Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
name	Sir Philip Green
birth date	March 15, 1952
birth place	Croydon, London, England
occupation	Businessman
spouse	Tina Green
political position	Conservative
children	Chloe and Brandon }}

Sir Philip Green (born 15 March 1952) is a British businessman.

Biography

Philip Green was born into a Jewish family on 15 March 1952 in Croydon, in South London, and has a sister, Elizabeth, five years his senior. His family moved to Hampstead Garden Suburb, a middle-class enclave in north London, and at the age of nine he was sent to the now-closed Jewish boarding school Carmel College in Oxfordshire. When his father died of a heart attack, Philip was in line to inherit the family business at the age of twelve. After leaving boarding school at 15, he worked for a shoe importer before travelling to the US, Europe and the Far East. It was on his return that he set up his first business with a £20,000 loan, importing jeans from the Far East to sell on to retailers in London.

In 1979, Green bought up the entire stock of ten designer label clothes sellers who had gone into receivership for extremely low prices. He then had the newly bought clothes sent to the dry cleaners, got them put on hangers, wrapped them in polythene to make them look new, and then bought a place to sell them to the public.

Amber Day

In 1988, he became Chairman and Chief Executive of a quoted company called "Amber Day", a discount retailer. The shares performed well, but then suffered a series of profit downgrades and in 1992 he resigned when the company failed to meet its profit forecast. He has not led a quoted company since, instead working with other entrepreneurs, including Tom Hunter (a sports shoe millionaire and one of the richest men in Scotland) and the Barclay brothers, to help fund his entrepreneurship.

1990s

In the early 1990s Green bought the department store chain Owen Owen which at the time had about 12 branches trading under the Owen Owen and Lewis's brand names. During his ownership most of these department stores were sold to other operators including Debenhams and Allders or were closed leaving only the Liverpool branch trading as Lewis's. In 2004 this remaining store was sold off.

In 1995 he linked with Tom Hunter to buy sports retailer Olympus as part of a merger. The price was £1, plus the assumption of £30 million in debt. Green and his partners sold the company three years later to JJB Sports for £550 million. Green walked away £73 million richer. That encouraged the Barclay brothers to back him in the £538m acquisition of the Sears retail chain (a different Sears from Sears, Roebuck and Company) in 1999. The subsequent disposal programme (including selling some of the assets, ironically, to Arcadia) raised £729m and confirmed his reputation as a man who could deliver within the retail sector.

BHS, Arcadia, Topshop

Green came to public attention in 1999 when he assisted Tina Green to make a £9-billion hostile bid for Marks and Spencer (M&S;). However, the leaking of the bid forced up M&S;'s share price. The board of M&S; were also hostile to the bid and sought to block it. Eventually Green gave up and helped his wife purchase the ailing retail chain British Home Stores for £200 million. His takeover came when everyone else had dismissed the company as a failing brand and unfixable. Green put up £50 million of his own money and borrowed another £150 million to seal the deal. Green completely turned the company around and the chain is now thought to be worth over £1.2 billion. Since Green took over, profits have tripled to over £200 million per year.

Next, Green assisted Tina Green in the purchase the Arcadia Group, which owns well-known High Street chains such as Burton, Dorothy Perkins, Evans, Miss Selfridge, Outfit, Topshop/Topman and Wallis in 2002. The company was briefly owned by Green but sold to Tina Green within 24 hours, with Philip acting as CEO.

The Arcadia Group has been profitable, and currently has pre-tax profits of around £380 million per year.

Recently he had added the Etam UK chain to the group. Green paid £850 million, and repaid the £808 million he had borrowed to finance the deal in two years, a move that stunned commentators when it was announced.

When The Guardian newspaper investigated a proposed takeover of Safeway in 2003, Green responded to queries about Arcadia's accounts by insulting and swearing at the journalists.

On 20 October 2005 Green awarded Arcadia shareholders a £1.3-billion dividend.

Other activities

Green is a supporter of the Fashion Retail Academy and the industry charity Retail Trust. Green was knighted on 17 June 2006.

In May 2007 after the disappearance of Madeleine McCann in Portugal, Green donated £250,000 as a monetary reward for any useful public information. He also provided the McCanns with the use of his private jet to allow them to fly to Rome for a Papal visit. Green intends to increase the reward money to £1 million for the safe return of Madeleine.

He was reportedly the BBC's first choice to front the UK franchise of ''The Apprentice''; however during that period in 2004, he was too busy with Arcadia's attempted takeover of Marks and Spencer.

Personal life

Green is based during the week at a London hotel, spending the weekends with his South African wife and owner of Arcadia Tina Green and their children Chloe and Brandon in an apartment in Monaco.

Green counts as his friends, David and Simon Reuben, Lord Hanson, Philip Colbert, Tom Hunter, Mohamed Al-Fayed of Harrods, Bill Kenwright, David Goodman, Simon Cowell, Michael Winner and the Indian tycoon Vijay Mallya.

Among Green's more extravagant items are a 208 ft/£32 million Benetti yacht ''Lionheart'' and a £20 million Gulfstream G550 private jet . For his birthday, his wife bought him a solid gold Monopoly set, featuring his very own acquisitions.

Green has been described as "flash". For his son's Bar Mitzvah in 2005, he spent £4 million on a three-day event for over 200 friends and family in the French Riviera. He also hired Andrea Bocelli and Destiny's Child to perform. For his 50th birthday he flew 200 guests in a chartered Airbus A300 to a hotel in Cyprus for a three-day toga party, where they were serenaded by Tom Jones and Rod Stewart, who was reportedly paid £750,000 for a 45-minute set. For his 55th birthday he flew 100 guests 8,500 miles in two private jets from London Stansted Airport. They arrived at the exclusive Maldives resort of Four Seasons: Landaagiraavaru, an eco-spa on a private Indian Ocean island.

His business hero is the late Sir Charles Clore, who built the Sears Plc UK retail empire from next to nothing in the 1950s and 1960s.

Football involvement

He is a massive football fan and is a Tottenham Hotspur supporter. In 1987 he suggested to Irving Scholar the Spurs Chairman that Tony Berry be appointed to the board.

In 1991 he helped Terry Venables raise the last £500,000 needed to purchase shares in the club.

He was also involved in the transfers of Rio Ferdinand from Leeds United and Louis Saha from Fulham to Manchester United.

He is heavily involved with Everton Football Club due to his friendship with chairman Bill Kenwright, but has no intention of formally investing in the club. He arranged for another friend, Planet Hollywood's owner Robert Earle to purchase shares from former director Paul Gregg during a struggle for control of Everton in 2004. He offers business advice to the club alongside Tesco CEO Terry Leahy and helps negotiates player transfer fees with agents.

Sir Phillip Green is also involved with Watford due to his friendship with Watford chairman L. Bassini. He is due to help them redevelop Vicarage Road Stadium.

Political views

Two weeks prior to the 2010 general election, Green came out in support of David Cameron, George Osborne and the Conservative Party, stating that "[Cameron and Osborne] understand what needs to be done. They get it."

Efficiency review on government spending

In August 2010, Green was asked by the recently elected Prime Minister, David Cameron, to carry out a review of government spending and procurement. Green's summary report, ''Efficiency Review by Sir Philip Green'', published in October 2010, alleged significant failings in government procurement processes, however it has been generally dismissed by the procurement profession as being ill-researched and of little real worth.

Criticism

Tax avoidance

Green became the target of activist group UK Uncut in November 2010 for his history of corporate tax avoidance. The group targeted Green specifically as a Government advisor.

On 4 December 2010 campaigners staged a sit-in at Green's flagship London Oxford Street Topshop store, and in Brighton a few glued themselves to the branch windows, while other high streets in towns and cities across Britain saw similar protests in a day of action against the tax arrangements of rich individuals and big businesses.

Green, the Arcadia retail group tycoon, became the focus of anger over the programme of government cuts that campaigners said could be avoided if tax dodging was stamped out, bringing in some £25bn a year to the public purse and reducing the national debt.

Taveta Investments, the company used to acquire Arcadia in 2002, is in the name of Green's wife, Tina Green, a Monaco resident, avoiding £285 million in tax that would be payable if a UK resident owned the company. When Green paid his family £1.2bn in 2005, it was paid for by a loan taken out by Arcadia, cutting Arcadia's corporation tax as interest charges on the loan were offset against profits.

Excessive pay

Green has fallen under criticism for taking excessive pay, earned through his shareholdings in Arcadia. In 2005, he declared a dividend in Arcadia, in which he had a holding of 92% of the shares. This meant he earned £1.2 billion in a single year. Green defended himself by saying, "So far as I'm concerned we are in the risk business. We risk our reputation and our money when we buy things. We don't have a guarantee on the back we can get a refund when we haven't got it right."

Worker rights

Arcadia has been criticised for the pay and conditions of both overseas and UK workers by anti-sweatshop groups such as Labour Behind the Label, No Sweat and the student activist network People & Planet. Sir Philip Green denied Sunday Times allegations in 2007 that his firm used overseas sweatshops where workers in Mauritius were paid pitiful wages. In 2010, Sir Philip was again accused, this time by Channel 4's Dispatches programme of still using sweatshops - in Britain, where workers were paid less than half the legal minimum wage.

Involvement in government cuts

On 29 November 2010, following protests against university fee rises and cuts, protesters occupied the flagship Oxford Street branch of Topshop, to highlight Green's involvement in the government spending cuts. They chanted "Philip Green's taxation could pay for education". Similar protests and occupations were set up at several stores owned by Mr. Green, including Manchester, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Liverpool, Leicester, York, Bristol, Portsmouth, Southampton, Newcastle and Cambridge. Arcadia shops came under major attacks during the TUC March for the Alternative demonstration on 26 March 2011.

Personal style

Green has been criticised for what some see as an overly aggressive personal style. He has a reputation for colourful language and in 2003 made a string of expletive-laden outbursts to the Guardian's financial editor, Paul Murphy. Mr Green said: "He can't read English. Mind you, he is a fucking Irishman." He later apologised to the Irish, after customers threatened to boycott his stores.

References

External links

Forbes.com: World's Richest People 2004 entry

Forbes.com: World's Richest People 2006 entry

Interview with Green discussing his life.

Times Online interview with Philip Green, December, 2007 (video)

Growing Business meets Sir Philip Green

''The Guardian'''s portal for article on Green

. Interview with Green.

Stewart Lansley and Andy Forrester, Top Man, How Philip Green Built His Hight Street Empire, Aurum, 2006

The British (retail) invasion

Category:1952 births Category:Living people Category:People from Croydon Category:English Jews Category:British businesspeople in retailing Category:English businesspeople Category:British billionaires Category:Businesspeople in fashion Category:Everton F.C. directors and chairmen Category:Knights Bachelor

Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
name	Kate Moss
birth date	January 16, 1974
birth place	Addiscombe, Croydon, London, England
occupation	Model
height	5 ft 7.5 in (1.72 m)
haircolour	Brown
eyecolour	Hazel
dress size	UK 6 – US 2 – EU 34
shoesize	UK 6.5 – US 9 – EU 39
agency	Storm Model ManagementD'management GroupMarilyn Model AgencyIMG Models
spouse
website	}}

Kate Moss (born 16 January 1974) is an English model who is known for her waifish figure and popularising the heroin chic look in the 1990s. She is also known for her controversial private life, high profile relationships, party lifestyle, and drug use. Moss changed the look of modelling and started a global debate on eating disorders, and her role in size zero fashion. In 2007, she came 2nd on the ''Forbes'' top-earning models list, estimated to have earned $9 million in one year.

Early life

Moss was born in Addiscombe, Croydon, London to Linda Rosina (Shepherd), a barmaid, and Peter Edward Moss, a travel agent. Kate has a younger brother named Nick and a half-sister named Lottie (Charlotte) and half-brother. Moss' parents divorced when she was 13. She attended Ridgeway Primary School and Riddlesdown Collegiate, but most commonly known as Riddlesdown High School, in Purley. She was not noted for her academic success but she did excel at sports.

Career

Moss was discovered in 1988 at the age of 14 by Sarah Doukas, the founder of Storm Model Management, at JFK Airport in New York City, after a holiday in the Bahamas. Moss's career began when Corinne Day shot black-and-white photographs of her, styled by Melanie Ward, for British magazine ''The Face'' when she was 16, in a photo shoot titled "The 3rd Summer of Love". Moss then went on to become the "anti-supermodel" of the 1990s in contrast to the "supermodels" of the moment, such as Cindy Crawford, Elle Macpherson, Claudia Schiffer, and Naomi Campbell, who were known for their curvaceous and tall figures.

Moss was voted 9th in ''Maxim'''s "50 Sexiest Women of 1999" and 22nd in ''FHM''s "100 Sexiest Women of 1995". Men's magazine ''Arena'' named her as their Sexiest Woman in their 150th issue. She was presented on the November 1999 Millennium cover of American ''Vogue'' as one of the "Modern Muses". In March 2007, Moss won the ''Sexiest Woman'' NME Award. She made her first appearance in the British women's ''Sunday Times Rich List'' in 2007, where she was estimated to be worth £45 million. She ranked as the 99th richest woman in Britain. In the 2009 Rich List, she was ranked as the 1,348th richest person in the UK, with a net worth of £40 million.

In July 2007, earning an estimated total of $9 million in the past 12 months, ''Forbes'' magazine named her second on the list of the World's 15 top-earning models list.

Style

Moss ushered in the heroin chic look in 1993 (which prompted much speculation over her weight) with a highly publicised campaign for Calvin Klein. Her depiction in photographs also drew criticism from then-President of the United States Bill Clinton, who spoke out against the growing heroin chic trend. When questioned about her weight, Moss commented, "It was just the time. It was a swing from more buxom girls like Cindy Crawford and people were shocked to see what they called a 'waif'. What can you say? How many times can you say 'I'm not anorexic'?"

In addition to being known for her modelling work, Kate Moss is also an international fashion icon. She has garnered many awards for her style, including the Council of Fashion Designers of America's fashion influence award and a place on the ''Vanity Fair'' international best-dressed list. In the early part of the 21st century, she was, together with actress Sienna Miller, one of the main proponents of boho-chic. She appeared on the cover of ''Vanity Fair''s September 2006 style issue. In recent years, she has popularised denim cutoff shorts, Ugg boots, ballet flats, Vivienne Westwood Pirate Boots, skinny jeans, waistcoat, Alexander McQueen's skull scarf, Louis Vuitton's Sprouse Leopard Cashmere Scarf, and the Balenciaga handbag.

In 2008, Moss was added to PETA's 'Worst-Dressed' Celebrities of 2008' because of her frequent use of fur.

Campaigns

Moss has had campaigns with major Italian, French, American, and British designers including Gucci, Dolce & Gabbana, Calvin Klein, Chanel, Rimmel, and Bulgari. She has been featured in fashion spreads in most major fashion magazines including UK, US, and French ''Vogue'' magazines (as well as other international versions of ''Vogue''), ''Another Man'', ''Vanity Fair'', ''the Face'', and ''W''. Moss has appeared on the cover of British ''Vogue'' 30 times, in addition to dozens of other international ''Vogue'' covers, and has been featured on the cover of 17 issues of ''W'', including one issue with nine different covers that featured the model. ''W'' even names Moss its muse (September 2003 issue). She has worked with the most well-known photographers in the fashion industry, such as Mario Testino, Mario Sorrenti, Steven Klein, Juergen Teller, and Peter Lindbergh, and won the prestigious ''Vogue''/CFDA award from the Fashion Designers of America in July 2005 as Fashion Inspiration.

April 2005 saw the launch of the Rimmel London mascara TV ad featuring a leather-clad Kate Moss riding a motorbike through London to the sound of the rock song "Another Cold Beer" by Steven Crayn, an advertising campaign that is still running.

Twelve months after her cocaine scandal, Moss made a comeback by bagging 18 top modelling contracts for the Autumn/Winter 2006 season including Rimmel, Agent Provocateur, Virgin Mobile, Calvin Klein Jeans and Burberry. Moss designed a collection, in collaboration with Katy England, for Topshop. Moss launched a fragrance and body lotion range bearing her name in association with Coty in 2007.

According to ''Forbes'', Moss has earned more money since her cocaine scandal than ever before: her 2004–2005 earnings were $5 million and her 2005–2006 earnings were $8 million. In 2007, with estimated earnings of $9 million, she was the second highest paid model in the world, behind Gisele Bündchen.

In November 2006, Moss won the Model of the Year prize at the British Fashion Awards, the top accolade in British fashion, but the award divided opinion and stirred fresh controversy.

On 27 September 2007, ''The Sun'' published a story entitled, "Kate Moss dumped by seven brands", describing her "cocaine honeymoon" as fading away. The story continues by stating that in autumn 2006 she had eighteen contracts in comparison to 2007's eleven, and that in 2006 fashion bible ''Vogue'' had six campaigns using Moss including Dior, Louis Vuitton and Burberry, but November 2007's issue has none. The story concludes by saying that an industry source has said "She is still very big but the honeymoon period has ended."

Fashion designer

On 1 May 2007, a collection of clothes designed by Moss exclusively for the Topshop chain were launched across the UK in the chain's 225 stores. A Kate Moss "countdown to launch" board filled a window of the company's flagship Oxford Street store and on 30 April, Moss launched the clothing line at Topshop in Oxford Street, where she briefly appeared in the shop window modelling a red dress from the clothing collection just before the shop was opened, causing a media frenzy. Topshop reportedly paid Moss £3 million for her work. The collection of fifty designs included clothes, bags, shoes and belts, where prices range from £12 for a vest top to £150 for a cropped leather jacket. Clothes in the collection included skinny jeans, one-shoulder minidresses and T-shirts with the letter ''K'' woven into the design. The Topshop range was later released in the United States at the New York chain store Barneys.

In a collaboration with Coty, Moss has released four fragrances. In early 2010, it was revealed that she had designed a range of handbags for luxury goods house Longchamp.

Other endeavours

Moss appeared on Oasis singles "Don't Go Away" (1998) and "Fade Away" (1994), and on the ''Be Here Now'' album (1997), playing tambourine, Johnny Depp playing a guitar.

She has appeared in music videos such as "Kowalski" by Primal Scream, "I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself" by the White Stripes, "Something About the Way You Look Tonight" by Elton John, "Sex with Strangers" by Marianne Faithfull, "Love Don't Bother Me" by Stage Dolls, and "Delia's Gone" and "God's Gonna Cut You Down" by Johnny Cash.

She has also provided vocals for songs by Primal Scream (the 2003 version of "Some Velvet Morning"), Babyshambles ("La Belle et la Bête") and The Lemonheads ("You're a Dirty Robot"). Prior to breaking up with Pete Doherty, Moss co-wrote four songs on Babyshambles' second album ''Shotter's Nation''—"You Talk", "French Dog Blues", "Baddie's Boogie", and "Deft Left Hand".

In 1999, Moss played a non-musical role in the British screen comedy ''Blackadder: Back & Forth'', appearing both as Maid Marian and as a fictional Queen of England "who looks good naked". Director and writer Richard Curtis said in the making of video, that they wanted "the best looking woman in England" to play the role.

Moss has also been the subject of portraits by contemporary artists such as Lucian Freud and Chuck Close. In 2005, a painting of Moss by Freud sold for £3.93 million at a Christie's auction. Close has taken a series of daguerreotypes of Moss, which he has also translated into Jacquard tapestry.

In September 2010, she appears as a mythological goddess in a 3D film created by ''AnOther Magazine''.

In October 2010, she appeared on the cover of Bryan Ferry's album ''Olympia''.

Charity work

Moss has been a supporter of the Breakthrough Breast Cancer charity, and in the 1990s featured in one of their target T-shirt campaigns. She also supported War Child. Moss also designed a charm in a necklace for Wallis in 2007 in aid of Cancer Research UK and said "I am happy to give my support to help fund crucial research, as so many lives are affected by this terrible disease".

She has also helped to launch the SamandRuby charity in March 2006. The charity was started to provide funding for the education and shelter of Thai children. The SamandRuby organisation is named after a friend of Moss's, Samantha Archer Fayet, and her 6-month-old daughter Ruby Rose who were killed by the Tsunami while visiting Thailand. Moss also supports the Elton John AIDS Foundation, the Hoping Foundation, the Lucie Blackman Trust, Make Poverty History, Comic Relief and Homes of Hope.

On 22 November 2006, Moss recorded an appearance in a ''Little Britain'' sketch for Comic Relief at the Hammersmith Apollo as a character called Katie Pollard, sister of Vicky Pollard played by Matt Lucas.

Moss made a short film with Misery Bear for the March 2011 Comic Relief event entitled "Misery Bear's Comic Relief Starring Kate Moss".

Personal life

Kate Moss has a daughter, Lila Grace Moss, born on 29 September 2002, with ''Dazed & Confused'' editor Jefferson Hack.

Moss had a relationship with former Libertines member Pete Doherty, first meeting him at her 31st birthday party in January 2005. On 11 April 2007, Doherty announced Moss as his fiancée during one of his concerts in London, at which Moss also performed. In July 2007, Moss and Doherty split. She was due to model on the catwalk for John Galliano, but was too distraught with her break-up to participate.

Moss dated Jamie Hince, guitarist for The Kills. ''The Sun'' reported on 26 March 2008, that Moss and Hince became engaged during a trip to Amsterdam. Hince proposed to her in bed with a vintage 1920s ring worth more than £10,000. Moss married Hince on 1 July 2011 at St Peter's Church, Southrop in Gloucestershire; she wore a dress by John Galliano.

Cocaine scandal

On 15 September 2005, the ''Daily Mirror'' ran front page and inside photos that seemed to show Moss snorting several lines of a white powder that was presumed to be cocaine at a Babyshambles recording session. It was also reported that Moss snorted five lines in 40 minutes. It has been alleged by Babyshambles' singer Pete Doherty that James Mullord, his former manager, sold the photos to the newspaper for more than £150,000 and spent the money on heroin.

On 20 September 2005, the Swedish fashion retailer H&M;, which had intended to feature her in a campaign of their autumn clothes range designed by Stella McCartney, announced it was dropping Moss after the drug allegations. The contract was reportedly worth £4 million a year. A day later, Chanel announced that it would not be renewing its contract with Moss, which was set to expire that October, although the company said that its decision had nothing to do with the drug scandal. Burberry also decided to drop Moss's campaign with them. Moss quickly issued an apology, though she stopped short of admitting drug use.

Moss continued to appear in major ad campaigns during this period for Dior. She was on the cover of the November 2005 ''W'' and also appeared inside in a multi-page fashion shoot. She was also defended by designer Alexander McQueen, who, during his walk-out after a fashion show, wore a t-shirt saying "We love you Kate". Artist Stella Vine also publicly supported Moss, and paintings by Vine of the model, painted during the scandal, were exhibited and reproduced in the press.

In November 2005, Moss ended her relationship with Doherty soon after he checked himself out of Meadows Clinic in Arizona, failing to complete a programme for drug rehabilitation. Moss herself underwent successful treatment there in October and had urged Doherty to seek the same treatment himself. Doherty claims that their separation involved other issues, telling ''The Sun'' that Moss left him because, "I can’t buy her diamonds." On 5 January 2006, the Metropolitan Police asked Moss to return from the US to Britain to answer questions about the September 2005 cocaine scandal. The following day, the ''Daily Mirror'' reported that Moss would return to Britain and face arrest for allegations of cocaine usage. She was interviewed by police in London on 31 January 2006, with her solicitor present, but reportedly made no admissions, and she was not arrested (photographs of alleged drug-taking are not admissible evidence in English courts). On 16 June 2006, British police finally dropped the charges for lack of evidence. Ultimately, Moss was cleared of all charges and resumed her modelling career. Criticism of Moss has continued, and her career revival has been viewed as a sign of moral and cultural decline by critics such as Peter Hitchens.

Gold statue

A £1.5m ($2.8m) 100% gold statue was made of Moss in 2008 as part of a British Museum exhibition. Entitled Siren, the hollow statue was made by Marc Quinn, who described Moss as "the ideal beauty of the moment". The statue is said to be the largest gold statue to be created since the era of Ancient Egypt.

Quinn had previously unveiled a painted-bronze, life-size sculpture of Moss in a contorted yoga pose, titled ''Sphinx''.

References

Notes

Bibliography

Buttolph, Angela. ''Kate Moss: Style''. London: Century, 2008. ISBN 1-84605-429-X.

Collins, Laura. ''Kate Moss: The Complete Picture''. London: Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd, 2008. ISBN 0-283-07063-3.

Kendall, Katherine. ''Kate Moss: Model of Imperfection''. New York: Penguin Group, 2005. ISBN 1-59609-033-2.

Moss, Kate. ''Kate: The Kate Moss Book''. New York: Universe, 1997. ISBN 0-7893-0101-6.

Vermorel, Fred. ''Addicted To Love: Kate Moss'' London: Omnibus Press, 2006. ISBN 1-84609-158-6, second (updated) edition, 2007. ISBN 978-1-84609-755-3.

External links

Full Vogue 8 Aug Article

Extract from Kate Moss: The Complete Picture by Laura Collins

Category:1974 births Category:Living people Category:English female models Category:People from Croydon Category:People from Addiscombe

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Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
name	Steve Tappin
birth date	September 05, 1966
birth place	Harrogate, U.K.
occupation	CEO of Xinfu and Author, ''The Secrets of CEOs'', }}

Steve Tappin (born Harrogate 5 September 1966) is a CEO confidant for the leaders of some of the worlds leading companies, the CEO of Xinfu and author of ''The Secrets of CEOs''

Early career

He joined the fast track management scheme at ICI. Steve was mentored by Sir John Harvey-Jones. He has spent his career either CEO hmself or as a Managing Partner in a number of global professional service firms. Once such businesses he founded was edengene, a growth and corporate venturing consulting firm. Under Steve's leadership edengene won "Best Small Firm" and the "Gold Medal award for client work" from the UK's Management Consultancies Association.

Current Focus

Steve is a CEO confidant for some of the CEOs of major global corporations. He is actively involved in many of top performing global businesses such as Virgin, Deloitte, RSA and Bain Capital. He is also working with CEOs from some of the leading Chinese and Indian businsses applying the Secrets of CEOs.” He is actively visiting China and is writing a new book about Chinese CEOs which will be published by Beijing University Press.

The Secrets of CEOs

Steve has written an international best selling book with Andy Cave, a journalist with The Daily Telegraph. The book launched on 10 September 2008 in UK and is a best seller in the UK, Singapore, India and China. The book is based on interviews with 150 global CEOs including John Browne, Baron Browne of Madingley, Ben Verwaayen, Michael Dell, Narayana Murthy, Liu Jiren, Sir Martin Sorrell and Caterina Fake. Richard Branson has written the foreword.

References and footnotes

CEO Steve Tappin

Category:British businesspeople Category:American businesspeople Category:British chief executives Category:American chief executives Category:1966 births Category:Living people

Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
Name	Vivienne Westwood
Nationality	British
Birth name	Vivienne Isabel Swire
Birth date	April 08, 1941
Birth place	Tintwistle, Derbyshire, England
Occupation	Fashion designer/Businesswoman
Education	University of Westminster, Middlesex University
Label name	Vivienne Westwood
Awards	British Fashion Designer of the Year 1990, 1991 and 2006.
Spouse	Sam Westwood(1962–65) (divorced); 1 childAndreas Kronthaler (since 1992)
Children	Ben Westwood (born 1963)Joseph Corré (born 1967)

Dame Vivienne Westwood, DBE, RDI (born Vivienne Isabel Swire on 8 April 1941) is a British fashion designer and businesswoman, largely responsible for bringing modern punk and new wave fashions into the mainstream.

Life and career

Early life

Westwood was born Vivienne Isabel Swire in the village of Tintwistle, Derbyshire on 8 April 1941; the daughter of Gordon Swire and Dora Swire (née Ball), who had married two years previously, two weeks after the outbreak of World War II. At the time of Vivienne's birth, her father was employed as a storekeeper in an aircraft factory; he had previously worked as a greengrocer.

Aged 17, Vivienne and her family moved to Harrow, London. She studied at the Harrow School of Art, taking fashion and silversmithing, but she left after one term saying, "I didn't know how a working-class girl like me could possibly make a living in the art world". After taking up a job in a factory and studying at a teacher-training college, she became a primary school teacher. During this period, she also created her own jewellery, which she would sell at a stall on Portobello Road.

In 1961, Vivienne Swire met Derek Westwood, a Hoover factory apprentice, in Harrow. They married on 21 July 1962 and Vivienne made her own wedding dress for the ceremony. In 1963, she gave birth to a son, Benjamin Westwood.

Malcolm McLaren

thumb|140px|left|Johnny Rotten of the Sex Pistols wearing a Seditionaries t-shirtWhen she met Malcolm McLaren, it signified the end of Westwood's marriage to Derek. Westwood and McLaren moved to a council flat in Clapham. Westwood continued to teach until 1971 when Malcolm decided to open a boutique at 430 King's Road called "Let It Rock" (later known variously as "Sex", "Too Fast To Live Too Young To Die", and "Seditionaries"). Westwood created clothes which McLaren conceived, drawing inspiration from bikers, fetishists and prostitutes. During this period, McLaren became manager of the punk band Sex Pistols and subsequently the two garnered attention as the band wore Westwood and McLaren's designs. Whilst living in their flat in Clapham, Westwood and McLaren had a child, another son named Joseph.

Punk era

Westwood was deeply interested by the punk fashion phenomenon of the 1970s, saying "I was messianic about punk, seeing if one could put a spoke in the system in some way". Westwood still owns this shop, which is now known as ''World's End'', from which she sells her Vivienne Westwood Brands. Vivienne Westwood only produced one Range of clothing that was called Worlds Ends. Vivienne Westwood then stopped producing the line in 1982 to concentrate on her Vivienne Westwood Lines.

The "punk style" included BDSM fashion, bondage gear, safety pins, razor blades, bicycle or lavatory chains on clothing and spiked dog collars for jewelry, as well as outrageous make-up and hair. Essential design elements include the adoption of traditional elements of Scottish design such as tartan fabric. Amongst the more unusual elements of her style is the use of historical 17th and 18th century cloth cutting principles, and reinterpreting these in, for instance, radical cutting lines to men's trousers. Use of these traditional elements make the overall effect of her designs more shocking.

Vivienne Westwood (company)

Westwood has five exclusively-owned shops; three in London, one in Leeds, and one in Milan. Franchise stores are located in Liverpool, Newcastle, Glasgow, three in Manchester and most recently, in FH Mall, Nottingham (20 March 2008), and in Blake Street, York (11 September 2008). She also has showrooms in Milan, Paris and Los Angeles.

Artistic collections

Her first catwalk show was presented in 1981, featuring the collaboration of Westwood and McLaren. The theme that year was Pirates. Subsequent Westwood's theme titles in the early years included Savage (1982), Buffalo Girls (Autumn/Winter 1982-83) and Clint Eastwood, (Autumn-Winter 1984-85) (“Sometimes you need to transport your idea to an empty landscape and then populate it with fantastic looking people.”).

She dubbed the period 1988 to 1992 "The Pagan Years" during which "Vivienne’s heroes changed from punks and ragamuffins to ‘Tatler’ girls wearing clothes that parodied the upper class." The period from 1993 to 1999 she called "Anglomania" and from 2000 to the present - "Exploration".

Her Autumn/Winter 2005/06 Propaganda Collection drew inspiration from her archive, reinterpreting designs using Wolford's exclusive knitting technology. Westwood has worked in close collaboration with Wolford since 2003. In 2006, she collaborated with Nine West, whose shoes are not designed directly by Westwood, however the Nine West brand name shares its label with Westwood. Westwood's Gold Label and MAN hats are created by Prudence Millinery. In December 2003, she and the Wedgwood pottery company launched a series of tea sets featuring her designs.

The first major retrospective of her work was shown in 2004–5 at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, and the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra. The exhibition, created from approximately 145 complete outfits grouped into the themes from the early 1970s to the present day, was drawn from her own personal archive and the V&A;'s extensive collection. The designs ranged from early punk garments to glamorous "historical" evening gowns.

In July 2011 her collections were presented at the catwalk of The Brandery fashion show in Barcelona.

Artistic influence

Westwood has influenced the launch of the careers of other designers into the British fashion industry. She employed the services of Patrick Cox to design shoes for her ''Clint Eastwood'' collection in 1984. The result was a prototype for nine-inch-heeled shoes like the ones worn by supermodel Naomi Campbell when she fell during a Westwood fashion show in Paris in 1994.

''Sex and the City''

Demonstrating the impact of her long career, Westwood's designs were featured in the 2008 film adaptation of the award winning television series ''Sex and the City''. In the film version of the television series, Carrie Bradshaw becomes engaged to long term lover Mr. Big. Being a writer at ''Vogue'', her editor invites her to model wedding dresses for an upcoming article called "The Last Single Girl". One of the dresses featured in the photo shoot is a design made by Westwood and it is subsequently sent to Carrie as a gift, with a handwritten note from Westwood herself. Although she has already picked an outfit for the wedding, Carrie immediately decides to wear the Westwood gown instead. Despite being invited to participate in the making of the movie, Westwood was unimpressed with the costuming by renowned stylist Patricia Field. She walked out of the film's London premiere after 10 minutes, publicly criticising the clothing featured as being frumpy and boring. The wedding dress has subsequently become widely recognised as one of the movie's most iconic features and has led Westwood to approach the producers about being involved in making a sequel.

Political involvement

thumb|right|Westwood's clothing bearing political messages on display at an exhibition in SheffieldWestwood is widely known as a political activist.

In April 1989 Westwood appeared on the cover of ''Tatler'' dressed as then-Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. The suit which Westwood wore had been ordered for Thatcher but had not yet been delivered. Westwood's appearance on ''Tatler'' reportedly infuriated Thatcher. The cover, which bore the title "this woman was once a punk", has become memorable cover for the magazine and was included in ''The Guardian''s list of the best ever UK magazine covers. Additionally, the cover date, April 1989, on the magazine bears the words "April fool".

Dame Vivienne stated on television in 2007 that she had transferred her long standing support for the Labour Party to the Conservative Party, over the issues of civil liberties and human rights.

On Easter Sunday 2008, she campaigned in person at the biggest Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament demonstration in ten years, at the Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, Berkshire.

In September 2005, Westwood joined forces with the British civil rights group Liberty and launched exclusive limited design T-shirts and baby wear bearing the slogan ''I AM NOT A TERRORIST, please don't arrest me''. Westwood said she was supporting the campaign and defending habeas corpus. "When I was a schoolgirl, my history teacher, Mr. Scott, began to take classes in civic affairs. The first thing he explained to us was the fundamental rule of law embodied in ''habeas corpus''. He spoke with pride of civilisation and democracy. The hatred of arbitrary arrest by the ''lettres de cachet'' of the French monarchy caused the storming of the Bastille. We can only take democracy for granted if we insist on our liberty", she said. The sale of the £50 T-shirts raised funds for the organisation.

Active Resistance Manifesto

In a 2007 interview she spoke out against what she perceive as the "drug of consumerism", and she attended the première of ''The Age of Stupid'', a film aiming to motivate the public to act against climate change.

She later created a manifesto of ''Active Resistance to Propaganda'', which deals with the pursuit of art in relation to the human predicament and climate change. In her manifesto, she "penetrates to the root of the human predicament and offers the underlying solution. We have the choice to become more cultivated and therefore more human – or by muddling along as usual we shall remain the destructive and self-destroying animal, the victim of our own cleverness."

Against the claim that anti-consumerism and fashion contradict each other, she said in 2007 that "I don't feel comfortable defending my clothes. But if you've got the money to afford them, then buy something from me. Just don't buy too much."

Vivienne Westwood's London

In January 2011, Westwood was featured in a Canadian-made television documentary called ''Vivienne Westwood's London'' in which she takes the viewer through her favourite parts of London, including the Courtauld Institute of Art, the Wallace Collection, Whitechapel (accompanied by Sarah Stockbridge), Hampton Court, the London Symphony Orchestra, Brixton Market and Electric Avenue, and the National Gallery. Her purpose, she said, was to share her love of high culture and to impress its importance on the current generation: "I love this city and its culture. I want to encourage people to love art and believe that culture can save the world. Culture is about people's outlook on the world and along with art, is the anchor that holds us together as a people and gives life greater meaning."

Recognition

In 1992, Westwood was awarded an OBE, which she collected from Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace. At the ceremony, Westwood was knicker-less, which was later captured by a photographer in the courtyard of Buckingham Palace. Westwood later said "I wished to show off my outfit by twirling the skirt. It did not occur to me that, as the photographers were practically on their knees, the result would be more glamorous than I expected", and added "I have heard that the picture amused the Queen". Westwood advanced from OBE to DBE in the 2006 New Year's Honours List ''for services to fashion'', and has thrice earned the award for British Designer of the Year.

Personal life

Dame Vivienne Westwood is currently married to her former fashion student, Austrian-born Andreas Kronthaler. For 30 years Westwood lived in the council flat in Clapham until, in 2000, Kronthaler convinced Westwood to move into a Queen Anne style house built in 1703, which once belonged to the mother of Captain Cook. Westwood does not watch television or read newspapers or magazines, however she is a keen gardener.

Children

Ben Westwood, son of Vivienne and Derek Westwood, is a photographer of erotica.

Joseph Corré, son of Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm McLaren, is the founder of lingerie brand Agent Provocateur.

Notes

References

External links

Paris Fashion Show 2007: Vivienne Westwood catwalk

The Incomplete Sordid works of Vivienne Westwood & Malcolm McLaren for their stores SEX and Seditionaries

Vivienne Westwood on ELLE TV

Category:1941 births Category:Living people Category:Alumni of Middlesex University Category:Alumni of the University of Westminster Category:Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire Category:English fashion designers Category:British brands Category:High fashion brands Category:People from Glossop Category:Sex Pistols Category:Shoe designers Category:English businesspeople Category:English atheists

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Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
Name	George Green
Birth date	July 14, 1793
Birth place	Sneinton, Nottinghamshire, England
Death date	May 31, 1841
Death place	Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England
Profession	Miller, Mathematician
Alma mater	University of Cambridge
Known for	Green's Theorem Green's Functions Green's Identities Green measure Green's matrix
Influences	John Toplis (speculative)
Influenced	Lord KelvinJulian Schwinger }}

George Green (14 July 1793 – 31 May 1841) was a British mathematical physicist who wrote ''An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism'' (Green, 1828). The essay introduced several important concepts, among them a theorem similar to the modern Green's theorem, the idea of potential functions as currently used in physics, and the concept of what are now called Green's functions. George Green was the first person to create a mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism and his theory formed the foundation for the work of other scientists such as James Clerk Maxwell, William Thomson, and others. His work ran parallel to that of the great mathematician Gauss (potential theory).

Green's life story is remarkable in that he was almost entirely self-taught. He was born and lived for most of his life in the English town of Sneinton, Nottinghamshire, nowadays part of the city of Nottingham. His father (also named George) was a baker who had built and owned a brick windmill used to grind grain. The younger Green only had about one year of formal schooling as a child, between the ages of 8 and 9.

Early life

In his youth, George Green was described as having a frail constitution and a dislike for doing work in his father's bakery. He had no choice in the matter, however, and as was common for the time he likely began working daily to earn his living at the age of five.

Robert Goodacre's Academy

Roughly 25-50% of children in Nottingham received any schooling in this period. The majority of schools were Sunday schools, run by the Church, and children would typically attend for one or two years only. Recognizing the young Green's above average intellect, and being in a strong financial situation due to his successful bakery, his father enrolled him in March 1801 at Robert Goodacre's Academy in Upper Parliament Street. Robert Goodacre was a well-known science popularizer and educator of the time. He published ''Essay on the Education of Youth'', in which he wrote that he did not "study the interest of the boy but the embryo Man". To a non-specialist, he would have seemed deeply knowledgeable in science and maths, but a close inspection of his essay and curriculum revealed that the extent of his mathematical teachings was limited to algebra, trigonometry and logarithms. Thus, George Green's later mathematical contributions, which exhibited knowledge of very modern developments in maths, could not have resulted from his tenure at the Robert Goodacre Academy. He stayed for only four terms (one year), and it was speculated by his contemporaries that he probably exhausted all they had to teach him.

Move from Nottingham to Sneinton

At the time when George's father moved there, 1773, Nottingham had a reputation for being a pleasant town with open spaces and wide roads. By 1831, however, the population had increased nearly five times (in part due to the budding industrial revolution), and Nottingham became known as one of the worst slums in England. There were frequent riots by starving workers, often associated with special hostility towards bakers and millers on the suspicion that they were hiding grain to drive up food prices.

For these reasons, in 1807, George Green senior bought a plot of land in Sneinton, a small town about a mile away from Nottingham. On this plot of land he built a "brick wind corn mill", the wind-mill now famously referred to as Green's Windmill. It was technologically impressive for its time, but required nearly twenty-four hour maintenance, which was to become George Green's burden for the next twenty years.

Adult life

Life as a miller

Just as with baking, Green found the responsibilities of operating the mill annoying and tedious. Grain from the fields was arriving continuously at the mill's doorstep, and one had to constantly adjust the sails of the windmill to the windspeed (either to prevent damage, in high winds, or to maximize rotational speed in low winds). The mill-stones that would continuously grind against each other, could wear down or cause a fire (due to friction) if they ran out of grain to grind. Every month the stones, which weighed over a ton, would have to be replaced or repaired.

Family Life

In 1823 George Green formed a relationship with Jane Smith, the daughter of William Smith, hired by Green Senior as mill manager. Although George Green and Jane Smith never married, Jane eventually became known as Jane Green and the couple had seven children together; all but the first had Green as a baptismal name. The final child was born 13 months before Green's death. George Green provided for his common-law wife and children in his will.

Membership to the Nottingham Subscription Library

When Green was thirty, he became a member to the Nottingham Subscription Library. This library exists today, and was likely one of the only sources of Green's advanced mathematical knowledge. Unlike more conventional libraries, the subscription library was exclusive to a hundred or so subscribers (i.e., the first on the list of subscribers was the Duke of Newcastle). This library catered to requests for specialized books and journals that satisfied the particular interests of their subscribers.

The 1828 Essay

In 1828, Green published ''An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism'', which is the essay he is most famous for today. When Green published his ''Essay'', it was sold on a subscription basis to 51 people, most of whom were friends and probably could not understand it. The wealthy landowner and mathematician Edward Bromhead bought a copy and encouraged Green to do further work in mathematics. Not believing the offer was sincere, Green did not contact Bromhead for two years.

From miller to mathematician

By 1829, the time when Green's father died, the senior Green had become one of the gentry due to his considerable accumulated wealth and land owned, roughly half of which he left to his son and the other half to his daughter. The young Green, now thirty-six years old, consequently was able to use this wealth to abandon his miller duties and pursue mathematical studies.

Undergraduate at Cambridge

Members of the Nottingham Subscription Library who knew Green repeatedly insisted that he obtain a proper University education. In particular, the most prestigious subscriber (after the Duke of Newcastle) was Sir Edward Bromhead, with whom Green shared many correspondences; he insisted that Green go to Cambridge.

So, in 1832, aged nearly forty, Green was admitted as an undergraduate at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He was particularly insecure about his lack of knowledge of Greek or Latin, which was a prerequisite, but it turned out not to be as hard for him to learn as he had expected (and the expected mastery was not as high as he expected). In the mathematics examinations, he won the first-year mathematical prize. He graduated BA in 1838 as a 4th Wrangler (the 4th highest scoring student in his graduating class, coming after James Joseph Sylvester who scored 2nd).

College fellow

Following his graduation, Green was elected a fellow of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Even without his stellar academic standing, the Society had already read and made note of his Essay and three other publications, and so Green was warmly welcomed. The next two years provided an unparalleled opportunity for Green to read, write and discuss his scientific ideas. In this short time he published an additional six publications with applications to hydrodynamics, sound and optics.

Final years and posthumous fame

In his final years at Cambridge, Green became rather ill, and in 1840 he returned to Sneinton, only to die a year later. There are rumours that at Cambridge, Green had "succumbed to alcohol", and some of his earlier supporters, such as Sir Edward Bromhead, tried to distance themselves from him.

Green's work was not well known in the mathematical community during his lifetime. Besides Green himself, the first mathematician to quote his 1828 work was the Briton Robert Murphy (1806–1843) in his 1833 work. In 1845 (four years after Green's death), Green's work was rediscovered by the young William Thomson (age 21 in 1845), later known as Lord Kelvin, who popularised it for future mathematicians. According to the book "George Green" by D.M. Cannell, William Thomson noticed Murphy's citation of Green's 1828 essay but found it difficult to locate Green's 1828 work; he finally got some copies of Green's 1828 work from William Hopkins in 1845. So Green died without any idea of his posthumous fame.

Green's work on the motion of waves in a canal anticipates the WKB approximation of quantum mechanics, while his research on light-waves and the properties of the ether produced what is now known as the Cauchy-Green tensor. Green's theorem and functions were important tools in classical mechanics, and were revised by Schwinger's 1948 work on electrodynamics that led to his 1965 Nobel prize (shared with Feynman and Tomonaga). Green's functions later also proved useful in analyzing superconductivity. On a visit to Nottingham in 1930, Albert Einstein commented that Green had been 20 years ahead of his time. The theoretical physicist, Julian Schwinger, who used Green's functions in his ground-breaking works, published a tribute, entitled "The Greening of Quantum Field Theory: George and I," in 1993.

The George Green Library at the University of Nottingham is named after him, and houses the majority of the University's Science and Engineering Collection. In 1986, Green's Windmill was restored to working order. It now serves both as a working example of a 19th century windmill and as a museum and science centre dedicated to Green.

List of publications

''An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism''. By George Green, Nottingham. Printed for the Author by T. Wheelhouse, Nottingham. 1828. (Quarto, vii + 72 pages.)

''Mathematical Investigations concerning the Laws of the Equilibrium of Fluids analogous to the Electric Fluid'', with other similar Researches. By George Green, Esq., Communicated by Sir Edward Ffrench Bromhead, Bart., M.A., F.R.S.L. and E. (Cambridge Philosophical Society, read 12 November 1832, printed in the Transactions 1833. Quatro, 64 pages.) Vol. III, Part I.

''On the Determination of the Exterior and Interior Attractions of Ellipsoids of Variable Densities''. By George Green, Esq., Caius College. (Cambridge Philosophical Society, read 6 May 1833, printed in the Transactions 1835. Quarto, 35 pages.) Vol. III, Part III.

''Researches on the Vibration of Pendulums in Fluid Media''. By George Green, Esq., Communicated by Sir Edward Ffrench Bromhead, Bart., M.A., F.R.S.S. Lond. and Ed. (Royal Society of Edinburgh, read 16 December 1833, printed in the Transactions 1836, Quarto, 9 pages.) Vol. III, Part I.

''On the Motion of Waves in a Variable Canal of Small Width and Depth''. By George Green, Esq., BA, of Caius College. (Cambridge Philosophical Society, read 15 May 1837, printed in the Transactions 1838. Quarto, 6 pages.) Vol. VI, Part IV.

''On the Reflexion and Refraction of Sound''. By George Green, Esq., BA, of Caius College, Cambridge. (Cambridge Philosophical Society, read 11 December 1837, printed in the Transactions 1838. Quarto, 11 pages.) Vol. VI, Part III.

''On the Laws of Relexion and Refraction of Light at the common Surface of two non-crystallized Media''. By George Green, Esq., BA, of Caius College. (Cambridge Philosophical Society, read 11 December 1837, printed in the Transactions 1838. Quarto, 24 pages.) Vol. VII, Part I.

''Note on the Motion of Waves in Canals''. By George Green, Esq., BA, of Caius College. (Cambridge Philosophical Society, read 18 February 1839, printed in the Transactions 1839. Quarto, 9 pages.) Vol. VII, Part I.

''Supplement to a Memoir on the Reflexion and Refraction of Light''. By George Green, Esq., BA, of Caius College. (Cambridge Philosophical Society, read 6 May 1839, printed in the Transactions 1839. Quarto, 8 pages.) Vol. VII, Part I.

''On the Propagation of Light in Crystallized Media. By George Green, BA, Fellow of Caius College''. (Cambridge Philosophical Society, read 20 May 1839, printed in the Transactions 1839. Quarto, 20 pages.) Vol. VII, Part II.

Mystery of his mathematical knowledge

It is unclear to historians exactly where Green obtained information on current developments in mathematics, as Nottingham had little in the way of intellectual resources. What is even more mysterious is that Green had used "the Mathematical Analysis", a form of calculus derived from Leibniz that was virtually unheard of, or even actively discouraged, in England at the time (due to Leibniz being a contemporary of Newton who had his own methods that were thus championed in England). This form of calculus, and the developments of mathematicians such as Laplace, Lacroix and Poisson were not taught even at Cambridge, let alone Nottingham, and yet Green had not only heard of these developments, but also improved upon them.

It is speculated that only one person educated in mathematics, John Toplis, headmaster of Nottingham High School 1806–1819, graduate from Cambridge and an enthusiast of French mathematics, is known to have lived in Nottingham at the time.

See also

Green's identities

Green's matrix

Green measure

References

I. Grattan-Guinness, ‘Green, George (1793–1841)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 26 May 2009

D.M. Cannell, "George Green mathematician and physicist 1793-1841", The Athlone Press, London, 1993.

Robert Murphy, "On the inverse method of definite integrals", Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, vol. 4 (1833), pp. 353–408. (Note: This was the first quotation of Green's 1828 work by somebody other than Green himself.)

- An excellent on-line source of George Green information

Notes

Category:19th-century mathematicians Category:English mathematicians Category:English physicists Category:Mathematical analysts Category:Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge Category:Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge Category:People from Sneinton Category:1793 births Category:1841 deaths Category:Visitor attractions in Nottinghamshire Category:Nottingham

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