Robert Morris (July 25, 1932 – June 26, 2011) was an American cryptographer and computer scientist.^[1]

Family and education[link]

Morris was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His parents were Walter W. Morris, a salesman, and Helen Kelly Morris.^[1] He received a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Harvard University in 1957 and a master's degree in applied mathematics from Harvard in 1958.

Bell Labs[link]

From 1960 until 1986, Morris was a researcher at Bell Labs and worked on Multics and later Unix. Morris's contributions to early versions of Unix include the math library, the bc programming language, the program crypt, and the password encryption scheme used for user authentication.^[2] The encryption scheme was based on using a trapdoor function (now called a key derivation function) to compute hashes of user passwords which were stored in the file /etc/passwd; analogous techniques, relying on different functions, are still in use today.^[3]

National Security Agency[link]

In 1986, Morris began work at the National Security Agency (NSA).^[1] He served as chief scientist of the NSA's National Computer Security Center, where he was involved in the production of the Rainbow Series of computer security standards, and retired from the NSA in 1994.^[4][5][6] He once told a reporter that, while at the NSA, he helped the FBI decode encrypted evidence.^[1]

He was the father of Robert Tappan Morris, perpetrator of the 1988 Morris Worm,^[7] Meredith Morris, and Benjamin Morris.

There is a description of Morris in Clifford Stoll's book The Cuckoo's Egg. Many readers of Stoll's book remember Morris for giving Stoll a challenging mathematical puzzle (originally due to John H. Conway) in the course of their discussions on computer security: What is the next number in the sequence 1 11 21 1211 111221? (known as the look-and-say sequence). Stoll chose not to include the answer to this puzzle in The Cuckoo's Egg, to the frustration of many readers.^[8]

Robert Morris died in Lebanon, New Hampshire.

Quotes[link]

• Never underestimate the attention, risk, money and time that an opponent will put into reading traffic.
• Rule 1 of cryptanalysis: check for plaintext.^[9]
• The three golden rules to ensure computer security are: do not own a computer; do not power it on; and do not use it.^[10]

Selected publications[link]

• (with Fred T. Grampp) UNIX Operating System Security, AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal, 63, part 2, #8 (October 1984), pp. 1649–1672.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Dennis Ritchie: "Dabbling in the Cryptographic World" tells the story of cryptographic research he performed with Morris and why that research was never published.

Robert or Bob Morris may refer to:

Politics[link]

• Robert Hunter Morris (1700–1764), Lieutenant Governor of Colonial Pennsylvania from 1754 to 1756
• Robert Morris (financier) (1734–1806), financier of the American Revolution and signatory of three important founding documents of the United States
• Robert Morris (Bartlett), a 1923 statue of financier Robert Morris, by Paul Wayland Bartlett
• Robert Morris (judge) (1745–1815), American judge
• Robert H. Morris (mayor) (1808–1855), Mayor of New York City
• Robert P. Morris (1853–1924), U.S. Representative from Minnesota
• Robert J. Morris (1914–1996), anti-Communist crusader and politician

Sports[link]

• Bob Morris (racing driver) (born 1948), winner of the 1976 Bathurst 1000
• Rob Morris (American football) (born 1975), retired American football linebacker

Authors, artists, and entertainers[link]

• Robert Morris (writer) (1703–1754), English writer on architecture
• Robert Tuttle Morris (1857–1945), U.S. surgeon and writer
• Robert Morris (artist) (born 1931), contemporary artist
• Robert Morris (composer) (born 1943), British-American composer
• Bob Morris (musician) (born 1985), songwriter, singer, and guitarist of Stamps
• Robert Lee Morris, German-born jewelry designer
• Robert Morris (actor) (born 1940), British actor
• Robert Morris (author) (born 1950), Florida author
• Robert Schofield Morris (1898–1964), Canadian architect
• Robert Michael Morris, American actor

Academics and technologists[link]

• Robert L. Morris (1942–2004), first holder of the Koestler Chair of Parapsychology at the University of Edinburgh
• Robert Tappan Morris (born 1965), creator of the first Internet worm and son of the cryptographer Robert H. Morris
• Robert Morris (cryptographer) (1932–2011), American cryptographer and former chief scientist of the National Computer Security Center and NSA

Other[link]

• Robert Morris (pastor) (born 1961), founding pastor of Gateway Church in Texas
• Robert Morris (lawyer) (1823–1882), African-American attorney

See also[link]

• Robert Morris University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, named after Robert Morris (financier)
• Robert Morris University (Illinois), Chicago, Illinois, named after Robert Morris (financier)
• Robert Maurice (died 2004), Canadian businessman and politician

See also[link]

• Rob Morris (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Gil Friend (born March 4, 1949 in Brooklyn, New York) is a business consultant, author, system ecologist, and strategist in sustainable business, clean technology, and communications. He is widely considered one of the founders of the sustainability movement, and was named by the International Society of Sustainability Professionals to their first Sustainability Hall of Fame,^[1] acknowledging “those people that have contributed the most to the emerging field of sustainability” (along with Ray Anderson, Amory Lovins, Karl-Henrik Robert and Bob Willard).

Education[link]

Friend holds an M.S. degree in Systems Ecology from Antioch University, has a black belt in Aikido, and is a seasoned practitioner of “The Natural Step” environmental management system.^[2]

Writing[link]

He is coauthor of "Biofuels Development and Soil Productivity" (1982); and has contributed chapters to several books, including "Worldchanging: A User’s Guide to the 21st Century", "Sustainable Enterprise Report", "Sustainable Enterprise Fieldbook", "Sustainable Food Systems", and "Stepping Stones".

From 1992 through 1998, he wrote a column for the Los Angeles Times Syndicate entitled The New Bottom Line, focusing on business and the environment.

In 2010, Friend authored the book, "The Truth About Green Business" (FT Press, providing a business handbook for sustainability strategy and implementation.

Friend also maintains a blog on these subjects, Strategic Sustainability and contributes to Worldchanging, GreenBiz and other blogs on sustainability and business issues.

Other publications (partial list):

• “The Natural Step”, in Stone Soup for the World, Conari, 1998
• Mining and Sustainability: Strategic Horizons, Natural Logic, 1998
• Building an Environmental Economy. with Ernest A. Lowe. City of Berkeley, 1993
• Applied Industrial Ecology (contributor), Change Management Center, 1993
• "Working Together: Community Self-Reliance in California," State of California, 1981
• "Biofuels Development and Soil Productivity," Office of Planning & Research, State of California, 1982;
• "Closing the Circle: Waste Management, Nutrient Cycles and Regional Food Systems,” Mazingira, 1978
• "Energy, Agriculture and Neighborhood Food Systems," with David J. Morris. Institute for Local Self Reliance, Washington DC. 1974
• "Comprehensive Anticipatory Design Science". Colonial Times, Washington DC. 1973

Business[link]

In 1999, he founded Natural Logic Inc., a strategic advisory firm helping companies design, implement and measure profitable sustainability strategies. Friend currently holds the position of President and CEO.

He was a founding board member of the Sustainable Business Alliance, and currently serves on the boards of directors of Open Data Registry, Inc. and Ecological Building Network ^[3], and the advisory boards of CleanFish, WattBot, Green World Campaign and the Green Chamber of Commerce. He was a member of San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom’s Clean Tech Advisory Council, and was named one of the Bay Area’s “Top 25 movers and shakers in CleanTech” in 2009 and 2010.

Friend served in the California Governor’s Office, developing early sustainability policies and programs. He was a founding board member of Internet pioneer Institute for Global Communications, founder and Executive Director of Foundation for the Arts of Peace, and cofounder and codirector of the Institute for Local Self-Reliance, a leading urban ecology and economic development “think-and-do tank,” where he pioneered the current “green roof” trend more than 35 years ago.

In 2006, Tomorrow Magazine called him “One of the country’s leading environmental management consultants — a real expert who combines theoretical sophistication with hands-on, in-the-trenches know-how.”

References[link]

1. ^ ISSP, ISSP Hall of Fame ISSP Hall of Fame, 2011.
2. ^ Gil Friend, Gil Friend Bio Natural Logic Team Bios, 2011.
3. ^ Ecological Building Network, Ecological Building Network Board of Directors

External links[link]

• Company Website
• Strategic Sustainability Blog
• Worldchanging Bio
• Twitter

Sarah Gibbs (born 5 December 1982) is an association football player who represented New Zealand at international level.^[1]

Gibbs made her Football Ferns debut in a 0-2 loss to Australia on 18 February 2004,^[2] and finished her international career with four caps to her credit.^[1]

References[link]

External links[link]

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