Hue in the HSB/HSL encodings of RGB

An image with the hues cyclically shifted in HSL space

The hues in the image of this Painted Bunting are cyclically rotated with time.

Hue is one of the main properties of a color, defined technically (in the CIECAM02 model), as "the degree to which a stimulus can be described as similar to or different from stimuli that are described as red, green, blue, and yellow,"^[1] (the unique hues). The other main correlatives of color appearance are colorfulness, chroma, saturation, lightness, and brightness.

Usually, colors with the same hue are distinguished with adjectives referring to their lightness and/or chroma, such as with "light blue", "pastel blue", "vivid blue". Exceptions include brown, which is a dark orange,^[2] and pink, a light red with reduced chroma.

In painting color theory, a hue refers to a pure color—one without tint or shade (added white or black pigment, respectively).^[3] A hue is an element of the color wheel. Hues are first processed in the brain in areas in the extended V4 called globs.^[4][5]

Computing hue [link]

In opponent color spaces in which two of the axes are perceptually orthogonal to lightness, such as the CIE 1976 (L*, a*, b*) (CIELAB) and 1976 (L*, u*, v*) (CIELUV) color spaces, hue may be computed together with chroma by converting these coordinates from rectangular form to polar form. Hue is the angular component of the polar representation, while chroma is the radial component.

Specifically, in CIELAB:^[6]

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): h_{ab} = \mathrm{atan2}(b^*, a^*)\;

while, analogously, in CIELUV:^[6]

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): h_{uv} = \mathrm{atan2}(v^*, u^*) = \mathrm{atan2}(v', u')\;

Where, atan2 is a two-argument inverse tangent.

Computing hue from RGB [link]

Preucil^[7] describes a color hexagon, similar to a trilinear plot described by Evans, Hanson, and Brewer,^[8] which may be used to compute hue from RGB. To place red at 0°, green at 120°, and blue at 240°.

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): h_{rgb} = \mathrm{atan2}\left( 2 \cdot R - G - B, \sqrt{3} \cdot (G - B) \right)

Note: This is equation assumes the form atan2(x,y), many programs and spreadsheets use atan2(y,x).

Equivalently, one may solve:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \tan( h_{rgb}) = \frac{\sqrt{3}\cdot (G - B)}{2\cdot R - G - B}

Preucil used a polar plot, which he termed a color circle.^[7] Using R, G, and B, one may compute hue angle using the following scheme: determine which of the six possible orderings of R, G, and B prevail, then apply the formula given in the table below.

HSV color space as a conical object

An illustration of the relationship between the "hue" of colors with maximal saturation in HSV and HSL with their corresponding RGB coordinates.

Note that in each case the formula contains the fraction Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \frac{M - L}{H - L} , where H is the highest of R, G, and B; L is the lowest, and M is the mid one between the other two. This is referred to as the Preucil Hue Error, and was used in the computation of mask strength in photomechanical color reproduction.^[9]

Hue angles computed for the Preucil circle agree with the hue angle computed for the Preucil Hexagon at integer multiples of 30 degrees (red, yellow, green, cyan, blue, magenta, and the colors mid-way between contiguous pairs) and differ by approximately 1.2 degrees at odd integer multiples of 15 degrees (based on the circle formula), the maximum divergence between the two.

The process of converting an RGB color into an HSL color space or HSV color space is usually based on a 6-piece piecewise mapping, treating the HSV cone as a hexacone, or the HSL double cone as a double hexacone.^[10] The formulae used are those in the table above.

Specialized hues [link]

The hues exhibited by caramel colorings and beers are fairly limited in range. The Linner hue index is used to quantify the hue of such products.

Hue as a qualification in the names of artist's colors [link]

Manufacturers of pigments use the word hue e.g. 'Cadmium Yellow (hue)' to indicate that the original pigmentation ingredient, often toxic, has been replaced by safer (or cheaper) alternatives whilst retaining the hue of the original. Replacements are often used for chromium, cadmium and alizarin.

Hue vs. dominant wavelength [link]

Dominant wavelength (or sometimes equivalent wavelength) is a physical analog to the perceptual attribute hue. On a chromaticity diagram, a line is drawn from a white point through the coordinates of the color in question, until it intersects the spectral locus. The wavelength at which the line intersects the spectrum locus is identified as the color's dominant wavelength if the point is on the same side of the white point as the spectral locus, and as the color's complementary wavelength if the point is on the opposite side.^[11]

Hue difference: Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \Delta h or Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \Delta H^* ? Hue difference: Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \Delta h or Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \Delta H^* ?

There are two main ways in which hue difference is quantified. The first is the simple difference between the two hue angles. The symbol for this expression of hue difference is Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \Delta h_{ab}

in CIELAB and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \Delta h_{uv}
in CIELUV. The other is computed as the residual total color difference after Lightness and Chroma differences have been accounted for; its symbol is Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \Delta H^*_{ab}
in CIELAB and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \Delta H^*_{uv}
in CIELUV.

See also [link]

• Lightness (color)
• Colorfulness
• Chromaticity
• Munsell color system
• Bezold-Brücke shift

References [link]

External links [link]

• Editing of hue in photography

This article may contain wording that merely promotes the subject without imparting verifiable information. Please remove or replace such wording, unless you can cite independent sources that support the characterization. (December 2011)

This article is an autobiography, or has been extensively edited by the subject or an institution related to the subject. Please help edit it to conform to Wikipedia's neutral point of view, in line with the discussion on the talk page. (December 2011)

Shammi Kapoor (Hindi: शम्मी कपूर; born Shamsher Raj Prithviraj Kapoor; 21 October 1931.^[4][5] – 14 August 2011) was an Indian film actor and director. He was a prominent lead actor in Hindi cinema from the late 1950s until the early 1970s and played supportng roles from 1974 to 2011.

Shammi Kapoor is hailed as one of the most entertaining lead actors that Hindi cinema has ever produced and his notable films include Tumsa Nahin Dekha, Dil Deke Dekho, Junglee, Dil Tera Diwana, Professor, China Town, Rajkumar, Kashmir Ki Kali, Janwar, Teesri Manzil, An Evening in Paris, Bramhachari, Andaz and Vidhaata. He received the Filmfare Best Actor Award in 1968 for his performance in Brahmachari and Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for Vidhaata in 1982.

Early life[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

He was given the name Shamsher Raj Kapoor at his birth in Mumbai to film and theatre actor Prithviraj Kapoor and Ramsharni Kapoor née Mehra.^[4] Shammi was the second of the three sons born to Prithviraj (the other two being Raj Kapoor and Shashi Kapoor), both successful Bollywood actors. Though born in Mumbai, he spent a major portion of his childhood in Kolkata, where his father was involved with New Theatres Studios, acting in films. It was in Kolkata that he did his Montessory and Kindergarten. After coming back to Mumbai, he first went to St. Joseph's Convent (Wadala) and then, to Don Bosco School. He finished his matric schooling from New Era School at Hughes Road.

Kapoor had a short stint at Ruia College, in Matunga, Mumbai, after which he joined his father’s theatrical company Prithvi Theatres. He entered the cinema world in 1948, as a junior artiste, at a salary of Rs. 50 per month, stayed with Prithvi Theatres for the next four years and collected his last pay check of Rs. 300, in 1952. He made his debut in Bollywood in the year 1953, when the film Jeevan Jyoti was released. It was directed by Mahesh Kaul and Chand Usmani was Kapoor’s first heroine.

Film career[link]

Kapoor started out with serious roles but with Filmistan's Nasir Hussain directed Tumsa Nahin Dekha (1957) opposite Ameeta and Dil Deke Dekho (1959) with Asha Parekh, he attained the image of a light-hearted, and stylish playboy. Tall, athletic, lively, fair complexioned, green-eyed and with handsome features, Shammi was a heartthrob, and his good looks and physique complemented his image. Both the films were debut films of the respective actresses Ameeta and Asha Parekh and both went on to be big hits and are regarded as classics.

With Junglee (1961) his new image was cemented and his subsequent films were all in this genre. He particularly chose Mohammed Rafi as his playback voice. In his early career in fifties, he had often played second fiddle to established heroines like Madhubala in films such as Rail Ka Dibba (1953) and Naqab, with Nutan in Laila Majnu, with Shyama in Thokar and with Nalini Jaywant in Hum Sab Chor Hain though none of them except Thokar clicked at the box office. But producers after 1960 apart from the actresses from southern India, loved pairing Shammi with new heroines, three of them became huge stars in their own right in Hindi films: Asha Parekh, Saira Banu, and Sharmila Tagore.^[6] Of all his heroines, he said that Sharmila Tagore, Rajshree, and Asha Parekh were easy to work with.^[7] Sharmila Tagore and Saira Banu made their Bollywood debuts with Shammi Kapoor in Kashmir Ki Kali and Junglee respectively^[8] He and Asha Parekh were paired together in four films, the most successful being besides debut film of Asha Parekh, the murder mystery Teesri Manzil (1966) and the romance film Jawan Mohabbat.

In the early fifties he accepted serious roles in women oriented films like Shama Parwana (1954) with Suraiya, comedy flick Mem Sahib (1956) with Meena Kumari and thrillers like Chor Bazar (1954), which were all successful at the box office and in the tragic love story Mirza Sahiban with (1957) (a box office flop) opposite Shyama, but did not gain recognition and fame among the masses. Other than the above hits, he had fifteen films as flops to his credit till 1957. The other hits in late fifties included Mujrim (1958), Char Dil Char Rahen, Raat Ke Raahi (1959). His performances in K A Abbas' Char Dil Char Raahein (1959) and Kidar Sharma's Rangeen Raatein (1956) were also noteworthy but remained underfeted.^[9] It was only after triple success of Tumsa Nahi Dekha (1957), Ujala and Dil Dil Deke Deko (both 1959), that he became popular with the audience and became a star. In the first half of the 1960s, Kapoor was seen in successful films like College Girl, Basant, Singapore, Boy Friend, Professor, Dil Tera Diwana, Vallah Kya Baat Hai, Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya, China Town, Kashmir Ki Kali, Bluff Master, Janwar and Rajkumar. Although nominated before, in 1968, he received the first Filmfare Best Actor award of his career for the film Bramhachari. He made a unique place for himself in the industry as he was the only dancing hero in Hindi films from the late fifties till early seventies. Saira Banu said in an interview "At the time when Dilip sahab, Raj Kapoor and Dev Anand ruled the industry, it was Shammi Kapoor who created a niche for himself with his unique dance moves. He used to say he didn't know how to dance but he would just listen to the music and feel it. He was the only 'dancing hero' at that time."^[10] He used to compose dancing steps by himself in the songs picturised on him and never needed a choreographer. This earned him the name of Elvis Presley of India.^[2][11]

His pairing opposite Southern heroines were always a success at the box office. He delivered hits opposite B. Saroja Devi like Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya and Preet Na Jane Reet, with Padmini gave Singapore (1960 film), opposite Vyjayanthimala had hits like College Girl and Prince (1969 film). In the sixties his successful run continued until new romantic icon Rajesh Khanna entered the scene in 1969.^[12] However Shammi did have commercial successes in late sixties, like Budtameez and Sachaai with Sadhana, Latt Saheb with Nutan and Tumse Achha Kaun Hai with Babita.

In the 1970s, Kapoor’s weight problem proved an obstacle in his path of success and ended his career as a romantic hero as his films started failing. His last hit film, in which he played the lead role, was Andaz (1971). As his career as hero ended, Shammi started playing charcater roles in films from 1974. Shammi played Saira Banu's father in Zameer (1974), when he had been her leading man a decade earlier in Junglee (1961) and Bluff Master (1964).In 1974, he donned the hat of a director and made Manoranjan in 1974 and Bundal Baaz (1976). However, both the films failed to create magic at the box office though were critically acclaimed and have developed a cult fan following over the years. His directorial venture Manoranjan (1974), a movie inspired from Irma La Douce, had Sanjeev Kumar in lead role and Shammi played a supporting role himself. In Bundal Baaz (1976) he casted Rajesh Khanna in the main lead and Shammi played the role of a genie in the film. Critics hailed these 2 films as classics and to be ahead of its time. In the 1980s and 1990s, he continued to play supporting roles in many films and won a Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award for his performance in Vidhaata (1982). His notable roles as a character actor were in Hero, Vidhaata, Hukumat, Batwara, Tahalka, Chamatkar, Namak and Prem Granth. He got the opportunity to do some films in other languages such as Bengali and Tamil in the nineties. He did a social melodrama serial called Chattan aired on Zee TV for more than a year in the 1990s. He eventually cut down on film appearances by the late 1990s and early 2000s and made his appearances in the 1999 Salman Khan and Urmila Matondkar starrer Jaanam Samjha Karo, 2002 release Waah! Tera Kya Kehna and the delayed 2006 release Sandwich. He made his last appearance in Imtiaz Ali's directorial venture Rockstar co-starring his grand-nephew Ranbir Kapoor, the grandson of his brother Raj Kapoor.

Film director Shakti Samanta directed Shammi Kapoor in six hit films like Singapore, Pagla Kahin Ka, China Town, Kashmir Ki Kali, An Evening In Paris and Jaane Anjane and quoted in an interview “I found Shammi to be a thoroughly good man. Even in his heydays, he was humble."^[13]

Personal life[link]

Shammi Kapoor, in 1953, dated Nadia Gamal, a belly dancer from Cairo.^[14] Shammi quoted in an interview that "We met in Ceylon and we were in love. Somehow things did not work out and she went back to Cairo."^[15] Kapoor met Geeta Bali in 1955, during the shooting of the film Rangeen Raaten, where he was the leading actor and she played a cameo. Geeta Bali was a well established actress and a popular star at this point of time and Shammi had not tasted any success. They fell in love during the outdoor stints of the movie at Ranikhet, an ancient Army based hill-station in the Kumaon region, but since she was a year older to him and had acted with his elder brother in Bawren Nain and his father in Anand Math, they were skeptical. Four months after they first met, they married at Banganga Temples, near Napean Sea Road of Mumbai with Hari Walia as the sole witness. They informed their parents only after their marriage. Geeta Bali also did cameo in Shammi starrer Mujrim (1958). They were paired together in Miss Coca Cola, a box office dud and Coffee House. After their marriage Geeta Bali acted in 14 films and retired from the film industry. Geeta Bali's last film as a lead was Jab Se Tumhe Dekha Hai opposite Pradeep Kumar, in which Shammi Kapoor and Shashi Kapoor made special appearances.

Shammi and Geeta lived a life of bliss in the coming years. They had a son, Aditya Raj Kapoor, on 1 July 1956, at Shirodkar's Hospital, Mumbai, a year after they were married. Five years later, in 1961, they had a daughter, Kanchan.

Tragedy struck in 1965, during the filming of Teesri Manzil. Geeta died of small pox, leaving Shammi with two small children.

In 1969, he married Neela Devi Gohil from the former royal family of Bhavnagar in Gujarat. He was gaining weight rather significantly now and this ended his career as a romantic hero in the early 1970s. Andaz (1971) was one of his last hits.

Shammi Kapoor was the founder and chairman of Internet Users Community of India (IUCI). He had also played a major role in setting up internet organizations like the Ethical Hackers Association. Kapoor also maintained a website dedicated to the Kapoor family.^[16]

In 2006, he told interviewers that he underwent dialysis three times a week. Irrepressible even then, this punishing regimen has failed to depress him. Rather, he said that he was thankful to God for giving him so much.

He died of renal failure around 5:15am on 14 August 2011 at Mumbai's Breach Candy hospital, where he was undergoing treatment for chest infection.^[17]

Death[link]

Kapoor was admitted to Breach Candy Hospital, Mumbai on 7 August 2011 suffering from chronic renal failure. His condition remained serious for next few days and he was kept on ventilator support.^[18] He died on 14 August 2011, 05:15 am IST, of chronic renal failure, aged 79.^[19][20] Funeral was held on Monday, 15 August at Banganga cremation ground, Malabar Hill, Mumbai. Aditya Raj Kapoor, the actor's son, performed the last rites at the cremation. The entire Kapoor family were present to pay their last respects, including his younger brother Shashi Kapoor, sister in law Krishna Kapoor, grand nephew Ranbir Kapoor, nephews Rishi, Randhir and Rajiv, Randhir's wife Babita and grand nieces Karishma Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor.^[21] Bollywood personalities Vinod Khanna, Shatrughan Sinha, Subhash Ghai, Amitabh Bachchan, Ramesh Sippy, Danny Denzongpa, Prem Chopra, Anil Kapoor, Saif Ali Khan, Govinda, Aamir Khan, Rani Mukherjee, Shahrukh Khan, Kabir Bedi and Priyanka Chopra were among those who attended the funeral.^[22]

Awards, nominations and other recognition[link]

• 1962 – Filmfare Nomination as Best Actor--Professor^[23]
• 1968 – Filmfare Best Actor Award, Brahmachari^[24]
• 1982 – Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award, Vidhata^[25]
• 1995 – Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award^[26]
• 1998 – Kalakar Awards – Special Award for "contribution in Indian Cinema"^[27]
• 1999 – Zee Cine Award for Lifetime Achievement
• 2001 – Star Screen Lifetime Achievement Award
• 2001 – Anandalok Awards Lifetime Achievement Award
• 2002 – Invaluable Contribution To Indian Cinema at the IIFA.^[28]
• 2005 – Lifetime Achievement Award at the Bollywood Movie Awards^[29]
• 2008 – Lifetime Achievement Award for his contribution to Indian cinema at the Pune International Film Festival (PIFF).^[30]
• 2009 – Phalke Legend Actor Award by the Dadasaheb Phalke Academy [1]^{[dead link]}
• Recipient of the prestigious Living Legend Award by the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the Indian entertainment industry.^[31]
• Rashtriya Gaurav Award^[32]

Partial filmography[link]

^[33]

Further reading[link]

• The Kapoors: the first family of Indian cinema, by Madhu Jain. Penguin, Viking, 2005. ISBN 0-670-05837-8.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Shammi Kapoor

• Shammi Kapoor's Personal Website
• Shammi Kapoor Official Fan Club
• Shammi Kapoor at the Internet Movie Database
• Shammi Kapoor on Twitter
• Shammi Kapoor's Official Video Blog^{[dead link]}

This article relies on references to primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject, rather than references from independent authors and third-party publications. Please add citations from reliable sources. (January 2007)

Gui Boratto
Boratto performing at MUTEK
Background information
Birth name	Guilherme Boratto
Origin	São Paulo, Brazil
Genres	House Progressive house Tech house Techno Minimal techno
Occupations	Disc jockey Record producer
Years active	2004 – Present
Labels	Kompakt
Website	guiboratto.com.br

Gui Boratto (born 1974 in São Paulo) is a Brazilian electronic music producer. In the 1990s he was a member of Sect.

His album Chromophobia^[1] was awarded the title of Mixmag Album of the Month. Regarding why he chose the name Chromophobia, Boratto said: "The same meaning as monochromatism in architecture, which means simplicity. That’s all. I don’t have a morbid fear of colors at all. But also, I was ironic. My music is really colorful." ^[2]

On stage, Gui uses a laptop equipped with Ableton Live, a JazzMutant Lemur, a monome and an Evolution Uc33e. He sometimes invites a guitar player to join him.^[3]

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• Chromophobia, Kompakt, 2007
• Take My Breath Away, Kompakt, 2009
• III, Kompakt, 2011

Singles and EPs[link]

• "No Turning Back" Take My Breath Away, 2009
• "The Rivington EP" (12"), 2008
• "Tales From The Lab", 2008
• "Royal House", Plastic City, 2007
• "Beluga" (12") Audiomatique Recordings, 2006
• "Brazilian Soccer - Edition (Paralelo, Tipologia)" (12") Killa Beat Recordings, 2006
• Division EP (12") Harthouse Mannheim, 2006
• "Gate 7" (12") K2, 2006
• "It's Majik" (12") Plastic City, 2006
• "Like You" (12") Kompakt Pop, 2006
• "Sozinho" (12") K2, 2006
• "Speicher 38 (The Rising Evil)" (12") Kompakt Extra, 2006
• "Arquipélago" (12") K2, 2005
• "Sunrise" (12") Plastic City, 2005
• Twiggy EP (12") Circle Music, 2005

Remixes Drum & Bass / Synth-Pop[link]

• Kaleidoscopio - "Feliz de Novo" (Gui Boratto Remix)
• I Rava One Drean -
• Kaleidoscopio - "Meu Sonho" (Star Guitar by Gui Boratto Extended)
• Helen Christina - "Canto de Ossanha" (Gui Boratto's extended mix)
• Groovetronick vs. Gui Boratto - Sem Mais

Remixes Minimal / Techno[link]

• Agoria featuring Scalde - "Baboul Hair Cuttin" (Gui Boratto remix) 6:43
• Eyerer and Chopstick - "Haunting" (Gui Boratto remix)
• Guy J and Sahar Z - "Hazui" (Gui Boratto remix) 7:13
• Monoroom - "Memory Inc" (Gui Boratto remix) 6:32
• Zentex - "Pimioe" (Gui Boratto remix) 07:04
• Oliver Klein - "Re-Kraft" (Gui Boratto version) 7:43
• Alexis Tyrel - "Rebecca Loos" (Gui Boratto Remix) 8:13
• Tube and Berger featuring Vanity - "Funky Shit" (Gui Boratto Remix) 6:41
• Delon and Dalcan - "Beyond Clouds" (Gui Boratto remix) 7:03
• Robert Babicz - "Sin" (Gui Boratto remix) 8:35
• Sian - "Flood" (Gui Boratto remix) 09:03
• Will Saul and Tam Cooper - "Sequential Circus" (Gui Boratto remix) 7:34
• Patrice D Angello and Nick Holson - "One Day" (Gui Borratto Remix) 8:20
• Tocadisco Feat. Lennart A. Salomon - "Better Begin" (Gui Boratto Remix) 8:22
• Philip Flindt - "Forward (Gui Boratto Remix)" 6:54
• Phonique - "Space Cruise" (feat Gui Borrato Phonique Version) 6:40
• Pet Shop Boys - "Love etc" (Gui Boratto remix), 2009
• Solee - "Impressed" (Gui Boratto Remix) Parquet Recordings, 2009
• Adam Freeland - "Silverlake Pills" (Gui Boratto Remix), 2008
• Bomb the Bass - "Black River (featuring Mark Lanegan)" (Gui Boratto Remix), 2008
• Sam Taylor-Wood & Pet Shop Boys - "I'm In Love With A German Film Star" (Gui Boratto remix), 2008
• Goldfrapp - "A&E" (Gui Boratto Remix) Mute Records, 2007
• Agoria - "Baboul Hair Cuttin'" (Gui Boratto Remix) Different Recordings, 2006
• Oscar - "Freak Inside" (Gui Boratto Remix) Confused Recordings, 2006
• Kaleidoscopio - "Você Me Apareceu" (Gui Boratto Horn Mix) Cuadra, 2004
• Adam Freeland - "ManCry" (Gui Boratto Remix), 2008 (Unreleased)
• Moby – "Pale Horses" (Gui Boratto’s Last Window Remix), 2009
• Massive Attack - "Paradise Circus" (Gui Boratto Mix), 2009
• Trentemoller - "Sycamore Feeling", 2010
• Battles - "Wall Street (Gui Boratto Remix)", 2012

References[link]

External links[link]

• Gui Boratto Official Website
• MySpace
• Boratto interview
• Stylus magazine article
• (French) Interview Gui Boratto - Actualites Electroniques
• (English) Interview Gui Boratto - Actualites Electroniques