Emilio Salgari
Born	(1862-08-21)August 21, 1862 Verona, Italy
Died	April 25, 1911(1911-04-25) (aged 48) Turin, Italy
Occupation	Journalist, writer, novelist
Nationality	Italian
Genres	Adventure, Westerns, Historical fiction, Science fiction
Notable work(s)	Sandokan The Tigers of Mompracem (series) The Black Corsair (series)
Influences Jules Verne, James Fennimore Cooper, Thomas Mayne Reid, H. Rider Haggard, Alexandre Dumas, père, Louis Boussenard
Influenced Luigi Motta, Emilio Fancelli, Emilio Bertinetti, Folco Quilici, Matteo Mazzuca

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Emilio Salgari (Italian pronunciation: [eˈmiljo salˈɡari], but often erroneously pronounced [ˈsalɡari]; August 21, 1862 – April 25, 1911) was an Italian writer of action adventure swashbucklers and a pioneer of science fiction.

For over a century, his novels were mandatory reading for generations of youth eager for exotic adventures. In Italy, his extensive body of work was more widely read than that of Dante. Today he is still among the 40 most translated Italian authors. Many of his most popular novels have been adapted as comics, animated series and feature films. He is considered the father of Italian adventure fiction and Italian pop culture, and the "grandfather" of the Spaghetti Western.^[1]

Life[link]

Emilio Salgari was born in Verona to a family of modest merchants. From a young age, he had a desire to explore the seas and studied seamanship at a Naval Academy in Venice, but his academic performance was too poor, and he never graduated.

He began his writing career as a reporter on the daily La Nuova Arena, which published some of his work as serials. As his powers of narration grew, so did his reputation for having lived a life of adventure. He claimed to have explored the Sudan desert, met Buffalo Bill in Nebraska (he had actually met him during his "wild West Show" tour of Italy), and sailed the Seven Seas. His early biographies were filled with adventurous tales set in the Far East, events which he claimed were the basis for much of his work. Salgari had actually never ventured farther than the Adriatic Sea.

He turned his passion for exploration and discovery to writing. His first stories were serialized in newspapers. Early in his career, he began signing his tales as "Captain Salgari", a title he once defended in a duel when his claim to it was questioned.

Though knighted by the Queen of Italy and wildly popular, Salgari did not earn much money from his books and lived hand to mouth for most of his life.

Salgari married Ida Peruzzi - nicknamed "Aida," - with whom he had four children - which added to the family's economic problems - and with whom he was very happy for years.^[2] Salgari private life was clouded by several tragedies. In 1889 his father committed suicide.^[2] Ida became ill after 1903 and Salgari's struggling increased with her medical bills.

These events led Salgari to depression, and he attempted suicide in 1910. After Ida was committed to a mental ward in 1911, Salgari was overwhelmed and took his own life soon afterwards, imitating the Japanese ritual of seppuku, and died on April 25, 1911.^[2] He left three letters, addressed to his and Ida's children, his publisher, and the editors of his newspaper in Turin. The letter to his publisher said:

^[2]

One of the sons of Emilio and Aida also committed suicide in 1933.^[2]

Writing career[link]

Salgari wrote more than 200 adventure stories and novels, setting his tales in exotic locations, with heroes from a wide variety of cultures. He gained inspiration from reading foreign literature and newspapers, travel magazines and encyclopedias, which he used to portray his heroes' worlds. He wrote four major series: The Pirates of Malaysia; The Black Corsair Saga; The Pirates of Bermuda; and a collection of adventures set in the Old West. Salgari’s heroes were mostly pirates, outlaws and barbarians, fighting against greed, abuse of power, and corruption.

Salgari opposed colonization in his fiction. His most legendary heroes Sandokan, The Tiger of Malaysia, a Bornean prince turned pirate, and his loyal lieutenant Yanez of Gomera, led their men in attacks against the Dutch and British fleets. They declared war on James Brooke, the White Rajah of Sarawak, and tried to force him from his throne. The Black Corsair and Captain Morgan battled against injustice in the Caribbean, while Salgari’s pirates of Bermuda fought for American independence.

His tales had been so popular that soon his publisher hired other writers to develop adventure stories under his name. They added 50 novels to his “canon”. Salgari's style was imitated by many, but no other Italian adventure writer managed to duplicate his popular success.

Legacy[link]

Salgari's work was imitated in one form or another by many who came after him. A large part of the Italian adventure literature is a continuation of Salgari's work. Many late 19th century writers such as Luigi Motta and Emilio Fancelli wrote further Sandokan adventures imitating Salgari's style: fast-paced, filled with great battles, blood, violence and punctuated with humour.

The style soon spread to movies and television. One example is the work of the director Sergio Leone, whose outlaw heroes in his Spaghetti Westerns were inspired by Salgari's piratical adventurers. More than 50 film adaptations have been made of Salgari's novels, and many more were inspired by his work (corsair stories, jungle adventure stories, and swashbuckling B movies, such as Morgan, the Pirate, starring Steve Reeves).

Federico Fellini loved Salgari's books. Pietro Mascagni had over 50 Salgari titles in his library. Umberto Eco read Salgari's works as a child.

His work was very popular in Spain and Spanish-speaking countries, where Latin American writers such as Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Isabel Allende, Carlos Fuentes, Jorge Luis Borges and Pablo Neruda, all attested to reading him when young. Che Guevara read 62 of his books, according to his biographer Paco Ignacio Taibo II, who remarked that the revolutionary's anti-imperialism could be seen to be "Salgarian in origin".

Though popular with the masses, Salgari was shunned by critics throughout his life and for most of the 20th century. It was not until the late 1990s that his writings began to be revisited, and new translations appeared in print. They have been newly appreciated for their characterization and plots. In 2001 the first National Salgari Association was founded in Italy to celebrate his work.^[2]

Films[link]

Historians debate the first film adaptation of a Salgari novels. Cabiria, directed by Giovanni Pastrone bears many similarities to Emilio Salgari's 1908 adventure novel Cartagine in Fiamme (Carthage is Burning). Salgari was never credited, and Gabriele D'Annunzio was billed as the official screenwriter. D'Annunzio had been brought on board to help revise the film once it had been shot, earning the credit by changing the title to Cabiria, changing the name of some of the characters, and rewriting the captions from what Pastrone had done. The three-hour epic movie with its cast of thousands created a sensation throughout Italy. It pioneered epic screen production and foreshadowed the work of D.W. Griffith, Sergei Eisenstein and others.

Vitale De Stefano brought Salgari's pirates to the big screen in the early 1920s with a series of five films shot over two years, including Il corsaro nero The Black Corsair and La Regina dei caraibi (The Queen of the Caribbean). Lex Barker appeared as the tiger hunter Tremal-Naik in the 1955 B-movie The Mystery of The Black Jungle. Sandokan was played by Hercules star Steve Reeves in Sandokan the Great and The Pirates of Malaysia aka The Pirates of The Seven Seas. Ray Danton played the pirate in Luigi Capuano's Sandokan Against the Leopard of Sarawak (aka Throne of Vengeance.) and later reprised the role in Sandokan Fights Back (aka The Conqueror and the Empress).

In 1976, the landmark Sandokan TV miniseries played throughout Europe. It starred Kabir Bedi in the title role and attracted more than 80 million viewers a week. Bedi has been considered the quintessential Sandokan ever since. He later reprised the role in the late 1990s in a series of sequels.

Work available in English[link]

Though Salgari's novels have been popular in Europe and Latin America for over a century, at present only seven titles are available in English.

Tigers of Malaysia series[link]

• The Mystery of The Black Jungle
• Sandokan: The Tigers of Mompracem
• Sandokan: The Pirates of Malaysia
• Sandokan: The Two Tigers
• Sandokan: The King of the Sea

Black Corsair series[link]

• The Black Corsair
• The Son of the Red Corsair

Bibliography[link]

Pirates of Malaysia (Sandokan)[link]

• The Mystery of the Black Jungle (I Misteri della Jungla Nera, 1895)
• The Tigers of Mompracem (Le tigri di Mompracem, 1900)
• The Pirates of Malaysia (I pirati della Malesia, 1896)
• The Two Tigers (Le due Tigri, 1904)
• The King of the Sea (Il re del mare, 1906)
• Quest for a Throne (Alla conquista di un impero, 1907)
• Sandokan Fights Back (Sandokan alla riscossa, 1907)
• Return to Mompracem (La riconquista di Mompracem, 1908)
• The False Brahman (Il Bramino dell’Assam, 1911)
• An Empire Crumbles (La caduta di un impero, 1911)
• Yanez’ Revenge (La rivincita di Yanez, 1913)

The last two tiles were published posthumously.

The Black Corsair series[link]

• The Black Corsair (Il Corsaro Nero, 1898)
• Queen of The Caribbean (La regina dei Caraibi, 1901)
• Yolanda Daughter of The Black Corsair (Jolanda, la figlia del Corsaro Nero, 1905)
• Son of the Red Corsair (Il figlio del Corsaro Rosso, 1908)
• The Last Pirates (Gli ultimi filibustieri, 1908)

The Pirates of Bermuda Series[link]

• I corsari delle Bermude (1909)
• La crociera della Tuonante (1910)
• Straordinarie avventure di Testa di Pietra (1915)

Adventures in the Old West Series[link]

• Sulle frontiere del Far-West (1908)
• La scotennatrice (1909)
• Le selve ardenti (1910)

Other series[link]

Two sailors[link]

• Il Tesoro del Presidente del Paraguay (1894)
• Il Continente Misterioso (1894)

Il Fiore delle Perle[link]

• Le stragi delle Filippine (1897)
• Il Fiore delle Perle (1901)

I figli dell'aria[link]

• I Figli dell'Aria (1904)
• Il Re dell'Aria (1907)

Capitan Tempesta[link]

• Capitan Tempesta (1905)
• Il Leone di Damasco (1910)

Other adventures[link]

• La favorita del Mahdi (1887)
• Duemila Leghe sotto l'America (1888; also known as: Il Tesoro Misterioso)
• La scimitarra di Budda (1892)
• I pescatori di balene (1894)
• Le novelle marinaresche di Mastro Catrame (1894; also known as: Il vascello maledetto)
• Un dramma nell'Oceano Pacifico (1895)
• Il re della montagna (1895)
• I naufraghi del Poplador (1895)
• Al Polo Australe in velocipede (1895)
• Nel paese dei ghiacci (1896)
• I drammi della schiavitù (1896)
• Il re della Prateria (1896)
• Attraverso l'Atlantico in pallone (1896)
• I naufragatori dell'Oregon (1896)
• I Robinson italiani (1896)
• I pescatori di Trepang (1896)
• Il capitano della Djumna (1897)
• La rosa del Dong-Giang (1897; also known as: Tay-See)
• La città dell'oro (1898)
• La Costa d'Avorio (1898)
• Al Polo Nord (1898)
• La capitana del Yucatan (1899)
• Le caverne dei diamanti (1899)
• Le avventure di un marinaio in Africa (1899)
• Il figlio del cacciatore d'orsi (1899)
• Gli orrori della Siberia (1900)
• I minatori dell'Alaska (1900)
• Gli scorridori del mare (1900)
• Avventure fra le pellirosse (1900)
• La Stella Polare e il suo viaggio avventuroso (1901; also known as: Verso l'Artide con la Stella Polare)
• Le stragi della China (1901; also known as: Il sotterraneo della morte)
• La montagna d'oro (1901; also known as: Il treno volante)
• I naviganti della Meloria (1902)
• La montagna di luce (1902)
• La giraffa bianca (1902)
• I predoni del Sahara (1903)
• Le pantere di Algeri (1903)
• Sul mare delle perle (1903)
• L'uomo di fuoco (1904)
• I solitari dell'Oceano (1904)
• La città del re lebbroso (1904)
• La gemma del fiume rosso (1904)
• L'eroina di Port Arthur (1904, also known as La Naufragatrice)
• Le grandi pesche nei mari australi (1904)
• La sovrana del campo d'oro (1905)
• La Perla Sanguinosa (1905)
• Le figlie dei Faraoni (1905)
• La Stella dell'Araucania (1906)
• Le meraviglie del Duemila (1907)
• Il tesoro della montagna azzurra (1907)
• Le aquile della steppa (1907)
• Sull'Atlante (1907)
• Cartagine in fiamme (1908)
• Una sfida al Polo (1909)
• La Bohème italiana (1909)
• Storie rosse (1910)
• I briganti del Riff (1911)
• I predoni del gran deserto (1911)

References[link]

• O. Nalesini, L'Asia Sud-orientale nella cultura italiana. Bibliografia analitica ragionata, 1475-2005. Roma, IsIAO, 2009, pp. 350–362 ISBN 978-88-6323-284-4

External links[link]

• "Emilio Salgari", Official Website, in Italian
• "Emilio Salgari", ROH Press, in English. Also includes images from movies and animated series based on his novels.
• "Emilio Salgari: Literature’s Invisible Man", ROH Press, in English.
• Carla Passino, "Book of the Week: Sandokan, the tigers of Mompracem", Italy Magazine, December 2009
• Salgari's Works: text with concordances and frequency list
• Le novelle marinaresche di Mastro Catrame, Audiobook Creative Commons Edition
• . http://books.google.com/books?q=emilio+salgari&btnG=Search+Books. 
• Works by Emilio Salgari at Project Gutenberg

Emilio Navaira III (born August 23, 1962) is an American musician of Mexican descent, who performs both Country and Tejano music. Known to most by the mononym Emilio, he has charted more than ten singles on the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks charts, in addition to six singles on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts. Emilio is also one of the few Tejano artists to have significant success in both the United States and Mexico, and has been called the "Garth Brooks of Tejano." His biggest country hit was the #27 "It's Not the End of the World" in late 1995, and his highest-charting single on any chart is "Por Siempre Unidos," which peaked at #7 on Latin Pop Airplay in 1996. Along with Selena, Emilio is one of the most prominent artists to help popularize Tejano music.

Early life[link]

Emilio Navaira III was born on August 23, 1962 in San Antonio, Texas to Emilio Navaira Jr., and Mary Navaira.^[1] Growing up on the south side of San Antonio, Navaira found early influence in not only tejano legends such as Little Joe y la Familia, Ramón Ayala, and Pedro Infante, but also Lone Star country music heroes such as Willie Nelson, Bob Wills, and George Strait. As a student, Navaria graduated from McCollum High School in 1980, received a music scholarship to Texas State University-San Marcos, and majored in music with plans to become a teacher before ultimately deciding to pursue a career as an artist.^[2]

Musical career[link]

In 1985 at age 23, Emilio began his performing career by singing lead vocals for David Lee Garza y Los Musicales. In 1987, Cuantas Veces by David Lee Garza Y Los Musicales beat out Alpha by Mexican American singer Selena for Album of the Year at the Tejano Music Awards. In 1989, Navaira formed his own band, Emilio y Groupo Rio.^[3] That same year Emilio signed with Columbia Records (then known as CBS Records). This relationship resulted in Emilio recording more than fifteen studio albums to date, including several with his Rio Band.

By the mid 1990s, Emilio began crediting himself solely as Emilio, eventually switching his focus to country music.^[4] Between 1989 and 1996, Emilio had released seven Spanish albums with cumulative sales of about 2 million.^[5] This success lead to mainstream commercial exposure, with companies such as Coca-Cola and Wrangler Jeans using his songs in their advertisements in the 1990s.^[4] Emilio had also gained a sponsorship with Miller Lite beer, who had persuaded him to use their slogan at the time, "Life is good," as the title of his first country album.^[6]

Emilio signed with Capitol Records and released his first country music single called "It's Not the End of the World" which reached the Top 30 on the country charts in 1995. His album was a surprise success as well reaching #13 on the country charts and also a high placing on the Top 200. Several more singles including a Spanish version of "It's Not the End of the World" followed but none of these singles came close to the Top 40 except "Even If I Tried" which reached #41 in 1996. In 1997, he released a second country album, "It's On The House" but it was not as successful as his first country album. Two more minor country singles followed and gradually Emilio faded from country music and increasingly came back to Tejano music.

Personal life[link]

Navaira has two siblings; Raul "Raulito" Navaira whom performs back-up vocals for Grupo Rio, and Yvette Navaira. ^[7]

Navaira has five children. His two children from his first marriage to Cynthia Navaira also perform for Grupo Rio. Emilio Navaira IV plays drums, and Diego Navaira plays guitar. He also has three from his second marriage to Maru Navaira. ^[7]

In June 2011 Navaira's second wife, Maru, filed for divorce.^[7]

Driving accidents[link]

Navaira was hospitalized in critical condition after his tour bus crashed early in the morning on March 23, 2008, in Bellaire (a small municipality partially surrounded by Houston, Texas). Navaira had performed the previous night at Hallabaloos, a Houston nightclub and he was at the wheel of the tour bus^[8] as it traveled north along west 610 Loop near the Southwest Freeway when it crashed into a set of freeway barrels shortly before 4 a.m. Emilio was taken by Life Flight to Memorial Hermann Hospital^[9][10] where a blood clot in his head was removed;^[11][12] Emilio's initial treatment included being kept in a medically-induced coma and induced hypothermia to minimize brain swelling. Doctors cautioned that he might not survive.^[13]

A March 27, 2008 press release from Memorial Hermann Hospital reported that on the evening of March 26 Emilio "opened his eyes and moved his arms and legs."^[14] On April 4, 2008, the hospital announced that Emilio underwent a surgical procedure on March 31 to repair a pseudoaneurysm in his right lung and that he remained in critical condition.^[15] On April 16, 2008, he was upgraded to fair condition.^[16][17] On April 23, the hospital announced that Emilio was transferred to The Institute for Rehabilitation and Research (TIRR) at Memorial Hermann as part of his rehabilitative care.^[18]

On May 1, 2008, police released initial reports that indicated that Emilio was intoxicated at the time of the crash.^[19] On May 8, the full report was released which indicated that Emilio had a blood alcohol content of 0.19, more than twice the legal limit in Texas.^[20] Authorities also indicated that Emilio was not licensed to drive a bus.^[21][22]

On September 24, 2008, Emilio was involved in another car accident in San Antonio as a passenger while his wife was driving. According to a witness, the Navairas were stopped in a turn lane when a truck crossed at least two lanes of traffic and struck their vehicle. Both Emilio and his wife Maria were released from the hospital the following day. Emilio's agent, Joe Casias, stated that Emilio and his wife were headed home from a rehabilitation therapy appointment stemming from the March tour bus accident.^[23]

Legal troubles[link]

Navaira has been arrested twice on DUI charges, paying a fine and serving probation for the first one in 2000 while the second arrest from 2005 remains unresolved.^[24]

He pleaded guilty to DWI charges stemming from the crash on March 13, 2009; he was sentenced to three days in jail and 27 days of house arrest.^[25]

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

• ^ASouthern Exposure also peaked at #39 on US Heatseekers.

Singles[link]

• ^ACredited to Emilio Navaira.
• ^B"No Es El Fin del Mundo" is a Spanish-language version of "It's Not the End of the World".
• ^C"Por Siempre Unidos" also peaked at #7 on Latin Pop Airplay.

Guest singles[link]

Music videos[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Emilio Navaira y Rio on Myspace
• Video of March 26, 2008, hospital press conference
• Memorial Hermann Hospital newsroom - updates on Emilio's condition
• Tejano star Emilio Navaira injured in Houston bus crash - Dash cam video, audios, and pictures of the crash scene

Jules Verne
Born	Jules Gabriel Verne (1828-02-08)February 8, 1828 Nantes, France
Died	March 24, 1905(1905-03-24) (aged 77) Amiens, France
Occupation	Author
Language	French
Nationality	French
Genres	Science fiction
Notable work(s)	Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, A Journey to the Center of the Earth, Around the World in Eighty Days, The Mysterious Island, Dick Sand, A Captain at Fifteen
Spouse(s)	Honorine Hebe du Fraysse de Viane (Morel) Verne
Children	Michel Verne and step-daughters Valentine and Suzanne Morel
Influences Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, Józef Sękowski, Edgar Allan Poe, James Fenimore Cooper, Jacques Arago, Daniel Defoe, Johann David Wyss, George Sand, Erckmann-Chatrian, Adolphe d'Ennery
Influenced H.G. Wells, Hugo Gernsback, Arthur Conan Doyle, Edgar Rice Burroughs, Donald G. Payne, Steampunk, Emilio Salgari, Paschal Grousset, Ray Bradbury
Signature

Jules Gabriel Verne (French pronunciation: [ʒyl vɛʁn]; February 8, 1828 – March 24, 1905) was a French author who pioneered the science fiction genre.^[1] He is best known for his novels Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870), A Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864), and Around the World in Eighty Days (1873). Verne wrote about space, air, and underwater travel before air travel and practical submarines were invented, and before practical means of space travel had been devised. He is the second most translated author in the world (after Agatha Christie).^[2] Some of his books have also been made into live-action and animated films and television shows. Verne is often referred to as the "Father of Science Fiction", a title sometimes shared with Hugo Gernsback and H. G. Wells.^[3]

Early life[link]

Jules Verne was born in Nantes, in France, to Pierre Verne, an attorney, and his wife, Sophie Allote de la Fuÿe.^[4] Jules spent his early years at home with his parents in the bustling harbor city of Nantes. The family spent summers in a country house just outside the city, in Brains on the banks of the Loire River. Here Jules and his brother Paul would often rent a boat for one franc a day. The sight of the many ships navigating the river sparked Jules's imagination, as he describes in the autobiographical short story "Souvenirs d'Enfance et de Jeunesse". At the age of nine, Jules and Paul, of whom he was very fond, were sent to boarding school at the Saint Donatien College (Petit séminaire de Saint-Donatien). As a child, he developed a great interest in travel and exploration, a passion he showed as a writer of adventure stories and science fiction. His interest in writing often cost him progress in other subjects.

At the boarding school, Verne studied Latin, which he used in his short story "Le Mariage de Monsieur Anselme des Tilleuls" in the mid 1850s. One of his teachers may have been the French inventor Brutus de Villeroi,^{[citation needed]} professor of drawing and mathematics at the college in 1842, and who later became famous for creating the US Navy's first submarine, the USS Alligator. De Villeroi may have inspired Verne's conceptual design for the Nautilus in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, although no direct exchanges between the two men have been recorded.

Verne's second French biographer, his grand-niece Marguerite Allotte de la Fuÿe,^[5] formulated the rumor that Verne was so fascinated with adventure at an early age that he stowed away on a ship bound for the West Indies, but that Jules's voyage was cut short when he found his father waiting for him at the next port.

Literary debut[link]

After completing his studies at the lycée, Verne went to Paris to study law. Around 1848, in conjunction with Michel Carré, he began writing libretti for operettas, five of them for his friend the composer Aristide Hignard, who also set Verne's poems as chansons. For some years, his attentions were divided between the theater and work, but some travelers' stories which he wrote for the Musée des familles revealed to him his true talent: the telling of delightfully extravagant voyages and adventures to which cleverly prepared scientific and geographical details lent an air of verisimilitude.

When Verne's father discovered that his son was writing rather than studying law, he promptly withdrew his financial support. Verne was forced to support himself as a stockbroker, which he hated despite being somewhat successful at it. During this period, he met Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas, who offered him writing advice.

Verne also met Honorine de Viane Morel, a widow with two daughters. They were married on January 10, 1857. With her encouragement, he continued to write and actively looked for a publisher. On August 3, 1861, their son, Michel Verne, was born. Michel married an actress over Verne's objections, had two children by an underage mistress, and buried himself in debts. The relationship between father and son improved as Michel grew older.

It was Jules Verne himself who confirmed once having traveled from Stockholm, Sweden, to Christiania^{[clarification needed]} during 1862.^{[clarification needed][6]} Consequently, Swedish publication of Jules Verne began during the very next year.^[7] En luftballongsresa genom Afrika (A Hot Air Balloon trip through Africa), translated into Swedish, actually is dated 1863 – making it the very first dated Jules Verne full-length book on record.^[8]

A typical Hetzel front cover for a Jules Verne book. The edition is Les Aventures du Capitaine Hatteras au Pôle Nord, type "Aux deux éléphants".

Verne's situation improved when he met Pierre-Jules Hetzel, one of the more important French publishers of the 19th century, who also published Victor Hugo, George Sand, and Erckmann-Chatrian, among others. They formed an excellent writer-publisher team until Hetzel's death. Hetzel helped improve Verne's writings, which until then had been repeatedly rejected by other publishers. Hetzel read a draft of Verne's story about the balloon exploration of Africa, which had been rejected by other publishers for being "too scientific". With Hetzel's help, Verne rewrote the story, which was published in 1863 in book form as Cinq semaines en ballon (Five Weeks in a Balloon). Acting on Hetzel's advice, Verne added comical accents to his novels, changed sad endings into happy ones, and toned down various political messages.

Unlike En Luftballongsresa Genom Afrika, dated 1863 and published anonymously, Cinq semaines en ballon was undated (circa 1863), but noted its author. It presently is unknown whether such dating and author attribution practice was done intentionally or by accident. It also is unclear as to which book became first to reach publication despite the fact that both express largely identical story lines.^{[clarification needed][9]}

From that point, Verne published two or more volumes a year. The most successful of these include Voyage au centre de la Terre (Journey to the Center of the Earth, 1864); De la Terre à la Lune (From the Earth to the Moon, 1865); Vingt mille lieues sous les mers (Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, 1869); and Le tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours (Around the World in Eighty Days), which first appeared in Le Temps in 1872. The series is collectively known as "Voyages Extraordinaires" ("extraordinary voyages"). Verne could now live on his writings. But most of his wealth came from the stage adaptations of Le tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours (1874) and Michel Strogoff (1876), which he wrote with Adolphe d'Ennery. In 1867, Verne bought a small ship, the Saint-Michel, which he successively replaced with the Saint-Michel II and the Saint-Michel III as his financial situation improved. On board the Saint-Michel III, he sailed around Europe. In 1870, he was appointed as "Chevalier" (Knight) of the Légion d'honneur. After his first novel, most of his stories were first serialised in the Magazine d'Éducation et de Récréation, a Hetzel biweekly publication, before being published in the form of books. His brother Paul contributed to 40th French climbing of the Mont-Blanc and a collection of short stories – Doctor Ox – in 1874. Verne became wealthy and famous. According to the Unesco Index Translationum, Jules Verne regularly places among the top five most translated authors in the world.

Later years[link]

On March 9, 1886, as Verne was coming home, his twenty-five-year-old nephew, Gaston, shot him with a gun. One bullet missed, but the second entered Verne's left leg, giving him a limp that would not be cured. The incident was hushed up by the media, and Gaston spent the rest of his life in an asylum.

After the deaths of Hetzel and his beloved mother Sophie Henriette Allotte de la Fruye in 1887, Jules began writing darker works. This may partly be due to changes in his personality, but an important factor is the fact that Hetzel's son, who took over his father's business, was not as rigorous in his corrections as Hetzel had been. In 1888, Jules Verne entered politics and was elected town councillor of Amiens, where he championed several improvements and served for fifteen years. In 1905, while ill with diabetes, Verne died at his home, 44 Boulevard Longueville (now Boulevard Jules-Verne). Michel oversaw publication of his novels Invasion of the Sea and The Lighthouse at the End of the World. The "Voyages extraordinaires" series continued for several years afterwards in the same rhythm of two volumes a year. It has later been discovered that Michel Verne had made extensive changes in these stories, and the original versions were published at the end of the 20th century.

In 1863, Jules Verne wrote a novel called Paris in the Twentieth Century about a young man who lives in a world of glass skyscrapers, high-speed trains, gas-powered automobiles, calculators, and a worldwide communications network, yet cannot find happiness and comes to a tragic end. Hetzel thought the novel's pessimism would damage Verne's then-booming career, and suggested he wait 20 years to publish it. Verne put the manuscript in a safe, where it was discovered by his great-grandson in 1989. It was published in 1994, and around the same time many other Verne novels and short stories were also published for the first time, and these too are gradually appearing in English translation.

Memorials[link]

A restaurant built into the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France is named Le Jules Verne.^[10] In June 1989, the Jules Verne Food Court opened at the Merry Hill Shopping Centre in the West Midlands of England; however, it had closed by the mid 1990s due to disappointing trade.^[11]

Hetzel's influence[link]

Hetzel substantially influenced the writings of Verne, who was so happy to finally find a willing publisher that he agreed to almost all changes that Hetzel suggested. Hetzel rejected at least one novel (Paris in the Twentieth Century) and asked Verne to significantly change his other drafts. One of the most important changes Hetzel enforced on Verne was the adoption of optimism in his novels. Verne was in fact not an enthusiast of technological and human progress, as can be seen in his works created before he met Hetzel and after Hetzel's death. Hetzel's demand for optimistic texts proved correct. For example, Mysterious Island originally ended with the survivors returning to the mainland forever nostalgic about the island. Hetzel decided that the heroes should live happily, so in the revised draft, they use their fortunes to build a replica of the island. Many translations are like this. Also, in order not to offend France's then-ally, Russia, the origin and past of the famous Captain Nemo were changed from those of a Polish refugee avenging the partitions of Poland and the death of his family in the January Uprising repressions to those of an Indian prince fighting the British Empire after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Bibliography[link]

Cover of L'Algerie Magazine, June 15, 1884: A drawing of Jules Verne and some of the creatures from his novels.

Verne wrote numerous works, most famous of which are the 54 novels comprising the Voyages Extraordinaires. He also wrote short stories, essays, plays, and poems.

His first and better known works include:

• A Voyage in a Balloon (Un Voyage en ballon, August 1851 as published in Musée des familles)^[12]
• Five Weeks in a Balloon (Cinq semaines en ballon, 1863)^[13]
• Paris in the Twentieth Century (Paris au XX^e siècle, 1863, not published until 1994)
• A Journey to the Center of the Earth (Voyage au centre de la Terre, 1864)
• From the Earth to the Moon (De la Terre à la Lune, 1865)
• The Adventures of Captain Hatteras (Voyages et aventures du capitaine Hatteras, 1866)
• In Search of the Castaways or Captain Grant's Children (Les Enfants du capitaine Grant, 1867–1868)
• Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (Vingt mille lieues sous les mers, 1870)
• Around the Moon (Autour de la Lune, a sequel to From the Earth to the Moon, 1870)
• A Floating City (Une ville flottante, 1871)
• Dr. Ox's Experiment (Une fantaisie du Docteur Ox, 1872)
• The Adventures of Three Englishmen and Three Russians in South Africa (Aventures de trois Russes et de trois Anglais, 1872 )
• The Fur Country (Le Pays des fourrures, 1873)
• Around the World in Eighty Days (Le Tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours, 1873)
• The Survivors of the Chancellor (Le Chancellor, 1875)
• The Mysterious Island (L'Île mystérieuse, 1875)
• The Blockade Runners (Les Forceurs de blocus, 1876)
• Michael Strogoff (Michel Strogoff, 1876)
• Off on a Comet (Hector Servadac, 1877)
• The Child of the Cavern, also known as Black Diamonds or The Black Indies (Les Indes noires, 1877)
• Dick Sand, A Captain at Fifteen (Un capitaine de quinze ans, 1878)
• The Begum's Fortune (Les Cinq cents millions de la Bégum, 1879)
• The Steam House (La Maison à vapeur, 1879)
• Tribulations of a Chinaman in China (Les Tribulations d'un Chinois en Chine), 1879
• Eight Hundred Leagues on the Amazon (La Jangada, 1881)
• The Green Ray (Le Rayon vert, 1882)
• Kéraban the Inflexible (Kéraban-le-têtu, 1883)
• Frritt-Flacc (1884)
• The Vanished Diamond (L’Étoile du Sud, 1884)
• The Archipelago on Fire (L’Archipel en feu, 1884)
• Mathias Sandorf (1885)
• Robur the Conqueror or The Clipper of the Clouds (Robur-le-Conquérant, 1886)
• Ticket No. "9672" (Un billet de loterie, 1886 )
• North Against South (Nord contre Sud, 1887)
• The Flight to France (Le Chemin de France, 1887)
• Family Without a Name (Famille sans nom, 1888)
• Two Years' Vacation (Deux ans de vacances, 1888)
• The Purchase of the North Pole (Sans dessus dessous, the second sequel to From the Earth to the Moon, 1889)
• César Cascabel (1890)
• Mistress Branican (1891)
• The Carpathian Castle (Le Château des Carpathes, 1892)
• Claudius Bombarnac (Claudius Bombarnac, 1893)
• Foundling Mick (P’tit-Bonhomme, 1893)
• Propeller Island (L’Île à hélice, 1895)
• Facing the Flag (Face au drapeau, 1896)
• Clovis Dardentor (1896)
• The Sphinx of the Ice Fields or An Antarctic Mystery (Le Sphinx des glaces, a sequel to Edgar Allan Poe's The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, 1897)
• The Mighty Orinoco (Le Superbe Orénoque, 1897)
• The Village in the Treetops (Le Village aérien, 1901)
• The Kip Brothers (Les Frères Kip,1902)
• Master of the World (Maître du monde, sequel to Robur the Conqueror, 1904)
• Invasion of the Sea (L’Invasion de la mer, 1904)
• A Drama in Livonia (Un drame en Livonie, 1904)
• The Lighthouse at the End of the World (Le Phare du bout du monde, 1905)
• The Chase of the Golden Meteor (La Chasse au météore, 1908)
• The Danube Pilot (Le Pilote du Danube, 1908)
• The Survivors of the "Jonathan" (Les Naufragés du « Jonathan », 1909)

See also[link]

Brittany portal

	Book: Jules Verne
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

References[link]

1. ^ Roberts, Adam (2007). "7. Jules Verne and H. G. Wells". The History of Science Fiction. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 129–155. ISBN 0-230-54691-9. http://www.scribd.com/doc/16511205/The-History-of-Science-Fiction. Retrieved 2011-05-25. 
2. ^ UNESCO Statistics. "Index Translationum - "TOP 50" Author". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). http://www.unesco.org/xtrans/bsstatexp.aspx?crit1L=5&nTyp=min&topN=50. Retrieved 2011-06-20. 
3. ^ Adam Charles Roberts (2000), "The History of Science Fiction": Page 48 in Science Fiction, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-19204-8. Others who are popularly called the "Father of Science Fiction" include Hugo Gernsback and H. G. Wells, see the list of people known as father or mother of something.
4. ^ « N. Allot, Écossais, venu en France avec la Garde Écossaise de Louis XI, rendit service au roi qui l'anoblit, et lui donna « le droit de Fuye », c'est-à-dire celui d'avoir un colombier, ce qui était un privilège royal. L'archer écossais se fixa près de Loudun, construisit un château et devint Allotte, seigneur de la Fuÿe ». Cf. Jean-Jules Verne, Jules Verne, Hachette, 1973, page 21.
5. ^ Smyth, Edmund J (2000). Jules Verne: Narratives of Modernity. Liverpool University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-85323-704-4. 
6. ^ McClure's Magazine Volume II, No. 2, page 122; January 1894; R. H. Shekard. Article entitled, Jules Verne at Home -- His own Account of his Life and Work.
7. ^ Swedish bibliography of 'En luftballongsresa genom Afrika'; 1863
8. ^ TrueScans of En Luftballongsresa Genom Afrika, dated 1863 -- Seventh and eighth scans at bottom of webpage
9. ^ TrueScans of En Luftballongsresa Genom Afrika, dated 1863
10. ^ "Le Jules Verne, restaurant at the Eiffel Tower in Paris". Dininginfrance.com. 2008-11-22. http://www.dininginfrance.com/jules_verne.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-27. 
11. ^ Peter Rhodes (2006-12-18). "Food court on Merry Hill menu « Express & Star". Expressandstar.com. http://www.expressandstar.com/latest/2006/12/18/food-court-on-merry-hill-menu/. Retrieved 2011-06-27. 
12. ^ TrueScans of Un Voyage en ballon, 1851; A Voyage in a Balloon, 1852; and Voyage in a Balloon, 1852
13. ^ TrueScans of En Luftballongsresa Genom Afrika, dated 1863 (Cinq semaines en ballon circa 1863)

Further reading[link]

• William Butcher, Arthur C. Clarke (Introduction) (2006). Jules Verne: The Definitive Biography. ISBN 1-56025-854-3
• Herbert R. Lottman (1997). Jules Verne: An Exploratory Biography. ISBN 0-312-14636-1
• Philippe Melot, Jean-Marie Embs (2005).Le Guide Jules Verne. Les Editions de l'Amateur, Paris.ISBN 2-85917-417-6
• Françoise Schiltz (2011). The Future Revisited: Jules Verne on Screen in 1950s America. Chaplin Books, Gosport. ISBN 0-9565595-2-2
• Marguerite Allotte de la Fuÿe (1928). Jules Verne, sa vie, son oeuvre (Original ed.). Paris: Simon Kra. 
  • Translated as Marguerite Allotte de la Fuÿe (1954). Jules Verne. Erik de Mauny (transl.). London: Staples Press. 
• Marguerite Allotte de la Fuÿe (1966). Jules Verne, sa vie, son oeuvre (2nd ed.). Hachette. 

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jules Verne

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jules Verne

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Jules Verne

Bibliography

• Les Voyages Extraordinaires – list of Verne works Compiled by Dennis Kytasaari. Bibliography.

Sources

• Works by Jules Verne at Project Gutenberg
• Jules Verne's works: text, concordances and frequency list
• A Jules Verne Centennial 1905–2005: A selection of early Jules Verne books and illustrations at the Smithsonian Institution Libraries edited by Norman M. Wolcott.
• Zvi Har'El's Jules Verne Collection, including the Jules Verne Virtual Library, online sources of 51 of Jules Verne's novels translated into eight languages.
• The Jules Verne Collecting Resource Page, complete online sources, posters, cards, autographs, first edition covers, etc..

Biography

• Biography of Jules Verne

Reviews

• "Jules Verne: Father of Science Fiction?", John Derbyshire, The New Atlantis, Number 12, Spring 2006, pp. 81–90. A review of four new Jules Verne translations from the "Early Classics of Science Fiction" series by Wesleyan University Press.
• Jules Verne: An Exploratory Biography, by Herbert R. Lottman – a review.

Misc

• The maps from the Voyages Extraordinaires, scans of all the maps that were included in the original editions of Jules Verne’s novels.
• Jules Verne Museum located in Nantes, France.

Resources

• North American Jules Verne Society
• Centre International Jules Verne