- published: 26 Jan 2012
- views: 1758
- author: ShooRaynerLife
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- A259 road
- A27 road
- A272 road
- A285 road
- A286 road
- A29 road
- Aberdeen
- Adur (district)
- Aelle of Sussex
- Alfred the Great
- Alternative culture
- An Arundel Tomb
- Ancient Rome
- Andrew Tyrie
- Anglo-Saxon
- Apuldram
- Armagh
- Arun
- Arundel
- Association football
- Bangor, Gwynedd
- Bannaventa
- Barlavington
- Bath, Somerset
- Battle of Hastings
- Belfast
- Bepton
- Bignor
- Birdham
- Birmingham
- Bishop Luffa School
- Bishop of Chichester
- Blondie (band)
- Bognor Regis
- Boney M
- Bosham
- Boxgrove
- Boxing the compass
- Brian Jones
- Brighton
- Brighton and Hove
- Bristol
- Britannia Inferior
- Britannia Superior
- Burgess Hill
- Burghal Hidage
- Burh
- Bury, West Sussex
- Buttercross
- Byworth
- Calleva Atrebatum
- Cambridge
- Camulodunum
- Cardiff
- Cathedral
- Chartres
- Chelmsford
- Chester
- Chichester
- Chichester Canal
- Chichester Castle
- Chichester Cathedral
- Chichester City F.C.
- Chichester College
- Chichester Cross
- Chichester District
- Chichester Psalms
- Chidham and Hambrook
- Chithurst
- Church of England
- Cissa of Sussex
- City of Bradford
- City of Canterbury
- City of Carlisle
- City of Lancaster
- City of Leeds
- City of London
- City of Salford
- City of St Albans
- City of Sunderland
- City of Wakefield
- City of Westminster
- City of Winchester
- Coates, West Sussex
- Cocking, West Sussex
- Colin St John Wilson
- Compton, West Sussex
- Conservation area
- Corinium Dobunnorum
- Cormorant
- Coventry
- Crawley
- Dame Maggie Smith
- Derby
- Derry
- Deva Victrix
- Didling
- Diocese
- Districts of England
- Domesday Book
- Don Paterson
- Dumpford
- Duncton
- Dundee
- Durham
- Durnovaria
- Earl of Arundel
- Earl of Shrewsbury
- Earnley
- Eartham
- Easebourne
- East Grinstead
- East Harting
- East Lavant
- East Lavington
- East Marden
- East Wittering
- Eastbourne
- Ebernoe
- Eboracum
- Edinburgh
- Egdean
- Elsted
- Ely, Cambridgeshire
- England
- English Heritage
- English Restoration
- Exeter
- Fernhurst
- Fisher (yachts)
- Fittleworth
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- Freeman (Colonial)
- Funtington
- Gatwick Airport
- Georgian era
- Gibraltar
- Glasgow
- Glevum
- Gloucester
- Go West (band)
- Graffham
- Great Britain
- Guildford
- Gulbenkian Prize
- Halnaker
- Hamilton, Bermuda
- Haywards Heath
- Hereford
- Heyshott
- Hide (unit)
- History of Sussex
- Holman Fred Stephens
- Horsham
- Horsham (district)
- Hot Chocolate (band)
- Humphrey Lyttelton
- Hunston, West Sussex
- Hurst, West Sussex
- Ifold
- Inverness
- Iping
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- Isurium Brigantum
- James Brown
- Kenneth Branagh
- Kenny Ball
- Kent
- Kingdom of Sussex
- Kingston upon Hull
- Kirdford
- Lactodurum
- Lavant, West Sussex
- Leicester
- Leonard Bernstein
- Lichfield
- Light railway
- Linch
- Linchmere
- Lincoln, England
- Lindum Colonia
- Lisburn
- Listed building
- Littlehampton
- Liverpool
- Lodsworth
- London
- London Victoria
- Long-distance trails
- Loxwood
- Luguvalium
- Lurgashall
- M27 motorway
- Manchester
- McDonalds
- Merston
- Mid Sussex
- Midhurst
- Midhurst Railways
- Milland
- Mosaic
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- Newport
- Newry
- Next (retailer)
- North Marden
- North Mundham
- Northchapel
- Norwich
- Nottingham
- Noviomagus Reginorum
- Nyewood
- Oving, West Sussex
- Oxford
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- Peterborough
- Petuaria
- Petworth
- Philip Larkin
- Plymouth
- PO postcode area
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- Portal West Sussex
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- Pulpit
- Racton
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- Ravenna
- Redundant church
- Reform Bill
- Regions of England
- Ripon
- River Adur
- River Arun
- River Mole, Surrey
- River Ouse, Sussex
- Robert Cray
- Rogate
- Roman architecture
- Roman Britain
- Roman Catholic
- Roman London
- Roman Road
- Rugby union
- Runcton
- Salisbury
- Sam Willetts
- Selham
- Selsey
- Selsey Abbey
- Sheffield
- Shoreham-by-Sea
- Sidlesham
- Simple Minds
- South Ambersham
- South Downs
- South East England
- South Harting
- South Mundham
- South-East England
- Southampton
- St Asaph
- St Davids
- Stagecoach South
- Status Quo (band)
- Stedham
- Steyning
- Stirling
- Stoke-on-Trent
- Stoned (film)
- Stopham
- Subculture
- Sussex
- Sussex County League
- Sussex dialect
- Sussex Police
- Sutton, West Sussex
- Swansea
- Swimming (sport)
- Tangmere
- Template Chichester
- Template UK cities
- Template West Sussex
- The arts
- The Drifters
- The Pretenders
- The Rolling Stones
- Thomas Wilfred Sharp
- Town twinning
- Traditional jazz
- Trinity
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- Up Marden
- Upwaltham
- Venta Belgarum
- Venta Icenorum
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- Verulamium
- Walderton
- Weald
- Wells
- West Coastway Line
- West End theatre
- West Harting
- West Itchenor
- West Marden
- West Sussex
- West Sussex Railway
- West Thorney
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- Westhampnett
- Wikipedia Link rot
- William Huskisson
- Wisborough Green
- Wolverhampton
- Woolbeding
- Worcester
- Worthing
- York
-
A259 road
The A259 is a busy road on the south coast of England passing through Hampshire, West Sussex, East Sussex and part of Kent. Part of the road was named "the most dangerous road in South East England" in 2008, and the BBC named the road as the 'most crash prone A road' in the UK with 7,721 crashes and 120 deaths over 12 years from 1999–2010, an average of 383 crashes per mile.
The A259 is a busy two-lane road running along the south coast of England; part is almost parallel to the A27 road. The A259 runs east from Emsworth in Hampshire, into West Sussex via Chichester, Bognor Regis, Littlehampton, Ferring, Worthing, Lancing, Shoreham-by-Sea, Portslade And East Sussex via Hove, Brighton, Peacehaven, Newhaven, Seaford, Eastbourne, Pevensey, Bexhill, Hastings and Rye. Over the border in Kent, it continues through New Romney and Hythe to terminate at Folkestone.
The road forms part of the Hastings Ring Road and passes through the town of Winchelsea, England's first new town. The road has Trunk Road status between Pevensey and Brenzett (A2070) and forms part of the South Coast Trunk Road. This section of A259 is almost entirely single-carriageway, with only a 1 km stretch of urban dual carriageway in Bexhill.
wn.com/A259_road -
A27 road
The A27 is a major road in England. It runs from its junction with the A36 at Whiteparish (near Salisbury) in the county of Wiltshire. It closely parallels the south coast, where it passes through West Sussex and terminates at Pevensey (near Eastbourne and Bexhill) in East Sussex.
Between Portsmouth and Lewes, it is one of the busiest trunk roads in the UK.
Historically, for longer distance movement along the south coast, the M25 in combination with the M2, M20, M23 / A23, A3 / A3(M) and M3 has provided an attractive alternative to the actual south coast route of A259, A27 and M27. In 2002 an offpeak journey between Margate and Southampton via the M25 was 2 hours 30 minutes, and via the coastal route using the A259, A27 and M27 was 3 hours 50 minutes. The reason why the coastal route is so much slower than the M25 alternative, is largley due to a series of bottlenecks on the A27. These include Chichester, Arundel, Worthing and East of Lewes.
Proposals to improve the Chichester by-pass are on hold.
wn.com/A27_road -
A272 road
The A272 is a road in South-East England. It follows an approximate East-West route from near Heathfield, East Sussex to the city of Winchester, Hampshire. It has achieved somewhat unlikely fame in recent years by being the subject of a book by the Dutch author, Pieter Boogaart. It was also mentioned by Michael Palin in an early Monty Python's Flying Circus sketch about Pablo Picasso painting whilst riding a bicycle: "Well this is a truly remarkable occasion as it's the first time that a modern artist of such stature... has taken the A272."
The eastern end of the A272 starts at a junction with the A267, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north-west of the village of Cross In Hand, East Sussex. It heads west, crossing the A26 and A22 north of Uckfield, and continues through Newick before going over the border into West Sussex at a point east of Scaynes Hill. It then passes through the town of Haywards Heath and continues west, crossing the main London-Brighton A23 road at Bolney.
The route continues, crossing the A24 and passing through a number of villages and small towns in West Sussex, such as Billingshurst, Petworth and Midhurst. It then crosses the county boundary into Hampshire and reaches Petersfield. The final section passes the National Trust property of Hinton Ampner and rises high on to the Hampshire downs, passing Cheesefoot Head, before descending to merge with the A31 at Chilcomb to the east of Winchester.
wn.com/A272_road -
A29 road
The A29 is a major road in England. It runs for approximately 34 miles (49 kilometres) from Capel, south of Dorking, leaving the A24, running through Billingshurst and Pulborough, crossing the South Downs at Bury Hill and passing Fontwell Park Racecourse before terminating on the B2166 on Bognor Regis sea front.
From Capel to Hardham, south of Pulborough, the road largely follows the path of the old Roman road, Stane Street.
Coordinates: 51°00′27″N 0°27′47″W / 51.00752°N 0.46297°W / 51.00752; -0.46297
wn.com/A29_road -
Aberdeen
Coordinates: 57°09′09″N 2°06′36″W / 57.1526°N 2.1100°W / 57.1526; -2.1100
Aberdeen
i/æbərˈdiːn/ (Scots: Aiberdeen 
listen (help·info); Scottish Gaelic: Obar Dheathain [ˈopər ˈʝɛhɪn]) is Scotland's third most populous city, one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas and the United Kingdom's 29th most populous city, with an official population estimate of 220,420.
Nicknames include the Granite City, the Grey City and the Silver City with the Golden Sands. During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries, Aberdeen's buildings incorporated locally quarried grey granite, whose mica deposits sparkle like silver. The city has a long, sandy coastline. Since the discovery of North Sea oil in the 1970s, other nicknames have been the Oil Capital of Europe or the Energy Capital of Europe. The area around Aberdeen has been settled since at least 8,000 years ago, when prehistoric villages lay around the mouths of the rivers Dee and Don.
Aberdeen received Royal Burgh status from King David I (1124–53), transforming the city economically. The city's two universities, the University of Aberdeen, founded in 1495, and The Robert Gordon University, which was awarded university status in 1992, make Aberdeen the educational centre of the north-east. The traditional industries of fishing, paper-making, shipbuilding, and textiles have been overtaken by the oil industry and Aberdeen's seaport. Aberdeen Heliport is one of the busiest commercial heliports in the world and the seaport is the largest in the north-east of Scotland.
wn.com/Aberdeen -
Apuldram
Coordinates: 50°49′19″N 0°48′20″W / 50.82201°N 0.80561°W / 50.82201; -0.80561
Apuldram or Appledram (local /ˈæpəldræm/) is a small parish on the north eastern upper reach of Chichester Harbour about two miles (3 km) south-west of the centre of Chichester in West Sussex, England.
The nearest railway station is 1.2 miles (1.9 km) northeast of the village, at Chichester.
Most of the parish is farmland, roughly bounded to the north by the River Lavant, to the west by the harbour and to the south by Chichester Marina and the Chichester Canal. There are many pleasant pathways through the area, with fine views of the harbour and across the fields with the Cathedral and the South Downs in the distance. Access to the harbour is at Dell Quay.
Place names within the parish reflect the industries and activities that once flourished. Salterns Copse, near the Marina, takes its name from the salt pans that were located nearby. Seventeenth century legislation killed off most of the salt industry in Sussex, but Apuldram survived until the middle of the nineteenth century, when free trade laws opened up the market to continental imports. Copperas Point records the production of copperas from iron pyrite. This was used in the dyeing industry, in leather tanning and in making gunpowder.
wn.com/Apuldram -
Armagh
Coordinates: 54°21′00″N 6°39′17″W / 54.3499°N 6.6546°W / 54.3499; -6.6546
Armagh ( /ɑrˈmɑː/ ar-MAH; from Irish: Ard Mhacha meaning "Macha's height" [aɾˠd̪ˠ ˈwaxə]) is a large settlement in Northern Ireland, and the county town of County Armagh. It is a site of historical importance for both Celtic paganism and Christianity and is the seat, for both the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of Ireland, of the Archbishop of Armagh. In 1995, Armagh city was twinned with Razgrad, Bulgaria.
Although classed as a medium-sized town, Armagh was granted city status by Queen Elizabeth II in 1994. Its population of 14,590 (2001 Census) makes it the least-populated city in both Northern Ireland and on the island of Ireland and the fourth smallest in the United Kingdom.
Eamhain Mhacha (or Navan Fort) at the city's edge, is believed to have been used as an ancient pagan ritual or ceremonial site. According to Irish mythology it was once the capital of Ulster, until it was abandoned during the 1st century. The site was named after the goddess Macha, and as the settlement grew on the hills nearby, it was also named after the goddess — Ard Mhacha means "Macha's height". This name was later anglicised as Ardmagh, which eventually became Armagh.
wn.com/Armagh -
Arun
Arun is a local government district in West Sussex, England. It contains the towns of Arundel, Bognor Regis and Littlehampton, and takes its name from the River Arun, which runs through the centre of the district.
Arun was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, merging the Urban Districts of Bognor Regis and Littlehampton, the municipal borough of Arundel and parts of Chichester and Worthing Rural Districts.
Arun District Council is a non-metropolitan district council formed of 56 councillors from across the following 26 wards:
The council has been under the control of the Conservative Party since its first election in 1973. The last elections to the council were held on 5 May 2011, the results of which are shown below:
The following 31 civil parishes are located within the district:
Arun District occupies the central southern area of West Sussex, and is bordered by Chichester District to the west, Horsham District to the north and Worthing borough and Adur District to the east. The district is bisected by the River Arun, and is divided between a broad rural area in the north of the district that contains Arundel and a host of small villages, part of which sits within the South Downs National Park, and an urban coastal strip that includes Bognor Regis and Littlehampton.
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Arundel
Coordinates: 50°51′16″N 0°33′14″W / 50.85439°N 0.5539°W / 50.85439; -0.5539
Arundel ( /ˈærəndəl/ or local /ˈɑːndəl/) is a market town and civil parish in the South Downs of West Sussex in the south of England. It lies 49 miles (79 km) south southwest of London, 18 miles (29 km) west of Brighton, and 10 miles (16 km) east of the county town of Chichester. Other nearby towns include Worthing east southeast, Littlehampton to the south and Bognor Regis to the southwest. The River Arun runs through the eastern side of the town. The town is famous for its historic castle and cathedral.
Arundel was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Reform Act 1835. In 1974 it became part of the Arun district, and now is a civil parish with a town council.
There are several theories about the meaning of the name 'Arundel'. One is that the upper reaches of the Arun, away from the sea, was once known as the Arnus, from the Brythonic word Arno, meaning run or go. So Arundel would mean Arno-dell or the dell of the flowing river. Another theory is that due to the preponderance of hoarhound on the slopes of the Arun near the town, Arundel would mean hoarhound-dell. A third explanation is that the town takes its name from the French word for swallow, hirondelle, a bird which is on the town's crest. The name was spelled Arundell until 1733, when the final l was dropped. A new theory (Theo Vennemann) relates the 'Arun' part to Basque aran 'valley' (substratic reduplication or tautology), like the placename Arendal in Norway and Sweden.[citation needed] However, it seems rather more likely that the Scandinavian placenames derive from Old Norse arnardalr 'eagle dell' or arindalr 'dwelling dell'. Similarly, the name of Arundel could just as well derive from Old English earndæl or ærndæl, meaning 'eagle dell' and 'dwelling dell' respectively.
wn.com/Arundel -
Bannaventa
Bannaventa was a Romano British Fortified Town which was situated on the Roman road of Watling Street, which today is known as the A5 trunk road. Bannaventa is 1 mile (1.6 km) northeast of the village of Norton in the English county of Northamptonshire. The Ordnance Survey grid reference for the centre of the town is SP612645.
The road where Bannaventa was located is thought to be the first road constructed by the Romans in Britain. It begins in Portus Ritupis (now Richborough) in the county of Kent and runs in a north westerly direction linking many Roman settlements and towns along its route. At Viroconium (now Wroxeter in Shropshire), the road branched with one route going to Deva Victrix (now Chester) and the other into Wales. Bannaventa was a small fortified town on this road and was 10.9 miles north west of the Roman town of Lactodorum (now Towcester).17.3 miles to the north west was the Roman settlement of Venonis (now Wigston Parva) where Watling street is intersected by the Fosse Way.
wn.com/Bannaventa -
Barlavington
Coordinates: 50°56′09″N 0°37′03″W / 50.93593°N 0.61747°W / 50.93593; -0.61747
Barlavington is a small village and civil parish in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. The village is situated about six kilometres (4 miles) south of Petworth, east of the A285 road.
The nearest railway station is five miles (8 km) northeast of the village, at Pulborough.
St Mary's Church was built between 1160 and 1190. Most of the church was built in Early English style.
The parish covers an area of 397 hectares (980 acres). According to the 2001 census it had a population of 117 people living in 35 households. Owing to the presence of a retirement home only 36 people were economically active.
Media related to Barlavington at Wikimedia Commons
wn.com/Barlavington -
Battle of Hastings
Coordinates: 50°54′43″N 0°29′15″E / 50.91194°N 0.4875°E / 50.91194; 0.4875
The Battle of Hastings occurred on 14 October 1066 during the Norman conquest of England, between the Norman-French army of Duke William II of Normandy and the English army under King Harold II. It took place at Senlac Hill, approximately 10 km (61⁄4 miles) northwest of Hastings, close to the present-day town of Battle, East Sussex, and was a decisive Norman victory.
Harold II was killed in the battle—legend has it that he was shot through the eye with an arrow. He was the last English king to die in battle on English soil until Richard III was killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field. The battle marked the last successful foreign invasion of the British Isles. Although there was further English resistance, this battle is seen as the point at which William gained control of England, becoming its first Norman ruler as King William I.
The battle also established the superiority of the combined arms attack over an army predominately composed of infantry, demonstrating the effectiveness of archers, cavalry and infantry working cooperatively together. The dominance of cavalry forces over infantry would continue until the emergence of the longbow, and battles such as Crecy, Poitiers and Agincourt in the Hundred Years War.
wn.com/Battle_of_Hastings -
Belfast
Coordinates: 54°35′49″N 5°55′48″W / 54.597°N 5.930°W / 54.597; -5.930
Belfast (from Irish: Béal Feirste, meaning "mouth of the shoal") is the capital of and largest city in Northern Ireland. By population, it is the fourteenth largest city in the United Kingdom and second largest on the island of Ireland. It is the seat of the devolved government and legislative Northern Ireland Assembly. The city of Belfast has a population of 267,500 and lies at the heart of the Belfast urban area, which has a population of 579,276. The Larger Urban Zone, as defined by the European Union, has a total population 641,638. Belfast was granted city status in 1888.
Historically, Belfast has been a centre for the Irish linen industry (earning the nickname "Linenopolis"), tobacco production, rope-making and shipbuilding: the city's main shipbuilders, Harland and Wolff, which built the well-known RMS Titanic, propelled Belfast on to the global stage in the early 20th century as the biggest and most productive shipyard in the world. Belfast played a key role in the Industrial Revolution, establishing its place as a global industrial centre until the latter half of the 20th century. Industrialisation and the inward migration it brought made Belfast, if briefly, the biggest city in Ireland at the turn of the 20th century and the city's industrial and economic success was cited by Ulster unionist opponents of Home Rule as a reason why Ireland should shun devolution and later why Ulster in particular would fight to resist it.
wn.com/Belfast -
Bepton
Coordinates: 50°57′25″N 0°46′57″W / 50.95689°N 0.78246°W / 50.95689; -0.78246
Bepton is a village and civil parish in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. According to the 2001 census it had 104 households with a population of 249 of whom 117 were economically active. The village is about three miles (5 km) south-west of Midhurst.
In 1086 Bepton was recorded in the Domesday Book as being called Babintone, held of Earl Roger by Geoffery. In 1931 its population was recorded as 292. In 1953 as a parish of 1,910 acres (7.7 km2).
Bepton can be reached by road off the A286 approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from Cocking along Bell Lane. Alternatively from the A286 at Midhurst along Bepton Road.
The nearest railway station is eight miles (13 km) west of the village, at Petersfield.
wn.com/Bepton -
Bignor
Coordinates: 50°55′23″N 0°36′05″W / 50.92293°N 0.6013°W / 50.92293; -0.6013
Bignor is a village and civil parish in the Chichester district of the English county of West Sussex, about six miles (10 km) north of Arundel.
The nearest railway station is 3.3 miles (5.4 km) south east of the village, at Amberley. The area of the parish is 471 hectares (1163 acres). According to the 2001 census Bignor had a population of 103 people living in 43 households.
The village is next to the line of Stane Street, an important Roman road, where it ascends the escarpment of the South Downs. The modern track from the village to the hill top climbs steeply up to and then roughly follows the Roman route, but before the car park at the top Stane Street can be seen as a wide flat terraceway below the modern track.
The Anglican parish church of the Holy Cross is a largely 13th century structure, but it is mentioned in the domesday book with the chancel arch and font surviving from the 11th century. It is one of a benefice of five downland churches (Barlavington, Bignor, Burton, Coates and Sutton).
wn.com/Bignor -
Birdham
Coordinates: 50°47′49″N 0°49′55″W / 50.79683°N 0.83204°W / 50.79683; -0.83204
Birdham is a village and civil parish in the Chichester District of West Sussex, England. It is located on the Manhood Peninsula, about three miles (5 km) south west of the city of Chichester. The parish church is dedicated to St James.
The nearest railway station is three miles (5 km) northeast of the village, at Chichester.
The village sits on the shores of Chichester Harbour and is home to two locked marinas, Birdham Pool and Chichester Marina. In between these two marinas are the lockgates to the disused Chichester Canal opened in 1822. The local school is Birdham C of E Primary School. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 1,408. HMS Birdham, launched on 19 September 1955, was named for the village.
wn.com/Birdham -
Birmingham
Birmingham (i/ˈbɜrmɪŋəm/ BUR-ming-əm, locally /ˈbɜrmɪŋɡəm/ BUR-ming-gəm) is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands of England. It is the most populous British city outside the capital London, with a population of 1,036,900 (2010 estimate), and lies at the heart of the West Midlands conurbation, the second most populous urban area in the United Kingdom with a population of 2,284,093 (2001 census). Birmingham's metropolitan area is also the United Kingdom's second most populous with a population of 3,683,000.
A medium-sized market town during the medieval period, Birmingham grew to international prominence in the 18th century at the heart of the Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution, which saw the town at the forefront of worldwide developments in science, technology and economic organisation, producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society. By 1791 it was being hailed as "the first manufacturing town in the world". Birmingham's distinctive economic profile, with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly-skilled trades, encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation and provided a diverse and resilient economic base for industrial prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century. Its resulting high level of social mobility also fostered a culture of broad-based political radicalism, that under leaders from Thomas Attwood to Joseph Chamberlain was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy.
wn.com/Birmingham -
Bishop Luffa School
Coordinates: 50°50′24″N 0°47′51″W / 50.8400°N 0.7976°W / 50.8400; -0.7976
Bishop Luffa School, named after a former Bishop of Chichester, Ralph de Luffa, is a coeducational Church of England secondary school in the City of Chichester, West Sussex, England. The number of enrolled students was around 1,400 in 2010, in eight 'Year' house-forms and the sixth form. The school is a Technology College, holding Leading Edge status, with national Artsmark and Sportsmark also having been awarded.
The school applied for planning permission for a drama studio to form the start of a new £2.5m creative arts centre for the school. The planning application was approved and the school started construction in August 2006. The drama studio was opened in February 2007. The school has also extended their sports hall, adding an extension onto the original facility, where the climbing wall is now kept.
There is an integral sixth form at Bishop Luffa for students who wish to continue their education after the age of sixteen, with an annual intake of around 160. Although 140 existing pupils are given priority, 20 pupils from other schools are also accepted each year for entry in Year 12, for which competition is very keen. A wide range of subjects can be studied, including Business Studies, Computing, Law and Economics. For the most able students, the school also offers the new AQA Baccalaureate 'Bacc' hybrid qualification, including a 100 hour self-directed project.
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Bognor Regis
Coordinates: 50°46′57″N 0°40′35″W / 50.78237°N 0.67639°W / 50.78237; -0.67639
Bognor Regis is a seaside resort town and civil parish in the Arun district of West Sussex, on the south coast of England. It is 55.5 miles (89 km) south-south-west of London, 24 miles (39 km) west of Brighton, and 6 miles (10 km) south-east of the city of Chichester. Other nearby towns include Littlehampton east-north-east and Selsey to the south-west. The nearby villages of Felpham, briefly home to the poet William Blake, and Aldwick are now suburbs of Bognor Regis, along with those of North and South Bersted.
Bognor is one of the oldest recorded Anglo-Saxon place names in Sussex. In a document of 680 AD it is referred to as Bucgan ora meaning Bucge's (a female Anglo-Saxon name) shore, or landing place.
Bognor Regis was originally named just "Bognor", being a fishing (and one time, smuggling) village until the 18th century, when it was converted into a resort by Sir Richard Hotham.
Bognor was a part of the ancient parish of South Bersted in the county of Sussex, attaining parish status separate from South Bersted in 1828. Until 1894 it formed part of the Hundred of Aldwick, an ancient division of Chichester Rape. From 1894 to 1974 it was part of Bognor Urban District (Bognor Regis Urban District from 1929), and since 1974 it has been a part of Arun District.
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Bosham
Coordinates: 50°49′44″N 0°51′34″W / 50.82894°N 0.85949°W / 50.82894; -0.85949
Bosham ( /ˈbɒzəm/) is a small coastal village and civil parish in the Chichester District of West Sussex, England, about 3 miles (4.8 km)) west of Chichester on an inlet of Chichester Harbour.
The parish has an area of 3,400 acres (1,400 ha). In the 2001 census 2,847 people lived in 1,313 households, of whom 1,358 were economically active.
Bosham is colloquially divided into two halves: Old Bosham and New Bosham. New Bosham constitutes the more developed northern half of the village, situated around the A259 road and the railway line. The village is served by Bosham railway station. It is sometimes referred to by its increasingly obsolete original name, Broadbridge. Old Bosham includes the remaining geographical protrusion to the south. This includes the site of the original village around Bosham Harbour, as well as the tracts of farmland and private property of Bosham Hoe. At high tide the sea comes right into the old village, flooding the lower road and several car parking spaces.
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Boxgrove
Coordinates: 50°51′33″N 0°42′46″W / 50.85928°N 0.71266°W / 50.85928; -0.71266
Boxgrove is a village and civil parish in the Chichester District of the English county of West Sussex, about five kilometres (3.5 miles) north east of the city of Chichester. The village is just south of the A285 road which follows the line of the Roman road Stane Street.
The parish has an area of 1169 hectares (2888 acres). According to the 2001 census it had a population of 901 people living in 423 households of whom 397 were economically active. Included in the parish are the hamlets of Strettington and Halnaker.
Boxgrove is best known for the Lower Palaeolithic archaeological site discovered in a gravel quarry near the village. Parts of the site complex were excavated between 1983 and 1996 by a team led by Mark Roberts of University College London. Numerous Acheulean flint tools and remains of animals (some butchered) dating to around 500,000 years ago were found at the site. The area was therefore used by some of the earliest occupants of the British Isles. Remains of Homo heidelbergensis were found on the site in 1994, the only postcranial hominid bone to have been found in Northern Europe. Teeth from another individual were found two years later.
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Brighton
Coordinates: 50°50′35″N 0°07′53″W / 50.842941°N 0.1313120°W / 50.842941; -0.1313120
Brightoni/ˈbraɪtən/ is the major part of the city of Brighton and Hove (formed from the previous towns of Brighton, Hove, Portslade and several other villages) in East Sussex, England on the south coast of Great Britain. For administrative purposes, Brighton and Hove is not part of the non-metropolitan county of East Sussex, but remains part of the ceremonial county of East Sussex, within the historic county of Sussex.
The ancient settlement of Brighthelmstone dates from before Domesday Book (1086), but it emerged as a health resort featuring sea bathing during the 18th century and became a destination for day-trippers from London after the arrival of the railway in 1841. Brighton experienced rapid population growth, reaching a peak of over 160,000 by 1961. Modern Brighton forms part of the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation stretching along the coast, with a population of around 480,000.
Brighton has two universities and a medical school (which is operated jointly by both universities).
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Brighton and Hove
Brighton and Hove is a unitary authority area and city on the south coast of England. It is England's most populous seaside resort. The major part of the city consists of Brighton, with around 155,000 people of the total population of 251,000. Consequently, people usually refer to the city as just "Brighton". Brighton and Hove's urban area has a population of over 450,000 people. The city is famous for its history as a seaside town, and more recently for its reputation of having a large gay community. The city is also famous for its football team, Brighton & Hove Albion FC (commonly known as just "Brighton" or "Albion"). They currently play in the Football League Championship at the Amex Stadium, opened in 2011.
In 1997, the two large towns of Brighton and Hove were joined to form the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove, which was granted city status by Queen Elizabeth II as part of the millennium celebrations in 2000.
Brighton and Hove forms part of the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation, the 12th largest conurbation in the United Kingdom. Along this area of the south coast, there is little or no gap of countryside between these large towns and city. Directly to the west is Southwick and then Shoreham-by-Sea, and a short distance to the east are Peacehaven and Newhaven. The city, district and urban areas of Brighton and Hove have the biggest populations in the South East England region.
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Bristol
Bristoli/ˈbrɪstəl/ is a city, unitary authority area and ceremonial county in South West England, with an estimated population of 433,100 for the unitary authority in 2009, and a surrounding Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) with an estimated 1,070,000 residents in 2007. It is England's sixth and the United Kingdom's eighth most populous city, one of the group of English Core Cities and the most populous city in South West England.
Historically within Gloucestershire, the city received a Royal Charter in 1155 and was granted County status in 1373. From the 13th century, for half a millennium, it ranked amongst the top three English cities after London, alongside York and Norwich, on the basis of tax receipts, until the rapid rise of Liverpool, Birmingham and Manchester during the Industrial Revolution in the latter part of the 18th century. It borders the counties of Somerset and Gloucestershire, and is also located near the historic cities of Bath to the south east and Gloucester to the north. The city is built around the River Avon, and it also has a short coastline on the Severn Estuary, which flows into the Bristol Channel.
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Burgess Hill
Coordinates: 50°57′13″N 0°07′34″W / 50.9535°N 0.1262°W / 50.9535; -0.1262
Burgess Hill is a civil parish and a town primarily located in the Mid Sussex district of West Sussex, England, close to the border with East Sussex, on the edge of the South Downs National Park. Located 62 km (39 mi) south of London, 16 km (9.9 mi) north of Brighton and Hove, and 47 km (29 mi) east-northeast of the county town of Chichester, it occupies an area of 9.47 km2 (3.66 sq mi) and had a population of 28,803 at the time of the 2001 Census, making it the most populous parish in the district. Other nearby towns include Haywards Heath to the north east and Lewes, the county town of East Sussex, to the south east.
Burgess Hill is predominantly situated just on the West Sussex side of the border dividing the two counties, although parts of the World's End district in the northeast are across the county boundary in the Lewes district of East Sussex.
Burgess Hill is twinned with Schmallenberg in Germany and Abbeville in France. It has recently achieved the status of being a Fairtrade Town. Burgess Hill Town Council was awarded the status of Town Council of the Year 2006.
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Calleva Atrebatum
Calleva Atrebatum (or Silchester Roman Town) was an Iron Age oppidum and subsequently a town in the Roman province of Britannia and the civitas capital of the Atrebates tribe. Its ruins are beneath and to the west of the Parish Church of St Mary the Virgin, which is just within the town wall and about 1 mile (1.6 km) to the east of the modern village of Silchester in Hampshire, England.
Most Roman towns in Britain continued to exist after the end of the Roman era, and consequently their remains underlay their more recent successors, which are often still major population centres. Calleva is unusual in that, for reasons unknown, it was abandoned shortly after the end of the Roman era. There is a suggestion that the Saxons deliberately avoided Calleva after it was abandoned, preferring to maintain their existing centres at Winchester and Dorchester. There was a gap of perhaps a century before the twin Saxon towns of Basing and Reading were founded on rivers either side of Calleva. As a consequence, Calleva has been subject to relatively benign neglect for most of the last two millennia.
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Cambridge
The city of Cambridge (i/ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ/ KAYM-brij) is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It lies in East Anglia, on the River Cam, about 50 miles (80 km) north of London. According to the United Kingdom Census 2001, its population was 108,863 (including 22,153 students), and was estimated to be 125,717 in mid-2010. There is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area in bronze age and Roman times, and under Viking rule Cambridge became an important trading centre. The first town charters were granted in the 12th century, although city status was not conferred until 1951.
Cambridge is most widely known as the home of the University of Cambridge, founded in 1209 and consistently ranked one of the top five universities in the world. The university includes the renowned Cavendish Laboratory, King's College Chapel, and the Cambridge University Library. The Cambridge skyline is dominated by the last two buildings, along with the chimney of Addenbrooke's Hospital in the far south of the city and St John's College Chapel tower.
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Camulodunum
Coordinates: 51°53′31″N 0°53′53″E / 51.892°N 0.898°E / 51.892; 0.898
Camulodunum is the Roman name for the ancient settlement which is today's Colchester, a town in Essex, England. Camulodunum is claimed to be the oldest town in Britain as recorded by the Romans, existing as a Celtic settlement before the Roman conquest, when it became the first Roman town, and eventually a settlement of discharged Roman soldiers, known as Colonia Claudia Victricensis. There is archaeological evidence of settlement 3,000 years ago. Its Celtic name was "Camulodunon", meaning "the Fortress of Camulos" (Camulos being a British god equated with the Roman Mars). This name was modified to the Roman spelling of "Camulodunum".
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Cardiff
Cardiff (i/ˈkɑrdɪf/; Welsh: Caerdydd (info) Welsh pronunciation: [kairˈdiːð, kaˑɨrˈdɨːð]) is the capital and largest city in Wales and the 10th largest city in the United Kingdom. The city is Wales' chief commercial centre, the base for most national cultural and sporting institutions, the Welsh national media, and the seat of the National Assembly for Wales. The unitary authority area's mid 2010 population was estimated to be 341,054, while the population of the Larger Urban Zone was estimated at 861,400 in 2009. Cardiff is a significant tourism centre and the most popular visitor destination in Wales with 18.3 million visitors in 2010. In 2011, Cardiff was ranked 6th in the world in National Geographic's alternative tourist destinations.
The city of Cardiff is the county town of the historic county of Glamorgan (and later South Glamorgan). Cardiff is part of the Eurocities network of the largest European cities. The Cardiff Urban Area covers a slightly larger area outside of the county boundary, and includes the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth. A small town until the early 19th century, its prominence as a major port for the transport of coal following the arrival of industry in the region contributed to its rise as a major city.
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Chartres
Coordinates: 48°27′21″N 1°29′03″E / 48.4558°N 1.4842°E / 48.4558; 1.4842
Chartres (French pronunciation: [ʃaʁtʁ]) is a commune and capital of the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France. It is located 96 km (60 mi) southwest of Paris.
Chartres is built on the left bank of the Eure River, on a hill crowned by its famous cathedral, the spires of which are a landmark in the surrounding country. To the south-east stretches the fruitful plain of Beauce, the "granary of France", of which the town is the commercial centre.
Chartres was one of the principal towns of the Carnutes, and by the Romans was called Autricum, from the river Autura (Eure), and afterwards civitas Carnutum. The name "Chartres" derives from "Carnutes".The American name is "Chartrey". It was burnt by the Normans in 858, and unsuccessfully besieged by them in 911.
During the Middle Ages it was the chief town of Beauce, and gave its name to a countship which was held by the counts of Blois and Champagne and afterwards by the house of Châtillon, a member of which in 1286 sold it to the crown. It was raised to the rank of a duchy in 1528 by Francis I. After the time of Louis XIV the title of duke of Chartres was hereditary in the family of Orléans.
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Chelmsford
Coordinates: 51°44′10″N 0°28′47″E / 51.7361°N 0.4798°E / 51.7361; 0.4798
Chelmsford ( /ˈtʃɛlmzfərd/) is the only city in Essex, England, UK, and the principal settlement of the Borough of Chelmsford. It is located in the London commuter belt, approximately 32 miles (51 km) northeast of Charing Cross, London, and approximately the same distance from the once provincial Roman capital at Colchester. The city currently has a population of approximately 169,500 however this is thought to be rapidly increasing on a year by year basis with many people from Essex and the London borders re-locating to the town.
The main conurbation incorporates all or part of the former parishes of Broomfield, Great Baddow, Moulsham, Widford and Springfield, including Springfield Barnes, now known as Chelmer Village. American tourists often visit the suburb of Springfield, the origin of "Springfield" as a popular place name, first giving its name to the important City of Springfield, Massachusetts, and subsequently Springfield, Illinois, the state capital of Illinois, and Springfield, Missouri, among numerous others.[citation needed]
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Chester
Coordinates: 53°11′33″N 2°53′30″W / 53.1926°N 2.8918°W / 53.1926; -2.8918
Chester ( /ˈtʃɛstər/ CHESS-tər), is a city in Cheshire, England. Lying on the River Dee, close to the border with Wales, it is home to 80,121 inhabitants, and is the largest and most populous settlement of the wider unitary authority area of Cheshire West and Chester, which had a population of 328,100 according to the 2001 Census. Chester was granted city status in 1541.
Chester was founded as a "castrum" or Roman fort with the name Deva Victrix in the year 79 by the Roman Legio II Adiutrix during the reign of the Emperor Vespasian. Chester's four main roads, Eastgate, Northgate, Watergate and Bridge, follow routes laid out at this time – almost 2,000 years ago. One of the three main Roman army bases, Deva later became a major settlement in the Roman province of Britannia. After the Romans left in the 5th century, the Saxons fortified the town against the Danes and gave Chester its name. The patron saint of Chester, Werburgh, is buried in Chester Cathedral.
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Chichester
Coordinates: 50°50′11″N 0°46′45″W / 50.83652°N 0.77918°W / 50.83652; -0.77918
Chichester ( /ˈtʃɪtʃɨstə/; Sussex dialect: Chiddester /ˈtʃɪdɨstə/) is a cathedral city in West Sussex, within the historic County of Sussex, South-East England. It has a long history as a settlement; its Roman past and its subsequent importance in Anglo-Saxon times are only its beginnings. It is the seat of a bishopric, with a 12th century cathedral, and is home to some of the oldest churches and buildings in Great Britain.
Chichester today is a local government stronghold, with three levels of government being administered there. It is also a transport hub, and the centre for culture in the region, with a Festival theatre and two art galleries. Nearby Chichester Harbour, together with the South Downs and the city walls, provide opportunities for outdoor pursuits.
The area around Chichester is believed to have played significant part during the Roman Invasion of A.D 43, as confirmed by evidence of military storage structures in the area of the nearby Fishbourne Roman Palace. The city centre stands on the foundations of the Romano-British city of Noviomagus Reginorum, capital of the Civitas Reginorum. The Roman road of Stane Street, connecting the city with London, started at the east gate, while the Chichester to Silchester road started from the north gate. The plan of the city is inherited from the Romans: the North, South, East and West shopping streets radiate from the central market cross dating from medieval times.
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Chichester Canal
The Chichester Canal is a navigable canal in England. It runs 4.5 miles (7.2 km) from the sea at Birdham Chichester Harbour to Chichester through two locks. The canal (originally part of the Portsmouth and Arundel Canal) was opened in 1822 having taken three years to build. When completed the canal could take ships of up to 100 tons. Dimensions were limited to 85 feet (26 m) long 18 feet (5.5 m) wide and a draft of up to 7 feet (2.1 m).
Proposals for a canal linking Chichester directly to the sea go back as least as far as 1585 when an act of parliament was passed allowing a cut linking Chichester with the sea. Further proposals were made in the early 19th century, with schemes being proposed in 1801, 1802, 1803 and 1811, but none of these came to pass and as a result the first link to the sea was via a branch of the Portsmouth and Arundel Canal opened in 1822. In 1817 it had been decided that the section between Chichester and Chichester Harbour, unlike the rest of the canal, would be built large enough to carry boats of 100 tons. Putting this into practice required a new act of parliament which was obtained in 1819. In the same year the construction of the Chichester branch began. During the construction of the basin a hoard of 300 Denarii was found. The section of the canal that would become the Chichester Canal was formally opened on the 9 April 1822
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Chichester Castle
Chichester Castle stood in the city of the same name in West Sussex (grid reference SU863052). Shortly after the Norman Conquest of England, Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, ordered the construction of a castle at Chichester. The castle at Chichester was one of 11 fortified sites to be established in Sussex before 1100. The Rape of Chichester, a subdivision of Sussex, was administered from the castle and was split off from the larger Rape of Arundel; a Rape was an administrative unit originating in the Saxon era and continued by the Normans. Situated in the north-east corner of Chichester, the castle was protected by the city walls. As it was an urban castle inserted into a pre-existing settlement, buildings were probably cleared to make way for the castle. Chichester Castle was of timber construction; although some timber castles were rebuilt in stone, there is no evidence that this was the case at Chichester Castle.
Although originally built by the Earl of Shrewsbury, the Earls of Sussex owned the castle in the period 1154–1176, after which it passed into possession of the Crown. Early in the 13th century, Chichester Castle was used as a court and jail. Chichester and Oxford Castle were some of the earliest urban castles to be used for this purpose, but gradually most urban castles were also used in this way. In 1216, the castle, along with many others in southern England, such as Reigate Castle, was captured by the French. This was part of the First Barons' War against King John of England (1199–1216). The castle was recaptured by the English in the spring of 1217. In the same year, Henry III ordered the castle's destruction. Between 1222 and 1269, Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall, gave the site to the order of Greyfriars for them use as the site of a friary. The remains of the motte are still visible today in Priory Park; the motte is protected as a Scheduled Monument.
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Chichester Cathedral
The Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity, otherwise called Chichester Cathedral, is the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Chichester. It is located in Chichester, in Sussex, England. It was founded as a cathedral in 1075, when the seat of the bishop was moved from Selsey.
Chichester Cathedral has fine architecture in both the Norman and the Gothic styles, and has been called by the architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner "the most typical English Cathedral". Despite this, Chichester has two architectural features that are unique among England's medieval cathedrals—a free-standing medieval bell tower (or campanile) and double aisles. The cathedral contains two rare medieval sculptures, and many modern art works including tapestries, stained glass and sculpture, many of these commissioned by Dean Hussey.
The city of Chichester, though it retains two main cross streets laid out by the Romans, has always been small enough for the city's entire population to fit inside the cathedral at once, causing Daniel Defoe to comment:
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Chichester College
Chichester College is a college of further education in Chichester, West Sussex. It has a second, campus at Brinsbury, near Pulborough and small centres in Bognor Regis, Littlehampton and Worthing. It is a member of the 157 Group which represents the largest colleges in England.
Chichester College has over 15,000 students, of whom over 5,000 are full time (about 4,000 are between 16 and 18 years old; 1,000 are over 19 and several hundred are taking university level courses). Students can choose from a wide range of courses including: A-levels (about 900 students); BTEC Diplomas at Level 3 (vocational A-level equivalents); and many vocational qualifications that prepare young people and adults for working life.
Brinsbury campus is part of a 570 acre estate and has its own commercial farm with dairy, beef, sheep, pig and arable enterprise all of which are used as the basis for much of the practical teaching.
College History
Chichester College, opened in 1964, as the major centre for a wide range of academic, commercial, scientific, technical, recreational and adult education courses in the south western part of West Sussex. The College is set in Westgate Fields within sight and to the south west of the Cathedral, half a mile from the Market Cross.
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Chichester Cross
Coordinates: 50°50′12″N 0°46′45″W / 50.83667°N 0.77917°W / 50.83667; -0.77917
Chichester Cross stands in the centre of the city of Chichester, England at the intersection of the four principal streets. According to the inscription upon it, this cross was built by Edward Story, the bishop of Chichester from 1477 to 1503; but little is known for certain and the style and ornaments of the building suggest that it may be referred to the time of Edward IV. It was built so that the poor people should have somewhere to sell their wares. An earlier wooden cross had been erected on the same site by Bishop Rede (1369-1385). The stone cross was repaired during the reign of Charles II, and at the expense of the Duke of Richmond, in 1746 and stands to this day.
The Market Cross is constructed of Caen stone, one of the most favoured building materials of the age. The cross' form is octangular, having a strong butment at each angle, surmounted with pinnacles. On each of its faces is an entrance through a pointed arch, ornamented with crockets and a finial. Above this, on four of its sides, is a tablet, to commemorate its reparation in the reign of Charles II. Above each tablet is a dial, exhibiting the hour to each of the three principal streets; the fourth being excluded from this advantage by standing at an angle. In the centre is a large circular column, the basement of which forms a seat: into this column is inserted a number of groinings, which, spreading from the centre, form the roof beautifully moulded. The central column appears to continue through the roof, and is supported without by eight flying buttresses, which rest on the several corners of the building.
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Chichester District
Chichester is a largely rural local government district in West Sussex, England. Its council is based in the city of Chichester.
The district was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, as a merger of the municipal borough of Chichester and the Rural Districts of Midhurst, Petworth and part of the former Chichester Rural District.
Chichester District Council has 48 councillors, representing 28 wards. Chichester itself has four of those wards (North, South, East and West); whilst the remaining ten wards comprise groups of villages. It is currently under Conservative control; as of 3 May 2007 elections, the Conservatives held 34 seats, the Liberal Democrats held 11 seats and there were 3 independent councillors.
There are 68 civil parishes in Chichester District. Apart from the City of Chichester, and the three towns of Midhurst, Selsey and Petworth, most are villages.
Chichester District occupies the western part of West Sussex, bordering on Hampshire to the west and Surrey to the north. The districts of Arun and Horsham abut to the east; the English Channel to the south. The district is divided by the South Downs escarpment, with the northern part being in the Weald, composed of a mixture of sandstone ridges and low lying clays known as the Western Weald. To the south the dip slope of the downs falls gently to a flat coastal plain and the sea. The Western Weald is drained by the River Arun and its tribituaries including the rivers Lox, Kird and especially the River Rother and its tribituaries the River Lod and the Haslingbourne Stream. On the northern boundary Blackdown is the highest point in Sussex, while further east around Loxwood the land is low and quite flat. The south of the district has many permeable chalk and gravel areas and is drained by two winterbournes, the River Lavant and River Ems, which are usually dry in the summer. The large inlet known as Chichester Harbour and the headland of Selsey Bill are conspicuous features of the coast.
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Chidham and Hambrook
Coordinates: 50°49′45″N 0°52′59″W / 50.82914°N 0.88307°W / 50.82914; -0.88307
Chidham is a civil parish in the District of Chichester in West Sussex, England located seven kilometres (5 miles) west of Chichester, south of the A27 road, near Bosham.
A recent excavation has shown that man made use of Chidham more than 4000 years ago. The flint scrapers discovered on the site on the western shore of the peninsula, seem to suggest that spear shafts or kiddles (fish traps) and primitive salterns were being made here.
The Saxon Saint Cuthman may have been born here, c.681. The village's name is derived from the Old English words ceod (meaning bag or pouch) and ham (meaning settlement), referring to the shape of the peninsula on which it is situated. The present flint and rubble church, St. Mary's, dates from the 13th century, and may have had a wooden predecessor. The peninsula is not mentioned in the Domesday Book because it was part of the Manor or Chapelry of Bosham, rich in farming land and then belonging to the bishop of Exeter.
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City of Bradford
The City of Bradfordi/ˈbrædfəd/ is a local government district of West Yorkshire, England with the status of a city and metropolitan borough. It is named after its largest settlement, Bradford, but covers a far larger area which includes the towns of Keighley, Shipley, Bingley, Ilkley, Haworth, Silsden and Denholme. Bradford has a population of 501,700, making it the fourth-most populous metropolitan district and the sixth-most populous local authority district in England. It forms part of the West Yorkshire Urban Area conurbation which in 2001 had a population of 1.5 million and the city is part of the Leeds-Bradford Larger Urban Zone (LUZ), which, with a population of 2,393,300, is the third largest in the United Kingdom after London and Manchester.
The city is situated on the edge of the Pennines, and is bounded to the east by the City of Leeds, the south east by the Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees and the south west by the Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale. The Pendle borough of Lancashire lies to the west, whilst the Craven and Harrogate boroughs of North Yorkshire lie to the north west and north east of the city. Bradford, the urban core, is the 11th largest settlement in England, and the contiguous urban area to the north which includes the towns of Shipley and Bingley is heavily populated. The spa town of Ilkley lies further north, whilst the town of Keighley lies to the west. Roughly two thirds of the district is rural, with an environment varying from moorlands in the north and west, to valleys and floodplains formed by the river systems that flow throughout the district. More than half of Bradford’s land is green open space, stretching over part of the Airedale and Wharfedale Valleys, across the hills and the Pennine moorland between. The Yorkshire Dales and the Peak District are both in close proximity.
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City of Canterbury
The City of Canterbury is a local government district with city status in Kent, England. The main settlement in the district is Canterbury, the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury.
The district was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of the existing city of Canterbury with the Whitstable and Herne Bay Urban Districts, and Bridge-Blean Rural District. The latter district entirely surrounded the city; the urban districts occupied the coastal area to the north.
Within the district are the towns of Herne Bay and Whitstable, which with the parishes and the cathedral city itself, make up the 'City of Canterbury' district. There are 26 parishes within the district, as follows:
Swalecliffe is an unparished area within the district.
The area is in the main rural, although the entire coastal strip is taken up by the almost unbroken sprawl of seaside towns from Seasalter, west of Whitstable, to Herne Bay, Kent. Between them and the city there is high land, well wooded, south of which the Great Stour flows from its source beyond Ashford. The city of Canterbury stands upon this river.
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City of Carlisle
The City of Carlisle ( /kɑrˈlaɪl/, locally /ˈkɑːlaɪl/) is a local government district of Cumbria, England, with the status of a city and non-metropolitan district. It is named after its largest settlement, Carlisle, but covers a far larger area which includes the towns of Brampton and Longtown, as well as outlying villages including Dalston, Scotby and Wetheral. The city has a population of 100,739, and an area of 1,039.97 square kilometres (402 sq mi), making it the largest city in England by area (although the majority of its territory is not urbanised, but rural).
The current city boundaries were set as part of the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, and cover an amalgamation of two former local government districts—the City and County Borough of Carlisle and the Border Rural District of Cumberland. The City of Carlisle shares a border with Scotland (to the north), and is bounded on the southwest by the borough of Allerdale, and on the south by Eden. The county of Northumberland is to the east.
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City of Lancaster
The City of Lancaster ( /ˈlæŋkəstər/), is a local government district of Lancashire, England, with the status of a city and non-metropolitan district. It is named after its largest settlement, Lancaster, but covers a far larger area which includes the towns of Morecambe, Heysham, and Carnforth, as well as outlying villages, farms and rural hinterland. The city has a population of 133,914, and an area of 222 square miles (575 km2).
The current city boundaries were set as part of the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, and cover an amalgamation of five former local government districts—the municipal boroughs of Lancaster and Morecambe and Heysham, together with the Carnforth Urban District and rural districts of Lancaster and Lunesdale, all from the administrative county of Lancashire.
The higher tier of local government is Lancashire County Council. At a lower level, there are many parish councils. There is a List of civil parishes in the district.
The district comprises two parliamentary constituencies: Lancaster and Fleetwood and Morecambe and Lunesdale. In the 2010 General Election both seats were won by the Conservatives.
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City of Leeds
Coordinates: 53°47′59″N 1°32′57″W / 53.79972°N 1.54917°W / 53.79972; -1.54917 The City of Leeds is a local government district of West Yorkshire, England, governed by Leeds City Council, with the status of a city and metropolitan borough. The metropolitan district includes Leeds and the towns of Farsley, Garforth, Guiseley, Horsforth, Morley, Otley, Pudsey, Rothwell, Wetherby and Yeadon. It has a population of 798,800 (2010 est.) and is the second largest local government district in England by population; and the second largest metropolitan district by area.
The current city boundaries were set on 1 April 1974 by the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, as part a reform of local government in England. The city is a merger of eleven former local government districts; the unitary City and County Borough of Leeds combined with the municipal boroughs of Morley and Pudsey, the urban districts of Aireborough, Garforth, Horsforth, Otley and Rothwell, and parts of the rural districts of Tadcaster, Wharfedale and Wetherby from the West Riding of Yorkshire.
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City of London
The City of London is an area in central London, England. In the medieval period it constituted most of London, but the conurbation has grown far beyond it. As the City’s boundaries have remained almost unchanged since the Middle Ages, it is now only a tiny part of the metropolis, though it remains a notable part of central London, holds city status in its own right, and is a separate ceremonial county.
It is often referred to as the City (often written on maps as "City") or the Square Mile, as it is just over one square mile (1.12 sq mi/2.90 km2) in area. These terms are also often used as metonyms for the United Kingdom's financial services industry, which continues a notable history of being based in the City.
The term London now refers to a much larger conurbation roughly corresponding to Greater London, a local government area which includes 32 London boroughs including the City of Westminster as well as the City of London. The local authority for the City, the City of London Corporation, is unique in the United Kingdom, and has some unusual responsibilities for a local authority in Britain, such as being the police authority for the City. It also has responsibilities and ownerships beyond the City's boundaries. The Corporation is headed by the Lord Mayor of the City of London, an office separate from (and much older than) the Mayor of London.
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City of Salford
The City of Salford ( /ˈsɒlfəd/) is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. It is named after its largest settlement,Salford, but covers a far larger area which includes the towns of Eccles, Swinton and Pendlebury, Walkden and Irlam which apart from Irlam each have a population of over 35,000. The city has a population of 218,000, and is administered from the Salford Civic Centre in Swinton.
The current city boundaries were set as part of the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, and cover an amalgamation of five former local government districts. It is bounded on the south east by the River Irwell, which forms its boundary with the city of Manchester and by the Manchester Ship Canal to the south, which forms its boundary with Trafford. The metropolitan boroughs of Wigan, Bolton and Bury lie to the west, northwest and north respectively. Some parts of the city, which lies directly west of Manchester, are highly industrialised and densely populated, but around one third of the city consists of rural open space. This is because the western half of the city stretches across an ancient peat bog known as Chat Moss.
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City of St Albans
The City of St Albans /sɨnt ˈɔːlbənz/, also known as the City and District of St Albans or District of St Albans, is a local government district, in Hertfordshire, England. It was created in 1974 and since then has held the status of non-metropolitan district and city. The local authority is St Albans City Council. It has routes to the M1 motorway via the A414 road (formerly the M10 motorway), and rail routes to London St Pancras and Watford via St Albans City railway station and St Albans Abbey railway station respectively.
The district includes St Albans (population c. 58,000), Harpenden (population c. 27,600), the parishes of Colney Heath, Harpenden Rural, London Colney, Redbourn, St Michael's, St Stephen's (including the villages of Chiswell Green and Bricket Wood), Sandridge and Wheathampstead. Nearby places outside the district include Hatfield to the east, Welwyn Garden City to the northeast, Luton and Dunstable to the northwest, Hemel Hempstead to the west, Watford to the southwest and Borehamwood to the south.
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City of Sunderland
The City of Sunderland /ˈsʌndərlənd/ is a local government district of Tyne and Wear, in North East England, with the status of a city and metropolitan borough. It is named after its largest settlement, Sunderland, but covers a far larger area which includes the towns of Hetton-le-Hole, Houghton-le-Spring, Washington, and a range of suburban villages.
The district was formed in 1974 as the Metropolitan Borough of Sunderland as part of the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972 and is an amalgamation of four former local government districts of County Durham. It was granted city status in 1992, the 40th anniversary of the Queen Elizabeth II's accession. The city had a population of 280,807 at the time of the 2001 census, with the majority of the population (177,739) residing in Sunderland. The 'Sunderland Urban Area' (including Whitburn in South Tyneside) is quoted alternatively as having a population of around 200,000.
The metropolitan borough was formed in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 by the merger of several districts of County Durham - Washington Urban District, Houghton-le-Spring Urban District and Hetton Urban District - with the County Borough of Sunderland.
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City of Wakefield
Coordinates: 53°40′59″N 1°29′56″W / 53.683°N 1.499°W / 53.683; -1.499
The City of Wakefield ( /ˈweɪkfiːld/) is a local government district of West Yorkshire, England, with the status of a city and metropolitan borough. Wakefield is the district's administrative centre. The district includes the "Five Towns" of Normanton, Pontefract, Featherstone, Castleford and Knottingley. Other towns include Ossett, Hemsworth, South Kirkby & Moorthorpe and South Elmsall. Wakefield lies between Leeds and Sheffield and is ranked as the 89th largest city in the European Union. In 2010, Wakefield was named as the UK's third 'most musical' City by PRS for Music.
In recent years, the economic and physical condition of several of the former mining towns and villages in Wakefield District have started to improve due to the booming economy of Leeds - and an increase in numbers of commuters to the city from the sub-region - and a recognition of undeveloped assets. For instance Castleford, to the North East of Wakefield is seeing extensive development and investment because of the natural asset of its outlook on to the River Aire, its easy access to the national motorway network and the availability of former mining land for house-building. In Ossett, house prices have risen from an average of £50,000 in 1998 to £130,000 in 2003.
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City of Westminster
The City of Westminsteri/ˈwɛstmɪnstə/ is a London borough occupying much of the central area of London, England, including most of the West End. It is located to the west of and adjoining the ancient City of London, directly to the east of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, and its southern boundary is the River Thames. It is an Inner London borough and was created in 1965 when Greater London was established. At its creation Westminster was awarded city status, which had been previously held by the smaller Metropolitan Borough of Westminster. Aside from a number of large parks and open spaces, the population density of the district is high. Many sites commonly associated with London are located in the borough, including Buckingham Palace, the Houses of Parliament, and 10 Downing Street. The borough is divided into a number of localities including the ancient political district of Westminster around the Palace of Westminster; the shopping areas around Oxford Street, Regent Street, Piccadilly and Bond Street; and the night time entertainment district of Soho. Much of the borough is residential, and in 2008 it was estimated to have a population of 236,000. The local authority is Westminster City Council.
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City of Winchester
Winchester ( /ˈwɪntʃɨstər/) is a local government district in Hampshire, England, with city status. It covers an area of central Hampshire including the city of Winchester itself, and neighbouring towns and villages including New Alresford, Colden Common and Bishops Waltham.
The current city boundaries were set on 1 April 1974 when the City of Winchester merged with Droxford Rural District and part of Winchester Rural District.
Other than Gosport and Eastleigh, Winchester is the only non Unitary Authority, council District in Hampshire not to border another county and is the only one that neither borders another county nor the coast. The two Unitary Authorities in Hampshire that don't border another county are Portsmouth and Southampton, Portsmouth and Southampton are the only Unitary Authorities in Hampshire.
Elections to the council are held in three out of every four years, with one third of the seats on the council being elected at each election. From 1995 to the 2004 election the Liberal Democrats had a majority on the council, but after 2 years when no party held a majority the 2006 election saw the Conservative party gain control. The elections on 6 May 2010 saw the Liberal Democrats re take control of the council.
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Corinium Dobunnorum
Coordinates: 51°43′08″N 1°58′05″W / 51.719°N 1.968°W / 51.719; -1.968
Corinium Dobunnorum was the second largest town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Cirencester, located in the English county of Gloucestershire.
A Roman fort was established at Corinium, in the friendly territory of the Dobunni tribe, about a year after the Roman conquest of Britain. The local centre continued at the oppidum at Bagendon until the early AD 60s. However, by the mid-70s, the military had abandoned the fort, and the place became the Dobunni's civitas or capital.
Over the next twenty years, a street grid was laid out and the town was furnished with an array of large public stone buildings, two market places and numerous shops and private houses. Development continued until the 4th century. Three main roman roads met in Corinium, underscoring the importance of the town. These were the Fosse Way, Akeman Street and Ermin Street.
The forum and basilica were bigger than any other in Britain, apart from that in Londinium. The basilica was decorated with beautifully carved Corinthian capitals, Italian marble wall veneers and Purbeck marble mouldings. Unfortunately, it was built over the ditch of the old fort and the walls cracked and sank, forcing a major rebuilding project in the mid-2nd century.
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Coventry
Coventry (i/ˈkɒvəntri/) is a city and metropolitan borough in the county of West Midlands in England. Coventry is the 9th largest city in England and the 11th largest in the United Kingdom. It is also the second largest city in the English Midlands, after Birmingham, with a population of 300,848, although Stoke-on-Trent, Leicester and Nottingham have larger urban areas. The population of Coventry had risen to 315,800 as of 2010, according to the Office of National Statistics.
Historically within Warwickshire, Coventry is situated 95 miles (153 km) northwest of central London and 19 miles (31 km) east-southeast of Birmingham, and is further from the coast than any other city in Britain. Although harbouring a population of almost a third of a million inhabitants, Coventry is not amongst the English Core Cities Group due to its proximity to Birmingham.
Coventry was the world's first twin city when it formed a twinning relationship with the Russian city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) during World War II. The relationship developed through ordinary people in Coventry who wanted to show their support for the Soviet Red Army during the Battle of Stalingrad. The city is now also twinned with Dresden, Lidice and 23 other cities around the world.
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Crawley
Crawley ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a town and local government district with Borough status in West Sussex, England. It is 28 miles (45 km) south of Charing Cross, 18 miles (29 km) north of Brighton and Hove, and 32 miles (51 km) northeast of the county town of Chichester, covers an area of 17.36 square miles (44.96 km2) and had a population of 99,744 at the time of the 2001 Census.
The area has been inhabited since the Stone Age, and was a centre of ironworking in Roman times. Crawley developed slowly as a market town from the 13th century, serving the surrounding villages in the Weald; its location on the main road from London to Brighton brought a passing trade, encouraging the development of coaching inns. It was connected to the railway network in the 1840s.
Gatwick Airport, now one of Britain's busiest international airports, opened on the edge of the town in the 1940s, encouraging commercial and industrial growth. After the Second World War, the British Government planned to move large numbers of people and jobs out of London and into new towns around South East England. The New Towns Act 1946 designated Crawley as the site of one of these. A master plan was developed for the establishment of new residential, commercial, industrial and civic areas, and rapid development greatly increased the size and population of the town in a few decades.
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Derby
Derby (i/ˈdɑːbi/ DAR-bi), is a city and unitary authority in the East Midlands region of England. It lies upon the banks of the River Derwent and is located in the south of the ceremonial county of Derbyshire. In the 2001 census, the population of the city was 233,700, whilst that of the Derby Urban Area was 229,407. According to the 2001 census, Derby was at that time the 18th largest settlement in England, measured by urban area.
The city has Roman, Saxon and Viking origins.
The Roman camp of 'Derventio' was probably at Little Chester/Chester Green (grid reference SK353375); The site of the old Roman fort is at Chester Green. Later the town was one of the 'Five Boroughs' (fortified towns) of the Danelaw.
Djúra-bý, recorded in Anglo-Saxon as Deoraby "Village of the Deer". This popular belief is asserted by Tim Lambert who states, "The name Derby is derived from the Danish words deor by meaning deer settlement" without reference or proof. However some[who?] assert that it is a corruption of the original Roman name 'Derventio'. The proven origin of the name "Derby" would seem to be elusive.
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Derry
Coordinates: 54°59′45″N 7°18′27″W / 54.9958°N 7.3074°W / 54.9958; -7.3074
Derry or Londonderry is the second-biggest city in Northern Ireland and the fourth-biggest city on the island of Ireland. The name Derry is an anglicisation of the Irish name Doire or Doire Cholmcille, (Old Irish "Dhoire") meaning "oak-wood of Colmcille". In 1613, the city was granted a Royal Charter by King James I and the "London" prefix was added, changing the name of the city to Londonderry. While the city is more usually known as Derry, Londonderry is also used and remains the legal name.
The old walled city lies on the west bank of the River Foyle, which is spanned by two road bridges and one footbridge. The city now covers both banks (Cityside on the west and Waterside on the east). The city district also extends to rural areas to the southeast. The population of the city proper (the area defined by its 17th century charter) was 83,652 in the 2001 Census, while the Derry Urban Area had a population of 90,663. The Derry City Council area had a population of 107,300 as of June 2006. The district is administered by Derry City Council and contains both Londonderry Port and City of Derry Airport.
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Deva Victrix
Deva Victrix, or simply Deva, was a legionary fortress and town in the Roman province of Britannia. The settlement evolved into Chester, the county town of Cheshire, England. The fortress was built initially by the Legio II Adiutrix in the AD 70s as the Roman army advanced north against the Brigantes, but completed over the next few decades by the Legio XX Valeria Victrix.
Several factors including the presence of an elliptical building unique in legionary fortresses, the method of construction, and the unusual size of the fortress – 20% larger than other Roman fortresses in Britain – suggest that it may have been intended as the base for a potential invasion of Ireland, and perhaps eventually to become the capital of Britain. The fortress contained barracks, granaries, military headquarters, military baths, and an unusual elliptical building that may have acted as the governor of Britain's headquarters. The fortress was rebuilt in stone at the end of the 1st century AD when it was occupied by the Legio XX Valeria Victrix, and again in the early 3rd century. The legion probably remained at the fortress until it eventually fell into disuse in the late 4th or early 5th century.
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Didling
Coordinates: 50°57′34″N 0°48′36″W / 50.95945°N 0.80993°W / 50.95945; -0.80993
Didling is a tiny village in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies on the Treyford to Bepton road 3.5 miles (5.7 km) southwest of Midhurst.
The c.13th century church of St. Andrew, known as "The Shepherds' Church" sits a little to the south of the village on the northern slope of Didling Hill. The nave and chancel are of plastered rubble with ashlar dressings. The wooden porch is modern. The church has a single bell dated 1587. The church is known for its simplicity and the fact that it has survived the intervening centuries with very little restoration, with that which has taken place having been sympathetic. Without an electricity supply the church is lit by candles.
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Duncton
Coordinates: 50°56′48″N 0°38′05″W / 50.9467°N 0.63461°W / 50.9467; -0.63461
Duncton is a village and civil parish in the District of Chichester in West Sussex, England located one mile (1.6 km) south of Petworth on the A285 road.
The parish has a land area of 800.4 hectares (1977 acres). In the 2001 census 356 people lived in 156 households, of whom 191 were economically active.
The village has an Anglican church, a Roman catholic church and a pub named The Cricketers in honour of two past residents, Jemmy Dean and Jem Broadbridge, who played cricket for Sussex in the nineteenth century. There is a modern village hall and two croquet pitches.
Duncton Mill at the foot of the South Downs escarpment was powered by a large spring flowing from the chalk strata. A stable flow of water at a constant temperature throughout the year is ideal for its present use as a trout hatchery.
To the east of the village on the border with Barlavington civil parish is Burton Park, a stately home now converted into a number of residences.
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Dundee
Coordinates: 56°27′50″N 2°58′12″W / 56.464°N 2.970°W / 56.464; -2.970
Dundeei/dʌnˈdiː/ (Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Dè) is the fourth-largest city in Scotland and the 38th most populous settlement in the United Kingdom. It lies within the eastern central Lowlands on the north bank of the Firth of Tay, which feeds into the North Sea. Under the name of Dundee City, it forms one of the 32 council areas used for local government in Scotland.
The town developed into a burgh in Medieval times, and expanded rapidly in the 19th century largely due to the jute industry. This, along with its other major industries gave Dundee its epithet as the city of "jute, jam and journalism".
In mid-2008, the population of the City of Dundee was estimated to be 152,320. Dundee's recorded population reached a peak of 182,204 at the time of the 1971 census, but has since declined.
Today, Dundee is promoted as 'One City, Many Discoveries' in honour of Dundee's history of scientific activities and of the RRS Discovery, Robert Falcon Scott's Antarctic exploration vessel, which was built in Dundee and is now berthed in the city harbour. Biomedical and technological industries have arrived since the 1980s, and the city now accounts for 10% of the United Kingdom's digital-entertainment industry. Dundee has two universities—the University of Dundee and the University of Abertay Dundee. A £1,000,000,000 master plan to regenerate and to reconnect the Waterfront to the city centre which started in 2001 is expected to be completed within a 30 year period, with the Dundee Victoria & Albert Museum opening within 5.
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Durham
Coordinates: 54°46′34″N 1°34′24″W / 54.7761°N 1.5733°W / 54.7761; -1.5733
Durham ( /ˈdʌrəm/, locally /ˈdɜrəm/) is a city in north east England. It is within the County Durham local government district, and is the county town of the larger ceremonial county. It lies to the south of Newcastle upon Tyne, Chester-le-Street and Sunderland and to the north of Darlington.
Durham is well known for its Norman cathedral and 11th-century castle, both designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986. The castle has been the home of Durham University since 1832. HM Prison Durham is also located close to the city centre.
The name "Durham" comes from the Old English "dun", meaning hill, and the Old Norse "holme", which translates to island. The Lord Bishop of Durham takes a Latin variation of the city's name in his official signature, which is signed "N. Dunelm." Some attribute the city's name to the legend of the Dun Cow and the milkmaid who in legend guided the monks of Lindisfarne carrying the body of Saint Cuthbert to the site of the present city in 995 AD. Dun Cow Lane is said to be one of the first streets in Durham, being directly to the east of Durham Cathedral and taking its name from a depiction of the city's founding etched in masonry on the south side of the cathedral. The city has been known by a number of names throughout history. The original Nordic Dun Holm was changed to Duresme by the Normans and was known in Latin as Dunelm. The modern form Durham came into use later in the city's history. The north eastern historian, Robert Surtees chronicled the name changes in his History and Antiquities of the County Palatine of Durham but states that it is an "impossibility" to tell when the city's modern name came into being.
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Durnovaria
Durnovaria is the Latin form of the Brythonic name for the Roman town of Dorchester in the modern English county of Dorset.
The pre-Roman population centre in the area appears to have been at the hill fort of Maiden Castle, two miles south-west of the town centre. The inhabitants appear to have resisted the Roman invasion and their war cemetery was excavated in the 1930s by Mortimer Wheeler. It later became the site of a 4th century Romano-British temple.
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Earnley
Coordinates: 50°45′58″N 0°50′43″W / 50.76619°N 0.84538°W / 50.76619; -0.84538
Earnley is a civil and ecclesiastical parish in the Chichester District of West Sussex, England. It is located four miles (6.4 km) south-west of Chichester, and lies on the south coast of England. The parish includes the settlement of Almodington.
Historically Earnley was situated in the hundred of La Manwode or Manwood, now known under the form Manhood, after a locality in the parish which was the meeting place for the hundred moot and other hundred business. It lay in the ancient pre-Conquest division of Sussex known as the Rape (county subdivision) of Chichester.
The mediæval lords of the manor here belonged to the Ernle, Ernley, or Erneley family, and derived their surname from a manor they held in this parish, which they were granted in 1166 by their kinsfolk in the de Lancinges family.
Earnley Church is a grade II* listed church and together with its small graveyard is contained within retaining stone walls of an interesting boat shaped island of land. The nave is of 13th century origin. A century later the chancel was added; an aumbry fitted with a carved door dates back to the 14th century. The first recorded rector was in office in 1365; parish registers survive from 1562, but there is no record of a dedication. It has always simply been “Earnley Church”.
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Eartham
Coordinates: 50°52′36″N 0°40′00″W / 50.87679°N 0.66671°W / 50.87679; -0.66671
Eartham is a village and civil parish in the District of Chichester in West Sussex, England located 8.5 kilometres (5.3 mi) north east of Chichester east of the A285 road.
There is an Anglican parish church dedicated to St Margaret and a public house, The George, formerly The George and Dragon. The adjoining Manor Farm is the centre of a large farming enterprise. Nearby is Eartham House designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens which has been used since the 1920s as a private preparatory (junior) school, Great Ballard School. Eartham Wood to the north is an area of open access woodland, mostly beech trees through which the Roman road Stane Street runs. The route here today is followed only by bridleways and footpaths, and within Eartham Wood is part of the Monarch's Way long-distance path.
The parish has a land area of 836 hectares (2066 acres). In the 2001 census 104 people lived in 42 households, of whom 48 were economically active.
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Easebourne
Coordinates: 50°59′45″N 0°43′34″W / 50.99583°N 0.72601°W / 50.99583; -0.72601
Easebourne (pronounced "Ezborn", 'Ezbourne' or "Ezbun") is a village and civil parish in the Chichester District of West Sussex, England. It is located half a mile (0.8 km) north of Midhurst, across the River Rother on the A272 and A286 roads. The parish also includes the hamlet of Henley to the north. In the 2001 census there were 708 households with a total population of 1,717 of whom 785 were economically active.
There is one public house in Easebourne, the White Horse, and one in Henley, the Duke Of Cumberland. The parish church of St Mary is 13th century or earlier in origin. Cowdray Park, to the east of the village, has a golf course, and is home to a first-class Polo club. Adjacent to the polo grounds lie the ruins of the Tudor Cowdray House the most famous building in the village, built as a great Tudor mansion with castle features. Started in 1520, it was completed by 1542. but was devastated by fire in 1793. It has not been occupied since. Another of the village’s famous buildings is Easebourne Priory. Built for ten Augustinian canonesses, it was founded before 1238 by the de Bohun family who were from St. Ann’s Hill in nearby Midhurst. On the northern edge of Easebourne village on the A286 road Budgenor Lodge, recently converted into luxury flats, is the former Midhurst Union Workhouse which was opened in 1794 by a Gilbert Union of seventeen parishes. From 1835 it was run and enlarged by the Midhurst Poor Law Union, serving 26 parishes.
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East Grinstead
Coordinates: 51°07′44″N 0°00′25″W / 51.129°N 0.007°W / 51.129; -0.007
East Grinstead is a town and civil parish in the northeastern corner of Mid Sussex, West Sussex in England near the East Sussex, Surrey, and Kent borders. It lies 27 miles (43 km) south of London, 21 miles (34 km) north northeast of Brighton, and 38 miles (61 km) east northeast of the county town of Chichester. The civil parish covers an area of 2443.45 hectares (6,035 acres) and had a population of 23,942 persons in the 2001 census. Nearby towns include Crawley to the west, Tunbridge Wells to the east and Redhill and Reigate to the northwest. The town is continuous with the village of Felbridge to the northwest. Until 1974 East Grinstead was the centre for local government - East Grinstead Urban District Council - and was located in the county of East Sussex. East Grinstead, along with Haywards Heath and Burgess Hill, as part of the former Cuckfield Rural District Council, came together as Mid-Sussex; moving to the jurisdiction of West Sussex County Council. The town has many historic buildings and is located on the Greenwich Meridian. It is located in the Weald and Ashdown Forest lies to the south of the town.
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East Harting
Coordinates: 50°58′20″N 0°51′39″W / 50.97225°N 0.86087°W / 50.97225; -0.86087
East Harting is a hamlet in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies on the South Harting to Elsted road 4 miles (6.4km) southeast of Petersfield.
Media related to East Harting at Wikimedia Commons
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East Lavant
Coordinates: 50°52′08″N 0°46′34″W / 50.86885°N 0.77598°W / 50.86885; -0.77598
East Lavant is a village in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies just east of the A286 road 2.2 miles (3.5 km) north of Chichester.
St Mary’s Church was founded in the 12th century. The North aisle was added in the 13th century - one of the columns separating the nave from the north aisle remains, the others are 19th century. The lancet window is also original.
The 15th century appears to have brought the five stalls with their misericords.
The south tower was constructed in 1671 and the south west window nave window was inserted at the same date. Most of the north aisle, the arcade between the nave and the north aisle, much of the nave and chancel seems to have been rebuilt in 1863.
The village public house is called "The Royal Oak". It is believed to be haunted by a lady in white who appears in a front upper floor bedroom. In the 1940s it drew national attention due to the famous "Drinking Pig". A local farmer used to give one of his pigs, the runt of the litter, a drink of beer to build it up. A national paper heard the story and sent a reporter. Unfortunately the beer had worked and the pig had been slaughtered. The resourceful farmer merely found another pig and this appeared in the newspaper article. Thus a fine picture of the pig and the farmer appeared in the paper, with the landlord, James Pafford and his family standing proudly behind the bar.[citation needed]
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East Lavington
Coordinates: 50°56′17″N 0°39′17″W / 50.93806°N 0.65468°W / 50.93806; -0.65468
East Lavington is a village and civil parish in the District of Chichester in West Sussex, England located six kilometres (4 miles) south of Petworth, west of the A285 road.
The parish has a land area of 797 hectares (1968 acres). In the 2001 census 357 people lived in 87 households, of whom 129 were economically active. It includes the settlement of Upper Norwood.
The parish is dominated by Seaford College, a private school which owns 400 acres (1.6 km2). The ancient parish church has become the school chapel.
Media related to East Lavington at Wikimedia Commons
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East Marden
Coordinates: 50°55′31″N 0°51′11″W / 50.92518°N 0.85301°W / 50.92518; -0.85301
East Marden is a village on the spur of the South Downs in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It is within the civil parish of Marden, West Sussex. It is first mentioned in the Domesday Book as Meredone and was given in 1086 to Roger, Earl of Montgomery. The church, St Peters ( UK Ordance Survey grid reference SU807145), dates from the 12th century and is still used for worship every other Sunday.[1]. Its oldest house today dates back to 1728 ( Salzman, 1953). The village, some 300 feet above sea level, is in an area of unusually high rainfall. Its most famous landmark is the thatched well on the village green. The population has remained static for over a century.
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East Wittering
Coordinates: 50°46′10″N 0°52′26″W / 50.76942°N 0.87377°W / 50.76942; -0.87377
East Wittering is a coastal village in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. The eastern half of the village lies within the civil parish of East Wittering and Bracklesham, while the western half lies within the boundary of West Wittering civil parish. The village sits on the B2179 road seven miles (11.3 km) southwest of Chichester.
There has been a settlement at East Wittering for over a thousand years. Before the Norman Conquest King Harold had control of the Bishops. The area is mentioned in the Domesday Book, as part of the Hundred of Westringes, and the parish church of The Assumption dates from the early 12th century: Pevsner describes it as having an impressive coherence and sureness of touch. For centuries the land was in the hands of the Wystryng family. In Victorian times the RNLI raised enough subscriptions to launch a distress boat from the beach at East Wittering, a role now covered by the Fire Service. Last century the area began to attract greater numbers of holiday makers but in May 1944 it became the landing beach for the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division during a dummy run for D-Day, code named Operation Fabius. Since then it has returned to a quiet area with a small primary school, popular with week-end surfers.Nikolaus Pevsner described the village as ”A jumble of bungalows and chalets near the beach in an untidy half grown up state”
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Eastbourne
Eastbourne ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a large town and borough in East Sussex, within the historic County of Sussex, on the south coast of England between Brighton and Hastings. The town is situated at the eastern end of the chalk South Downs alongside the high cliff at Beachy Head. The modern town emerged in the early 19th century as a seaside resort, assisted by the arrival of the railway in 1849, and developed a spacious, regular layout.
Prior to its Victorian development, the area consisted of the estates of the Duke of Devonshire and others, which had evolved around the village of East Burne. From the Bronze Age onward there were small settlements in and around the "Burne", an ancient stream which ran from what is now Motcombe Gardens down to the sea. During the Middle Ages sheep farming and fishing were the main activities. Eastbourne's earliest claim as a seaside resort was a summer holiday visit by four of King George III's children in 1780. During the Napoleonic Wars, the Wish Tower and the Redoubt were built as defences. In the wake of the fall of France in 1940, the town’s population fell sharply as this part of the south coast was considered a likely invasion zone. The town was badly bombed thus gaining it the dubious reputation of being ‘the most raided town in the southeast’. Thousands of Canadian soldiers were stationed in and around Eastbourne from the summer of 1941 to the run-up to D-Day.
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Ebernoe
Coordinates: 51°02′36″N 0°36′37″W / 51.04327°N 0.61017°W / 51.04327; -0.61017
Ebernoe is a hamlet and civil parish in the District of Chichester in West Sussex, England located six kilometres (4 miles) north of Petworth near the A283 road.
The parish has a land area of 1239 hectares (3060 acres). In the 2001 census 234 people lived in 102 households of whom 107 were economically active.
Hidden from the road by trees is the Anglican parish church, built from locally made brick in the nineteenth century. Walled to exclude rabbits the churchyard is a haven for wild flowers. Adjoining the church there is another interesting old building, the Old Schoolhouse.
There is a cricket field where the village team plays, and this is also the venue for the Ebernoe Horn Fair held every 25 July. Richard Stemp is the current captain of the club.
Ebernoe Common is a National Nature Reserve and Site of Special Scientific Interest managed by the Sussex Wildlife Trust. Among its ancient woodland, glades and ponds it supports a diversity of plants and animals, including 14 out of 16 species of bat which occur in the UK, including the rare Bechstein's and Barbastelle bats. Adjoining farmland has been purchased with a grant from Restore UK which will be allowed to revert to pasture woodland over a long period with managed grazing by cattle. The Barbastelle bats need old dying trees with loose bark for their roosts and travel great distances along traditional flight lines to feed over damp meadows, which may be as much as 20 kilometres from the roost, in the Arun and Rother valleys. Local landowners are being encouraged to maintain and enhance continuous tree cover along these routes so that the bats can travel out on summer evenings avoiding predation by sparrow hawks.
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Eboracum
Eboracum was a fort and city in Roman Britain. The settlement evolved into York, located in North Yorkshire, England.
The first known recorded mention of Eboracum by name is dated circa 95-104 AD and is an address containing the Latin form of the settlement's name, "Eburaci", on a wooden stylus tablet from the Roman fortress of Vindolanda in what is now the modern Northumberland. During the Roman Period the name was also written in the form Eboracum and Eburacum.
The etymology of Eboracum is uncertain as the language of the indigenous population of the area was never recorded. However, the generally accepted view of British history, is that the inhabitants of Britain at this time spoke a Celtic language related to modern Welsh. This language has been reconstructed from Latin place names and modern Celtic languages, and has been called by scholars Common Brythonic. The name "Eboracum" is thought to have derived from the Common Brythonic Eborakon which probably means "place of the yew trees". The word for "yew" was probably something like *eburos in Celtic (cf. Old Irish ibar "yew-tree", Irish: iobhar, Scottish Gaelic: iubhar, Welsh: efwr "alder buckthorn", Breton: evor "alder buckthorn"), combined with the suffix *-āko(n) "place" (cf. Welsh -og) meaning "place of the yew trees" (cf. efrog in Welsh, eabhrac in Irish Gaelic and eabhraig in Scottish Gaelic, by which names the city is known in those languages). The name is then thought to have been Latinized by replacing -acon with -acum, according to a common use noted in Gaul. The different Évry, Ivry, Ivrey, Ivory in France would all come from *Eboracum / *Eboriacum f. e. Ivry-la-Bataille (Eure, Ebriaco in 1023 - 1033), Ivry-le-Temple (Evriacum in 1199)Évry (Essonne, Everiaco in 1158), etc.
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Edinburgh
Edinburgh (i/ˈɛdɪnbʌrə/ ED-in-burr-ə; Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Èideann) is the capital city of Scotland and the seat of the Scottish Parliament. It is the second largest city in Scotland and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The City of Edinburgh Council governs one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas. The council area includes urban Edinburgh and a 30 square miles (78 km2) rural area. Located in the south-east of Scotland, Edinburgh lies on the east coast of the Central Belt, along the Firth of Forth, near the North Sea.
The city was one of the historical major centres of the Enlightenment, led by the University of Edinburgh, helping to earn it the nickname Athens of the North. The Old Town and New Town districts of Edinburgh were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 in recognition of the unique character of the Medieval Old Town and the planned Georgian New Town. It covers both the Old and New Towns together with the Dean Village and the Calton Hill areas. There are over 4,500 listed buildings within the city. In May 2010, it had a total of 40 conservation areas covering 23% of the building stock and 23% of the population, the highest such ratios of any major city in the UK. In the 2011 mid-year population estimates, Edinburgh had a total resident population of 495,360.
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Egdean
Coordinates: 50°58′12″N 0°34′46″W / 50.97006°N 0.57955°W / 50.97006; -0.57955
Egdean is a tiny village in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies just off the A272 road 1.7 miles (2.8km) southeast of Petworth.
In earlier centuries a horse fair was held at Egdean. It was one of the last occasions on which the 3rd Earl of Egremont was seen out in public before he died in 1837. The earl gave a £20 prize for the best three year old colt or filly.
The church of St Bartholomew, dating from the 16th century, is well supported, with a family service every month.
Media related to Egdean at Wikimedia Commons
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Elsted
Coordinates: 50°58′12″N 0°50′20″W / 50.97006°N 0.83902°W / 50.97006; -0.83902
Elsted is a village in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies within the civil parish of Elsted and Treyford. The village is on the Midhurst to South Harting Road 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west of Midhurst.
The small Anglican parish church north of the crossroads, St. Pauls, has a nave which had become derelict, leaving the chancel as the village church, until it was rebuilt in the 1950s. The surviving north wall is of Norman style herringbone stonework, with two round arched doorways filled in to make lancet windows. The village has one public house, and there is another at the former Elsted railway station at Elsted Marsh east of the village.
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England
Englandi/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.
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Exeter
Exeter (i/ˈɛksɨtər/ EK-si-tər) is a historic city in Devon, England. It lies within the ceremonial county of Devon, of which it is the county town as well as the home of Devon County Council. Currently the administrative area has the status of a non-metropolitan district, and is therefore under the administration of the County Council. The city is on the River Exe, about 37 miles (60 km) northeast of Plymouth, and 70 miles (110 km) southwest of Bristol. According to the 2001 Census, its population in that year was 111,076, while the mid-2010 estimate was 119,600.
Exeter was the most south-westerly Roman fortified settlement in Britain. Its Exeter Cathedral, founded in the early 12th century, became Anglican at the time of the 16th century Reformation.
Exeter has been identified as one of the top ten most profitable locations for a business to be based. The city has good transport links, with Exeter St David's railway station, Exeter Central railway station, the M5 motorway and Exeter International Airport connecting the city both nationally and internationally. Although a popular tourist destination, the city is not dominated by tourism.
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Fernhurst
Coordinates: 51°02′55″N 0°43′22″W / 51.04862°N 0.72282°W / 51.04862; -0.72282
Fernhurst is a village and civil parish in the Chichester District of West Sussex, England. It is located on the A286 Guildford to Chichester road, three miles (5 km) south of Haslemere. The parish includes the settlements of Henley Common, Kingsley Green and Bell Vale and is sited within the boundaries of the South Downs National Park.
The area of the parish is 2337 hectares (5772 acres). In the 2001 census there were 1,158 households with a total population of 2,765 of whom 1,244 were economically active.
The village is surrounded by hills, including Telegraph Hill 676 feet (206 m), Marley Heights 700 feet (210 m), Bexley Hill 600 feet (180 m), Fridays Hill 675 feet (206 m) and the highest hill in Sussex, Blackdown 919 feet (280 m) to the northeast. It is surrounded by miles of footpaths, the path to the summit of Blackdown commencing at the Red Lion.
The village, on the Weald, originally developed around crossroads (The Cross) and the village green, and ancient remains (Stone Age and Roman) have been found here. Iron working took place in the 17th/18th centuries; and a turnpike ran through the village. The church, dedicated to St Margaret, (c.1100) and Red Lion pub are located here and several old houses still remain. With the coming of the railway to Haslemere the village developed around and beyond The Cross, and since the 1960s the village has expanded further westwards. The village houses a commuter population, attracted by the proximity of Haslemere railway station.
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Fittleworth
Coordinates: 50°57′55″N 0°33′50″W / 50.96527°N 0.56381°W / 50.96527; -0.56381
Fittleworth is a village and civil parish in the District of Chichester in West Sussex, England located seven kilometres (3 miles) west from Pulborough on the A283 road and three miles (5 km) south east from Petworth. The village has an Anglican church, a primary school and one pub, the Swan. It is within the ancient divisions of the Bury Hundred and the Rape (county subdivision) of Arundel. The village is bounded south by the Rother Navigation .
In the 2001 census the parish covered 1,164 hectares (2,875 acres) and had 405 households with a total population of 931 people, of whom 434 were economically active.
Fittleworth is noted in 1167-8 as Fitelwurda, by 1279 Fyteleworth, 1438 Fetilworth and 1488 Fitelworthe. The Olde English FitelanweorJ translates as " the enclosure of Fitela." A Fitela happens to be mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf as nephew of mythological hero Sigmund.
The manor of Fittleworth, in the reign of Edward I, was held by William Dawtrey and subsequently by the Bishopric of Chichester
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Folkestone
Coordinates: 51°04′52″N 1°09′58″E / 51.081°N 1.166°E / 51.081; 1.166
Folkestone ( /ˈfoʊkstən/) is the principal town in the Shepway District of Kent, England. Its original site was in a valley in the sea cliffs and it developed through fishing and its closeness to the Continent as a landing place and trading port. The coming of the railways, the building of a ferry port, and its growing importance as a seaside resort all contributed to its growth. Folkestone has the only sandy beach and coastal park within an hour of north London by High Speed Train.
A Norman knight held a Barony of Folkestone, by which time the settlement had become a fishing village[citation needed]. That led to its entry as a part of the Cinque Ports in the thirteenth century and with that the privilege of being a wealthy trading port. At the start of the Tudor period it had become a town in its own right. Wars with France meant that defences had to be built here and soon plans for a Folkestone Harbour began. Folkestone, like most settlements on the south coast, became involved in smuggling during the eighteenth century[citation needed]. At the beginning of the 1800s a harbour was developed, but it was the coming of the railways in 1843 that would have the bigger impact. With it came the tourist trade, and the two industries contributed to its prosperity until changes in tourist opportunities in the mid twentieth century hollowed out its economy[citation needed].
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Funtington
Coordinates: 50°52′09″N 0°51′48″W / 50.86908°N 0.8634°W / 50.86908; -0.8634
Funtington is a village and civil parish in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies on the B2146 Road 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west of Chichester. The parish also contains the villages of East and West Ashling, West Stoke and the Kingley Vale National Nature Reserve lies at its northern tip. There is a farm produce shop and a pub at the centre of the village. Funtington Primary School is in the village of West Ashling.
St. Mary’s Anglican church, dating from the 12th Century, is the principal church in the parish of Funtington and is becoming busier, particularly among the young. There is a fast growing choir and a local school holds special choir services. The building has been extended to provide a church room, funded by local benefactors and parish money-raising events. St. Andrew's church at West Stoke is of Saxon origin. The chapel of St. Mary’s at Sennicotts lies about two miles (3 km) to the east, off the Chichester road. The clocktrust make use of the other chapel, on chapel corner. This was a congregational chapel and made from the blocks from the Chichester Cathedral spire, which feel down in 1850.
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Gatwick Airport
Gatwick Airport (IATA: LGW, ICAO: EGKK) is located 3.1 mi (5.0 km) north of the centre of Crawley,West Sussex, and 29.5 mi (47.5 km) south of Central London. Also known as London Gatwick, it is London's second largest international airport and second busiest by total passenger traffic in the United Kingdom after Heathrow. Furthermore, Gatwick is Europe's leading airport for point-to-point flights and has the world's busiest single-use runway averaging 52 aircraft movements an hour. Its two terminals – North and South – cover an area of 810,000 sq ft (75,000 m2) and 1,300,000 sq ft (120,000 m2) respectively.
In 2011, over 33.6 million passengers passed through Gatwick.
Charter airlines generally prefer Gatwick over Heathrow as a base for London and the South East of England. From 1978 to 2008, many flights to and from the United States used Gatwick because of restrictions on the use of Heathrow implemented in the Bermuda II agreement between the UK and the US.. Under the agreement Heathrow allowed the right for only two US carrier and two UK carrier to serve flights to the United States. Currently, US Airways is the only US carrier that still serves Gatwick from the US. The airport is a base for scheduled operators Aer Lingus, British Airways (BA), EasyJet, Flybe, Monarch Airlines and Virgin Atlantic, as well as charter airlines including Thomas Cook Airlines and Thomson Airways. Gatwick is unique amongst London's airports in having a significant airline presence representing each of the three main airline business models: full service, low/no frills and charter. As of January 2011, these respectively accounted for 37, 51 and 12% of total passenger traffic.
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Gibraltar
Gibraltar ( /dʒɨˈbrɒltər/) is a British overseas territory located on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula at the entrance of the Mediterranean. It has an area of 6.8 square kilometres (2.6 sq mi) and a northern border with Andalusia, Spain. The Rock of Gibraltar is the major landmark of the region. At its foot is the densely populated city area, home to almost 30,000 Gibraltarians and other nationalities.
An Anglo-Dutch force captured Gibraltar from Spain in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession. The territory was subsequently ceded to Britain "in perpetuity" under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. It was an important base for the Royal Navy; today its economy is based largely on tourism, financial services, and shipping.
The sovereignty of Gibraltar is a major point of contention in Anglo-Spanish relations as Spain asserts a claim to the territory. Gibraltarians rejected proposals for Spanish sovereignty in a 1967 referendum and again in 2002. Under the Gibraltar constitution of 2006, Gibraltar governs its own affairs, though some powers, such as defence and foreign relations, remain the responsibility of the UK Government.
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Glasgow
Coordinates: 55°51′29″N 4°15′32″W / 55.858°N 4.259°W / 55.858; -4.259
Glasgow (i/ˈɡlɑːzɡəʊ/, locally /ˈɡlazɡo/, GLAZ-goh; Scots: Glesga listen (help·info); Scottish Gaelic: Glaschu ([ˈkɫ̪as̪əxu] listen (help·info))) is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom. The city is situated on the River Clyde in the country's West Central Lowlands.
Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become one of the largest seaports in Britain. Expanding from the medieval bishopric of Glasgow and the later establishment of the University of Glasgow in the 15th century, it became a major centre of the Scottish Enlightenment in the 18th century. From the 18th century the city also grew as one of Britain's main hubs of transatlantic trade with British North America and the British West Indies. With the Industrial Revolution, the city and surrounding region shifted to become one of the world's pre-eminent centres of heavy engineering, most notably in shipbuilding and marine engineering industry, which produced many innovative and famous vessels. Glasgow was known as the "Second City of the British Empire" for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period. Today it is one of Europe's top ten financial centres and is home to many of Scotland's leading businesses. Glasgow is also ranked as the 57th most liveable city in the world.
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Glevum
Coordinates: 51°52′01″N 2°14′56″W / 51.867°N 2.249°W / 51.867; -2.249
Glevum (or, more formally, Colonia Nervia Glevensium, or occasionally Glouvia) was a Roman fort in Roman Britain that become "colonia" of retired legionaries in AD 97. Today it is known as Gloucester, located in the English county of Gloucestershire. The name Glevum is taken by many present day businesses in the area and also by the 26-mile Glevum Way, a long-distance footpath or recreational walk encircling modern Gloucester. [1]
Glevum was established around AD 48 as a market centre at an important crossing of the River Severn and near to the Fosse Way one of the important Roman roads in Britain. Initially, there was a Roman fort established at Kingsholm. Twenty years later, a larger replacement fortress was built on slightly higher ground nearby, centred on Gloucester Cross, and a civilian settlement grew around it. The Roman Legion based here was the Legio II Augusta as they prepared to invade Roman Wales between 66 and 74 AD, later being based at Burrium (Usk) and Isca Augusta (Caerleon) in South Wales.
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Gloucester
Gloucester (i/ˈɡlɒstər/ GLOS-tər) is a city, district and county town of Gloucestershire in the South West region of England. Gloucester lies close to the Welsh border, and on the River Severn, approximately 32 miles (51 km) north-east of Bristol, and 45 miles (72 km) south-southwest of Birmingham.
Gloucester was founded in AD 97 by the Romans under Emperor Nerva as Colonia Glevum Nervensis, and was granted its first charter in 1155 by King Henry II. Economically, the city is dominated by the service industries, and has a strong financial and business sector, being home to the bank Cheltenham & Gloucester and historically was prominent in the aerospace industry.
The existence of a British settlement at Gloucester (Caer Glow, Gleawecastre, Gleucestre) is not confirmed by any direct evidence, but Gloucester was the Roman municipality of Colonia Nervia Glevensium, or Glevum, founded in the reign of Nerva. Parts of the walls can be traced, and many remains and coins have been found, though inscriptions are scarce. Evidence for some civic life after the end of Roman Britain includes the mention in the Historia Brittonum that Vortigern's grandfather ruled Gloucester. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Gloucester was part of Wessex from the Battle of Deorham in 577 until 584, when it came under the control of Mercia.
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Graffham
Coordinates: 50°57′00″N 0°40′51″W / 50.94989°N 0.68077°W / 50.94989; -0.68077
Graffham is a village and civil parish in West Sussex, England, situated on the northern escarpment of the South Downs. It is made up of the village of Graffham and the hamlet of Selham. It forms part of the Bury Ward for the purposes of electing a Councillor to Chichester District Council.
In the 1861 census the parish covered 6.71 km² (1,658 acres) and had a population of 410. Selham was still a separate parish covering 4.22 km² (1,042 acres) with a population of 123.
In the 2001 census the parish covered 11.81 km² (2,917 acres) and had 229 households with a total population of 510 of whom 229 residents were economically active.
The village of Graffham contains two pubs The Forester's Arms and The White Horse, a recreation ground, the Anglican parish church of St Giles, which was largely rebuilt between 1874 and 1887, and a primary school. Seaford College, an independent school, is close by.
Notable residents include David Young, Baron Young of Graffham and Timothy Bell, Baron Bell.
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Great Britain
Great Britain or Britain (Welsh: Prydain Fawr, Scottish Gaelic: Breatainn Mhòr, Cornish: Breten Veur) is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, the largest European island, and the largest of the British Isles. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populous island in the world, after Java and Honshū. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its west. Politically, Great Britain may also refer to the island itself together with a number of surrounding islands which comprise the territory of England, Scotland and Wales.
All of the island is territory of the sovereign state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and most of the United Kingdom's territory is in Great Britain. Most of England, Scotland, and Wales are on the island of Great Britain, as are their respective capital cities: London, Edinburgh, and Cardiff.
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Guildford
Coordinates: 51°14′12″N 0°34′13″W / 51.236538°N 0.570309°W / 51.236538; -0.570309
Guildfordi/ˈɡɪlfərd/ is the county town of Surrey, England, as well as the seat for the borough of Guildford. It is situated 27 miles (43 km) southwest of London on the A3 trunk road mid-way between the capital and Portsmouth.
The town has Saxon roots, and likely owes its location to the existence of a gap in the North Downs where the River Wey is forded by the Harrow Way. The town grew enough in importance that by 978 it was home to the Royal Mint. With the building of the Wey Navigation and Basingstoke Canal Guildford was in the centre of a network of waterways that aided its prosperity.
The Guildford pub bombing by the Provisional IRA in 1974 killed five people including four off-duty soldiers from the local barracks. The subsequently arrested suspects became known as the Guildford Four.
It is believed that Guildford was founded by Saxon settlers shortly after Roman authority had been removed from Britain (which was c.410AD). The site was likely chosen because the Harrow Way (an ancient trackway that continues along Hog's Back) crosses the River Wey at this point, via a ford. This probably gives rise to the second half of Guildford's name. The root of the first part is gold rather than society or meeting place.[citation needed] The Saxon name would have been Gyldeford, meaning golden ford. It has been suggested[by whom?] that the gold may refer to golden flowers by the ford, or the golden sand, but this is not certain. There is an old coaching Inn on the Epsom Road previously called the 'Sanford Arms', which almost certainly derives from 'Sand Ford', so this adds weight to the suggestion that 'Guildford' is a corruption of 'Gold Ford', referring to the very distinctive golden sand showing on the banks of the River Wey where it cuts through the sandy outcrop just south of the town.[citation needed]
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Halnaker
Coordinates: 50°51′54″N 0°42′43″W / 50.86508°N 0.71193°W / 50.86508; -0.71193
Halnaker is a hamlet in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies on the A285 road 3.5 miles (5.6km) northeast of Chichester, where it follows the line of the Roman road to London called Stane Street. There is a traditional pub, The Anglesey Arms and a blacksmiths shop. Goodwood House is southwest of the village. North of the village Halnaker Windmill stands on 128 metre high Halnaker Hill, a southern outpost of the South Downs.
Halnaker is mentioned in the Domesday Book under Sussex in the lands belonging to Earl Roger. The book which was written in 1086 said:
Media related to Halnaker at Wikimedia Commons
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Haywards Heath
Coordinates: 51°00′17″N 0°05′52″W / 51.0048°N 0.0979°W / 51.0048; -0.0979
Haywards Heath is a town in the Mid Sussex District of West Sussex, within the historic county of Sussex, England. It lies 36 miles (58 km) south of London, 12 miles (19 km) north of Brighton, 15 miles (24 km) south of Gatwick Airport and 31 miles (50 km) east northeast of the county town of Chichester. Nearby towns include Burgess Hill to the southwest, Horsham to the northwest, Crawley north-northwest and East Grinstead north-northeast. Being a commuter town, many of the residents commute daily via rail to London, Brighton, Crawley or Gatwick for work.
The name Hayward comes from Old English meaning an official who protected hedged enclosures from wandering livestock. There is a local legend that the name comes from a highwayman who went under the name of Jack but this is almost definitely apocryphal.
Haywards Heath gets a mention in English Civil War records. Early in December 1642 the High Sheriff of Sussex (Sir Edward Ford) advanced with Royalist troops towards Lewes in East Sussex from Chichester in West Sussex. He was intercepted in Haywards Heath by local Parliamentarians and defeated. Haywards Heath as a settlement is a relatively modern development. Following the arrival of the London & Brighton Railway in 1841, its size has increased considerably. Haywards Heath railway station opened on 12 July 1841 and served as the southern terminus of the line until the completion of Brighton station on 21 September. The position of Haywards Heath, and its place on both this railway and near the main road (A23) between London and Brighton, enables it to function as a commuter town, with many residents working in London, Brighton, Crawley and Gatwick Airport.
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Hereford
Coordinates: 52°03′23″N 2°42′58″W / 52.0565°N 2.7160°W / 52.0565; -2.7160
Herefordi/ˈhɛrɨfərd/ is a cathedral city, civil parish and county town of Herefordshire, England. It lies on the River Wye, approximately 16 miles (26 km) east of the border with Wales, 24 miles (39 km) southwest of Worcester, and 23 miles (37 km) northwest of Gloucester. With a population of 55,800 people, it is the largest settlement in the county.
The name "Hereford" is said to come from the Anglo Saxon "here", an army or formation of soldiers, and the "ford", a place for crossing a river. If this is the origin it suggests that Hereford was a place where a body of armed men forded or crossed the Wye. The Welsh name for Hereford is Henffordd, meaning "old road", and probably refers to the Roman Road and Roman settlement at nearby Stretton Sugwas.
An early town charter from 1189 granted by Richard I of England describes it as "Hereford in Wales". Hereford has been recognised as a city since time immemorial, with the status being reconfirmed as recently as October 2000.
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Heyshott
Coordinates: 50°57′20″N 0°43′26″W / 50.95563°N 0.72392°W / 50.95563; -0.72392
Heyshott is a village and civil parish in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It is approximately three miles south of Midhurst. Like many villages it has lost its shop but still has one pub, the Unicorn. The hamlet of Hoyle is to the north east of the village.
In the 2001 census the parish covered 938 hectares (2316 acres) and had 131 households with a total population of 309 of whom 137 residents were economically active.
The Anglican parish church is dedicated to St James the Great.It is also notable that Bishop Morris Maddocks is buried at the local church, alongside his wife Anne.
It is well known locally for its Bonfire and Firework display, which is held on a Saturday evening close to 5 November, from 7pm.
It also gives its name to the nearby site, "Heyshott Down Nature Reserve" - which is found just to the south of the village. The reserve is an SSSI (site of special scientific interest) containing neolithic and Bronze Age earthworks on a chalk grassland. From here one has a breathtaking view of the village; and indeed a large chunk of the south-western Weald.
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Horsham
Coordinates: 51°03′43″N 0°19′30″W / 51.062°N 0.325°W / 51.062; -0.325
Horsham is a market town with a population of 55,657 (2008)[citation needed] on the upper reaches of the River Arun in the centre of the Weald, West Sussex, in the historic County of Sussex, England. The town is 31 miles (50 km) south south-west of London, 18.5 miles (30 km) north-west of Brighton and 26 miles (42 km) north-east of the county town of Chichester. Nearby towns include Crawley to the north-east and Haywards Heath and Burgess Hill to the south-east. It is the administrative and market centre of Horsham District Council area.
The first historical record of Horsham is from AD 947. The name either originates from "Horse Ham", meaning a place where horses were kept, or "Horsa's Ham", named for a Saxon warrior who was granted land in the area.
The town has historically been known for horse trading in early medieval times, iron and brick making up until the 20th century, and brewing more recently.
Horsham is the largest town in the Horsham District Council area. The second tier of local government is by West Sussex County Council, based in Chichester. In addition there are various Parish Councils.
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Ifold
Coordinates: 51°04′N 0°32′W / 51.06°N 0.54°W / 51.06; -0.54
Ifold is a village in West Sussex. It is the largest of the four parish settlements. Ifold as it is today, began in the same way as Durfold Wood where plots of land were sold originally to people who used them as holiday or weekend homes.
Ifold has a community centre, Kelsey Hall, built in 1978 and extended in the 1990s with the help of a lottery grant. The hall hosts a number of weekly activity groups and the Little Acorns nursery, as well as an annual Arts and crafts fair. In the past few years, the hall has also begun hosting film nights with CineMobile touring cinema.
There is also a Scout Association which has Beavers, Cubs, Scouts, Brownies, Guides and Explorer Scouts. The scout hut serves Ifold and the surrounding villages. The scout association is run by qualified leaders who are trained in first aid and they run camps regularly.
The Ifold Esate was first divided into plots of land in the 1930s and until around 1953, there was no mains water supply.
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Inverness
Coordinates: 57°28′18″N 4°13′31″W / 57.4717°N 4.2254°W / 57.4717; -4.2254
Inverness (from the Scottish Gaelic: Inbhir Nis pronounced [iɲɪɾʲˈniʃ], meaning "Mouth of the River Ness" listen (help·info)) is a city in the Scottish Highlands. It is the administrative centre for the Highland council area, and is regarded as the capital of the Highlands of Scotland. Inverness lies near two important battle sites: the 11th century battle of Blàr nam Fèinne against Norway which took place on The Aird and the 18th century Battle of Culloden which took place on Culloden Moor. It is the northernmost city in the United Kingdom and lies within the Great Glen (Gleann Mòr) at its north-eastern extremity where the River Ness enters the Moray Firth. At the latest, a settlement was established by the 6th century with the first royal charter being granted by Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim (King David I) in the 12th century. The Gaelic king, Mac Bethad mac Findláich (MacBeth) nicknamed An Rígh Dearg (The Red King) held a castle within the city where he ruled as Mormaer of Moray and Ross.
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Iping
Coordinates: 50°59′55″N 0°47′09″W / 50.99853°N 0.7859°W / 50.99853; -0.7859
Iping is a village in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies within the civil parish of Stedham with Iping, just off the A272 road 2 miles (3.5km) west of Midhurst. The village lies on the River Rother. It is the setting of the classic H.G.Wells science fiction book, The Invisible Man.
The Saxon name means settlement of the family or followers of a man called Ipa.
There is an Iron Age contour fort on the hill at Hammer Wood north of the village.
This rectangular earthwork with rounded corners lies astride the Roman road between two major British tribal centres at Noviomagus Regnorum (Chichester) and Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester), which runs north-south through Iping. Measuring 86 x 112 metres (282 by 367 feet), the area enclosed by the turf defences was about 0.9ha (2¼ acres), and would have contained the official posting station or mansio and perhaps an iron-smithy. It is similar in size to the way stations at Hardham and Alfoldean on Stane Street. The station is situated at National Grid Reference SU:844261, just over two miles to the north of Iping village and little over half a mile from the crossroads in the centre of the village of Milland, just south-east of the point where the Roman road crossed the Hammer Stream. Although unexcavated, surface finds of Roman material have been found within the confines of the earthwork. It could easily be confused with the Hammer Wood Iron Age contour fort which lies much closer to modern Iping.
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Isca Augusta
Coordinates: 51°36′37″N 2°57′32″W / 51.6103°N 2.9589°W / 51.6103; -2.9589
Isca Augusta (or Isca Silurum) was a Roman legionary fortress and settlement, the remains of which lie beneath parts of the present-day village of Caerleon on the northern outskirts of the city of Newport in South Wales.
The Brythonic name Isca means "water" and refers to the River Usk. The suffix Augusta appears in the Ravenna Cosmography and was an honorific title taken from the legion stationed there. The place is commonly referred to as Isca Silurum to differentiate it from Isca Dumnoniorum and because it lay in the territory of the Silures tribe. However, there is no evidence that this form was used in Roman times. The later name, Caerleon, is derived from the Welsh for "fortress of the legion".
Isca became the headquarters of the 2nd Legion Augusta in about AD 75, when Governor Sextus Julius Frontinus began the conquest of Roman Wales. They built a large "playing-card" shaped fort with initially a timber palisade which was later replaced in stone. The interior was fitted out with the usual array of military buildings: a headquarters building, legate's residence, tribunes' houses, hospital, large bath house, workshops, barrack blocks, granaries and an amphitheatre.
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Isca Dumnoniorum
Coordinates: 50°43′19″N 3°32′02″W / 50.722°N 3.534°W / 50.722; -3.534
Isca Dumnoniorum was a town in the Roman province of Britannia and the capital of Dumnonia in the sub-Roman period. Today it is known as Exeter, located in the English county of Devon.
Isca was established as a 42-acre (170,000 m2) 'playing-card' shaped Roman fort on a spur of land overlooking the banks of the River Exe around AD 50. It was the base of the 5,000 strong Second Legion for the next twenty-five years, before they moved to Isca Augusta. It also became home to their families as settlements grew up outside the fortress gates, especially to the north-east. Most of the buildings within the fort, such as barrack blocks and granaries, were timber structures apart from a very large military bath house. The water was supplied by a natural spring via an aqueduct. Entertainment at the complex included a cockpit.
About AD 80, the fort was converted to a civilian settlement and became the civitas capital of the Dumnonii tribe. The military baths were too large for the local population and were largely demolished for, though partially incorporated into, the administrative forum and basilica built on the site. New town baths were built to the south-east. In the late 2nd century, the town walls were demolished and a new set erected at some distance, thus increasing the size of the town by two and a half times. There was much domestic occupation within the walls, but there is also evidence of copper and bronze working. A possible stock-yard has also been identified and Isca was clearly a key market centre for livestock and agricultural produce, as well as pottery, produced in the surrounding countryside.
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Isurium Brigantum
Isurium Brigantum was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Aldborough, in North Yorkshire, England.
It has been supposed that Isurium was originally the site of a 1st century Roman fort at the crossing of Dere Street (the Roman Road running north out of Eboracum) over the River Ure. A single tile find marked by the Ninth Legion might suggest it was their base. However, excavations in 1993 located two successive forts at adjoining Boroughbridge, so 1st century finds at modern Aldborough may come from a related civilian site.
Isurium seems to have had substantial buildings from an early period. Probably by the early 2nd century, it had become the civitas capital of the widespread Brigantes tribe and bank and ditch defences were erected later in the century. Stone walls and four gates were added in the mid-3rd century. The town flourished for the next hundred years, with the building of elaborate private homes with fine decorative mosaic floors. In the middle of the 4th century, bastions were added to the defences and general unrest across the Empire seems to have affected the town's prosperity. There is little evidence of occupation after the end of Roman rule in Britain and by the 7th century the Anglo-Saxons had taken over the area. In 2011, geomagnetic scanning revealed the existence of an amphitheatre, further emphasising Isurium's importance as a major Roman town.
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Kent
Kent /ˈkɛnt/ is a county in South East England, and one of the home counties. It borders East Sussex, Surrey and Greater London and has a defined boundary with Essex in the middle of the Thames Estuary. The ceremonial county boundaries of Kent include the shire county of Kent and the unitary borough of Medway. Kent has a nominal border with France halfway through the Channel Tunnel. Maidstone is its county town and historically Rochester and Canterbury have been accorded city status, though only the latter still holds it.
Kent's location between London and the continental Europe has led to its being in the front line of several conflicts, including the Battle of Britain during World War II. East Kent was known as Hell Fire Corner during the conflict. England has relied on the county's ports to provide warships through much of the past 800 years; the Cinque Ports in the 12th–14th centuries and Chatham Dockyard in the 16th–20th centuries were of particular importance to the country's security. France can be seen clearly in fine weather from Folkestone, and the iconic White Cliffs of Dover.
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Kingston upon Hull
Kingston upon Hull (i/ˌkɪŋstən əpɒn ˈhʌl/ KING-stən ə-pon HUL), usually referred to as Hull, is a city and unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It stands on the River Hull at its junction with the Humber estuary, 25 miles (40 km) inland from the North Sea. Hull has a resident population of 263,900 (2010 est.). The Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) population stands at 573,300.
Renamed Kings town upon Hull by King Edward I in 1299, the town and city of Hull has served as market town, military supply port, a trading hub, fishing and whaling centre, and industrial metropolis.
Hull was an early theatre of battle in the English Civil Wars. Its 18th-century Member of Parliament, William Wilberforce, played a key role in the abolition of the slave trade in Britain.
The city is unique in the UK in having had a municipally-owned telephone system from 1902, sporting cream, not red, telephone boxes.
After suffering heavy damage during the Second World War, Hull weathered a period of post-industrial decline, during which the city gained unfavourable results on measures of social deprivation, education and policing. In recent years the city has embarked on an extensive programme of economic regeneration, reconstruction and urban renewal. The economic crisis since 2008 has caused some setbacks to these developments.
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Kirdford
Coordinates: 51°01′48″N 0°32′59″W / 51.02988°N 0.54965°W / 51.02988; -0.54965
Kirdford is a village and civil parish in the District of Chichester in West Sussex, England located 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi) north east of Petworth. The parish has a land area of 2,008 hectares (4,960 acres). In the 2001 census 912 people lived in 373 households, of whom 448 were economically active.
The village has an Anglican church dedicated to St John the Baptist and a chapel and two pubs, The Foresters and the Half Moon. Other amenities include a shop and the village hall which was enlarged in 1977.
In the Middle Ages iron production using ironstone and charcoal,[citation needed] and forest glass making were important industries. In the twentieth century apple growing was established through a cooperative venture, Kirdford Growers, based at the western end of the village. This has now ended and the warehouse site is being used for house building.
In 2011, Kirdford Village Stores won 'Best Corner Shop' in the Telegraph's Best Small Shops in Britain Awards.
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Lactodurum
Lactodurum was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Towcester, located in the English county of Northamptonshire.
Towcester lays claim to being the oldest town in Northamptonshire and possibly, because of the antiquity of recent Iron Age finds in the town, to be one of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements in the country. There is evidence that it was settled by humans since the Mesolithic era (middle stone age). There is also evidence of Iron Age burials in the area.
In Roman times, the Watling Street road (now the A5) was built through the area and Lactodorum, probably a garrison fort as implied by the name 'Dairymen's Fort', was established on the site of the present day town. Some local people believe that the original pre-Roman settlement was about half a mile to the south of the present town, at the top of the hill at the crossing of a section of north-south road which became part of the Roman Watling Street and an east-west cattle drovers road (now a minor road called 'cow pastures'), and that there was a small trading post type of settlement there from which the name Lactodorum is derived. Two candidate sites for the Battle of Watling Street , fought in 61AD, are located close to the town, these are Church Stowe which is located 7km to the northand Paulerspury which is 5km to the south.
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Leicester
Coordinates: 52°38′03″N 1°08′19″W / 52.63422°N 1.13852°W / 52.63422; -1.13852
Leicester (/lɛstər/ LESS-tər pronunciation (help·info)) is a city and unitary authority in the East Midlands of England, and the county town of Leicestershire. The city lies on the River Soar and at the edge of the National Forest. In 2010, the population of the Leicester unitary authority was estimated at 306,600, the second highest in the region, whilst 441,213 people lived in the wider Leicester Urban Area in 2006, making Leicester the tenth most populous settlement in the United Kingdom and the UK's fourteenth largest urban area. It is the largest city in the East Midlands yet has the second largest urban area in the region behind Nottingham Urban Area. Eurostat's Larger Urban Zone listed the population of the area at 772,400 people as of 2004.
Ancient Roman pavements and baths remain in Leicester from its early settlement as Ratae Corieltauvorum, a Roman military outpost in a region inhabited by the Celtic Corieltauvi tribe. Following the demise of Roman society the early medieval Ratae Corieltauvorum is shrouded in obscurity, but when the settlement was captured by the Danes it became one of five fortified towns important to the Danelaw. The name "Leicester" is thought to derive from the words castra of the "Ligore", meaning camp of the dwellers on the (river) Legro. Leicester appears in the Domesday Book as "Ledecestre". Leicester continued to grow throughout the Early Modern period as a market town, although it was the Industrial Revolution that facilitated a process of rapid unplanned urbanisation in the area.
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Lichfield
Coordinates: 52°41′01″N 1°49′36″W / 52.6835°N 1.82653°W / 52.6835; -1.82653
Lichfield ( /ˈlɪtʃfiːld/) is a cathedral city, civil parish and district in Staffordshire, England. One of eight civil parishes with city status in England, Lichfield is situated roughly 25 km (16 mi) north of Birmingham. In 2008, its population was estimated at 30,583 and the wider Lichfield district at 97,900.
Notable for its three-spired medieval cathedral, Lichfield was the birthplace of Samuel Johnson, the writer of the first authoritative Dictionary of the English Language. The city's recorded history began when St Chad arrived to establish his Bishopric in 669 CE and the settlement grew as the ecclesiastical centre of the Kingdom of Mercia. In 2009 the Staffordshire Hoard, the largest hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold and silver metalwork, was found 5.9 km (3.7 mi) south west of Lichfield.
The development of the city was consolidated in the 12th century under Bishop Clinton who fortified the Cathedral Close, and also laid out the town with the ladder-shaped street pattern that survives to this day. Lichfield's heyday was in the 18th century when it developed into a thriving coaching city. This was a period of great intellectual activity, the city being the home of many famous people including Samuel Johnson, David Garrick, Erasmus Darwin and Anna Seward, and prompted Johnson's remark that Lichfield was "a city of philosophers".
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Linch
Coordinates: 51°02′26″N 0°46′19″W / 51.04065°N 0.77201°W / 51.04065; -0.77201
Linch is a loose collection of hamlets and a civil parish in the Chichester District of West Sussex, England, north of Midhurst. It has an eighteenth-century church dedicated to St Luke.
In the 2001 census there were 29 households with a total population of 78 of whom 40 were economically active.
Media related to Linch at Wikimedia Commons
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Linchmere
Coordinates: 51°04′15″N 0°45′36″W / 51.07091°N 0.75999°W / 51.07091; -0.75999
Linchmere, also often spelled Lynchmere, is village and a civil parish, the northernmost parish in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. As well as Linchmere village, the parish contains the settlements of Hammer and Camelsdale.
Linchmere parish is bordered to the north by Haslemere in Surrey with a tributary of the River Wey as boundary, to the east by Fernhurst parish, to the south by Linch civil parish with the Shulbrede stream as boundary, and to the west by the civil parish of Bramshott in Hampshire.
In the 2001 census there were in the civil parish 836 households, with a total population of 2,225 of whom 1,127 were economically active.
The name Linchmere was, in ancient times, spelled Wlenchemere.
The area includes the remains of an Augustinian priory founded in 1200 and at first known as Woolynchmere Priory. Its later name, Shulbrede Priory, is now attached to the priory remains (located 1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi) southwards from Linchmere village centre), to an associated manor house, and to the peerage of Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede.
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Lindum Colonia
Lindum Colonia (otherwise simply Lindum or, more formally, Colonia Domitiana Lindensium) was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is called Lincoln, in the English county of Lincolnshire.
The Romans conquered this part of Britain in AD 48 and shortly afterwards built a legionary fortress, possibly south of the River Witham. This was soon replaced, around AD 60, by a second fort for the Ninth Legion, high on a hill overlooking the natural lake formed by the widening of the River Witham (the modern day Brayford Pool) and at the northern end of the Fosse Way Roman road. That pool is very likely to have given Lincoln its name. The etymology of the name is derived from the phrase 'colonial settlement of lindum'; the British Celtic word lindo meaning 'the pool' combined with the Latin colonia. Lindo+colonia = Lincoln Fusions of Latin and local dialects were common with proper nouns in Britain, for example Corwin is Latin for heart (Cor) and Welsh for friend (wynn), ergo Heart's Friend.
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Lisburn
Coordinates: 54°30′43″N 6°01′52″W / 54.512°N 6.031°W / 54.512; -6.031
Lisburn (Irish: Lios na gCearrbhach) is a city in Northern Ireland. It is situated southwest of Belfast on the River Lagan which forms the boundary between County Antrim and County Down. Lisburn forms part of the Belfast metropolitan area. It had a population of 71,465 people in the 2001 Census and a population density of 243 per km². The wider council area has a growing population of 114,000, making it the second largest council district, after Belfast.
Formerly a borough, Lisburn was granted city status in 2002 as part of Queen Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee celebrations. It is the third-largest city in Northern Ireland and the sixth-largest on the island of Ireland, though the proposed changes to the status of Tallaght would render it seventh.
The town was originally known as Lisnagarvy (also spelt Lisnagarvey, Lisnegarvey, Lisnegarvy, Lisnegarvagh or Lisnagarvagh) after the townland in which it formed. This is derived from Irish: Lios na gCearrbhach meaning "ringfort of the gamesters/gamblers".
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Littlehampton
Coordinates: 50°48′34″N 0°32′27″W / 50.80938°N 0.54089°W / 50.80938; -0.54089
Littlehampton is a seaside resort town and civil parish in the Arun District of West Sussex, England, on the east bank at the mouth of the River Arun. It lies 51.5 miles (83 km) south southwest of London, 17.5 miles (28 km) west of Brighton and 11 miles (18 km) east of the county town of Chichester.
The parish covers an area of 11.35 km2 (4 sq mi) and has a population of 25,593 (2001 census).The Sub-Urban Area of the town has a population of approx 55,000. The conurbation includes other settlements: Wick in the north west; Lyminster to the north; and Rustington to the east. Wick and Toddington became part of the town in 1901. Nearby towns include Bognor Regis west southwest and Worthing to the east. The town is also the westernmost settlement of the 12th largest urban area in the UK, the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation, a region encompassing some 461,181 people (2001 census).
A human settlement at Littlehampton can be traced back to prehistoric and Roman times, while it appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as the small hamlet of 'Hantone'. The settlement is believed to have been a fishing community around this time, appearing on a French map in around 1100 as 'Hanton'. The settlement is then believed to have been given to the Abbey of St Martin de Seez in Normandy, who owned Littlehampton until around 1400. The area then passed back to the ownership of successive Earls of Arundel and Dukes of Norfolk, whose successors still reside in Arundel today. Littlehampton began to develop as a port as a result of constant silting of the River Arun, perhaps leading to the prefix of 'Little' being added to 'Hampton', in order to distinguish it from the larger Southampton further along the coast. The expansion of port activities led to a new river mouth being cut in 1735, alongside the building of a wooden harbour.
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Liverpool
Liverpool ( /ˈlɪvəpuːl/) is a city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England, along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary. It was founded as a borough in 1207 and was granted city status in 1880. According to the Office for National Statistics, the 2010 mid-year population estimate for Liverpool was 445,200 and was part of a larger urban area of 816,216.
Historically a part of Lancashire, the urbanisation and expansion of Liverpool were both largely brought about by the city's status as a major port. By the 18th century, trade from the West Indies, Ireland and mainland Europe coupled with close links with the Atlantic Slave Trade furthered the economic expansion of Liverpool. By the early 19th century, 40% of the world's trade passed through Liverpool's docks, contributing to Liverpool's rise as a major city.
Inhabitants of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians but are also colloquially known as "Scousers", in reference to the local dish known as "scouse", a form of stew. The word "Scouse" has also become synonymous with the Liverpool accent and dialect. Liverpool's status as a port city has contributed to its diverse population, which, historically, were drawn from a wide range of peoples, cultures, and religions, particularly those from Ireland. The city is also home to the oldest Black African community in the country and the oldest Chinese community in Europe.
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Lodsworth
Coordinates: 51°00′06″N 0°40′47″W / 51.00159°N 0.67983°W / 51.00159; -0.67983
Lodsworth is a small village and civil parish in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It is situated between Midhurst and Petworth, half a mile north of the A272 road. It lies within the Sussex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, just to the north of the valley of the River Rother, and a tributary stream the River Lod runs close to the east end of the village.
In the 2001 census the parish covered 12.46 km² and had 282 households with a total population of 690. 298 residents were economically active. The parish is a long thin strip running north to south, from the slopes of Blackdown in the north to Gallows Hill on the border with Graffham south of the River Rother. It includes the hamlet of Lickfold, with a pub beside the River Lod and a triangular green where the road to the top of Bexley Hill meets the Lodsworth to Haslemere road. South of the village there are more houses, a pub and a small factory at Halfway Bridge on the A272.
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London
Londoni/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is the world's leading financial centre alongside New York City and has the fifth-largest city GDP in the world (and the largest in Europe). London has been described as a world cultural capital. It was the world's most visited city during 2011 and London Heathrow is the world's busiest airport by number of international passengers. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. In 2012 London will become the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.
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Loxwood
Coordinates: 51°04′24″N 0°31′10″W / 51.07336°N 0.51933°W / 51.07336; -0.51933
Loxwood is a small village and civil parish with several outlying settlements, including those at Alfold Bars, Gunshot Common, Roundstreet Common, Drungewick, and Wephurst Park, in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England, within the Low Weald. The Wey and Arun Canal passes to the East and South of the village. The Civil Parish settlements are seemingly at the centre of an excellent network of bridleways and footpaths crossing the Low Weald and joining with those in adjacent Counties. Walking to the coast and into London is entirely feasible, essentially on footpaths or bridleways until the major conurbations must be crossed.
The 2001 census recorded a population of 1341 people living in 660 households. 536 people were economically active. Between that census and 2011 approximately 55 more dwellings have been built, probably adding net more than 100 people. At March 1st 2011 the electoral register showed 1200 electors.
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Luguvalium
Luguvalium (or, possibly, Luguvalium Carvetiorum) was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Carlisle, located in the English county of Cumbria (formerly in Cumberland).
Limited Iron Age occupation of the site presumably represents the Brythonic settlement of Luguvalion. The name means 'the strong place of Luguwalos' (Luguwalos is believed to be the personal name derived from the Celtic deity, Lugus). Or a proper name of a Celtic noble of the local Carvetii tribe. Luguvalium is the Latin form.
Around AD 72, the Romans built a timber fort on the site. Following its demolition around AD 103, a second timber fort was built. About AD 165 the fort was replaced by a stone fort. Timber structures further to the south-east were probably associated military buildings. These were later replaced in stone. When the civilian settlement in this area was enclosed by a stone wall is unknown, but it is generally assumed to have followed the line of the later medieval wall. The town probably became the civitas capital of the Carvetii tribe some time in the 2nd century. A single large stone building has been located which may have been for administrative use. Industry included copper working and tanning, while merchant traders were also in evidence. Inscriptions show there was a Mithraeum in the town and possibly a temple to Mars.
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Lurgashall
Coordinates: 51°02′10″N 0°39′59″W / 51.03616°N 0.66633°W / 51.03616; -0.66633
Lurgashall is a village and civil parish in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It is 6.5 km (4 ml) north west of Petworth and just inside the new South Downs National Park. The church of St Laurence, The Noah's Ark pub, the old school and several old houses are built around a picturesque village green which is the village cricket pitch. In the 2001 census the parish covered 21 km² and had 220 households with a total population of 581. 271 residents were economically active.
Although there was, almost certainly, an inhabited settlement in the village of Lurgashall in Roman times, the name is Saxon. it means aula or Hall of Leotegar who, in about 495 AD, found a convenient, and probably inhabited, clearing in the Wealden forest in which he decided to settle.
In due course of time, Leotegar's descendants were converted to Christianity by the followers of St Wilfred and built the first St Laurence's Church. Although the Church has had many additions over the years, it still retains some evidence of the original Saxon structure.
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M27 motorway
The M27 is a motorway in Hampshire, England. It is 25 miles (40 km) long and runs west-east from Cadnam to Portsmouth. It was opened in stages between 1975 and 1983. It is unfinished, as an extension to the east was planned. A number of smaller motorways were proposed, connecting the city centres of Southampton and Portsmouth to the motorway; of these only the M271 and M275 were built.
Two sections of the M27 near Southampton and Portsmouth have been widened to four lanes each way.
Running approximately parallel both to the coast of the Solent and to the A27, the M27 starts as an eastwards continuation of the A31 from Bournemouth and Poole, meets the A36 from Salisbury, crosses the Wessex Main Line railway, and then meets the M271 to central Southampton. After the M271, the road becomes a dual four lane motorway and passes Rownhams services, it then meets the M3, becoming a dual three lane motorway as it passes to the north of Southampton, passes Southampton Airport, meeting Junction 7 and becoming dual four lanes again, then becoming dual three lanes after Junction 8, it then runs alongside the West Coastway Line as it heads south-east towards Fareham. It then runs alongside the northern outskirts of Fareham, briefly with a fourth climbing lane in either direction, before its junction with the M275 to Portsmouth. At this point the motorway ends, becoming the A27.
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Manchester
Coordinates: 53°28′N 2°14′W / 53.467°N 2.233°W / 53.467; -2.233
Manchesteri/ˈmæntʃɛstər/ is a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England with an estimated population of 498,800 in 2010. Manchester lies within one of the United Kingdom's largest urban areas; the Greater Manchester Urban Area which has a population of 2.2 million. The demonym of Manchester is Mancunian and the local authority is Manchester City Council.
Manchester is situated in the south-central part of North West England, fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south and the Pennines to the north and east. The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium, which was established in c. 79 AD on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell. Historically, most of the city was a part of Lancashire, although areas south of the River Mersey were in Cheshire. Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township, but it began to expand "at an astonishing rate" around the turn of the 19th century. Manchester's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution, and resulted in it becoming the world's first industrialised city. An early 19th-century factory building boom transformed Manchester from a township into a major mill town and borough that was granted city status in 1853. In 1894 the Manchester Ship Canal was built, creating the Port of Manchester.
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Merston
Coordinates: 50°49′07″N 0°43′52″W / 50.81859°N 0.73115°W / 50.81859; -0.73115
Merston is a village in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies just south of the A259 road 2.4 miles (3.9km) southeast of Chichester.
Media related to Merston at Wikimedia Commons
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Mid Sussex
Mid Sussex is a local government district in the English county of West Sussex. It contains the towns of East Grinstead, Haywards Heath and Burgess Hill.
The district was created on 1 April 1974, and replaced the urban districts of Cuckfield, Burgess Hill, and East Grinstead and nearly all of Cuckfield Rural. These districts had previously been under East Sussex.
The district borders the Tandridge district of Surrey to the north, Lewes district and Wealden district to the east, and Brighton and Hove to the south, all in East Sussex, and Horsham district and Crawley to the west and northwest respectively, both of which are in West Sussex.
Within the Mid Sussex District are the following civil parishes:
The parliamentary constituency of Mid Sussex covers most (but not all) of the district, and is held by the Conservative Party. The incumbent Member of Parliament (MP) is Nicholas Soames, the grandson of former Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill, and a former junior minister in the Government of John Major (1990–97). In the 2005 general election, Nicholas Soames held the seat with 48.0% of the popular vote, a 1.8% increase; the Liberal Democrat candidate Ms Serena Tierney took 36.1% of votes, a 5.0% increase; the Labour Party candidate Robert Fromant received 12.7% of the vote, a 6.1% decrease; and the United Kingdom Independence Party candidate Harold Piggott received 3.2%, a 0.7% increase. The turnout for Mid Sussex was 68.6% (49,494 people voted) up 3.7% from 2001.
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Midhurst
Coordinates: 50°59′06″N 0°44′24″W / 50.985°N 0.740°W / 50.985; -0.740
Midhurst ( /ˈmɪd.hɜrst/; Sussex dialect: Medhas /ˈmɛd.həs/) is a market town and civil parish in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England, with a population of 4,889 in 2001. The town is situated on the River Rother and is home to the ruin of the Tudor Cowdray House and the stately Victorian Cowdray Park. Country Life magazine rated Midhurst the second best town in England.
In the United Kingdom Census 2001 the parish covered 333 hectares and had 2,327 households with a total population of 4,889 of which 2,258 residents were economically active. In 1831 the population was 1,478; and 1,536 in 1841.
Formerly standing within the grounds of Midhurst Castle, the parish church of St. Mary Magdalene and St. Denys was mentioned in 1291 and later in 1367 as standing, "in a place called Courtgene". The interior of the church has undergone much restoration and change and little evidence exists of its medieval heritage. Consisting of chancel and nave flanked by aisles on both sides, the church was largely rebuilt in the Perpendicular style in 1422, towards the end of Henry V's reign.
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Milland
Coordinates: 51°02′10″N 0°48′22″W / 51.03601°N 0.80607°W / 51.03601; -0.80607
Milland is a village and civil parish in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It is situated north of the A272 road on the border with Hampshire.
In the 2001 census the parish covered 5,023 acres (20.33 km2) and had 332 households with a total population of 829 of whom 394 residents were economically active.
The village lies along a section of the Chichester to Silchester Way Roman road, almost the only part to have survived in modern use. At the southern end of the village the boundary banks of a mansio, a Roman posting station on the road, are visible.
The parish has an Anglican church, St. Luke's, the independent Milland Evangelical Church (MEC) and the disused Tuxlith Chapel which is in the care of a national charity the Friends of Friendless Churches.
Hamlets within the civil parish include:
Media related to Milland at Wikimedia Commons
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Newcastle upon Tyne
Coordinates: 54°58.440′N 1°36.792′W / 54.974°N 1.6132°W / 54.974; -1.6132
Newcastle upon Tyne (locallyi/njuːˈkæsəl/; often shortened to Newcastle) is a city and metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, in North East England. Historically a part of Northumberland, it is situated on the north bank of the River Tyne. The city developed in the area that was the location of the Roman settlement called Pons Aelius, though it owes its name to the castle built in 1080, by Robert II, Duke of Normandy, the eldest son of William the Conqueror. The city grew as an important centre for the wool trade and it later became a major coal mining area. The port developed in the 16th century and, along with the shipyards lower down the river, was amongst the world's largest shipbuilding and ship-repairing centres. These industries have since experienced severe decline and closure, and the city today is largely a business and cultural centre, with a particular reputation for nightlife.
Like most cities, Newcastle has a diverse cross section, from areas of poverty to areas of affluence. Among its main icons are Newcastle Brown Ale, a leading brand of beer, Newcastle United F.C., a Premier League team, and the Tyne Bridge. It has hosted the world's most popular half marathon, the Great North Run, since it began in 1981.
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Newport
Newport (Welsh: Casnewydd) is a city and unitary authority in south east Wales. It is located on the River Usk close to its confluence with the Severn estuary, about 12 miles (19 km) east of Cardiff. It is the third largest city in Wales, with a population of 141,300 (2007 estimate).
Newport has been a port since medieval times, when a castle was built by the Normans. The town outgrew the earlier Roman town of Caerleon, immediately upstream, and gained its first charter in 1314. It grew significantly in the 19th century, when its port became the focus of coal exports from the eastern valleys of South Wales. Until the rise of Cardiff from the 1850s, Newport was Wales' largest coal-exporting port. It was the site of the last large-scale armed insurrection in Britain, the Newport Rising of 1839 led by the Chartists.
During the 20th century, the docks declined in importance, but Newport remained an important manufacturing and engineering centre. It was granted city status in 2002. It is the home of the University of Wales, Newport, and the Newport Gwent Dragons rugby union regional team, and hosted the Ryder Cup in 2010.
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Newry
Coordinates: 54°10′34″N 6°20′56″W / 54.176°N 6.349°W / 54.176; -6.349
Newry (IPA: [ˈnjʊərɪ], from Irish: An Iúraigh) is a city in Northern Ireland. The River Clanrye, which runs through the city, forms the historic border between County Armagh and County Down. It is 34 miles (55 km) from Belfast and 67 miles (108 km) from Dublin. Newry (together with Bessbrook) had a population of 27,433 at the 2001 Census, while Newry and Mourne Council Area had a population of 87,058. Newry was founded in 1144 alongside a Cistercian monastery and is one of Northern Ireland's oldest towns.
The city of Newry is one of the constituent cities of the Dublin-Belfast corridor and sits at the entry to the "Gap of the North", close to the border with the Republic of Ireland. It grew as a market town and a garrison and became a port in 1742 when it was linked to Lough Neagh by the first summit-level canal in Britain or Ireland. In March 2002, as part of Queen Elizabeth's Golden Jubilee celebrations, Newry was granted city status alongside Lisburn. Despite being the fourth largest city in Northern Ireland, however, it is not the fourth largest settlement. Newry has long been an important centre of trade because of its position between Belfast and Dublin.
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North Marden
Coordinates: 50°56′21″N 0°51′00″W / 50.93906°N 0.84994°W / 50.93906; -0.84994
North Marden is a tiny village on the spur of the South Downs in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It is within the civil parish of Marden, West Sussex, 7.5 miles (12 km) northwest of Chichester on the B2141 road.
North Marden is one of the smallest, out-of-the-way parishes in Sussex. At the end of the 19th century the population was between 20 and 30 inhabitants. The parish is mentioned in the Taxatio records of Pope Nicholas IV (1291) and in the Novae return (1341).
The plan of the Church of St Mary, approached through a farmyard, is simple but unusual in the chancel having an apsidal, or semi-circular termination. The elaborate Norman south doorway in Caen stone suggests a date of the middle of the 12th century. The three Norman windows in the apse have been restored, but the jambs and rere-arches are ancient along with the small Norman window at the west end. The Norman sandstone font was provided an octagonal stem base in the 14th century, and parts of the ancient flint walls were repaired in places with 18th century brickwork. The single bell dates from 1829.
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North Mundham
Coordinates: 50°48′50″N 0°45′31″W / 50.8139°N 0.75871°W / 50.8139; -0.75871
North Mundham is a village and civil parish in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies on the B2166 road two miles (3.2 km) southeast of Chichester.
Media related to North Mundham at Wikimedia Commons
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Northchapel
Coordinates: 51°03′26″N 0°38′34″W / 51.0572°N 0.64288°W / 51.0572; -0.64288
Northchapel is a village and civil parish in Chichester District in West Sussex, England. It stands on the A283 road just south of the Surrey border, around 9 km north of Petworth.
The village is believed to have taken its name from a church which was once a chapelry and was the north chapel of the Manor of Petworth, and originally was two separate words, North and Chapel.
The earliest known human settlement is an iron age camp at Piper's Copse, the only one found on low ground in Sussex. The rampart is over 8 feet (2.4 m) high in places and almost circular, enclosing an area of just over 1-acre (4,000 m2). Iron Age pottery and iron slag have been found on the site. Roman and medieval pottery have also been found at Pipers Copse.
Following the Saxon conquest of Sussex in the late 5th century AD it is likely that the Northchapel area, like much of the wet clay areas of the low weald was used as summer pasture and pannage for pigs by people from Saxon villages along the coastal plain. These summer wood pastures are called "outliers". The ending "fold" in names such as Diddlesfold and Frithfold indicates the presence of animal enclosures for this purpose.
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Norwich
Norwich (i/ˈnɒrɪdʒ/ NORR-ij, (also /ˈnɒrɪtʃ/ NORR-ich) is a city on the River Wensum in England. It is the regional administrative centre and county town of Norfolk. During the 11th century, Norwich was the largest city in England after London, and one of the most important places in the kingdom. Until the Industrial Revolution, Norwich was the capital of England's most populous county and vied with Bristol as England's second city.
The urban area of Norwich has a population of 194,839. This area extends beyond the city boundary, with extensive suburban areas on the western, northern and eastern sides, including Costessey, Hellesdon, Bowthorpe, Old Catton, Sprowston and Thorpe St Andrew. The parliamentary seats cross over into adjacent local government districts. 135,800 (2008 est.) people live in the City of Norwich and the population of the Norwich Travel to Work Area (i.e. the area of Norwich in which most people both live and work) is 367,035 (the 1991 figure was 351,340)[citation needed]. Norwich is the fourth most densely populated local government district within the East of England with 3,480 people per square kilometre (8,993 per square mile).
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Nottingham
Nottingham (i/ˈnɒtɪŋəm/ NOT-ing-əm) is a city and unitary authority in the East Midlands of England in the ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire and is one of eight members of the English Core Cities Group.
Nottingham is famed for its links with the legend of Robin Hood and, during the Industrial Revolution, obtained worldwide recognition for its lace-making, bicycle and tobacco industries. With origins tracable back to 600 AD, Nottingham was granted its city charter as part of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of Queen Victoria in 1897 and has since been officially titled the City of Nottingham. The city has historically been nicknamed The Queen of the Midlands, being the smaller yet less industrialised regional neighbour to the Midlands biggest city, Birmingham. Nottingham is considered the primary centre of England's East Midlands region, being home to numerous regional headquarters and media stations including the BBC East Midlands and the Regional Government Office.
Whilst Nottingham has always had a tightly-drawn authority boundary, accounting for its relatively small population of 306,700, Nottingham's Urban Area has a population of approximately 670,000; in the 2001 census, it was the eighth largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Eurostat's concept of the Larger Urban Zone listed the area's population at 825,600 as of 2004.
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Noviomagus Reginorum
Coordinates: 50°50′13″N 0°46′48″W / 50.837°N 0.780°W / 50.837; -0.780
Noviomagus Reginorum was the Roman town which is today called Chichester, situated in the modern English county of West Sussex. Alternative versions of the name include Noviomagus Regnorum, Regnentium and Regentium.[citation needed].
Noviomagus Reg(i)norum, meaning 'new field' or new clearing of the Reg(i)ni, was first established as a winter fort in the friendly territory of the Atrebates tribe, shortly after the Roman conquest in AD 43. It was the home of the Legio II Augusta commanded by the future Emperor Vespasian and their timber barrack blocks, supply stores and military equipment have been excavated. The army only stayed for a couple of years and the site was soon developed as a civilian settlement and capital of the Civitas Reginorum, a client kingdom ruled by Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus.
The Regnenses were either a sub-tribe of the Atrebates or simply the local people designated the 'people of the Kingdom' by the Roman administration. Cogidubnus almost certainly lived at the nearby Palace of Fishbourne. He is mentioned on the dedication stone of the temple to Neptune and Minerva found in Chichester. Other public buildings were also present: the public baths are beneath West Street, the amphitheatre under the cattle market and the basilica is thought to be beneath the cathedral.
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Nyewood
Coordinates: 51°00′29″N 0°51′02″W / 51.00809°N 0.85068°W / 51.00809; -0.85068
Nyewood is a hamlet in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England situated in the Western Rother valley. The village is on an unclassified road between Rogate and South Harting, the hub of the Harting civil parish that also includes the smaller settlements at West and East Harting. In former times it was also an intermediate station on the ”Middy”, a rural railway line that ran between Petersfield and Midhurst. Despite its small size the area supports some notable businesses including Ballard's independent brewery whose hallmark brew is named after the hamlet
The Nyewood Nye committee are a dedicated group of people belonging to the hamlet who arrange activities in the Nyewood 'Henry Warren village hall' They range from club nights to BBQ's and even treasure hunts for the younger ones in the village.[citation needed]
Media related to Nyewood at Wikimedia Commons
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Oxford
Oxfordi/ˈɒksfəd/ is a city in central southern England, the home of the University of Oxford. The city is the county town of Oxfordshire, and forms a district within the county. It has a population of just under 165,000, of whom 153,900 live within the district boundary. It lies about 50 miles (80 km) north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames (also sometimes known as the Isis locally) run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre.
Oxford has a diverse economic base. Its industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing and a large number of information technology and science-based businesses.
Buildings in Oxford demonstrate an example of every English architectural period since the arrival of the Saxons, including the iconic, mid-18th century Radcliffe Camera. Oxford is known as the "city of dreaming spires", a term coined by poet Matthew Arnold in reference to the harmonious architecture of Oxford's university buildings. The University of Oxford is the oldest university in the English-speaking world.
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Peterborough
Peterborough (
/ˈpiːtərbrə/ or 
i/ˈpiːtərbərə/) is a cathedral city and unitary authority area in the East of England, with an estimated population of 173,400 in June 2007. For ceremonial purposes it is in the county of Cambridgeshire. Situated 75 miles (121 km) north of London, the city stands on the River Nene which flows into the North Sea approximately 30 miles (48 km) to the north-east. The railway station is an important stop on the East Coast Main Line.
The local topography is flat and low-lying, and in some places lies below sea level. The area known as the Fens is to the east of Peterborough. The City of Peterborough includes the outlying military installation of RAF Wittering, and as a unitary authority it borders Northamptonshire and Rutland to the west, Lincolnshire to the north, and Cambridgeshire to the south and east.
Human settlement in the area dates back to before the Bronze Age, as can be seen at the Flag Fen archaeological site to the east of the current city centre. This site also shows evidence of Roman occupation. The Anglo-Saxon period saw the establishment of a monastery, then known as Medeshamstede, which later became Peterborough Cathedral. The population grew rapidly following the arrival of the railways in the 19th century, and Peterborough became an industrial centre, particularly noted for its brick manufacture.
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Petuaria
Petuaria (or Petuaria Parisorum) was originally a Roman fort situated where the town of Brough-on-Humber in the East Riding of Yorkshire now stands. Petuaria means something like 'quarter' or 'fourth part', incorporating the archaic Brythonic *petuar, 'four' (compare modern Welsh pedwar).
It was founded in 70 AD and abandoned in about 125. The adjacent civitas (civil town), ferry-crossing and (attested) port which grew over and replaced the fort survived until about 370, and was probably the capital of the Celtic tribe called the Parisii. Petuaria marked the southern end of the Roman road known now as Cade's Road, which ran roughly northwards for a hundred miles to Pons Aelius (modern day Newcastle-upon-Tyne). The section from Petuaria to Eboracum (York) was also the final section of Ermine Street.
Archaeological excavations of the site of Petuaria were carried out in the 1930s and between 1958 and 1962, with occasional examinations of isolated areas since. The dedication stone of the Roman theatre was among the most significant finds and is unusual as the only recorded epigraphic mention of a magistrate in Roman Britain. Recording the gift of a proscenium stage to the civic settlement at Petuaria by a man called Marcus Ulpius Januarius, it has been dated to the reign of the Emperor Antoninus Pius and around 140 A.D.
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Petworth
Coordinates: 50°59′10″N 0°36′32″W / 50.986°N 0.609°W / 50.986; -0.609
Petworth is a small town and civil parish in the Chichester District of West Sussex, England. It is located at the junction of the A272 east-west road from Heathfield to Winchester and the A283 Milford to Shoreham-by-Sea road. Some twelve miles (21 km) to the south west of Petworth along the A285 road lies Chichester and the south-coast. The parish includes the settlements of Byworth and Hampers Green and covers an area of 2,690 hectares (6,644 acres). In 2001 the population of the parish was 2,775 persons living in 1,200 households of whom 1326 were economically active.
The town is mentioned in Domesday Book. It is best known as the location of the stately home Petworth House, the grounds of which (known as Petworth Park) are the work of Capability Brown. The house and its grounds are now owned and maintained by the National Trust.
In the early 17th century, the question of Petworth's status as an honour or a town came up when the Attorney General charged William Levett of Petworth, Gent., son of Anthony Levett, with "having unlawfully usurped divers privileges within the town of Petworth, which was parcel of the Honour of Arundel." William Levett's son Nicholas became rector of Westbourne, West Sussex.
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Plymouth
Plymouthi/ˈplɪməθ/ is a city and unitary authority area on the south coast of Devon, England, about 190 miles (310 km) south-west of London. It is situated between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west, where they join Plymouth Sound. Since 1967, the City of Plymouth has included the suburbs of Plympton and Plymstock, which are on the east side of the River Plym.
Plymouth's history goes back to the Bronze Age, when its first settlement grew at Mount Batten. This settlement continued to grow as a trading post for the Roman Empire, until the more prosperous village of Sutton, the current Plymouth, surpassed it. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers left Plymouth for the New World and established Plymouth Colony – the second English settlement in what is now the United States of America. During the English Civil War the town was held by the Parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646.
Throughout the Industrial Revolution, Plymouth grew as a major commercial shipping port, handling imports and passengers from the Americas, while the neighbouring town of Devonport grew as an important Royal Naval shipbuilding and dockyard town. In 1914 the three neighbouring and independent towns, viz., the county borough of Plymouth, the county borough of Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged to form a single County Borough. The new, merged town took the name of Plymouth which, in 1928, achieved city status. The city's naval importance later led to its targeting and partial destruction during World War II, an act known as the Plymouth Blitz. After the war the city centre was completely rebuilt.
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Portsmouth
Portsmouth (i/ˈpɔːtsməθ/) is the second largest city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire on the south coast of England. Portsmouth is notable for being the United Kingdom's only island city; it is located mainly on Portsea Island. It is situated 64 miles (103 km) south west from London and 19 miles (31 km) south east from Southampton.
As a significant naval port for centuries, Portsmouth is home to the world's oldest dry dock still in use and also home to some famous ships, including HMS Warrior, the Tudor carrack Mary Rose and Lord Nelson's flagship, HMS Victory. Although smaller than in its heyday, the naval base remains a major dockyard and base for the Royal Navy and Royal Marine Commandos whose Headquarters resides there. There is also a thriving commercial ferryport serving destinations on the continent for freight and passenger traffic. The City of Portsmouth and Portsmouth Football Club are both nicknamed Pompey.
The Spinnaker Tower is a striking recent addition to the city's skyline. It can be found in the redeveloped former HMS Vernon, formerly a shore establishment or 'stone frigate' of the Royal Navy, now an area of retail outlets, restaurants, clubs and bars now known as Gunwharf Quays.
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Racton
Coordinates: 50°52′38″N 0°53′35″W / 50.877105°N 0.893100°W / 50.877105; -0.893100
Racton is a hamlet in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies on the B2147 road 2.1 miles (3.4 km) northeast of Emsworth and within the civil parish of Stoughton. The hamlet lies along the River Ems. 0.4 miles north of the hamlet is the Racton Monument, constructed between 1766 and 1775 by the 2nd Earl of Halifax. Another prominent structure just outside of the hamlet is Lordington Manor, former home of the Pole family. St Peter's Church, located in the centre of the hamlet, is a Grade I listed building, dating from the 12th-13th century.
Racton Monument lies north of the hamlet
Nave inside St Peter's Church
Cottage and St Peter's Church
Resting place of Charles Gunter Nicoll inside St Peter's Church
Media related to Racton at Wikimedia Commons
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Ratae Corieltauvorum
Ratae Corieltauvorum was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Leicester, located in the English county of Leicestershire.
Ratae is the Brythonic word for 'ramparts' (see Irish Rath), suggesting the site was a defended Iron Age oppidum. Round houses from this era have been excavated in the city. The suffix, Corieltauvorum, refers to the Corieltauvi, the Celtic tribe who had their civitas capital there. Until 1983, the name of the town was thought to have been Ratae Coritanorum. However, newly discovered evidence in the form of an inscription shows the recorded forms as corrupt and the name of the tribe has since been revised.
The origins of the Roman city lay in a settlement that developed on the east bank of the River Soar, a tributary of the River Trent, in the late Iron Age (i.e. 2nd or 1st centuries BC). Little is known about either this settlement or the character of the Soar at this time. What evidence there is indicates the Soar in this vicinity split into two channels: a main stream running to the east and a narrower channel to the west. Between the two channels there was probably a marshy island. It seems that both the streams could be forded. The settlement appears to have consisted of a cluster of native round houses located close to the ford across the main channel, which probably extended over roughly 8ha. on the bank of the main stream.
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Ravenna
Ravenna [raˈvenna] (
listen) (Romagnol: Ravêna) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. It was the capital city of the Western Roman Empire from 402 until that empire collapsed in 476. Afterwards, it served as the capital of the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths. The city formed the centre of the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna until the invasion of the Franks in 751, after which it became the seat of the Kingdom of the Lombards.
Although an inland city, Ravenna is connected to the Adriatic Sea by the Candiano Canal. It is the location of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The origin of the name Ravenna is unclear, although it is believed the name is Etruscan. Some have speculated that "ravenna" is related to "Rasenna" (later "Rasna"), the term that the Etruscans used for themselves, but there is no agreement on this point.[citation needed]
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Ripon
Coordinates: 54°08′17″N 1°31′25″W / 54.13796°N 1.52365°W / 54.13796; -1.52365
Ripon is a cathedral city, market town and successor parish in the Borough of Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England, located at the confluence of two streams of the River Ure in the form of the Laver and Skell. The city is noted for its main feature the Ripon Cathedral which is architecturally significant, as well as the Ripon Racecourse and other features such as its market. The city itself is just over 1,300 years old.
The city was originally known as Inhrypum and was founded by Saint Wilfrid during the time of Angle kingdom Northumbria, a period during which it enjoyed prominence in terms of religious importance in Great Britain. After a period of Viking control, it passed to the Cerdic dynasty who unified England and then the Normans who destroyed much of the city. After a brief period of building projects under the Plantagenets, the city emerged with a prominent wool and cloth industry. Ripon became well known for its production of spurs during the 16th and 17th century, but would later remain largely unaffected by the Industrial Revolution.
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River Adur
The Adur is a river in Sussex, England; it gives its name to the Adur district of West Sussex. The river was formerly navigable for large vessels up as far as Steyning, where there was a large port, but over time the river valley became silted up and the port moved down to the deeper waters nearer the mouth in Shoreham-by-Sea.
The Adur begins as two separate branches, the western Adur and the eastern Adur, which meet just west of Henfield at Betley Bridge.
The western Adur rises at Slinfold from where it flows around Coolham and then through Shipley, where it meets Lancing Brook and flows on to West Grinstead and Knepp Castle. The western Adur is tidal as far north as Bines Bridge near Bines Green, south of West Grinstead.
The eastern Adur rises at Ditchling Common, in East Sussex, from where it crosses into West Sussex and meets another major stream at Twineham. At Shermanbury, the eastern Adur is fed by the Cowfold Stream. The Normal Tidal Limit is just below this at the footbridge near Shermanbury Church although a weir just above the confluence with the Western Adur means that only the highest tides reach here. Up to the early 1800s boats could navigate to Mock Bridge where the A281 crosses the Adur.
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River Arun
The Arun is a river in the English county of West Sussex. Its source is a series of small streams (known locally as ghylls or gills) in the St Leonard's Forest area, to the east of Horsham. It flows through Horsham to the west and at Nowhurst is joined by North River (aka River Ockle), whose source is the heights of Leith Hill and Holmbury Hill in Surrey[citation needed].
It flows through Arundel and past the castle, and flows into the English Channel at Littlehampton. Its main tributary is the western River Rother. The Arun local government district in West Sussex is named after it. The river runs for approximately 41 km (25 mi) from source to the sea, and is one of the faster flowing in England[citation needed]. The river is tidal as far inland as Pallingham Quay, 18.25 miles upstream from Littlehampton.[citation needed]
As early as 150 AD, the Arun was recorded as the Trisantonis in Ptolemy's Geography, with later records substantiating the connection. Trisantonis is thought to be a Brythonic word for 'the trespasser', indicating the river's tendency to flood land near to the river. There is also a theory that the Arun may have been known as the Trisantonis in its lower reaches close to the sea, but known as the Arnus (from the Brythonic 'Arno' meaning run or flow). So the Arnus would mean 'the flowing one'. It is possible that the town of Arundel may mean Arno-dell, or dell of the flowing river. In the Middle Ages the river was known as the Tarrant, evidenced by Tarrant Street in modern Arundel, later becoming known as the Arun after the town or the Rape of Arundel[citation needed].
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Rogate
Coordinates: 51°00′29″N 0°51′02″W / 51.00809°N 0.85068°W / 51.00809; -0.85068
Rogate is a village and civil parish in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England situated in the Western Rother valley. The village is on the A272 road seven miles (11 km) west of Midhurst. The parish comprises the villages of Rogate and Rake and the hamlets of Haben, Fyning, Hill Brow, Langley, Durford, Wenham, Durleighmarsh and Terwick Common. The ancient parish of Terwick is included in Rogate and the northern part of the parish is in the ecclesiastical parish of Milland. Until the passing of the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844 part of Rogate was an exclave of Hampshire.
In the 2001 census the parish covered 23 km² (5,721 acres) and had 623 households with a total population of 1,513. 716 residents were economically active.
The parish has two Church of England churches and two primary schools in Rogate village and in the neighbouring village of Rake. The only pub in Rogate village is the White Horse, following the closure of the Wyndham Arms. The Jolly Drover at Hill Brow and the Rising Sun at Rake on the old London to Portsmouth road lies just within the parish and county boundary. This boundary also runs through the middle of the Flying Bull. There are therefore three and a half pubs in Rogate.
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Roman London
The city of London (Latin: Londinium) was established by the Romans around AD 43. It served as a major imperial commercial centre until its abandonment during the 5th century.
Londinium was established as a town by the Romans after the invasion of AD 43 led by the Roman Emperor Claudius. Archaeologists now believe that Londinium was founded as a civilian settlement or civitas by AD 50. A wooden drain by the side of the main Roman road excavated at No 1 Poultry has been dated by dendrochronology to AD 47, which is likely to be the foundation date.
Prior to the arrival of the Roman legions, the area was almost certainly lightly rolling open countryside traversed by streams such as Walbrook. Londinium was established at the point where the Thames was narrow enough to build a bridge, but deep enough to handle sea-going marine vessels. Remains of a massive Roman pier base for a bridge were found in 1981, close to the modern London Bridge.
It was traditionally thought that Londinium started as a civilian settlement, although there is also slight evidence that there was a Roman fortress. However, archaeological excavation undertaken since the 1970s by the Department of Urban Archaeology of the Museum of London, now called MOLAS, has failed to unearth any convincing traces of military occupation on the site, so many archeologists now believe that Londinium was the product of private enterprise. Its site on a busy river-crossing made it a perfect place for traders from across the Roman Empire to set up business.
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Runcton
Coordinates: 50°48′54″N 0°45′05″W / 50.81505°N 0.7514°W / 50.81505; -0.7514
Runcton is a hamlet in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies on the B2166 road 1.9 miles (3km) southeast of Chichester. Runcton is mentioned in Lemon Jelly's "Ramblin' Man"
Media related to Runcton at Wikimedia Commons
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Salisbury
Coordinates: 51°04′26″N 1°47′37″W / 51.0740°N 1.7936°W / 51.0740; -1.7936
Salisbury ( /ˈsɔːlzbri/ SAWLZ-bree or /ˈsɒlzbri/ SOLZ-bree, or locally /ˈsɔːzbri/) is a cathedral city in Wiltshire, England and the only city in the county. It is the second largest settlement in the county (the largest being Swindon). It has also been called New Sarum to distinguish it from the original site of settlement to the north of the city at Old Sarum, but this alternative name is not in common use.
The city is located in the south-east of Wiltshire, near the edge of Salisbury Plain. It sits at the confluence of five rivers: the Nadder, Ebble, Wylye and Bourne are tributary to the Avon, which flows to the south coast and into the sea at Christchurch, Dorset. Salisbury railway station serves the city, and is the crossing point between the West of England Main Line and the Wessex Main Line, making it a regional interchange.
Although the actual city was not established until 1220, there has been a settlement in the area since prehistory. There is evidence of Neolithic settlement on the hilltop of Old Sarum, which became a hill fort in the Iron Age. The Romans called this fort "Sorviodunum" and may also have occupied the fort. The Saxons established themselves there called it "Searesbyrig" and the Normans built a castle or "Seresberi". By 1086, in the Domesday Book, it was called "Salesberie".
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Selham
Coordinates: 50°58′41″N 0°40′22″W / 50.97805°N 0.67271°W / 50.97805; -0.67271
Selham is a small village in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies south of the A272 road 3 miles (4.8 km) east of Midhurst.
Selham contains The Three Moles, one of the smallest pubs in Sussex along with the church of St James which is largely 11th century having never undergone any major rebuilding. There is also the remains of Lodsworth Castle, a large 13th Century motte near Selham at Lodsbridge beside the River Rother. Lodsbridge was a wharf on the Rother Navigation waterway. There was formerly a railway station on the Pulborough to Petersfield, Hampshire line. Selham Railway Station is now a private house.
In February 2010, James Packer won approval from Chichester District Council for a 327-acre polo complex to be built at Manor Farm, not far from Great House Farm, the 38-hectare polo complex at Stedham, owned by his father Kerry Packer during the 1980s. Packer will rent the land from Lord Cowdray as it is part of his 17,000 estate.
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Selsey
Coordinates: 50°44′06″N 0°47′23″W / 50.73502°N 0.78977°W / 50.73502; -0.78977
Selsey is a seaside town and civil parish, about eight miles (12 km) south of Chichester, in the Chichester District of West Sussex, England. Selsey lies at the southernmost point of the Manhood Peninsula, almost cut off from mainland Sussex by the sea. It is bounded to the west by Bracklesham Bay, to the north by Broad Rife (rife being the local word for stream or creek), to the east by Pagham Harbour and terminates in the south at Selsey Bill. There are significant rock formations beneath the sea off both of its coasts, named the Owers rocks and Mixon rocks. Coastal erosion has been an ever present problem for Selsey.
There is only one road (the B2145) in and out of the town which briefly becomes a bridge at a point known as "the ferry", crossing the water inlet at Pagham Harbour. At one time Selsey was inaccessible at flood tide, and a boat was stationed at the ferry to take horses and passengers to and from Sidlesham.
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Sheffield
Sheffieldi/ˈʃɛfiːld/ is a city and metropolitan borough of South Yorkshire, England. Its name derives from the River Sheaf, which runs through the city. Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, and with some of its southern suburbs annexed from Derbyshire, the city has grown from its largely industrial roots to encompass a wider economic base. The population of the City of Sheffield is 555,500 (2010 est.) and it is one of the eight largest regional English cities that make up the English Core Cities Group.
During the 19th century, Sheffield gained an international reputation for steel production. Many innovations were developed locally, including crucible and stainless steel, fuelling an almost tenfold increase in the population during the Industrial Revolution. Sheffield received its municipal charter in 1843, becoming the City of Sheffield in 1893. International competition in iron and steel caused a decline in traditional local industries during the 1970s and 1980s, coinciding with the collapse of coal mining in the area.
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Sidlesham
Coordinates: 50°47′09″N 0°47′25″W / 50.7857°N 0.79036°W / 50.7857; -0.79036
Sidlesham is a small village and civil parish, on the Manhood Peninsula, five kilometres (3 miles) south of Chichester in the Chichester District of West Sussex, England. It has a small primary school. The area has had a Prebendary since medieval times. The 13th century church of St Mary Our Lady is built of stone rubble, not the usual flint of the area.
The parish has a land area of 1753 hectares (4330 acres). In the 2001 census 1139 people lived in 448 households, of whom 579 were economically active.
The parish has fertile soils on the flat Chichester plain and there are a large number of glasshouses around the village.
The first definite mention of cricket in Sussex relates to ecclesiastical court records in 1611 which state that two parishioners of Sidlesham failed to attend church on Easter Sunday because they were playing cricket. They were fined 12d each and made to do penance.
Sidlesham has a Non-League football club Sidlesham F.C. who play at The recreation Ground.
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South Ambersham
Coordinates: 50°58′41″N 0°41′47″W / 50.97811°N 0.69643°W / 50.97811; -0.69643
South Ambersham is a hamlet in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies 0.7 miles (1.2km) south of the A272 road, 2 miles (3.2km) east of Midhurst. Until 1844 South Ambersham was a detached part of Hampshire and was a tithing of the parish of Steep.
Media related to South Ambersham at Wikimedia Commons
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South Downs
The South Downs is a range of chalk hills that extends for about 260 square miles (670 km2) across the south-eastern coastal counties of England from the Itchen Valley of Hampshire in the west to Beachy Head, near Eastbourne, East Sussex, in the east. It is bounded on its northern side by a steep escarpment, from whose crest there are extensive views northwards across the Weald. The South Downs National Park forms a much larger area than the chalk range of the South Downs and includes large parts of the Weald.
The South Downs is characterised by rolling chalk downland with close-cropped turf and dry valleys, and is recognised as one of the most important chalk landscapes in England. It is one of the four main areas of chalk downland in southern England.
The South Downs is relatively unpopulated, although in Sussex there has been large-scale urban encroachment onto the chalk downland by major seaside resorts, including most notably Brighton and Hove.
The South Downs has been inhabited since ancient times and at periods the area has supported a large population, particularly during Romano-British times. There is a rich heritage of historical features and archaeological remains, including defensive sites, burial mounds and field boundaries. Within the South Downs Environmentally Sensitive Area there are thirty-seven Sites of Special Scientific Interest, including large areas of chalk grassland.
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South Harting
Coordinates: 50°58′11″N 0°52′57″W / 50.96983°N 0.88263°W / 50.96983; -0.88263
South Harting is a village in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies within the civil parish of Harting. The village sits on the B2146 Road four miles (6.4 km) southeast of Petersfield, Hampshire.
The village of South Harting has two churches, one Anglican and one Congregational. The village also has a school, Harting Church of England Primary School, which takes children from four to eleven years old. Alongside the school is the village hall from which a pre-school group operates. It has two pubs, The White Hart and The Ship.
The National Trust property Uppark sits high on the South Downs 1 mile (1.6km) south of the village on the B2146. H.G Wells sometimes lived at Uppark as a young man when his mother worked as a lady's maid there.
The Victorian writer, Anthony Trollope spent the last years of his life in South Harting. He moved to the village in 1880 where he lived at The Grange. His pen, paperknife and letter scales are on display in the Church of St. Mary and St.Gabriel in South Harting.
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South Mundham
Coordinates: 50°47′44″N 0°45′20″W / 50.79551°N 0.7555°W / 50.79551; -0.7555
South Mundham is a hamlet in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies in isolated countryside to the north of Pagham Harbour 1.2 miles (2km) south of North Mundham.
Media related to South Mundham at Wikimedia Commons
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Southampton
Southamptoni/saʊθˈhæmptən/ is the largest city in the county of Hampshire on the south coast of England, and is situated 120 kilometres (75 mi) south-west of London and 30 kilometres (19 mi) north-west of Portsmouth. Southampton is a major port and the closest city to the New Forest. It lies at the northernmost point of Southampton Water at the confluence of the River Test and River Itchen, with the River Hamble joining to the south of the urban area. The local authority is Southampton City Council, which is a unitary authority.
The city represents the core of the Greater Southampton region, and the city itself has an estimated population of 239,700 Southampton combines with Portsmouth to form a single metropolitan area; with a population of over a million this makes the region one of the United Kingdom's most populous metropolitan areas. The city's name is sometimes abbreviated in writing to "So'ton" or "Soton", and a resident of Southampton is called a Sotonian.
Significant employers in Southampton include the University of Southampton, Southampton Airport, the Ford Transit factory, Ordnance Survey, BBC South, the NHS, ABP and Carnival. Southampton is noted for its association with the RMS Titanic, the Spitfire and more recently a number of the largest cruise ships in the world.
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St Asaph
Coordinates: 53°15′28″N 3°26′30″W / 53.2577°N 3.4416°W / 53.2577; -3.4416
St Asaph (English pronunciation: /sənt ˈæsəf/;Welsh: Llanelwy pronounced [ɬanˈɛlʊɨ̯]) is a city and community on the River Elwy in Denbighshire, Wales. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 3,491.
The city of St Asaph is surrounded by countryside and views of the Vale of Clwyd. It is situated close to a number of busy coastal towns such as Rhyl, Prestatyn, Abergele, Colwyn Bay and Llandudno. The historic castles of Denbigh and Rhuddlan are also nearby.
The earliest inhabitants of the vale of Elwy lived in the nearby Paleolithic site of Pontnewydd (Bontnewydd), which was excavated from 1978 by a team from the University of Wales, led by Dr Stephen Aldhouse Green. Teeth and part of a jawbone excavated in 1981 were dated to 225,000 years ago. This site is the most north-western site in Eurasia for remains of early hominids and is considered of international importance. Based on the morphology and age of the teeth, particularly the evidence of tauradontism, the teeth are believed to belong to a group of Neanderthals who hunted game in the vale of Elwy in an interglacial period.
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St Davids
Coordinates: 51°52′55″N 5°16′08″W / 51.882°N 5.269°W / 51.882; -5.269
St Davids (or St David's, a contraction of St David's and the Cathedral Close,Welsh: Tyddewi), is a city and community in Pembrokeshire, Wales. Lying on the River Alun on St David's Peninsula, it is Britain's smallest city in terms of both size and population, the final resting place of Saint David, the country's patron saint, and the de facto ecclesiastical capital of Wales.
The area was originally known in the Welsh language as Mynyw and in Latin as Menevia, and was later renamed in honour of David. The city is built around St David's Cathedral which was a popular place of pilgrimage in the Middle Ages. Next to it, the 14th century Bishop's Palace is a ruin maintained by Cadw and open to visitors. St David's was once a marcher borough, within which lay the hundred of Dewisland. In 1603 the antiquarian George Owen described it as one of five Pembrokeshire boroughs overseen by a portreeve.
Tradition states that Saint David was born to Saint Non at what is now St Non's, a ten-minute walk south of the city, in about AD 500. It is also said that he was baptised at Porthclais, now the city's port, was brought up by his mother at Llanon, and that he founded the city in around 550. Pope Calixtus II reportedly decreed that two pilgrimages to St David's were equivalent to one to Rome. Because of this a vast income was raised from visiting pilgrims in the Middle Ages. Saint Non's Well overlooks the Pembrokeshire Coast Path and St Brides Bay.
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Stedham
Coordinates: 50°59′33″N 0°46′24″W / 50.99253°N 0.77336°W / 50.99253; -0.77336
Stedham is a village in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies within the civil parish of Stedham with Iping, on the A272 road 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of Midhurst.
St James’ Church is situated at the north end of the village just above the River Rother. The original church was built circa 1040, however not much of this is left. The upper parts of the church are dated circa 1673. The church is mentioned in the Domesday Book. The churchyard contains a yew tree which is thought to be over 2500 years old.
Stedham's watermill at the north end of the village was used for manufacturing blotting paper.
The late media tycoon, Kerry Packer, caused controversy in the late 1980s when he bought many acres of agriculture land in Stedham and converted it in to a polo centre.
The village has a garden centre, primary school, social club and one pub which is also a Thai restaurant. The village shop closed in 1991.
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Steyning
Coordinates: 50°53′12″N 0°19′40″W / 50.8868°N 0.3279°W / 50.8868; -0.3279
Steyning is a small town and civil parish in the Horsham District of West Sussex, England. It is located at the north end of the River Adur gap in the South Downs, four miles (6.4 km) north of Shoreham-by-Sea. The smaller villages of Bramber and Upper Beeding constitute, with Steyning, a built-up area at this crossing-point of the river.
The parish has a land area of 1574 hectares (3888 acres). In the 2001 census 5812 people lived in 2530 households, of whom 2747 were economically active.
Steyning has existed since Anglo-Saxon times. Legend has it that St. Cuthman built a church, at one time dedicated to him, later to St Andrew, and now jointly to St Andrew and St Cuthman, where he stopped after carrying his mother in a wheelbarrow. Several of the signs that can be seen on entering Steyning bear an image of his feat. King Alfred the Great's father, Ethelwulf of Wessex, was originally buried in that church, before being transferred to Winchester - a Saxon grave slab (possibly his) remains in the church porch.
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Stirling
Coordinates: 56°07′02″N 3°56′23″W / 56.117222°N 3.939722°W / 56.117222; -3.939722
Stirling (Gaelic: Sruighlea pronounced [ˈs̪t̪ruʝlə]) is a city and former ancient burgh in Scotland, and is at the heart of the wider Stirling council area. The city is clustered around a large fortress and medieval old-town beside the River Forth. Historically it was strategically important as the "Gateway to the Highlands", with its position near the boundary between the Scottish Lowlands and Highlands, and its crossing of the Forth, the nearest to the river mouth.
Once the capital of Scotland, Stirling contains the Great Hall (restored 1999) and the Renaissance Palace (restoration completed 2011) within the Castle that rivalled any building in Europe at the time. Stirling also has its medieval parish church, The Church of the Holy Rude, where King James VI was crowned King of Scots on 29 July 1567. The Holy Rude still functions as living church with a service every Sunday.
Stirling is a centre for local government, higher education, retail, and light industry. Its population in 2008 was 33,710, for Stirling itself, the wider urban area including Bridge of Allan and Bannockburn has a population of 45,750. This makes it the smallest city in Scotland: indeed it is smaller than many of Scotland's larger towns.
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Stopham
Coordinates: 50°57′37″N 0°32′26″W / 50.96039°N 0.54052°W / 50.96039; -0.54052
Stopham is a hamlet and civil parish in the District of Chichester in West Sussex, England located two kilometres (1.4 miles) west of Pulborough on the A283 road.
The parish has a land area of 354 hectares (874 acres). In the 2001 census 87 people lived in 39 households, of whom 40 were economically active.
Stopham has an Anglo-Saxon Anglican church, dedicated to St. Mary the Virgin, located a few hundred metres north of the A283 road together with an ancient Manor house. The parish is bounded to the east by the River Arun, crossed by Stopham bridge built in 1423. The River Rother forms the southern boundary of the parish from its confluence with the Arun below Stopham Bridge. In the 1790s the Rother was made navigable to Midhurst beginning with a canal cut from the Arun between the Rother and the A283 road. The first lock was built in the grounds of Stopham House. Stopham or Stopeham is recorded in the Domesday Book and has belonged to the same family, the Bartletts or Barttelots since the Norman Conquest. Since 1875 they have been baronets.
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Swansea
Swansea ( /ˈswɒnzi/ SWONZ-ee; Welsh: Abertawe [abɛrˈtauɛ], "mouth of the Tawe") is a coastal city and county in Wales. Swansea is in the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan. Situated on the sandy South West Wales coast, the county area includes the Gower Peninsula and the Lliw uplands. Swansea had a population of 169,880 in 2001 and is the second most populous city in Wales after Cardiff and the third most populous county in Wales after Cardiff and Rhondda Cynon Taf. During its 19th century industrial heyday, Swansea was one of the key centres of the world copper industry, earning the nickname 'Copperopolis'.
Archaeological finds are mostly confined to the Gower Peninsula, and include items from the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. The Romans reached the area, as did the Vikings.
Swansea is thought to have originally developed as a Viking trading post. Some think that its name is derived from Sveinn's island (Old Norse: Sveinsey) – the reference to an island may refer to a bank at the mouth of the river Tawe, or perhaps an area of raised ground in marshes. An alternative explanation is that the name derives from the Norse name 'Sweyn' and 'ey', which can mean inlet. The name is pronounced Swans-y /ˈswɒnzi/), not Swan-sea. The Welsh name first appears in Welsh poems at the beginning of the 13th century, as "Aber Tawy".
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Tangmere
Coordinates: 50°51′03″N 0°42′57″W / 50.8509°N 0.7157°W / 50.8509; -0.7157
Tangmere is a village and civil parish in the Chichester District of West Sussex, England. Located three miles (5 km) north east of Chichester it is twinned with Hermanville-sur-Mer in Lower Normandy, France.
The parish has a land area of 467.3 hectares (1154 acres). In the 2001 census 2462 people lived in 963 households, of whom 1233 were economically active.
The origin of the name Tangmere is not certain. Mere implies a pool rather than a grand lake, and 'tang' is thought to mean tongs or a serpents tongue. It could be that Tangmere was the pool at the fork, or junction of two ancient paths. The pool was later filled in to form a small village green.[citation needed]
The Saxon village lies a mile south of the Roman road of Stane Street, linking Londinium with Noviomagus Reginorum, now known as Chichester. In 677 the controversial Bishop of York, Wilfrid (later Saint Wilfrid), came to Selsey and converted the South Saxons to Christianity. In 680 a charter, possibly by the King states: “I Caedwalla...have granted his brethren serving God at the church of St Andrew...the land of 10 hides which is called Tangmere”. A hide equated to 120 acres (49 hectares).
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Truro
Coordinates: 50°15′36″N 5°03′04″W / 50.260°N 5.051°W / 50.260; -5.051
Truro ( /ˈtrʊəroʊ/; Cornish: Truru) is a city and civil parish in Cornwall, England. The city is the centre for administration, leisure and retail in Cornwall, with a population recorded in the 2001 census of 17,431. Truro urban statistical area, which includes parts of surrounding parishes, has a 2001 census population of 20,920. It is the only city in the county, and the most southern city in Great Britain. People from Truro are known as Truronians.
Truro initially grew as an important centre of trade from its port and then as a stannary town for the mining industry. The city is well known for its cathedral (completed in 1910), cobbled streets, open spaces and Georgian architecture. Places of interest include the Royal Cornwall Museum, the Hall for Cornwall, Cornwall's Courts of Justice and Cornwall Council.
The origin of Truro's name is debated. It is said to be derived from the Cornish tri-veru meaning "three rivers", but references such as the Oxford Dictionary of English Place Names reject this theory. At best, the "tru" part could mean "three", though this is doubtful. An expert on Cornish place-names, Oliver Padel, in his book A popular dictionary of Cornish place-names wrote that the 'three rivers' meaning is "possible".
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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Up Marden
Coordinates: 50°55′16″N 0°52′06″W / 50.92121°N 0.86824°W / 50.92121; -0.86824
Up Marden is a tiny village in the parish of Compton within the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies in isolated countryside high on the South Downs seven miles (11.4 km) northwest of Chichester, close to East Marden and North Marden,
The remains of a Roman Villa were found in the parish, similar to the ones at Bignor and Fishbourne,
In many parts of Sussex churches were built to serve scattered farming communities and the one at Up Marden is no exception. A small, two-cell building, dating from the thirteenth century, it has changed very little with an uneven brick floor, an indication that the church suffered little at the hands of nineteenth century restorers.
From the ceiling hang blue and gold chandeliers and there are some fascinating benches in the nave. Dominating this part of the church is a Victorian pulpit. The chancel has only two box pews. On the walls are some eighteenth and nineteenth century hanging tablets, one touching one to a young man who died of Yellow Fever in 1834.
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Upwaltham
Coordinates: 50°54′55″N 0°39′37″W / 50.91526°N 0.66016°W / 50.91526; -0.66016
Upwaltham is a hamlet and civil parish in the District of Chichester in West Sussex, England located twelve kilometres (8 miles) north east of Chichester on the A285 road. This small parish on the South Downs consists of a small early Norman church and adjoining farmstead in an east-west aligned dry valley in the chalk. There are a few more houses at Benges where the A285 to Chichester leaves the valley. From Benges Hill the parish extends south as far as the disused Roman road of Stane Street, in an area of open access woodland. The barns at Upwaltham House Farm have been converted into a conference and wedding venue. The adjoining farmstead of Littleton Farm is only 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the east in the same valley, but lies in Duncton parish.
The land area of the parish is 494 hectares (1221 acres), with a population in the 2001 census of 25 people living in 10 households.
The early Norman church dedicated to St. Mary the Virgin is just over nine hundred years old, and remains little altered in size and structure, although the windows are not original, some being medieval and some Victorian. The three foot (90 cm) thick walls are of stone and downland flint. In Norman style the church has a tall narrow nave and a rounded apse chancel for the altar. The original round Norman chancel arch, between nave and chancel, was replaced after about 100 years by a wider pointed arch. The south door was rebuilt when the church was about 200 years old, and the porch in the nineteenth century. The floor tiling is Victorian. The stone font at the west end of the nave is as old as the church. In the chancel there is a piscina, a small sink for washing communion vessels, which appears to be made from a reused Norman column capital.
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Venta Belgarum
Coordinates: 51°03′47″N 1°19′01″W / 51.063°N 1.317°W / 51.063; -1.317
Venta Belgarum was a town in the Roman province of Britannia Superior. Today it is known as Winchester and is situated in the English county of Hampshire.
The settlement was established around AD 70, partially on the site of a previous Iron Age hill fort, now known as Oram's Arbour, which had been abandoned for some years. It became the civitas capital of the local Belgae tribe. Its name means 'Market of the Belgae'. The River Itchen was diverted and a street grid laid out. A defensive bank and ditch was dug around the town in the 2nd century and a hundred years later a stone wall was added. The interior was the home to many fine Roman town houses or Domus, as well as public buildings and Roman temples.
The forum-basilica appears to have included a temple to Jupiter, Juno and Minerva along with an accompanying Jupiter Column. Elsewhere, there was a Romano-British style temple dedicated to the Celtic horse goddess, Epona. There was a large Romano-British cemetery to the north of the town, at Lankhills, and another to the east.
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Venta Icenorum
Venta Icenorum, probably meaning "Market Town of the Iceni", located at modern-day Caistor St Edmund in the English county of Norfolk, was the civitas or capital of the Iceni tribe, who inhabited the flatlands and marshes of that county and who revolted against Roman rule under their queen Boudica (or Boadicea) in the winter of 61 CE. After the failure of the revolt the Roman legions slaughtered or enslaved most of the Iceni and forced the few survivors to abandon their tribal ways and live in a Roman style planned town[citation needed]. The underpopulated countryside around the town became very attractive to Germanic migrants, in particular the East Angles, who would later settle the area and expel any of the remaining Icenian Britons[citation needed].
The town, which is mentioned in the Ravenna Cosmography, and the Antonine Itinerary, was a settlement near the village of Caistor St. Edmund, some 5 miles (8.0 km) south of present-day Norwich, and a mile or two from the Bronze Age henge at Arminghall. It lies on the River Tas. The embankments of Venta Icenorum can still be seen at Caistor today.
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Venta Silurum
Coordinates: 51°36′40″N 2°46′05″W / 51.611°N 2.768°W / 51.611; -2.768
Venta Silurum was a town in the Roman province of Britannia or Britain. Today it consists of remains in the village of Caerwent in Monmouthshire, south east Wales. Much of it has been archaeologically excavated and is on display to the public.
Venta was founded by the Romans in AD 75 as an administrative centre for the defeated Silures tribe in Roman Wales. Venta Silurum seems to mean "Market town of the Silures"[citation needed] (cf. Venta Belgarum and Venta Icenorum). This is confirmed by inscriptions on the "Civitas Silurum" stone, now on display in the parish church.
The town, located on the Roman road between Isca Augusta (Caerleon) and Glevum (Gloucester) and close to the Severn estuary, was - in contrast with nearby "Isca" - essentially established for civilian administration rather than for military purposes. The forum and basilica, the market place and centre of local government for the civitas, were built in the time of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, in the early part of the 2nd century. Public baths, and shops, including a blacksmiths, were built about the same time. Remains of farms and dwellings, some with courtyards, have also been excavated. There was also a Roman temple, perhaps dedicated to Mars and the Celtic god Ocelus. A bowl with a chi-rho symbol gives evidence of early Christian worship from the late 3rd century.
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Verulamium
Coordinates: 51°45′00″N 0°21′14″W / 51.7500°N 0.3539°W / 51.7500; -0.3539
Verulamium was an ancient town in Roman Britain. It was sited in the southwest of the modern city of St Albans in Hertfordshire, Great Britain. A large portion of the Roman city remains unexcavated, being now park and agricultural land, though much has been built upon (see below). The ancient Watling Street passed through the city.
Before the Romans, the settlement was known as Verulamion (perhaps meaning "[settlement of] Uerulamos [Broad-Hand]" in Brittonic), the capital of the Catuvellauni tribe. It was established by their leader Tasciovanus and in this pre-Roman form, was among the first places in Britain recorded by name.
The Roman settlement was granted the rank of municipium in c. AD 50, meaning its citizens had what were known as 'Latin Rights', a lesser citizenship status than the colonias possessed. It grew to a significant town, and as such received the attentions of Boudica of the Iceni in AD 61, when Verulamium was sacked and burnt: a black ash layer has been recorded by archaeologists, thus confirming the Roman written record. It grew steadily: by the early 3rd century it covered an area of about 125 acres (0.51 km2), behind a deep ditch and wall. It is the location of the martyrdom of the first English martyr saint, St Alban, who was a Roman patrician converted by the priest Amphibalus. This story is recorded by the monks of the abbey of the town, notably Brother Matthew Paris in his Anglo-Norman Vie de Seint Auban.
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Walderton
Coordinates: 50°53′25″N 0°52′38″W / 50.89031°N 0.87714°W / 50.89031; -0.87714
Walderton is a hamlet in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies on the B2146 road 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of Emsworth.
The village lies just below the source of the River Ems. It is crossed by the Monarch's Way long distance footpath.
Media related to Walderton at Wikimedia Commons
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Weald
The Weald ( /ˈwiːld/), also called the Weald of Kent, is the name given to an area in South East England situated between the parallel chalk escarpments of the North and the South Downs. It should be regarded as three separate parts: the sandstone "High Weald" in the centre; the clay "Low Weald" periphery; and the Greensand Ridge which stretches around the north and west of the Weald and includes the Weald's highest points. The Weald was once a vast forest covering this area. The name, Old English in origin, signifies woodland, which still applies today: scattered farms and villages betray the Weald‘s past, often in their names.
The name "Weald" is derived from the Old English weald, meaning "forest" (cognate, German Wald). This comes from a Germanic root of the same meaning, and ultimately from Indo-European. Weald is specifically a West Saxon form; wold is the Anglian form of the word. The Middle English form of the word is wēld, and the modern spelling is a reintroduction of the Anglo-Saxon form attributed to its use by William Lambarde in his A Perambulation of Kent of 1576.
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Wells
Coordinates: 51°12′26″N 2°39′07″W / 51.2073°N 2.6519°W / 51.2073; -2.6519
Wells is a cathedral city and civil parish in the Mendip district of Somerset, England, on the southern edge of the Mendip Hills. Although the population recorded in the 2001 census is 10,406, it has had city status since 1205. It is the second smallest English city in terms of area and population after the City of London although, unlike the latter, Wells is not part of a larger metropolitan conurbation, and is consequently described in some sources as being England's smallest city.
The name Wells derives from the three wells dedicated to Saint Andrew, one in the market place and two within the grounds of the Bishop's Palace and cathedral. There was a small Roman settlement around the wells, but its importance grew under the Saxons when King Ine of Wessex founded a minster church in 704, around which the settlement grew. Wells became a trading centre and involved in cloth making before its involvement in both the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion during the 17th century. In the 19th century, transport infrastructure improved with stations on three different railway lines.
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West End theatre
West End theatre is a popular term for mainstream professional theatre staged in the large theatres of London's 'Theatreland', the West End. Along with New York's Broadway theatre, West End theatre is usually considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. Seeing a West End show is a common tourist activity in London.
Total attendances first surpassed 12 million in 2002 and 13 million in 2007, setting a new record for the West End. Since the late 1990s there has been an increase in the number of famous screen actors on the London stage.
The Theatre in London flourished after the English Reformation. The first permanent public playhouse, known simply as The Theatre, was constructed in 1576 in Shoreditch by James Burbage. It was soon joined by The Curtain. Both are known to have been used by William Shakespeare's company. In 1599, the timber from The Theatre was moved to Southwark, where it was used in building the Globe Theatre in a new theatre district formed, beyond the controls of the City corporation. These theatres were closed in 1642 during the interregnum.
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West Harting
Coordinates: 50°59′08″N 0°53′02″W / 50.9855°N 0.88389°W / 50.9855; -0.88389
West Harting is a hamlet in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies just off the B2146 road 2.4 miles (4km) southeast of Petersfield. It encompasses three additional houses which come under their own hamlet name of Quebec, named after Canadian soldiers from Quebec that were based there during the Second World War. All evidence suggests there was originally one main farm in the hamlet, named Manor Farm, which still exists to this day. However there are several other farms which own the remainder of the land around West Harting in the hamlet's vicinity.
Media related to West Harting at Wikimedia Commons
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West Itchenor
Coordinates: 50°48′19″N 0°52′00″W / 50.80536°N 0.86676°W / 50.80536; -0.86676
West Itchenor is a village and civil parish in the Chichester District of West Sussex, England. It lies north of the B2179 Chichester to West Wittering road 4.5 miles (7.3 km) southwest of Chichester. The village lies on the shores of Chichester Harbour.
The parish covers an area of 413 hectares (1020 acres). In the 2001 census 451 people lived in 209 households, of whom 188 were economically active.
West Itchenor was an ancient parish of the county of Sussex. Until 1894 it formed part of Manhood Hundred, an ancient division of Chichester Rape. From 1894 to 1933 it was part of Westhampnett Rural District. From 1933 to 1974 it was part of Chichester Rural District, and since 1974 it has been a part of Chichester District.
West Itchenor falls under The Witterings electoral ward which returns one member to sit on West Sussex County Council. The current county councillor for The Witterings ward is Pieter Montyn (Con). Itchenor also falls under West Wittering electoral ward which returns two members to sit on Chichester District Council. The current district councillors for the West Wittering ward are Pieter Montyn (Con) and Roger Marshall (Con). West Itchenor is a part of the Chichester constituency, which has been a safe Conservative seat since 1924. The current MP for Chichester is Andrew Tyrie
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West Marden
Coordinates: 50°55′01″N 0°54′07″W / 50.91702°N 0.90202°W / 50.91702; -0.90202
West Marden is a hamlet in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies on the B2146 road 5 miles (8.2km) north of Emsworth.
Media related to West Marden at Wikimedia Commons
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West Sussex
West Sussex is a county in the south of England, bordering East Sussex (with Brighton and Hove), Hampshire and Surrey. The county of Sussex has been divided into East and West since the 12th century, and obtained separate county councils in 1888, but it remained a single ceremonial county until 1974 and the coming into force of the Local Government Act 1972. At the same time the Mid Sussex region (including Haywards Heath, Burgess Hill and East Grinstead) was transferred from East Sussex.
West Sussex has a wide range of scenery, including Wealden, Downland and coastal. It has a number of stately homes including Goodwood, Petworth House and Uppark and also castles such as Arundel Castle and Bramber Castle. Over half the county is protected countryside, offering walking, cycling and other recreational opportunities for visitors and residents alike.
Chichester is the county town of West Sussex, and the highest point of the county is Black Down, at 280 metres (919 ft, grid reference SU919296).
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West Thorney
Coordinates: 50°48′57″N 0°54′37″W / 50.81587°N 0.91041°W / 50.81587; -0.91041
West Thorney is a village and civil parish in the District of Chichester in West Sussex, England located nine kilometres (5.4 miles) west of Chichester south of the A27 road.
West Thorney is a village and civil parish on Thorney Island, the southern part of a peninsula of land between two arms of Chichester Harbour, separated from the mainland by a channel called the Great Deep. Just to the south is the smaller Pilsey Island, a haven for birds. The island was a World War II airfield RAF Thorney Island which remained in use until 1976. Since 1982 the base has been used by the Royal Artillery. Only the church and coastal footpath are open to the public. It is necessary to give ones name and address by intercom to be allowed through remotely controlled gates. The parish has a land area of 1223 hectares (3021 acres). In the 2001 census 1079 people lived in 217 households, of whom 679 were economically active.
The Anglican parish church is dedicated to St Nicholas, the patron saint of sailors. The original building dates from around 1100 A.D. probably on the orders of Bishop Warlewast.
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West Wittering
Coordinates: 50°46′50″N 0°53′44″W / 50.78064°N 0.89564°W / 50.78064; -0.89564
West Wittering is a small village and civil parish, on the Manhood Peninsula, in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies near the mouth of Chichester Harbour on the B2179 road 6.5 miles (10.5 km) southwest of Chichester and has a sandy beach with what has been described as excellent water quality.
In 1872 it had a population of 616, a post office and a National School. The 2001 census records a population of 2,684. There is a thriving primary school. The locality is referred to in Giles Cooper's Unman, Wittering and Zigo.
Part of the Site of Special Scientific Interest Bracklesham Bay runs in between the coastline in the parish.
Chichester Harbour, a Site of Special Scientific Interest is partly within the parish. This is a wetland of international importance, a Special Protection Area for wild birds and a Special Area of Conservation. The harbour is of particular importance for wintering wildfowl and waders of which five species reach numbers which are internationally important.
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Westhampnett
Coordinates: 50°50′56″N 0°44′49″W / 50.84888°N 0.74691°W / 50.84888; -0.74691
Westhampnett is a village and civil parish in the district of Chichester in West Sussex, England located 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) north-east of Chichester on the former A27 road, now by-passed.
As originally developed, the village is a scattering of houses around an Anglican parish church of Saxon origin, dedicated to St. Peter. The large churchyard contains an unusually large number of elaborate headstones, including plain and celtic crosses, indicating a wealthy congregation in past centuries.
The civil parish includes the hamlets of Maudlin, .5 kilometres (0.31 mi) north east, along the Roman road called Stane Street, and Westerton, 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) to the north. Towards Chichester is a disused watermill on the River Lavant. To the north the parish extends to Goodwood Racecourse high on the South Downs, including Goodwood House and most of Goodwood Airfield and motor racing circuit. The parish has a land area of 888.52 hectares (2,195.6 acres). In the 2001 census 460 people lived in 161 households, of whom 234 were economically active.
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Wisborough Green
Coordinates: 51°01′23″N 0°30′18″W / 51.023°N 0.505°W / 51.023; -0.505
Wisborough Green is a village and civil parish in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England 2 miles (3.2 km) miles west of Billingshurst on the A272.
Newbridge where the A272 crosses the River Arun 1 mile (1.6 km) mile east of the village was the highest point of the Arun navigation, and the southern end of the Wey and Arun Canal. Newbridge Wharfe on the southern side of the bridge was an important part of the local transport system in the nineteenth century.
Around the large village green, used for playing cricket and football, there are two pubs, the Cricketers Arms and the Three Crowns, and a village shop. There is also a cricket pavilion on the green which doubles as a social club. Further out there is another pub, the Bat and Ball, near Fishers Farm, a farm adventure park. Since Victorian times there has been a primary school in the village. The original building was closed in 1996 and was converted into a number of houses. Since then the whole school (reception to year 6) has been on the same site, opposite the old one.
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Wolverhampton
Wolverhamptoni/ˌwʊlvərˈhæmptən/ is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England. For Eurostat purposes Walsall and Wolverhampton is a NUTS 3 region (code UKG35) and is one of five boroughs or unitary districts that comprise the "West Midlands" NUTS 2 region. In 2004, the local government district had an estimated population of 239,100. Wolverhampton is part of the West Midlands Urban Area which had a population of 2.3 million in the 2001 census which makes it part of the second largest urban area in the United Kingdom.
Historically a part of Staffordshire, and forming part of the metropolitan county of the West Midlands from 1974, the city is commonly recognised as being named after King Wulfhere, who established an abbey in 659. The original name being from Wulfereēantūn = "Wulfhere's high or principal enclosure or farm" after the Mercian King. The name Wulfrun is used to denote a later nun who established a church in the city – for example, for the Wulfrun Centre or for Wulfrun Hall.
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Woolbeding
Coordinates: 50°59′54″N 0°45′29″W / 50.99836°N 0.75802°W / 50.99836; -0.75802
Woolbeding is a village in the District of Chichester in West Sussex, England located two kilometres (1.4 miles) north west of Midhurst north of the A272 road and the River Rother.
Woolbeding is recorded in the Domesday book as Welbedinge, meaning Wulfbeards people.
There is an Anglican parish church, All Hallows, of Saxon origin and a large country house Woolbeding House, which was the home of the late Simon Sainsbury of the supermarket family. The Woolbeding estate is owned by the National Trust and includes Woolbeding and Pound Commons which are Sites of Special Scientific Interest.
The parish of Woolbeding with Redford has a land area of 729 hectares (1801 acres). In the 2001 census 158 people lived in 70 households, of whom 83 were economically active.
"Telegraph Hill" a mile from Woolbeding was the site of a station on the semaphore line from London to Portsmouth which operated from 1822 to 1847. The site was previously identified as "Holder" or "Older Hill.
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Worcester
The City of Worcester, commonly known as Worcester, (i/ˈwʊstər/ WUUS-tər), is a city and county town of Worcestershire in the West Midlands of England. Worcester is situated some 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Birmingham and 29 miles (47 km) north of Gloucester, and has an approximate population of 94,000 people. The River Severn runs through the middle of the city, overlooked by the twelfth-century Worcester Cathedral. The site of the final battle of the Civil War, Worcester was where Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army defeated King Charles II's Cavaliers, resulting in the English Interregnum, the ten-year period during which England and Wales became a republic. Worcester was the home of Royal Worcester Porcelain and the birthplace of the composer Sir Edward Elgar. It houses the Lea and Perrins factory where the traditional Worcestershire Sauce is made, and is home to one of the UK's fastest growing universities, the University of Worcester.
Occupation of the site of Worcester can be dated back to Neolithic times, a village surrounded by defensive ramparts having been founded on the eastern bank of the River Severn in around 400 BC. The position, which commanded a ford on the river, was used in the first century by the Romans to establish what may at first have been a fort on the military route from Glevum (Gloucester) to Viroconium (Wroxeter) but which soon developed – as the frontier of the empire was pushed westwards – into an industrial town with its own pottery kilns and iron-smelting plants.
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Worthing
Worthing ( /ˈwɜrðɪŋ/ WURDH-ing) is a large seaside town with borough status in West Sussex, within the historic County of Sussex, forming part of the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation. It is situated at the foot of the South Downs, 10 miles (16 km) west of Brighton, and 18 miles (29 km) east of the county town of Chichester. The borough covers an area of 12.5 square miles (32.37 km2) and has an estimated population of 103,200.
The area around Worthing has been populated for at least 6,000 years and contains Britain's greatest concentration of Stone Age flint mines, which are some of the earliest mines in Europe. Lying within the borough, the Iron Age hill fort of Cissbury Ring is one of Britain's largest. Worthing means "(place of) Worth/Worō's people", from the Old English personal name Worth/Worō (the name means "valiant one, one who is noble"), and -ingas "people of" (reduced to -ing in the modern name). For many centuries Worthing was a small mackerel fishing hamlet until in the late 18th century it developed into an elegant Georgian seaside resort and attracted the well-known and wealthy of the day. In the 19th and 20th centuries the area was one of Britain's chief market gardening centres.
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York
York (locali/ˈjɔːk/) is a walled city, situated at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The city has a rich heritage and has provided the backdrop to major political events throughout much of its two millennia of existence. The city offers a wealth of historic attractions, of which York Minster is the most prominent, and a variety of cultural and sporting activities.
The city was founded by the Romans in 71 AD, under the name of Eboracum. It became in turn the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior, and of the kingdoms of Northumbria and Jorvik. In the Middle Ages, York grew as a major wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern ecclesiastical province of the Church of England, a role it has retained.
In the 19th century York became a hub of the railway network and a confectionery manufacturing centre. In recent decades, the economy of York has moved from being dominated by its confectionery and railway-related industries to one that provides services. The University of York and health services have become major employers, whilst tourism has become an important element of the local economy.
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Alfred the Great
Alfred the Great (Old English: Ælfrēd, Ælfrǣd, "elf counsel"; 849 – 26 October 899) was King of Wessex from 871 to 899.
Alfred successfully defended his kingdom against the Viking attempt at conquest, and by his death had become the dominant ruler in England. He is the only English monarch to be accorded the epithet "the Great". Alfred was the first King of the West Saxons to style himself "King of the Anglo-Saxons". Details of his life are described in a work by the 10th century Welsh scholar and bishop Asser. Alfred was a learned and merciful man who encouraged education and improved his kingdom's legal system and military structure.
Alfred was born in the village of Wanating, now Wantage, Oxfordshire. He was the youngest son of King Æthelwulf of Wessex, by his first wife, Osburh.
In 853, at the age of four, Alfred is said to have been sent to Rome where, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, he was confirmed by Pope Leo IV who "anointed him as king". Victorian writers interpreted this as an anticipatory coronation in preparation for his ultimate succession to the throne of Wessex. However, his succession could not have been foreseen at the time, as Alfred had three living elder brothers. A letter of Leo IV shows that Alfred was made a "consul"; a misinterpretation of this investiture, deliberate or accidental, could explain later confusion. It may also be based on Alfred's later having accompanied his father on a pilgrimage to Rome where he spent some time at the court of Charles the Bald, King of the Franks, around 854–855.
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Andrew Tyrie
Andrew Guy Tyrie (born 15 January 1957) is a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. He is the Member of Parliament (MP) for Chichester, and was first elected in the 1997 general election. He had previously been a special adviser at HM Treasury and is the current Chairman of the Treasury Select Committee, having taken up the role on 10 June 2010.
Andrew Tyrie was born in Rochford, England on January 15, 1957. He was educated at Felsted School and Trinity College, Oxford, where he received an MA in PPE in 1979. He then went to the College of Europe in Bruges, earning a postgraduate Certificate of Advanced European Studies (equivalent to a master's degree), followed by Wolfson College, Cambridge, where he obtained an MPhil. Tyrie worked at the group head office of British Petroleum from 1981-3. From 1990-1, he was a Fellow at Nuffield College, Oxford, then a senior economist at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development from 1992-7.
Tyrie contested Houghton and Washington in 1992. As Member of Parliament for Chichester, Tyrie has been involved locally, namely in supporting campaigns including the movement to prevent the Accident and Emergency Department at St Richard's Hospital from being downgraded.
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Bishop of Chichester
The Bishop of Chichester is the ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Chichester in the Province of Canterbury. The diocese covers the counties of East and West Sussex. The see is in the City of Chichester where the seat is located at the Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity. Currently, the Rt Revd Mark Sowerby, Bishop of Horsham, is Acting Bishop of Chichester. On 3 May 2012, the appointment was announced of the Rt Revd Martin Warner, the Bishop of Whitby, as the next Bishop of Chichester. It is expected that he will be enthroned later in 2012.
The bishop's residence is The Palace, Chichester.
The following is a list of the bishops of the Diocese of Chichester, England and its precursor office the Bishops of Selsey.
(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office) The dates of the early bishops are uncertain.
The following details are simplified from Kelly (1998), and differs slightly from the above:
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Brian Jones
Lewis Brian Hopkins Jones (28 February 1942 – 3 July 1969), was an English musician and a founder member of the Rolling Stones.
Jones' main instruments were the guitar and the harmonica, but he played a wide variety of other musical instruments and was a talented multi-instrumentalist. His innovative use of traditional or folk instruments, such as the sitar and marimba, was integral to the changing sound of the band.
Originally the leader of the group, Jones' fellow bandmembers Mick Jagger and Keith Richards soon overshadowed him; especially after they became a successful songwriting team. He developed a serious drug abuse problem over the years and his role in the band steadily diminished. He was asked to leave the Rolling Stones in June 1969 and guitarist Mick Taylor took his place in the group. Jones died less than a month later by drowning in the swimming pool at his home on Cotchford Farm in East Sussex.
Original Stones bassist Bill Wyman stated about Jones: "...he formed the band. He chose the members. He named the band. He chose the music we played. He got us gigs ... Very influential, very important, and then slowly lost it - highly intelligent - and just kind of wasted it and blew it all away."
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Cissa of Sussex
Cissa is the name of a (possibly) mythical King of Sussex, and Chichester whose placename is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (ASC) of 895AD, is supposedly named after him.
In the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Cissa is listed as one of the three sons of Ælle, who in the year 477 arrived in Britain, at a place called Cymenshore (traditionally thought to have been in the Selsey area of Sussex.), in three ships with his three sons, and fought three battles. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle were a series of documents that charted Anglo-Saxon history from the mid-fifth century till 1066 although one version extends till 1154. The Chronicle was commissioned during the reign of Alfred the Great over 400 years after Cissa, and their accuracy particularly for the early dates are regarded as questionable. There has been no archaeological evidence to support the existence of Ælle and his three son's in the Chichester or Selsey area. The absence of early Anglo-Saxon burial grounds in the Chichester area suggests that they did not arrive there until more than a hundred years after Ælle’s time; Some have suggested that Chichester had an independent region of Britons (known as Sub-Roman ) in the late fifth century, however there is also no archaeology or placename evidence to support that hypothesis either.
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Colin St John Wilson
Sir Colin Alexander St John ("Sandy") Wilson, FRIBA, RA, (14 March 1922 – 14 May 2007) was a British architect, lecturer and author. He spent over 30 years progressing the project to build a new British Library in London, originally planned to be built in Bloomsbury and now completed near Kings Cross.
Wilson was born in Cheltenham, the younger son of Henry Wilson, a Church of England clergyman who became Bishop of Chelmsford from 1929. His father was known as the "Red Bishop" as a result of his sympathy for the Republican cause in the Spanish Civil War. Wilson was educated at Felsted School, and he studied history and then architecture at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge from 1940 to 1942, when he joined the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve. He served as a lieutenant in a Communication Squadron of the Fleet Air Arm in Europe during the Second World War and then India. He was demobilised in 1946, he completed his studies under Sir Albert Richardson at the Bartlett School of Architecture at University College London, graduating as an architect in 1949.
wn.com/Colin_St_John_Wilson -
Don Paterson
Don Paterson, OBE, FRSL (born 1963) is a Scottish poet, writer and musician.
Paterson was born in Dundee. He won an Eric Gregory Award in 1990 and his poem A Private Bottling won the Arvon Foundation International Poetry Competition in 1993. He was included on the list of 20 poets chosen for the Poetry Society's 'New Generation Poets' promotion in 1994. In 2002 he was awarded a Scottish Arts Council Creative Scotland Award.
His first collection of poetry, Nil Nil (1993), won the Forward Poetry Prize for Best First Collection. God's Gift to Women (1997) won the T. S. Eliot Prize and the Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize. The Eyes, adaptations of the work of Spanish poet Antonio Machado (1875–1939), was published in 1999. He is also editor of 101 Sonnets: From Shakespeare to Heaney (1999) and of Last Words: New Poetry for the New Century (1999) with Jo Shapcott. His collection of poems, Landing Light (2003), won both the 2003 T. S. Eliot Prize and the 2003 Whitbread Poetry Award. He has also published three collections of aphorisms, The Book of Shadows (2004), The Blind Eye (2007) and Best Thought, Worst Thought (2008). Orpheus, his version of Rilke's Die Sonette an Orpheus, was published in 2006.
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Gatwick Airport
Gatwick Airport (IATA: LGW, ICAO: EGKK) is located 3.1 mi (5.0 km) north of the centre of Crawley,West Sussex, and 29.5 mi (47.5 km) south of Central London. Also known as London Gatwick, it is London's second largest international airport and second busiest by total passenger traffic in the United Kingdom after Heathrow. Furthermore, Gatwick is Europe's leading airport for point-to-point flights and has the world's busiest single-use runway averaging 52 aircraft movements an hour. Its two terminals – North and South – cover an area of 810,000 sq ft (75,000 m2) and 1,300,000 sq ft (120,000 m2) respectively.
In 2011, over 33.6 million passengers passed through Gatwick.
Charter airlines generally prefer Gatwick over Heathrow as a base for London and the South East of England. From 1978 to 2008, many flights to and from the United States used Gatwick because of restrictions on the use of Heathrow implemented in the Bermuda II agreement between the UK and the US.. Under the agreement Heathrow allowed the right for only two US carrier and two UK carrier to serve flights to the United States. Currently, US Airways is the only US carrier that still serves Gatwick from the US. The airport is a base for scheduled operators Aer Lingus, British Airways (BA), EasyJet, Flybe, Monarch Airlines and Virgin Atlantic, as well as charter airlines including Thomas Cook Airlines and Thomson Airways. Gatwick is unique amongst London's airports in having a significant airline presence representing each of the three main airline business models: full service, low/no frills and charter. As of January 2011, these respectively accounted for 37, 51 and 12% of total passenger traffic.
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Humphrey Lyttelton
Humphrey Richard Adeane Lyttelton (23 May 1921 – 25 April 2008), also known as Humph, was an English jazz musician and broadcaster, and chairman of the BBC radio comedy programme I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. He was a cousin of the 10th Viscount Cobham and a great-nephew of the politician and sportsman Alfred Lyttelton, who was the first man to represent England at both football and cricket.
Lyttelton was born at Eton College, Buckinghamshire, where his father, George William Lyttelton (second son of the 8th Viscount Cobham), was a house master. (As a male-line descendant of Charles Lyttelton, Lyttelton was in remainder to both the Viscountcy Cobham and the Barony of Lyttelton.) From Sunningdale Preparatory School, Lyttelton duly progressed to Eton College. At Eton, Lyttelton fagged for Lord Carrington and formed his love of jazz. He was inspired by the trumpeters Louis Armstrong and Nat Gonella. He taught himself the instrument, and formed a quartet at the school in 1936 that included the future journalist Ludovic Kennedy on drums.
wn.com/Humphrey_Lyttelton -
James Brown
James Joseph Brown (May 3, 1933 – December 25, 2006) was an American singer, songwriter, musician, and recording artist. He is the originator of funk music and is a major figure of 20th century popular music and dance.
In a career that spanned decades, Brown profoundly influenced the development of many different musical genres. Brown moved on a continuum of blues and gospel-based forms and styles to a profoundly "Africanized" approach to music making. Brown performed in concerts, first making his rounds across the Chitlin' Circuit, and then across the country and later around the world, along with appearing in shows on television and in movies. Although he contributed much to the music world through his hitmaking, Brown holds the record as the artist who charted the most singles on the Billboard Hot 100 without ever hitting number one on that chart.
For many years, Brown's touring show was one of the most extravagant productions in American popular music. At the time of Brown's death, his band included three guitarists, two bass guitar players, two drummers, three horns and a percussionist. The bands that he maintained during the late 1960s and 1970s were of comparable size, and the bands also included a three-piece amplified string section that played during ballads. Brown employed between 40 and 50 people for the James Brown Revue, and members of the revue traveled with him in a bus to cities and towns all over the country, performing upwards of 330 shows a year with almost all of the shows as one-nighters. In 1986, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and in 1990 into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.
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Kenneth Branagh
Kenneth Charles Branagh (/ˈbrænə/ BRAN-ə; born 10 December 1960) is an actor and film director from Northern Ireland. He is best known for directing and starring in several film adaptations of William Shakespeare's plays including Henry V (1989) (for which he was nominated for the Academy Awards for Best Actor and Best Director), Much Ado About Nothing (1993), Othello, Hamlet (1996) (for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay), Love's Labour's Lost (2000), and As You Like It (2006).
He has also starred in numerous other films and television series including Fortunes of War (1987), Wild Wild West (1999), The Road to El Dorado (2000), Conspiracy (TV) (2001), Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002), Warm Springs (TV) (2005), Valkyrie (2008), Wallander (TV series) (2008–present), and My Week with Marilyn (2011) as Laurence Olivier (Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor); and directed such notable films as Dead Again (1991) (also starring), Swan Song (1992) (Academy Award nominated for Best Live Action Short Film), Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1994) (also starring), The Magic Flute (2006), Sleuth (2007), and the blockbuster action film Thor (2011).
wn.com/Kenneth_Branagh -
Kenny Ball
Kenny Ball (born Kenneth Daniel Ball, 22 May 1930, Ilford, Essex,England) is an English jazz musician, best known as the lead trumpet player in Kenny Ball and his Jazzmen.
Ball began his career as a semi-professional sideman in bands, whilst also working as a salesman and for an advertising agency. He played the trumpet in bands led by Charlie Galbraith, Sid Phillips, Eric Delaney and Terry Lightfoot before forming his own trad jazz band in 1958. His dixieland band was at the forefront of the early 1960s UK jazz revival.
In 1961 their recording of Cole Porter's 'Samantha' became a hit, and in March 1962, Kenny Ball and His Jazzmen reached both #2 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart, and the UK Singles Chart, with "Midnight in Moscow". The record sold over one million copies, earning gold disc status. Further hits ensued, including a version of 'March of the Siamese Children' from 'The King and I', which topped the pop music magazine, New Musical Express chart in March that year, and such was their popularity in the UK that Ball was featured, alongside Cliff Richard, Brenda Lee, Joe Brown, Craig Douglas and Frank Ifield, on the cover of the New Musical Express in July 1962, although in the U.S. they remained a 'one-hit wonder'.
wn.com/Kenny_Ball -
Leonard Bernstein
Leonard Bernstein ( /ˈbɜrnstaɪn/ US dict: bûrn′·stīn; August 25, 1918 – October 14, 1990) was an American composer, conductor, author, music lecturer and pianist. He was among the first conductors born and educated in the United States of America to receive worldwide acclaim. According to The New York Times, he was "one of the most prodigiously talented and successful musicians in American history."
His fame derived from his long tenure as the music director of the New York Philharmonic, from his conducting of concerts with most of the world's leading orchestras, and from his music for West Side Story, as well as Candide, Wonderful Town, On the Town and his own Mass.
Bernstein was also the first conductor to give numerous television lectures on classical music, starting in 1954 and continuing until his death. In addition, he was a skilled pianist, often conducting piano concertos from the keyboard.
As a composer he wrote in many styles encompassing symphonic and orchestral music, ballet, film and theatre music, choral works, opera, chamber music and pieces for the piano. Many of his works are regularly performed around the world, although none has matched the tremendous popular and commercial success of West Side Story.
wn.com/Leonard_Bernstein -
Philip Larkin
Philip Arthur Larkin, CH, CBE, FRSL (9 August 1922 – 2 December 1985) is widely regarded as one of the great English poets of the latter half of the twentieth century. His first book of poetry, The North Ship, was published in 1945, followed by two novels, Jill (1946) and A Girl in Winter (1947), but he came to prominence in 1955 with the publication of his second collection of poems, The Less Deceived, followed by The Whitsun Weddings (1964) and High Windows (1974). He contributed to The Daily Telegraph as its jazz critic from 1961 to 1971, articles gathered together in All What Jazz: A Record Diary 1961–71 (1985), and he edited The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse (1973). He was the recipient of many honours, including the Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry. He was offered, but declined, the position of poet laureate in 1984, following the death of John Betjeman.
After graduating from Oxford in 1943 with a first in English language and literature, Larkin became a librarian. It was during the thirty years he served as university librarian at the Brynmor Jones Library at the University of Hull that he produced the greater part of his published work. His poems are marked by what Andrew Motion calls a very English, glum accuracy about emotions, places, and relationships, and what Donald Davie described as lowered sights and diminished expectations. Eric Homberger called him "the saddest heart in the post-war supermarket"—Larkin himself said that deprivation for him was what daffodils were for Wordsworth. Influenced by W. H. Auden, W. B. Yeats, and Thomas Hardy, his poems are highly structured but flexible verse forms. They were described by Jean Hartley, the ex-wife of Larkin's publisher George Hartley (The Marvell Press), as a "piquant mixture of lyricism and discontent", though anthologist Keith Tuma writes that there is more to Larkin's work than its reputation for dour pessimism suggests.
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Robert Cray
Robert Cray (born August 1, 1953, Columbus, Georgia, United States) is an American blues guitarist and singer. A five-time Grammy Award winner, he has led his own band, as well as an acclaimed solo career.
Cray started playing guitar in his early teens. At Denbigh High School in Newport News, Virginia, his love of blues and soul music flourished as he started collecting records. Originally, he wanted to become an architect, but around the same time that he began to study architectural design, he formed the band Steakface, described as "the best band from Lakewood you never heard of". Cray's guitar and vocals contributed greatly to Steakface's set list of songs by Jimi Hendrix, Quicksilver Messenger Service, Fleetwood Mac, The Grease Band, Blodwyn Pig, Jethro Tull, Spirit and The Faces.
By the age of twenty, Cray had seen his heroes Albert Collins, Freddie King and Muddy Waters in concert and decided to form his own band; they began playing college towns on the West Coast. In the late 1970s he lived in Eugene, Oregon, where he formed the Robert Cray Band and collaborated with Curtis Salgado in the Cray-Hawks. In the 1978 film, National Lampoon's Animal House, Cray was the uncredited bassist in the house party band Otis Day and the Knights. After several years of regional success, Cray was signed to Mercury Records in 1982. His third album release, Strong Persuader, produced by Dennis Walker, received a Grammy Award, while the crossover single "Smokin' Gun" gave him wider appeal and name recognition.
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Sussex Police
Sussex Police is the territorial police force responsible for policing East Sussex, West Sussex and City of Brighton and Hove in southern England. Its Headquarters is in Lewes, Lewes District, East Sussex.
Policing in the county can be traced back to the first force established in Brighton in 1830. A few years later on 13 March 1844 Chief Constable Henry Solomon was murdered in his office by a prisoner he was interviewing. He is believed to be the only chief officer to have suffered such a fate. Prior to 1830 local watchmen were appointed to provide some degree of law enforcement in the area. In 1812, there were some 12 watchmen who were responsible for the town. By 1814 the number had grown to 28 and at this time the title of constable was in use for them. By 1868 the force had grown to 100 officers and helmets replaced top hats.
In 1918 the first woman was appointed as a police officer in this force and by 1930 it had grown to 216 officers. Brighton Police were the first force to introduce police radios on the 14th September 1933. Forces were also established for the counties of East Sussex and West Sussex, as well as separate forces in the boroughs of Brighton, Eastbourne and Hastings. These forces amalgamated temporarily during the Second World War, from 1943 until 1947, but then policing reverted back to the old system for another two decades.
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Thomas Wilfred Sharp
Thomas Wilfred Sharp (1901 – 1978) was an English urban planner and writer. He was born in Bishop Auckland in County Durham, England. He attended the local grammar school and then spent four years working for the borough surveyor. He later became regional planning assistant to the South West Lancashire Regional Advisory Group, but after credit for his vast report was given, as was traditional, to the honorary surveyor, he angrily resigned, and was unable to find work for two years.
Sharp used this enforced leisure to write Town and Countryside (1932), which established him as a formidable polemicist. He challenged the popular garden city movement, which sought to unite town and country, by insisting on their separate individuality. He finished the book in the family home in County Durham, an area which was a lifelong inspiration to him.
Sharp thought the man-made landscape of England the most beautiful in the world and the English village as the perfection of the village idea. His thoughts in this area were expressed in English Panorama (1936), written after an unplanned move into the University of Durham's architectural department in Newcastle. Here also he edited the Shell Guide to Northumberland and Durham (1937) and produced his celebrated Town Planning (1940), a Pelican Book that sold 250,000 copies.
wn.com/Thomas_Wilfred_Sharp -
William Huskisson
William Huskisson PC (11 March 1770 – 15 September 1830) was a British statesman, financier, and Member of Parliament for several constituencies, including Liverpool. He is best known today, however, as the world's first widely reported railway casualty as he was run over by George Stephenson's locomotive engine Rocket.
Huskisson was born at Birtsmorton Court, Malvern, Worcestershire, the son of William and Elizabeth Huskisson, both members of Staffordshire families. He was one of four brothers. After their mother Elizabeth died, their father William eventually remarried and had further children by his second wife. His half-brother Thomas Huskisson was a captain of the Royal Navy, an eyewitness of Trafalgar, and was appointed as the Paymaster of the Navy. His other half-brother George Huskisson was an officer in the Royal Marines before taking up his appointment as Collector of Customs at Saint Vincent.
Huskisson was a student at Appleby Grammar School (later renamed Sir John Moore Church of England Primary School), a boarding school designed by Sir Christopher Wren on the Leicestershire/Derbyshire borders. In 1783, Huskisson was sent to Paris to live with his maternal great-uncle Dr. Richard Gem, who was physician to the British embassy there. He remained in Paris until 1792, and his experience as an eyewitness to the prelude and beginning of the French Revolution gave him a life-long interest in politics. Huskisson first came to public notice while still in Paris. As a supporter of the moderate party, he became a member of the "Club of 1789," which favoured making France into a constitutional monarchy. On 29 August 1790, he delivered a speech entitled "Sur les Assignats", about the issue of assignats by the French government. This speech gave him a reputation as an expert in finance. From 1790 to 1792, the Marquess of Stafford was the British ambassador to Paris. Huskisson became a protégé of the Marquess, and returned to London with him.
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Learn British Culture - Chichester
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
this video was made for a previous channel I started and closed called Learn British Culture. I'll upload those videos here and carry on with the theme on this channel as I found it great fun to do. hope you enjoy my brief glimpses of these wonderful islands. Chichester is on the South coast and I was visiting a school in the area.
http://wn.com/Learn_British_Culture_Chichester
this video was made for a previous channel I started and closed called Learn British Culture. I'll upload those videos here and carry on with the theme on this channel as I found it great fun to do. hope you enjoy my brief glimpses of these wonderful islands. Chichester is on the South coast and I was visiting a school in the area.
Chichester Psalms - Leonard Bernstein
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:03
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
The 2nd movement of Leonard Bernstein's Chichester Psalms, titled "Adonai ro-i", is a combination of psalms 2 and 23. Countertenor Lawrence Zazzo with the choir of Clare College, Cambridge
http://wn.com/Chichester_Psalms_Leonard_Bernstein
The 2nd movement of Leonard Bernstein's Chichester Psalms, titled "Adonai ro-i", is a combination of psalms 2 and 23. Countertenor Lawrence Zazzo with the choir of Clare College, Cambridge
- published: 06 Jun 2008
- views: 122200
- author: sutherland9
Chichester - Centre of Attraction - UK
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Updated: 03 Aug 2012
www.chichesterweb.co.uk Historic Cathedral City of Chichester in the South of England nestling between stunning coastline and picturesque countryside. Photos: Ian Burt.
http://wn.com/Chichester_Centre_of_Attraction_UK
www.chichesterweb.co.uk Historic Cathedral City of Chichester in the South of England nestling between stunning coastline and picturesque countryside. Photos: Ian Burt.
- published: 10 Jun 2008
- views: 12016
- author: Ian Burt
Chichester, West Sussex (UK)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Chichester represents 'England in Miniature' with beautiful downland countryside, heritage, hidden villages and country pubs plus a coastline famed for its seaside resorts, harbours teeming with bird life and havens for yachtsmen. Chichester city is famous for its cathedral, its Roman remains and award winning theatres as well as providing all modern facilities with excellent shopping, cafes and restaurants, and a leisure centre.
http://wn.com/Chichester,_West_Sussex_UK
Chichester represents 'England in Miniature' with beautiful downland countryside, heritage, hidden villages and country pubs plus a coastline famed for its seaside resorts, harbours teeming with bird life and havens for yachtsmen. Chichester city is famous for its cathedral, its Roman remains and award winning theatres as well as providing all modern facilities with excellent shopping, cafes and restaurants, and a leisure centre.
- published: 26 Apr 2009
- views: 5282
- author: angelchrish1
Chichester RTV 23.01.11
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:38
- Updated: 31 Dec 2012
1st event in the 2011 Hants & Berks Land Rover Owners Club RTV series.
http://wn.com/Chichester_RTV_230111
1st event in the 2011 Hants & Berks Land Rover Owners Club RTV series.
- published: 30 Jan 2011
- views: 3657
- author: hbroonline
George Pehlivanian conducts Leonard Bernstein: Chichester Psalms, Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:56
- Updated: 01 Jan 2013
George Pehlivanian conducts Slovenian Philharmonic Orchestra & Choir. - Leonard Bernstein: Chichester Psalms, Part 1
http://wn.com/George_Pehlivanian_conducts_Leonard_Bernstein_Chichester_Psalms,_Part_1
George Pehlivanian conducts Slovenian Philharmonic Orchestra & Choir. - Leonard Bernstein: Chichester Psalms, Part 1
- published: 26 May 2009
- views: 14733
- author: raniero tazzi
Bernstein - Chichester Psalms - Adonai ro-i
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:52
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
Markus Baur, soloist of the Tölzer Knabenchor, sings 'Adonai ro-i', 2nd movement of Leonard Bernstein's 'Chichester Psalms', Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra, Poznanski Slowiki, directed by the composer himself. Warsaw, Sep. 1, 1989.
http://wn.com/Bernstein_Chichester_Psalms_Adonai_ro-i
Markus Baur, soloist of the Tölzer Knabenchor, sings 'Adonai ro-i', 2nd movement of Leonard Bernstein's 'Chichester Psalms', Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra, Poznanski Slowiki, directed by the composer himself. Warsaw, Sep. 1, 1989.
- published: 04 Oct 2008
- views: 86110
- author: toknfan
Thomas Kelly(treble) - Chichester Psalms(Bernstein)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:08
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
'Psalm. 23 - psalm2 vs1-4' The Lord is my shepherd, from Chichester Psalms, Leonard Bernstein(1918-1990) Treble: Thomas Kelly is now 19 years old and has been a pupil at St Paul's Cathedral since 1997. He has served as Head Chorister of the Cathedral Choir from 2002-2003. Music: Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra.
http://wn.com/Thomas_Kellytreble_Chichester_PsalmsBernstein
'Psalm. 23 - psalm2 vs1-4' The Lord is my shepherd, from Chichester Psalms, Leonard Bernstein(1918-1990) Treble: Thomas Kelly is now 19 years old and has been a pupil at St Paul's Cathedral since 1997. He has served as Head Chorister of the Cathedral Choir from 2002-2003. Music: Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra.
- published: 17 Feb 2009
- views: 3458
- author: treblechoir99
CU Collegiate Singers Spring 2010 "Chichester Psalms" Mvt. 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
Created on November 22, 2010 using FlipShare.
http://wn.com/CU_Collegiate_Singers_Spring_2010_Chichester_Psalms_Mvt_1
Created on November 22, 2010 using FlipShare.
- published: 23 Nov 2010
- views: 816
- author: maestrobravissimo
UCAS movie for University of Chichester
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:42
- Updated: 01 Aug 2012
Anyone who has spent time with us will tell you that theres something special here. We dont do gimmicks but students have a life-enhancing experience. What they particularly value is the way they are taught during their time with us, and the help they receive to achieve and exceed their goals. There is a rigorous challenge in their studies but we work with our students on their own terms and make them feel encouraged and supported during a changing time in their lives.
http://wn.com/UCAS_movie_for_University_of_Chichester
Anyone who has spent time with us will tell you that theres something special here. We dont do gimmicks but students have a life-enhancing experience. What they particularly value is the way they are taught during their time with us, and the help they receive to achieve and exceed their goals. There is a rigorous challenge in their studies but we work with our students on their own terms and make them feel encouraged and supported during a changing time in their lives.
- published: 11 May 2009
- views: 2543
- author: SteveRendle
After Words: Toby Stephens' Chichester
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 39:54
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
Kate Mosse interviews Toby Stephens after a performance of Private Lives. For Toby Stephens Chichester Festival Theatre runs deep. It was back during the legendary 1964 season that his parents Maggie Smith and Robert Stephens, both part of the "nucleus National Theatre Company", appeared at Chichester; Robert had understudied Olivier the year before but now Maggie joined the company. And happily both have returned in the intervening years. And so it was perhaps no surprise that a young Toby Stephens should find his way to Chichester as part of the stage crew in 1987. And now in its fiftieth year, Toby has received widespread acclaim for his Elyot in Private Lives, just as his father did in a West End Production in 1972 opposite his mother, playing Amanda.
http://wn.com/After_Words_Toby_Stephens'_Chichester
Kate Mosse interviews Toby Stephens after a performance of Private Lives. For Toby Stephens Chichester Festival Theatre runs deep. It was back during the legendary 1964 season that his parents Maggie Smith and Robert Stephens, both part of the "nucleus National Theatre Company", appeared at Chichester; Robert had understudied Olivier the year before but now Maggie joined the company. And happily both have returned in the intervening years. And so it was perhaps no surprise that a young Toby Stephens should find his way to Chichester as part of the stage crew in 1987. And now in its fiftieth year, Toby has received widespread acclaim for his Elyot in Private Lives, just as his father did in a West End Production in 1972 opposite his mother, playing Amanda.
- published: 01 Nov 2012
- views: 2225
- author: chichestertheatre
Chichester Trek
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:11
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
A short one day trek in the Chichester state Forest NSW where the Rangie fell flat on its guts and had to be pulled up the hill. The first section is recorded on Bush Mill Rd. Take RHT here: S32 12.832 E151 43.320 It's a nice little loop with a little creek crossing and a gnarly hill climb. The second section which was the area we ran out of time for was o nUpper Avon rd (off Berrico Rd.) Turn off Berrico at S32 09.419 E151 49.002. You need to take another RHT at S32 08.704 E151 49.063 It was narrow and windy, and a little overgrown but the section we got to was where it started to get promising. The rough stuff is S32 08.325 E151 50.173 Lot's to explore around that area. You'll need the Chichester topo map for the first part and the Craven topo for the second section.
http://wn.com/Chichester_Trek
A short one day trek in the Chichester state Forest NSW where the Rangie fell flat on its guts and had to be pulled up the hill. The first section is recorded on Bush Mill Rd. Take RHT here: S32 12.832 E151 43.320 It's a nice little loop with a little creek crossing and a gnarly hill climb. The second section which was the area we ran out of time for was o nUpper Avon rd (off Berrico Rd.) Turn off Berrico at S32 09.419 E151 49.002. You need to take another RHT at S32 08.704 E151 49.063 It was narrow and windy, and a little overgrown but the section we got to was where it started to get promising. The rough stuff is S32 08.325 E151 50.173 Lot's to explore around that area. You'll need the Chichester topo map for the first part and the Craven topo for the second section.
- published: 12 Sep 2011
- views: 1635
- author: JamieOGilmore
Leonard Bernstein: Chichester Psalms (1965)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:27
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
Leonard Bernstein (1918-1990): Chichester Psalms, per voce bianca, coro misto e orchestra (1965). I. Psalm 108 (Verse 2); Psalm 100 (complete) II. Psalm 23 (complete); Psalm 2 (verses 1-4) III. Psalm 131 (complete); Psalm 133 (verse 1) Soloist from the Vienna Boy's Choir Wiener Jeunesse Choir Israel Philharmonic Orchestra Direttore: Leonard Bernstein. (filmed in 1977). *** The music published in our channel is exclusively dedicated to divulgation purposes and not commercial. This within a program shared to study classic educational music of the 1900's (mostly Italian) which involves thousands of people around the world. If someone, for any reason, would deem that a video appearing in this channel violates the copyright, please inform us immediately before you submit a claim to Youtube, and it will be our care to remove immediately the video accordingly. Your collaboration will be appreciated.
http://wn.com/Leonard_Bernstein_Chichester_Psalms_1965
Leonard Bernstein (1918-1990): Chichester Psalms, per voce bianca, coro misto e orchestra (1965). I. Psalm 108 (Verse 2); Psalm 100 (complete) II. Psalm 23 (complete); Psalm 2 (verses 1-4) III. Psalm 131 (complete); Psalm 133 (verse 1) Soloist from the Vienna Boy's Choir Wiener Jeunesse Choir Israel Philharmonic Orchestra Direttore: Leonard Bernstein. (filmed in 1977). *** The music published in our channel is exclusively dedicated to divulgation purposes and not commercial. This within a program shared to study classic educational music of the 1900's (mostly Italian) which involves thousands of people around the world. If someone, for any reason, would deem that a video appearing in this channel violates the copyright, please inform us immediately before you submit a claim to Youtube, and it will be our care to remove immediately the video accordingly. Your collaboration will be appreciated.
- published: 04 Jan 2012
- views: 26189
- author: TheWelleszOpus
Bernstein, Chichester Psalms: Mvt. 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:00
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Bow Valley Chorus performs the 3rd movement of Leonard Bernstein's Chichester Psalms.
http://wn.com/Bernstein,_Chichester_Psalms_Mvt_3
Bow Valley Chorus performs the 3rd movement of Leonard Bernstein's Chichester Psalms.
- published: 18 Jul 2009
- views: 18464
- author: jstumple
Bernstein: Chichester Psalms
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Atlantic Symphony Orchestra & Zamir Chorale Jordan Hall, Boston, MA Jin Kim, conducting 김진, 지휘자www.atlanticsymphony.org
http://wn.com/Bernstein_Chichester_Psalms
Atlantic Symphony Orchestra & Zamir Chorale Jordan Hall, Boston, MA Jin Kim, conducting 김진, 지휘자www.atlanticsymphony.org
- published: 14 Mar 2008
- views: 21808
- author: hsokim
Chichester Choral Evensong III
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:23
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
This is a live recording from Choral Evensong in Chichester Cathedral during our tour of England in which we sang at Ely Cathedral and nor Chichester Cathedral. The choirs are made up of the choristers and schola members of Trinity Church in Boston, Massachusetts under the direction of Richard Webster. The Preces and Responses are by Richard Webster. The Psalm setting is Anglican chant. The Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis in G by Stanford and is sung by the choristers. The anthem is "Attend to the Music Divine" by Richard Webster. Enjoy!
http://wn.com/Chichester_Choral_Evensong_III
This is a live recording from Choral Evensong in Chichester Cathedral during our tour of England in which we sang at Ely Cathedral and nor Chichester Cathedral. The choirs are made up of the choristers and schola members of Trinity Church in Boston, Massachusetts under the direction of Richard Webster. The Preces and Responses are by Richard Webster. The Psalm setting is Anglican chant. The Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis in G by Stanford and is sung by the choristers. The anthem is "Attend to the Music Divine" by Richard Webster. Enjoy!
- published: 10 Aug 2010
- views: 2227
- author: Iabodeely
George Pehlivanian conducts Leonard Bernstein: Chichester Psalms, Part 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:49
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
George Pehlivanian conducts Slovenian Philharmonic Orchestra & Choir. - Leonard Bernstein: Chichester Psalms, Part 1
http://wn.com/George_Pehlivanian_conducts_Leonard_Bernstein_Chichester_Psalms,_Part_2
George Pehlivanian conducts Slovenian Philharmonic Orchestra & Choir. - Leonard Bernstein: Chichester Psalms, Part 1
- published: 27 May 2009
- views: 5205
- author: raniero tazzi
Overseas Students at Chichester College
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 14 Jul 2012
International students from overseas talk about their experiences studying at Chichester College in West Sussex, UK.
http://wn.com/Overseas_Students_at_Chichester_College
International students from overseas talk about their experiences studying at Chichester College in West Sussex, UK.
- published: 24 Jun 2010
- views: 4628
- author: ChicCollege
Michael Ball Interview - Sweeney Todd - Chichester Festival Theatre
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:50
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
Cheap tickets are available for Sweeney Todd wos.im The demon barber of Fleet Street who used to kill customers and dispose of them in meat pies! Set in Victorian London. Sweeney is bent on revenge for the death of his wife and has started to murder indiscriminately - and suddenly meat for the pie shop next door is no longer in short supply!
http://wn.com/Michael_Ball_Interview_Sweeney_Todd_Chichester_Festival_Theatre
Cheap tickets are available for Sweeney Todd wos.im The demon barber of Fleet Street who used to kill customers and dispose of them in meat pies! Set in Victorian London. Sweeney is bent on revenge for the death of his wife and has started to murder indiscriminately - and suddenly meat for the pie shop next door is no longer in short supply!
- published: 28 Oct 2011
- views: 18924
- author: whatsonstageTV
Chichester Festival Theatre at Fifty
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 56:04
- Updated: 21 Jun 2012
Recorded on Tuesday 12 June in the Minerva Theatre. Join best-selling author Kate Mosse for the stories and gossip about the people who have played their part in Chichester Festival Theatre at Fifty.
http://wn.com/Chichester_Festival_Theatre_at_Fifty
Recorded on Tuesday 12 June in the Minerva Theatre. Join best-selling author Kate Mosse for the stories and gossip about the people who have played their part in Chichester Festival Theatre at Fifty.
- published: 13 Jun 2012
- views: 375
- author: chichestertheatre
Chichester University Promotional Video Filmed and Edited by Gogglebox Productions
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
A Video promoting student life at Chichester University. Shot and edited by Gogglebox Productions www.goggleboxuk.com
http://wn.com/Chichester_University_Promotional_Video_Filmed_and_Edited_by_Gogglebox_Productions
A Video promoting student life at Chichester University. Shot and edited by Gogglebox Productions www.goggleboxuk.com
- published: 05 Mar 2010
- views: 1394
- author: Goggleboxfilms
The next Bishop of Chichester
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:43
- Updated: 04 May 2012
http://wn.com/The_next_Bishop_of_Chichester
Patricia Routledge opens Chichester Charity Card Shop
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:55
- Updated: 24 May 2012
Patricia Routledge opens Chichester Charity Christmas Card Shop at The Council House, North Street, Chichester. Saturday 4th October 2008.
http://wn.com/Patricia_Routledge_opens_Chichester_Charity_Card_Shop
Patricia Routledge opens Chichester Charity Christmas Card Shop at The Council House, North Street, Chichester. Saturday 4th October 2008.
- published: 04 Oct 2008
- views: 5289
- author: cfgc1959
photo: AP / Mohamed Sheikh Nor
12 Jan 2013
Helicopter raid fails to rescue agent 'Denis Allex' from Islamist group al-Shabaab, as French combat pilot killed in Mali. French secret service hostage 'Denis Allex' pictured in Somalia in October 2012. Photograph. SITE Monitoring Service/AFP/Getty Images. A French hostage and two French soldiers have been killed during a failed secret service rescue mission in Somalia ... The group said it had also captured a wounded French commando ... ....(size: 4.7Kb)
photo: AP / Adj Nicolas-Nelson Richard, ECPAD
14 Jan 2013
Bamako/Paris - French fighter jets pounded Islamist rebel strongholds deep in northern Mali on Sunday as Paris poured more troops into the capital, Bamako, awaiting a West African force to dislodge al-Qaeda-linked insurgents from the country’s north ... Defence Minister Jean-Yves le Drian said France’s intervention on Friday prevented the advancing rebels from seizing Bamako and vowed air strikes would continue ... – ... Doubt....(size: 6.6Kb)
photo: US Navy / MCS2 Gretchen Albrecht
13 Jan 2013
The draft version of the US National Climate Assessment, released on Friday, makes remarkable reading – not just for Americans but for all humanity. Put together by a special panel of more than 240 scientists, the federally commissioned report reveals that the US is already reeling under the impact of global warming ... Nor is there any doubt about the cause of these rising temperatures ... A bitter struggle lies ahead ... Sender's name ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: AP / Kevin Frayer
14 Jan 2013
Allahabad. Hundreds of thousands of Hindu pilgrims led by naked, ash-covered holy men streamed into the sacred river Ganges on Monday at the start of the world's biggest religious festival. The Kumbh Mela in the Indian town of Allahabad will see up to 100 million worshippers gather over the next 55 days to take a ritual bath in the holy waters, believed to cleanse sins and bestow blessings ... "I am ecstatic ... Agence France-Presse ....(size: 4.2Kb)
photo: AP / NSW Rural Fire Service, Kerry Lawrence
12 Jan 2013
Australian firefighters are continuing to tackle more than 100 bushfires, which have gutted houses and thousands of hectares of land. Officials say temperatures are lower than feared, but gusty winds are making it hard to contain the blazes in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. Six people have been treated for heat exposure, but nobody has died ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)
BBC News
14 Jan 2013
... in Chichester last Thursday. He is due to appear before Chichester Crown Court on 5 April....(size: 0.5Kb)
noodls
14 Jan 2013
(Source. West Sussex County Council). Date. 11 January 2013. Press release number. PR5276. A proposed Traffic Regulation Order for double yellow lines for a stretch of Marley Lane, Lynchmere, will be discussed by North Chichester County Local Committee this month. The Committee meets on Tuesday 22 January, from 7.00pm, at Fernhurst Primary School, Haslemere Road, Fernhurst, GU27 3EA....(size: 2.4Kb)
noodls
14 Jan 2013
noodls
14 Jan 2013
(Source. Andina Minerals Inc). Andina Announces Expiry of Successful Bid by Hochschild Mining plc. TORONTO, January 14, 2013 -‐ Andina Minerals Inc. (TSXV ... (Toronto time) on January 11, 2013 ... ... ... Charles Chichester +44 (0)20 7251 3801 Public Relations About Hochschild Mining plc ... Tel....(size: 9.0Kb)
BBC News
13 Jan 2013
Sajin Panikkassery, 29, is charged with four counts of sexual assault and one of rape at St Richard's Hospital, Chichester on 10 January, say police ......(size: 0.8Kb)
The Guardian
13 Jan 2013
Sajin Kunjappu Panikkassery charged with rape and sexual assault of woman at St Richard's hospital, Chichester. Police have charged a 29-year-old hospital worker with sexually assaulting and raping a patient at St Richard's hospital, Chichester ... A healthcare assistant, Sajin Kunjappu Panikkassery, from Chichester, was arrested on Thursday and charged ......(size: 2.2Kb)
The Daily Telegraph
13 Jan 2013
St Richard's Hospital, Chichester Photo ... Sajin Kunjappu Panikkassery was arrested on Thursday after the patient, a woman in her 20s, told staff at St Richard’s Hospital in Chichester, West Sussex, that she had been raped while in bed the previous night. Panikkassery, of Langton Road, Chichester, has been charged with four counts of sexual ......(size: 10.1Kb)
The Daily Telegraph
13 Jan 2013
St Richard's Hospital, Chichester Photo ... Sajin Kunjappu Panikkassery, 29, was arrested on Thursday after the patient told staff at St Richard’s Hospital in Chichester, West Sussex, that she had been raped by a member of staff the previous night. Mr Panikkassery, of Langton Road, Chichester, was yesterday (Sun) charged with rape and four ......(size: 12.0Kb)
The Daily Telegraph
13 Jan 2013
A hospital worker has been arrested after a patient claimed she was raped in her bed in the middle of the night. St Richard's Hospital, Chichester Photo. ALAMY. 2.25PM GMT 13 Jan 2013 ... Officers swooped on the home of the suspect, who is thought to work as a night porter, following the rape allegations at St Richard's Hospital in Chichester, West Sussex. Detective Chief Inspector Dave Wardley-Wilkins, from the West Sussex CID, said ... ....(size: 10.1Kb)
The Daily Telegraph
13 Jan 2013
A hospital worker has been arrested after a patient claimed she was raped in her bed in the middle of the night. St Richard's Hospital, Chichester Photo. ALAMY. 2.25PM GMT 13 Jan 2013 ... Officers swooped on the home of the suspect, who is thought to work as a night porter, following the rape allegations at St Richard's Hospital in Chichester, West Sussex. Detective Chief Inspector Dave Wardley-Wilkins, from the West Sussex CID, said ... ....(size: 10.1Kb)
Belfast Telegraph
12 Jan 2013
A 29-year-old man was detained following a complaint by a woman in her 20s at St Richard's Hospital, Chichester, West Sussex ... The suspect from Chichester was arrested at around 9pm on ......(size: 0.9Kb)
Zeenews
12 Jan 2013
London ... Detective Chief Inspector Dave Wardley-Wilkins from the West Sussex CID said ... The suspect from Chichester was arrested at around 9 pm on Thursday evening and has been suspended from work ... PTI ... First Published ... ....(size: 1.4Kb)
For the larger local government district, see Chichester (district).
For other uses, see Chichester (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 50°50′11″N 0°46′45″W / 50.83652°N 0.77918°W / 50.83652; -0.77918
| City of Chichester | |
 The Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity, Chichester |
|
 City of Chichester
City of Chichester shown within West Sussex |
|
| Area | 10.67 km2 (4.12 sq mi) [1] |
|---|---|
| Population | 23,731 [1] 2001 Census |
| - Density | 2,225 /km2 (5,760 /sq mi) |
| OS grid reference | SU860048 |
| - London | 54 miles (87 km) NNE |
| Civil parish | Chichester |
| District | Chichester |
| Shire county | West Sussex |
| Region | South East |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | CHICHESTER |
| Postcode district | PO19 |
| Dialling code | 01243 |
| Police | Sussex |
| Fire | West Sussex |
| Ambulance | South East Coast |
| EU Parliament | South East England |
| UK Parliament | Chichester |
| Website | City Council |
| List of places: UK • England • West Sussex | |
Chichester ( /ˈtʃɪtʃɨstə/; Sussex dialect: Chiddester /ˈtʃɪdɨstə/) is a cathedral city in West Sussex, within the historic County of Sussex, South-East England. It has a long history as a settlement; its Roman past and its subsequent importance in Anglo-Saxon times are only its beginnings. It is the seat of a bishopric, with a 12th century cathedral, and is home to some of the oldest churches and buildings in Great Britain.
Chichester today is a local government stronghold, with three levels of government being administered there. It is also a transport hub, and the centre for culture in the region, with a Festival theatre and two art galleries. Nearby Chichester Harbour, together with the South Downs and the city walls, provide opportunities for outdoor pursuits.
Contents |
History[link]
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130114212552/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion. |
Roman period[link]
Main article: Noviomagus Reginorum
The area around Chichester is believed to have played significant part during the Roman Invasion of A.D 43, as confirmed by evidence of military storage structures in the area of the nearby Fishbourne Roman Palace.[2] The city centre stands on the foundations of the Romano-British city of Noviomagus Reginorum, capital of the Civitas Reginorum. The Roman road of Stane Street, connecting the city with London, started at the east gate, while the Chichester to Silchester road started from the north gate. The plan of the city is inherited from the Romans: the North, South, East and West shopping streets radiate from the central market cross dating from medieval times.
The original Roman city wall was over two metres thick with a steep ditch (which was later used to divert the River Lavant). It survived for over one and a half thousand years but was then replaced by a thinner Georgian wall.
An amphitheatre was built outside the city walls, close to the East Gate, in around 80 AD. The area is now a park, but the site of the amphitheatre is discernible as a gentle bank approximately oval in shape; a notice board in the park gives more information.
Anglo-Saxon period[link]
According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle it was captured towards the close of the fifth century, by Ælle, and renamed after his son, Cissa. It was the chief city of the Kingdom of Sussex.
The cathedral for the South Saxons was founded in 681 at Selsey; the seat of the bishopric was moved to Chichester in 1075.
Chichester was one of the burhs (fortified towns) established by Alfred the Great, probably in 878-9, making use of the remaining Roman walls. According to the Burghal Hidage, a list written in the early 10th century, it was one of the biggest of Alfred's burhs, supported by 1500 hides, units of land required to supply one soldier each for the garrison in time of emergency. The system was supported by a communication network based on hilltop beacons to provide early warning. It has been suggested that one such link ran from Chichester to London.[3]
Norman period[link]
When the Domesday Book was compiled, Chichester consisted of 300 dwellings which held a population of 1,500 people. There was also a mill named Kings Mill that would have been rented to local slaves and villeins. After the Battle of Hastings the township of Chichester was handed to Roger de Mongomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, for courageous efforts in the battle, but it was forfeited in 1104 by the 3rd Earl. Shortly after 1066 Chichester Castle was built by Roger de Mongomerie to consolidate Norman power.[4] In around 1143 the title Earl of Arundel (also known as the Earl of Sussex until that title fell out of use) was created and became the dominant local landowner. Between 1250 and 1262, the Rape of Chichester was created from the western half of Arundel rape, with the castle as its administrative centre.[5]
Governance[link]
Chichester, although in terms of local government in England is a civil parish, has the status of a city,[6] and is one of six so designated, the others being Ely, Hereford, Ripon, Truro and Wells. The City Council consists of twenty elected members serving four wards of the city - North, South, East, and West.[7]
In addition to its own council offices, those of the Chichester District and the West Sussex County Council are also located here. The current MP for the Chichester Constituency is Andrew Tyrie.
Chichester has an unusual franchise in its history. Chichester's residents had enjoyed political enfranchisement for 300 years before the 19th century Reform Bills expanded the right to vote for members of Parliament to include most ordinary citizens. However, when the mayor restricted the vote to only Freemen in the election of 1660 for the Convention Parliament that organised the restoration of the monarchy, the House of Commons noted that "for One-and-twenty Parliaments, the Commonalty, as well as the Citizens, had had Voice in the electing of Members to serve in Parliament; and that thereupon the Committee were of Opinion, that the Commonalty of the said Borough, together with the free Citizens, have Right of Election"[8] and overturned the election, seating instead the candidate elected by the more-inclusive Commonality of Chichester, and jailing the mayor for two weeks for contempt because of his wilful denial of the ancient rights.
Geography[link]
File:CCA.png
The 8 areas of Chichester Conservation
The City of Chichester is located on the River Lavant south of its gap through the South Downs. This winterbourne often dries up during the summer months, and for part of its course runs through the city in underground culverts.[9] The City's site made it an ideal place for settlement, with many ancient routeways converging here. The oldest section lies within the Medieval walls of the city, which are built on Roman foundations.[10]
The Chichester Conservation Area, designated for its architectural and historic interest,[11] encompasses the whole of the Roman town, and includes many Grade I and II listed buildings. Further to the north lies the separate conservation area around Graylingwell Hospital, and to the south, the Chichester Conservation Area has been extended recently to include the newly restored canal basin and part of the canal itself. The Conservation Area has been split into eight 'character' areas, based on historic development, building type, uses and activities.
Climate[link]
Chichester has an Oceanic climate. With its position in southern England, Chichester benefits from cool winters and warm summers. It also benefits from high sunshine levels compared to other parts of the UK and Northern and Western Europe. On average, Chichester receives 1700-2100 hours of sunshine a year.
| Climate data for Chichester | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 8 (46) |
9 (48) |
11 (52) |
13 (55) |
17 (63) |
19 (66) |
22 (72) |
24 (75) |
20 (68) |
16 (61) |
12 (54) |
8 (46) |
15 (59) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 4 (39) |
4 (39) |
4 (39) |
6 (43) |
9 (48) |
12 (54) |
14 (57) |
14 (57) |
12 (54) |
10 (50) |
6 (43) |
4 (39) |
8 (46) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 58.5 (2.303) |
26.8 (1.055) |
41.5 (1.634) |
42.1 (1.657) |
35.1 (1.382) |
34.7 (1.366) |
33.2 (1.307) |
46.0 (1.811) |
40.0 (1.575) |
74.2 (2.921) |
72.4 (2.85) |
73.2 (2.882) |
577.7 (22.744) |
| Source: [12] | |||||||||||||
Economy[link]
The city today has made use of its past and has built a large tourist industry.[13] Several marinas are situated in the area together with related industries. The Northshore shipyard is located in Chichester. This shipyard is known for building the Southerly and Fisher (motor) sailing yachts. Bagged salad and prepared fruit producers,[14] is also a major employer in the area, with over 400 employees.[15] The company was granted planning permission in January 2011 to build a new pack house in Runcton, approximately 1.9 miles (3.1 km) south west of Chichester, which is estimated to create 380 new jobs.[16]
Main sights[link]
Chichester Cathedral, founded in the 11th century, is dedicated to the Holy Trinity, and contains a shrine to Saint Richard of Chichester. Its spire, built of the weak local stone, collapsed suddenly and was rebuilt during the 19th century. In the south aisle of the cathedral a window in the floor affords a view of the remains of a Roman mosaic pavement. The cathedral is unusual in Britain in having a separate bell tower a few metres away from the main building, rather than integrated into it. Within the cathedral there is a medieval tomb of a knight and his wife, the inspiration of the poem "An Arundel Tomb", by Philip Larkin. A fine memorial statue also exists of William Huskisson, once member of parliament for the city, but best remembered as the first man to be run over by a railway engine. Leonard Bernstein's Chichester Psalms were commissioned for the cathedral.
In addition to the cathedral there are five Church of England churches, St Richard’s Roman Catholic church and nine religious buildings of other denominations.[17] Redundant churches include the Grade I-listed St John the Evangelist's Church, an octagonal white-brick proprietary chapel with an impressive three-decker pulpit.[18][19]
The site of the Roman amphitheatre is in a park south of The Hornet. The precise location can be discerned by a gentle bank roughly oval in shape and a notice board in the park gives more information.
The Butter Market in North Street was designed by John Nash, and was opened in 1808 as a food and produce market. In 1900, a second storey was added to the building, originally housing an arts institute. It is currently still in use by various small business, however Chichester City Council are soon to carry out a full scale renovation of the building, leaving the future of some of the current retailers in some doubt.
The Corn Exchange in East Street was built in 1833, one of the first in the country.[20] It is an imposing building, designed to show off its importance to trade. In 1883 it was also used for drama and entertainment. From then it became a cinema (1923–1984), a restaurant, and then a McDonalds fast food restaurant. It is currently occupied by Next clothing retailers.
The Chichester Cross, which is a type of Buttercross familiar to old market towns, was built in 1501 as a covered market-place,[21] stands at the intersection of the four main roads in the centre of the city.
Chichester is home to the South Downs Planetarium & Science Centre, which opened in 2001 and features a program of public star shows in its 100 seat theatre.
Transport[link]
Chichester is the hub of several main roads. The most important of these is the A27 coastal trunk road connecting Eastbourne with Southampton. The A27 also connects Chichester to the M27. The secondary coastal road, the A259, which began its journey at Folkestone in Kent, joins with a junction with the A27 here and ends in Havant to the west. Both those roads make east-west connections. Three roads give Chichester access to the north: the A29 from London, which has also joined the A27 to the east of the city; and the A285, which gives access to Petworth and another cross-country road (the A272); and finally the A286, heading towards Guildford.
Stagecoach South bus company has its headquarters here.
Chichester railway station, on the West Coastway Line, has regular services to Brighton, London Victoria via Gatwick Airport, Portsmouth and Southampton. In the past there was a branch line to Midhurst in the north; and a light railway built by Colonel HF Stephens known as the West Sussex Railway which ran south to Selsey, and which closed in 1935.
Chichester Airport is located north of the city.
There are several long distance routes for walkers, cyclists and riders in the area, some of which, like the Centurion Way to West Dean start here. Centurion Way was opened in the Mid 1990s and runs along the former railway line. The name was chosen by Ben Adams, a local schoolboy who won a competition to the name the path.
There are also many bus routes, with Chichester acting as a local hub. See List of bus routes in West Sussex.
Education[link]
There are three secondary schools in Chichester: the Chichester High School for Boys and the Chichester High School For Girls, located on the Kingsham Campus; and the Bishop Luffa School. In the primary sector there are two infant-only schools: Lancastrian and Rumboldswyke; the Central C of E Junior School; five all-level schools;[22] and two special-needs schools at Fordwater and St Anthony’s. There is also a Roman Catholic school, St Richard’s Primary School, and a Sure Start Children's Centre, Chichester Nursery School, Children and Family Centre.
In the independent sector there are three day preparatory schools in Chichester (Oakwood Preparatory School, Prebendal School and Westbourne House), alongside the state primary schools.
The higher and further educational institutions include the Chichester High Schools Sixth Form, which is the largest Sixth Form in West Sussex. It offers a range of A-Level and vocational courses with full use of a wide-range of facilities at both boys and girls high schools. Chichester College, formerly Chichester College of Arts, Science and Technology; offers both foundation-level and degree-equivalent courses, mainly focused towards vocational qualifications for industry. The college has recently made significant investment in upgrading facilities, and is now offering a wider range of subject areas in its prospectus.
Finally, the University of Chichester[23] which was granted degree-awarding body status by the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority in 2005. Whereas Chichester College has always been focused towards vocational qualifications, the University of Chichester has a more academic focus (mainly in the arts).
Culture[link]
The city holds an annual three-week arts and music festival (“Chichester Festivities“)[24] held in July.
Its most prestigious cultural location is the Chichester Festival Theatre,[25] one of the United Kingdom’s flagship theatres, whose annual summer season attracts actors, writers and directors from the West End theatre.
Pallant House Gallery,[26] winner of the 2007 gallery of the year Gulbenkian Prize has a major collection of chiefly modern British art and in 2006 opened its new extension that houses the collection of Professor Sir Colin St John Wilson. It also has a changing programme of exhibitions.
Since 2007, the week long annual I AM JOY Arts and Music Festival in August has exhibited artworks, showcased bands, contemporary dance, theatre and run workshops across different venues in the city. The festival has since 2008, grown into a high street gallery, magazine, monthly comedy night, film nights and live music nights; from Cabaret to Post-Rock.
Chichester Cinema at New Park[27] is the city's first and only arthouse cinema. It shows a selection of mainstream, small-budget and older films, with showings 7 days a week. Vice presidents are Dame Maggie Smith and Kenneth Branagh. There is also a larger, multiplex cinema located at Chichester Gate.
The Chichester Open Mic has supported regular programmes of readings by contemporary poets in the city since 2010. It also hosts a high profile annual event under the banner Poetry and All That Jazz which included performances by Don Paterson in 2010 and Sam Willetts in 2011.[28]
In the 1990s Chichester started to develop an alternative subculture[citation needed]. There is still a shop in Crane Street which retails clothing aimed at the alternative music culture.
Chichester is mentioned in a 1992 episode of A Bit of Fry and Laurie, the 2005 film Stoned (film) about Brian Jones from The Rolling Stones, and also in the 2009 film Sherlock Holmes.
Music[link]
The following section considers the city’s music scene: in recent years it has experienced growth in various genres.[29]
Chichester Symphony Orchestra[link]
Founded in 1881, the Chichester Symphony Orchestra plays an important part in maintaining the classical music tradition of the area. A friendly group, the orchestra consists of both amateur and professional players who rehearse on a weekly basis, first and foremost, for the enjoyment of playing together. Three concerts are given each year with the summer concert being part of the Chichester Festivities while the autumn concert is included in the Chichester Cathedral Lunchtime Series.
Popular music[link]
A cornerstone of the Chichester music scene is Chichester RAJF (From "Real Ale and Jazz Festival"), a four day festival of music and real ale held each July in tents beside the 13th century Guildhall in Priory Park.[30] Founded in 1980 by members of Chichester Hockey Club as a fund-raising event, the festival has grown in size and ambition. In the early years the focus was on traditional jazz and featured performers such as Kenny Ball, Humphrey Lyttelton and Kenny Baker. In the 1990s blues and R&B were introduced and more recently the festival has increased its capacity to 2500 persons and has offered a wide range of popular music including James Brown, Status Quo, Blondie, Boney M, Robert Cray, Hot Chocolate, Howard Jones, Go West, The Pretenders, The Drifters and Simple Minds. In 2009, the RAJF changed from 4 consecutive nights to 2 consecutive weekends. 2010 will be the RAJF's 30th Birthday and a special celebration is being planned.
Blues on the Farm is a festival held every June at Pump Bottom Farm two miles (3.2 km) south of the city.[31] Founded in 1991, it has become the UK's biggest outdoor blues festival hosting many of the top national and international names in a picturesque and friendly environment. Roots Around the World is another such festival, bringing what is described as the best in global music to the city and surrounding village halls.
Sport[link]
Chichester has a cricket and hockey club, (Chichester Priory Park, CPPC&HC), a rugby club, Chichester R.F.C.,[32] and a football club Chichester City[33] who play in the Sussex County League. The city is also home to the Chichester Sharks Flag American Football Club,[34] members of the English Senior Flag League (ESFL). In October 2007, the Sharks won the National Championship, beating Andover Voodoo 31-29 in the final. The Chichester Sharks also won the title in 2003.
Other sports include cycling.[35]
The city also offers a well equipped leisure centre with swimming pool, flume, sports hall and fitness room; it also plays host to Chichester Cormorants swimming club.
Notable people[link]
Main article: List of people from Chichester
Town twinning[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chichester |
The City of Chichester is twinned with Chartres, France and Ravenna, Italy.[citation needed]
References[link]
- ^ a b "2001 Census: West Sussex – Population by Parish". West Sussex County Council. http://www.westsussex.gov.uk/communityandliving/census2001/pop_parish_summary.pdf. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
- ^ Manley, John (2007). AD43: The Roman Invasion of Britain. Tempus Publishing. pp. 111–128. ISBN 978-0-7524-1959-6.
- ^ Gower, Graham, London Archaeologist Winter 2002, pp 59-63
- ^ Chichester Castle, Pastscape.org, http://www.pastscape.org/hob.aspx?hob_id=1386089, retrieved 10/05/2011
- ^ "Victoria County History - The rape of Chichester". British History Online. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=41682. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
- ^ "Chichester City Council website". Chichestercity.gov.uk. http://www.chichestercity.gov.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ "City councillors". Chichestercity.gov.uk. 2007-05-16. http://www.chichestercity.gov.uk/Councillors%20Page.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ "British History Online". British-history.ac.uk. 2003-06-22. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26194. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ Sub-Urban website: River Lavant[dead link]
- ^ "City Walls Walk: includes map". Chichesterweb.co.uk. http://www.chichesterweb.co.uk/frameset.htm?walls/w1.htm~main. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ "Chichester Council Conservation Areas". Chichester.gov.uk. http://www.chichester.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=4086. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ "Averages for Chichester". http://weather.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx?wealocations=wc:UKXX0899&q=Chichester%2c+GBR+forecast:averagesm.
- ^ "The Chichester Guide". Chichester Web. http://www.chichesterweb.co.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ Natures Way Foods
- ^ Business Week Profile
- ^ Food Manufacture
- ^ "''Chichester Web’'': churches of Chichester". Chichesterweb.co.uk. http://www.chichesterweb.co.uk/frameset.htm?07churches.htm~main. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ "Former Church of St John the Evangelist, St John's Street (East Side), Chichester, Chichester, West Sussex". The National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. 2011. http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1026696. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
- ^ Beevers, David; Marks, Richard; Roles, John (1989). Sussex Churches and Chapels. Brighton: The Royal Pavilion, Art Gallery and Museums. ISBN 0-948723-11-4.
- ^ "The Corn Exchange". Chichester.gov.uk. http://www.chichester.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=1910. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ "Chichester City Cross". West Sussex.info. http://www.westsussex.info/chichester-cross.shtml.
- ^ They are the Jessie Younghusband Primary School; Kingsham Primary School; Parklands Community School; Portfield Community Primary and Singleton C of E Primary School
- ^ The establishment was initially called Bishop Otter College, although throughout its history it has had many names: West Sussex Institute of Higher Education, then Chichester Institute of Higher Education, then University College Chichester
- ^ "Chichester Festivities". Chifest.org.uk. 2010-07-11. http://www.chifest.org.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ "The Website Of Chichester Festival Theatre". Cft.org.uk. http://www.cft.org.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ "Pallant House Gallery". Pallant.org.uk. http://www.pallant.org.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ "Chichester Cinema At New Park". Chichestercinema.org. http://www.chichestercinema.org/. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ "Chichester Open Mic". http://www.highonthewalls.tumblr.com. Retrieved 2012-04-23.
- ^ As an example, Anthony of Antony and the Johnsons originated from the city
- ^ "Chichester RAJF website". Chichester-rajf.com. http://www.chichester-rajf.com/. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ "Blues on the Farm". Blues on the Farm. 2010-06-20. http://www.bluesonthefarm.co.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ "Chichester RFC website". Chichesterrfc.co.uk. 2010-06-26. http://www.chichesterrfc.co.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ "Chichester City United FC website". Ccufc.co.uk. http://www.ccufc.co.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ "Chichester Sharks flag American football website". Chichestersharks.co.uk. http://www.chichestersharks.co.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ "Southdown Velo cycling club". Southdownvelo.org.uk. 2010-07-12. http://www.southdownvelo.org.uk/. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
Bibliography[link]
- Down, Alec (1988). Roman Chichester. Chichester: Phillimore. ISBN 0-85033-435-7.
- Sharp, Thomas (1949). Georgian City: A plan for the preservation and improvement of Chichester. London: The Architectural Press.
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Leonard Bernstein ( /ˈbɜrnstaɪn/ US dict: bûrn′·stīn;[1] August 25, 1918 – October 14, 1990) was an American composer, conductor, author, music lecturer and pianist. He was among the first conductors born and educated in the United States of America to receive worldwide acclaim. According to The New York Times, he was "one of the most prodigiously talented and successful musicians in American history."[2]
His fame derived from his long tenure as the music director of the New York Philharmonic, from his conducting of concerts with most of the world's leading orchestras, and from his music for West Side Story, as well as Candide, Wonderful Town, On the Town and his own Mass.
Bernstein was also the first conductor to give numerous television lectures on classical music, starting in 1954 and continuing until his death. In addition, he was a skilled pianist,[3] often conducting piano concertos from the keyboard.
As a composer he wrote in many styles encompassing symphonic and orchestral music, ballet, film and theatre music, choral works, opera, chamber music and pieces for the piano. Many of his works are regularly performed around the world, although none has matched the tremendous popular and commercial success of West Side Story.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Early life[link]
He was born Louis Bernstein in Lawrence, Massachusetts, the son of Ukranian Jewish parents Jennie (née Resnick) and Samuel Joseph Bernstein, a hair-dressing supplies wholesaler originating from Rovno (now Ukraine).[4][5] Despite his surname he was not related to film composer Elmer Bernstein, but the two men were friends, and even shared a certain physical similarity.[6] Within the world of professional music, they were distinguished from each other by the use of the nicknames Bernstein West (Elmer) and Bernstein East (Leonard).[7]
His family spent their summers at their vacation home in Sharon, Massachusetts. His grandmother insisted that his first name be Louis, but his parents always called him Leonard, which they preferred. He officially changed his name to Leonard when he was fifteen, shortly after his grandmother's death.[8] To his friends and many others he was simply known as "Lenny."
His father, Sam Bernstein, was a businessman and owner of a bookstore in downtown Lawrence; it is standing today on the corners of Amesbury and Essex Streets. Sam initially opposed young Leonard's interest in music. Despite this, the elder Bernstein took him to orchestra concerts in his teenage years and eventually supported his music education. At a very young age, Bernstein listened to a piano performance and was immediately captivated; he subsequently began learning the piano seriously when the family acquired his cousin Lillian Goldman's unwanted piano. As a child, Bernstein attended the Garrison Grammar School and Boston Latin School.[9] As a child he was very close to his younger sister Shirley, and would often play entire operas or Beethoven symphonies with her at the piano. He had a variety of piano teachers in his youth including Helen Coates who later became his secretary.
After graduation from Boston Latin School in 1935, Bernstein attended Harvard University, where he studied music with, amongst others, Edward Burlingame Hill and Walter Piston, the author of many harmony and counterpoint textbooks. Although he majored in music with a final year thesis (1939) entitled "The Absorption of Race Elements into American Music" (reproduced in his book Findings), Bernstein's main intellectual influence at Harvard was probably the aesthetics Professor David Prall, whose multidisciplinary outlook on the arts Bernstein shared for the rest of his life. One of his friends at Harvard was philosopher Donald Davidson, with whom he played piano four hands. Bernstein wrote and conducted the musical score for the production Davidson mounted of Aristophanes' play The Birds in the original Greek. Bernstein reused some of this music in the ballet Fancy Free. During his time at Harvard he was briefly an accompanist for the Harvard Glee Club.[10] Bernstein also mounted a student production of The Cradle Will Rock, directing its action from the piano as the composer Marc Blitzstein had done at the premiere. Blitzstein, who heard about the production, subsequently became a friend and influence (both musically and politically) on Bernstein.
Bernstein also met the conductor Dimitri Mitropoulos at this time. Although he never taught Bernstein, Mitropoulos's charisma and power as a musician was a major influence on Bernstein's eventual decision to take up conducting. Mitropoulos was not stylistically that similar to Bernstein, but he probably influenced some of Bernstein's later habits such as his conducting from the keyboard, his initial practice of conducting without a baton and perhaps his interest in Mahler. The other important influence that Bernstein first met during his Harvard years was composer Aaron Copland, whom he met at a concert and then at a party afterwards on Copland's birthday in 1938. At the party Bernstein played Copland's Piano Variations, a thorny work Bernstein loved without knowing anything about its composer until that evening. Although he was not formally Copland's student as such, Bernstein would regularly seek advice from Copland in the following years about his own compositions and would often cite him as "his only real composition teacher".[11]
After completing his studies at Harvard in 1939 (graduating with a B.A. cum laude), he enrolled at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia. During his time at Curtis, Bernstein studied conducting with Fritz Reiner (who anecdotally is said to have given Bernstein the only "A grade" he ever awarded), piano with Isabelle Vengerova,[12] orchestration with Randall Thompson, counterpoint with Richard Stöhr, and score reading with Renée Longy Miquelle.[13] Unlike his years at Harvard, Bernstein appears not to have greatly enjoyed the formal training environment of Curtis, although often in his later life he would mention Reiner when discussing important mentors.[11]
1940–1950[link]
After he left Curtis, Bernstein lived in New York. He shared a flat with his friend Adolph Green and often accompanied Green, Betty Comden and Judy Holliday in a comedy troupe called The Reviewers who performed in Greenwich Village. He took jobs with a music publisher, transcribing music or producing arrangements under the pseudonym Lenny Amber (the German meaning of his name in English). During this period in New York City, Bernstein enjoyed an exuberant social life that included relationships with both men and women. In 1940, Bernstein began his study at the Boston Symphony Orchestra's summer institute, Tanglewood, in the conducting class of the orchestra's conductor, Serge Koussevitzky.
Bernstein's friendships with Copland (who was very close to Koussevitsky) and Mitropoulos were important in him being recommended for a place in the class. Other students in the class included Lukas Foss who also became a lifelong friend. Koussevitsky perhaps did not teach Bernstein much basic conducting technique (which he had already developed under Reiner), but instead became a sort of father figure to him, and was perhaps the major influence on Bernstein's emotional way of interpreting music. Bernstein later became Koussevitzky's conducting assistant[14] and would later dedicate his second symphony, "The Age of Anxiety", to him.[15]
On November 14, 1943, having recently been appointed assistant conductor of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, he made his major conducting debut at sudden notice—and without any rehearsal—after Bruno Walter came down with the flu. The next day, The New York Times carried the story on their front page and their editorial remarked, "It's a good American success story. The warm, friendly triumph of it filled Carnegie Hall and spread far over the air waves."[16] He became instantly famous because the concert was nationally broadcast, and afterwards started to appear as a guest conductor with many US orchestras. The program included works by Schumann, Miklos Rozsa, Wagner and Richard Strauss's Don Quixote with soloist Joseph Schuster, solo cellist of the orchestra. Before the concert Bernstein briefly spoke to Bruno Walter, who discussed particular difficulties in the works he was to perform. It is possible to hear this concert (apart from the Wagner work) on a recording of the CBS radio broadcast that has been issued on CD by the orchestra.
_-_1944_-_foto_van_Vechten2.jpg)
From 1945 to 1947 Bernstein was the Music Director of the New York City Symphony Orchestra, which had been founded the previous year by the conductor Leopold Stokowski. The orchestra (with support from the Mayor) was aimed at a different audience with more modern programs and cheaper tickets than the New York Philharmonic.
In addition to becoming known as a conductor, Bernstein also emerged as a composer in the same period. In January 1944 he conducted the premiere of his Jeremiah Symphony in Pittsburgh. His score to the ballet Fancy Free choreographed by Jerome Robbins opened in New York in April 1944 and this was later developed into the musical On the Town with lyrics by Comden and Green that opened on Broadway in December 1944.
After World War II, Bernstein's career on the international stage began to flourish. In 1946 he made his first trip to Europe conducting various orchestras and recorded Ravel's Piano Concerto in G as soloist and conductor with the Philharmonia Orchestra. In 1946, he conducted opera for the first time, with the American première at Tanglewood of Benjamin Britten's Peter Grimes, which had been a Koussevitzky commission. That same year, Arturo Toscanini invited Bernstein to guest conduct two concerts with the NBC Symphony Orchestra, one of which again featured Bernstein as soloist in the Ravel concerto.[17]
In 1947, Bernstein conducted in Tel Aviv for the first time, beginning a lifelong association with Israel. The next year he conducted an open air concert for troops at Beersheba in the middle of the desert during the Arab-Israeli war. In 1957, he conducted the inaugural concert of the Mann Auditorium in Tel Aviv; he subsequently made many recordings there. In 1967, he conducted a concert on Mt. Scopus to commemorate the reunification of Jerusalem. During the 1970s, Bernstein recorded his symphonies and other works with the Israel Philharmonic for Deutsche Grammophon.
In 1949, he conducted the world première of the Turangalîla-Symphonie by Olivier Messiaen, with the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Part of the rehearsal for the concert was released on CD by the orchestra. When Koussevitzky died two years later, Bernstein became head of the orchestral and conducting departments at Tanglewood, holding this position for many years.
1951–1959[link]
After much personal struggle and a turbulent on-off engagement, he married the Chilean actress Felicia Cohn Montealegre on September 10, 1951. One suggestion is that he chose to marry partly to dispel rumors about his private life to help secure a major conducting appointment, following advice from his mentor Dimitri Mitropoulos about the conservative nature of orchestra boards.[18] Bernstein's sexuality has been a matter of speculation and debate. Arthur Laurents (Bernstein's collaborator in West Side Story) said that Bernstein was "a gay man who got married. He wasn't conflicted about it at all. He was just gay."[19] Shirley Rhoades Perle, another friend of Bernstein's, said that she thought "he required men sexually and women emotionally."[20] But the early years of his marriage seem to have been happy, and no one has suggested they didn't love one another. They had three children, Jamie, Alexander, and later Nina.[21] There are reports though that Bernstein did sometimes have brief extramarital liaisons with young men, which several family friends have said his wife knew about.[20]
In 1951, Bernstein conducted the New York Philharmonic in the world première of the Symphony No. 2 of Charles Ives, which was written around half a century earlier but had never been previously performed. Throughout his career Bernstein often talked about the music of Ives, who died in 1954. The composer, old and frail, was unable (or some reports say "unwilling") to attend the concert, but his wife did. He reportedly listened to a radio broadcast of it on a radio in his kitchen some days later. A recording of the "premiere" was released in a 10 CD box set Bernstein LIVE by the orchestra, but the notes indicate it was a repeat performance from three days later, and this is perhaps what Ives heard. In any case, reports also differ on Ives's exact reaction, but some suggest he was thrilled and danced a little jig. Bernstein recorded the 2nd symphony with the orchestra in 1958 for Columbia and 1987 for Deutsche Grammophon. There is also a 1987 performance with the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra available on DVD.
Bernstein was a visiting music professor from 1951 to 1956 at Brandeis University, and he founded the Creative Arts Festival there in 1952.[22] He conducted various productions at the first festival including the premiere of his opera Trouble in Tahiti and Blitzstein's English version of Kurt Weill's Threepenny Opera. The festival was named after him in 2005, becoming the Leonard Bernstein Festival of the Creative Arts. In 1953 he was the first US conductor to appear at La Scala in Milan, conducting Maria Callas in Cherubini's Medea. The same year he produced his score to the musical Wonderful Town at very short notice, working again with his old friends Comden and Green, who wrote the lyrics.
In 1954 Bernstein made the first of his television lectures for the CBS arts program Omnibus. The live lecture, entitled "Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony", involved Bernstein explaining the work with the aid of musicians from the former NBC Symphony Orchestra (recently renamed the "Symphony of the Air") and a giant page of the score covering the floor. Bernstein subsequently performed concerts with the orchestra and recorded his Serenade for Violin with Isaac Stern. Further Omnibus lectures followed from 1955 to 1958 (later on ABC and then NBC) covering jazz, conducting, American musical comedy, modern music, J.S. Bach, and grand opera. These programs were made available in the USA in a DVD set in 2010.
In late 1956, Bernstein conducted the New York Philharmonic in concerts that were to have been conducted by Guido Cantelli, who had tragically died in an air crash in Paris. This was the first time Bernstein had conducted the orchestra in subscription concerts since 1951. Partly due to these appearances, Bernstein was named the music director of the New York Philharmonic in 1957, replacing Dimitri Mitropoulos. He began his tenure in that position in 1958, having held the post jointly with Mitropoulos from 1957 to 1958. In 1958, Bernstein and Mitropoulos took the New York Philharmonic on tour to South America. In his first season in sole charge, Bernstein included a season-long survey of American classical music. Themed programming of this sort was fairly novel at that time compared to the present day. Bernstein held the music directorship until 1969 (with a sabbatical in 1965) although he continued to conduct and make recordings with the orchestra for the rest of his life and was appointed "laureate conductor".
He became a well-known figure in the United States through his series of fifty-three televised Young People's Concerts for CBS, which grew out of his Omnibus programs. His first Young People's Concert was televised a few weeks after his tenure began as principal conductor of the New York Philharmonic. He became as famous for his educational work in those concerts as for his conducting. The Bernstein Young People's Concerts were the first and probably the most influential series of music appreciation programs ever produced on television, and they were highly acclaimed by critics.[23] Some of Bernstein's music lectures were released on records, with at least one winning a Grammy award. The programs were shown in many countries around the world, often with Bernstein dubbed into other languages. Twenty-five of them were released on DVD by Kultur Video.
Prior to taking over the New York Philharmonic, Bernstein produced the music for two shows. The first was for the operetta Candide, which was first performed in 1956 with a libretto by Lillian Hellman based on Voltaire's novel. The second was Bernstein's collaboration with the choreographer Jerome Robbins, the writer Arthur Laurents, and the lyricist Stephen Sondheim to produce the musical West Side Story. The first three had worked on it intermittently since Robbins first suggested the idea in 1949. Finally, with the addition of Sondheim to the team and a period of concentrated effort, it received its Broadway premiere in 1957 and has since proven to be Bernstein's most popular and enduring score.
In 1959, he took the New York Philharmonic on a tour of Europe and the Soviet Union, portions of which were filmed by CBS. A highlight of the tour was Bernstein's performance of Dmitri Shostakovich's Fifth Symphony, in the presence of the composer, who came on stage at the end to congratulate Bernstein and the musicians. In October, when Bernstein and the orchestra returned to the US, they recorded the symphony for Columbia. He recorded it for a second time with the orchestra on tour in Japan in 1979. Bernstein seems to have limited himself to only conducting certain Shostakovich symphonies, namely the numbers 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 14. He made two recordings of Shostakovich's Leningrad Symphony, one with the New York Philharmonic in the 1960s and another one recorded live in 1988 with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the only recording he ever made with them (including Shostakovich's Symphony No. 1).
1960–1969[link]
In 1960 Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic held a Mahler Festival to mark the centenary of the composer's birth. Bernstein, Walter and Mitropoulos conducted performances. The composer's widow, Alma, attended some of Bernstein's rehearsals. In 1960 Bernstein also made his first commercial recording of a Mahler symphony (the fourth) and over the next seven years he made the first complete cycle of recordings of all nine of Mahler's completed symphonies. (All featured the New York Philharmonic except the 8th Symphony which was recorded with the London Symphony Orchestra following a concert in the Royal Albert Hall in London in 1966.) The success of these recordings, along with Bernstein's concert performances and television talks, was an important part of the revival of interest in Mahler in the 1960s, especially in the US.
Other non-US composers that Bernstein championed to some extent at the time include the Danish composer Carl Nielsen (who was perhaps then only a little known in the US) and Jean Sibelius, whose popularity had perhaps by then started to fade. Bernstein eventually recorded a complete cycle in New York of Sibelius's symphonies and three of Nielsen's symphonies (Nos. 2, 4, and 5), as well as conducting recordings of his violin, clarinet and flute concertos. He also recorded Nielsen's 3rd Symphony with the Royal Danish Orchestra after a critically acclaimed public performance in Denmark. Bernstein championed US composers, especially those that he was close to like Aaron Copland, William Schuman and David Diamond. He also started to more extensively record his own compositions for Columbia Records. This included his three symphonies, his ballets and the Symphonic Dances from West Side Story with the New York Philharmonic. He also conducted an LP of his 1944 musical On The Town, the first (almost) complete recording of the original featuring several members of the original Broadway cast, including Betty Comden and Adolph Green. (The 1949 film version only contains four of Bernstein's original numbers.)
In one oft-reported incident, in April 1962 Bernstein appeared on stage before a performance of the Brahms Piano Concerto No. 1 in D minor with the pianist Glenn Gould. During rehearsals, Gould had argued for tempi much broader than normal, which did not reflect Bernstein's concept of the music. Bernstein gave a brief address to the audience starting with "Don't be frightened; Mr Gould is here..." and going on to "In a concerto, who is the boss (audience laughter)—the soloist or the conductor?" (Audience laughter grows louder). The answer is, of course, sometimes the one and sometimes the other, depending on the people involved."[24] This speech was subsequently interpreted by Harold C. Schonberg, music critic for The New York Times, as abdication of personal responsibility and an attack on Gould, whose performance Schonberg went on to criticize heavily. Bernstein always denied that this had been his intent and has stated that he made these remarks with Gould's blessing.[25] Throughout his life, he professed admiration and friendship for Gould. Schonberg was often (though not always) harshly critical of Bernstein as a conductor during his tenure as Music Director. However his views were not shared by the audiences (with many full houses) and probably not by the musicians themselves (who had greater financial security arising from Bernstein's many TV and recording activities amongst other things).
In 1962 the New York Philharmonic moved from Carnegie Hall to Philharmonic Hall (now Avery Fisher Hall) in the new Lincoln Center. The move was not without controversy because of acoustic problems with the new hall. Bernstein conducted the gala opening concert featuring vocal works by Mahler, Beethoven and Vaughan Williams, and the premiere of Aaron Copland's Connotations, a serial-work that was merely politely received. During the interval Bernstein kissed the cheek of the President's wife Jacqueline Kennedy, a break with protocol that was commented on at the time. In 1961 Bernstein had conducted at President John F. Kennedy's pre-inaugural gala, and he was an occasional guest in the Kennedy White House. He also conducted at the funeral mass in 1968 for the late President Kennedy's brother Robert Kennedy.
In 1964 Bernstein conducted Franco Zeffirelli's production of Verdi's Falstaff at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. In 1966 he made his debut at the Vienna State Opera conducting Luchino Visconti's production of the same opera with Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau as Falstaff. During his time in Vienna he also recorded the opera for Columbia Records and conducted his first subscription concert with the Vienna Philharmonic (which is made up of players from the Vienna State Opera) featuring Mahler's Das Lied von der Erde with Fischer-Dieskau and James King. He returned to the State Opera in 1968 for a production of Der Rosenkavalier and in 1970 for Otto Schenk's production of Beethoven's Fidelio. Sixteen years later, at the State Opera, Bernstein conducted his sequel to Trouble in Tahiti, A Quiet Place. with the ORF orchestra. Bernstein's final farewell to the State Opera happened accidentally in 1989: following a performance of Modest Mussorgsky's Khovanshchina, he unexpectedly entered the stage and embraced conductor Claudio Abbado in front of a cheering audience.
With his commitment to the New York Philharmonic and his many other activities, Bernstein had little time for composition during the 1960s. The two major works he produced at this time were his Kaddish Symphony dedicated to the recently assassinated President John F. Kennedy and the Chichester Psalms which he produced during a sabbatical year he took from the Philharmonic in 1965 to concentrate on composition. To try to have more time for composition was probably a major factor in his decision to step down as Music Director of the Philharmonic in 1969, and to never accept such a position anywhere again.
1970–1979[link]
After stepping down from the New York Philharmonic, Bernstein continued to appear with them in most years until his death, and he toured with them to Europe in 1976 and to Asia in 1979. He also strengthened his relationship with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra – he conducted all nine completed Mahler symphonies with them (plus the adagio from the 10th) in the period from 1967 to 1976. All of these were filmed for Unitel with the exception of the 1967 Mahler 2nd, which instead Bernstein filmed with the London Symphony Orchestra in Ely Cathedral in 1973. In the late 1970s Bernstein conducted a complete Beethoven symphony cycle with the Vienna Philharmonic, and cycles of Brahms and Schumann were to follow in the 1980s. Other orchestras he conducted on numerous occasions in the 1970s include the Israel Philharmonic, the Orchestre National de France, and the Boston Symphony Orchestra.
In 1970 Bernstein wrote and narrated a ninety-minute program filmed on location in and around Vienna as a celebration of Beethoven's 200th birthday. It featured parts of Bernstein's rehearsals and performance for the Otto Schenk production of Fidelio, Bernstein playing the 1st piano concerto and the Ninth Symphony with the Vienna Philharmonic and the young Placido Domingo amongst the soloists. The program was first telecast in 1970 on Austrian and British television, and then on CBS in the US on Christmas Eve 1971. The show, originally entitled Beethoven's Birthday: A Celebration in Vienna, won an Emmy and was issued on DVD in 2005.
Like many of his friends and colleagues, Bernstein had been involved in various left wing causes and organizations since the 1940s. He was blacklisted by the US State Department and CBS in the early 1950s, but unlike others his career was not greatly affected, and he was never required to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee.[26] His political life received substantial press coverage though in 1970 due to a gathering hosted at his Manhattan apartment. Bernstein and his wife held the event seeking to raise awareness and money for the defense of several members of the Black Panther Party against a variety of charges.[27] The New York Times initially covered the gathering as a lifestyle item, but later posted an editorial harshly unfavorable to Bernstein following generally negative reaction to the widely publicized story.[28][29] This reaction culminated in June 1970 with the appearance of "Radical Chic: That Party at Lenny's", an essay by satirist Tom Wolfe featured on the cover of the New York Magazine.[30] The article contrasted the Bernsteins' comfortable lifestyle in one of the world's most expensive neighborhoods with the anti-establishment politics of the Black Panthers. It led to the popularization of "radical chic" as a critical term.[31] Both Bernstein and his wife Felicia responded to the criticism, arguing that they were motivated not by a shallow desire to express fashionable sympathy but by their concern for civil liberties.[32][33]
Bernstein's major compositions during the 1970s were probably his MASS: A Theatre Piece for Singers, Players, and Dancers; his score for the ballet Dybbuk; his orchestral vocal work Songfest; and his US bicentenary musical 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue written with lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner which was his first real theatrical flop, and last original Broadway show. The world premiere of Bernstein's MASS took place on September 8, 1971. Commissioned by Jacqueline Kennedy for the opening of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C., it was partly intended as an anti-war statement. Hastily written in places, the work represented a fusion not only of different religious traditions (Latin liturgy, Hebrew prayer and plenty of contemporary English lyrics) but also of different musical styles including classical and rock music. It was originally a target of criticism from the Roman Catholic Church on the one hand, and contemporary music critics who objected to its Broadway/populist elements on the other. In the present day it is perhaps seen as less blasphemous and more a piece of its era – in 2000 it was even performed in the Vatican.
In 1972 Bernstein recorded Bizet's Carmen, with Marilyn Horne in the title role and James McCracken as Don Jose, after leading several stage performances of the opera at the Metropolitan Opera. The recording was one of the first in stereo to use the original spoken dialogue between the sung portions of the opera, rather than the musical recitatives that were composed by Ernest Guiraud after Bizet's death. The recording was Bernstein's first for Deutsche Grammophon and won a Grammy.
Bernstein was appointed in 1973 to the Charles Eliot Norton Chair as Professor of Poetry at his alma mater, Harvard University, and delivered a series of six televised lectures on music with musical examples played by the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Taking the title from a Charles Ives work, he called the series "The Unanswered Question"; it was a set of interdisciplinary lectures in which he borrowed terminology from contemporary linguistics to analyze and compare musical construction to language. The lectures are presently available in both book and DVD form. The DVD video was not taken directly from the lectures at Harvard, rather they were recreated again at the WGBH studios for filming. This appears to be the only surviving Norton lectures available to the general public in video format. Noam Chomsky wrote in 2007 on the Znet forums about the linguistic aspects of the lecture: "I spent some time with Bernstein during the preparation and performance of the lectures. My feeling was that he was onto something, but I couldn't really judge how significant it was."
A major period of upheaval in Bernstein's personal life began in 1976 when he took the decision that he could no longer repress his homosexuality and he left his wife Felicia for a period to live with the writer Tom Cothran. The next year she was diagnosed with lung cancer and eventually Bernstein moved back in with her and cared for her until she died on June 16, 1978.[18] Cothran himself died of AIDS in 1981. Bernstein is reported to have often spoken of his terrible guilt over his wife's death.[18] Most biographies of Bernstein describe that his lifestyle became more excessive and his personal behavior sometimes cruder after her death. However his public standing and many of his close friendships appear to have remained unaffected, and he resumed his busy schedule of musical activity.
In 1978, Bernstein returned to the Vienna State Opera to conduct a revival of the Otto Schenk production of Fidelio, now featuring Gundula Janowitz and Rene Kollo in the lead roles. At the same time, Bernstein made a studio recording of the opera for Deutsche Grammophon and the opera itself was filmed by Unitel and released on DVD by Deutsche Grammophon in late 2006. In May 1978, the Israel Philharmonic played two US concerts under his direction to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the founding of the Orchestra under that name. On consecutive nights, the Orchestra, with the Choral Arts Society of Washington, performed Beethoven's Ninth Symphony and Bernstein's Chichester Psalms at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C., and at Carnegie Hall in New York.
In 1979, Bernstein conducted the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra for the first and only time, in two charity concerts for Amnesty International involving performances of Mahler's Ninth Symphony. The invitation for the concerts had come from the orchestra and not from its principal conductor Herbert von Karajan. There has been speculation about why Karajan never invited Bernstein to conduct his orchestra. (Karajan did conduct the New York Philharmonic during Bernstein's tenure.) The full reasons will probably never be known – reports suggest they were on friendly terms when they met, but sometimes practiced a little mutual one-upmanship.[18] One of the concerts was broadcast on radio and was posthumously released on CD by Deutsche Grammophon.
1980–1990[link]
Bernstein received the Kennedy Center Honors award in 1980. For the rest of the 1980s he continued to conduct, teach, compose and produce the occasional TV documentary. His most significant compositions of the decade were probably his opera A Quiet Place which he wrote with Stephen Wadsworth and which premiered (in its original version) in Houston in 1983; his Divertimento for Orchestra; his Halil for flute and orchestra, his Concerto for Orchestra "Jubilee Games"; and his song cycle Arias and Barcarolles, which was named after a comment President Dwight D. Eisenhower had made to him in 1960.
In 1982 in the US, PBS aired an 11-part series of Bernstein's late 1970s films for Unitel of the Vienna Philharmonic playing all nine Beethoven symphonies and various other works. Bernstein gave spoken introduction and actor Maximilian Schell was also featured on the programs, reading from Beethoven's letters. The original films have since been released on DVD by Deutsche Grammophon. In addition to conducting in New York, Vienna and Israel, Bernstein was a regular guest conductor of other orchestras in the 1980s. These included the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra in Amsterdam with whom he recorded Mahler's First, Fourth, and Ninth Symphonies amongst other works; the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra in Munich with whom he recorded Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, Haydn's Creation, Mozart's Requiem and Mass in C Minor; and the orchestra of Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome with whom he recorded some Debussy and Puccini's La Boheme.
In 1982, he and Ernest Fleischmann founded the Los Angeles Philharmonic Institute as a summer training academy along the lines of Tanglewood. Bernstein served as Artistic Director and taught conducting there until 1984. Around the same time he performed and recorded some of his own works with the Los Angeles Philharmonic for Deutsche Grammophon. Bernstein was also at the time a committed supporter of Nuclear Disarmament. In 1985 he took the European Community Youth Orchestra in a "Journey for Peace" tour around Europe and to Japan.
In 1985, he conducted a recording of West Side Story, the first time he had conducted the entire work. The recording, featuring what some critics felt were miscast opera singers such as Kiri Te Kanawa, José Carreras, and Tatiana Troyanos in the leading roles, was nevertheless an international bestseller. A TV documentary showing the making of the recording was made at the same time and is available on DVD.
In his later years, Bernstein's life and work was celebrated around the world (as it has been since his death). The Israel Philharmonic celebrated his involvement with them at Festivals in Israel and Austria in 1977. In 1986 the London Symphony Orchestra mounted a Bernstein Festival in London with one concert that Bernstein himself conducted attended by the Queen. In 1988 Bernstein's 70th birthday was celebrated by a lavish televised gala at Tanglewood featuring many performers who had worked with him over the years.
In December 1989 Bernstein conducted live performances and recorded in the studio his operetta Candide with the London Symphony Orchestra. The recording starred Jerry Hadley, June Anderson, Adolph Green and Christa Ludwig in the leading roles. The use of opera singers in some roles perhaps fitted the style of operetta better than some critics had thought was the case for West Side Story, and the recording (released posthumously in 1991) was universally praised. One of the live concerts from the Barbican Centre in London is available on DVD. Candide had had a troubled history, with many re-writes and writers involved. Bernstein's concert and recording were based on a "final" version that had been first performed by Scottish Opera in 1988. The opening night (which Bernstein attended in Glasgow) was conducted by Bernstein's former student John Mauceri.
On December 25, 1989, Bernstein conducted Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 in East Berlin's Schauspielhaus (Playhouse) as part of a celebration of the fall of the Berlin Wall. He had conducted the same work in West Berlin the previous day. The concert was broadcast live in more than twenty countries to an estimated audience of 100 million people. For the occasion, Bernstein reworded Friedrich Schiller's text of the Ode to Joy, substituting the word Freiheit (freedom) for Freude (joy).[34] Bernstein, in his spoken introduction, said that they had "taken the liberty" of doing this because of a "most likely phony" story, apparently believed in some quarters, that Schiller wrote an "Ode to Freedom" that is now presumed lost. Bernstein added, "I'm sure that Beethoven would have given us his blessing."
In the summer of 1990, Bernstein and Michael Tilson Thomas founded the Pacific Music Festival in Sapporo, Japan. Like his earlier activity in Los Angeles, this was a summer training school for musicians modeled on Tanglewood, and is still in existence. Bernstein was already at this time suffering from the lung disease that would lead to his death. In his opening address Bernstein said that he had decided to devote what time he had left to education. A video showing Bernstein speaking and rehearsing at the first Festival is available on DVD in Japan.
Bernstein made his final performance as a conductor at Tanglewood on August 19, 1990, with the Boston Symphony playing Benjamin Britten's "Four Sea Interludes" from Peter Grimes, and Beethoven's Seventh Symphony.[35] He suffered a coughing fit in the middle of the Beethoven performance which almost caused the concert to break down. The concert was later issued on CD by Deutsche Grammophon.
He announced his retirement from conducting on October 9, 1990,[36] and died of pneumonia and a pleural tumor five days later. He was 72 years old.[2] A longtime heavy smoker, he had battled emphysema from his mid-50s. On the day of his funeral procession through the streets of Manhattan, construction workers removed their hats and waved, yelling "Goodbye, Lenny."[37] Bernstein is buried in Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York, next to his wife and with a copy of Mahler's Fifth lying across his heart.[38]
Social activism[link]
While Bernstein is very well known for his music compositions and conducting he is also known for his outspoken political views and his strong desire to further social change. His first aspirations for social change were made apparent in his producing (as a student) a recently banned opera, The Cradle Will Rock, about disparagement between the working and upper class. As he went on in his career Bernstein would go on to fight for everything from the influences of "American Music" to the disarming of nuclear weapons.[39]
Philanthropy[link]
Among the many awards Bernstein earned throughout his life one allowed him to make one of his philanthropic dreams a reality. He had for a long time wanted to develop an international school to help promote the integration of arts into education. When he won the Japan Arts Association award for lifetime achievement,[40] he used the 100 thousand dollars that came with the award to build such a school in Nashville, that would strive to teach teachers how to better integrate music, dance, and theater into the school system which was "not working".[41] Unfortunately, the school was not able to open until shortly after Bernstein's death.
Influence and characteristics as a conductor[link]
Bernstein was one of the major figures in orchestral conducting in the second half of the 20th century. He was held in high regard amongst many musicians, including the members of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, evidenced by his honorary membership; the London Symphony Orchestra, of which he was President; and the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, with which he appeared regularly as guest conductor. He was probably the main conductor from the 1960s onwards who acquired a sort of superstar status similar to that of Herbert von Karajan, although unlike Karajan he conducted relatively little opera and part of Bernstein's fame was based on his role as a composer. As the first American-born music director of the New York Philharmonic, his rise to prominence was a factor in overcoming the perception of the time that the top conductors were necessarily trained in Europe.
Bernstein's conducting was characterized by extremes of emotion with the rhythmic pulse of the music conveyed visually through his balletic podium manner. Musicians often reported that his manner in rehearsal was the same as in concert. As he got older his performances tended to be overlaid to a greater extent with a personal expressiveness which often divided critical opinion. Extreme examples of this style can be found in his Deutsche Grammophon recordings of Nimrod from Elgar's Enigma Variations (1982), the end of Mahler's 9th Symphony (1985), and the finale of Tchaikovsky's Pathetique Symphony (1986), where in each case the tempos are well below those typically chosen.
Bernstein performed a wide repertoire from the baroque era to the 20th century, although perhaps from the 1970s onwards he tended to focus more on music from the romantic era. He was considered especially accomplished with the works of Gustav Mahler and with American composers in general, including George Gershwin, Aaron Copland, Charles Ives, Roy Harris, William Schuman, and of course himself. Some of his recordings of works by these composers would likely appear on many music critics' lists of recommended recordings. A list of his other well-thought-of recordings would probably include individual works from Haydn, Beethoven, Berlioz, Schumann, Liszt, Nielsen, Sibelius, Stravinsky, Hindemith, and Shostakovich, among others.[42] His recordings of Rhapsody in Blue (full-orchestra version) and An American in Paris for Columbia Records, released in 1959, are considered definitive by many, although Bernstein cut the Rhapsody slightly, and his more 'symphonic' approach with slower tempi is quite far from Gershwin's own conception of the piece, evident from his two recordings. (Oscar Levant, Earl Wild, and others come closer to Gershwin's own style.) Bernstein never conducted Gershwin's Piano Concerto in F, or Porgy and Bess, although he did discuss the latter in his article Why Don't You Run Upstairs and Write a Nice Gershwin Tune?, originally published in The New York Times and later reprinted in his 1959 book The Joy of Music.
In addition to being an active conductor, Bernstein was a very influential teacher of conducting. During his many years of teaching at Tanglewood and elsewhere, he directly taught or mentored many conductors who are performing now, such as Marin Alsop, Herbert Blomstedt, Edo de Waart, Alexander Frey, Paavo Järvi, John Mauceri, Eiji Oue, Seiji Ozawa (who made his US TV debut as the guest conductor on one of the Young People's Concerts), Carl St.Clair, Michael Tilson Thomas, and Jaap van Zweden. He also undoubtedly influenced the career choices of many US musicians who grew up watching his television programmes in the 1950s and 60s.
Recordings[link]
Bernstein recorded extensively from the 1950s until just a few months before his death. Aside from a few early recordings in the mid-1940s for RCA Victor, Bernstein recorded primarily for Columbia Masterworks Records, especially when he was music director of the New York Philharmonic. His typical pattern of recording at that time was to record major works in the studio immediately after they were presented in the orchestra's subscription concerts, with any spare time used to record short orchestral showpieces and similar works. Many of these performances were digitally remastered and reissued by Sony as part of their 100 Volume, 125 CDs "Royal Edition" and their later "Bernstein Century" series. In 2010 many of these recordings were repackaged in a 60 CD "Bernstein Symphony Edition".
His later recordings (starting with Bizet's Carmen in 1972) were mostly made for Deutsche Grammophon, though he would occasionally return to the Columbia Masterworks label. Notable exceptions include recordings of Gustav Mahler's Song of the Earth and Mozart's 15th piano concerto and "Linz" symphony with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra for Decca Records (1966); Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique and Harold in Italy (1976) for EMI; and Wagner's Tristan und Isolde (1981) for Philips Records, a label that like Deutsche Grammophon was part of PolyGram at that time. Unlike his studio recordings for Columbia Masterworks, most of his later Deutsche Grammophon recordings were taken from live concerts (or edited together from several concerts with additional sessions to correct errors). Many replicate repertoire that he recorded in the 1950s and 60s.
In addition to his audio recordings, many of Bernstein's concerts from the 1970s onwards were recorded on motion picture film by the German film company Unitel. This included a complete cycle of the Mahler symphonies (with the Vienna Philharmonic and London Symphony Orchestra), as well as complete cycles of the Beethoven, Brahms and Schumann symphonies recorded at the same series of concerts as the audio recordings by Deutsche Grammophon. Many of these films appeared on Laserdisc and are now on DVD.
In total Bernstein was awarded 16 Grammys for his recordings in various categories including several for recordings released after his death. He was also awarded a Lifetime Achievement Grammy in 1985.
Influence and characteristics as a composer[link]
Bernstein was an eclectic composer whose music fused elements of jazz, Jewish music, theatre music and the work of older composers like Aaron Copland, Igor Stravinsky, Darius Milhaud, George Gershwin, and Marc Blitzstein. Some of his works, especially his score for West Side Story, helped bridge the gap between classical and popular music. His music was rooted in tonality but in some works like his Kaddish Symphony and the opera A Quiet Place he mixed in 12-tone elements. Bernstein himself said his main motivation for composing was "to communicate" and that all his pieces, including his symphonies and concert works, "could in some sense be thought of as 'theatre' pieces."[43] According to the League of American orchestras,[44] he was the second most frequently performed American composer by US orchestras in 2008-9 behind Copland, and he was the 16th most frequently performed composer overall by US orchestras. (Some performances were probably due to the 90th anniversary of his birth in 2008.) His most popular pieces were the Overture to Candide, the Symphonic Dances from West Side Story, the Serenade for Violin, Strings, Harp and Percussion and the Three Dance Episodes from On the Town. His shows West Side Story, On the Town, Wonderful Town and Candide are regularly performed, and his symphonies and concert works are programmed from time to time by orchestras around the world. Since his death many of his works have been commercially recorded by artists other than himself. The Serenade, which has been recorded more than 10 times, is probably his most recorded work not taken from an actual theatre piece.
Despite the fact that he was a popular success as a composer, Bernstein himself is reported to have been disillusioned that some of his more serious works were not rated more highly by critics, and that he himself had not been able to devote more time to composing because of his conducting and other activities.[37] Professional criticism of Bernstein's music often involves discussing the degree to which he created something new as art versus simply skillfully borrowing and fusing together elements from others. In the late 1960s, Bernstein himself reflected that his eclecticism was in part due to his lack of lengthy periods devoted to composition, and that he was still seeking to enrich his own personal musical language in the manner of the great composers of the past, all of whom had borrowed elements from others.[45] Perhaps the harshest criticism he received from some critics in his lifetime though was directed at works like his Kaddish Symphony, his MASS and the opera A Quiet Place, where they found the underlying message of the piece or the text as either mildly embarrassing, clichéd or offensive. Despite this, all these pieces have been performed, discussed and reconsidered since his death.
Although he taught conducting, Bernstein was not a teacher of composition as such, and he has no direct composing heirs. Perhaps the closest are composers like John Adams who from the 1970s onwards indirectly adopted elements of his eclectic, theatrical style.
Works[link]
Ballet[link]
- Fancy Free, 1944
- Facsimile – Choreographic Essay for Orchestra, 1946
- Dybbuk (ballet), 1974
Opera[link]
- Trouble in Tahiti, 1952
- Candide, 1956 (new libretto in 1973, operetta final revised version in 1989)
- A Quiet Place, 1983
Musicals[link]
- On The Town, 1944
- Wonderful Town, 1953
- West Side Story, 1957
- The Race to Urga (incomplete), 1969
- "By Bernstein" (a Revue), 1975
- 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, 1976
- "A Party with Betty Comden and Adolph Green", 1977
- The Madwoman of Central Park West, (contributed to) 1979
Incidental music and other theatre[link]
- Peter Pan, 1950
- The Lark, 1955
- The Firstborn, 1958
- Mass (theatre piece for singers, players and dancers), 1971
- "Side by Side by Sondheim"* 1976
Film scores[link]
- On the Town, 1949 (only part of his music was used)
- On the Waterfront, 1954
- West Side Story, 1961
Orchestral[link]
- Symphony No. 1, Jeremiah, 1942
- Fancy Free and Three Dance Variations from "Fancy Free,", concert premiere 1946
- Three Dance Episodes from "On the Town," concert premiere 1947
- Symphony No. 2, The Age of Anxiety, (after W. H. Auden) for Piano and Orchestra, 1949 (revised in 1965)
- Serenade for Solo Violin, Strings, Harp and Percussion (after Plato's "Symposium"), 1954
- Prelude, Fugue, and Riffs for Solo Clarinet and Jazz Ensemble, 1949
- Symphonic Suite from "On the Waterfront", 1955
- Symphonic Dances from "West Side Story", 1961
- Symphony No. 3, Kaddish, for Orchestra, Mixed Chorus, Boys' Choir, Speaker and Soprano Solo, 1963 (revised in 1977)
- Dybbuk, Suites No. 1 and 2 for Orchestra, concert premieres 1975
- Songfest: A Cycle of American Poems for Six Singers and Orchestra, 1977
- Three Meditations from "Mass" for Violoncello and Orchestra, 1977
- Slava! A Political Overture for Orchestra, 1977
- Divertimento for Orchestra, 1980
- Halil, nocturne for Solo Flute, Piccolo, Alto Flute, Percussion, Harp and Strings, 1981
- Concerto for Orchestra, 1989 (Originally Jubilee Games from 1986, revised in 1989)
Choral[link]
- Hashkiveinu for Cantor (tenor), Mixed Chorus and Organ, 1945
- Missa Brevis for Mixed Chorus and Countertenor Solo, with Percussion, 1988
- Chichester Psalms for Boy Soprano (or Countertenor), Mixed Chorus, and Orchestra, 1965 (Reduced version for Organ, Harp and Percussion)
Chamber music[link]
- Piano Trio, 1937, Boosey & Hawkes
- Sonata for Clarinet and Piano, 1939
- Brass Music, 1959
- Dance Suite, 1988
Vocal music[link]
- I Hate Music: A cycle of Five Kids Songs for Soprano and Piano, 1943
- Big Stuff, sung by Billie Holiday
- La Bonne Cuisine: Four Recipes for Voice and Piano, 1948
- Silhouette (Galilee), 1951
- Two Love Songs, 1960
- So Pretty, 1968
- Piccola Serenata, 1988
- Arias and Barcarolles for Mezzo-Soprano, Baritone and Piano four-hands, 1988
Piano music[link]
- Music for Two Pianos, 1937
- Piano Sonata, 1938
- 7 Anniversaries, 1944
- 4 Anniversaries, 1948
- 5 Anniversaries, 1952
- Bridal Suite, 1960
- Moby Diptych, 1981 (republished as Anniversaries nos. 1 and 2 in Thirteen Anniversaries)
- Touches, 1981
- 13 Anniversaries, 1988
Other music[link]
- Other occasional works, written as gifts and other forms of memorial and tribute
- "The Skin of Our Teeth": An aborted work from which Bernstein took material to use in his "Chichester Psalms"
- "Simhu Na" (arrangement of traditional song)
- "Waltz for Mippy III" for Tuba and Piano
- "Elegy for Mippy II" for Trombone alone
- "Elegy for Mippy I" for Horn and Piano
- "Rondo for Lifey" for Trumpet and Piano
- "Fanfare for Bima" for Brass Quartet: composed in 1947 as a birthday tribute to Koussevitzky using the tune he whistled to call his cocker spaniel[46]
- "Shivaree: A Fanfare" for Double Brass Ensemble and Percussion. 1970. Commissioned by and dedicated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in honor of its Centenary. Musical material later used in "Mass."
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This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Bibliography[link]
- Bernstein, Leonard (1993 – reprinting) [1982]. Findings. New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 0-385-42437-X.
- Bernstein, Leonard (1993 – reprinting) [1966]. The Infinite Variety of Music. New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 0-385-42438-8.
- Bernstein, Leonard (2004 – reprinting) [1959]. The Joy of Music. Pompton Plains, New Jersey: Amadeus Press. ISBN 1-57467-104-9.
- Bernstein, Leonard (2006 – reprinting) [1962]. Young People's Concerts. Milwaukee; Cambridge: Amadeus Press. ISBN 1-57467-102-2.
- Bernstein, Leonard. [1976] The Unanswered Question: Six Talks at Harvard, Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-92001-5.
Videography[link]
- The Unanswered Question: Six Talks at Harvard. West Long Branch, New Jersey: Kultur Video. VHS ISBN 1-56127-570-0. DVD ISBN 0-7697-1570-2. (videotape of the Charles Eliot Norton Lectures given at Harvard in 1973.)
- Leonard Bernstein's Young People's Concerts with the New York Philharmonic. West Long Branch, New Jersey: Kultur Video. DVD ISBN 0-7697-1503-6.
- Bernstein on Beethoven: A Celebration in Vienna/Beethoven: Piano Concerto No. 1. West Long Branch, Kultur Video. DVD
- Leonard Bernstein: Omnibus – The Historic TV Broadcasts ,2010, E1 Ent.
- Bernstein: Reflections (1978), Euroarts.
- Bernstein/Beethoven (1982), Deustche Grammophon, DVD
- Bernstein Conducts "West Side Story" (1985) (retitled The Making of West Side Story in re-releases) Deutsche Grammophon, DVD
- "The Rite of Spring" in Rehearsal
Awards[link]
Main article: List of Leonard Bernstein awards
- Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1951[47]
- Sonning Award (Denmark), 1956
- Ditson Conductor's Award, 1958
- George Peabody Medal – Johns Hopkins University, 1980
- Ernst von Siemens Music Prize 1987
- Royal Philarmonic Society Gold Medal (UK), 1987
- Knight Grand Cross Order of Merit (Italy), 1989
- Grammy Award for Best Album for Children
- Grammy Award for Best Orchestral Performance
- Grammy Award for Best Choral Performance
- Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording
- Grammy Award for Best Classical Vocal Performance
- Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance
- Grammy Award for Best Classical Contemporary Composition
- Grammy Award for Best Classical Album
- Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award
- Tony Award for Best Musical
- Special Tony Award
- Japan Arts Association Lifetime Achievement Award
- Gramophone Hall of Fame entrant[48]
Further reading[link]
- Burton, Humphrey (1994). Leonard Bernstein. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-42345-4.
- Gottlieb, Jack (ed.) (1992). Leonard Bernstein's Young People's Concerts (revised ed.). New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 0-385-42435-3.
- Bernstein, Burton; Haws, Barbara, eds. (2008). Leonard Bernstein: American Original. Contains chapters by Alan Rich, Paul Boyer, Carol J. Oja, Tim Page, Burton Bernstein, Jonathan Rosenberg, Joseph Horowitz, Bill McGlaughlin, James M. Keller, and John Adams. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-153786-1.
- Chapin, Schuyler (1992). Leonard Bernstein: Notes from a Friend. New York: Walker. ISBN 0-8027-1216-9.
- Rozen, Brian D. (1997). The Contributions of Leonard Bernstein to Music Education: An Analysis of his 53 Young People's Concerts. Thesis (PhD). Rochester, New York: University of Rochester. OCLC 48156751.
- Laird, Paul R. (2002). Leonard Bernstein: A Guide to Research. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-8153-3517-2. (online at Google Books)
References[link]
- ^ Karlin, Fred (1994) (recording). Listening to Movies 8. New York City: Schirmer. p. 264. Bernstein's pronunciation of his own name as he introduces his Peter and the Wolf.
- ^ a b Henahan, Donal (October 15, 1990). "Leonard Bernstein, 72, Music's Monarch, Dies". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0DA1F3DF936A25753C1A966958260. Retrieved February 11, 2009. "Leonard Bernstein, one of the most prodigally talented and successful musicians in American history, died yesterday evening at his apartment at the Dakota on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. He was 72 years old. Mr. Bernstein's spokeswoman, Margaret Carson, said he died of a heart attack caused by progressive lung failure."
- ^ Laird, Paul R. Leonard Bernstein: A Guide to Research. Routledge, 2002. p. 10.
- ^ Dougary, Ginny (March 13, 2010). "Leonard Bernstein: ‘charismatic, pompous – and a great father'". The Times (UK). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/classical/article7059407.ece. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
- ^ Oliver, Myrna (October 15, 1990). "Leonard Bernstein Dies; Conductor, Composer Music: Renaissance man of his art was 72. The longtime leader of the N.Y. Philharmonic carved a niche in history with `West Side Story.'". Los Angeles Times. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60165868.html?dids=60165868:60165868&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+15%2C+1990&author=MYRNA+OLIVER&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Leonard+Bernstein+Dies%3B+Conductor%2C+Composer+Music%3A+Renaissance+man+of+his+art+was+72.+The+longtime+leader+of+the+N.Y.+Philharmonic+carved+a+niche+in+history+with+%60West+Side+Story.'&pqatl=google. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
- ^ "Great Escape composer dies at 82". BBC News. August 19, 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/3578820.stm.
- ^ "Introduction". Bernstein West. http://www.bernsteinwest.com/elmerbernstein1.html. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
- ^ Peyser, Joan (1987). Bernstein, a biography. New York: Beech Tree Books. pp. 22–24. ISBN 0-688-04918-4.
- ^ Peyser (1987), p. 34.
- ^ Peyser (1987), p. 39–40.
- ^ a b See for instance Bernstein's 1980 TV Documentary, Teachers and Teaching available on a Deutsche Grammophon DVD.
- ^ Peyser (1987) (Bernstein complained later that she taught him an incorrect piano technique), pp. 38–9.
- ^ "Bernstein Chronology". http://www.leonardbernstein.com/lifeswork/timeline/timeline01.asp.
- ^ "About Bernstein". Leonard Bernstein Official Site. http://www.leonardbernstein.com/about.php. Retrieved January 15, 2007.
- ^ "Leonard Bernstein – Biography". Sony Classical. http://www.sonyclassical.com/artists/bernstein/bio.html. Retrieved January 15, 2007.
- ^ Deems Taylor (July 25, 2007), Pathétique, Music-Appreciation Records
- ^ Arturo Toscanini: the NBC years – Google Books. Google Books. 2002. ISBN 978-1-57467-069-1. http://books.google.com/?id=wBD_ujAW520C&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=Leonard+Bernstein,+NBC+Symphony,+Mortimer+Frank#v=onepage&q=Leonard%20Bernstein&f=false. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
- ^ a b c d Burton,Humphrey (1994). Leonard Bernstein. New York: Doubleday.
- ^ Charles Kaiser, The Gay Metropolis, New York City: 1940–1996.
- ^ a b Meryle Secrest (1995), Leonard Bernstein: A Life.
- ^ Peyser (1987), pp. 196, 204, 322.
- ^ The Official Leonard Bernstein Web Site. http://www.leonardbernstein.com/about.php.
- ^ "Young People's Concerts". Leonard Bernstein. http://www.leonardbernstein.com/ypc_publications.htm. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
- ^ Transcription of Bernstein's Glenn Gould Introduction (from a Rutgers University webpage).
- ^ Glenn Gould: Variations, Ed. John McGreevy (1983).
- ^ Seldes, Barry (2009). Leonard Bernstein: The Political Life of an American Musician. University of California Press.
- ^ "Radical Chic". Hope for America: Performers, Politics and Pop Culture. Library of Congress. http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/hopeforamerica/causesandcontroversies/polarization/ExhibitObjects/RadicalChic.aspx. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
- ^ "False Note on Black Panthers". The New York Times. January 16, 1970.
- ^ Wolfe, Tom. "Tom Wolfe on Radical Chic and Leonard Bernstein's Party for the Black Panthers". Radical Chic: That Party at Lenny's. New York. http://nymag.com/news/features/46170/index15.html. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
- ^ Wolfe, Tom (June 8, 1970). "Radical Chic: that Party at Lenny's". New York. http://nymag.com/docs/07/05/070529radical_chic.pdf. Retrieved March 1, 2010.
- ^ "Leonard Bernstein: A political life". The Economist. May 28, 2009. http://www.economist.com/node/13726549. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
- ^ Bernstein, Felicia M. (January 21, 1970). "Letters to the Editor of The Times: Panthers' Legal Aid". The New York Times.
- ^ "The Social Activist". Bernstein: The Best of All Possible Worlds. Carnegie Hall Corporation. http://www.carnegiehall.org/bernstein/leonardbernstein/socialactivist.aspx. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
- ^ Naxos (2006). "Ode To Freedom – Beethoven: Symphony No. 9 (NTSC)". Naxos.com Classical Music Catalogue. http://www.naxos.com/catalogue/item.asp?item_code=2072038. Retrieved November 26, 2006.
- ^ Garrison Keillor (August 25, 2003). "The Writer's Almanac". American Public Media. http://writersalmanac.publicradio.org/programs/2003/08/25. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
- ^ Name * (October 14, 2009). "» Died On This Date (October 14, 1990) Leonard Bernstein / World Renowned Composer The Music's Over". Themusicsover.wordpress.com. http://themusicsover.wordpress.com/2009/10/14/leonard-bernstein/. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
- ^ a b See the TV Documentary: Leonard Bernstein: Reaching for the Note originally shown in the series American Masters on PBS in the US, now on DVD.
- ^ Davis, Peter G. (May 17, 2011). "When Mahler Took Manhattan." Retrieved 2011-5-18. "Small wonder that Bernstein is buried with the score of Mahler’s Fifth Symphony placed over his heart."
- ^ Bernstein:The Best of All Possible Worlds. "Causes and Effecting Change". http://www.carnegiehall.org/bernstein/leonardbernstein/essays/nr_socialactivist.html.
- ^ "Temple Emanuel". http://www.emanuelnyc.org/composer.php?composer_id=28.
- ^ Harrison, Eric (1993). "The maestro's legacy reverberates in Nashville : Leonard Bernstein's dream of creating a center that integrates the arts and the classroom is in full swing". Los Angeles Times (Los Angeles). http://articles.latimes.com/1993-08-09/news/mn-22033_1_leonard-bernstein. Retrieved Oct 11, 2011.
- ^ Holmes, John L. (1982). Conductors on Record. UK: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-22990-2.
- ^ In the 1978 Peter Rosen documentary Leonard Bernstein: Reflections, now available on a Medici Arts DVD.
- ^ Retrieved January 21, 2011.
- ^ Gruen, John and Heyman, Ken (1968).The Private World of Leonard Bernstein. New York: The Viking Press.
- ^ Copland, Aaron and Perlis, Vivian (1984). Copland Since 1943, p119.
- ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
- ^ "Leonard Bernstein (composer, conductor and pianist)". Gramophone. http://www.gramophone.co.uk/HallofFame/ArtistPage/Bernstein.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Leonard Bernstein |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Leonard Bernstein |
- Official website
- Discography
- The Leonard Bernstein Collection at the Library of Congress Music Division
- Leonard Bernstein discography at MusicBrainz
- Discography at SonyBMG Masterworks
- Bernstein's Boston, a Harvard University research project
- FBI file on Leonard Bernstein
- Leonard Bernstein Festival of the Creative Arts
- Gay Great – Leonard Bernstein
- Radical Chic, a book by Tom Wolfe describing a gathering at Bernstein's apartment of New York's social elite and the Black Panther Party.
- Leonard Bernstein: A Total Embrace of Music, written by Peter Gutmann, music journalist.
- Arias and Barcarolles, The Leonard Bernstein Pages
- Leonard Bernstein at the Internet Movie Database
- Leonard Bernstein at the Internet Broadway Database
- Leonard Bernstein at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
- Leonard Bernstein's maximum card from Israel
- Obituary, New York Times, October 15, 1990
- Leonard Bernstein: American Original (HarperCollins, 2008) Chapters by Alan Rich, Paul Boyer, Carol J. Oja, Tim Page, Burton Bernstein, Jonathan Rosenberg, Joseph Horowitz, Bill McGlaughlin, James M. Keller, John Adams
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bernstein, Leonard |
| Alternative names | Bernstein, Louis |
| Short description | Composer, conductor, pedagogue, pianist, writer |
| Date of birth | August 25, 1918 |
| Place of birth | Lawrence, Massachusetts, United States |
| Date of death | October 14, 1990 |
| Place of death | New York City, New York, U.S. |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
George Pehlivanian (born 4-20-1964) is a Lebanese-Armenian conductor.[1][2]
Biography[link]
Born in Beirut, Lebanon, in a musical family of Armenian origin[1] he studied violin and piano from an early age. Pehlivanian emigrated to Los Angeles in 1975, worked as a violinist and later studied conducting with Pierre Boulez, Lorin Maazel and Ferdinand Leitner. George Pehlivanian also attended the Accademia Musicale Chigiana in Italy.[3]
In 1991 he won the Grand Prize in the Besançon International Conductors' Competition[4] in France. From 2005 until 2008 he served as Chief Conductor of the Slovenian Philharmonic Orchestra and in 2007 he became Principal Guest Conductor of the Opera Theatre of Cagliari in Sardegna, Italy.[3] He is also Principal Guest Conductor of the Deutsche Staatsphilharmonie Rheinland-Pfalz as well as guest conductor of the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra. He also held guest conducting positions with the Residentie Orchestra and the Vienna Chamber Orchestra.[5] He has also had a long relationship with the Spanish National Orchestra and recorded works by Rodrigo with the orchestra.[5]
George Pehlivanian has been invited to conduct the London Philharmonic Orchestra, Philharmonia, BBC Philharmonic, Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, Orchestra della Scala, Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, Orchestra Teatro San Carlo, Naples, Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra, Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France, Monte-Carlo Philharmonic Orchestra, Spanish National Orchestra, RTVE Symphony Orchestra, Orchestre de la Suisse Romande, Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, Montreal Symphony Orchestra, Armenian Philharmonic Orchestra and Russian National Orchestra among others,[2][3][5][6] and collaborated with soloist such as Paul Badura-Skoda, Anne Akiko Meyers, Janine Jansen, Dubravka Tomšič Srebotnjak, Maxim Vengerov, Mischa Maisky and Leonidas Kavakos.[2][5][6] Mr. Pehlivanian has recorded for Virgin Classics/EMI, CHANDOS, Studios SM and BMG.[2][3][5][6]
He currently lives between Los Angeles, Ljubljana and Paris, where his family lives.[6]
External links[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b "George Pehlivanian". Israestage. http://www.israstage.com/George-Pehlivanian/. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
- ^ a b c d "George Pehlivanian". Allied Artists. http://www.alliedartists.co.uk/artist_page.php?aid=36&tid=1. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
- ^ a b c d [Teatro Lirico di Cagliari http://www.teatroliricodicagliari.it/pages/georgepehlivanian.htm "George Pehlivanian"]. Teatro Lirico di Cagliari http://www.teatroliricodicagliari.it/pages/georgepehlivanian.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
- ^ "Competition Laureates (in French)". Besançon Music Festival. http://www.festival-besancon.com/pdf/concours/laureats-fr.pdf. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
- ^ a b c d e "George Pehlivanian, conductor". NAB Artists Management Ltd.. http://www.nab.am/index.php?sub=musicians&id=284. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
- ^ a b c d William Wagner. "Interview: George Pehlivanian". Slovenia Life. http://www.slovenia-life.com/ljubljana/articles/?category=interviews&name=george_pehlivanian. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Pehlivanian, George |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Conductor |
| Date of birth | 1964 |
| Place of birth | Beirut, Lebanon |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/George_Pehlivanian
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Пехливанян, Джордж
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pehlivanian
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Toby Stephens | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1969-04-21) 21 April 1969 (age 43) London, England |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Spouse | Anna-Louise Plowman (2001-present; 3 children) |
Toby Stephens (born 21 April 1969) is an English stage, television and film actor who has appeared in films in both Hollywood and Bollywood. He is best known for playing megavillain Gustav Graves in the James Bond film Die Another Day (2002), Edward Fairfax Rochester in the BBC television adaptation of Jane Eyre (2006) and Philip Marlowe on the BBC Radio 4 Saturday Play "Classic Chandler" series (2010-11).
Contents |
Biography[link]
Stephens, the younger son of actors Dame Maggie Smith and Sir Robert Stephens, was born in London, England. He was educated at Aldro and Seaford College and trained at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA). He began his film career with the role of Othello in 1992's Orlando. He has since made regular appearances on television (including in The Camomile Lawn) and on stage.
He has gained acclaim as a stage actor of distinction, notably playing the title role in a Royal Shakespeare Company production of Coriolanus shortly after graduation from LAMDA; that same season he played Claudio in Measure for Measure for the RSC. He also played Stanley Kowalski in a West End production of Tennessee Williams' A Streetcar Named Desire, and Hamlet in 2004. He has appeared on Broadway in Ring Round the Moon. He played the lead in the film Photographing Fairies and played Orsino in Trevor Nunn's film of Twelfth Night. In 2002 he took on the role for which he is most widely known, that of Gustav Graves in the James Bond film Die Another Day.
In 2005 he played the role of a British Army captain in the Indian film, Mangal Pandey: The Rising, portraying events in the Indian rebellion of 1857. The following year he returned to India to play a renegade British East India Company officer in Sharpe's Challenge.
In late 2006 he starred as Edward Rochester in the BBC television adaptation of Jane Eyre (broadcast in the United States on PBS in early 2007) and The Wild West in February 2007 for the BBC in which he played General George Armstrong Custer in Custer's Last Stand.
During mid-2007, Stephens played the role of Jerry in a revival of Harold Pinter's Betrayal under the direction of Roger Michell. Later that year, Stephens also starred as Horner in Jonathan Kent's revival of William Wycherley's The Country Wife. The play was the inaugural production of the Theatre Royal Haymarket Company, which in addition to Stephens includes the actors/actresses Eileen Atkins, Patricia Hodge, David Haig and Ruthie Henshall. Various members of the company are expected to star in upcoming productions at the Haymarket Theatre with various artistic directors. The formation of the company is considered by many London theatre critics to be a bold move for West End theatre.[1]
In February 2008, Fox Broadcasting Company gave the go-ahead to cast Stephens as the lead in a potential one hour, prime time U.S. television show, Inseparable, to be produced by Shaun Cassidy. Billed as a modern Jekyll and Hyde story, the show was to feature a partially paralyzed forensic psychologist whose other personality is a charming criminal. Stephens' casting was highly unusual, because Fox had not yet approved a script nor purchased a pilot for the show. However, in mid-May 2008, The Hollywood Reporter announced that "[b]y the time the network picked up the pilot . . . [the producers'] hold on Stephens had expired . . . ."[2][3]
In May 2008, Stephens performed the role of James Bond in a BBC Radio 4 production of Ian Fleming's Dr. No, as part of the centenary celebration of Fleming's birth. The production was reportedly the first BBC radio dramatisation of the novel though Moonraker was on South African radio in 1956, with Bob Holness providing the voice of Bond.[4]
Also in May 2008, Stock-pot Productions announced that Stephens will have the lead role in a feature-length film entitled Fly Me, co-starring Tim McInnerny.[5] Stock-pot was also the producer of One Day, a short 2006 film shown at international film festivals, in which Stephens played a small part as the boss of McInnerny's character.
On 5 October 2008, Stephens appeared onstage at the London Palladium as part of a benefit entitled "The Story of James Bond, A Tribute to Ian Fleming." The event, organised by Fleming's niece, Lucy Fleming, featured music from various James Bond films and Bond film stars reading from Fleming's Bond novels. Stephens took the part of James Bond himself in the readings.
In early December 2008, Stephens read from Coda, the last book written by his good friend Simon Gray, for BBC Radio 4. The excerpts from which Stephens read included Gray's description of Gray's participation as godfather at the christening of Stephens' son Eli.
Early in 2009, Stephens appeared as Prince John in season 3 of the BBC series Robin Hood. The series also aired on BBC America in the United States. Stephens' more recent television appearances include two episodes of a six-part television series, Strike Back, based on the novel by Chris Ryan.[6] The series aired in May 2010.
In the summer of 2009, Stephens returned to the London stage in the Donmar Warehouse production of Ibsen's A Doll's House alongside Gillian Anderson and Christopher Eccleston.
In 2010, Stephens once again performed on television. First, he starred in the made-for-television film, The Blue Geranium, a further sequel to the television series and films based on Agatha Christie's Miss Marple character.[7] The show was broadcast in the U.S. on PBS in June 2010, and is expected to finally air in Britain later this year. Stephens also recently starred as a highly self-centred detective opposite Lucy Punch in a three-part comedy television series for BBC Two entitled Vexed.[8]
Stephens also took on a small supporting role in a short film, The Lost Explorer, the directorial debut of photographer Tim Walker. The film is based on a short story by author Patrick McGrath.[9]
Meantime, on the London stage in the spring of 2010, Stephens received outstanding reviews for his performance as Henry in a revival of Tom Stoppard's The Real Thing, directed by Anna Mackmin at the Old Vic Theatre in London.[10] Of debuting at the Old Vic, where his parents performed as part of Laurence Olivier's Royal National Theatre Company, Stephens said: "It's quite moving for me to do something there. It means it has an added fascination. It was an historic place but I never saw anything when [my parents] were there, which is really sad, because I was just born. I'm a huge admirer of Stoppard's work."[11]
Stephens' most recent stage role, performed in the summer and autumn of 2010, was Georges Danton in Danton's Death. The play was another debut for Stephens, this time at London's Royal National Theatre.[12][13]
Over the years, Stephens has continued to prolifically narrate audiobooks and perform in broadcast radio dramas; in the last three years, he has averaged four or five such performances per year. In January 2011, Stephens will join other stars in narrating portions of the King James Version of the Bible for BBC Radio 4 as part of a celebration of the 400th anniversary of the bible's publication. BBC Radio 4 also recently announced that Stephens will be performing the role of Raymond Chandler's Philip Marlowe in a radio serial planned schedule to start in February 2011. Stephens has also narrated another audiobook, Paul Temple and the Geneva Mystery, also due for release in February 2011.
Personal life[link]
In May 2007, Toby Stephens and his wife of six years, New Zealand actress Anna-Louise Plowman, had their first child, son Eli Alistair.[14] The late Simon Gray, the renowned British playwright (who penned Japes, a stage play, and Missing Dates, a radio drama, both of which starred Stephens), was reportedly Eli's godfather.[15] Stephens and his wife became the parents of a second child, daughter Tallulah, in May 2009.[16] The couple were expecting a third child in September 2010.[17]
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Director | Other Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1992 | Orlando | Othello | Sally Potter | Written by Sally Potter, based on the novel Orlando by Virginia Woolf |
| 1996 | Twelfth Night | Duke Orsino | Trevor Nunn | Based on the Shakespeare play Twelfth Night |
| 1997 | Sunset Heights | Luke Bradley | Colm Villa | |
| 1997 | Photographing Fairies | Charles Castle | Nick Willing | Based on the book by Steve Szilagyi |
| 1998 | Cousin Bette | Victorin Hulot | Des McAnuff | Based on the book Cousin Bette by Honoré de Balzac |
| 1999 | Onegin | Vladimir Lensky | Martha Fiennes | Based on the poem Eugene Onegin by Alexander Pushkin |
| 2000 | The Announcement | Ross | Troy Miller | |
| 2000 | Space Cowboys | Frank | Clint Eastwood | |
| 2001 | Possession | Fergus Wolfe | Neil LaBute | Based on the novel Possession: A Romance by A. S. Byatt |
| 2002 | Die Another Day | Gustav Graves | Lee Tamahori | Based on the characters of Ian Fleming |
| 2004 | Terkel in Trouble | Voice of Justin | Kresten Vestbjerg Andersen, Thorbjørn Christoffersen, Stefan Fjeldmark | Animated film |
| 2005 | Midsummer Dream | Voice of Demetrius | Ángel de la Cruz, Manolo Gómez | Animated film Based on the play A Midsummer Night's Dream by Shakespeare |
| 2005 | Mangal Pandey: The Rising | Captain William Gordon | Ketan Mehta | |
| 2006 | Dark Corners | Dr Woodleigh | Ray Gower | Written by Ray Gower |
| 2006 | Severance | Harris | Christopher Smith |
Television[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Other notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1992 | The Camomile Lawn | Oliver | Based on the book The Camomile Lawn by Mary Wesley |
| 1996 | The Tenant of Wildfell Hall | Gilbert Markham | Based on the book The Tenant of Wildfell Hall by Anne Brontë |
| 2000 | The Great Gatsby | Jay Gatsby | Based on the book The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald |
| 2001 | Perfect Strangers | Charles | |
| 2002 | Napoléon | Tsar Alexander I | Based on the book by Max Gallo |
| 2003 | Essential Byron | Reader | Dramatised documentary focusing on poet Lord Byron's work |
| 2003 | Cambridge Spies | Kim Philby | |
| 2003 | Agatha Christie's Poirot Five Little Pigs | Philip Blake | Based on the book Five Little Pigs by Agatha Christie |
| 2004 | London | Casanova | |
| 2005 | Waking the Dead | Dr Nick Henderson | Season 5, Episodes 5 and 6 (Subterraneans, Parts I and II) |
| 2005 | The Queen's Sister | Anthony Armstrong-Jones | |
| 2006 | The Best Man | Peter Tremaine | |
| 2006 | Secrets of the Dead:The Umbrella Assassin | Narrator | Season 5, Episode 5; an account of the murder of Georgi Markov |
| 2006 | Sharpe's Challenge | William Dodd | Based on Bernard Cornwell's Richard Sharpe series |
| 2006 | Jane Eyre | Edward Fairfax Rochester | Based on the book Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë |
| 2007 | The Wild West - Custer's Last Stand | General George Armstrong Custer | Dramatised documentary |
| 2008 | Wired | Crawford Hill | Mini-Series |
| 2009 | The Best Job In The World | Narrator | Documentary based on Tourism Queensland's publicity stunt for a barrier islands' 'caretaker' |
| 2009 | Robin Hood - Series 3 | Prince John of England | |
| 2010 | Strike Back | Arlington | Based on the book by Chris Ryan |
| 2010 | Lost: The Mystery of Flight 447 | Narrator | Documentary on Air France Flight 447 |
| 2010 | The Blue Geranium | George Pritchard | A Miss Marple mystery based on the Agatha Christie short story (first published in The Thirteen Problems |
| 2010 | Vexed | Jack Armstrong | Written by Howard Overman |
| 2012 | Law & Order: UK | Prof. Martin Middlebrook | |
| 2012 | Inspector Lewis | David Connelly | Series 6 episode 2 (Generation of Vipers) |
Theatre[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Other notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1992 | Tartuffe | Damis | Directed by Sir Peter Hall (Playhouse); play by Molière; Stephens' West End theatre debut |
| 1992 | Tamburlaine | Celebinus/King of Argier | Directed by Terry Hands (RSC); play by Christopher Marlowe |
| 1992 | Antony and Cleopatra | Pompey | Directed by John Caird (RSC); play by Shakespeare |
| 1992 | All's Well That Ends Well | Bertram | Directed by Sir Peter Hall (RSC); play by Shakespeare |
| 1993 | Wallenstein | Max Piccolomini | Directed by Tim Albery (RSC); play by Friedrich von Schiller |
| 1994 | Unfinished Business | Young Beamish | Directed by Steven Pimlott (RSC); play by Michael Hastings |
| 1994 | Coriolanus | Caius Marcius Coriolanus | Directed by David Thacker (RSC); play by Shakespeare |
| 1994 | A Midsummer Night's Dream | Lysander | Directed by Adrian Noble (RSC); play by Shakespeare |
| 1994 | Measure for Measure | Claudio | Directed by Steven Pimlott (RSC); play by Shakespeare |
| 1996 | A Streetcar Named Desire | Stanley Kowalski | Directed by Sir Peter Hall (The Haymarket); play by Tennessee Williams |
| 1998/99 | Phedre | Hippolytus | Directed by Jonathan Kent (Almeida & Brooklyn Academy); play by Jean Racine |
| 1998/99 | Britannicus | Nero | Directed by Jonathan Kent (Almeida & Brooklyn Academy); play by Jean Racine |
| 1999 | Ring Round the Moon | Hugo/Frederick | Directed by Gerry Gutierrez (Lincoln Center Theatre NY); play by Jean Anouilh; Stephens' Broadway debut |
| 2001 | Japes | Japes | Directed by Sir Peter Hall (The Haymarket); play by Simon Gray |
| 2001 | The Royal Family | Anthony Cavendish | Directed by Sir Peter Hall (The Haymarket); play by George S. Kaufman and Edna Ferber |
| 2004 | Hamlet | Hamlet | Directed by Michael Boyd (RSC); play by Shakespeare |
| 2004 | The Pilate Workshop | Jesus | Directed by Michael Boyd (RSC); play by Helen Edmundson, based on Ann Wroe's Pontius Pilate: The Biography of an Invented Man |
| 2007 | Betrayal | Jerry | Directed by Roger Michell (Donmar); play by Harold Pinter |
| 2007 | The Country Wife | Mr. Horner | Directed by Jonathan Kent (Haymarket); play by William Wycherley |
| 2009 | A Doll's House | Thomas (Torvald, Nora's husband, in the original) | Directed by Kfir Yefet (Donmar); play by Henrik Ibsen, adapted by Zinnie Harris |
| 2010 | The Real Thing | Henry | Directed by Anna Mackmin; play by Tom Stoppard |
| 2010 | Danton's Death | Georges Danton | Directed by Michael Grandage; play by Georg Büchner |
Radio drama and audio books[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Other notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 | Time and the Conways | Robin | Radio drama based on the play Time and the Conways by J.B. Priestley: released as a BBC Audiobook in March 2010 |
| 1995 | The Prince's Choice | Coriolanus, Hamlet, Henry V, Henry IV and Edward Poins | A selection from Shakespeare's works; narrators include the Prince of Wales and Stephens' parents, Sir Robert Stephens and Dame Maggie Smith, Hodder & Stoughton Audio Books |
| 1997 | As You Like It | Orlando | BBC dramatised recording of Shakespeare's play |
| 1997 | The Lifted Veil | Latimer | BBC dramatised recording of the novella by George Eliot |
| 1997 | The Guns of Navarone | Mallory | BBC two part dramatised recording of the novel by Alistair MacLean, BBC Radio Collection Audiobook |
| 1997 | Birdsong | Stephen Wraysford | BBC three-part drama based on the Sebastian Faulks novel (sometimes listed under the title of Part I, 'France 1910') |
| 1997 | Anna Karenina | Count Vronsky | BBC dramatised recording of the Leo Tolstoy novel, BBC Classic Collection Audiobook |
| 1998 | The Troy trilogy | Achilles | 3 x 90 minute plays by Andrew Rissik for the BBC with Paul Scofield
King Priam and His Sons; The Death of Achilles; Helen at Ephesus |
| 1999 | Tales from the Arabian Nights | Narrator | Includes Aladdin and His Magic Lamp, Sinbad and Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, Naxos Audiobooks |
| 1999 | Macbeth | Macbeth | Voice of Macbeth for the Movingstage Marionette Company's production of the Shakespeare play |
| 2000 | Conversations with Napoleon | Reader | The words of Napoleon Bonaparte |
| 2001 | King Lear | Edmund | Paul Scofield is King Lear in a dramatised reading of Shakespeare's play, Naxos Audiobooks |
| 2001 | On the Road | Narrator | BBC radio reading of the Jack Kerouac book |
| 2002 | The Riddle of the Sands | Narrator | Novel by Robert Erskine Childers, Penguin Audiobooks |
| 2002 | The Woman in White | Walter Hartright | BBC dramatised recording of novel by Wilkie Collins, BBC Radio Collection Audiobook |
| 2002 | Aeneid | Aeneas | Virgil's Classical Poem abridged by James Burbidge with Paul Scofield, Naxos Audiobooks |
| 2003 | Dionysos | Pentheus, King of Thebes | BBC radio drama by Andrew Rissik with Paul Scofield |
| 2004 | Will in the World | Reader | Based on Stephen Greenblatt's book, a reconstruction of Shakespeare's life & era |
| 2005 | Much Ado About Nothing | Benedick | BBC dramatised recording of Shakespeare's play |
| 2006 | Shylock | Bassanio | BBC Radio 3 dramatised recording of play by Sir Arnold Wesker |
| 2007 | Heart of Darkness | Narrator | Novel by Joseph Conrad, Silksoundbooks Audiobook |
| 2007 | Flashman on the March | Narrator | Novel by George MacDonald Fraser, HarperCollins Audiobook |
| 2008 | Flashman and the Dragon | Narrator | Novel by George MacDonald Fraser, HarperCollins Audiobook |
| 2008 | Missing Dates | Jason (Japes) | BBC Radio 4 dramatisation of play by Simon Gray (a reworking of his play Japes, in which Stephens also played the title role, see Theatre above) |
| 2008 | The Good Soldier | Narrator | BBC Radio 4 Book at Bedtime reading of the novel by Ford Madox Ford |
| 2008 | Dr. No | James Bond | BBC Radio 4 dramatisation of novel by Ian Fleming |
| 2008 | Let's Murder Vivaldi | Ben | BBC Radio 4 The Saturday Play, adaptation of David Mercer's television drama |
| 2008 | Coda | Simon Gray | BBC Radio 4 reading of Simon Gray's autobiographical book |
| 2008–2009 | The Dark Flower | Narrator | BBC Radio 4 Book at Bedtime featuring the novel by John Galsworthy |
| 2009 | My Dark Places | James Ellroy | BBC World Service radio drama based on the autobiographical book by James Ellroy |
| 2009 | Journey Into Space: The Host | Jet | BBC Radio 4 The Saturday Play, written by Julian Simpson, based on BBC Radio show Journey Into Space by Charles Chilton (to be released as an audiobook, April 2010) |
| 2009 | King Solomon's Mines | Narrator | Novel by H. Rider Haggard, BBC Worldwide Audiobook |
| 2009 | Becket | King Henry II | BBC Radio 3 adaptation of Jean Anouilh's play[18] |
| 2010 | Dick Barton Special Agent: The Mystery of the Missing Formula | Narrator | Novel by Mike Dorrell, based on the character Dick Barton of the BBC Light Programme of the 1940s; BBC Audiobook |
| 2010 | Goldfinger | James Bond | BBC Radio 4 dramatisation of novel by Ian Fleming |
| 2010 | No Place Like Home | Jonathan | BBC Radio 4 Afternoon Play by Robert Rigby and Nick Russell-Pavier |
| 2011 | King James Version of the Bible | Narrator | BBC Radio 4 celebration of the 400th anniversary of publication of the KJV |
| 2011 | Paul Temple and the Geneva Mystery | Narrator | Novel by Francis Durbridge; BBC Audiobook |
| 2011 | Paul Temple and the Margo Mystery | Narrator | Novel by Francis Durbridge; Audiobook |
| 2011 | Paul Temple Intervenes | Narrator | Novel by Francis Durbridge; Audiobook |
| 2011 | The Lady in the Lake | Philip Marlowe | BBC Radio 4 dramatisation of the novel by Raymond Chandler |
| 2011 | The Big Sleep | Philip Marlowe | BBC Radio 4 dramatisation of the novel by Raymond Chandler |
| 2011 | Farewell, My Lovely | Philip Marlowe | BBC Radio 4 dramatisation of the novel by Raymond Chandler |
| 2011 | Playback (novel) | Philip Marlowe | BBC Radio 4 dramatisation of the novel by Raymond Chandler |
| 2011 | Carte Blanche | Narrator | Novel by Jeffrey Deaver; Hodder & Stoughton Audiobooks |
| 2011 | The Long Goodbye (novel) | Philip Marlowe | BBC Radio 4 dramatisation of the novel by Raymond Chandler |
| 2011 | The High Window | Philip Marlowe | BBC Radio 4 dramatisation of the novel by Raymond Chandler |
| 2011 | The Little Sister | Philip Marlowe | BBC Radio 4 dramatization of the novel by Raymond Chandler |
| 2011 | Poodle Springs | Philip Marlowe | BBC Radio 4 dramatizarion of the novel by Raymond Chandler and Robert B. Parker |
Notes[link]
- ^ David Benedict, "Theatre Royal Haymarket Gambles", Variety, July 23, 2007, online edition. [1]
- ^ Nellie Andreeva, "Busy Pre-upfront Weekend", The Hollywood Reporter, May 10, 2008, updated May 11, 2008, Online edition. [2]
- ^ "Pilot Buzz", zap2it, May 12, 2008
- ^ "Bob Holness on Game Shows". http://www.ukgameshows.com/ukgs/Bob_Holness. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
- ^ Stock-pot Productions Limited, Blog, May 27, 2008
- ^ Dan French, "Richard Armitage for Sky1's 'Strike Back'", "Digital Spy", August 24, 2009 [3]
- ^ "Julia McKenzie returns as the fictional sleuth Miss Marple, in her seventh film The Blue Geranium for ITV1", ITV.com, January 21, 2010 [4]
- ^ Katherine Rushton, "Greenlit Gets First BBC Order with Cop Comedy", "Broadcast", July 23, 2009 [5]
- ^ Sam Elliott Connor, "The Lost Explorer," "Dazed & Confused," May 2010
- ^ Leo Benedictus, "What to say about...The Real Thing", "The Guardian", 23 April 2010 [6]
- ^ Louise Jury, "Toby's emotional debut for classic Stoppard play", London Evening Standard, 7 December 2009. [7]
- ^ "Slumdog's Danny Boyle Returns to the Stage as Frankenstein," Theatre News, London Evening Standard, 21 January 2010. [8]
- ^ Terri Paddock, "20 Questions with... Toby Stephens," whatsonstage.com 19 November 2001. [9]
- ^ Mark Lawson, "Prodigal Son", The Guardian, May 31, 2007, Online edition. [10]
- ^ Janice Turner, "Simon Gray Has Lung Cancer But Won't Stop Smoking," The Times, April 24, 2008, Online edition. [11]
- ^ Tim Walker, "Toby Stephens: Being born into the theatre was a mixed blessing," The Daily Telegraph, May 21, 2009, Online edition. [12]
- ^ Lesley White, "Home and Dry," The Times, July 18, 2010.
- ^ BBC Press Office (28 August 2009). "Classic stage plays and adaptations of major works of fiction at the heart of new drama season on Radio 3". Press release. Retrieved on 28 August 2009.
Awards[link]
- 1994—Ian Charleson Award (best classical actor under 30): Coriolanus
- 1994—Sir John Gielgud Award (best actor): Coriolanus
- 1999—Theatre World Award (debut performance on Broadway): Ring Round the Moon
Interviews and articles[link]
- The Independent - It'll Be All Right on the Night (27 March 1994)
- The New York Times - It's Not Romantic or Oedipal: It's Just the Family Business (24 April 1999)
- The Independent - 1 Minute in the Mind of Toby Stephens 4 February 2001)
- The Independent - Theatre Debut - Toby Stephens (7 February 2001)
- The Evening Standard - Toby's Second Act (15 November 2002)
- The Times - My Cultural Life (23 November 2002)
- The Sunday Telegraph - Villain with a Past (16 December 2002)
- San Francisco Chronicle - Traitor? It's No Easy Gig (19 October 2003)
- Stephens on Hamlet, Essay for RSC Website (2004)
- The Times - Interview: Toby Stephens (4 July 2004)
- The Independent on Sunday - This Cultural Life (5 December 2004)
- The Independent - How do I look? (13 August 2005)
- The Telegraph - The Perils of Being Posh on TV (16 March 2006)
- The Independent - Toby Stephens: My Life in Travel (18 March 2006)
- The Times - Every Woman Has Her Own Idea of Mr. Rochester (29 August 2006)
- The Guardian - Prodigal Son (31 May 2007)
- The Times - Mr. Rochester Takes His Bow (3 September 2007)
- The Evening Standard - Restoring His Humour (2 October 2007)
- Angel & North - Charming Chameleon (2007)
- SFX - Meet the New James Bond (20 May 2008)
- BBC Press Office - Robin Hood returns to BBC One (27 March 2009)
- Daily Mail- Toff at the top! Aristocad Toby Stephens on his Robin Hood role, drink and famous parents (1 May 2009)
- The Daily Telegraph - Being Born into the Theatre was a Mixed Blessing (21 May 2009)
- The Times - Diary: Toby Stephens (20 June 2009)
- London Evening Standard - Toby Stephens to Face Family History at Old Vic (23 March 2010)
- The Times - Toby Stephens: Of course I’d act with my mother (1 April 2010)
- Daily Mail - In a Taxi with...Theatre Royal Toby Stephens (17 April 2010)
- The Spectator - Silencing the Voices (17 July 2010)
- The Guardian - This much I know: Toby Stephens (18 July 2010)
- officiallondontheatre.co.uk - The Big Interview: Toby Stephens (28 July 2010)
External links[link]
- RSC Hamlet website Includes clips of Toby Stephens and the cast rehearsing the 2004 production of Hamlet.
- Toby Stephens at the Internet Movie Database
- http://unitedagents.co.uk/toby-stephens
- http://www.hobsons-international.com/voices/1595/toby_stephens
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Stephens, Toby |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 21 April 1969 |
| Place of birth | London, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other uses, see Sweeney Todd (disambiguation).
| Sweeney Todd | |
|---|---|
| 200px Tod Slaughter as Sweeney Todd, 1936 film. |
|
| Created by | James Malcolm Rymer Thomas Peckett Prest |
| Portrayed by | Tod Slaughter (1936 film) Len Cariou (original 1979 Broadway cast) Denis Quilley (1980 London cast) George Hearn (1982 tour) Bob Gunton (1989 Broadway revival) Alun Armstrong (1993 London revival) Ben Kingsley (1998 TV film) Kelsey Grammer (1999 concert) George Hearn (2001 concert) Brian Stokes Mitchell (2002 production) Paul Hegarty (2004 West End revival) Michael Cerveris (2005 Broadway revival) David Hess (2007-2008 Canada and U.S. national tour) Ray Winstone (2006 film) Johnny Depp (2007 film) Saulo Vasconcelos (2007 musical) Evan Daves (PPAS 2010 production) Michael Ball (2011 Chichester, 2012 UK revival) Magnus Lyche (2011 KESW W&E House drama) |
| Information | |
| Aliases | The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, Sweeney Todd, (originally known as Benjamin Barker in some adaptations) |
| Gender | Male |
| Occupation | Barber/Serial killer |
| Spouse(s) | None in original version. Lucy Barker (in musical version) |
Sweeney Todd is a fictional character who first appeared as the murderer of the Victorian penny dreadful The String of Pearls (1846–1847) and he was later introduced as an antihero of Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street and its film adaptations. Claims that Sweeney Todd was a historical person[1][2] are strongly disputed by scholars,[3][4][5] although there are possible legendary prototypes.[6]
In the original version of the tale, Todd is a barber who dispatches his victims by pulling a lever while they are in his barber chair, which makes them fall backward down a revolving trapdoor into the basement of his shop, generally causing them to break their necks or skulls. Just in case they are alive, he goes to the basement and "polishes them off" (slitting their throats with his straight razor). In some adaptations, the murdering process is reversed, with Todd slitting the throats of his customers before they are dispatched into the basement via the revolving trapdoor. After Todd has robbed his dead victims of their goods, Mrs. Lovett, his partner in crime (in some later versions, his friend and/or lover), assists him in disposing of the bodies by baking their flesh into meat pies, and selling them to the unsuspecting customers of her pie shop. Todd's barber shop is situated at 186 Fleet Street, London, next to St. Dunstan's church, and is connected to Mrs. Lovett's pie shop in nearby Bell Yard by means of an underground passage. In most versions of the story, he and Mrs. Lovett hire an unwitting orphan boy, Tobias Ragg, to serve the pies to customers.
The tale surrounding the character became a staple of Victorian melodrama. Later it was the subject of a 1959 ballet by English composer Sir Malcolm Arnold and, in 1979, a Tony award-winning Broadway musical by Stephen Sondheim. Sweeney Todd has also been featured in several films, the most recent being 2007's Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, directed by Tim Burton and starring Johnny Depp, based on the 1979 musical.
Contents |
Literary history[link]
Sweeney Todd first appeared in a story entitled The String of Pearls: A Romance. This penny dreadful was published in 18 weekly parts, in Edward Lloyd's The People's Periods and Family Library, issues 7-24, 21 November 1846 to 20 March 1847. It was probably written by James Malcolm Rymer, though Thomas Peckett Prest has also been credited with it; it is likely that each worked on the serial from part to part. Other attributions include Edward P. Hingston, George Macfarren and Albert Richard Smith.[6][7] In February/March 1847, before the serial was even completed, The String of Pearls was adapted as a melodrama by George Dibden Pitt for the Britannia Theatre in Hoxton. It was in this alternative version of the tale, rather than the original, that Todd acquired his catchphrase: "I'll polish him off".[6] Neil Gaiman, in a promotional "penny dreadful", identified a number of earlier texts that feed into the Todd story, some dating back to at least the late 17th century.[citation needed]
Another, lengthier, penny part serial was published by Lloyd from 1847/8, with 92 episodes and published in book form in 1850 as The String of Pearls with the subtitle "The Barber of Fleet Street. A Domestic Romance". This expanded version of the story was 732 pages long.[6] A plagiarised version of this appeared in America c. 1852–53 as Sweeney Todd: or the Ruffian Barber. A Tale of Terror of the Seas and the Mysteries of the City by "Captain Merry" (a pseudonym for American author Harry Hazel (1814–89)).[6]
In 1875, Frederick Hazleton's c. 1865 dramatic adaptation Sweeney Todd, the Barber of Fleet Street: or the String of Pearls (see below) was published as Vol 102 of Lacy's Acting Edition of Plays.[6]
A scholarly, annotated edition of the original 1846–47 serial was published in volume form in 2007 by the Oxford University Press under the title of Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, edited by Robert Mack.
Alleged historical basis[link]
The original story of Sweeney Todd was quite possibly based on an older urban legend, originally based on dubious pie-fillings.[6] In Charles Dickens's Pickwick Papers (1836/7), the servant Sam Weller says that a pieman used cats 'for beefsteak, veal and kidney, 'cording to the demand', and recommends that people should buy pies only 'when you know the lady as made it, and is quite sure it ain't kitten.'[8] Dickens then developed this in Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-4) published two years before the appearance of Sweeney Todd in The String of Pearls (1846-7), a character called Tom Pinch is grateful that his own "evil genius did not lead him into the dens of any of those preparers of cannibalic pastry, who are represented in many country legends as doing a lively retail business in the metropolis".[9] A similar story, which first appeared in an 1824 publication called The Tell Tale, reported how a barber and wig-maker of the Rue de la Harpe in Paris cut his customers' throats, relieved them of their valuables and then had their bodies made into meat pies, utilising the services of a pastry cook, whose establishment was on the same street.[6][7]
Claims that Sweeney Todd was a real person were first made in the introduction to the 1850 (expanded) edition of The String of Pearls and have persisted to the present day.[6] In two books,[1][2] Peter Haining argued that Sweeney Todd was a historical figure who committed his crimes around 1800. Nevertheless, other researchers who have tried to verify his citations find nothing in these sources to back Haining's claims.[3][4][5] A check of the website Old Bailey at[10] for "Associated Records 1674-1834" for an alleged trial in December 1801 and hanging of Sweeney Todd for January 1802 show no reference; the only murder trial for this period is that of a Governor/Lt Col. Joseph Wall who was hanged 28 January 1802 for killing a Benjamin Armstrong on 10 July 1782 on the isle of Gorée, West Africa, and the discharge of a Humphrey White in January 1802.[original research?][10]
A late (1890s) reference to the urban legend of the murdering barber can be found in the poem by the Australian bush poet Banjo Paterson - The Man from Ironbark.
On stage, screen and audio[link]
- The String of Pearls (1847) a melodrama by George Dibden Pitt. It opened at Hoxton's Britannia Theatre, and billed as "founded on fact". It was something of a success, and the story spread by word of mouth and took on the quality of an urban legend. Various versions of the tale were staples of the British theatre for the rest of the century.
- Sweeney Todd, the Barber of Fleet Street: or the String of Pearls (c. 1865), a dramatic adaption written by Frederick Hazleton which premiered at the Old Bower Saloon, Stangate Street, Lambeth.[6]
- "Sweeney Todd, The Barber", a song which assumes its audience knows the stage version and claims that such a character existed in real life. Stanley Holloway, who recorded it in 1956, attributed it to R. P. Weston, a songwriter active from 1906 to 1934.
- Sweeney Todd (1926), the first film version of the story, starring G.A. Baughan in the title role. The film is now lost.
- Sweeney Todd (1928) a silent film starring Moore Marriott as Sweeney Todd and Iris Darbyshire as Mrs. Lovett. This is the first surviving film adaptation.
- Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1936), a film version of the Victorian melodrama starring Tod Slaughter as Sweeney Todd and Stella Rho as Mrs. "Lovatt".
- "The Strange Case of the Demon Barber" (8 January 1946), an adaptation of the Sweeney Todd story featured in an episode of the radio drama The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. In this interpretation, an actor playing the character on stage begins to believe he is committing similar murders while sleepwalking, while Holmes and Watson uncover something different that may prove his sanity.
- In 1947, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's CBC Stage Series broadcast a radio adaptation of the Pitt play starring Mavor Moore as Todd, Jane Mallett as Mrs. Lovett, John Drainie as Tobias, Lloyd Bochner as Mark Ingesterie and Arden Kaye as Johanna Oakley. The production was adapted by Ronald Hamilton and directed by Andrew Allan, with original music composed by Lucio Agostini.
- Sweeney Todd (1959), a ballet version performed by the Royal Ballet with music by Malcolm Arnold. The choreography was directed by John Cranko.
- Bloodthirsty Butchers (1970), a horror film with John Miranda as Sweeney Todd and Jane Helay as Maggie Lovett, directed by Andy Milligan.
- "Sweeney Todd" (1970), an episode of the ITV series Mystery and Imagination starring Freddie Jones as Sweeney Todd and Heather Canning as Nellie Lovett. In this adaptation, written by Vincent Tilsey and directed by Reginald Collin, the title character is portrayed as insane rather than evil. Lewis Fiander played Mark Ingesterie with Mel Martin as the heroine Charlotte and Len Jones as Tobias.
- Sweeney Todd (1973), an hour-long TV production by the CBC Television series The Purple Playhouse with Barry Morse as Todd. This was again Pitt's version of the play.
- Sweeney Todd, The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1973), a play by the British playwright Christopher Bond. This version of the story was the first to give Todd a more sympathetic motive: he is a wrongfully imprisoned barber who returns to London after 15 years in an Australian penal colony under the new name Sweeney Todd, only to find that the judge responsible for his imprisonment has raped his young wife and driven her to suicide, and adopted his daughter. He at first plans to kill the judge, but when his prey escapes, he swears revenge on the whole world and begins to slash the throats of his customers. The character's new, tragic backstory was Bond's way of grafting dramatic themes from The Revenger's Tragedy onto Pitt's stage plot.
- Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. A Musical Thriller (1979), the acclaimed musical adaptation of Bond's play by Stephen Sondheim and Hugh Wheeler starring Len Cariou as Sweeney Todd (here christened Benjamin Barker) and Angela Lansbury as Mrs. Lovett. George Hearn and Dorothy Loudon later succeeded Cariou and Lansbury in the lead roles. In 1982, the musical was televised on The Entertainment Channel, starring Hearn and Lansbury, and directed by Terry Hughes and Harold Prince. It was produced by RKO Pictures and RKO/Nederlander Productions.
- The Tale of Sweeney Todd (1998), a television movie directed by John Schlesinger, commissioned by British Sky Broadcasting for which Ben Kingsley received a Screen Actors Guild Best Actor nomination for his portrayal of the title role. Joanna Lumley portrayed Mrs. Lovett.
- Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street in Concert (2001), a filmed concert version of Sondheim's musical, stars George Hearn as Sweeney Todd/Benjamin Barker, Patti LuPone as Mrs. Lovett, Timothy Nolen as Judge Turpin and Neil Patrick Harris as Tobias.
- In Jersey Girl (2004) Ollie Trinke (Ben Affleck) and his on screen daughter sing "God, That's Good!!" from the Sondheim version for her school play, accompanied by Liv Tyler.
- The second episode of the BBC Radio comedy series 1835, entitled "Haircut, Sir?", written by Jim Poyser and broadcast in June 2004 had aimless aristocrat Viscount Belport (Paul Rider) and his servant Ned (Jason Done) joining the police force under Sir Robert Peel and encountering demon barber Sweeney Todd (Jonathan Keeble) on their first case.
- A Broadway revival of the Sondheim musical, directed by John Doyle, was mounted at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre in 2005. The ten-person cast, who played their own instruments in new orchestrations, consisted of John Arbo (Jonas Fogg; bass player), Donna Lynne Champlin (Pirelli; piano, accordion, flute), Alexander Gemignani (The Beadle; piano, trumpet), Mark Jacoby (Judge Turpin; trumpet, percussion), Diana DiMarzio (Beggar Woman/Lucy Barker; clarinet), Benjamin Magnuson (Anthony Hope; cello, piano), Lauren Molina (Johanna Barker; cello), Manoel Felciano (Tobias; violin, clarinet, piano), Patti LuPone (Mrs. Lovett; tuba, percussion), and Michael Cerveris (Sweeney Todd; guitar). Cerveris, LuPone, and Felciano were all nominated for Tony Awards; the show itself was nominated for Best Revival, and won Tonys for Best Direction and Best Orchestration.
- Sweeney Todd (2006), a BBC television drama version with a screenplay written by Joshua St Johnston and starring Ray Winstone in the title role and Essie Davis as Mrs Lovett.
- Sweeney Todd and the String of Pearls: an Audio Melodrama in Three Despicable Acts (2007), an audio play by Yuri Rasovsky, won three 2008 Audie Awards for best audio drama, best original work and for achievement in production.
- Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) a film directed by Tim Burton, adapted from Sondheim's musical. It stars Johnny Depp as Sweeney Todd, Helena Bonham Carter as Mrs. Lovett, Alan Rickman as Judge Turpin, and Ed Sanders as Toby. The cast also includes Sacha Baron Cohen as Pirelli and Timothy Spall as Beadle Bamford, Turpin's henchman. The film received two Golden Globe Awards - one for Best Actor in a Comedy or Musical (Johnny Depp), and one for Best Picture, Comedy or Musical. The film was also nominated for three Academy Awards, winning for Art Direction.
- "Demon Sweeney Todd", a song written by the NWOBHM band, Saxon in their album Into The Labyrinth released in 2009
- Sweeney Todd Musical, a 2009 musical rendition by the Repertory Philippines group, starring Audie Gemora in the title role, and Menchu Lauchengco-Yulo as Mrs. Lovett. Gerard Salonga of Filharmonika conducted the orchestra. It was directed by Baby Barredo and Michael Williams.
- Oh My Meat Pie, an episode in the 12th season of Good Eats, an educational cooking show on The Food Network starring Alton Brown. Brown plays his great-grandfather who stumbles upon a pie shop in London run by Mrs. Lovett; they are frequently visited by her neighbor, Mr. Todd, a barber. At one point, Lovett provides Brown with a large tub of ground meat for his recipe of shepherd's pie and is evasive about what type of meat it is.
- "Andy's Play", the third episode in the 7th season of The Office, centers around Andy Bernard's role in a local musical production of Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street.
- "Major League of Extraordinary Gentlemen", the seventh episode in the 5th season of Robot Chicken, SpongeBob discovers that Mr. Krabs is killing other sea creatures and baking them into pastries. SpongeBob plays the role of Mark Ingestrie, while Mr. Krabs plays the role of Sweeney Todd.
- Inspired by Sweeney Todd's slaughter and sale of human flesh, the Danish motion picture "The Green Butchers", starring Mads Mikkelsen and Nikolaj Lie Kaas, also features cannibalistic slaughter and sale of meat leading to a booming business mainly based on the human meat, in this instance sold as marinated chicken.
- "Waiting to Exhale", the second episode of the 2nd season of the television series Dexter. When Dexter Morgan asks his colleague Vince Masuka where the best place to hide a corpse is, he ends his extensive answer with "Hell, even meat pies".
Comics[link]
The character of Sweeney Todd is presented as a villain in Marc Andreyko's Manhunter series, where he appears as a ghost which possesses men (causing them to resemble him) and murders women. A supporting character, Obsidian, is shown to be a fan of Sondheim's musical.
Neil Gaiman and Michael Zulli were to have created a Sweeney Todd adaptation for Taboo, published by Steve Bissette and Tundra, but only completed a prologue.
Classical Comics, a UK publisher creating graphic novel adaptations of classical literature, has produced a full colour paperback Sweeney Todd The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Sweeney Todd (176 pages, November 2010, Original Text, ISBN 978-1-906332-79-2, Quick Text, ISBN 978-1-906332-80-8, forthcoming) with script adaptation by Sean M. Wilson, linework by Declan Shalvey; colouring by Jason Cardy & Kat Nicholson and lettering by Jim Campbell.
Rhyming slang[link]
In rhyming slang, Sweeney Todd is the Flying Squad (a branch of the UK's Metropolitan Police), hence the television series The Sweeney.
References[link]
- ^ a b Haining, Peter (1979). The Mystery and Horrible Murders of Sweeney Todd, The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. F. Muller. ISBN 0-584-10425-1.
- ^ a b Haining, Peter (1993). Sweeney Todd: The real story of the Demon Barber of Fleet Street. Boxtree. ISBN 1-85283-442-0.
- ^ a b "Man or myth? The making of Sweeney Todd" (Press release). BBC Press Office. 2005-08-12. http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/12_december/08/todd_making.shtml. Retrieved 2006-11-15.
- ^ a b Duff, Oliver (2006-01-03). "Sweeney Todd: fact". The Independent (London). http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article336235.ece. Retrieved 2006-11-15. (Full text)
- ^ a b "True or False?". Sweeney Todd, The Demon Barber of Fleet Street in Concert. KQED. 2001. http://www.pbs.org/kqed/demonbarber/penny/index.html. Retrieved 2006-11-15.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Robert Mack (2007) "Introduction" to Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street
- ^ a b "Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street" PBS.org. Retrieved 11 February 2006.
- ^ Dickens, Charles. The Pickwick Papers. Oxford: Oxford Classics. pp. 278, 335.
- ^ Charles Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit, ed. Margaret Cardwell (1982). Oxford, Clarendon Press: 495
- ^ a b "Search - Home - Central Criminal Court". Oldbaileyonline.org. http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/forms/formMain.jsp. Retrieved 2009-05-30.
Further reading[link]
- Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street edited by Robert Mack (2007). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-922933-3
- Robert Mack (2008) The Wonderful and Surprising History of Sweeney Todd: The Life and Times of an Urban Legend. Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-9791-8
- Rothman, Irving N. "Stephen Sondheim's Sweeney Todd (1979). In The Barber in Modern Jewish Culture (2008). 365-76. ISBN-13: 978-0-7734-5072-1
External links[link]
- The String of Pearls etext of the 1846/47 penny dreadful that first featured Sweeney Todd
- BBC Radio 4 Extra - 1835: 2. Haircut, Sir?
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
