The hectare ( /ˈhɛktɛər/ or /ˈhɛktɑr/; symbol ha) is a metric unit of area defined as 10,000 square metres (100 m by 100 m), and primarily used in the measurement of land. In 1795, when the metric system was introduced, the 'are' was defined as being 100 square metres and the hectare ('hecto-' + 'are') was thus 100 'ares' or 1/100 km². A hectare of land is about 2.47 acres.

When the metric system was further rationalised in 1960, resulting in the International System of Units (SI), the are was not included as a recognised unit. The hectare is one of the non-SI units accepted for use with the SI units.

History[link]

The metric system of measure was first given a legal basis in 1795 by the French Revolutionary government. The law of 18 Germinal, Year III (7 April 1795) defined five units of measure:^[1]

• The metre for length
• The are (100 m²) for area [of land]
• The stère (1 m³) for volume of stacked firewood^[2]
• The litre (1 dm³) for volumes of liquid
• The gram for mass

Although the law defined the length of the metre, there was no practical way of accurately measuring the metre (and hence the are) until 1799 when the first standard metre was manufactured and adopted.

The standard metre remained in the custody of successive French governments until 1875 when, under the Convention of the Metre, its supervision passed into international control under the auspices of the General Conference on Weights and Measures (GCPM). At the first meeting of the GCPM in 1889 when a new standard metre, manufactured by Johnson Matthey & Co of London^[3] was adopted, the are and hectare were automatically redefined.

In 1960, when the metric system was updated as the International System of Units (SI), the are did not receive international recognition. The International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) makes no mention of the are in the current (2006) definition of the SI, but classifies the hectare as a "Non-SI unit accepted for use with the International System of Units"^[4]

In 1972, the European Economic Community (EEC) passed directive 71/354/EEC ,^[5] which catalogued the units of measure that might be used within the community. The units that were catalogued replicated the recommendations of the GCPM, supplemented by a few other units including the are (and implicitly the hectare) whose use was limited to the measurement of land.

The units[link]

The names centiare, decare and hectare are derived by adding the standard metric prefixes to the original base unit of area, the are.

Definition of a hectare and of an are.

Centiare[link]

The centiare (symbol ca) is a synonym for one square metre.

Are[link]

The are ( /ˈɛər/^[6] or /ˈɑr/;^[7] symbol a) is a unit of area, equal to 100 square metres (10 m × 10 m), used for measuring land area. It was defined by older forms of the metric system, but is now outside of the modern International System (SI).^[8]

It is commonly used to measure real estate, in particular in Indonesia and in French-, Portuguese-, Slovakian-, Czech-, Polish-, Dutch-, and German-speaking countries.

In Russia and other former Soviet Union states, the "sotka" (сотка 'hundredth') is identical to the are. It is used to describe the size of suburban dacha or allotment garden plots or small city parks where the hectare would be too large.

Decare[link]

The decare (symbol daa) is derived from deka, the prefix for 10 and are, and is equal to 10 ares or 1000 square metres. It is used in Norway^[9] and in the former Ottoman areas of the Middle East and the Balkans (Bulgaria)^[10] as a measure of land area. In the formerly Ottoman area, instead of the name 'decare', the names of traditional land measures are usually used, redefined as one decare:

• Stremma in Greece^[11]
• Dunam, dunum, donum, or dönüm in Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Turkey^[12]

Hectare[link]

Trafalgar Square, which has an area of about one hectare.^[13]

The hectare ( /ˈhɛktɛər/ or /ˈhɛktɑːr/;^[14] symbol ha) is widely used throughout the world^[15] and is the legal unit of measure in domains concerned with land ownership, planning, and management, including law (land deeds), agriculture, forestry, and town planning throughout the European Union.^[16] The United States, Burma^{[citation needed]} and to some extent Canada instead use the acre.^{[citation needed]}

Some countries that underwent a general conversion from traditional measurements to metric measurements (e.g. Canada) required a resurvey when units of measure in legal descriptions relating to land were converted to metric units.^{[citation needed]} Others, such as South Africa, published conversion factors which were to be used particularly when preparing consolidation diagrams by compilation.^[17]

In many countries, metrication redefined or clarified existing measures in terms of metric units. (cf. Category:Metricated units) The following legacy units of area have been redefined as being equal to one hectare:^[18]

• Jerib in Iran
• Djerib in Turkey^[19]
• Gong Qing (公顷 - gōngqǐng) in mainland China
• Manzana in Argentina
• Bunder in The Netherlands (until 1937)^[20]

Conversions[link]

The most commonly used units are in bold.

One hectare is also equivalent to:

• 2.4710439 U.S. survey acres
• 15 mǔ or 0.15 qǐng^[21]
• 10 dunam or dönüm (Middle East)^[22]
• 10 stremmata (Greece)
• 6.25 rai (Thai)^[23]
• ≈ 1.008 chō (Japanese)

Visualising a hectare[link]

Visitors to London can visualize a hectare by visiting Trafalgar Square.^[13]

International rugby field[link]

Waikato Stadium – Hamilton, New Zealand The maximum playing area of an international-sized rugby union field is about one hectare On an international rugby union field the goal lines are up to 100 metres apart. Behind the goal line is the in-goal area (which is also a playing area). This area extends between 10 and 22 metres behind the goal line, giving a maximum length of 144 metres for the playing area. The maximum width of the pitch is 70 metres, giving a maximum playing area of 10,080 square metres or 1.008 hectares.[24]

Statue of Liberty[link]

The Statue of Liberty – New York Harbor The Statue of Liberty requires a square of land with an area of one hectare 40°41′21″N 74°2′40″W / 40.68917°N 74.04444°W / 40.68917; -74.04444 The Statue of Liberty, a gift from the French people to the American people dedicated on 28 October 1886 to commemorate the hundredth anniversary of the French and American Revolutions, is located on Liberty Island at the entrance to New York Harbor. Its base is built on eighteenth-century fortifications. The distance between the apex of the bastions in the front of the base to those at the back (where the entrance to the statue is located) is approximately 100 m while the distance between the apexes of the left-hand and right-hand bastions is a little under 100 m. Thus, if a square were to enscribe the bastions, it would have sides of approximately 100 m, giving it an area of one hectare.

Interior of all-weather athletics track[link]

Hansen Field at Western Illinois University in Macomb, Illinois incorporates an all-weather running track The grass in the centre of a standard athletic track is a little over one hectare in extent Athletics tracks are found in almost every country of the world. Although many tracks consist of markings on a field of suitable size, where funds permit, specialist all-weather tracks have a rubberized artificial running surface with a grass interior (as shown in the picture and diagram). The perimeter of the inside kerb of the track is a little under 400 metres, as the actual length of the track is measured 300 mm from the inside kerb.[25] The IAAF specifications state that the radius of the kerb is 36.5 m, from which it can be calculated that the area inside the kerb is 1.035 ha.[26]

See also[link]

• 1 E+4 m² for further comparisons
• Conversion of units
• Hecto-
• Hectometre
• Order of magnitude

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hectare

• Official SI website: Table 6. Non-SI units accepted for use with the International System of Units

v t e SI units Base units Ampere · Candela · Kelvin · Kilogram · Metre · Mole · Second Derived units Becquerel · Coulomb · Degree Celsius · Farad · Gray · Henry · Hertz · Joule · Katal · Lumen · Lux · Newton · Ohm · Pascal · Radian · Siemens · Sievert · Steradian · Tesla · Volt · Watt · Weber Accepted for use with SI Dalton (Atomic mass unit) · Astronomical unit · Day · Decibel · Degree Celsius · Degree of arc · Electronvolt · Hectare · Hour · Litre · Minute · Minute of arc · Neper · Second of arc · Tonne Atomic units · Natural units See also SI prefixes · Systems of measurement · Conversion of units · New SI definitions · History of the metric system Book:International System of Units  · Category:SI base units

Blessed Pedro Calungsod
Sacristan, Missionary, Catechist, and Martyr
Born	c. 1655 Cebu, Philippines
Died	2 April 1672 (aged 17-18)[1] Tumon, Guam
Honored in	Roman Catholic Church
Beatified	5 March 2000, St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City by Blessed Pope John Paul II
Major shrine	Archdiocesan Shrine of Blessed Pedro Calungsod, Archbishop's residence compound, Cebu City, Cebu, Philippines
Feast	2 April[2]
Attributes	Martyr's palm, spear, bolo, Catechism book, Rosary, Christogram, Crucifix
Patronage	Filipino youth, Catechumens, altar boys, the Philippines, Overseas Filipino Workers, Guam, Cebuanos, Visayans, Archdiocese of Cebu, Philippines.

Pedro Calungsod (c. 1654^[1] – 2 April 1672) was a young Roman Catholic Filipino migrant, sacristan and missionary catechist, who along with Blessed Diego Luis de San Vitores, suffered religious persecution and martyrdom on Guam for their missionary work in 1672. Through Calungsod and San Vitores' missionary efforts, many native Chamorros converted to Roman Catholicism. Calungsod was beatified on 5 March 2000 by Blessed Pope John Paul II. On 18 February 2012, Pope Benedict XVI officially announced that Calungsod will be canonised on 21 October 2012.^[3]

Early years and Missionary work[link]

Mariana of Austria, Queen of Spain, the benefactress of the mission to the Ladrones Islands.

Calungsod (spelled Calonsor in Spanish records) was born ca. 1655. Historical records never mentioned his exact place of origin and merely identified him as "Bisaya." Historical research, however, identifies Cebu as his birthplace.^[4]

Few details of his early life prior to missionary work and death are known. It is probable that he received basic education at a Jesuit boarding school, mastering the Catechism and learning to communicate in Spanish. He likely honed his skills in drawing, painting, singing, acting, and carpentry as these were necessary in missionary work. Calungsod would have been expected to have some aptitude in serving in the Tridentine Mass (now known as the Extraordinary form of the Roman Rite).

Calungsod, then around 14, was among the exemplary young catechists chosen to accompany the Jesuits in their mission to the Ladrones Islands (Islas de los Ladrones or “Isles of Thieves”). In 1668, Calungsod travelled with Spanish Jesuit missionaries to these islands, renamed the [[the Marianas Islands (Las Islas de Mariana) the year before in honour of both the Blessed Virgin Mary and of the Queen Regent of Spain, María Ana of Austria, who funded their voyage. Calungsod and San Vitores went to Guam to catechise the native Chamorros.^[5]

Missionary life was difficult as provisions did not arrive regularly, the jungles and terrain was difficult to traverse, and the islands were frequently devastated by typhoons. Despite all these, the mission persevered, and was able to convert a significant number of locals.^[6]

Martyrdom[link]

A Chinese merchant named Choco began spreading rumours that the baptismal water used by missionaries was poisonous. As some sickly Chamorro infants who were baptised eventually died, many believed the story and held the missionaries responsible. Choco was readily supported by the macanjas (medicine men) and the urritaos (young males) who despised the missionaries.

In their search for a runaway companion named Esteban, Calungsod and San Vitores came to the village of Tumon, Guam on 2 April 1672. There they learnt that the wife of the village chief Mata'pang gave birth to a daughter, and they immediately went to baptise the child. Influenced by the calumnies of Choco, the chief strongly opposed;^[7] to give Mata'pang some time to calm down, the missionaries gathered the children and some adults of the village at the nearby shore and started chanting with them the tenets of the Catholic religion. They invited Mata'pang to join them, but he shouted back that he was angry with God and was fed up with Christian teachings.

Determined to kill the missionaries, Mata'pang went away and tried to enlist another villager, named Hirao, who was not a Christian. Hirao initially refused, mindful of the missionaries' kindness towards the natives, but when Mata'pang branded him a coward, he became piqued and capitulated. Meanwhile, during that brief absence of Mata'pang from his hut, San Vitores and Calungsod baptised the baby girl, with the consent of her Christian mother.

When Mata'pang learnt of his daughter's baptism, he became even more furious. He violently hurled spears first at Pedro, who was able to dodge the spears. Witnesses claim that Calungsod could have escaped the attack, but did not want to leave San Vitores alone. Those who knew Calungsod personally meanwhile believed that he could have defeated the aggressors with weapons; San Vitores however banned his companions to carry arms. Calungsod was hit in the chest by a spear and he fell to the ground, then Hirao immediately charged towards him and finished him off with machete blow to the head. San Vitores absolved Calungsod before he too was killed..

Mata'pang took San Vitores' crucifix and pounded it with a stone whilst blaspheming God. Both assassins then denuded the corpses of Calungsod and San Vitroes, tied large stones to their feet, brought them out to sea on their proas and threw them into the water.^[8]

In the Roman Catholic Church, Calungsod's martyrdom is called In Odium Fidei or In Hatred of the Faith, referring to the religious persecution endured by the person in evangelisation.^[9][10]

Beatification[link]

Banner by Filipino artist Rafael del Casal depicting Calungsod during the beatification rites in Vatican City, 2000.

A year after the martyrdom of San Vitores and Calungsod, a process for beatification was initiated but only for San Vitores. Political and religious turmoil, however, delayed and halted the process. When Hagåtña was preparing for its 20th anniversary as a diocese in 1981, the 1673 beatification cause of Padre Diego Luís de San Vitores was rediscovered in old manuscripts and revived until San Vitores was finally beatified on 6 October 1985. This gave recognition to Calungsod, paving the way for his own beatification.^[11]

In 1994, then-Cebu Archbishop Ricardo Cardinal Vidal asked permission from the Vatican to initiate the beatification and canonisation cause of Pedro Calungsod. In March 1997, the Sacred Congregation for the Causes of Saints approved the acta of the diocesan beatification process. That same year, Cardinal Vidal appointed Fr Ildebrando Leyson as vice-postulator for the cause, tasked with compiling a Positio Super Martyrio (position regarding the martyrdom) to be scrutinised by the Congregation. The positio, which relied heavily on the documentation of San Vitores' beatification, was completed in 1999.^[12]

Blessed John Paul II, wanting to include young Asian laypersons in his first beatification for the Jubilee Year 2000, paid particular attention to the cause of Calungsod. In January 2000, he approved the decree super martyrio (concerning the martyrdom) of Calungsod, setting his beatification for 5 March 2000 at Saint Peter's Square in Rome.

Regarding Calungsod's charitable works and virtuous deeds, Pope John Paul II declared:

^[13]

Sainthood[link]

On 19 December 2011, the Holy See officially approved the miracle qualifying Calungsod for sainthood by the Roman Catholic Church.^[14] The recognised miracle dates from 2002, when a Leyte woman who was pronounced clinically dead by accredited physicians two hours after a heart attack was revived when a doctor prayed for Calungsod's intercession.^[15][16][17]

Cardinal Angelo Amato presided over the declaration ceremony on behalf of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints. He later revealed that Pope Benedict XVI approved and signed the official promulgation decrees recognising the miracles as authentic and worthy of belief. The College of Cardinals were then sent a dossier on the new saints, and they were asked to indicate their approval. On 18 February 2012, after the Consistory for the Creation of Cardinals, Cardinal Amato formally petitioned Pope Benedict XVI to announce the canonization of the new saints.^[18] The Pope set the date for 21 October 2012 (World Mission Sunday).^[19]

After Saint Lorenzo Ruiz, Calungsod will be the second Filipino declared a saint by the Roman Catholic Church. The Roman Martyrology celebrates Calungsod's feast along with Blessed Diego Luis de San Vitores every 2 April.^[20]

Iconography[link]

It is not known exactly what Calungsod looked like, as no contemporary depictions survive. The writer Alcina, who was a contemporary of Pedro Calungsod, described the male Visayan indios of his time as usually more corpulent, better built and somewhat taller than the Tagalogs in Luzon; that their skin was light brown in color; that their faces were usually round and of fine proportions; that their noses were flat; that their eyes and hair were black; that they— especially the youth—wore their hair a little bit long; and that they already started to wear camisas (shirts) and calzones (knee-breeches). Pedro Chirino, S.J., who also worked in the Visayas in the 1590s, similarly described the Visayans as well-built, of pleasing countenance and light-skinned.^[21]

Calungsod is often depicted as a young man wearing a camisa de chino. He holds the martyr's palm, indicating his death, or sometimes a crucifix, catechism book or rosary, representing his missionary work. In some early statues, Calungsod is sometimes shown with a spear and catana (cutlass), the instruments of his death.

In art[link]

The first portraits of Pedro Calungsod were drawings done by award-winning artist, sculptor, and designer Eduardo Castrillo^[22] in 1994 for the Heritage of Cebu Monument in Parian. A bronze statue of Calungsod was made and now forms part of the monument. Sculptors Francisco dela Victoria and Vicente Gulane of Cebu and Justino Cagayat Jr. of Paete, Laguna, created statues of Calungsod in 1997 and 1999 respectively.^[23]

When the Archdiocese of Manila in 1998 published the pamphlet Pedro Calungsod: Young Visayan "Proto-Martyr" by Jesuit theologian Catalino Arevalo, the 17-year old Ronald Tubid of Oton, Iloilo, was chosen to model for a portrait of Calungsod.^[24] This then became the basis for Rafael del Casal's painting in 1999, which was chosen as the official portrait for Calungsod. The Del Casal portrait is the first to feature a Christogram, the seal of the Society of Jesus with which he was affiliated. The original painting is now enshrined at the Archdiocesan Shrine of Blessed Pedro Calungsod in Cebu City.

Several statues of Calungsod were also commissioned for the beatification, with one brought to Rome and blessed by John Paul II. This became the "Pilgrim Image", now enshrined at the Archdiocesan Shrine of Nuestro Padré Jesús de Nazareno of the Society of the Angel of Peace in Cansojong, Talisay City, Cebu. Another image is permanently enshrined at the Archdiocesan Shrine of Blessed Pedro Calungsod in Cebu City. Both images also depict Calungsod wearing a white chemise and pants. He holds a crucifix, rosary beads, and the martyr's palm pressed to his breast. During the novena before his feast day, a replica of the catana used to kill him is placed into the arm of the statue.

Images[link]

Bibliography[link]

• Arevalo, Catalino. Pedro Calungsod, Young Visayan Proto-Martyr, Archdiocese of Manila Youth Ministry 1998, New edition from the Daughters of St. Paul, Manila 2000
• Leyson, Ildebrando Jesus. Pedro Calonsor Bisaya, Prospects of a Teenage Filipino, Cebu City, Claretian Publications 1999.
• Leyson, Ildebrando Jesus A. Pedro Calonsor Bissaya: Prospects of a Teenage Filipino. Second Edition. Cebu: Basic Graphics, 2000. ISBN 971-501-834-3

See also[link]

• Diego Luís de San Vitores
• List of Filipino Saints, Blesseds, and Servants of God
• Roman Catholicism in Guam

External links[link]

• Official website
• The Archdiocese of Cebu
• Website by the Postulatio Causae Beatificationis seu Canonizationis Beati Petri Calungsod

References[link]

v t e Filipino Saints, Blesseds and Servants of God Saints Lorenzo Ruiz Blesseds Pedro Calungsod (Pending canonisation: 21/10/12) Venerables Isabel Larrañaga Ramírez Ignacia del Espíritu Santo Servants of God Dionisia de Santa Maria Mitas Talangpaz Cecilia Rosa De Jesús Talangpaz William Finnemann Alfredo Maria Aranda Obviar Joaquina Maria Mercedes Barcelo Pages Francisca del Espiritu Santo Fuentes Aloysius Schwartz Eugenio Sanz-Orozco Mortera Dom Justo Takayama Jerónima de la Asunción Maria Beatriz Del Rosario Arroyo‎ Teofilo Camomot Carlo Braga* Rhoel Gallardo* Alfredo Versoza*(*without nihil obstat) Saints portal