Look up in vivo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

In vivo (Latin for "within the living") is experimentation using a whole, living organism as opposed to a partial or dead organism, or an in vitro ("within the glass", i.e., in a test tube or petri dish) controlled environment. Animal testing and clinical trials are two forms of in vivo research. In vivo testing is often employed over in vitro because it is better suited for observing the overall effects of an experiment on a living subject. This is often described by the maxim in vivo veritas.^[1]

[edit] In vivo vs. ex vivo research

In microbiology in vivo is often used to refer to experimentation done in live isolated cells rather than in a whole organism, for example, cultured cells derived from biopsies. In this situation, the more specific term is ex vivo. Once cells are disrupted and individual parts are tested or analyzed, this is known as in vitro.

Methods of use[link]

According to Christopher Lipinski and Andrew Hopkins, "Whether the aim is to discover drugs or to gain knowledge of biological systems, the nature and properties of a chemical tool cannot be considered independently of the system it is to be tested in. Compounds that bind to isolated recombinant proteins are one thing; chemical tools that can perturb cell function another; and pharmacological agents that can be tolerated by a live organism and perturb its systems are yet another. If it were simple to ascertain the properties required to develop a lead discovered in vitro to one that is active in vivo, drug discovery would be as reliable as drug manufacturing."^[2]

See also[link]

• Animal testing
• Ex vivo
• In natura
• In papyro
• In planta
• In silico
• In situ
• In utero
• In vitro
• In vivo imaging

References[link]

1. ^ Life Science Technologies Cell Signaling: In Vivo Veritas, Science Magazine, 2007
2. ^ Lipinski C, Hopkins A (2004). "Navigating chemical space for biology and medicine". Nature 432 (7019): 855–61. DOI:10.1038/nature03193. PMID 15602551. 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2009)

Frank James Reynolds (November 29, 1923 – July 20, 1983) was an American television journalist for ABC and CBS News.

He was a New York-based anchor of the ABC Evening News from 1968 to 1970 and later was the Washington D.C.-based co-anchor of World News Tonight from 1978 until his death in 1983. During the Iran hostage crisis, he began the 30-minute late-night program America Held Hostage, which later was renamed Nightline.

Background[link]

Reynolds was born on November 29, 1923, in East Chicago, Indiana. Reynolds attended Bishop Noll Institute in Hammond, Indiana, and then attended Wabash College, from which he graduated in 1946. He was a member of Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. Reynolds served in the United States Army during the Second World War; he was a Staff Sergeant and was awarded the Purple Heart.

Early career[link]

After the war, Reynolds began his broadcast career with WWCA-AM in Gary, Indiana. Reynolds was a television anchor in Chicago, first on the original WBKB-TV in 1949, which would become WBBM-TV, the CBS owned-and-operated station (where he also served as Chicago correspondent for CBS News), and later on the second WBKB-TV, the ABC owned-and-operated station (now known as WLS-TV). He joined ABC in 1965 as a field correspondent, after serving as lead anchor at WBKB from 1963 to 1965. [1].

Anchor, ABC News[link]

By 1968, he became co-anchor of the ABC evening newscast with Howard K. Smith, who remained as co-anchor after Harry Reasoner was hired from CBS to replace Reynolds in December 1970. After the demotion, Reynolds returned to the field as a correspondent for the network. After Reasoner and Barbara Walters ceased their anchor duties in 1978, Reynolds returned to the anchor chair as the Washington, D.C., anchor for the now-revamped World News Tonight newscast, with co-anchors Max Robinson and Peter Jennings, who became the show's sole anchor after Reynolds' death. All three original anchors of World News Tonight are now deceased.

Reynolds was also the original anchor of "America Held Hostage", a series of special reports seen weeknights at 11:30 p.m./10:30 Central on the Iran hostage crisis in November 1979 that evolved into the newsmagazine Nightline in 1980. Shortly after the special reports began, Reynolds was replaced by Ted Koppel.

Reagan Assassination Attempt Coverage Episode, 1981[link]

One famous moment in Reynolds' career occurred on March 30, 1981, during live news coverage of the assassination attempt on U.S. President Ronald Reagan. Early reports received by his newsroom had indicated that James Brady and others had been shot, but that Reagan himself was uninjured. He became upset when a report arrived indicating that Reagan had been struck and at one point can be heard shouting at an individual off-screen to "speak up" as more information arrived.^[1]

Later, White House Press Secretary James Brady, a close friend of Reynolds, was erroneously reported by all three networks as having died from the head wound he suffered in the incident, and, further, a report arrived that Reagan had died. Upon learning that the information regarding Brady was incorrect, Reynolds suddenly appeared noticeably upset and, looking around at staffers in the background, angrily burst out:

"Let's get it nailed down...somebody...let's find out! Let's get it straight so we can report this thing accurately!"

Legacy[link]

Reynolds is the father of CBS News correspondent Dean Reynolds. Coincidentally, it was a report from the younger Reynolds while he was a correspondent for UPI which first revealed that James Brady was still alive, leading to the aforementioned outburst from the elder Reynolds. [2]

Reynolds died from hepatitis-induced liver failure on July 20, 1983, at the age of 59. He was diagnosed with multiple myeloma while he was being treated for acute hepatitis in the spring of 1978, just as he was beginning as chief anchorman for World News Tonight. Three months before his death, he presented his last newscast.

Reynolds, who served in the United States Army, is interred in Arlington National Cemetery. On May 23, 1985, he was presented, posthumously, with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Reagan. Reagan and wife Nancy attended the funeral.

A few years after Reynolds' death, musician Paul Hardcastle recorded a section of an ABC documentary about the Vietnam War, that included narration by Reynolds, and later used it as part of his 1985 U.S. Top 40 and U.K. #1 (5 weeks) hit, 19. Hardcastle had a video made of the song that included footage from that documentary that ABC later demanded be removed. The ABC footage was later replaced with stock footage, but Reynolds' voice remained on the recording.

References[link]

External links[link]

Biography portal

• Memories from Bob Sirkin
• Arlington National Cemetery
• Sidebar "ABC Evening News Anchor"
• ABC News' "Time Tunnel" page containing clips of numerous newscasts on which Reynolds appeared
• Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom - May 23, 1985
• Frank Reynolds at Find a Grave

Nick Schilder
Nick (left) & Simon Nick (left) & Simon
Background information
Birth name	Nicolaas Maria Schilder
Also known as	Nick Schilder
Born	(1983-11-06) 6 November 1983 (age 28)
Origin	Volendam, The Netherlands
Genres	Palingsound, Nederpop
Labels	Volendam Music
Associated acts	Nick & Simon
Website	http://www.nickensimon.nl/

Nicolaas 'Nick' Maria Schilder (Volendam, 6 November 1983) is a Dutch singer-songwriter. Together with Simon Keizer, he forms a duo called Nick & Simon.

Biography[link]

Career[link]

Nick is born in a musical family, who has produced other famous artists, such as Anny Schilder. At the age of 8, he started to learn how to play the guitar. He met Simon Keizer at school when they were 17 years old, at which point they began singing and writing songs together. Their first song was 'Do you know what I mean'.

At New Year's Eve in 2001, Nick was injured during a fire in a pub.^[1] He had to stay in the hospital for 23 days for lung problems. Afterward, the doctors advised him to take singing lessons.

After this, he participated in the second season of the Dutch version of American Idol called Idols where he finished in eleventh place. Simon Keizer had been eliminated in the first round. After the show, Nick & Simon were contacted by their actual record company: Volendam Music. Together, they have made some huge hits such as 'Rosanne', 'Kijk Omhoog' en 'Pak maar m'n hand', which is also the soundtrack of the film 'De Scheepsjongens van de Bontekoe' (2008).

Private life[link]

Nick is the son of Lida and Klaas Schilder, he has two younger brothers: Robert and Sam. Since September 2005 he has been in a relationship with Kirsten Hofstee.^[2] On January 16, 2011, Kirsten and Nick had a daughter named Nikki Brigitte Alida Schilder.^[3]

References[link]

This article incorporates information from the Dutch Wikipedia.

1. ^ http://www.ad.nl/cultuurenshow/article321902.ece
2. ^ http://www.ze.nl/gossips/Vrouw-zwanger-van-Nick-Schilder/460/
3. ^ http://www.telegraaf.nl/prive/8753150/__Nick_Schilder_is_vader__.html?sn=prive