A fellow in the broadest sense is someone who is an equal or a comrade. The term fellow is also used to describe a person, particularly by those in the upper social classes. It is most often used in an academic context: a fellow is often part of an elite group of learned people who are awarded fellowship to work together as peers in the pursuit of knowledge or practice. The fellows may include visiting professors, postdoctoral researchers and doctoral researchers.

Academia[link]

Research fellow[link]

The title of research fellow is used to denote an academic research position at a university or a similar institution.

Teaching fellow[link]

The title of Teaching fellow is used to denote an academic teaching position at a university or similar institution.

Emeritus title in the UK[link]

The title fellow might be given to an academic member of staff upon retirement who continues to be affiliate to a university institution in the United Kingdom.

[edit] Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin

At Colleges of the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin, full fellows form the governing body of the college. They may elect a Council to handle day-to-day management. All fellows are entitled to certain privileges within their colleges, which may include dining at High Table (free of charge) and possibly the right to a room in college (free of charge).

There are a number of types of fellow:

• Research fellows are researchers, whose salaries or stipends are paid by a college from the income of its endowment. Some of the less affluent colleges do not pay their research fellows a salary, instead award fellowships to researchers already employed by the university.
• At Oxford, college tutors are fellows, who are paid to provide small-group teaching to a college's undergraduates. The position is typically a joint appointment (there are a variety of types) with the university.
• At Cambridge, teaching officers (lecturers, readers, and professors) are entitled to a college fellowship. For lecturers and readers, the process is competitive – generally the most able academics get fellowships at the richest and most prestigious colleges^{[citation needed]}. Professors are allocated to colleges by a centralised process to ensure fairness. These fellows may or may not provide small-group teaching to undergraduates in the college, for which they would be paid by the hour. College fellows at Cambridge (except for research fellows) have no duties as such and are not paid. They will typically have a salaried post either with their college or the university.
• At Cambridge, a praelector is a fellow of a college, who formally presents students during the matriculation and graduation ceremony.

Most Cambridge colleges grant fellowships for life after a qualifying period. Retired academics may therefore remain as fellows. In Oxford upon retirement, a Governing Body fellow would normally be elected a fellow emeritus and would leave the Governing Body. Distinguished old members of the college, or its benefactors and friends, might also be elected 'Honorary Fellow', normally for life; but beyond limited dining rights this is merely an honour. Most Oxford colleges have 'Fellows by Special Election' or 'Supernumerary Fellows', who may be members of the teaching staff, but not necessarily members of the Governing Body.

US medical training[link]

In US medical institutions, a fellow refers to someone who has completed residency training (e.g. in internal medicine, pediatrics, general surgery, etc.) and is currently in a 1 to 3 year subspecialty training program (e.g. cardiology, pediatric nephrology, transplant surgery, etc.).

Medical Education Systems in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Australia and New Zealand[link]

In these five countries the overarching responsibility of postgraduate specialist medical and surgical education is assigned to a number of Royal colleges. Examples of these colleges are: the Royal College of Surgeons, the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada and the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists. When a graduate medical doctor completes the speciality training/examinations required by one of these colleges he or she is designated a Fellow of the corresponding college. This designation comes with a post-nominal designation such as FRCS (Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons), FRCS(I) Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, FRCP (C) (Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Canada) and FRANZCP (Fellow of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists).

Graduate school fellowships[link]

In the context of graduate school in the United States and Canada, a fellow is a recipient of a fellowship. Examples are the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship, the National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship, the Guggenheim Fellowship, the Rosenthal Fellowship and the Presidential Management Fellowship.

Academia administration[link]

Harvard University[link]

At Harvard and some other universities in the United States, "fellows" are members of the Board of Trustees who hold administrative positions as non-executive trustee rather than academics.

Cambridge and Oxford Colleges[link]

Some senior administrators of a college such as bursars are made fellows, and thereby become members of the governing body, because of their importance to the running of a College.

Secondary education[link]

Teaching fellows in the US[link]

The term used, in the United States, the high school and middle school setting for students or adults that assist a teacher with one or more classes.^[1]

Learned or professional societies[link]

Fellows are the highest grade of membership of most professional or learned societies (see for example, the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators. Lower grades are referred to as members (who typically share voting rights with the fellows), or associates (who may or may not, depending on whether "associate" status is a form of full membership).

How a fellowship is acquired varies for each society, but may typically involve some or all of these:

• A qualifying period in a lower grade
• Passing a series of examinations
• Nomination by two existing fellows who know the applicant professionally
• Evidence of continued formal training post-qualification
• Evidence of substantial achievement in the subject area
• Submission of a thesis or portfolio of works which will be examined

Exclusive learned societies such as the Royal Society have Fellow as the only grade of membership, others like the Faculty of Young Musicians (now defunct) have members holding the post of Associate and posts Honoris Causa.

Honorary fellow[link]

Appointment as an honorary fellow in a learned or professional society can be either to honour exceptional achievement and/or service within the professional domain of the awarding body or to honour contributions related to the domain from someone who is professionally outside of it. Membership of the awarding body may or may not be a requirement.

Industry / Corporate[link]

Large corporations in research and development-intensive industries (IBM or Sun Microsystems in information technology, Bell Labs or L3 Communications in telecommunications, and Boston Scientific in Medical Devices for example) appoint a small number of senior scientists and engineers as fellows. Fellow is the most senior rank or title one can achieve on a technical career, though some fellows also hold business titles such as vice president or chief technology officer. Examples are:

• IBM Fellows.
• Microsoft technical fellows.

Nonprofit / Government[link]

The title fellow can be used for participants in a professional development program run by a nonprofit or governmental organization. This type of fellowship is a short term work opportunity (1-2 years)^[2] for professionals who already possess some level of academic or professional expertise that will serve the nonprofit mission. Fellows are given a stipend as well as professional experience and leadership training. Examples are:

• White House Fellows
• Supreme Court Fellows Program
• Sample of Nonprofit Leadership Programs

Notes and references[link]

Schell giving a reading at the Occupy Wall Street event Occupy Town Square, in Tompkins Square Park in New York, February 2012

Jonathan Edward Schell (born 1943) is an author and visiting fellow at Yale University, whose work primarily deals with campaigning against nuclear weapons.

Career[link]

His work has appeared in The Nation, The New Yorker, and TomDispatch. The Fate of the Earth received the Los Angeles Times Book Prize, among other awards, and was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, and the National Critics Award. He was most recently a Distinguished Fellow at the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization.^{[citation needed]}

In the 1980s, Schell wrote a series of articles in The New Yorker (subsequently published as The Fate of the Earth), which were instrumental in raising public awareness about the dangers of the nuclear arms race. He has been a persistent advocate for disarmament, and a world free of nuclear weapons.^[1]

In 2002 and 2003, Schell was a persistent critic of the invasion of Iraq.^[2] He has since commented, "There doesn't seem to be a rush to find the people who were right about Iraq and install them in the mainstream media."^[3]

During his heyday at The New Yorker, Spy magazine noted that his colleagues referred to him as "the incredibly boring Jonathan Schell".^[4]

Personal[link]

He is the younger brother of Orville Schell, former dean of the University of California, Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism.^[5] and current Arthur Ross Director of the Center on U.S.-China Relations at Asia Society in New York. He is a graduate of The Putney School in Putney, Vermont.

Selected publications[link]

• The Village of Ben Suc (1967)
• The Military Half (1968)
• The Time of Illusion (1976)
• The Fate of the Earth (1982)
• The Abolition (1984)
• History in Sherman Park (1987)
• The Real War (1988)
• Observing the Nixon Years (1989)
• The Gift of Time: The Case for Abolishing Nuclear Weapons Now (1998)
• The Unfinished Twentieth Century (2001)
• The Unconquerable World: Power, Nonviolence, and the Will of the People (2003),
• A Hole in the World (2004)
• The Seventh Decade: The New Shape of Nuclear Danger (2007)

External links[link]

• Biography from the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization
• Biography from The Nation
• Biography from The Globalist
• 2007 Video Interview with Jonathan Schell about "The Seventh Decade" on The Alcove with Mark Molaro
• The Gift of Time
• Smoking Guns and Mushroom Clouds

References[link]

v t e Anti-nuclear movement Protests and groups Anti-nuclear organizations Anti-nuclear power groups Anti-nuclear protests Anti-nuclear protests in the United States Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War Nuclear disarmament Nuclear Information and Resource Service Nevada Desert Experience Pembina Institute Sortir du nucléaire (France) By country Australia Austria Canada France Germany India Japan Kazakhstan New Zealand Philippines Poland Russia South Africa South Korea Spain Switzerland Taiwan Turkey United Kingdom United States People Tadatoshi Akiba Larry Bogart Helen Caldicott Frances Crowe John Gofman Jim Green Paul Gunter Nobuto Hosaka Kate Hudson Jacqui Katona David Lange Amory Lovins Caroline Lucas Arjun Makhijani Zhores Medvedev Gregory Minor Linus Pauling Joseph Rotblat Bertrand Russell Jens Scheer Jonathan Schell Harvey Wasserman Media Books about nuclear issues Films about nuclear issues Nuclear weapons in popular culture Related articles Anti-war movement France and weapons of mass destruction History of the anti-nuclear movement Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents Nuclear-Free Future Award Nuclear-free zone Nuclear power debate Nuclear power phase-out Nuclear weapons debate Peace movement Peace camp

Medal record
Liu Xiang in 2010
Competitor for  China
Men's athletics
Olympic Games
Gold	2004 Athens	110 m hurdles
World Championships
Gold	2007 Osaka	110 m hurdles
Silver	2005 Helsinki	110 m hurdles
Silver	2011 Daegu	110 m hurdles
Bronze	2003 Paris	110 m hurdles
World Indoor Championships
Gold	2008 Valencia	60 m hurdles
Silver	2004 Budapest	60 m hurdles
Silver	2012 Istanbul	60 m hurdles
Bronze	2003 Birmingham	60 m hurdles
Asian Games
Gold	2002 Busan	110 m hurdles
Gold	2006 Doha	110 m hurdles
Gold	2010 Guangzhou	110 m hurdles

Liu Xiang (simplified Chinese: 刘翔; traditional Chinese: 劉翔; pinyin: Liú Xiáng; born July 13, 1983 in Putuo District, Shanghai, China) is a Chinese 110 meter hurdler. Liu is an Olympic Gold medalist and World Champion.^[1] His 2004 Olympic gold medal was the first in a men's track and field event for China.

Liu is one of China's most commercially successful athletes and has emerged as a cultural icon.^[2] He is the first Chinese athlete to achieve the "triple crown" of athletics: World Record Holder, World Champion and Olympic Champion. He was the favorite to win another gold in the 110 metre hurdles at the Beijing Olympics,^[3] but much to the dismay of his fans, he had to withdraw from competition at the last moment after a false start and aggravation to a previously unrevealed injury.

Career[link]

In May 2001, he won at the East Asian Games in Osaka, Japan with a time of 13.42 seconds. In August 2001, he won at the Universiade in Beijing, China with a time of 13.33 seconds.^[4] He also won at the 9th National Games of the People's Republic of China that same year.^[5]

In May 2004 at an IAAF race in Osaka, Japan, Liu managed to beat Allen Johnson with a personal best record time of 13.06 seconds. Liu had become his hero's equal just before the Athens Olympic Games.^{[citation needed]}

2004 Olympics[link]

Liu Xiang
Liu Xiang celebrating at the 2007 World Championship as he became the World Champion for the first time.
Traditional Chinese	劉翔
Simplified Chinese	刘翔
Hanyu Pinyin	Liú Xiáng
Transcriptions Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin Liú Xiáng - Wade–Giles Liu Hsiang Cantonese (Yue) - Jyutping Lau4 Coeng4 - Yale Romanization Lyou2 Syang2

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2010)

Liu Xiang won the gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens in the 110 metre hurdles event, equaling Colin Jackson's 1993 world record of 12.91 seconds. Liu became just the sixth man to post a time under 13 seconds for this event. The ecstatic Liu at once fulfilled the great promise he had shown in setting a world junior record two years earlier and raised the hopes of his compatriots for a repeat victory at the 2008 Games in Beijing. Liu said that his performance, which brought China its first men's Olympic gold medal in track and field, "changes the opinion that Asian countries don't get good results in sprint races. I want to prove to all the world that Asians can run very fast." His 2004 Olympic gold medal was the first in a men's track and field event for China, in which the previous best were held by Olympic silver medallist C.K. Yang of the Republic of China and Olympic bronze medalist Zhu Jianhua. Contrary to popular belief however, Liu Xiang's Olympic track and field gold medal is not the first won by an Asian male athlete, as Olympic gold medalist Mikio Oda, Naoto Tajima, Son Kitei and others were the forerunners of Asian male track and field athletes achieving gold in the Olympic Games. Liu, a 21-year-old student at East China Normal University at the time of his Athens victory, became the object of a bidding war between commercial sponsors. The Chinese Track and Field Association restricted him to four such deals.

Liu finished the season with four of the year's ten fastest clockings. Reaching 17 finals in the 60 m indoor hurdles and the 110 metre hurdles, he lost just two, both to American Allen Johnson. Liu, at 1.89 m (6 ft 2 in) and 85 kg (187 lb), was taller than most sprint hurdlers, and he has showed spectacular athleticism by constraining his naturally long stride to the three-step pattern necessary in order to avoid the alternation of lead legs in hurdling.

2005 and 2007 World Championships[link]

In August 2005, Liu won a silver medal at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics in Helsinki, Finland, finishing 13.08 seconds, 0.01 seconds after champion Ladji Doucouré from France. In November 2005, he won at East Asian Games in Macau, China with 13.21 seconds.

Off track, in May, he was awarded the Laureus World Sports Award for Newcomer of the Year for his breakthrough performance at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.

Liu set a new world record in the 110 metre hurdles, at the Super Grand Prix in Lausanne on July 11, 2006, with a time of 12.88 seconds (+1.1 m/s tailwind). The record was ratified by the IAAF.^[6] In that same race, American Dominique Arnold had also beaten the previous record with a time of 12.90 seconds.^[7] In September, he won gold at IAAF World Athletics Final in Stuttgart, Germany with 12.93 seconds.

On August 31, 2007 at the World Athletics Championships in Osaka, Japan, Liu won gold in the 110 metre hurdles with 12.95 seconds to become the World Champion for the first time.

On May 23, Liu participated in a test event at the Beijing National Stadium.^[8] He pulled out of the Reebok Grand Prix in New York on May 31, citing hamstring problems. On June 8, he false-started at the Prefontaine Classic at Eugene, Oregon. Liu skipped the entire European circuit, preferring to train for the Olympics in China instead.

Beijing Olympics[link]

Leading up to the Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, Liu bore national expectations of a repeat victory on home soil.^[9] On August 18, Liu withdrew from the Olympic 110 metre hurdles. He walked off the track after a false start by another runner in his first-round heat,^[9] leaving the crowd at the Beijing National Stadium in stunned silence,^[10] confusion,^[11] and tears.^[8][9] According to Jeré Longman of the New York Times, "China's greatest hope had been dashed".^[12]

According to China's track and field association, Liu suffered from a recurrence of chronic inflammation in his right Achilles tendon.^[8] Liu's coach, Sun Haiping addressed the media during a press conference and stated that the hurdler had been hampered by a tendon injury for six or seven years.^[10] He commented on the situation, saying "We worked hard every day, but the result was as you see and it is really hard to take."^[10] Sun, who was in tears for most of the press conference, stated that Liu would be unable to compete for the remainder of 2008. Liu made a public apology to the Chinese media the following day, saying he could "do nothing but pull out of the race" because of his foot injury. He believes that the injury would not prevent him from future competitions and vows to "come back" for the next Olympics.^[13]

Liu's injury was significant and also ruled him out of the following year's major competition, the 2009 World Championships in Athletics.^[14] However, coach Sun Haiping was confident that he would return in time for the Chinese national championships and 2009 Asian Championships in Athletics in November.^[15]

2009–2011: Return from injury[link]

After a 13-month absence because of his injury, Liu finally returned to competition at the Shanghai Golden Grand Prix. Liu recorded a time of 13.15, tied with Terrence Trammell, but finished 0.01s behind and was awarded second place. However, Liu said he was happy with his performance.^[16][17] Nearing the end of the year, he competed at a number of major events on home turf. He won gold medals at the 2009 Asian Athletics Championships, the East Asian Games and the 11th Chinese National Games.^[18][19]

At the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships in Doha, admitting that his right foot has yet to fully recover,^[20] Liu was able to finish in the finals of the 60 m hurdles, but managed only seventh place.^[21] His sole appearance on the 2010 IAAF Diamond League circuit came at the Shanghai Grand Prix and he lost to national rival Shi Dongpeng for the first time.^[22] Following a six-month break, he marked his return to form at the 2010 Asian Games. A crowd of 70,000 gathered at the Guangdong Olympic Stadium to see him in the final and he easily won his third consecutive title at the competition, breaking the Games record with a run of 13.09 seconds – making him the third fastest athlete that season.^[23]

The Shanghai Golden Grand Prix in May 2011 saw Liu make a return to a world class level: he defeated David Oliver (the fastest hurdler in 2010) with a world-leading mark of 13.07 seconds to take his first win on the 2011 IAAF Diamond League. Liu showed he had accomplished a transition in his technique, as he reduced his number of starting steps before the first hurdle from eight to seven, using his left leg for hurdling.^[24]

On August 29, 2011, Liu Xiang competed in the men's 110 m hurdles final in the IAAF World Championships in Daegu, South Korea. Liu finished the race in third place, but he eventually won the silver medal, as the winner Dayron Robles was disqualified for entering Liu's lane and touching him. Though Robles' disqualification improved Liu's final position, many Liu fans claim that without Robles' violation, Liu wouldn't have lost balance and could have won the race.^[25]

2012 season[link]

In Liu's first competition of 2012, he was matched up against Dayron Robles at the Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix and this time he won cleanly with an Asian record time of 7.41 seconds for the 60 m hurdles.^[26] He was the favourite for the title at the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships, but was beaten into second place by Aries Merritt and left with the silver medal.^[27] In the outdoor season he set a 110 m hurdles meet record at the Golden Grand Prix Kawasaki, then ran 12.97 seconds to win at his home nation 2012 IAAF Diamond League meet, the Shanghai Golden Grand Prix. This was his first run under 13 seconds since 2007 and he beat Americans David Oliver and Jason Richardson by some distance.^[28]

Personal life[link]

Liu is known for his low-profile appearance, but he has become one of the most popular athletes in China.^[29] Liu Xiang was on Time magazine Asian edition's cover of the 2008 Summer Olympic Games titled "Liu Xiang & 99 More Athletes to Watch."^[30]

Liu donated approximately 2,500,000 yuan (364,000 USD) to 2008 Sichuan Earthquake relief efforts.^[31]

Although he is arguably one of the most popular sports stars in China, Liu admits that he has no time for a romantic relationship, citing that he wishes he had taken the chance to form one before the Athens Olympics, which catapulted him to fame: "There is no girlfriend. No time."^[32]

In Jan 2007, Liu was announced as global brand spokesperson for Nutrilite.^{[citation needed]} Liu's athletic gear is sponsored by Nike.^[33] He is also a spokesperson for Coca Cola and Cadillac.

International competition record[link]