Rodolfo Irazusta (1897-1967) was an Argentine writer and politician who was one of the leading lights of the nationalist movement of the 1920s and 1930s. He collaborated closely with his younger brother Julio Irazusta (1899-1982) throughout his career.

Irazusta first came to prominence through his association with the journal La Nueva Republica (LNR). It was founded in 1927 by the followers of the ideas of Leopoldo Lugones and was edited by the likes of Juan Carulla as well as the Irazusta brothers.^[1] The aim of LNR was to take the ruling classes away from the prevailing liberalism of the time to more counterrevolutionary, Maurrasian ideals.^[2] LNR endorsed corporatism and represented a move away from the traditionalism that had tended to be the hallmark of right wing critics of the system in Argentina to a new, hard-line nationalism.^[3] Irazusta was particularly noted as a harsh critic of democracy and he wrote that as a concept it was not in the Constitution and that it led to disorder.^[2] He further argued that democracy encouraged the growth of parasitic administrators and well as too much influence from foreign-owned businesses.^[4]

As representatives of the semi-fascist right Irazusta and Carulla approached General José Félix Uriburu in 1927 to ask him to lead a coup against the reign of Hipólito Yrigoyen but he declined.^[2] Despite the setback, Irazusta joined with Roberto de Laferrere to create the Liga Republicana (Republican League), a fascistic anti-government youth militia.^[5] Ultimately Uriburu did lead a coup in 1930 after his retirement from the army and the Irazustas enjoyed high profiles during his government. Indeed they were part of an intellectual movement along with the likes of the Juan Carulla, Ernesto Palacio and Bruno Jacovella who wrote in favour of a corporatist, Maurrasian system and so became the ideologues of the Uriburu regime.^[6]

The Irazustas continued to write prolifically, contributing widely to LNR was well as the journal Voz del Pueblo which was pro-Nazi in outlook.^[7] The brothers best known work was their 1934 book Argentina y el imperialismo británico: Los eslabones de una cadena 1806-1833 which accused the United Kingdom, which had supported Argentina in its attempts to gain independence from Spain, of doing so for ulterior motives i.e. opening up new trade markets and ensuring that the newly independent state would have to rely on them for loans. The book was central to their nationalist, corporatist vision, although it has subsequently become a standard for both left and right.^[8] It also played a pivotal role in the development of Argentine claims to the sovereignty of the Falkland Islands by suggesting that taking the Falkland Islands was one of the ways in which the UK had exploited Argentina.^[9]

Less directly involved in politics than his brother, Julio Irazusta wrote and lectured extensively on Juan Manuel de Rosas who was the subject of revisionism from the far right from 1930, when a hagiographical biography by Carlos Ibarguren appeared, resulting in Rosas being characterised as a model of leadership.^[10] Julio also wrote biographies of Tomás de Anchorena and other historical figures.^[11]

References[link]

This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in the Spanish Wikipedia. (May 2010) Don't speak Spanish? Click here to read a machine-translated version of the Spanish article. Click [show] on the right to review important translation instructions before translating. Google's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. After translating, {{Translated|es|Irazusta}} must be added to the talk page to ensure copyright compliance. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

Irazusta
—  Municipality and village  —
Country	Argentina
Province	Entre Ríos Province
Department

Irazusta is a village and municipality in Entre Ríos Province in northeastern Argentina.^[1]

References[link]

This article about a place in Entre Ríos Province, Argentina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Coordinates: 32°56′S 58°57′W / 32.933°S 58.95°W / -32.933; -58.95

Pablo Iglesias
200px
Member of the Congress of Deputies
In office 10 June 1910 – 15 September 1923
Constituency	Madrid
Member of Madrid City Council
In office 1906–1910
Personal details
Born	Paulino Iglesias Posse (1850-10-18)18 October 1850 El Ferrol, Galicia, Spain
Died	9 December 1925(1925-12-09) (aged 75) Madrid, Spain
Resting place	Madrid Civil Cemetery, Madrid, Spain
Nationality	Spanish
Political party	PSOE
Other political affiliations	Nueva Federación Madrileña Conjunción Republicano-Socialista
Spouse(s)	Amparo Meliá (m. 1921)
Children	Juan Almela Meliá (stepson)
Occupation	Typesetter, Syndicalist
Religion	Atheist
Signature

Paulino Iglesias Posse (October 18, 1850 – December 9, 1925), better known as Pablo Iglesias, was a Spanish socialist and labour leader. He is regarded as the father of Spanish socialism; having founded the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) in 1879 and the Spanish General Workers' Union (UGT) in 1888.

Biography[link]

Iglesias was born to humble parents who called him Paulino. He attended school between the ages of six and nine, when his father, a municipal laborer, died. Pablo, his younger brother, and their mother put their possessions in a small covered cart and walked with it to live in Madrid. Pablo's mother survived there by begging, and both boys entered the Hospicio of San Fernando. They completed primary schooling there, and Pablo learned printing. Aged twelve he left the Hospicio to work and to help support his mother. He worked as a printer, gradually improving his wages. While he was rendered unemployed by a strike, his brother died of tuberculosis.

He attended evening classes and learned French. This let him read classic works of French political science, translate the works of French socialists and participate successfully in international congresses. Protected by the 1869 Constitution, the Spanish section of the International Workers Association (AIT) organized a series of conferences in Madrid. Iglesias attended, and in 1870, was invited to enter the printers section. The appearance of Solidarity, newspaper of the International, started him on the intense journalistic career that occupied the rest of his life.

Iglesias in 1873 applied to join the Association of Art Printers and the following year was chosen as its president. From this platform he began several years of secret work preparing to start the world's second workers party. On 22 May 1879, at a renowned clandestine banquet of international brotherhood in Madrid, twenty-five people (led by Iglesias) founded the Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE - Partido Socialista Obrero Español).

Political activism repeatedly put Iglesias in jail, first in 1882 after a strike and the last time in 1910 when he was sixty. He always rejected offers of clemency, and as an ex-convict some employers would deny him work. More than once, only the newspaper The Socialist he had founded on 12 March 1886, and his wage as its printer, editor and director, kept him from starving.

On 12 August 1888 the Spanish General Workers Union (UGT) was founded in Barcelona, its name proposed by Iglesias.

The Congress of 1889 named him president of its national committee, a position he held for 36 years until his death. In 1890, when the day of struggle was celebrated for the first time in Madrid on 1 May, he headed an impressive demonstration. He led the representation to the Government of demands for legislative reforms, such as the 8-hour working day. In 1905 he first joined the City Council of Madrid.

Republicans had opposed Iglesias, but a Republican-Socialist alliance paved the way for the 1910 elections to make him the first socialist deputy in the Spanish Parliament. Worsening health prevented him attending many parliamentary sessions after 1914, limiting his parliamentary career. 1923 saw him elected a deputy for the last time.

Despite his sparse theoretical background, he produced many excellent intellectual works in Spain and internationally. He published more than two thousand newspaper articles in Spain between his first, The War, on 5 December 1870 in Solidarity, and the last, The Working Class Will Win in Freedom on 5 December 1925.

Iglesias was one of the best propagandists among Spanish socialist idealists; few workers' leaders wrote so much of interest. Characterised by vehement defense and furious attack, his works make an ethically coherent call for regeneration and hope.

On his death, an office drawer contained a parting gift of 1,000 pesetas from Iglesias for The Socialist, to which he had been linked from its birth. There were widespread posthumous tributes to him. With Government authorization, more than 150,000 workers accompanied his funeral procession to the civil cemetery in Madrid.

See also[link]

• Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
• Unión General de Trabajadores

Further reading[link]

• Vidal Manzanares, Gustavo (April 2009) (in Spanish). Pablo Iglesias: La Vida y la epoca del fundador del PSOE y UGT [Pablo Iglesias: The life and times of the founder of PSOE and UGT]. Ediciones Nowtilus, S.L. ISBN 978-84-9763-729-9. 

External links[link]

• Pablo Iglesias Foundation

Luna County, New Mexico
Luna County Courthouse in Deming, New Mexico
Location in the state of New Mexico
New Mexico's location in the U.S.
Founded	March 16, 1901
Seat	Deming
Largest city	Deming
Area  - Total  - Land  - Water	2,965 sq mi (7,679 km²) 2,965 sq mi (7,679 km²) 0 sq mi (0 km²), 0.01%
Population  - (2010)  - Density	25,095 8/sq mi (3.26/km²)
Website	lunacountynm.us

Luna County is a county located in the U.S. state of New Mexico. As of 2010, the population was 25,095. Its county seat is Deming.^[1]

History[link]

Before dawn on March 16, 1916, Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa led several hundred of his rebel soldiers across the Mexican border into the southern county village of Columbus. The invaders raided and burned much of the town, causing many residents to flee to the desert. Although the raid completely surprised everyone in the town, it also awakened 350 United States Army soldiers at Camp Furlong at the edge of town, who defended the town with two machine guns. The fighting continued until dawn, when Villa fled back across the Mexican border, five hours after invading and approximately ninety minutes after attacking the town. Despite the U.S. Army's counter "Mexican Expedition" into Mexico, Villa was never caught; he died seven years later at the hands of an assassin.

Eighteen Columbus residents and U.S. soldiers were killed in the raid, while approximately seventy-five of Villa's soldiers were killed. This raid was the last invasion of American territory until the Japanese invasion of Attu Island during World War II.

Today, Pancho Villa State Park is located in the village of Columbus. It features beautiful cacti and the ruins of "the U.S. Army's first greaserack".

Geography[link]

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2,965 square miles (7,680 km²), of which 2,965 square miles (7,680 km²) is land and 0 square miles (0 km²) (0.01%) is water. The bulk of the county is flat lowland, either grassland or desert scrub, but it also contains three mountain ranges: Cooke's Range in the north, the Florida Mountains on the southeastern side of Deming near the center of the county, and the Tres Hermanas Mountains in the southern part of the county near Columbus.

Adjacent counties (American) and municipalities (Mexican)[link]

• Sierra County, New Mexico - northeast
• Doña Ana County, New Mexico - east
• Grant County, New Mexico - west
• Hidalgo County, New Mexico - west
• Ascensión, Chihuahua, Mexico - south

Demographics[link]

2010[link]

Whereas according to the 2010 U.S. Census Bureau:

• 77.7% White
• 1.1% Black
• 1.3% Native American
• 0.5% Asian
• 0.0% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
• 2.6% Two or more races
• 16.8% Other races
• 61.5% Hispanic or Latino (of any race)

2000[link]

As of the census^[5] of 2000, there were 25,016 people, 9,397 households, and 6,596 families residing in the county. The population density was 8 people per square mile (3/km²). There were 11,291 housing units at an average density of 4 per square mile (1/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 74.30% White, 0.94% Black or African American, 1.11% Native American, 0.34% Asian, 20.23% from other races, and 3.08% from two or more races. 57.70% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 9,397 households out of which 33.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.60% were married couples living together, 12.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.80% were non-families. 26.40% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.20.

In the county the population was spread out with 30.00% under the age of 18, 7.60% from 18 to 24, 22.70% from 25 to 44, 21.50% from 45 to 64, and 18.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 95.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.20 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $20,784, and the median income for a family was $24,252. Males had a median income of $25,008 versus $16,883 for females. The per capita income for the county was $11,218. About 27.20% of families and 32.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 46.80% of those under age 18 and 15.80% of those age 65 or over.

Localities[link]

City[link]

• Deming

Village[link]

• Columbus

Other locality[link]

• Gage
• Mowry City

Education[link]

Residents are zoned to Deming Public Schools.

See also[link]

• Luna, New Mexico, a community in Catron County
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Luna County, New Mexico

References[link]

1. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx. Retrieved 2011-06-07. 
2. ^ http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/cencounts/files/nm190090.txt
3. ^ http://factfinder2.census.gov
4. ^ http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/
5. ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 

External links[link]

• Luna County website
• Pancho Villa raid

			Sierra County
	Grant County and Hidalgo County		Doña Ana County
		Luna County, New Mexico    East
		Ascensión, Chihuahua, Mexico

v t e Municipalities and communities of Luna County, New Mexico, United States County seat: Deming City Deming Village Columbus Ghost towns Gage Mowry City

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Coordinates: 32°11′N 107°45′W / 32.18°N 107.75°W / 32.18; -107.75