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- A. Sreedhara Menon
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Alappuzha
Alappuzha (Malayalam: ആലപ്പുഴ
pronunciation (help·info)), also known as Alleppey, is a town in Alappuzha District of Kerala state of southern India.This town is considered to be the oldest planned town in this region and the lighthouse built on the coast of the town is the first of its kind along the Arabian coast(refer encyclopedia of Kerala in Malayalam language). As per 2001 census Alleppey is the sixth largest city in Kerala with an urban population of 177,029. Alleppey is situated 62 kilometres (39 mi) to the south of Kochi and 155 kilometres (96 mi) north of Trivandrum. A town with picturesque canals, backwaters, beaches, and lagoons, it was described as the one of the places known as "Venice of the East" by Lord Curzon . It is the administrative headquarters of Alappuzha District. Malayalam is the most spoken language. Hindi, English and Tamil are also widely spoken in the town.[citation needed]
Alleppey is an important tourist destination in India.Backwaters of Alleppey are world famous and is the most popular tourist attraction in Kerala. A houseboat cruise in these backwaters is a delightful experience. It connects Kumarakom and Cochin towards north and Quilon to the South. Alappuzha is also the access point for the annual Nehru Trophy Boat Race, held on the Punnamada Lake, near Alappuzha, held on the second Saturday of August every year, is the most competitive and popular of the boat races in India. The mullackal chirap is also one of the attractions of Allapuzha which is the festive season held ten colorfull days every year in the month of December.
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Alappuzha district
Alappuzha (Malayalam: ആലപ്പുഴ) is one of the 14 districts in the state of Kerala in India. It was formed as Alleppey District on August 17, 1957. The name of the district was officially changed to Alappuzha in 1990. The district is a widely known tourist destination, and is well known for its coir factories. Most of Kerala's coir industries are situated in and around Alappuzha. The district is also known for its communist traditions. It is home to the Punnapra Vayalar strikes against the British and also the revolt against feudal raj. Alappuzha is strongly connected by waterways to various other parts of Kerala, including the famous tourist destination, Kumarakom.
Alleppey has a wonderful past. Though the present town owes its existence to the sagacious Diwan Rajakesavadas in the second half of 18th century, district of Alappuzha figures in classified Literature. Kuttanad, the rice bowl of Kerala with the unending stretch of paddy fields, small streams and canals with lush green coconut palms, was well known even from the early periods of the Sangam age. History says Alappuzha had trade relations with ancient Greece and Rome in B.C and in the Middle Ages.
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Ambalappuzha
Ambalappuzha is a small town in Alappuzha district of Kerala state, south India. The town is famous for its Sri Krishna temple. The Ambalappuzha temple is one of the three important Sri Krishna temples in the state of Kerala.
Ambalapuzha is divided into 2 panchayats: Ambalapuzha North and Ambalapuzha South.
The Ambalappuzha Sri Krishna Temple is believed to have been built in the year 790 M.E by the local ruler Chembakasserry Pooradam Thirunal-Devanarayanan Thampuran.
This temple is directly associated to the Guruvayoor Sri Krishna Temple. During the raids Tipu Sultan in 1789, the idol of Sri Krishna from the Guruvayoor Temple(guruvayoor appan) was brought to the Ambalappuzha Temple for safe keeping.
The payasam served in the Ambalappuzha Temple is famous among Hindu devotees. This sweet pudding made of rice and milk has an interesting mythological legend behind it.It is very famous
An idol of Sri Krishna, The Lord Parthasarathy idol was installed in the temple.
The Aarattu festival commences with the flag hoisting ceremony on the Atham star in Meenam (March–April). The important Aarattu festival takes place on the Thiruvonam day of the same month. The aarattu ezhunnullathu starts from Erattakulangara Mahadeva Temple(The famous temple amongst one of the siva temples, facing to west)
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Aranmula
Aranmula (Malayalam: ആറന്മുള) is a village in the state of Kerala, India. At a distance of about 128 km from Trivandrum, the capital of Kerala, it is situated on the banks of the river Pampa. Traditions, culture, traditional village life, sceneries are unique for Aranmula. It is a suburb of Kozhencherry in Pathanamthitta District. Nearby important towns are Pathanamthitta (10 km), Pandalam (14 km) Chengannur (10 km). The nearest railway station is at Chengannur and airports are at Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram. It is the venue of the annual snake boat race on the Pampa river. Aranmula is also famous for its metal mirrors, known as Aranmula kannadi. The palace at aranmula ( Aranmula kottaram) has a history of 200 years.
Aranmula is located at 9°20′N 76°41′E / 9.33°N 76.68°E / 9.33; 76.68. It has an average elevation of 7 m (23 ft).
Aranmula Pardhasaradhi Temple is a famous old major temple in Kerala. Main idol is Krishna, who is the leader of Arjuna in Kurukshetra War. It is believed that this temple was built near Sabarimalai near Nilackal. There is a flight of 18 steps that lead to the Eastern Tower while 57 descending steps from the Northern tower reaches the Pampa River. The temple here has fine murals from the 18th century.
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Assam
Assam /əˈsæm/ (Assamese: অসম) also, rarely, Assam Valley and formerly the Assam Province (British India), is a northeastern state of India and is one of the most culturally and geographically distinct regions of the country[citation needed]. Assam was one of the original provinces of the British ruled Indian sub-continent and among the original provinces of present day India, having a legislature that dates back to 1937. However, present day Assam has undergone numerous territory alignment changes, with its state map being altered more than any other province's. Known for exquisite natural resources, geography and its important role in India's freedom struggle; Assam has its capital as Dispur, an especialized city circuit region located on the outskirts of its largest metropolis, Guwahati.
Assam is particularly famous for its natural beauty. The landscape includes tea gardens, the river Brahmaputra, and many historical monuments and temples. Swami Vivekananda once said that, "next only to Kashmir, Assam is the most beautiful place in India" A state with an abundance of forest, Assam also has five national parks, around half a dozen other wildlife sanctuaries, and is home to two-thirds of the population of the unique one-horned rhino. When it comes to wildlife, Assam too has successfully conserved the one-horned Indian rhinoceros from near extinction, along with the tiger and numerous species of birds, and it provides one of the last wild habitats for the Asian elephant. It is becoming an increasingly popular destination for wildlife tourism, and Kaziranga and Manas are both World Heritage Sites.
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Australia
Australia ( /əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
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Bangalore
Bangalore /ˈbæŋɡəlɔər/, also rendered Bengaluru,[needs IPA] is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bangalore is nicknamed the Garden City for its gardens and parks and was once called a pensioner's paradise. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's third most populous city and fifth-most populous urban agglomeration. Bangalore is well known as a hub for India's information technology sector. It is among the top 10 preferred entrepreneurial locations in the world.
A succession of South Indian dynasties ruled the region of Bangalore until in 1537 AD Kempe Gowda—a feudatory ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire—established a mud fort considered to be the foundation of modern Bangalore. Following transitory occupation by Maratha and Mughal, the city remained under the Mysore kingdom. Bangalore continued to be a cantonment of the British and a major city of the Princely State of Mysore which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj. Following the independence of India in 1947, Bangalore became the capital of Mysore state, and later Karnataka.
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Calicut
Kozhikode (Malayalam: കോഴിക്കോട് [koːɻikːoːɖ] (
listen), also known as Calicut, is a city in the state of Kerala in southern India on the Malabar Coast. Kozhikode is the third largest city in Kerala and is part of the second largest urban agglomeration in Kerala with a metropolitan population of 2,030,519 as per 2011 census.It is the headquarters of the Kozhikode district.
During classical antiquity and the middle ages, Kozhikode was dubbed the "City of Spices" for its role as the major trading point of eastern spices. It was the capital of an independent kingdom of the same name ruled by the Samoothiris (Zamorins) in middle ages and later of the erstwhile Malabar district under British rule. Muslim Arab merchants traded with Kozhikode as early as 7th century, and Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed at Kozhikode on May 20, 1498. A Portuguese factory and fort was intact in Kozhikode for short period (1511–1525, until the Fall of Calicut), the English landed in 1615 (constructed a trading post in 1665), followed by the French (1698) and the Dutch (1752). In 1765, Mysore captured Kozhikode as part of his occupation.
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Chennai
Chennai /ˈtʃɛnaɪ/, formerly Madras /məˈdræs/, is the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal, it is a major commercial, cultural, and educational centre in South India, while the port of Chennai is the second largest port in India. As of the 2011 census, the city had 4.68 million residents making it the sixth most populous city in India; the urban agglomeration, which comprises the city and its suburbs, was home to approximately 8.9 million, making it the fourth most populous metropolitan area in the country.
Although the area has been part of successive South Indian kingdoms through centuries, the recorded history of the city began in the colonial times, specifically with the arrival of British East India Company and the establishment in 1644 of Fort St George, an English settlement. The British defended several attacks from the French colonial forces, and from the kingdom of Mysore, on Chennai's way to become a major naval port and presidency city by late eighteenth century. Following the independence of India, Chennai became the capital of Tamil Nadu and a hotbed of regional politics that tended to bank on Dravidian identity of the populace. Chennai had become a bustling metropolis with beautiful classical and colonial European styled buildings, lining the city’s thoroughfares.
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Delhi
Delhi (/ˈdɛli/; locally pronounced Dillee or Dehli), officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with 16.7 million inhabitants in the Territory at the 2011 Census. The region has been given special status of National Capital Region under The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991. There are nearly 22.2 million residents in the greater National Capital Region urban area (which also includes the cities Noida, Greater Noida, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon,Sonepat and Faridabad along with other smaller nearby towns).
Delhi is known to have been continuously inhabited since at least the 6th century BCE, though human habitation is believed to have existed since the second millennium BCE. Delhi is also widely believed to have been the site of Indraprastha, the legendary capital of the Pandavas during the times of the Mahabharata. Delhi re-emerged as a major political, cultural and commercial city along the trade routes between northwest India and the Gangetic plain after the rise of the Delhi sultanates. It is the site of many ancient and medieval monuments, archaeological sites and remains.
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Dubai
Dubai (/duːˈbaɪ/ doo-BY; Arabic: دبيّ Dubeii; IPA: [du'beii]) is an emirate within the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A city within the emirate is also named Dubai. The emirate is located south east of the Persian Gulf on the Arabian Peninsula and has the largest population with the second-largest land territory by area of all the emirates, after Abu Dhabi. Dubai and Abu Dhabi are the only two emirates to have veto power over critical matters of national importance in the country's legislature. Dubai City is located on the emirate's northern coastline.
The earliest mention of Dubai is in 1095, and the earliest settlement known as Dubai town dates from 1799. Dubai was formally established in 1833 by Sheikh Maktoum bin Buti al Maktoum when he persuaded 800 members of the Bani Yas tribe, living in what is now part of Saudi Arabia, to follow him to the Dubai Creek by the Al Abu Falasa clan of Bani Yas. It remained under clan control when the United Kingdom assumed the protection of Dubai in 1892. Its geographical location made it an important trading hub and by the beginning of the 20th century, it was an important port.
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Fiji
Fiji
i/ˈfiːdʒiː/ (Fijian: Viti; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी), officially the Republic of Fiji (Fijian: Matanitu ko Viti; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी गणराज्यFijī Gaṇarājya), is an island nation in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about 1,100 nautical miles (2,000 km; 1,300 mi) northeast of New Zealand's North Island. Its closest neighbours are Vanuatu to the west, France's New Caledonia to the southwest, New Zealand's Kermadec to the southeast, Tonga to the east, the Samoas, France's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast and Tuvalu to the north.
The majority of Fiji's islands were formed through volcanic activity started around 150 million years ago. Today, some geothermal activity still occurs on the islands of Vanua Levu and Taveuni. Fiji has been inhabited since the second millennium BC. The country comprises an archipelago of more than 332 islands, of which 110 are permanently inhabited, and more than 500 islets, amounting to a total land area of circa 18,300 square kilometres (7,100 sq mi). The two major islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, account for 87% of the population of almost 850,000. The former contains Suva, the capital and largest city. Most of Fijians live on Viti Levu's coasts, either in Suva or in smaller urban centres. Viti Levu's interior is sparsely inhabited due to its terrain.
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Government of Kerala
The Government of Kerala is a democratically elected body that governs the State of Kerala, India for a period of 5 years. The state government is headed by the Governor of Kerala as the nominal head of state, with a democratically elected Chief Minister as real head of the executive. The state government maintains its capital at Thiruvananthapuram(Trivandrum). The Government of Kerala was formed on November 1, 1956 after merging of Royal States of Travancore-Cochin with Malabar as part of States Reorganization Act-1956.
The Governor is appointed by the President for a term of five years. The executive and legislative powers lie with the Chief Minister and his council of ministers, who are by the Governor. The Governors of the states and territories of India have similar powers and functions at the state level as that of the President of India at Union level. Only Indian citizens above 35 years of age are eligible for appointment. Governors discharge all constitutional functions such as the appointment of the Chief Minister, sending reports to the President about failure of constitutional machinery in a state, or with respect to issues relating to the assent to a bill passed by legislature, exercise or their own opinion.
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Greater Toronto Area
The Greater Toronto Area (GTA) is the largest metropolitan area in Canada, with a 2011 census population of over 6 million. The Greater Toronto Area is defined as the central city of Toronto, along with four regional municipalities surrounding it: Durham, Halton, Peel, and York.
The Greater Toronto Area is different from the Census Metropolitan Area of Toronto, which covers a smaller region. As of early 21st century, the regional span of the Greater Toronto Area is sometimes extended to include the city of Hamilton, Ontario and its surrounding region, to form the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area, an urban area which has a total population ranked among the top 50 in the world.
The term Greater Toronto has been used in writing as early as the 1900s, although at the time, the term only referred to the former City of Toronto and its immediate townships and villages, which became Metropolitan Toronto in 1954 and became the current city of Toronto in 1998. The usage of the term involving the four regional municipalities came into formal use in the mid-1980s, after it was used in a widely discussed report on municipal governance restructuring in the region and was later made official as a provincial planning area. However it did not come into everyday usage until the mid- to late 1990s. In 2006, the term began to be supplanted in the field of spatial planning as provincial policy increasingly began to refer to either the "Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area" (GTHA) or the still-broader "Greater Golden Horseshoe". The latter includes communities like Barrie, Guelph and the Niagara Region. The GTA continues, however, to be in official use elsewhere in the Government of Ontario, such as the Ministry of Finance.
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Haripad
Haripad (Malayalam: ഹരിപ്പാട്) is a town in Alappuzha District, Kerala, India, located between Alappuzha and Kollam on National Highway 47. Haripad is close to the Arabian Sea, and connects Mavelikkara and Thrikkunnappuzha.
Haripad is known as the 'Town of Temples'. There are eighteen Hindu temples there and more than 30 more in the surrounding countryside. The most famous temples are Subrahmanya Swami Temple and the Mannarashala Nagaraja Temple. The first Sri Ramakrishna Asrama in the state of Kerala was established at Pilapuzha in Haripad on 4 May 1913. It is the land of "Mayura Sandesa", the land of snake boats and the land of music, dance and drama. According to colonial Dutch Governor Gollanez the sea coast between Quilon and Purakkad which the Dutch called 'Martha" and which region was known as Karthikappally (of which Haripad was a part) consisted of two regions or nation states, Karnoppally (the present Karunagapally) and Karimpali.
Haripad derived its name from either Aripad (as Ari means Rice and this was the place where from the major portion of the rice for the state came), or "Harigeethapuram". In a literary piece of Kerala Varma Valia Koithampuran there is a reference to Pahi Harigeetha Pathanapathe" (save as the master of Harigeetha) 'Mayura Sandesa' has a reference to 'Aripadu vaanoru Kaalam' (at a time when Haripad was ruled). Swathi Thirunal addresses Subramanya as Harigeetha puthalaya dweep', all the show long history and importance of the name Haripad. To this may be added the fact that Karithikapally was called the place where Karthikayan lived.' (Karthikayan Pallikollunnidom).
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Kannur
Kannur pronunciation (help·info) (Malayalam: കണ്ണൂര്, Kaṇṇūr ?), also known as Cannanore, is a city in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is the administrative headquarters of the District of Kannur and 518 km north of state capital Trivandrum. During British rule in India, Kannur was known by its old name Cannanore(Land of lord Krishna[citation needed]), which is still in fairly common usage. Kannur is the 6th largest city in Kerala, after Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam, Kozhikode, Thrissur and Kollam. It is the largest city of North Malabar region. Kannur Municipality was established in 1867 and is one of the oldest municipalities in Kerala.
Kannur is one of the Million Plus urban agglomerations in India with a population of 1,642,892 in 2011. Kannur is known as the Land of Looms and Lores, because of the loom industries functioning in the district and ritualistic folk arts held in temples. Kannur is famous for its pristine beaches; Theyyam, its native performing art, and its handloom industry.
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Karnataka
Karnataka /kɑrˈnɑːtəkə/ is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava (Formation Day). Originally known as the State of Mysore /maɪˈsɔər/, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. It is the land of the Kannadigas, Tuluvas, Konkanis and Kodavas. The capital and largest city is Bangalore.
Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to the southwest. The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres (74,122 sq mi), or 5.83% of the total geographical area of India. It is the eighth largest Indian state by area. With over 61 million inhabitants (2011), Karnataka is the ninth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada is the most widely spoken and official language of the state.
The two main river systems of the state are Krishna and its tributaries (Bhima, Ghataprabha, Vedavati, Malaprabha, and Tungabhadra) in the north, and the Cauvery and its tributaries (Hemavati, Shimsha, Arkavathi, Lakshmana Thirtha and Kabini) in the south. Both these rivers flow eastward and fall into the Bay of Bengal.
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Kerala
Kerala or Keralam /ˈkɛrələ/ is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was formed on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions.
The state has an area of 38,863 km2 (15,005 sq mi) and is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Arabian Sea on the west. Thiruvananthapuram is the state capital. Kochi and Kozhikode are other major cities. According to a survey by The Economic Times, five out of ten best cities to live in India are located in Kerala.
Kerala has the highest Human Development Index in India, higher than that of most developed countries The state has the highest literacy rate in India with 93.91 percent. It hopes to be the first e-literate state in India through the state run Akshaya project. The state recently became and is currently the only one to have banking facilities in every village. A survey conducted in 2005 by Transparency International ranked Kerala as the least corrupt state in the country. Kerala is also ranked as India's cleanest state. Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries during the Kerala Gulf boom and is heavily dependent on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community.
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Kerala Backwaters
The Kerala backwaters are a chain of brackish lagoons and lakes lying parallel to the Arabian Sea coast (known as the Malabar Coast) of Kerala state in southern India. The network includes five large lakes linked by canals, both manmade and natural, fed by 38 rivers, and extending virtually half the length of Kerala state. The backwaters were formed by the action of waves and shore currents creating low barrier islands across the mouths of the many rivers flowing down from the Western Ghats range.
The Kerala Backwaters are a network of interconnected canals, rivers, lakes and inlets, a labyrinthine system formed by more than 900 km of waterways, and sometimes compared to the American Bayou. In the midst of this landscape there are a number of towns and cities, which serve as the starting and end points of backwater cruises. National Waterway No. 3 from Kollam to Kottapuram, covers a distance of 205 km and runs almost parallel to the coast line of southern Kerala facilitating both cargo movement and backwater tourism.
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Kottayam
Kottayam (Malayalam: കോട്ടയം) is a city in the Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 55.40 km2 and is the administrative capital of Kottayam district. Kottayam is located in south-central Kerala and has a population of 172,878 according to the 2001 census. . The city is approximately 150 km (93.2 mi) from the state capital, Thiruvananthapuram.
The city is an important trading center of spices and commercial crops, especially rubber. Major Kerala print media such as Malayala Manorama, Deepika and Mangalam are headquartered in the town. Also a pioneering center of modern education in Kerala, the city became India's first city to achieve 100% literacy in 1989 and the district became the first tobacco free district in India on September 28, 2008. The city of Kottayam is also known as Akshara Nagari (അക്ഷര നഗരി) (City of Alphabets) in honor of its contributions to print media and literature.
Kottayam district has acquired it's name from Kottayam town which is the headquarters of the district. It is believed that the name Kottaya is derived from the combination of Malayalam words kott (fort) and akam (inside), and could be translated as "the interior of the fort".
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Kovalam
Kovalam (Malayalam:കോവളം) is a beach town by the Arabian Sea in Thiruvananthapuram city, Kerala, India, located around 13 km from the city center.
Kovalam means a grove of coconut trees and true to its name the village offers an endless sight of coconut trees. It is also known as the paradise of the south.
Kovalam first received attention when the Regent Maharani Sethu Lakshmi Bayi of Travancore constructed her beach resort, Halcyon Castle, here towards the end of the 1920s. Thereafter the place was brought to the public eye by her nephew the Maharaja of Travancore. The European guests of the then Travancore kingdom discovered the potentiality of Kovalam beach as a tourist destination in the 1930s. However, Kovalam shot into limelight in the early seventies with arrivals of the masses of hippies on their way to Ceylon in the Hippie Trail. This exodus started the transformation of a casual fishing village of Kerala into one of the most important tourist destinations in all India.
Kovalam has three beaches separated by rocky outcroppings in its 17 km coastline, the three together form the famous crescent of the Kovalam beach
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Lakshadweep
Lakshadweep /ləkˈʃɑːdwiːp/ (Malayalam: ലക്ഷദ്വീപ് Lakṣadvīp (help·info), Mahl: ލަކްޝަދީބު Lakshadīb), formerly known as the Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands /ˌlækədaɪv ˌmɪnɨkɔɪ/ & /ˌæmɨnˈdiːvi/, is a group of islands in the Laccadive Sea, 200 to 440 km off the coast of the South West Indian state of Kerala. They were also known as Laccadive Islands, although geographically this is only the name of the central subgroup of the group.
The islands form the smallest Union Territory of India. The total surface area of the islands is just 11 sq mi or 32 km2. However, the lagoon area is about 4,200 square kilometres (1,600 sq mi), the territorial waters area is 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) and the exclusive economic zone area is 400,000 square kilometres (150,000 sq mi).
Lakshadweep is the northern part of the erstwhile Lakshadweepa.[clarification needed] The islands are the northernmost among the Lakshadweep-Maldives-Chagos group of islands, which are actually the tops of a vast undersea mountain range, in the Indian Ocean, the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge.
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Maharashtra
Maharashtra /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ (Marathi: महाराष्ट् mahārāṣṭra [məharaːʂʈrə] ( listen)) is a state located in India. It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India. Maharashtra is the richest state in India, contributing 15% of the country's industrial output and 13.3% of its GDP (2006–2007 figures).
Maharashtra is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Gujarat and the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the northwest, Madhya Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the east, Karnataka to the south, Andhra Pradesh to the southeast, and Goa to the southwest. The state covers an area of 307,731 km2 (118,816 sq mi) or 9.84% of the total geographical area of India. Mumbai, the capital city of the state, is India's largest city and the financial capital of the nation. Nagpur is the second capital of the state. Marathi is the official language.
Maharashtra is the world's second most populous first-level administrative country sub-division. Were it a nation in its own right, Maharashtra would be the world's tenth most populous country ahead of Mexico.
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Malappuram
Malappuram is a city in the southern Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 33.61 km2. The first Municipality in the district formed in the year 1970, Malappuram serves as the administrative headquarters of Malappuram district. Divided into 40 electoral wards, city has a density of population of 1478 per km2. As per the 2011 census Malappuram Urban Agglomeration is the fourth largest urban agglomeration in Kerala state with a total population of 16,98,645. Malappuram, in malayalam, means 'On top of the hills'. Malappuram is situated 50 km southeast of Kozhikode and 90 km northwest of Palakkad on the Kozhikode (Calicut) - Chennai road (NH 213) which joins NH 47 in Palakkad.
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Mattancherry Palace
The Mattancherry Palace, also known as the Dutch Palace, in Mattancherry, Kochi, in the Indian state of Kerala features Kerala murals depicting Hindu temple art, portraits and exhibits of the Rajas of Kochi.
Mattancherry Palace with its medieval charm is situated at Palace Road, Mattancherry, Kochi. It was built by the Portuguese and presented to Veera Kerala Varma (1537–65), Raja of Kochi, in 1555 AD. The Dutch carried out some extensions and renovations in the palace in 1663, and thereafter it was popularly called Dutch Palace. The rajas also made more improvements to it. Today, it is a portrait gallery of the Cochin Rajas and notable for some of the best mythological murals in India, which are in the best traditions of Hindu temple art. The palace was built to appease the king after they plundered a temple nearby.
The landing of Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese explorer at Kapadu in 1498 was welcomed by the Kochi rulers. They were given exclusive right to construct factories. The Portuguese repulsed the repeated attacks of the Zamorins and the Cochin Rajas practically became vassals of the Portuguese. The influence of the Portuguese were supplanted by the Dutch and they took over Mattancherry in 1663. Subsequently, the area was taken over by Hyder Ali and still later by the British East India Company
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Mumbai
Mumbai /mʊmˈbaɪ/, also known as Bombay /bɒmˈbeɪ/, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth most populous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West or Central Asia.
The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies. For centuries, the islands were under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese and subsequently to the British East India Company. During the mid-18th century, Mumbai was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook the reclamation of the area between the seven constituent islands from the sea. Completed by 1845, the project along with construction of major roads and railways transformed Bombay into a major seaport on the Arabian Sea. Economic and educational development characterised the city during the 19th century. It became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the early 20th century. When India became independent in 1947, the city was incorporated into Bombay State. In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as capital. The city was renamed Mumbai in 1996.
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Munnar
Munnar is a hill station in Kerala and in southern India. Munnar is located on the Western Ghats, situated in the Idukki.
The name Munnar is believed to mean "three rivers", referring to the town's strategic location at the confluence of the Madhurapuzha, Nallathanni and Kundaly rivers. The town has shared a strong cultural link with Tamil Nadu.
The Munnar town is in Kannan Devan Hills ( KDH ) Village in Devikulam taluk and is the largest panchayat in the Idukki district having an area measuring nearly 557 km².
The nearest major railway stations are at Ernakulam and Aluva (approximately 120 km by road). The nearest airport is Cochin International Airport, which is 140 km away.
The region in and around Munnar varies in height from 1,450 meters (4,760 ft) to 2,695 meters (8,842 ft) above mean sea level. Munnar enjoys a salubrious climate. The temperature ranges between 5 °C (41 °F) and 25 °C (77 °F) in winter and 15 °C (59 °F) and 25 °C (77 °F) in summer. Temperatures as low as −4 °C (25 °F) have been recorded in the Sevenmallay region of Munnar.The mean maximum daily temperature is at its lowest during the monsoon months with the highest temperature being 19 C.
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Mysore
Mysore (i/ˈmaɪsɔər/; Maisūru in Kannada) is the second-largest city in the state of Karnataka, India. Located at the base of the Chamundi Hills about 146 km (91 mi) southwest of the state capital Bangalore, it is spread across an area of 128.42 km2 (50 sq mi). According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census of India, the population of Mysore is 887,446 and Hinduism is its major religion. Mysore City Corporation is responsible for the civic administration of the city, which is also the headquarters of the Mysore district and the Mysore division.
Until 1947, Mysore served as the capital of the Kingdom of Mysore. The kingdom was ruled by the Wodeyar dynasty, except for a brief period in the late 18th century when Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan usurped power. Patrons of art and culture, the Wodeyars contributed significantly to the cultural growth of the city. The cultural ambience and achievements of Mysore earned it the sobriquet Cultural capital of Karnataka.
Mysore is noted for its palaces including the Mysore Palace, and the festivities that take place during the Dasara festival when the city receives a large number of tourists. It lends its name to the Mysore style of painting, the sweet dish Mysore Pak, the Mysore Peta (a traditional silk turban) and the garment known as the Mysore silk saree. Tourism is the major industry, while information technology has emerged as a major employer alongside the traditional industries. With no airport, Mysore depends on rail and bus transport for inter-city connections. The city was the location of the first private radio station in India. Mysore houses Mysore University which has produced several notable authors, particularly in the field of Kannada literature. Cricket is the most popular sport in the city.
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Negev
The Negev (Hebrew: נֶּגֶב, Tiberian vocalization: Néḡeḇ; Arabic: النقب al-Naqab) is a desert and semidesert region of southern Israel. The region's largest city and administrative capital is Beersheba (pop. 185,000), in the north. At its southern end is the Gulf of Aqaba and the resort city of Eilat. It contains several development towns, including Dimona, Arad and Mitzpe Ramon, as well as a number of small Bedouin cities, including Rahat and Tel as-Sabi. There are also several kibbutzim, including Revivim and Sde Boker; the latter became the home of Israel's first Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, after his retirement from politics.
The desert is home to the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, whose faculties include the Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research and the Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, both located on the Midreshet Ben-Gurion campus adjacent to Sde Boker.
The origin of the word negev is from the Hebrew root denoting 'dry'. In the Bible the word Negev is also used for the direction 'south'. In Arabic, the Negev is known as al-Naqab, although it was created with the establishment of the Egypt-Palestine frontier in the 19th century and has no single traditional Arabic name. During the British Mandate it was called Beersheba sub-district.
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Nelliampathi
Nelliampathi is a popular hill station 60 km away from Palakkad in Kerala, a small state in south India. It is surrounded by tea and coffee plantations and has excellent weather conditions. The journey to Nelliampathi itself is an experience. The only route is from Nemmara, from where the first town of Nelliampathi, namely Kaikatty junction, is at a distance of 26 km. At the 9th kilometer is the Pothundi Dam, a small irrigation dam which provides water for the rice fields in the surrounding area. The dam is at the foot of the Nelliampathi hills. From here, the road winds up for the next 17 km, with many hairpin turns on the way. Immediately after Pothundy dam, comes the government forest, where one can see massive teak trees. The road is very narrow and requires a skilled driver behind the wheel. On the way, one can see wild animals like monkey, deer and porcupine. The view of the Pothundy dam from the height is a breathtaking sight. There will be many waterfalls by the roadside during the rainy season.
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New Zealand
New Zealand (Māori: Aotearoa) is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ‒ that of the North and South Islands ‒ as well as numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans.
During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of both animal and plant life. Most notable are the large number of unique bird species, many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals. With a mild maritime climate, the land was mostly covered in forest. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions caused by the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates clashing beneath the earth's surface.
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Pamba River
The Pamba River (also called Pampa river) is the third longest river in the South Indian state of Kerala after Periyar and Bharathappuzha and the longest river in the erstwhile princely state of Travancore. Sabarimala temple dedicated to Lord Ayyappa is located on the banks of the river Pamba.
The Pamba is considered as the Dakshina Ganga (Southern Ganges) due to its association with Kerala's Largest Pilgrim Centre - Sabarimala.
The River Pamba enriches the lands of Pathanamthitta District and the Kuttanand area of Alappuzha District
Pampa originates at Pulachimalai hill in the Peerumedu plateau in the Western Ghats at an altitude of 1650 metres and flows through Ranni, Ayroor, Pathanamthitta, Kozhenchery, Chengannur, Kuttanad and Ambalappuzha Taluks and finally empties into the Vembanad Lake.A famous Anjana temple is situated near this bank. This river enriches the Pathanamthitta, Alappuzha districts of Kerala state. Kuttanad, an important rice cultivating area in Kerala gets the irrigation water from the Pamba river. The Pamba basin is bounded on the east by the Western Ghats. The river shares its northern boundary with the Manimala River basin, while it shares the southern boundary with the Achankovil River basin.
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Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf is located in Western Asia between Iran (Persia) and the Arabian Peninsula. It is an extension of the Indian Ocean.
The Persian Gulf was the focus of the 1980–1988 Iran-Iraq War, in which each side attacked the other's oil tankers. In 1991, the Persian Gulf again was the background for what was called the "Persian Gulf War" or the "Gulf War" when Iraq invaded Kuwait and was subsequently pushed back, despite the fact that this conflict was primarily a land conflict.
The Persian Gulf has many good fishing grounds, extensive coral reefs, and abundant pearl oysters, but its ecology has come under pressure from industrialization, and in particular, oil and petroleum spillages during wars in the region.
Historically and internationally known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is sometimes controversially referred to as the Arabian Gulf or simply The Gulf by most Arab states, although neither of the latter two terms are recognized internationally. The name Gulf of Iran (Persian Gulf) is used by the International Hydrographic Organization.
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Portugal
Portugali/ˈpɔrtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, IPA: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula . Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale.
The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times: occupied by Celts like the Gallaeci and the Lusitanians, integrated into the Roman Republic and later settled by Germanic peoples such as the Suebi, Swabians, Vandals and the Visigoths. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar under the Order of Christ. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation state.
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Pune
Pune, formerly Poona (pronounced [puɳeː] ( listen)), is the eighth largest metropolis in India, the second largest in the state of Maharashtra after Mumbai, and the largest city in the Western Ghats. Once the centre of power of the Maratha Empire, it is situated 560 metres above sea level on the Deccan plateau at the confluence of the Mula and Mutha rivers. Pune city is the administrative capital of Pune district.
Pune is known to have existed as a town since 937 AD. Pune was originally called Punawadi. In 1730, Pune became an important political center as the seat of the Peshwa, the prime minister of the Chhatrapati of Satara; it was during this era that Pune became the centre of Indian politics. After the town was annexed to British India in 1817, it served as a cantonment town and as the "monsoon capital" of the Bombay Presidency until the independence of India.
Today, Pune is known for its educational facilities and relative prosperity. Pune is the cultural capital of Maharashtra. Pune has well-established manufacturing, glass, sugar, and forging industries since the 1950-60s. It has a growing industrial hinterland, with many information technology and automotive companies setting up factories in Pune district. The city is known for various cultural activities like classical music, spirituality, theatre, sports, and literature. These activities and job opportunities attract migrants and students from all over India and abroad, which makes for a city of many communities and cultures.
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Shravanabelagola
Shravana Belgola (Kannada: ಶ್ರವಣಬೆಳಗೊಳ Śravaṇa Beḷagoḷa) is a city located in the Hassan district in the Indian state of Karnataka and is 158 km from Bangalore. The statue of Gommateshvara Bahubali at Śravaṇa Beḷgoḷa is one of the most important pilgrimage destinations in Jainism, one that reached a peak in architectural and sculptural activity under the patronage of Western Ganga Dynasty of Talakad. Chandragupta is said to have died here in 298 BC after he became a monk and assumed an ascetic life style.
Śravaṇa Beḷgoḷa is located at 13 km to the south-east of Channarayapatna in the Channarayapatna taluk of Hassan district of Karnataka. It is at a distance of 51 km south-east of Hassan, the district centre. It is situated at a distance of 12 km to the south from the Bangalore-Mangalore road (NH-48), 78 km from Halebidu, 89 km from Belur, 83 km from Mysore, 233 km from Mangalore, 17 km from Hirisave and 157 km from Bangalore, the capital of Karnataka.
Śravaṇa Beḷgoḷa "White Pond of the Shravana" is named with reference to the colossal image of Gommaṭa - the prefix Śravaṇa serves to distinguish it from other Belgolas with the prefixes Hale- and Kodi-, while Beḷgoḷa "white pond" is an allusion to the pond in the middle of the town. The Sanskrit equivalents Svetasarovara, Dhavalasarovara and Dhavalasaras used in the inscriptions that support this meaning.
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Southern Ontario
Southern Ontario is a region of the province of Ontario, Canada. It is the most densely populated and southernmost region in Canada. Situated south of Algonquin Park it covers between 14 to 15% of the province, depending on the inclusion of the Parry Sound and Muskoka districts.
Southern Ontario differs very greatly from Northern Ontario. The region has a larger population, different climate, and different culture than its northern counterpart. Southern Ontario can also be broken into smaller subregions, such as Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Southwestern Ontario, and the Golden Horseshoe.
Southern Ontario can be distinguished from Northern Ontario because it is far more densely populated and contains the majority of the province's cities, major roads, and institutions. (The north, in contrast, contains more natural resources and remote wilderness.) Although it has no saltwater coastline, the region has an abundance of fresh water coastline on three Great Lakes (Huron, Erie and Ontario) as well as smaller lakes such as Lake Simcoe and Lake St. Clair. It is a major vineyard region and producer of Canadian wines.
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Suriname
Suriname, officially the Republic of Suriname (Dutch: Republiek Suriname, Dutch pronunciation: [ˌrepyˈblik ˌsyriˈnaːmə]), is a country in northern South America. It borders French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west, Brazil to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the north. Suriname was first colonized by the British, and captured by the Dutch in 1667, who governed it as the colony of Suriname until 1954. The country of Suriname achieved independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands, in which Suriname, the Netherlands Antilles, and the Netherlands itself cooperated on a basis of equality since 1954, on 25 November 1975.
At just under 165,000 km2 (64,000 sq mi) Suriname is the smallest sovereign state in South America (French Guiana comprises less territory, but is French territory). It has an estimated population of approximately 560,000, most of whom live on the country's north coast, where the capital Paramaribo is located.
The name Suriname may derive from a Taino (Arawak-speaking) group called "Surinen" who first inhabited the region prior to European arrival.
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Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu /ˈtæmɨl ˈnɑːduː/ (Tamiḻ Nāṭu [t̪amɨɭ naːɖɯ] ( listen)) is one of the 28 states of India. Its capital is Chennai, the largest city. Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Pondicherry, and the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. It is bound by the Eastern Ghats in the north, the Nilgiri, the Anamalai Hills, and Palakkad on the west, by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait in the south east, and by the Indian Ocean in the south.
Tamil Nadu is the eleventh largest state in India by area and the seventh most populous state. It is the fourth largest contributor (as of 2010) to India's GDP and ranks tenth in Human Development Index as of 2006. Tamil Nadu is also the most urbanised state in India. The state has the highest number (10.56%) of business enterprises and stands second in total employment (9.97%) in India, compared to the population share of about 6%.
The region has been the home of the Tamil people since at least 500 BCE. Its official language Tamil has been in use in inscriptions and literature for over 2000 years. Tamil Nadu is home to many natural resources, Hindu temples of Dravidian architecture, hill stations, beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
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Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram,[needs IPA]known in English as Trivandrum /trɨˈvændrəm/, is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala and the headquarters of the Thiruvananthapuram District. It is located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland. Referred to by Mahatma Gandhi as the "Evergreen city of India", the city is characterized by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills and busy commercial alleys. With more than 750,000 inhabitants in the city proper, and a population around 1.68 million when including the wider urban agglomeration, Thiruvananthapuram is the largest and most populous city in Kerala. It is an IT hub of the state with over 80% of the state's software exports.
The city houses several central and state government offices and organizations. Apart from being the political nerve centre of Kerala, it is also a major academic hub and is home to several educational institutions including the University of Kerala, and to many science and technology institutions, the most prominent being the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Technopark, the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), the Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala,Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER), the Centre for Development Studies, the International Centre for Free and Open Source Software (ICFOSS), the Regional Research Laboratory, the Centre for Earth Science Studies, Rajeev Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology and the Sree Chithira Thirunal Institute for Medical Science and Technology. It is also considered as one of the 10 greenest cities in India. Thiruvananthapuram was ranked as the best city in Kerala to live in by a recent Times of India survey
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Travancore
Kingdom of Travancore ( /ˈtrævəŋkɔər/; Malayalam: തിരുവിതാംകൂര്, tiruvitāṁkūr ?[t̪iɾuʋit̪aːɱkuːr]) was a former Hindu feudal kingdom (till 1858) and Indian Princely State with its capital at Padmanabhapuram or Trivandrum ruled by the Travancore Royal Family. The Kingdom of Travancore at its zenith comprised most of modern day southern Kerala, Kanyakumari district, and the southernmost parts of Tamil Nadu. The state's flag was red with a silver, dextrally-coiled, sacred conch shell (Turbinella pyrum). Its ruler was accorded a 19-gun salute by the British Empire. Travancore, although a Princely State, was known for its relatively high literacy rate and its progressive government.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Venganoor
Venganoor has been described as a very ordinary village near southern end of Kerala, India,which is situated 13 km north of Thiruvananthapuram. It is known as the birth place of Ayyankali, the great Harijan leader of Kerala.
The panchayat has made great progress through the efforts of its congressman, Rufus Daniel, and its citizens. It now has been recognised as the first S1 village in Kerala by the State Planning Board. This designation recognises that the village is working toward the goals of self-reliance, sufficiency and sustainability. Under a new rural development program, Venganoor has been selected as the site to build computer education facilities, a reference library, and a school for vocational training. In addition, drinking water will be provided. The village is being recognised for the progress it has made in the eradication of poverty, the empowerment of women, and its promotion of a sense of community.
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Acharya Bhadrabahu
Acharya Bhadrabahu (c. 433 BC - c. 355 BC ?) was a Jain monk. He is more famously known as a spiritual teacher of Chandragupta Maurya and author of several texts related to Jainism, including some of the most important works, Upsargahara Stotra and Kalpasutra.
Bhadrabahu was born in Pundravardhana, (now in Bangladesh). During this time, the secondary capital of the Mauryas was Ujjain. While there Bhadrabahu was able to foresee through his nimitta jnan (subtle cognition of causes and effects) that there would be a 12-year famine across North India. He decided the famine would make it harder for monks to survive and migrated with a group of monks to South India, bringing with him Chandragupta, the founder of the Mauryan Empire turned Jain monk.
While Bhadrabahu was away the monks staying in the North realized that the sacred scriptures were being forgotten. A monk named Sthulabhadra convened a council to recompile the Purva scriptures. However, because Sthulabhadra’s own knowledge of these texts was imperfect, he went to Bhadrabahu to study the sections missing from his memory.
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Adi Shankara
Adi Shankara (Sanskrit: आदिशङ्करः Ādi Śaṅkara, pronounced [aːd̪i ɕəŋkəɾə]) (788 CE - 820 CE), also known as Śaṅkara Bhagavatpādācārya and Ādi Śaṅkarācārya was an Indian sage from Kalady in present day Kerala who consolidated the doctrine of advaita vedānta. His teachings are based on the unity of the ātman and brahman— non-dual brahman, in which brahman is viewed as nirguna brahman, brahman without attributes.
Shankara travelled across the Indian subcontinent to propagate his philosophy through discourses and debates with other thinkers. He is reputed to have founded four mathas ("monasteries"), which helped in the historical development, revival and spread of Advaita Vedanta of which he is known as the greatest revivalist. Adi Shankara is believed to be the organizer of the Dashanami monastic order and the founder of the Shanmata tradition of worship.
His works in Sanskrit concern themselves with establishing the doctrine of advaita (nondualism). He also established the importance of monastic life as sanctioned in the Upanishads and Brahma Sutra, in a time when the Mimamsa school established strict ritualism and ridiculed monasticism. Shankara represented his works as elaborating on ideas found in the Upanishads, and he wrote copious commentaries on the Vedic canon (Brahma Sutra, principal upanishads and Bhagavad Gita) in support of his thesis. The main opponent in his work is the Mimamsa school of thought, though he also offers arguments against the views of some other schools like Samkhya and certain schools of Buddhism.
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Adivasi
Adivasi (Sanskrit: Nepali: Hindi: आदिवासी; ādivāsī) is an umbrella term for a heterogeneous set of ethnic and tribal groups claimed to be the aboriginal population of India. They comprise a substantial indigenous minority of the population of India. The word is used in the same sense in Nepal as is another word janajati (Nepali: जनजाति; janajāti), although the political context differed historically under the Shah and Rana dynasties.
Adivasi societies are particularly present in the Indian Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Mizoram, and other northeastern states, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Many smaller tribal groups are quite sensitive to ecological degradation caused by modernization. Both commercial forestry and intensive agriculture have proved destructive to the forests that had endured swidden agriculture for many centuries. Officially recognized by the Indian government as "Scheduled Tribes" in the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of India, they are often grouped together with scheduled castes in the category "Scheduled Castes and Tribes", which is eligible for certain affirmative action measures.
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Adoor Gopalakrishnan
Moutatthu "Adoor" Gopalakrishnan Unnithan (born 3 July 1941) is an Indian film director, script writer, and producer. Adoor Gopalakrishnan had a major role in revolutionizing Malayalam cinema and is regarded as one of the greatest filmmakers of India. Adoor's first film Swayamvaram (1972) pioneered the new wave cinema movement in Kerala. Most of his films go to festivals around the world, and are released in Kerala. All the eleven films he directed, from Swayamvaram to Oru Pennum Randaanum (2008), were screened at several international film festivals and won him several national and international awards. He won National Film Awards sixteen times, Kerala State Film Awards seventeen times and also won several international film awards. He won the prestigious British Film Institute award for Elippathayam (1981). Adoor received the Padma Shri in 1984 and the Padma Vibhushan in 2006. The Nation honoured Adoor for his valuable contributions to Indian cinema by awarding him the highest cinema award of India, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award for the year 2004.
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Anglo Indian
Anglo-Indians are people who have mixed Indian and British ancestry, or people of British descent born or living in India, Pakistan, or Burma, now mainly historical in the latter sense. British residents in India used the term "Eurasians" for people of mixed European and Indian descent (cf. George Orwell's Burmese Days). The Oxford Dictionary's definition of "Anglo-Indian" is "Of mixed British and Indian parentage, of Indian descent but born or living in Britain, or (chiefly historical) of British descent or birth but living or having lived long in India".
The Anglo-Indian community in its modern sense is a distinct, small minority community originating in India. It consists of people from mixed British and Indian ancestry whose native language is English. An Anglo-Indian's British ancestry was usually bequeathed paternally.
Article 366(2) of the Indian Constitution defines Anglo-Indian as "a person whose father or any of whose other male progenitors in the male line is or was of European descent but who is domiciled within the territory of India and is or was born within such territory of parents habitually resident therein and not established there for temporary purposes only". This definition extends "Anglo-Indian" to include Indians of purely European (male) ancestry.
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Arjuna
In Indian mythology, Arjuna (Devanagari: अर्जुन, Thai: อรชุน Orachun, Tamil: அருச்சுனன் Aruccunan, Indonesian and Javanese: Harjuna, Harjuno, Herjuno, Malay: Ranjuna; pronounced [ɐrˈɟunɐ] in classical Sanskrit) is the greatest warrior on earth and is one of the Pandavas, the heroes of the Hindu epic Mahābhārata, and a key historical figure in the Dwapar Yuga. Arjuna, whose name. means 'bright', 'shining', 'white' or 'silver' (cf. Latin argentum), was such a peerless archer that he is often referred to as Vishnu – the unbeatable.
The third of the five Pandava brothers, Arjuna was the son of the king of gods, Indra, and Kunti, wife of king Pandu of Kuru. Arjuna was an ambidextrous master archer and as a Maharathi played a key role in the victory of Yudhisthira in the Mahabharata War. Taught by the master of military arts Drona, Arjuna used the magnificent bow Gāndeeva, and killed many Kaurava generals like Karna and Jayadratha. He was also a close friend of Krishna, an Avatar of god Vishnu. Arjuna had four wives, Subhadra, Draupadi, Chitrangada and Ulupi.
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Arundhati Roy
Arundhati Roy (born 24 November 1961) is an Indian novelist. She won the Booker Prize in 1997 for her novel, The God of Small Things, and has also written two screenplays and several collections of essays. Her writings on various social, environmental and political issues have been a subject of major controversy in India.
Arundhati Roy was born in Shillong, Meghalaya, India, to Ranjit Roy, a Bengali Hindu tea planter and Mary Roy, a Malayali Syrian Christian women's rights activist.
She spent her childhood in Aymanam in Kerala, and went to school at Corpus Christi, Kottayam, followed by the Lawrence School, Lovedale, in Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu. She then studied architecture at the School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi, where she met her first husband, architect Gerard da Cunha.
Roy met her second husband, filmmaker Pradip Krishen, in 1984, and played a village girl in his award-winning movie Massey Sahib. Until made financially secure by the success of her novel The God of Small Things, she worked various jobs, including running aerobics classes at five-star hotels in New Delhi. Roy is a cousin of prominent media personality Prannoy Roy, the head of the leading Indian TV media group NDTV. She lives in New Delhi.
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Ayyankali
Ayyankali (Malayalam: അയ്യങ്കാളി; 1863–1941) was a leader of the native Indian people treated as lower caste Dalits known as the Untouchables. He pioneered many reforms to improve the lives of the Dalits. In 1937 he was praised by Mahatma Gandhi when he visited Venganoor, Ayyankali's home town. Gandhi called him 'Pulaya raja' means king of pulaya caste. This was a clever and deliberate conspiracy to depict Ayyankali as the leader of a particular community and to create split among various dalit communities whom Ayyankali united under a single organization. In November 1980, Indira Gandhi unveiled sculptor Ezra David's commorative statue of Ayyankali at Kowdiar square, in Trivandrum.
Ayyankali was born in 1863 in Venganoor, Trivandrum, Travancore. He was one of seven children born to a Pulaya family. He was illiterate as were all Dalits at that time. In those days Dalits were not allowed to walk along public roads. The Dalit women were not allowed to cover their breasts in public places. Ayyankali organized Dalits and fought against these discriminations.
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Bodhidharma
Bodhidharma was a Buddhist monk who lived during the 5th/6th century CE. He is traditionally credited as the transmitter of Ch'an (Sanskrit: Dhyāna, Japanese: Zen) to China, and regarded as the first Chinese patriarch. According to Chinese legend, he also began the physical training of the Shaolin monks that led to the creation of Shaolinquan.
Little contemporary biographical information on Bodhidharma is extant, and subsequent accounts became layered with legend. There are three principal sources for Bodhidharma's biography: Yáng Xuànzhī's (Yang Hsüan-chih) The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang (547), Tánlín's preface to the Two Entrances and Four Acts (6th century CE), and Dàoxuān's (Tao-hsuan) Further Biographies of Eminent Monks (7th century CE).
These sources vary on their account of Bodhidharma being either "from Persia" (547 CE), "a Brahman monk from South India" (645 CE), "the third son of a Brahman king of South India" (ca. 715 CE).Some traditions specifically describe Bodhidharma to be the third son of a Tamil Pallava king from Kanchipuram.
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Brahui people
The Brahui or Brohi (Brahui: براہوی) (Sindhi: بروہي ) are an ethnic group of about 2.2 million people with the majority found in Kalat, Baluchistan, Pakistan, but they are also found in smaller numbers in neighboring Afghanistan and Iran. The Brahuis are almost entirely Sunni Muslims.
The ethnonym "Brahui" is a very old term and a purely Dravidian one. The fact that other Dravidian languages only exist further south in India has led to several speculations about the origins of the Brahui. There are three hypotheses regarding the Brahui that have been proposed by academics. One theory is that the Brahui are a relic population of Dravidians, surrounded by speakers of Indo-Iranian languages, remaining from a time when Dravidian was more widespread. Another theory is that they migrated to Baluchistan from inner India during the early Muslim period of the 13th or 14th centuries. A third theory says the Brahui migrated to Balochistan from South India after 1000 AD. The absence of any older Iranian (Avestan) influence in Brahui supports this hypothesis. The main Iranian contributor to Brahui vocabulary is a northwestern Iranic language, Baluchi, and southeastern Iranic language, Pashto.
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Chakyar
Chakyar (also; Cakyar, Chakkiar, Chakiar etc.) is a Brahmin caste coming under the Ambalavasi community of Hindus in the Kerala state of South India. The women in this caste are called Illotammas.
They occupy a position in the Hindu Temple in managing the affairs of the temple, though not the actual conduct of ceremonies. They are assigned with the holy temple ritualistic performance called Chakyar Koothu and Koodiyattam, which is the only surviving ancient Sanskrit theatre in India.
Chakyar is the main actor who performs the ritualistic Koothus and Koodiyattams inside the temple or in Koothambalams. Their women's- Illotammas are not allowed to participate in that. The women roles are done by ladies of Nambiar community called Nangyarammas. Nambiar plays the holy drum Mizhavu.
There were 18 Chakyar families throughout Kerala, but now their number is small. Mani family is one of them. Their place is in North Kerala, Malabar. The greatest Koodiyattam and Chakyar koothu exponent, Natyashastra scholar and world renowned Guru, (late)Natyacharya Vidushakaratnam Padma Shri Mani Madhava Chakyar belonged to this family.
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Chandragupta Maurya
Chandragupta Maurya (Sanskrit: चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य महान Hindi: चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य महान), (born c. 340 BCE, ruled c. 320 BCE, – 298 BCE) was the founder of the Maurya Empire. He succeeded in conquering most of the Indian subcontinent and is considered the first unifier of India as well as its first genuine emperor. In foreign Greek and Latin accounts, Chandragupta is known as Sandrokyptos (Σανδρόκυπτος), Sandrokottos (Σανδρόκοττος) or Androcottus.
Prior to Chandragupta's consolidation of power, small regional kingdoms dominated the northwestern subcontinent, while the Nanda Dynasty dominated the middle and lower basin of the Ganges. After Chandragupta's conquests, the Maurya Empire extended from Bengal and Assam in the east, to Afghanistan and Balochistan,some part of the easten and south-east Iran in the west, to Kashmir and Nepal in the north, and to the Deccan Plateau in the south. Tradition holds that Chandragupta abdicated his throne to become a monk and led such an ascetic life that he starved himself to death. Whether or not this is factually accurate, he was succeeded by his son in 298 BC.
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Duarte Barbosa
Duarte Barbosa (Lisbon, Portugal - † 1521, Philippines) was a Portuguese writer and Portuguese India officer between 1500 and 1516–17, with the post of scrivener in Cannanore factory and sometimes interpreter of the local language (malayalam). His "Book of Duarte Barbosa" (Livro de Duarte Barbosa) is one of the earliest examples of Portuguese travel literature, written circa 1516, shortly after the arrival in the Indian Ocean. In 1519 Duarte Barbosa embarked on the first expedition to circumnavigate the world, led by his brother-in-law Ferdinand Magellan, dying in 1521 at the feast of rajah Humabon in Cebu at the Philippines.
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Ezhava
The Ezhavas (Īḻavar) are a community with origins in the region of India presently known as Kerala. They are also known as Ilhava, Irava, Izhava and Erava in the south of the region; as Chovas, Chokons and Chogons in Central Travancore; and as Tiyyas, Thiyas and Theeyas in Malabar. The Malabar Tiyya group have claimed a higher ranking in the Hindu caste system than do the others, although from the perspective of the colonial and subsequent administrations they were treated as being of similar rank.
As well as being agricultural laborers, small cultivators, toddy tappers, and liquor businessmen, some Ezhavas were also involved in weaving and some practised ayurvedic medicine. Ezhava dynasties such as the Izhathu Mannanars also existed in Kerala. The Chekavar, a warrior section within the community, were part of the militias of local chieftains and kings. There were also renowned Kalari Payattu experts among them.
The etymology of Ezhava is uncertain.
According to legend and some Malayalam folk songs, the Ezhavas were the progeny of four bachelors that the king of Ceylon sent to Kerala at the request of the Chera king Bhaskara Ravi Varma, in the 1st Century AD. These men were sent, ostensibly, to set up coconut farming in Kerala. Another version of the story says that the Sri Lankan King sent eight martial families to Kerala at the request of a Chera king to quell a civil war that had erupted in Kerala against him.[clarification needed]
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Kaniyar
Kaniyar are a caste of India with origins in the states of Kerala and Karnataka. There are regional variations in the name used to define them. The Kerala Public Service Commission considers Kaniyar Panicker (otherwise known as Kaniyan, Kanisu, Ganaka, Kanisan, Kamnan, and Kani) to be one group in their list of designated Other Backward Classes, and Kalari Panicker (otherwise referred to as Kalari Kurup) to be another. .Dakshina Kannada region of Karnataka, they are known by the name Balyaya.
Various occupational groups exist within the caste. For example, traditionally the Kaniyar Panicker were found in the area of Malabar and northern Travancore, and the title recognised their occupation as teachers of physical exercises, especially those relating to military purposes, as well as their role as Hindu astrologers. The Kaniyar Asan members of the caste, who did not teach such things, were primarily to be found in southern Travancore. The Tinta group, and in particular the women, were makers of palm-leaf umbrellas; the group members also exorcised spirits, with their name literally meaning "polluting". As with the various transliterated names, so too the occupational titles adopt various spellings, such as Panikkar and Aasaan.[citation needed]
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Kerala Iyers
Kerala Iyers, colloquially called Pattars, are Tamil Iyers of the Indian state of Kerala who migrated from present day Tamil Nadu in different waves starting from the medieval period onwards. The community consists of two groups - the Palakkad Iyers and Iyers of the Cochin and Travancore regions.
The first wave of Iyers settled down in Palakkad district at the beginning of the medieval period. Migrations to the Travancore and Cochin regions took place mostly in the 16th and 17th centuries AD. Many of the Diwans or Prime Ministers of the princely state of Travancore were Tamil Brahmins.
Kerala Iyers, like the Iyers of Tamil Nadu, belonged to the Pancha Dravida classification of India's Brahmin community. They mostly belonged to the Vadama and Brahacharanam sub-sects. Kerala Iyers and other Tamil Brahmins ranked below the orthodox Nambudiri Brahmins in the Malayali caste hierarchy and the touch of a Tamil/Kerala Iyer meant that the Nambudiri was defiled by Eda Shudam which required the Nambudiri to bathe before resuming rituals.
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Krishna
Krishna (Sanskrit: कृष्ण) (kṛṣṇa in IAST, pronounced [ˈkr̩ʂɳə] literally "dark, black") is a central figure of Hinduism. He is known as the eighth and "complete" avatar of Lord Vishnu, come to restore Dharma to the earth in a time of great dharmic imbalance. Krishna is identified as a historical individual who participated in the events of the Mahabharata.
Krishna is often described as an infant or young boy playing a flute as in the Bhagavata Purana, or as a youthful prince giving direction and guidance as in the Bhagavad Gita. The stories of Krishna appear across a broad spectrum of Hindu philosophical and theological traditions. They portray him in various perspectives: a god-child, a prankster, a model lover, a divine hero and the Supreme Being. The principal scriptures discussing Krishna's story are the Mahabharata, the Harivamsa, the Bhagavata Purana and the Vishnu Purana.
Worship of a deity of Krishna, in the form of Vasudeva, Bala Krishna or Gopala, can be traced to as early as 4th century BC. Worship of Krishna as svayam bhagavan, or the Supreme Being, known as Krishnaism, arose in the Middle Ages in the context of the bhakti movement. From the 10th century AD, Krishna became a favorite subject in performing arts and regional traditions of devotion developed for forms of Krishna such as Jagannatha in Orissa, Vithoba in Maharashtra and Shrinathji in Rajasthan. Since the 1960s the worship of Krishna has also spread in the West, largely due to the International Society for Krishna Consciousness.
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Kumaran Asan
Modern Triumvirates
Ulloor | Ashan | Vallathol
N. Kumaran Asan (Malayalam:കുമാരനാശാന്) (1873–1924), also known as Mahakavi Kumaran Asan (the prefix Mahakavi awarded by Madras University in the year 1922 means "great poet" and the suffix Asan meaning scholar or teacher), was one of the triumvirate poets of Kerala, South India. He was also a philosopher, a social reformer and a disciple of Sree Narayana Guru.
Kumaran Asan initiated a revolution in Malayalam poetry in the first quarter of the 20th century, transforming it from the metaphysical to the lyrical. Deep moral and spiritual commitment is evident in Asan's poetry. His works are an eloquent testimony of poetic concentration and dramatic contextualization.
Asan was born in a merchant family belonging to the Ezhava community[citation needed] in April 1873 in Kayikkara village, Chirayinkeezhu taluk, north of Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala, south India. Named Kumaru He was the second son in a family of nine children. His father, Narayanan Perungudi, was well versed in Malayalam and Tamil.His mother, Kaali. Asan inherited his taste for Kathakali and classical music. Kumaru trained in mathematics and Sanskrit for which he had a passion. Even though through his father's efforts, he got a job as a primary school teacher was not before and an accountant to a wholesaler at the age of 14, he quit the job two years later to pursue higher studies in Sanskrit. He undertook a studentship in poetry under Manamboor Govindan Asan. He wished to learn Yoga and Tantra and worked as an apprentice in a Muruga temple at Vakkom. It is said that the Muse of Poetry blessed him during this time. He composed a few devotional songs for the benefit of regular worshippers at this temple.
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Kunchan Nambiar
Early Triumvirates
Ezhuthachan | Cherusseri | Kunchan Nambiar
Kunchan Nambiar was an early Malayalam language poet, performer, satirist and the inventor of local art form Ottamtullal. He is often considered as the master of Malayalam satirist poetry.
Kunchan Nambiar spent his early childhood at Killikkurussimangalam, his boyhood at Kudamalur and youth at Ambalappuzha. In 1748 he moved to the court of King Marttanda Varma of Travancore Kingdom and later to the court of his successor Dharma Raja. He had already written several of his works before leaving Aluva. Scholars like Mani Madhava Cakyar have the opinion that he and the Sanskrit poet Rama Pānivāda are the same. ("Pānivāda" means "Nambiar" in Sanskrit).
Nambiar's poetry lacks the high seriousness such as we find in Ezhuthachan. The difference here is significant. The two are complementary. Just as Kilipattu seems to express the total personality of a writer like Ezhuthachan, the Thullal brings out the characteristic features of the personality of Nambiar. Between them they cover the entire spectrum of humanity, the entire gamut of human emotions. No other Kilipattu has come anywhere near Ezhuthachan's Ramayanam and Mahabharatam, no other Thullal composition is ever likely to equal the best of Nambiar's compositions.
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Malayali
Malayali (also spelled Malayalee; Malayalam: മലയാളി, Malayāḷi ?) is the term used to refer to the native speakers of Malayalam, originating from the Indian state of Kerala. The Malayali identity is primarily linguistic, although in recent times the definition has been broadened to include emigrants of Malayali descent who partly maintain Malayali cultural traditions, even if they do not regularly speak the language. While the origins of the Malayali people are in the state of Kerala, significant populations also exist in other parts of India, the Middle East, Europe and North America. According to the Indian census of 2001, there were 30,803,747 speakers of Malayalam in Kerala, making up 96.7% of the total population of that state. Hence the word Keralite is often used in the same context, though a proper definition is ambiguous.
Malayalam, the Malayalis' native language, has its origin from the words mala meaning mountain and alam meaning land (Tamil/Malayalam) or locality (which lies alongside the mountain). Hence 'Malayali' means people from the mountains who lived beyond the Western Ghats, and Malayalam the language that was spoken there.
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Mappila
Mappila (Malayalam: മാപ്പിള Māppiḷa, alternatively Mopla, Moplah) refers to the largest Muslim community in Kerala state, India primarily distributed in the northern region called Malabar, which arose as a result of the pre and post Islamic Arab contacts.
Muslims of Kerala, of which Mappilas constitute a majority, also make up the largest community in Kerala state, 24.70% of the population. As a religious group they are the second largest after Hindus (56%). They share the common language called Malayalam with the other inhabitants of Kerala. Islam reached Malabar Coast as early as 7th century AD and was assimilated with the culture and traditions of the local people. Over the centuries, the strong relations of the Mappilas with the traders from Arabia have created a profound impact on their life and culture. This has resulted in the formation of a unique tradition in literature, art, music, and history of the Mappilas. They form an integral part of the unique blend of the culture of the Malayalam language speaking population. Most of the Mappilas follow Shafi`i School, while a large minority follow movements arose within Sunni Islam.
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Muhammad
Muhammad (c. 26 April 570 – 8 June 632; also transliterated as Mohammad, Mohammed, or Muhammed; Arabic: محمد), full name: Muhammad Ibn `Abd Allāh Ibn `Abd al-Muttalib (Arabic: محمد بن عبدالله بن عبد المطلب ) was a leader from Mecca who unified the tribes of Arabia into a single religious polity under Islam. He is believed by Muslims and Bahá'ís to be a messenger and prophet of God. Muslims believe that Islam was not his own invention but was revealed by God, and most consider him to be the last prophet of God Muslims thus consider him the restorer of an uncorrupted original monotheistic faith (islām) of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets.
Born in 570 CE in the Arabian city of Mecca, he was orphaned at an early age and brought up under the care of his uncle Abu Talib. He later worked mostly as a merchant, as well as a shepherd, and was first married by age 25. Being in the habit of periodically retreating to a cave in the surrounding mountains for several nights of meditation and prayer, he later reported that it was there, at age 40, that he received his first revelation from God. Three years after this event Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "surrender" to Him (lit. islām) is the only way (dīn) acceptable to God, and that he himself was a prophet and messenger of God, in the same vein as other Islamic prophets.
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Nambudiri
The Nambudiri Brahmins, also transliterated Namboothiri, are Hindu Brahmins from the Indian state of Kerala.
Nambudri nambũdiri is derived from nambuka "to trust" and tiri (from Sanskrit śrī) "blessed". Popular etymology derives the name from Malayalam nambu "the Veda", ōthu "to teach" and tiri "holy".
Nambudiri mythology associates their immigration to Kerala from the banks of Narmada, Krishna and Kaveri rivers with the legendary creation of Kerala by Parasurama, an avatar of Vishnu. In the Travancore State Manual, Nagam Ayya also says that they came from the region between Krishna and Godavari.
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Narayana Guru
Sri Nārāyana Guru (Malayalam: ശ്രീ നാരായണ ഗുരു) (1856–1928), also known as Sree Nārāyana Guru Swami, was a Hindu saint, sadhu[Full citation needed] and social reformer of India. The Guru was born into an Ezhava family, in an era when people from backward communities like the Ezhavas faced much social injustices in the caste-ridden Kerala society. Gurudevan, as he was fondly known to his followers, led Reform movement in Kerala, revolted against casteism and worked on propagating new values of freedom in spirituality and of social equality, thereby transforming the Kerala society and as such he is adored as a prophet.
Nārāyana Guru is revered for his Vedic knowledge[citation needed], poetic proficiency[citation needed], openness to the views of others[citation needed], non-violent philosophy[citation needed] and his unrelenting resolve to set aright social wrongs. Nārāyana Guru was instrumental in setting the spiritual foundations for social reform in today's Kerala and was one of the most successful social reformers who tackled caste in India. He demonstrated a path to social emancipation without invoking the dualism of the oppressed and the oppressor.
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Phillip Zarrilli
Phillip Zarrilli is a British practitioner of the Indian martial arts of Kalarippayattu and Marma Adi. Zarrilli has also trained in variations of Yoga, the Wu style of T'ai chi ch'uan, and is one of the notable Western authorities on the subject of Indian martial arts.
Zarrilli trained with Gurukkal Govindankutty Nair in 1977. He made repeated trips to India to engage in advanced training in Kalarippayattu. Between 1977–1998, Zarrilli spent a total of seven years living in Kerala learning Kalarippayattu. Zarrilli was the first citizen from a Western country to receive his teacher's permission to teach Kalarippayattu. He began teaching in the United States in 1978 following a period of advanced training under Gurukkal Govindankutty Nair. In 1988 Gurukkal Govindankutty Nair awarded him the traditional pitham—a seat on which past masters "sit," signifying mastery.
Zarrilli heads the Tyn-y-parc CVN Kalari in Llanarth, Ceredigion, Wales, a private studio, and conducts workshops throughout the world. His productions of Samuel Beckett's plays in Los Angeles (2000), Austria (2001), and Ireland (2004) have won critical acclaim and awards for "best actress" and "courageous production" in Los Angeles, US.
wn.com/Phillip_Zarrilli -
Pulayar
The Pulayar, also Pulayar, Pulaya, or Pulayas or Holeya or Cheramar, are one of the main social groups found in Kerala, Karnataka and in historical Tamil Nadu or Tamilakam.
Their marriage rituals were described by Edgar Thurston,. Nowadays many of these customs have fallen into disuse. Traditionally women of this caste are more independent compared to the women of other caste. The spiritual life of the Pulaya includes certain ancient magic rituals and practices that have a certain reputation. Members of the mainstream community may consult Pulaya sorcerers (Manthrikavadi) in Kerala, for advice.
Pulayas are noted for their music, craftsmanship, and for certain dances which include Kōlam-thullal, a mask dance which is part of their exorcism rituals, as well as the Mudi-āttam or hair-dance which has its origins in a fertility ritual.
Snake worship (nagaradhana) was prevalent among many Pulaya families all over Kerala.[citation needed]
They did use surnames like other groups. But off late many have been identified calling themselves as Cheramar or Cheraman Pulayan or Cheramar Pulayar or Cheramar Christian.[citation needed]
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Raja Ravi Varma
Raja Ravi Varma (Malayalam: രാജാ രവി വർമ്മ) (April 29, 1848 - October 2, 1906) was an Indian painter from the princely state of Travancore (presently in Kerala) who achieved recognition for his depiction of scenes from the epics of the Mahabharata and Ramayana. His paintings are considered to be among the best examples of the fusion of Indian traditions with the techniques of European academic art.
During his life-time Varma is most remembered for his paintings of beautiful sari-clad women, who were portrayed as shapely and graceful. Varma's paintings became an important motif in kitsch of the time, reproductions being found in almost every middle-class home. His exposure in the west came when he won the first prize in the Vienna Art Exhibition in 1873. Raja Ravi Varma died in 1906 at the age of 58. He is considered among the greatest painters in the history of Indian art.
Raja Ravi Varma was born as Ravi Varma Koil Thampuran of Kilimanoor palace, in the erstwhile princely state of Travancore (Thiruvithankur) in Kerala. His father Ezhumavail Neelakanthan Bhattatiripad was an accomplished scholar, and his mother Umayamba Thampuratti (died 1886) was a poet and writer whose work Parvati Swayamvaram was published by Raja Ravi Varma after her death. His siblings were C. Goda Varma (born 1854), C. Raja Raja Varma (born 1860) and Mangala Bayi Thampuratti, who was also a painter.
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Shashi Tharoor
Shashi Tharoor (Malayalam: ശശി തരൂര്) (born 9 March 1956) is an Indian politician and a Member of Parliament (MP) from the Thiruvananthapuram constituency in Kerala. He previously served as the United Nations Under-Secretary General for Communications and Public Information[citation needed] and as the Minister of State for the Ministry of External Affairs.
He is also an author and columnist.
Shashi Tharoor was born in London to Lily and Chandran Tharoor, both Malayalis, hailing from the state of Kerala[citation needed]. Tharoor studied at Montfort School in Yercaud and Campion School in Mumbai[citation needed]. He attended high school at St. Xavier’s Collegiate School in Kolkata and obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree in history from St. Stephen’s College, Delhi.
He went on to win a scholarship to study at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University and earned three degrees in three years - a Ph.D. and two master's degrees at the age of 22, Tharoor is the youngest person in the history of the Fletcher School to be awarded a doctorate. His doctoral thesis, "Reasons of State", was a required reading in courses on Indian foreign-policy making. In 2000, Tharoor was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree[citation needed] by the University of Puget Sound and in 2008 he received an honorary doctorate degree by the University of Bucharest[citation needed].
wn.com/Shashi_Tharoor -
Tamil people
Tamil people (Tamil: தமிழர், tamiḻar ?), are an ethnic group native to Tamil Nadu, India and the north-eastern region of Sri Lanka. Historic and post 15th century emigrant communities are also found across the world, notably Malaysia, Singapore, Mauritius, South Africa, Australia, Canada, Réunion (France) and the UK. Since the early BCE, urbanization and mercantile activity along the western and eastern coast of what is today Kerala and Tamil Nadu led to the development of four large Tamil political states (Chera, Chola, Pandya and Pallavas) and a number of small petty states warring amongst themselves for dominance. Between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century CE Tamil people also produced native literature that came to be called Sangam literature. In centuries BCE religions such as Jainism, Buddhism and Vedic religion was spread amongst the populace.
Tamils were noted for their military, religious and mercantile activities beyond their native borders. Pandyas and Cholas were historically active in Sri Lanka. Pallava traders and religious leaders travelled to South East Asia and played an important role in the cultural Indianisation of the region. Locally developed scripts such as Grantha and Pallava script induced the development of many native scripts such as Khmer, Javanese and Thai.
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Telugu people
The Telugu people or Telugu Prajalu (Telugu: తెలుగు ప్రజలు) are a Dravidian ethnic group of India. They are the native speakers of the Telugu language, the third most commonly spoken language in India after Hindi and Bengali. They are mostly native to Andhra Pradesh, with significant populations in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Pondicherry, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Orissa. The Telugu constitute one of the largest ethnic groups in the world.
After Apastamba's death the Andhra tribes crossed the Vindhya mountains, reached the south, and merged with the other Andhra tribes. The Atreya Brahmana says that the Andhras lived on the south side of Vindhya Range along with the Pundras, Pulindas, Sabaras and Mootibas.[citation needed]
Some of those Andhras who came to the south of the Vindhya mountains settled in the regions north of present-day Hyderabad. Another tribe crossed the Eastern Ghats.[citation needed]
The Sanskrit epics mention the Andhra Kingdom, named for the Aryan tribe of the Andhras. They are mentioned again at the time of the death of the great Mauryan King Ashoka in 232 BC. This date has been considered to be the beginning of the Andhra historical record. Various dynasties have ruled the area, including the Andhra (or Satavahana), Shakas, Ikshvakus, Eastern Chalukyas, the Vijayanagara Kingdom, the Qutb Shahis of Golconda, and the Nizams (princes) of Hyderābād.
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Thomas the Apostle
Thomas the Apostle, also called Doubting Thomas or Didymus (meaning "Twin," as does "Thomas" in Aramaic") was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. He is best known for questioning Jesus' resurrection when first told of it, then proclaiming "My Lord and my God" on seeing Jesus in John 20:28. He was perhaps the only Apostle who went outside the Roman Empire to preach the Gospel. He is also believed to have crossed the largest area, which includes the Parthian Empire and India.
Thomas speaks in the Gospel of John. In John 11:16, when Lazarus has just died, the apostles don't want to go back to Judea, where Jesus' fellow Jews had attempted to stone him to death. Thomas says bravely: "Let us also go, that we may die with him" (NIV).
In Thomas' best known appearance in the New Testament, [Jn. 20:24–29] he doubts the resurrection of Jesus and demands to touch Jesus' wounds before being convinced. Caravaggio's painting, The Incredulity of Saint Thomas (illustration above), depicts this scene. This story is the origin of the term Doubting Thomas. After seeing Jesus alive, Thomas exclaimed, "My Lord and my God!".
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Kerala Malayali Housewife Hot
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:26
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Kerala_Malayali_Housewife_Hot
leaked video..Malayali girl showing her..very hot
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
Mallu aunties .hot
http://wn.com/leaked_videoMalayali_girl_showing_hervery_hot
"Poor Gulf Malayali treated badly by Indian Officials"-Kannadi 31,January 2012 Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:51
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Kannadi, as the name itself suggests holds a mirror to our society and to each and everyone of us exhorting us to look inward and introspect. Whenever a society or a system fails to protect the interests of its marginalized sections, it is also a measure of our failure as individual human beings.
http://wn.com/Poor_Gulf_Malayali_treated_badly_by_Indian_Officials-Kannadi_31,January_2012_Part_1
Kannadi, as the name itself suggests holds a mirror to our society and to each and everyone of us exhorting us to look inward and introspect. Whenever a society or a system fails to protect the interests of its marginalized sections, it is also a measure of our failure as individual human beings.
- published: 01 Feb 2012
- views: 7586
- author: asianetnews
malayali house wife hot phone part 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:09
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
a malayali house wife chat with mobile friend
http://wn.com/malayali_house_wife_hot_phone_part_2
Chathikkapedunna Malayali Penkuttikal, Ente Vartha
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:22
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
citizen's Reports
http://wn.com/Chathikkapedunna_Malayali_Penkuttikal,_Ente_Vartha
Doctors Sexually Harassed Malayali Girl in Chennai
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:40
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
Ayurveda Doctors Sexually Harassed Malayali Girl in Chennai
http://wn.com/Doctors_Sexually_Harassed_Malayali_Girl_in_Chennai
Ayurveda Doctors Sexually Harassed Malayali Girl in Chennai
- published: 19 Jul 2012
- views: 23081
- author: asianetnews
Bhooloka Malayali Part - 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:32
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Bhooloka Malayali (www.bhoolokamalayali.com) is an online sitcom based on the story of an NRI Malayali who is visiting Kerala from abroad after few years. He still has in his mind, the coconut land before he went abroad in late 90's. He finds that things have changed a lot in Kerala but he is not able to accept those changes immediately. The story narrates his funny experiences from starting right from the airport where he lands and continues to his way home. Coming soon, lot more funny experiences... Wait and watch!!
http://wn.com/Bhooloka_Malayali_Part_2
Bhooloka Malayali (www.bhoolokamalayali.com) is an online sitcom based on the story of an NRI Malayali who is visiting Kerala from abroad after few years. He still has in his mind, the coconut land before he went abroad in late 90's. He finds that things have changed a lot in Kerala but he is not able to accept those changes immediately. The story narrates his funny experiences from starting right from the airport where he lands and continues to his way home. Coming soon, lot more funny experiences... Wait and watch!!
- published: 19 Mar 2011
- views: 80345
- author: bhoolokamalayali
Malayali family facing pathetic condition -Gulf Round Up Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:16
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
A comprehensive dairy of news from the Middle East catering to the interests of Malayalee diaspora.
http://wn.com/Malayali_family_facing_pathetic_condition_-Gulf_Round_Up_Part_1
A comprehensive dairy of news from the Middle East catering to the interests of Malayalee diaspora.
- published: 20 Apr 2012
- views: 32213
- author: asianetnews
Ezham sooryan Malayalam Full Movie Part 1 @ www.malayalis.webs.com / www.malayaliz.webs.com.flv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:02
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
Ezham sooryan Malayalam Full Movie 2012 DVD Part 1 @ www.malayalis.webs.com / www.malayaliz.webs.com.flv
http://wn.com/Ezham_sooryan_Malayalam_Full_Movie_Part_1_@_wwwmalayaliswebscom_wwwmalayalizwebscomflv
Ezham sooryan Malayalam Full Movie 2012 DVD Part 1 @ www.malayalis.webs.com / www.malayaliz.webs.com.flv
- published: 26 Sep 2012
- views: 87786
- author: 2Malayalis
Santhosh pandit's dance teacher : Funny Malayali dancing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:52
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
Santhosh pandit's dance teacher : Funny Malayali dancing
http://wn.com/Santhosh_pandit's_dance_teacher_Funny_Malayali_dancing
Santhosh pandit's dance teacher : Funny Malayali dancing
- published: 07 Aug 2011
- views: 97540
- author: formyportals
Track Malayalam Full Movie 2012 Part 1 @ www.malayalis.webs.com / www.malayaliz.webs.com
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:02
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
Track Malayalam Full Movie 2012 Part 1 @ www.malayalis.webs.com / www.malayaliz.webs.com
http://wn.com/Track_Malayalam_Full_Movie_2012_Part_1_@_wwwmalayaliswebscom_wwwmalayalizwebscom
Track Malayalam Full Movie 2012 Part 1 @ www.malayalis.webs.com / www.malayaliz.webs.com
- published: 23 Sep 2012
- views: 98206
- author: 2Malayalis
Chathikkapedunna Malayali Penkuttikal,Ente Vartha Follow Up
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:23
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
citizen's Reports
http://wn.com/Chathikkapedunna_Malayali_Penkuttikal,Ente_Vartha_Follow_Up
malayali superstar actor mammootty showing moda in the fans association meeting
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:07
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
Please like this video and subscribe the channel.....For more videos like this visit youtube.com/keralacomedycentral .....
http://wn.com/malayali_superstar_actor_mammootty_showing_moda_in_the_fans_association_meeting
Please like this video and subscribe the channel.....For more videos like this visit youtube.com/keralacomedycentral .....
- published: 19 Nov 2012
- views: 871
- author: keralacomedycentral
Malayali Hindu Woman accept Lord Jesus Christ...Part ( 5 of 5)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:56
- Updated: 22 Jan 2013
Koode Varunna Daivam( 5 of 5)....Prof. Maya Sivakumar
http://wn.com/Malayali_Hindu_Woman_accept_Lord_Jesus_ChristPart_5_of_5
Koode Varunna Daivam( 5 of 5)....Prof. Maya Sivakumar
- published: 10 Aug 2009
- views: 47933
- author: strongtower27
Punjabi dance by NIDHI SURESH . Bournemouth malayali community.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:30
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
Bournemouth malayali community. xmas/new year 2012/2013
http://wn.com/Punjabi_dance_by_NIDHI_SURESH_Bournemouth_malayali_community
Bournemouth malayali community. xmas/new year 2012/2013
- published: 09 Jan 2013
- views: 252
- author: Hemaletha Suresh
No: 66 Madhura Bus Malayalam Full Movie Part 1 @ www.malayalis.webs.com / www.malayaliz.webs.com
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:02
- Updated: 28 Sep 2012
No: 66 Madhura Bus Malayalam Full Movie Part 1 @ www.malayalis.webs.com / www.malayaliz.webs.com
http://wn.com/No_66_Madhura_Bus_Malayalam_Full_Movie_Part_1_@_wwwmalayaliswebscom_wwwmalayalizwebscom
No: 66 Madhura Bus Malayalam Full Movie Part 1 @ www.malayalis.webs.com / www.malayaliz.webs.com
- published: 28 Sep 2012
- views: 33622
- author: 2Malayalis
MOhanlal Dances With Many Malayali Actress (Sooryathejasode-Amma 2011).
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:46
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
MOhanlal Dances With Many Malayali Actress in Sooryathejasode-Amma All In OnE StAgE...........
http://wn.com/MOhanlal_Dances_With_Many_Malayali_Actress_Sooryathejasode-Amma_2011
MOhanlal Dances With Many Malayali Actress in Sooryathejasode-Amma All In OnE StAgE...........
- published: 22 Apr 2011
- views: 92289
- author: Nikhil Saji
jagathy the malayali.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:14
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
What makes Jagathy JAGATHY! MALAYALI IN A GRACEFUL ACTOR.... A JAGATHYIAN TOUCH !!
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What makes Jagathy JAGATHY! MALAYALI IN A GRACEFUL ACTOR.... A JAGATHYIAN TOUCH !!
- published: 19 Sep 2011
- views: 63463
- author: matrixhari123
Malayali Penne - Karyasthan HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Malayali_Penne_Karyasthan_HD
GULF MALAYALI PART 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:01
- Updated: 25 Jan 2013
Its a filim with realistic view about Mallus; in Gulf states the way they manage their finances, life style.....living standard and thier dreams
http://wn.com/GULF_MALAYALI_PART_1
Its a filim with realistic view about Mallus; in Gulf states the way they manage their finances, life style.....living standard and thier dreams
- published: 25 Jan 2012
- views: 72795
- author: Manu Spitzer
Malayali Customer Care Mobile Phone EtiSalaat
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:34
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
From www.eruma.org - Malayali calls customer care of Etisalaat mobile phone service. For more malayali humor, visit http
http://wn.com/Malayali_Customer_Care_Mobile_Phone_EtiSalaat
From www.eruma.org - Malayali calls customer care of Etisalaat mobile phone service. For more malayali humor, visit http
- published: 27 May 2008
- views: 268337
- author: erumadotorg
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Europe Malayalee Journal An interview with Madhu Balakrishnan /www.facebook.com/asianeteurope
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 29:17
- Updated: 04 Nov 2012
Location:woodford Concept&Presentation; : S.Sreekumar Shoot : Reji Lal & Jerrin Sound : John Edit : Jerrin.k.Rajan Studio : Anand Media
http://wn.com/Europe_Malayalee_Journal_An_interview_with_Madhu_Balakrishnan_wwwfacebookcom_asianeteurope
Location:woodford Concept&Presentation; : S.Sreekumar Shoot : Reji Lal & Jerrin Sound : John Edit : Jerrin.k.Rajan Studio : Anand Media
- published: 30 Oct 2012
- views: 199
- author: europemalayalee
Europe Malayalee Journal An interview with Gopika Part - 1 /www.facebook.com/asianeteurope
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:52
- Updated: 23 Aug 2012
http://wn.com/Europe_Malayalee_Journal_An_interview_with_Gopika_Part_1_wwwfacebookcom_asianeteurope
Europe Malayalee Journal An interview with Finance Minister KMMani /www.facebook.com/asianeteurope
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:59
- Updated: 17 Sep 2012
Location:Croydon Concept&Presentation; : S.Sreekumar Shoot : Reji Lal & Jerrin Edit : Jerrin.k.Rajan Studio : Anand Media
http://wn.com/Europe_Malayalee_Journal_An_interview_with_Finance_Minister_KMMani_wwwfacebookcom_asianeteurope
Location:Croydon Concept&Presentation; : S.Sreekumar Shoot : Reji Lal & Jerrin Edit : Jerrin.k.Rajan Studio : Anand Media
- published: 17 Sep 2012
- views: 247
- author: europemalayalee
Comedy Interview Skit at world Malayalee Conference.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:23
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
Comedy Interview skit - Participants Manjith Kainikara & Siby Thalakulam.
http://wn.com/Comedy_Interview_Skit_at_world_Malayalee_Conference
Comedy Interview skit - Participants Manjith Kainikara & Siby Thalakulam.
- published: 14 Dec 2012
- views: 124
- author: sibythalakkulam
Interview with Akhina Mooken, Miss Kerala Canada 2010 by Sony Paul
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:43
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/Interview_with_Akhina_Mooken,_Miss_Kerala_Canada_2010_by_Sony_Paul
MDreams Band - Interview on Asianet News on June 15th, 2011 - "India Gate" malayalam album songs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:35
- Updated: 29 Jun 2012
Interview with Lead vocalist Vinod Nambiar, telecast on Asianet News program "India Gate" on 15th June 2011. To all our well wishers across the globe, here is MDreams' first interview in the visual media. We hope you will witness MDreams first hand and help us to grow as a band and bring you the music that we so love making! Mp3 Download links: Puthiya Dinam A New Day 128 Kbps in zip file format www.mediafire.com Puthiya Dinam A New Day 320 Kbps in zip file format www.mediafire.com Single track download links: www.4shared.com All Videos playlist: www.youtube.com Website: www.malayalidreams.com Produced by Leyons Philip & Vinod Nambiar, USA Music Director Leyons Philip Lead Vocals: Vinod Nambiar Lyrics: VinuKrishnan Arranged: Zahid\Leyons
http://wn.com/MDreams_Band_Interview_on_Asianet_News_on_June_15th,_2011_India_Gate_malayalam_album_songs
Interview with Lead vocalist Vinod Nambiar, telecast on Asianet News program "India Gate" on 15th June 2011. To all our well wishers across the globe, here is MDreams' first interview in the visual media. We hope you will witness MDreams first hand and help us to grow as a band and bring you the music that we so love making! Mp3 Download links: Puthiya Dinam A New Day 128 Kbps in zip file format www.mediafire.com Puthiya Dinam A New Day 320 Kbps in zip file format www.mediafire.com Single track download links: www.4shared.com All Videos playlist: www.youtube.com Website: www.malayalidreams.com Produced by Leyons Philip & Vinod Nambiar, USA Music Director Leyons Philip Lead Vocals: Vinod Nambiar Lyrics: VinuKrishnan Arranged: Zahid\Leyons
- published: 16 Jun 2011
- views: 1667
- author: MalayaliDreams
Malayalam Television's Pravasi Prathiba interview with Penn Masala's Mahesh Murali
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:00
- Updated: 31 Jul 2012
Malayalam Television's Pravasi Prathiba interview with Penn Masala's Mahesh Murali Hosted by Vineetha Nair
http://wn.com/Malayalam_Television's_Pravasi_Prathiba_interview_with_Penn_Masala's_Mahesh_Murali
Malayalam Television's Pravasi Prathiba interview with Penn Masala's Mahesh Murali Hosted by Vineetha Nair
- published: 24 Feb 2012
- views: 1797
- author: MalayalamTVUSA
Mdreams Music Band Interview in Asianet US Weekly Round Up: Malayalam Album songs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:42
- Updated: 29 Jun 2012
Mdreams music band interview telecast in Asianet US Weekly Round Up on 29th October 2011 @11.30 AM. Mp3 Download links: Puthiya Dinam A New Day 128 Kbps in zip file format www.mediafire.com Puthiya Dinam A New Day 320 Kbps in zip file format www.mediafire.com Single track download links: www.4shared.com All Videos playlist: www.youtube.com Website: www.malayalidreams.com Produced by Leyons Philip & Vinod Nambiar, USA Music Director Leyons Philip Lead Vocals: Vinod Nambiar Lyrics: VinuKrishnan Arranged: Zahid\Leyons
http://wn.com/Mdreams_Music_Band_Interview_in_Asianet_US_Weekly_Round_Up_Malayalam_Album_songs
Mdreams music band interview telecast in Asianet US Weekly Round Up on 29th October 2011 @11.30 AM. Mp3 Download links: Puthiya Dinam A New Day 128 Kbps in zip file format www.mediafire.com Puthiya Dinam A New Day 320 Kbps in zip file format www.mediafire.com Single track download links: www.4shared.com All Videos playlist: www.youtube.com Website: www.malayalidreams.com Produced by Leyons Philip & Vinod Nambiar, USA Music Director Leyons Philip Lead Vocals: Vinod Nambiar Lyrics: VinuKrishnan Arranged: Zahid\Leyons
- published: 30 Oct 2011
- views: 947
- author: MalayaliDreams
Joseph Achen Interview Part 1of8 JosephAchenPt1of5dur12m37s.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:38
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
An Interview with Fr. Joseph Puthenpurackal for Malayalam Television
http://wn.com/Joseph_Achen_Interview_Part_1of8_JosephAchenPt1of5dur12m37smp4
An Interview with Fr. Joseph Puthenpurackal for Malayalam Television
- published: 14 Dec 2011
- views: 12079
- author: MalayalamTVUSA
Indian Actress Padmapriya In Nere chovve Malayalam Interview (1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:45
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
www.nilacharal.com
http://wn.com/Indian_Actress_Padmapriya_In_Nere_chovve_Malayalam_Interview_1
Ramesh Chennithala - The Global Herald Interview Series #1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:57
- Updated: 10 Aug 2012
The Global Herald (theglobalherald.com speaks exclusively to Ramesh Chennithala, President of the Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee about Kerala state, Indian politics, Anna Hazare, and more. This interview, is part of The Global Herald Interview Series, which sees The Global Herald video journalists asking the important questions to key leaders and political figures around the world, always subtitled in English. The first focus for The Global Herald Interview Series is on India - you may follow items on India published by The Global Herald, by subscribing to the India "News Tag": * At The Global Herald: theglobalherald.com * On Facebook: www.facebook.com * On Twitter: twitter.com While commenting on YouTube is disabled for this series, you may participate in a vivid, moderated, debate of all the issues covered in this video at The Global Herald website, theglobalherald.com. A full list of questions and a transcript of this interview may be discovered at our website, http where you may also leave questions and comments on this, and any other item published in The Global Herald's paywall-free home of News, Analysis and Reflection.
http://wn.com/Ramesh_Chennithala_The_Global_Herald_Interview_Series_1
The Global Herald (theglobalherald.com speaks exclusively to Ramesh Chennithala, President of the Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee about Kerala state, Indian politics, Anna Hazare, and more. This interview, is part of The Global Herald Interview Series, which sees The Global Herald video journalists asking the important questions to key leaders and political figures around the world, always subtitled in English. The first focus for The Global Herald Interview Series is on India - you may follow items on India published by The Global Herald, by subscribing to the India "News Tag": * At The Global Herald: theglobalherald.com * On Facebook: www.facebook.com * On Twitter: twitter.com While commenting on YouTube is disabled for this series, you may participate in a vivid, moderated, debate of all the issues covered in this video at The Global Herald website, theglobalherald.com. A full list of questions and a transcript of this interview may be discovered at our website, http where you may also leave questions and comments on this, and any other item published in The Global Herald's paywall-free home of News, Analysis and Reflection.
- published: 07 Sep 2011
- views: 606
- author: TheGlobalHerald
Prof. K. Satchidanandan Interview NEW DECEMBER 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 40:45
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
World Renowned poet Prof.K.Sachidanandan visited the United Kingdom in November 2012, It was in association with Malayala Bhashvaram in the Uk Organised by leading Malayalam Daily British Malayli in co-operation with a good nuber of cultural associations all over the UK. He was interviewed by Shri. Murukesh Panayara (Popular Novelist, in London for London Malayala Sahithya Vedi. We present it to the world Malayalees. Also we express ours sincere thanks to members of London Malayala Sahityavedi, British Malayali and ABBS Radio(abbsradio.com) Mr SHAJAN SACRIA - EDITOR BRITISH MALAYALI Mr SHAIJUMON .R - BRITISH MALAYALI RESIDENT EDITOR Mr REJI NANTHICATT - CO ORDINATOR OF LONDON MALAYALA SAHITHYA VEDI Mr. MURALI MUKUNDAN - FAMOUS MAGIC TEACHER, BLOGGER AND WRITER Mr KAROOR SOMAN - NOVELIST Mrs KAMALA MEERA - WELLKNOWN WRITER Mr PHILIP ABRAHAM - EDITOR, KERALA LINK Mr ABRAHAM VAZHOOR VAKKOM G SURESHKUMAR Mr BINIL POULOSE Mr. RAJAN PANTHALLOOR Mr.Dennis Daniel (Abbsnetworks Ltd,London) Mrs.Sunimol Dennis Miss.Lakshmi Murali Mukundan (Camera by Dennis Daniel) (Video Title and Sound Edited by YesudasCm - Yesu Technologies London)
http://wn.com/Prof_K_Satchidanandan_Interview_NEW_DECEMBER_2012
World Renowned poet Prof.K.Sachidanandan visited the United Kingdom in November 2012, It was in association with Malayala Bhashvaram in the Uk Organised by leading Malayalam Daily British Malayli in co-operation with a good nuber of cultural associations all over the UK. He was interviewed by Shri. Murukesh Panayara (Popular Novelist, in London for London Malayala Sahithya Vedi. We present it to the world Malayalees. Also we express ours sincere thanks to members of London Malayala Sahityavedi, British Malayali and ABBS Radio(abbsradio.com) Mr SHAJAN SACRIA - EDITOR BRITISH MALAYALI Mr SHAIJUMON .R - BRITISH MALAYALI RESIDENT EDITOR Mr REJI NANTHICATT - CO ORDINATOR OF LONDON MALAYALA SAHITHYA VEDI Mr. MURALI MUKUNDAN - FAMOUS MAGIC TEACHER, BLOGGER AND WRITER Mr KAROOR SOMAN - NOVELIST Mrs KAMALA MEERA - WELLKNOWN WRITER Mr PHILIP ABRAHAM - EDITOR, KERALA LINK Mr ABRAHAM VAZHOOR VAKKOM G SURESHKUMAR Mr BINIL POULOSE Mr. RAJAN PANTHALLOOR Mr.Dennis Daniel (Abbsnetworks Ltd,London) Mrs.Sunimol Dennis Miss.Lakshmi Murali Mukundan (Camera by Dennis Daniel) (Video Title and Sound Edited by YesudasCm - Yesu Technologies London)
- published: 03 Dec 2012
- views: 2991
- author: YtechUK
ASIN INTERVIEW ( MALAYALAM ) PART 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:17
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
malayalam tamil hindi actress asin interview in malayalam
http://wn.com/ASIN_INTERVIEW_MALAYALAM_PART_1
malayalam tamil hindi actress asin interview in malayalam
- published: 20 Mar 2009
- views: 232247
- author: vivek nair
Venu Gopal Interview Europe Malayalee Journal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:19
- Updated: 29 Jul 2012
http://wn.com/Venu_Gopal_Interview_Europe_Malayalee_Journal
Karthik (Singer) Interview - Manorama News - Malayalam
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:43
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
Singer Karthik malayalam interview Manorama News
http://wn.com/Karthik_Singer_Interview_Manorama_News_Malayalam
GULF FOCUS - Arab Malayali Vivaham
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:24
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
malayali vivaham ,
http://wn.com/GULF_FOCUS_Arab_Malayali_Vivaham
KSRTC Interview - Malayalam Comedy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:04
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
An interview and test for the KSRTC recruits - From Kalabhavan's world tour.
http://wn.com/KSRTC_Interview_Malayalam_Comedy
An interview and test for the KSRTC recruits - From Kalabhavan's world tour.
- published: 11 Jun 2009
- views: 733861
- author: mallubhai0MBBS
VIKRAM INTERVIEW IN MALAYALAM PART 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:28
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
actor vikram talking about his struggle films and stardom
http://wn.com/VIKRAM_INTERVIEW_IN_MALAYALAM_PART_1
actor vikram talking about his struggle films and stardom
- published: 20 Sep 2009
- views: 56893
- author: vivek nair
VK Krishna Menon Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:14
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
thefilmarchive.org Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon (Malayalam: വി. കെ. കൃഷ്ണമേനോന്, Hindi: वि. के. कृष्ण मेनोन्) (3 May 1896 -- 6 October 1974), commonly referred to as Krishna Menon, was an Indian nationalist, diplomat and statesman, described as the second most powerful man in India by Time Magazine and others, after his ally and intimate friend, Jawaharlal Nehru. Described as "vitriolic, intolerant, impatient, and exigent -- yes, but generous, sensitive, considerate, a great teacher too, and a great man" by Lord Listowell, the last British secretary of state for India, Menon was an influential and controversial figure on the world scene, and the architect of the Third Bloc foreign policy of non-alignment. He headed India's diplomatic missions to both the United Kingdom and United Nations, and was repeatedly elected to both houses of the Indian Parliament from multiple constituencies, serving as Defence Minister of India from 1957 to 1962. Menon cofounded Penguin Books in 1935 with Sir Allen Lane, and also created the Sainik Schools. He is the first Malayalee to have won the Padma Vibhushan. During the 1930s he worked as an editor for Bodley Head and Twentieth Century Library, and in 1934 cofounded Penguin and Pelican Books with colleague Sir Allen Lane. In 1934 he was admitted to the English bar, and after joining the Labour Party he was elected borough councillor of St. Pancras, London. St. Pancras later conferred on him the Freedom of ...
http://wn.com/VK_Krishna_Menon_Interview
thefilmarchive.org Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon (Malayalam: വി. കെ. കൃഷ്ണമേനോന്, Hindi: वि. के. कृष्ण मेनोन्) (3 May 1896 -- 6 October 1974), commonly referred to as Krishna Menon, was an Indian nationalist, diplomat and statesman, described as the second most powerful man in India by Time Magazine and others, after his ally and intimate friend, Jawaharlal Nehru. Described as "vitriolic, intolerant, impatient, and exigent -- yes, but generous, sensitive, considerate, a great teacher too, and a great man" by Lord Listowell, the last British secretary of state for India, Menon was an influential and controversial figure on the world scene, and the architect of the Third Bloc foreign policy of non-alignment. He headed India's diplomatic missions to both the United Kingdom and United Nations, and was repeatedly elected to both houses of the Indian Parliament from multiple constituencies, serving as Defence Minister of India from 1957 to 1962. Menon cofounded Penguin Books in 1935 with Sir Allen Lane, and also created the Sainik Schools. He is the first Malayalee to have won the Padma Vibhushan. During the 1930s he worked as an editor for Bodley Head and Twentieth Century Library, and in 1934 cofounded Penguin and Pelican Books with colleague Sir Allen Lane. In 1934 he was admitted to the English bar, and after joining the Labour Party he was elected borough councillor of St. Pancras, London. St. Pancras later conferred on him the Freedom of ...
- published: 08 Dec 2011
- views: 6358
- author: thefilmarchived
Akkara Kazhchakal Interview with Akkarakazchakal Hero,
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:56
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
The leading Malayali Videographer in UK, Thomas T Andoor (Pullanapally - Email: kuttytom@yahoo.co.uk) recently visited United States. In spite of his busy schedule, he found time to interview Pravasi Malayalee's beloved George Thekkumoottil (Josekutty Valiyakallumkal, in real life -- at Sneha Sandesham, we call him വെളിയന്നൂരിന്റെ വെള്ളിനക്ഷത്രം) of Akkarakazchakal for Sneha Sandesham. Lawrence Thomas came to New Jersey from Philadelphia exclusively get all those answers we were eagerly waiting to hear -- why the Sitcom got abruptly discontinued, what happened to Mathaikunju and Chakkimol, etc., etc. This interview was sponsored by Jaison Vadakkedam . We thank Jaison as well as Alex Nedumthuruthiyil (New Jersey) who provided facilities for shooting. Videography is a passion for Thomaskutty (Thomas Andoor) and he believes service is its own reward. So, No thanks, Thomaskutty! Hope you all enjoy the interview. Please share this with your Knananya and non-Knanaya friends who would be grateful to you. Alex Kaniamparambil Chief Editor Sneha Sandesham
http://wn.com/Akkara_Kazhchakal_Interview_with_Akkarakazchakal_Hero,
The leading Malayali Videographer in UK, Thomas T Andoor (Pullanapally - Email: kuttytom@yahoo.co.uk) recently visited United States. In spite of his busy schedule, he found time to interview Pravasi Malayalee's beloved George Thekkumoottil (Josekutty Valiyakallumkal, in real life -- at Sneha Sandesham, we call him വെളിയന്നൂരിന്റെ വെള്ളിനക്ഷത്രം) of Akkarakazchakal for Sneha Sandesham. Lawrence Thomas came to New Jersey from Philadelphia exclusively get all those answers we were eagerly waiting to hear -- why the Sitcom got abruptly discontinued, what happened to Mathaikunju and Chakkimol, etc., etc. This interview was sponsored by Jaison Vadakkedam . We thank Jaison as well as Alex Nedumthuruthiyil (New Jersey) who provided facilities for shooting. Videography is a passion for Thomaskutty (Thomas Andoor) and he believes service is its own reward. So, No thanks, Thomaskutty! Hope you all enjoy the interview. Please share this with your Knananya and non-Knanaya friends who would be grateful to you. Alex Kaniamparambil Chief Editor Sneha Sandesham
- published: 16 May 2011
- views: 80236
- author: britishvartha
Asianet Interview P. Sukumaran Chief Editor & Publisher in Malayali Directories
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:05
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
Asianet Interview P. Sukumaran Chief Editor & Publisher in Malayali Directories
http://wn.com/Asianet_Interview_P_Sukumaran_Chief_Editor_Publisher_in_Malayali_Directories
Asianet Interview P. Sukumaran Chief Editor & Publisher in Malayali Directories
- published: 07 Sep 2012
- views: 28
- author: netventurecorp
Kamal Haasan Malayalam Interview Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:46
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Kamal Haasan (Tamil: கமல்ஹாசன்; born 7 November 1954) is an Indian film actor, script writer, and filmmaker, considered one of the leading method actors of Indian cinema.[1][2] Haasan is known for winning several Indian film awards, including earning the most National Film Awards and Filmfare Awards, and also has the distinction of being the actor with the most number of films submitted by India in contest for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. In addition to acting and directing, he is a screenwriter, lyricist, playback singer and choreographer. His film production company, Rajkamal International, has produced several of his films. After several projects as a child artiste, Kamal Haasan's breakthrough into lead acting came with his role in the 1975 drama Apoorva Raagangal, in which he played a rebellious youth in love with an older woman. He secured his first Indian National Film Award for his portrayal of a guileless school teacher who tends a child-like amnesiac in 1982's Moondram Pirai. He was particularly noted for his performance in Mani Ratnam's Godfatheresque Nayagan (1987), which was ranked by Time magazine as one of the best films of all time.[3] Since then he has gone on to appear in other notable films such as his own productions, Hey Ram and Virumaandi, as well as the magnum opus Dasavathaaram, in which he appeared in ten distinct roles.
http://wn.com/Kamal_Haasan_Malayalam_Interview_Part_1
Kamal Haasan (Tamil: கமல்ஹாசன்; born 7 November 1954) is an Indian film actor, script writer, and filmmaker, considered one of the leading method actors of Indian cinema.[1][2] Haasan is known for winning several Indian film awards, including earning the most National Film Awards and Filmfare Awards, and also has the distinction of being the actor with the most number of films submitted by India in contest for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. In addition to acting and directing, he is a screenwriter, lyricist, playback singer and choreographer. His film production company, Rajkamal International, has produced several of his films. After several projects as a child artiste, Kamal Haasan's breakthrough into lead acting came with his role in the 1975 drama Apoorva Raagangal, in which he played a rebellious youth in love with an older woman. He secured his first Indian National Film Award for his portrayal of a guileless school teacher who tends a child-like amnesiac in 1982's Moondram Pirai. He was particularly noted for his performance in Mani Ratnam's Godfatheresque Nayagan (1987), which was ranked by Time magazine as one of the best films of all time.[3] Since then he has gone on to appear in other notable films such as his own productions, Hey Ram and Virumaandi, as well as the magnum opus Dasavathaaram, in which he appeared in ten distinct roles.
- published: 26 Jun 2010
- views: 19885
- author: FilmFileVideos
MSViswanathan_ Interview-2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:22
- Updated: 02 Sep 2012
Manayangath Subramanian Viswanathan hails from an orthodox Malayali Nair family, with parents Subramanian and Narayanikutty (or Naanikutty), in Manayangath house (from which one of his initials is derived). He was born on 24 June 1928 in Elappully village in Palakkad, Kerala, India. A legendary perfectionist, he established a prolific career composing film music in the Tamil film industry. He is popularly known as "Mellisai Mannar" (Tamil for "the King of Light Music"). It was granted by Sivaji Ganesan at the Madras Triplicane Cultural Academy on 16 June 1963. Since young, MS Viswanathan was handling the harmonium while TK Ramamoorthy was handling the violin for CR Subburaman..As early as 1948, MS Viswanathan (also known as MSV), was already working with various music directors. His first score was for the film Jenova (1954). He along with TK Ramamoorthy dominated film music composing in the South Indian film industry during the 1950s and 1960s and composed scores for over 700 films, revitalising Chennai film music as the duo Viswanathan-Ramamoorthy. The duo parted in 1965 and since he had composed for films individually. He has sung over 500 of his own songs, as well as those of other music directors like V. Kumar, Shankar Ganesh, Ilayaraaja, Gangai Amaran, Deva, Bharathwaj and AR Rahman. He often worked with the well-known Tamil poet and lyricist Kannadasan. His major works over the past five decades have been in Tamil, Malayalam and Telugu films. He has also acted and ...
http://wn.com/MSViswanathan_Interview-2
Manayangath Subramanian Viswanathan hails from an orthodox Malayali Nair family, with parents Subramanian and Narayanikutty (or Naanikutty), in Manayangath house (from which one of his initials is derived). He was born on 24 June 1928 in Elappully village in Palakkad, Kerala, India. A legendary perfectionist, he established a prolific career composing film music in the Tamil film industry. He is popularly known as "Mellisai Mannar" (Tamil for "the King of Light Music"). It was granted by Sivaji Ganesan at the Madras Triplicane Cultural Academy on 16 June 1963. Since young, MS Viswanathan was handling the harmonium while TK Ramamoorthy was handling the violin for CR Subburaman..As early as 1948, MS Viswanathan (also known as MSV), was already working with various music directors. His first score was for the film Jenova (1954). He along with TK Ramamoorthy dominated film music composing in the South Indian film industry during the 1950s and 1960s and composed scores for over 700 films, revitalising Chennai film music as the duo Viswanathan-Ramamoorthy. The duo parted in 1965 and since he had composed for films individually. He has sung over 500 of his own songs, as well as those of other music directors like V. Kumar, Shankar Ganesh, Ilayaraaja, Gangai Amaran, Deva, Bharathwaj and AR Rahman. He often worked with the well-known Tamil poet and lyricist Kannadasan. His major works over the past five decades have been in Tamil, Malayalam and Telugu films. He has also acted and ...
- published: 16 Nov 2011
- views: 2835
- author: jofy. p.j.
29:17
Europe Malayalee Journal An interview with Madhu Balakrishnan /www.facebook.com/asianeteurope
Location:woodford Concept&Presentation; : S.Sreekumar Shoot : Reji Lal & Jerrin Sound : Joh...
published: 30 Oct 2012
author: europemalayalee
Europe Malayalee Journal An interview with Madhu Balakrishnan /www.facebook.com/asianeteurope
Location:woodford Concept&Presentation; : S.Sreekumar Shoot : Reji Lal & Jerrin Sound : John Edit : Jerrin.k.Rajan Studio : Anand Media
- published: 30 Oct 2012
- views: 199
- author: europemalayalee
25:52
Europe Malayalee Journal An interview with Gopika Part - 1 /www.facebook.com/asianeteurope
...
published: 09 Aug 2012
author: europemalayalee
Europe Malayalee Journal An interview with Gopika Part - 1 /www.facebook.com/asianeteurope
- published: 09 Aug 2012
- views: 612
- author: europemalayalee
25:59
Europe Malayalee Journal An interview with Finance Minister KMMani /www.facebook.com/asianeteurope
Location:Croydon Concept&Presentation; : S.Sreekumar Shoot : Reji Lal & Jerrin Edit : Jerri...
published: 17 Sep 2012
author: europemalayalee
Europe Malayalee Journal An interview with Finance Minister KMMani /www.facebook.com/asianeteurope
Location:Croydon Concept&Presentation; : S.Sreekumar Shoot : Reji Lal & Jerrin Edit : Jerrin.k.Rajan Studio : Anand Media
- published: 17 Sep 2012
- views: 247
- author: europemalayalee
9:23
Comedy Interview Skit at world Malayalee Conference.
Comedy Interview skit - Participants Manjith Kainikara & Siby Thalakulam....
published: 14 Dec 2012
author: sibythalakkulam
Comedy Interview Skit at world Malayalee Conference.
Comedy Interview skit - Participants Manjith Kainikara & Siby Thalakulam.
- published: 14 Dec 2012
- views: 124
- author: sibythalakkulam
8:43
Interview with Akhina Mooken, Miss Kerala Canada 2010 by Sony Paul
...
published: 03 Jan 2011
author: lavasample
Interview with Akhina Mooken, Miss Kerala Canada 2010 by Sony Paul
- published: 03 Jan 2011
- views: 4243
- author: lavasample
5:35
MDreams Band - Interview on Asianet News on June 15th, 2011 - "India Gate" malayalam album songs
Interview with Lead vocalist Vinod Nambiar, telecast on Asianet News program "India Gate" ...
published: 16 Jun 2011
author: MalayaliDreams
MDreams Band - Interview on Asianet News on June 15th, 2011 - "India Gate" malayalam album songs
Interview with Lead vocalist Vinod Nambiar, telecast on Asianet News program "India Gate" on 15th June 2011. To all our well wishers across the globe, here is MDreams' first interview in the visual media. We hope you will witness MDreams first hand and help us to grow as a band and bring you the music that we so love making! Mp3 Download links: Puthiya Dinam A New Day 128 Kbps in zip file format www.mediafire.com Puthiya Dinam A New Day 320 Kbps in zip file format www.mediafire.com Single track download links: www.4shared.com All Videos playlist: www.youtube.com Website: www.malayalidreams.com Produced by Leyons Philip & Vinod Nambiar, USA Music Director Leyons Philip Lead Vocals: Vinod Nambiar Lyrics: VinuKrishnan Arranged: Zahid\Leyons
- published: 16 Jun 2011
- views: 1667
- author: MalayaliDreams
1:00
Malayalam Television's Pravasi Prathiba interview with Penn Masala's Mahesh Murali
Malayalam Television's Pravasi Prathiba interview with Penn Masala's Mahesh Murali Hosted ...
published: 24 Feb 2012
author: MalayalamTVUSA
Malayalam Television's Pravasi Prathiba interview with Penn Masala's Mahesh Murali
Malayalam Television's Pravasi Prathiba interview with Penn Masala's Mahesh Murali Hosted by Vineetha Nair
- published: 24 Feb 2012
- views: 1797
- author: MalayalamTVUSA
4:42
Mdreams Music Band Interview in Asianet US Weekly Round Up: Malayalam Album songs
Mdreams music band interview telecast in Asianet US Weekly Round Up on 29th October 2011 @...
published: 30 Oct 2011
author: MalayaliDreams
Mdreams Music Band Interview in Asianet US Weekly Round Up: Malayalam Album songs
Mdreams music band interview telecast in Asianet US Weekly Round Up on 29th October 2011 @11.30 AM. Mp3 Download links: Puthiya Dinam A New Day 128 Kbps in zip file format www.mediafire.com Puthiya Dinam A New Day 320 Kbps in zip file format www.mediafire.com Single track download links: www.4shared.com All Videos playlist: www.youtube.com Website: www.malayalidreams.com Produced by Leyons Philip & Vinod Nambiar, USA Music Director Leyons Philip Lead Vocals: Vinod Nambiar Lyrics: VinuKrishnan Arranged: Zahid\Leyons
- published: 30 Oct 2011
- views: 947
- author: MalayaliDreams
12:38
Joseph Achen Interview Part 1of8 JosephAchenPt1of5dur12m37s.mp4
An Interview with Fr. Joseph Puthenpurackal for Malayalam Television...
published: 14 Dec 2011
author: MalayalamTVUSA
Joseph Achen Interview Part 1of8 JosephAchenPt1of5dur12m37s.mp4
An Interview with Fr. Joseph Puthenpurackal for Malayalam Television
- published: 14 Dec 2011
- views: 12079
- author: MalayalamTVUSA
14:57
Ramesh Chennithala - The Global Herald Interview Series #1
The Global Herald (theglobalherald.com speaks exclusively to Ramesh Chennithala, President...
published: 07 Sep 2011
author: TheGlobalHerald
Ramesh Chennithala - The Global Herald Interview Series #1
The Global Herald (theglobalherald.com speaks exclusively to Ramesh Chennithala, President of the Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee about Kerala state, Indian politics, Anna Hazare, and more. This interview, is part of The Global Herald Interview Series, which sees The Global Herald video journalists asking the important questions to key leaders and political figures around the world, always subtitled in English. The first focus for The Global Herald Interview Series is on India - you may follow items on India published by The Global Herald, by subscribing to the India "News Tag": * At The Global Herald: theglobalherald.com * On Facebook: www.facebook.com * On Twitter: twitter.com While commenting on YouTube is disabled for this series, you may participate in a vivid, moderated, debate of all the issues covered in this video at The Global Herald website, theglobalherald.com. A full list of questions and a transcript of this interview may be discovered at our website, http where you may also leave questions and comments on this, and any other item published in The Global Herald's paywall-free home of News, Analysis and Reflection.
- published: 07 Sep 2011
- views: 606
- author: TheGlobalHerald
40:45
Prof. K. Satchidanandan Interview NEW DECEMBER 2012
World Renowned poet Prof.K.Sachidanandan visited the United Kingdom in November 2012, It w...
published: 03 Dec 2012
author: YtechUK
Prof. K. Satchidanandan Interview NEW DECEMBER 2012
World Renowned poet Prof.K.Sachidanandan visited the United Kingdom in November 2012, It was in association with Malayala Bhashvaram in the Uk Organised by leading Malayalam Daily British Malayli in co-operation with a good nuber of cultural associations all over the UK. He was interviewed by Shri. Murukesh Panayara (Popular Novelist, in London for London Malayala Sahithya Vedi. We present it to the world Malayalees. Also we express ours sincere thanks to members of London Malayala Sahityavedi, British Malayali and ABBS Radio(abbsradio.com) Mr SHAJAN SACRIA - EDITOR BRITISH MALAYALI Mr SHAIJUMON .R - BRITISH MALAYALI RESIDENT EDITOR Mr REJI NANTHICATT - CO ORDINATOR OF LONDON MALAYALA SAHITHYA VEDI Mr. MURALI MUKUNDAN - FAMOUS MAGIC TEACHER, BLOGGER AND WRITER Mr KAROOR SOMAN - NOVELIST Mrs KAMALA MEERA - WELLKNOWN WRITER Mr PHILIP ABRAHAM - EDITOR, KERALA LINK Mr ABRAHAM VAZHOOR VAKKOM G SURESHKUMAR Mr BINIL POULOSE Mr. RAJAN PANTHALLOOR Mr.Dennis Daniel (Abbsnetworks Ltd,London) Mrs.Sunimol Dennis Miss.Lakshmi Murali Mukundan (Camera by Dennis Daniel) (Video Title and Sound Edited by YesudasCm - Yesu Technologies London)
- published: 03 Dec 2012
- views: 2991
- author: YtechUK
9:17
ASIN INTERVIEW ( MALAYALAM ) PART 1
malayalam tamil hindi actress asin interview in malayalam...
published: 20 Mar 2009
author: vivek nair
ASIN INTERVIEW ( MALAYALAM ) PART 1
malayalam tamil hindi actress asin interview in malayalam
- published: 20 Mar 2009
- views: 232247
- author: vivek nair
Vimeo results:
4:09
Devon Malayali Onam Pookkalam
devon malayali pookkalam 2010...
published: 22 Aug 2010
author: guvapra
Devon Malayali Onam Pookkalam
devon malayali pookkalam 2010
0:34
ALLAHU MALAYALI ALLA..BALUSSERI
published: 09 Jun 2010
author: sunnathjama3th
ALLAHU MALAYALI ALLA..BALUSSERI
7:10
Devon Malayali Association
Skit presented by DMA members...
published: 10 Nov 2010
author: guvapra
Devon Malayali Association
Skit presented by DMA members
24:56
Inganeyum Oru Katha - Malayalam Short Film
A simple, fun independent short film by a bunch of Malayalis from Singapore.
Written, Pr...
published: 31 Mar 2012
author: Kathaah Productions
Inganeyum Oru Katha - Malayalam Short Film
A simple, fun independent short film by a bunch of Malayalis from Singapore.
Written, Produced & Directed by Shilpa Krishnan Shukla
Starring: Anto Baby, Balaraman Kunduvara, Naren Prasad Kolary, Gayathri Gopal, Poorna Prasad, Shilpa Krishnan Shukla
Cinematography: Naren Kolary, Sneharaj Malankad, Ramchander Krishna
Music: Aditya Pathak
Editing & Digital Grading: Mathew Jenif Joseph
Sound Design: Thomas Boon
Youtube results:
6:43
Karthik (Singer) Interview - Manorama News - Malayalam
Singer Karthik malayalam interview Manorama News...
published: 15 Dec 2011
author: 676sha
Karthik (Singer) Interview - Manorama News - Malayalam
Singer Karthik malayalam interview Manorama News
- published: 15 Dec 2011
- views: 7251
- author: 676sha
10:24
GULF FOCUS - Arab Malayali Vivaham
malayali vivaham ,...
published: 26 Jun 2011
author: 007keralaful
GULF FOCUS - Arab Malayali Vivaham
malayali vivaham ,
- published: 26 Jun 2011
- views: 224464
- author: 007keralaful
8:04
KSRTC Interview - Malayalam Comedy
An interview and test for the KSRTC recruits - From Kalabhavan's world tour....
published: 11 Jun 2009
author: mallubhai0MBBS
KSRTC Interview - Malayalam Comedy
An interview and test for the KSRTC recruits - From Kalabhavan's world tour.
- published: 11 Jun 2009
- views: 733861
- author: mallubhai0MBBS
8:28
VIKRAM INTERVIEW IN MALAYALAM PART 1
actor vikram talking about his struggle films and stardom...
published: 20 Sep 2009
author: vivek nair
VIKRAM INTERVIEW IN MALAYALAM PART 1
actor vikram talking about his struggle films and stardom
- published: 20 Sep 2009
- views: 56893
- author: vivek nair
photo: White House / Pete Souza
24 Jan 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. In the world of politics and imagination, theater usually trumps theology while history is most often vanquished by histrionics. President Barack Obama's swearing-in ceremony for a second term reflects this truth, specifically as he uses two historic bibles-one belonging to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and another used only by Abraham Lincoln ... "With malice toward none; with charity for all."....(size: 7.3Kb)
photo: AP / Mohammad Hannon
25 Jan 2013
Republicans wanted nothing more than to summon Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to Capitol Hill and grill her about the tragic fiasco in Benghazi. Sadly for them, they got their wish. Clinton’s smooth and confident performance at Wednesday’s Senate and House committee hearings was fun to watch. When her would-be inquisitors asked serious questions, she gave serious answers. But when Sen ... Fat chance ... Benghazi ... Perhaps not ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)
photo: US Army / Edward N. Johnson
25 Jan 2013
By Charles Armstrong, Special to CNN. Editor’s note. Charles Armstrong is the director of the Center for Korean Research at Columbia University. The views expressed are his own. Anyone who has followed North Korean affairs for the last several years (or the last two decades) could have predicted North Korea’s defiant response to the U.N ... sanctions not by giving up missiles and nukes, but ratcheting up the rhetoric ... More from GPS ... Post by ... ... ....(size: 15.8Kb)
photo: AP / Hossam Ali
26 Jan 2013
An Egyptian court has handed down 21 death sentences in connection with the deadly riot last year at a football stadium in Port Said located along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The defendants sentenced on Saturday are mostly members of the "Ultras," die-hard football fans who support Port Said's al-Masry squad ... Al-Masry fans stormed the pitch after their team won, throwing stones, bottles and fireworks at al-Ahly supporters....(size: 17.2Kb)
photo: UN / Martine Perret
25 Jan 2013
At least one in five people, including half of schoolchildren, were infected with swine flu during the first year of the pandemic in 2009, according to data from 19 countries. It is thought the virus killed 200,000 people around the world. A World Health Organization-led study looked for evidence of the body's immune system fighting the virus ... Anti-bodies ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
The Times of India
26 Jan 2013
"Since I'm not a Malayali I listen to scripts read out to me by the scriptwriter or director before signing up any project ... "I am not happy doing negative roles and I'm sure the Malayali audience won't like to see me or any other actress doing such a role," says Roma and adds that she is not averse to doing a ......(size: 1.6Kb)
Deccan Chronicle
26 Jan 2013
Mollywood is on a song with A-listers from Bollywood giving Malayali singers a run for their money . Shreya Ghoshal is, perhaps, the most prolific and leads the exodus pack. Well, get ready to see not one but four Bollywood singers lending their voices for one single film ... But where does that leave the talented Malayali singers?. Probably it is their turn to approach Bollywood for some songs!....(size: 1.8Kb)
The Hindu
26 Jan 2013
Benyamin is a novelist and short story writer ... The book is now a staple in the syllabus of schools and universities across India ... His work has frequently appeared in Malayalam publications in Kerala, and deals with the life of Malayalis living in the Gulf ... He will also speak on In Brief ... Click....(size: 1.5Kb)
The Times of India
26 Jan 2013
KOCHI ... Justice S S Satheesachandran quashed the criminal proceedings against Changanassery resident Prakash Philip, a crew member of Kuwait Airways, after the company and the complainant, a Malayali woman residing in New York, informed the court that further prosecution in the case was not needed as compensation has been given already ... Subsequently, Prakash filed a petition at the high court seeking to quash the case against him ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
Deccan Chronicle
26 Jan 2013
The young Malayali generation is oblivious of the freedom struggle of Indian freedom fighters on various Asian shores. Who remembers heroes like Ayyappan Pillai Madhavan Nair, known as Nairsan who fought the foreign rulers from faraway Japan? ... Many Malyalis came to know of Pazhassi Raja after Mammootty portrayed him on screen. Now, Nairsan will be brought to life by Mohanlal in a movie based on his life ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
The Times of India
25 Jan 2013
Malayalis have always been proud of their simple and nutritious food habits and lifestyle But a recent study proves this wrong ... This happens in other Indian metros, but the difference is that the majority of Malayalis are non-vegetarians, and also, they don't consume salads and other healthy foods like North Indians do, points out nutritionists....(size: 2.8Kb)
Deccan Chronicle
24 Jan 2013
The Times of India
24 Jan 2013
For Malayali men, a moustache is a sign of their masculinity or a symbol of manhood. Not anymore. Call it the western influence; today, some of the hottest dudes prefer to show off their six-packs and not moustaches. Instead of the typical thick, black moustache, new-generation hunks are sporting a stubble or a clean shaven look. And are their female fans complaining? Not a bit! ... Ram Varma, a software engineer, agrees ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
Deccan Chronicle
23 Jan 2013
When little boys his age were engrossed in cartoons, he was behind the wheel, chasing his dream of being a champ! A child prodigy who burst into the motor sport scenario eight years ago by winning the Dubai National Championship, the eighteen year old Malayali boy is one of the most promising names waiting to take the country for ward in the F1 circuit....(size: 2.6Kb)
The Times of India
23 Jan 2013
The actress is all set to step into Sandalwood with the remake of the Telugu film, Brindavanam ... A remake of the Telugu film Brindavanam, Karthika will play Darshan's leading lady in the big-budgeted flick ... But I'm confident of doing justice to the role," says the Malayali girl, who became quite good at Telugu by the time her debut, Josh, became a hit ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
The Times of India
22 Jan 2013
KOCHI ... Aashiq said the biennale should not be limited to the scheduled three-month period ... Each work shows their deep commitment," added Abu, who has presented a new experience to Malayalis through his varied directorial works Daddy Cool, Salt N' Pepper, 22 Female Kottayam and Da Thadiya ... ....(size: 1.3Kb)
The Times of India
22 Jan 2013
Deccan Chronicle
21 Jan 2013
The glamorous girl on the posters of Nakhangal looks like a non-Malayali actor flown in to enact the pretty female character. However, a brief time spent with Megha brings out her friendly girl nextdoor attitude, typical of many Malayali heroines. Though settled in Ahmedabad, Megha has her roots here and can also speak Malayalam well ... She fondly recalls meeting Priyadarshan, who mentored the movie's director ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)
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| Notable List of Malayalees:
Adi Shankara • Shashi Tharoor • Arundhati Roy • Adoor Gopalakrishnan • Narayana Guru • Varghese Payapilly Palakkappilly • Raja Ravi Varma • P. T. Usha • K. J. Yesudas |
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| 35,757,100 (1997)[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Regions with significant populations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Malayalam (മലയാളം) |
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| Religion | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Related ethnic groups | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dravidian people, Tamil people, Kannadiga, Telugu people, Tuluva, Brahui people |
Malayali (also spelled Malayalee; Malayalam: മലയാളി, Malayāḷi ?) is the term used to refer to the native speakers of Malayalam, originating from the Indian state of Kerala. The Malayali identity is primarily linguistic, although in recent times the definition has been broadened to include emigrants of Malayali descent who partly maintain Malayali cultural traditions, even if they do not regularly speak the language. While the origins of the Malayali people are in the state of Kerala, significant populations also exist in other parts of India, the Middle East, Europe and North America. According to the Indian census of 2001, there were 30,803,747 speakers of Malayalam in Kerala,[6] making up 96.7% of the total population of that state. Hence the word Keralite is often used in the same context, though a proper definition is ambiguous.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Malayalam, the Malayalis' native language, has its origin from the words mala meaning mountain and alam meaning land (Tamil/Malayalam) or locality (which lies alongside the mountain).[7] Hence 'Malayali' means people from the mountains who lived beyond the Western Ghats, and Malayalam the language that was spoken there.
Geographic distribution and population[link]
See also: Kerala Gulf diaspora
According to the Indian census of 2001, there were 30,803,747 speakers of Malayalam in Kerala, making up 93.2% of the total number of Malayalam speakers in India, and 96.7% of the total population of the state. There were a further 701,673 (2.1% of the total number) in Karnataka, 557,705 (1.7%) in Tamil Nadu, and 406,358 (1.2%) in Maharashtra. The number of Malayalam speakers in Lakshadweep is 51,100, which is only 0.15% of the total number, but is as much as about 84% of the population of Lakshadweep. In all, Malayalis made up 3.22% of the total Indian population in 2001. Of the total 33,066,392 Malayalam speakers in India in 2001, 33,015,420 spoke the standard dialects, 19,643 spoke the Yerava dialect and 31,329 spoke non- standard regional variations like Eranadan.[6] As per the 1991 census data, 28.85% of all Malayalam speakers in India spoke a second language and 19.64% of the total knew three or more languages.
Large numbers of Malayalis have settled in Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Mumbai (Bombay), Pune and Chennai (Madras). A large number of Malayalis have also emigrated to the Middle East, the United States, and Europe. There were 179,860 speakers of Malayalam in the United States, according to the 2000 census, with the highest concentrations in Bergen County, New Jersey and Rockland County, New York. There were 7,093 Malayalam speakers in Australia in 2006.[3] The 2001 Canadian census reported 7,070 people who listed Malayalam as their mother tongue. The vast majority of them live in the Greater Toronto Area and Southern Ontario. The 2006 New Zealand census reported 2,139 speakers.[8] 134 Malayalam speaking households were reported in 1956 in Fiji. There is also a considerable Malayali population in the Persian Gulf regions, especially in Dubai. Interestingly there are also three malayalies in the small country of Suriname in South American continent.
Communities[link]
Historically, religion and caste played a major role in community, with individuals associating and marrying within their religion or caste. Hence, Malayali communities can be differentiated along historical religious lines.
Hindu[link]
Ezhava[link]
Main article: Ezhava
The Ezhavas are the largest Hindu community in Kerala. Ezhavas are also found amongst the Malayali diaspora around the world. Ezhavas are today a social group sharing a common history from the pre-social reform era. With a population of 7.3 million Ezhavas are the largest Hindu community in Kerala.
Nambudiri[link]
Main article: Nambudiri
The Nambudiri Brahmins are the indigenous Brahmins of Kerala, who are considered the most orthodox Brahmins in India.[9] They perform rituals in temples of Kerala based on Tantra Vidhi, a complex and ancient branch of Tantric traditions found only in Kerala, and some Mahakshetras ("Great Temples") around India (which have a Nambudiri acting as the Head Priest). Namboothiris follow the conservative and ritualistic Śrauta traditions and the ancient Purva Mimamsa, unlike the majority of other Brahmins in India who follow the Vedanta.
Nair[link]
Main article: Nair
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Nairs (sometimes spelled Nayar) were Hindu upper caste and division of the Hindu caste system. The Nairs were a martial nobility[10][11][12][13] and figure prominently in the history of Kerala. The Nairs form the second largest Hindu community in Kerala.
Interim castes[link]
Certain interim castes ( Antharala Jati) such as Kaniyar, Viswakarma( Kammalas) are worth mentioning . They were once socially indispensable for their exclusive traditional occupational functions .
Ganaka /Kaniyar community were associated with the practice of traditional Hindu astrology, and other intellectual vocations [14] such as conducting Kalari for teaching letters(3R's)[15] to non- Brahmins at village school(Ezhuthu Palli) and Martial arts (Kalary payattu).[16][17] They were generally known by the title Panicker and Asan [18] in northern and southern regions of Kerala respectively.[19]
Many artisan communities are collectively known as Viswakarma, they were engaged with various craft traditions ( carpentery, masonry,glack smithing, gold smithing, pot making etc.), involving the make and maintenance of architectural entities of Kerala.[20]
Ambalavasi[link]
Main article: Ambalavasi
Ambalavasi is the name of a Kerala community (not to be confused with caste) composed of a number of Hindu castes such as Pushpakas (Unni, Nambeesan, etc.), Chakyars, Moothaths, Ilayaths, Kurukkals, Warriers, Marars, Nambiars, Pisharody, Poduvals etc. Traditionally, they perform temple related jobs and art forms.
Pulaya[link]
Main article: Pulayar
The Pulayas, also known as Pulayar are one of the main social groups found in the Kerala society, who were traditionally engaged in various agriculture-related occupations. Ayyankali (1863–1914), one among the great social reformers of India, who was praised by Mahatma Gandhi when he visited Venganoor, was born to a Malayali Pulaya family.
Muslim[link]
Main article: Mappila
See also: Muslims of Kerala
Malayali Muslims are members of a Malayalam-speaking Islamic community spread across Kerala, Lakshadweep, Kodagu and across Malayali Diaspora around the world. In North Kerala they are known as Mappilas or Moplahs. The word mappila is derived from the words 'maha' and 'pilla' . The Mappilas are believed to be the earliest known Indian Muslim community, having existed since the 8th century CE, when Arab merchants who had long been trading with the Chera kingdom settled in Kerala. The Muslims in Kerala can not be easily distinguished in the community as they still retain their Malayali features.[citation needed] They follow the preachings of monotheism by Muhammad in Arabia, especially the UAE and other Gulf countries. They propagated their Islamic faith along the Malabar Coast. Most Mappila Muslims follow the Shafi'i school of Muslim Jurisprudence (in contrast to the Hanafi school followed by most South Asian Muslims). A good amount of mappila's find their income from gulf region. In North Malabar, from Malappuram to Kasargod, at least one of three Muslim houses have foreign income.
Christian[link]
Main article: Saint Thomas Christians
Christians form the third largest group in Kerala. Over the centuries, they have blended well with the changing socio-cultural environment of the region, becoming uniquely Indian and Christian.
According to beliefs, Christianity in India dates to Thomas the Apostle’s conversion of Jews and local population in Kerala during the 1st century CE.[21][22] The 3rd and 4th centuries saw an influx of Christians from the Middle East. Distance kept the community of St Thomas Christians separate from other Christian communities until about the 8th century, when they started receiving bishops and support from the Chaldean Church. The arrival of Europeans in the 15th century and discontent with Portuguese interference in religious matters fomented schism into Syrian Catholic and Orthodox communities. Further schism, rearrangements, and missionary activity led to the formation of the other Indian Churches. Latin Rite Christians were converted by the Portuguese in the 16th and 19th centuries mainly from communities where fishing was the traditional occupation. Anglo-Indian Christian communities formed around this time as Europeans and local Malayalis intermarried. Protestantism arrived a few centuries later with missionary activity during British rule. The community today can broadly divided into Catholic, Orthodox, Marthomite, other Protestant denominations and the relatively newer Pentecostal groups. It is important to note that despite being a heterogeneous group, Malayali Christians find unity in a common history and faith.
Jewish[link]
Cochin Jews, also called Malabar Jews (Malabar Yehudan) are the ancient Jews and their descendants of the erstwhile state of Kingdom of Cochin which includes the present day port city of Kochi.[23] They traditionally spoke Judeo-Malayalam, a form of the Malayalam tongue, native to the state of Kerala. The Jews of Cochin did not adhere to the Talmudic prohibition, followed by other Orthodox Jews, against public singing by women, and therefore have a rich tradition of Jewish prayers and narrative songs performed by women in Judeo-Malayalam.[24]
Their population has been greatly reduced from historical numbers, as many have emigrated to Israel to settle in the Negev. Part of the decline in Kerala's Jewish population can also be attributed to conversion.[21] Many of the Jews that converted during the time of Saint Thomas became Nasranis aka Saint Thomas Christians.[21]
Jain[link]
Main article: Jainism in Kerala
Jainism has had a continued presence in Kerala since pre-Christian times with Jainism in Kerala enjoying an extensive heritage and history.
At present, Jainism in Kerala has a very small following, mainly from the original Jains of Kerala and the Gujarati Jain business community, to be found in Kochi and Calicut. Most of the Shwetambar followers are living in Mattancherry (Kochi) and Digambar community families are residents of Ernakulam (Kochi).
Jainism came to Kerala in the third century BC soon after Chandragupta Maurya (B.C. 321-297), accompanied by the Jain monk Bhadrabahu, travelled to Shravanabelagola near Mysore (in present day Karnataka). Their followers are believed to have journeyed further south, into present day Kerala and Tamil Nadu, in search of suitable places for meditation. By the start of the Christian era, Jainism was well established in Kerala. Ilango Adigal, author of the Tamil epic Silappadikaram, was among the notable royal patrons of the Jain religion in Kerala. He lived in Trikkanaa-Mathilakam which attained fame as a centre of Jain culture and learning.
Unclassified[link]
Main article: Atheism in Kerala
With the growth in intermarriage between Malayali communities and also with other groups, especially outside Kerala, many people who identify themselves with Kerala or with Malayali culture can not readily be labeled as members of one of the historic castes or communities listed above. Also, although a number of these groups were historically affiliated to one or other religion or sect, many of their modern members may be agnostic or atheist, or identify more strongly with some other religious or non-religious ideology. Nevertheless, Malayalis have been a open-minded people who are accepting of various groups irrespective of caste and class in their community.
Culture[link]
Malayali cultural genesis can be traced to their membership (around the 3rd century CE) in a well defined historical region known as Tamilakam, encompassing the Chera, Chola, and Pandya kingdoms and southern coastal Karnataka. Later upon the arrival of other ethnic groups such as Namboothiris, Nairs, etc. the distinct culture took shape. This was later elaborated upon by centuries of contact with foreign cultures such as Syrian, Judeo, Arabian, Portuguese, English communities which have left their mark.[25] These foreign communities often settled in Kerala and assimilated with the local population resulting in different ethnic groups such as the Cochin Jews, Mappilas, Syrian Malabar Nasranis, and Anglo Indian.
Language and Literature[link]
Malayalam is the language spoken by the Malayalis. Malayalam is derived from Middle Tamil in the 6th century, of which Modern Tamil was also derived.[26] An alternative theory proposes a split in more ancient times.[26] For cultural purposes Malayalam and Sanskrit formed a language known as Manipravalam, where both languages were used in an alternating style. Malayalam is the only among the major Dravidian languages without diglossia. This means, that the Malayalam which is spoken does not differ from the written variant. Malayalam is written using the Malayalam script.
Malayalam literature is ancient in origin. The oldest literature works in Malayalam, distinct from the Tamil tradition, is dated between 9th century and 11th century.[26] Malayalam literature includes the 14th century Niranam poets (Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar), whose works mark the dawn of both modern Malayalam language and indigenous Keralite poetry. The Triumvirate of poets (Kavithrayam: Kumaran Asan, Vallathol Narayana Menon and Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer)[27] are recognized for moving Keralite poetry away from archaic sophistry and metaphysics and towards a more lyrical mode.In the second half of the 20th century, Jnanpith awardees like G. Sankara Kurup, S. K. Pottekkatt, Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai and M. T. Vasudevan Nair have made valuable contributions to the Malayalam literature. Later, such Keralite writers as O. V. Vijayan, Kamaladas, M. Mukundan, and Booker Prize winner Arundhati Roy, whose 1996 semi-autobiographical bestseller[28] The God of Small Things is set in the Kottayam town of Ayemenem, have gained international recognition.[29][30]
Tharavadu[link]
Main article: Tharavadu
Tharavadu is a system of joint family practised by Malayalis, especially castes like Nambudiris, Nairs, and Ezhavas. Each Tharavadu has a unique name. The Tharavadu was administered by the Karanavan, the oldest male member of the family.[31] He would be the eldest maternal uncle of the family as well. The members of the Tharavadu consisted of mother, daughters, sons, sisters and brothers. The fathers and husbands had very minimal role to play in the affairs of the Tharavadu. It was a true matrilineal affair. The Karanavar took all major decisions. He was usually autocratic. However, the consent of the eldest female member of the family was taken before implementing the decisions. This eldest female member would be his maternal grandmother, own mother, mother's sister, his own sister or a sister through his maternal lineage. Since the lineage was through the female members, the birth of a daughter was always welcomed. Each Tharavadu also has a Para Devatha (clan deity) revered by those in the particular Tharavadu. Temples were built to honor these deities.
Kerala's society is less patriarchical than the rest of the Majority World.[32][33] Certain Hindu communities such as the Nairs, some Ezhava families in Travancore and Cochin, Ezhavas in north Kerala and Muslims around Kannur used to follow a traditional matrilineal system known as marumakkathayam which has in the recent years (post Indian independence) ceased to exist. Christians, Muslims, and some Hindu castes such as the Namboothiris and some Ezhavas follow makkathayam, a patrilineal system.[34] Kerala's gender relations are among the most equitable in India and the Majority World.[35][36]
Architecture[link]
Main article: Architecture of Kerala
Kerala, the native land of Malayalis has a tropical climate with excessive rains and intensive solar radiation.[37] The architecture of this region has evolved to meet these climatic conditions by having the form of buildings with low walls, sloping roof and projecting caves.[37] The setting of the building in the open garden plot was again necessitated by the requirement of wind for giving comfort in the humid climate.[37] Timber is the prime structural material abundantly available in many varieties in Kerala. Perhaps the skillful choice of timber, accurate joinery, artful assembly and delicate carving of wood work for columns, walls and roofs frames are the unique characteristics of Malayali architecture.[37] From the limitations of the materials, a mixed mode of construction was evolved in Malayali architecture. The stone work was restricted to the plinth even in important buildings such as temples. Laterite was used for walls. The roof structure in timber was covered with palm leaf thatching for most buildings and rarely with tiles for palaces or temples.[37] The Kerala murals are paintings with vegetable dyes on wet walls in subdued shades of brown. The indigenous adoption of the available raw materials and their transformation as enduring media for architectural expression thus became the dominant feature of the Malayali style of architecture.[37]
Nalukettu[link]
Nalukettu is a quadrangular building constructed after following the Tachu Sastra(Science of Carpentry). In past, Nalukettu was the house in which Malayalis lived.[38] It was a typical house which was flanked by out-houses and utility structures.The large house-Nalukettu is constructed within a large compound.It was called Nalukettu because it consisted of four wings around a central courtyard called Nadumuttom.[38] The house has a quadrangle in the center. The quadrangle is in every way the center of life in the house and very useful for the performance of rituals.The layout of these homes was simple, and catered to the dwelling of a large number of people, usually part of a tharavadu. Ettukettu (eight halled with two central courtyards) or Pathinarukettu (sixteen halled with four central courtyards) are the more elaborate forms of the same architecture. An example of a Nalukettu structure is Mattancherry Palace.[38]
Performing Arts and Music[link]
Malayalis use two words to denote dance, which is attom and thullal.[39] The art forms of Malayalis are classified into three types. They are (i)Religious like Theyyam, Bhagavatipattu etc., (ii)Semi religious like Sanghakali, Krishnanattom etc., and (iii)Secular like Kathakali, Mohiniaattam, Thullal etc.[39]Kathakali and Mohiniaattam are the two classical dance forms from Kerala.[40] Kathakali is actually a dance-drama. Mohiniaattam is a very sensual and graceful dance form that is performed both solo and in a group by women.[40]Kutiyattam is a traditional performing art form from Kerala, which is recognised by UNESCO and given the status Masterpieces of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.[41]Ottamthullal is another performing art, which is also known as the poor man's Kathakali, which was created by the poet Kunchan Nambiar as an alternative to Chakiarkooth (another performing art),which was open only for higher castes to see.[42]Theyyam is a ritualistic art form of Malayalis, which is thought to predate hinduism and to have developed from folk dances performed in conjunction with harvest celebrations. Theyyam is performed as an offering to gods so as to get rid of poverty and illness.[43] Velakali is another ritualistic art form, mainly performed at temples in the festival time. Kolkali is a folk art in which dance performers move in a circle, striking small sticks and keeping rhythm with special steps. Many ancient Malayali family houses in Kerala have special snake shrines called Kavu. Sarpam Thullal is usually performed in the courtyard of houses having snake shrines. This is a votive offering for family wealth and happiness.
Performing arts in Kerala is not limited to a single religion of the Malayali society. The Malayalam speaking Muslim community of Kerala, known as Mappila and the Christian community has their own unique performing art forms. Duff Muttu, also known as Dubh Muttu/Aravanamuttu[44] is a performing art form prevalent among the Muslim community. It is a group performance, staged as a social event during festivals and nuptial ceremonies.[44] Oppana is a popular form of social entertainment among the Muslim community. It is a form accompanied by clapping of hands, in which both men and women participate.[45] Margamkali is a performing art which is popular among the Saint Thomas Christians. It combines both devotion and entertainment, and was performed by women in groups.[46] Since 1980's women also have found groups. The dancers themselves sing the margamkali songs in unison call and response form.[46]Parichamuttikali is another performing art which is popular among Saint Thomas Christians. This is an artistic adaptation of the martial art of Kerala, Kalaripayattu.[46] Chavittu nadakom is a theatrical art form observed mainly by Kerala Latin Christians, dating back to second half of 16th century.[46]
However, many of these native art forms largely play to tourists or at youth festivals, and are not as popular among ordinary Keralites. Thus, more contemporary forms – including those heavily based on the use of often risqué and politically incorrect mimicry and parody – have gained considerable mass appeal in recent years. Indeed, contemporary artists often use such modes to mock socioeconomic elites. In recent decades, Malayalam cinema, yet another mode of widely popular artistic expression, have provided a distinct and indigenous Keralite alternative to both Bollywood and Hollywood.
Music formed a major part of early Malayalam literature, which is believed to have started developing by 9th century CE.[47] The significance of music in the culture of Kerala can be established just by the fact that in Malayalam language, musical poetry was developed long before prose. Kerala is musically known for Sopanam. Sopanam is religious in nature, and developed through singing invocatory songs at the Kalam of Kali, and later inside temples. Sopanam came to prominence in the wake of the increasing popularity of Jayadeva's Gita Govinda or Ashtapadis. Sopana sangeetham (music), as the very name suggests, is sung by the side of the holy steps (sopanam) leading to the sanctum sanctorum of a shrine. It is sung, typically employing plain notes, to the accompaniment of the small, hourglass-shaped ethnic drum called idakka, besides the chengila or the handy metallic gong to sound the beats. Sopanam is traditionally sung by men of the Marar and Pothuval community, who are Ambalavasi (semi-Brahmin) castes engaged to do it as their hereditary profession. Kerala is also home of Carnatic music. Legends like Swati Tirunal, Shadkala Govinda Maarar, Sangitha Vidwan Gopala Pillai Bhagavathar, Chertala Gopalan Nair, M.D. Ramanathan, T.V. Gopalakrishnan, M.S. Gopalakrishnan, L. Subramaniam T.N. Krishnan & K.J. Yesudas are Malayali musicians.
Padmabhushan. Dr.K.J. Yesudas sings Indian classical, devotional, and popular music. He has recorded more than 50,000 songs in many languages including Malayalam, Tamil, Hindi, Kannada, Telugu, Bengali, Gujarati, Oriya, Marathi, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tulu, Malay, Russian, Arabic, Latin and English during a career spanning five decades. He has performed in most Indian languages except Assamese, Konkani and Kashmiri. He also composed a number of Malayalam film songs in the 1970s and 1980s.[1] Yesudas is fondly called Gana Gandharvan (English: The Celestial Singer. He has won the National Award for the Best Male Playback Singer seven times, the most by any Indian singer, and the State Award for the Best Playback Singer twenty three times by the Government of Kerala and by the Governments of Tamil Nadu (8), Karnataka (5), Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal (1) altogether 43 state awards. He was awarded The Padma shri in 1975 the Padma Bhushan in 2002 by the Government of India for his contributions towards the arts.
In 2006 Yesudas sang 16 film songs in four South Indian languages on the same day at AVM Studio, Chennai. Yesudas has performed in many major cities around the world. In 1965, he was invited by the Soviet Union government to perform at music concerts in various cities in the USSR and also sang a Russian song over Radio Kazakhstan. Yesudas became one of the senate members in the International Parliament for Safety and Peace. On November 14, 1999, Yesudas was presented with an honorary award by UNESCO for "Outstanding Achievements in Music and Peace" at the "Music for Peace" event in Paris.a concert held to mark the dawn of the new millennium and whose attendees included artistes such as Lionel Richie, Ray Charles, Montserrat Caballé, and Zubin Mehta. [18] In 1971, during the Indo-Pakistan War, Yesudas traveled all around Kerala with his musical troupe to raise funds for the Indian Prime Minister's National Defense Fund. In 2001 he sang for album Ahimsa in Sanskrit, Latin and English and in a mix of styles including New Age and Carnatic. In his music concerts in the Middle East he sings Arabic songs in the Carnatic style. He frequently serves as a cultural ambassador for India through his performances abroad, promoting Indian music. In 2009 Yesudas began a cross-country musical campaign against terrorism in Thiruvananthapuram, with the motto 'Music For Peace'. Kavita Karkare, wife of Hemant Karkare, handed over the torch to Yesudas to mark the launch of the 'Shanthi Sangeetha Yatra'.
Also among the younger generations with wide acclaim and promise is Child Prodigy Violinist L. Athira Krishna etc., who are looked upon as Maestros of tomorrow.[48] Kerala also has a significant presence of Hindustani music as well.[49] The king of Travancore, Swathi Thirunal patronaged and contributed much to the Hindustani Music. The pulluvar of Kerala are closely connected to the serpent worship. One group among these people consider the snake gods as their presiding deity and perform certain sacrifices and sing songs. This is called Pulluvan Pattu. The song conducted by the pulluvar in serpent temples and snake groves is called Sarppapaattu, Naagam Paattu, Sarpam Thullal, Sarppolsavam, Paambum Thullal or Paambum Kalam. Mappila Paattukal or Mappila Songs are folklore Muslim devotional songs in the Malayalam language. Mappila songs are composed in colloquial Malayalam and are sung in a distinctive tune. They are composed in a mixture of Malayalam and Arabic.
Film music, which refers to playback singing in the context of Indian music, forms the most important canon of popular music in India. Film music of Kerala in particular is the most popular form of music in the state.[49] Before Malayalam cinema and Malayalam film music developed, the Keralites eagerly followed Tamil and Hindi film songs and that habit has stayed with them till now.
Vallam Kali[link]
Vallam Kali, is the race of country made boats. It is mainly conducted during the season of the harvest festival Onam in Autumn. Vallam Kali include races of many kinds of traditional boats of Kerala. The race of Chundan Vallam (snake boat) is the major item. Hence Vallam Kali is also known in English as Snake Boat Race and a major tourist attraction. Other types of boats which do participate in various events in the race are Churulan Vallam, Iruttukuthy Vallam, Odi Vallam, Veppu Vallam (Vaipu Vallam), Vadakkanody Vallam, and Kochu Vallam. Nehru Trophy Boat Race is one the famous Vallam Kali held in Punnamada Lake in Alappuzha district of Kerala. Champakulam Moolam Boat Race is the oldest and most popular Vallam Kali in Kerala. The race is held on river Pamba on the moolam day (according to the Malayalam Era) of the Malayalam month Midhunam, the day of the installation of the deity at the Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Temple. The Aranmula Boat Race takes place at Aranmula, near a temple dedicated to Lord Krishna and Arjuna. Thousands of people gather on the banks of the river Pamba to watch the snake boat races. Nearly 30 snake boats or chundan vallams participate in the festival. Payippad Jalotsavam is a three day water festival. Its conducted in Payippad Lake which is 35 km from Alappuzha district of Kerala state. There is a close relation between this Payippad boat race and Subramanya Swamy Temple in Haripad. Indira Gandhi Boat Race is a boat race festival celebrated in the last week of December in the backwaters of Kochi, a city in Kerala. This boat race is one of the most popular Vallam Kali in Kerala. This festival is conducted to promote Kerala tourism.
Festivals[link]
Malayalis celebrate a variety of festivals. Other than the two given below Malayalis also celebrate Christmas and Bakrid.
Onam[link]
Main article: Onam
File:Thiruvathira Kali During Onam.jpg
Thiruvathira kali
Onam is an annual harvest festival, celebrated mainly in Kerala, although celebrations also occur among the diaspora. It is the foremost festival among the cultural repertoire of Malayalis, and falls during the month of Chingam (August–September as per the Gregorian calendar), the first month of the Malayalam calendar and lasts for ten days from the Star Atham in Chingam. Though it is essentially a harvest festival of Malayalis, mythologically it is linked to Malayali-Hindu folktales. Like many other religious festivals in India, Onam is celebrated by people across all castes and faiths. Onam has been part of Malayali psyche for centuries. There are records of Onam being celebrated during the Sangam Age. The earliest record of Onam is found during time of Kulasekhara Perumals around AD 800, soon after the Kalabhra Interregnum of Kerala History. Until the eighth century the political history is mostly unknown and is usually known as the Kalabhra Interregnum. Kalabhras were supposed to have been ruling Kerala until at least the sixth century. Kalabhras probably refers to Keralaputras. They are believed to be people of Mayavi.
Onam has two specific significance. First it is the communal memory and celebration of past history as ennunciated in the Mahabali Legend. A story of how paradise was lost. Second it is the celebration of the harvest tied with the memory of the golden age of prosperity. It is believed that during those days the whole of Chingam was celebrated as Onam season. After the rain drenched month of Karkidakam with its privations, Chingam is a welcome month for people in the state of Kerala. The festival is the harbinger of spring – signalling the start of the harvest season. Onam epitomizes the newfound vigour and enthusiasm of the season, and is celebrated with traditional fervour with visit to temples, family get-togethers, gifting each other clothes called Onakkodi and lots of merry making. Thiruvathira is in the malayalam month Dhanu (Dec–Jan). it is considering as the bithday of Lord Shiva.
Vishu[link]
Main article: Vishu
Vishu is a festival celebrated by Malayalis around the first day in the Malayalam month of Medam (April – May). This occasion signifies the Sun's transit to the zodiac Mesha (Mesha Raasi) as per Indian astrological calculations. Vishu is also considered as the Malayalam New Year day and thus the importance of this day to all Malayalis regardless of their religion or sect. Similarly the day is celebrated in almost all places in India by the Hindus albeit by different names. In Assam this day is called Bihu, in Punjab Baisakhi and in Tamil Nadu Puthandu. The word "Vishu" in Sanskrit means "equal". Therefore Vishu is more probably denoting one of the equinox days.
The festival is marked with offerings to the divine called Vishukkani. The offerings consist of a ritual arrangement in the puja room of auspicious articles like raw rice, fresh linen, golden cucumber, betel leaves, arecanut, metal mirror, the yellow flowers konna (Cassia fistula), and a holy text and coins, in a bell metal vessel called uruli. A lighted bell metal lamp called nilavilakku is also placed alongside. This arrangement is completed the previous night. On the day of Vishu, the custom is to wake up at dawn and go to the puja room with the eyes closed so that the Vishukkani is the first thing one sees. Since the occasion marks the beginning of Malayalam New Year, it is also considered auspicious to read verses from Hindu Holy book Ramayanam after seeing the Vishukkani. It is also believed by some that the page of the Ramayanam to which you open up will have a bearing on your life in the coming year. Devotees also throng the well-known temples like Sabarimala Ayyappan Teample, Guruvayur Sree Krishna temple to have a "Vishukkani Kazhcha" on the early hours of "Vishu" day.
Cuisine[link]
Main article: Cuisine of Kerala
The cuisine of Malayalis are linked in all its richness to the history, geography and culture of the land. Spices form an important ingredient in almost all curries. Malayali cuisine is not homogeneous and regional variations are visible throughout. Kerala is known for its traditional sadhyas, a vegetarian meal served with boiled rice and a host of side-dishes. The sadhya is complemented by payasam, a sweet milk dessert native to Kerala. The sadhya is, as per custom, served on a banana leaf. Traditional dishes include sambar, aviyal, kaalan, theeyal, thoran, injipully, pulisherry, appam, kappa (tapioca), puttu (steamed rice powder), and puzhukku. Coconut is an essential ingredient in most of the food items and is liberally used.
Puttu is a culinary specialty in Kerala. It is a steamed rice cake which is a favourite breakfast of most Malayalis. It is served with either brown chickpeas cooked in a spicy gravy, papadams and boiled small green lentils, or tiny ripe yellow Kerala plantains. In the highlands there is also a variety of puttu served with paani (the boiled-down syrup from sweet palm toddy) and sweet boiled bananas. to steam the puttu, there is a special utensil called "Puttu Kutti". It consists of two sections. The lower bulkier portion is where the water for steaming is stored. The upper detachable leaner portion which is separated from lower portion with peforated lids so as to allow the steam to pass through and bake the rice powder which has been filled. The upper portion of the leaner section is covered with a peforated cup shaped lid once it is filled with rice powder.
Appam is a pancake made of fermented batter. The batter is made of rice flour and fermented using either yeast or toddy, the local spirit. It is fried using a special frying pan called appa-chatti and is served with egg curry, chicken curry, mutton stew, vegetable curry and chick pea curry.
Martial arts[link]
See also: Kalaripayattu
Malayalis have their own lethal form of martial arts called Kalaripayattu. This type of martial arts was used as defensive mechanism against intruders. In ancient times, disputes between nobles (naaduvazhis or Vazhunors) were also settled by the outcome of a Kalaripayattu tournament. This ancient martial art is claimed as the mother of all martial arts – even the Chinese Shaolin chuan from the famous Shaolin temple traces its ancestry to Bodhidharma, an Indian Buddhist monk who was a Kalaripayattu expert.[50][51][52] The word "kalari" can be traced to ancient Sangam literature.[53] The martial tradition of Kalaripayattu is also dated to ancient Dravidian traditions.[54] Phillip Zarrilli, a professor at the University of Exeter and one of the few Western authorities on kalaripayattu, estimates that kalarippayattu dates back to at least the 12th century CE.[55] The historian Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai attributes the birth of Kalaripayattu to an extended period of warfare between the Cheras and the Cholas in the 11th century CE.[55] What eventually crystallized into this style is thought to have been a product of existing South Indian styles of combat, combined with techniques brought by migration from the north along the western coast.[55] What eventually crystallized as kalarippayattu combined indigenous Dravidian techniques with the martial practices and ethos brought by brahman migrations from Saurastra and Konkan down the west Indian coast into Karnataka and eventually Kerala. Discovery channel notes that Kalaripayattu may be one of the oldest martial arts in existence.[50] The oldest western reference to Kalaripayattu is a 16th century travelogue of Duarte Barbosa, a Portuguese explorer. The Southern style, which places more emphasis on open hand combat was mostly practiced in the southern regions of Kerala.[56]
Keralites[link]
See also[link]
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References[link]
- ^ Ethnologue report for Malayalam
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Zachariah, K. C. & Rajan, S. Irudaya (2008), Kerala Migration Survey 2007 (PDF), Department of Non-resident Keralite Affairs, Government of Kerala, p. 48. This is the number of emigrants from Kerala, which is closely related to but different from the actual number of Malayalis.
- ^ a b [1]
- ^ The Last Jews of Kerala, Edna Fernandes, Portobello Books 2008
- ^ Where Malayalees once held sway: DNA India
- ^ a b [2], censusindia.net
- ^ "kerala.gov.in". http://www.kerala.gov.in/. -go to the website and click the link – language & literature to retrieve the information
- ^ Statistics New Zealand:Language spoken (total responses) for the 1996–2006 censuses (Table 16), stats.govt.nz
- ^ [3], encyclopedia.com
- ^ Neither Newton nor Leibniz, canisius.edu
- ^ From Vedic Martial Arts to Aikido, veda.harekrsna.cz
- ^ A travel feature on the ancient Kerala art of Kalaripayattu, rediff.com
- ^ Kalaripayattu, the traditional martial art, enskalari.org.in
- ^ Arthur Miles The land of the lingam Hurst & Blackett, Ltd., 1933
- ^ A. Aiyappan. Social revolution in a Kerala village: a study in culture change -1965 ,
- ^ L.Krishna Anantha Krishna Iyer (Diwan Bahadur), The Cochin tribes and castes, 1909.
- ^ Pi. Uṇittiri Studies in Kerala Sanskrit literature ,University of Calicut,2004
- ^ KUMAR SURESH SINGH People of India: Volume 27, Part 1ANTHROPOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA - 2002
- ^ Studies in traditional Kerala society ,college book house ,1977
- ^ Krishnat P. Padmanabha Menon, Jacobus Canter Visscher, History of Kerala history of Kerala written in the form of notes on Visscher's letters from Malabar, Volume 3, Asian Educational Services, 1984.
- ^ a b c Weil S. 1982; Jessay P.M. 1986; Menachery 1973; Menachery 1998.
- ^ A.E. Medlycott, India and The Apostle Thomas, pp.1–71, 213–97; M.R. James, Apocryphal New Testament, pp.364–436; Eusebius, History, chapter 4:30; J.N. Farquhar, The Apostle Thomas in North India, chapter 4:30; V.A. Smith, Early History of India, p.235; L.W. Brown, The Indian Christians of St. Thomas, p.49-59
- ^ Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Menachery 1998; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973; Weil 1982; Menachery 1998.
- ^ Cited on p164 of The Last Jews of Kerala
- ^ Bhagyalekshmy 2004, pp. 6–7.
- ^ a b c Malayalam, R. E. Asher, T. C. Kumari, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-02242-8, 1997
- ^ "Trios of modern Malayalam literature". http://books.google.co.in/books?id=vfSPI2irzUgC&pg=PA185&dq=Vallathol#v=onepage&q=Vallathol&f=false.
- ^ Cooper KJ (20 October 1997). "For India, No Small Thing; Native Daughter Arundhati Roy Wins Coveted Booker Prize". Washington Post. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/19563051.html?dids=19563051:19563051&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=OCT+20%2C+1997&author=Kenneth+J.+Cooper&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=For+India%2C+No+Small+Thing%3B+Native+Daughter+Arundhati+Roy+Wins+Coveted+Booker+Prize&pqatl=google. Retrieved 28 December 2008.
- ^ Lyall, Sarah (15 October 1997). "Indian's First Novel Wins Booker Prize in Britain". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01E6DD173FF936A25753C1A961958260. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
- ^ "Winds, Rivers & Rain". Salon. September 1997. http://www.salon.com/sept97/00roy.html. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
- ^ "Tharavadu system". http://books.google.co.in/books?id=rMRw0gTZSJwC&pg=PA84&dq=Malayali+tharavadu+system#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
- ^ McKibben 2006.
- ^ Lindberg 2004, pp. 18–19.
- ^ Government of Kerala 2002b.
- ^ Government of Kerala 2004r, p. 366.
- ^ Lindberg 2004, p. 1.
- ^ a b c d e f "Kerala architecture". http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/keralaarchitecture.htm.
- ^ a b c "Nalukettu". http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/culture/cultureofkerala/kerala.html. -Malayalam Resource Centre
- ^ a b "Kerala dance forms". http://books.google.co.in/books?id=waWQ8mAUrC8C&pg=PA139&dq=Kerala+dance#v=onepage&q=Kerala%20dance&f=false.
- ^ a b "Classical dance forms of India". http://dances.indobase.com/classical-dances/index.html.
- ^ "Koodiyattam". http://books.google.co.in/books?id=lDhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Koodiyattam+UNESCO&dq=Koodiyattam+UNESCO.
- ^ "Ottamthullal". http://books.google.co.in/books?id=L8bExoV6GL8C&pg=PA70&dq=Ottamthullal#v=onepage&q=Ottamthullal&f=false.
- ^ "Theyyam". http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Fk8FQa2ZSFQC&pg=PA928&dq=Theyyam#v=onepage&q=Theyyam&f=false.
- ^ a b "Duffmuttu". http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZYfRBcLdTNYC&pg=PA8&dq=duffmuttu#v=onepage&q=duffmuttu&f=false.
- ^ "Oppana". http://books.google.co.in/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC&pg=PA149&dq=Oppana#v=onepage&q=Oppana&f=false.
- ^ a b c d "Christian art foms". http://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=RA2-PA945&dq=Margamkali#v=onepage&q=Margamkali&f=false.
- ^ Sreedhara Menon, A.. Kerala Charithram. Kottayam, Kerala: D.C. Books. p. 494.
- ^ Rolf, Killius (2006). Ritual Music and Hindu Rituals of Kerala. New Delhi: BR Rhythms. ISBN 81-88827-07-X.
- ^ a b "Music". Keral.com. Archived from the original on 2 August 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080802081714/http://www.keral.com/movies/music.htm. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
- ^ a b [4]
- ^ Bodhidharma bought Kalari to China [5]
- ^ Bodhidharma and Kalari [6]
- ^ Suresh, P. R. (2005). Kalari Payatte – The martial art of Kerala.
- ^ Subaltern Sports: Politics and Sports in South Asia By James H. Mills. Published 2005, Anthem Press. Subject: Archaeology /Anthropology. ISBN 1-84331-167-4
- ^ a b c Zarrilli, Phillip B. A South Indian Martial Art and the Yoga and Ayurvedic Paradigms. University of Wisconsin–Madison.
- ^ Phillip B. Zarrilli, When the Body Becomes All Eyes
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| Santhosh Pandit | |
|---|---|
 Santhosh Pandit in 2011 |
|
| Native name | സന്തോഷ് പണ്ഡിറ്റ് |
| Born | (1973-04-08) April 8, 1973 (age 39) Peruvannamuzhi,[1] Kozhikode, Kerala, India |
| Nationality | Indian |
| Other names | Alien star [2] |
| Citizenship | India |
| Occupation | Film actor, Producer, Director |
| Years active | 2011–present |
| Parents | Appunni Pandit Sarojini[1] |
| Website | |
| www.santhoshpandit.com[citation needed] | |
Santhosh Pandit (Malayalam: സന്തോഷ് പണ്ഡിറ്റ്) is a Malayalam film actor and director. He is known for his directorial debut film Krishnanum Radhayum in which he appeared in the lead role and handled almost all the major departments of the film. The songs and trailers of the film went viral in YouTube after it was released there before the release of the film.
As per Google Trends, he was the 10th most popular search from India on November 10, 2011.[3] However, his website claims that he was at the 6th on Google Trends,[4] probably due to fluctuations in ranking during the course of the day. India stood only fifth among the countries that had searched for him. NRI Malayalees gave more attention to him, as Qatar stood top of the list, followed by Bahrain, United Arab Emirates and Kuwait.[5]
Contents |
Career[link]
Santosh Pandit's first movie Krishananum Radhayum, which got released on 21 October 2011,[6][7] became an unexpected crowd puller and saw some success in theaters. Some critics attribute the moderate success of the film to the general curiosity after the unprecedented abuses and negative comments posted on the YouTube clips related to the songs in the film.[8][9] Santhosh is credited as an actor, director, script-writer, editor, music director, lyric writer, editor and playback singer in the film and he stands a chance for entering record books for the maximum credits for a single person in a released film.[10][11] Currently he is engaged in the production of his second film, Jithu Bhai Enna Chocolate Bhai,[12] where again he is handling all the major departments in production.But the film name was later changed to "Superstar Santhosh Pandit" because the name 'Jithubhai enna chocolate bai' was already registered by someone else.[13][14] Amidst criticism, Santosh Pandit received some praise from National Award winner Salim Kumar, complimenting his effort and commented "This is indeed a big achievement considering the fact that even superstar flicks are continuously bombing at the box office these days." [15]
Awards[link]
For handling 8 departments of the film from direction to acting, Santhosh Pandit received the 2011 Ekalavya Karma Sreshta Award by Ekalavya Charitable Trust. The award was presented by veteran Malayalam actor Madhu[16] in the presence of K.B. Ganesh Kumar, Minister for Forests & Environment, Sports and Cinema, Government of Kerala.
Personal life[link]
Santhosh was born in Peruvannamuzhi village[1] and was brought up in Kozhikode city.[1] He went to school at Chelannur AKKR High School and the Government Arts College. After his parents died, he inherited three houses, one of which he sold to raise funds for his first film.Even though he was a Hindu by birth he is living as an atheist. He is divorced and has a son.[17]
Filmography[link]
| Sl. No: | Year | Film title | Director | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2011 | Krishnanum Radhayum | Santhosh Pandit | John | Released on 21 October |
| 2 | 2012 | Jithu Bhai Enna Chocolate Bhai aka Superstar Santhosh Pandit | Santhosh Pandit | Jithu Bhai | Filming in progress, songs released in YouTube |
| 3 | 2012 | Kalidasan Kavithayezhuthukayanu | Santhosh Pandit | Announced |
TeleFilm[link]
- Premaswaroopanum Koottukarum (director)
- Kalyaniyude Kalayanam (director)
Discography[link]
| No. | Title | Artist(s) | Length | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | "Rathri Shubharathri" | Santhosh Pandit | 5:03 | |
| 2. | "Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Mayavi" | Santhosh Pandit, Nimmy | 4:51 | |
| 3. | "Gokulanathanayi" | Santhosh Pandit, Bhavya, Praseetha | 3:47 |
References[link]
- ^ a b c d "Santhosh Pandit interview in ManoramaOnline.com". http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=10399735&tabId=4&BV_ID=@@@.
- ^ "Santhosh Pandit draws techies to Nedumangad". IBN Live. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/santhosh-pandit-draws-techies-to-nedumangad/198507-60-123.html. Retrieved Nov 02, 2011.
- ^ "Google Trends Nov 10,2011". Google Inc.. http://www.google.co.in/trends/hottrends?sa=X&date=2011-11-10. Retrieved November 10, 2011.
- ^ "Santosh Pandit claims to be 6th in Google Trends list". Santhosh Pandit.. http://www.santhoshpandit.com/latest-news/pandit-hits-6th-place-on-google-trends.html. Retrieved November 10, 2011.
- ^ "Santosh Pandit second in Google Trends list". Deccan chronicle.. http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/others/santosh-pandit-second-google-trends-list-483. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
- ^ "Mathrubhumi Krishananum Radhayum". Mathrubhumi. http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/review/224033/. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ "The Curious Case of Santosh Pandit". Malayala Manorama. http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=10441155&channelId=-1073865029&programId=1080133016. Retrieved November 16, 2011.
- ^ "India Vison". http://www.indiavisiontv.com/news/22-October-2011/entertainment-pandit.html. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ "In Kerala, they boo the film and make it a hit". IBN Live. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/in-kerala-they-boo-the-film-and-make-it-a-hit/205723-8-70.html. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
- ^ "Audience cheer for Santhosh". The Times Of India. October 22, 2011. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-22/news-interviews/30310699_1_music-album-playback-singer-film. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ "Malayala Manorama". http://www.manoramanews.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/mmtvContentView.do?BV_ID=%40%40%40&contentId=10290555&contentType=EDITORIAL&programId=9958845. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ Santhosh Pandit’s next- “Jithu Bhai enna Chocolate Bhai”. kottaka.com. September 28, 2011
- ^ "Times Of India". The Times Of India. October 22, 2011. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-22/news-interviews/30310699_1_music-album-playback-singer-film. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
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- ^ "Asianet News Network :: ഒടുവില് സന്തോഷ് പണ്ഡിറ്റിന് അവാര്ഡും". http://www.asianetnews.tv/news/1783-an-award-for-santosh-pandit. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
- ^ "Unknown side of Santhosh | Deccan Chronicle". http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/all-rounders/unknown-side-santhosh-214.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Pandit, Santhosh |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Film actor and director |
| Date of birth | January 4, 1977 |
| Place of birth | Narikkuni,
Kozhikode, Kerala, India |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Santhosh_Pandit
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhosh_Pandit
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
