cabinet Office. http://www.dpm.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/news/results-diamond-jubilee-civic-honours-competition-announced. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
- ^ The Municipal Year Book 1972
- ^ "Coat of arms rejected in city status query", The Inverness Courier, 29 January 2008. Accessed 4 March 2008.
- ^ "Salmond backs bid for city status". BBC News. 7 June 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/tayside_and_central/6728337.stm. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
- ^ "800th Anniversary of Perth". Perth and Kinross Council. 29 May 2009. http://www.pkc.gov.uk/Tourism+and+visitor+attractions/Events+and+festivals/Perth+800/800th+Anniversary+of+Perth.htm. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
- ^ "Derry's Walls: First Defences". Derryswalls.com. http://www.derryswalls.com/hist-first-defences.html. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^ "Derry's Walls: The Plantation Begins". Derryswalls.com. http://www.derryswalls.com/hist-plant-begins.html. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^ Change of District Name (Lisburn Borough) Order (Northern Ireland) 2002 (2002 No. 231), Office of Public Sector Information. Accessed 4 March 2008.
- ^ "City Status conferred on Lisburn and Newry", Northern Ireland Office, 14 May 2002. Accessed 4 March 2008.
- ^ "Five new cities creates row". BBC. 14 March 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1872577.stm. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
- ^ London Gazette: no. 46243. p. 3651. 21 March 1974. Retrieved 2008-05-30. Letters Patent dated 18 March 1974, text also available from Medway Council archives website
- ^ London Gazette: no. 48875. p. 1173. 28 January 1982. Retrieved 2008-05-30. Publishing Letters Patent dated 25 January 1982, text also available from Medway Council archives website
- ^ "Error costs Rochester city status", BBC news, Thursday, 16 May 2002.
- ^ Medway Council – Regeneration and Community Overview and Scrutiny Committee, Report on Rochester City Status[dead link], 4 March 2003.
- ^ "ASA Adjudication on Medway Council". Asa.org.uk. 2011-03-16. http://www.asa.org.uk/ASA-action/Adjudications/2011/3/Medway-Council/TF_ADJ_49924.aspx. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^ "Ballymena Borough Council Timeline". Ballymena.gov.uk. http://www.ballymena.gov.uk/timeline.asp. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^ According to the Municipal Year Book, 1972, the royal burghs of Perth and Elgin officially enjoyed city status. The royal burghs of Brechin, Dunfermline and Kirkwall had also been officially described as "cities". As all burghs were abolished in 1975, these areas are now often called "former cities". Although Brechin does not have city status, the community council formed for the area uses the title City of Brechin and District.
- ^ "Taking city name is a right royal insult". Reading Post (S&B Media). 4 April 2003. http://www.getreading.co.uk/news/s/6441_taking_city_name_is_a_right_royal_insult. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
- ^ a b "Key Statistics for Urban Areas 2001". Statistics.gov.uk. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/ks_ub_ad.asp. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^ "City winners named". BBC News (BBC). 18 December 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1074434.stm. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
- ^ "National Celebrations for the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee". News Distribution Service. 5 January 2010. http://www.wired-gov.net/wg/wg-news-1.nsf/0/644045FEB1B4384C802576A200557B0E?OpenDocument. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
- ^ "Diamond Jubilee to be marked by creation of new UK city". BBC News. 1 December 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11887723. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
- ^ "Dumfries Diamond Jubilee city status attempt defended". BBC News South Scotland. 17 June 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-13808882. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
- ^ "Craigavon takes on Coleraine in Jubilee city status bid". BBC News Politics. 17 June 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-13809877. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
- ^ BBC News accessdate = 14 March 2012
- ^ "Lovemytown website". Lovemytown.co.uk. http://www.lovemytown.co.uk/Cathedrals/CathedralsTable3.asp. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
- ^ Northampton Multi-Modal Study Final Report, December 2003[dead link]
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