- published: 30 May 2010
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- Albania
- Aleppo
- Arab
- Armenia
- Azerbaijan
- Azerbaijani cuisine
- Baklava
- Baklava (band)
- Baku
- Balaclava
- Balkan peninsula
- Balushahi
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- Byzantine cuisine
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- Chinese cuisine
- Cinnamon
- Clarified butter
- Cloves
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- Eid ul-Fitr
- Filo pastry
- Folk etymology
- Ganja, Azerbaijan
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- List of pastries
- Mesopotamia
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- Nut (fruit)
- Ottoman cuisine
- Ottoman Empire
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- Portal Food
- Quba, Azerbaijan
- Ramadan
- Reuven Amitai-Preiss
- Richard Tapper
- Rose water
- Sami Zubaida
- Sesame
- Sesame candy
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- Tatar people
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- Yuan Dynasty
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Afghanistan
Afghanistan
i/æfˈɡænɨstæn/ (Persian/Pashto: افغانستان, Afġānistān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming part of South Asia, Central Asia, and Greater Middle East, it is also considered to be part of a broader West Asia. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of 647,500 km2 (250,001 sq mi), making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and the east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast.
Afghanistan has been an ancient focal point of the Silk Road and human migration. Archaeologists have found evidence of human habitation from as far back as 50,000 BC. Urban civilization may have begun in the area as early as 3,000 to 2,000 BC. Sitting at an important geostrategic location that connects the Middle East with Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, the land has been home to various peoples through the ages and witnessed many military campaigns, notably by Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, and in modern era Western forces. The land also served as a source from which the Greco-Bactrians, Kushans, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Timurids, Mughals and many others have risen to form major empires.
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Albania
Albania (i/ælˈbeɪniə/ al-BAY-nee-ə, Albanian: Shqipëri/Shqipëria; Gheg Albanian: Shqipnia), officially known as the Republic of Albania (Albanian: Republika e Shqipërisë pronounced Albanian pronunciation: [ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾiːs]), is a country in Southern Europe. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west, and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is less than 72 km (45 mi) from Italy, across the Strait of Otranto which links the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea.
Albania is a member of the UN, NATO, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Council of Europe, World Trade Organisation, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and one of the founding members of the Union for the Mediterranean. Albania has been a potential candidate for accession to the European Union since January 2003, and it formally applied for EU membership on 28 April 2009.
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Aleppo
Aleppo (Arabic: حلب Ḥalab [ˈħalæb], other names) is the largest city in Syria and the capital of Aleppo Governorate, the most populous Syrian governorate. With an official population of 2,132,100 (2004 census), it is also one of the largest cities in the Levant. For centuries, Aleppo was Greater Syria's largest city and the Ottoman Empire's third, after Constantinople and Cairo. Although relatively close to Damascus in distance, Aleppo is distinct in identity, architecture and culture, all shaped by a markedly different history and geography.
Aleppo is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world; it has been inhabited since perhaps as early as the 6th millennium BC. Excavations at Tell as-Sawda and Tell al-Ansari, just south of the old city of Aleppo, show that the area was occupied since at least the latter part of the 3rd millennium BC; and this is also when Aleppo is first mentioned in cuneiform tablets unearthed in Ebla and Mesopotamia, in which it is noted for its commercial and military proficiency. Such a long history is probably due to its being a strategic trading point midway between the Mediterranean Sea and Mesopotamia.
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Armenia
Armeniai/ɑrˈmiːniə/ (Armenian: Հայաստան Hayastan [hɑjɑsˈtɑn]), officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun, [hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtuˈtʰjun]), is a landlocked, mountainous country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.
A former republic of the Soviet Union, Armenia is a unitary, multiparty, democratic nation-state with an ancient and historic cultural heritage. The Kingdom of Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its religion, in the early years of the 4th century (the traditional date is 301 AD). The modern Republic of Armenia recognizes the Armenian Apostolic Church, the world's oldest national church, as the country's primary religious establishment. Armenians have their own unique alphabet invented by Mesrob Mashtots in 406 AD.
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Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan (
i/ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn/ AZ-ər-by-JAHN; Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikası) is the largest country in the Caucasus region located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south. The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east, Iran to the south and west, while having a short borderline with Turkey to the northwest.
Azerbaijan has an ancient and historic cultural heritage. Aside from having been the first Muslim-majority country to have operas, theater and plays, Azerbaijan today is among the Muslim-majority countries where support for secularism and tolerance is the highest. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the first democratic and secular republic in the Muslim world, was established in 1918, but was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920. Azerbaijan regained independence in 1991. Shortly thereafter, during the Nagorno-Karabakh War, neighboring Armenia occupied Nagorno-Karabakh, its surrounding territories and the enclaves of Karki, Yukhary Askipara, Barkhudarly and Sofulu. The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, which emerged in Nagorno-Karabakh, continues to be not diplomatically recognized by any nation and the region is still considered a de jure part of Azerbaijan, despite being de facto independent since the end of the war. Azerbaijan has come under repeated international criticism for its record on human rights.
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Baku
Baku (Azerbaijani: Bakı, IPA: [bɑˈcɯ]), sometimes spelled as Baki or Bakou, is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region. It is located on the southern shore of the Absheron Peninsula, which projects into the Caspian Sea. The city consists of two principal parts: the downtown and the old Inner City (21.5 ha). Baku's urban population at the beginning of 2009 was estimated at just over two million people. Officially, about 25 percent of all inhabitants of the country live in the metropolitan city area of Baku.
Baku is divided into eleven administrative districts (raions) and 48 townships. Among these are the townships on islands in the Baku Bay and the town of Oil Rocks built on stilts in the Caspian Sea, 60 km (37 mi) away from Baku. The Inner City of Baku along with the Shirvanshah's Palace and Maiden Tower were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000. According to the Lonely Planet's ranking, Baku is also among the world's top ten destinations for urban nightlife.
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Cyprus
Cyprusi/ˈsaɪprəs/ (Greek: Κύπρος, Kýpros, IPA: [ˈcipɾos]; Turkish: Kıbrıs, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs]), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία, Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía, IPA: [cipɾiaˈci ðimokɾaˈtia]; Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs dʒumhuɾijeˈti]), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria, Lebanon, northwest of Israel and north of Egypt. Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and the Republic of Cyprus is a member state of the European Union.
The earliest known human activity on the island dates back to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia, which has been declared a World Heritage Site with an "enhanced protection" status in the event of armed conflict by UNESCO, along with the archaeological sites of Paphos and the Painted Churches of the Troodos Region. Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world.
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Gaziantep
Gaziantep, previously and still informally called Antep; ʻayn tāb [ʕajn tæːb] is a city in southeast Turkey and amongst the oldest continually inhabited cities in the world. The city is located 185 kilometres (115 miles) northeast of Adana and 127 kilometres by road north of Aleppo, Syria. The metropolitan area in the entire Gaziantep Province had a population of 1.3 million as of 2010, making it the sixth most populous city in Turkey. The city has two urban districts under its administration, Şahinbey and Şehitkamil.
Gaziantep was originally called Aïntap (in Arabic script عين تاب) but after some centuries the name shifted to Antep. The origin of the name is shrouded in mystery, but there are several theories:
In 1921, "Antep" was legally renamed "Gaziantep", meaning "Victorious Antep".
Gaziantep is one of the most developed provinces of the region and is also one of the oldest, its history reaching as far back as the Hittites. Being the center of pistachio cultivation in Turkey and with its extensive olive groves and vineyards, Gaziantep is one of the important agricultural and industrial centres of Turkey.
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Greece
Greecei/ˈɡriːs/ (Greek: Ελλάδα, Ellada, IPA: [eˈlaða] (
listen) historically in Katharevousa and Ancient Greek: Ἑλλάς, Hellas, IPA: [eˈlas] and [helːás] respectively), officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Elliniki Dimokratia, IPA: [eliniˈci ðimokraˈtia]), is a country in Southern Europe, politically considered part of Western Europe.Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country (its urban area also including Piraeus). The population of the country is around 11 million.
Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).
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Hama
Hama (Arabic: حماة Ḥamāh [ħaˈmaː], Biblical Ḥamāth, ("Fortress") is a city on the banks of the Orontes River in west-central Syria north of Damascus. It is the provincial capital of the Hama Governorate. With a population of 312,994 (2004 census), Hama is the fifth-largest city in Syria after Aleppo, Damascus, Homs and Latakia. The modern city is built on the site of the ancient city of Hamath (
/ˈheɪ.mʌθ/).
The city is renowned for its seventeen norias used for watering the gardens, which are locally claimed to date back to 1100 BC. Though historically used for purpose of irrigation, the norias exist today as an almost entirely aesthetic traditional show.
In the last decades, the city of Hama has become known as a center of the anti-Ba'ath opposition in Syria, most notably the Muslim Brotherhood. The city was raided by the Syrian Army, beginning with the 1964 Islamic uprising, and becoming the scene of carnage during the Islamic uprising in Syria in April 1981 and especially in 1982, when some 25,000 people were killed in what became known as Hama massacre. The city was once again besieged by the Syrian military, as one of the main arenas of the 2011 uprising.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Iran
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (i/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia ( /ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.
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İstanbul
Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul) is the largest city in Turkey, forming the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With a population of 13.4 million, the city is at the center of the second-largest urban area in Europe after Moscow, and among the world's largest cities by population within city limits. Istanbul's vast area of 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi) is coterminous with Istanbul Province, of which the city is considered capital. Straddling the Bosphorus—one of the world's busiest waterways—in northwestern Turkey, between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, Istanbul is a transcontinental city, with one third of its population living in Asia but its commercial and historical center in Europe.
Founded around 660 BC as Byzantium on the Seraglio Point, the city now known as Istanbul developed to become one of the most significant cities in history. For nearly sixteen centuries following its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 AD, it served as the capital of four empires — the late classical Roman Empire (330–395), the Eastern Roman ("Byzantine") Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times, before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold from which the last caliphate ruled. Although the Republic of Turkey established its capital elsewhere, in Ankara, remnants of Istanbul's previous central role still remain highly visible across the city, with palaces and imperial mosques lining its hills.
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( /dʒəˈruːsələm/; Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Yerushaláyim ; Arabic: القُدس al-Quds and/or أورشليم Ûrshalîm) is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such, and one of the oldest cities in the world. It is located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 801,000 residents over an area of 125.1 km2 (48.3 sq mi). Jerusalem is also a holy city to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times. The oldest part of the city was settled in the 4th millennium BCE. In 1538, walls were built around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent. Today those walls define the Old City, which has been traditionally divided into four quarters—known since the early 19th century as the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarters. The Old City became a World Heritage site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger. Modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond its boundaries.
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Syria
Syria (/ˈsɪriə/ ( listen) SIRR-ee-ə; Arabic: سورية Sūriyya or سوريا Sūryā; Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܐ; Kurdish: Sûrî), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية العربية السورية al-Jumhūriyyah al-‘Arabīyah as-Sūriyyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
In English, the name Syria was formerly synonymous with the Levant, known in Arabic as Sham, while the modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblan civilization of the third millennium BC. In the Islamic era, its capital city, Damascus, the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate, and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
The population of Syria is 74% Sunni, 12% Alawi, 10% Christian, and 3% Druze. Combined, 87% of the Syrian population is Muslim, while the other 10% is Christian, which includes mainly Arab Christians but also Assyrians and Armenians. Major ethnic minorities in Syria include Kurds (9%), Assyrians, Armenians, Turkmens and Circassians. The majority of the population is Arab (90%).
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Topkapı Palace
The Topkapı Palace (Turkish: Topkapı Sarayı or in Ottoman Turkish: طوپقپو سرايى) is a large palace in Istanbul, Turkey, that was the primary residence of the Ottoman Sultans for approximately 400 years (1465-1856) of their 624-year reign.
As well as a royal residence, the palace was a setting for state occasions and royal entertainments. It is now a major tourist attraction and contains important holy relics of the Muslim world including the Prophet Muhammed's cloak and sword. The Topkapı Palace is among the monuments contained within the "Historic Areas of Istanbul", which became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985, and is described in Criterion iv as "the best example[s] of ensembles of palaces [...] of the Ottoman period."
Construction began in 1459, ordered by Sultan Mehmed II, the conqueror of Byzantine Constantinople. The palace complex consists of four main courtyards and many smaller buildings. At its peak, the palace was home to as many as 4,000 people, and covered a large area with a long shoreline. The complex was expanded over the centuries, with major renovations after the 1509 earthquake and the 1665 fire. The palace contained mosques, a hospital, bakeries, and a mint. The name translates as "Cannon gate Palace" from a nearby gate which has since been destroyed.
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Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
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Yazd
Yazd (pronounced /jæzd/) (Persian: یزد, also Romanized as Yezd) is the capital of Yazd Province in Iran, and a centre of Zoroastrian culture. The city is located 270 km southeast of Isfahan. At the 2006 census, the population was 423,006, in 114,716 families.
Because of generations of adaptations to its desert surroundings, Yazd is an architecturally unique city. It is also known in Iran for the high quality of its handicrafts, especially silk weaving, and its sweet shops.
Yazd with the area of 131,551 km²[citation needed] is situated at an oasis where the Dasht-e Kavir desert and the Dasht-e Lut desert meet, the city is sometimes called "the bride of the Kavir" because of its location, in a valley between Shir Kuh, the tallest mountain in the region at 4075 m. above sea level, and Kharaneq. The city itself is located at 1203 m. above sea-level, and covers 16,000 km².
According to the administrative division rules, the Yazd province is divided into 10 districts, each includes at least one town and a number of villages. These districts are: Abarkuh, Ardakan, Bafq, Khatam, Maybod, Mehriz, Tabas, Sadough, Taft and Yazd.
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Yuan Dynasty
The Yuan Dynasty (Chinese: 元朝, p Yuán Cháo; Mongolian: Их Юань улс) was the branch of Mongol Borjigin dynasty established by Kublai Khan. Although the Mongols had ruled northern China for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style. His realm – the Great Yuan Empire (t 大元帝國, s 大元帝国, p Dà Yuán Dìguó) – was by this point isolated from the other khanates and controlled only most of present-day China and its surrounding areas including modern Mongolia. It was the first non-Han dynasty to rule all of China and lasted until 1368, after which its remnants in Mongolia were known as the Northern Yuan.
The Yuan is considered both a successor to the Mongol Empire and as an imperial Chinese dynasty. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan Dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven, following the Song Dynasty and preceding the Ming Dynasty. Although the dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as Taizu.
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Richard Tapper
Richard Lionel Tapper is a professor emeritus of the School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London. He is an anthropologist specializing in the nomadic peoples of Iran.
Tapper received his master's degree from Cambridge and his doctorate from London (1972).
He was a founding member of the Afghan Refugee Information Network. (Tapper, 2008)
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Sami Zubaida
Sami Zubaida (born 1937) is an Emeritus Professor of Politics and Sociology at Birkbeck, University of London and, as a Visiting Hauser Global Professor of Law in Spring 2006, taught Law and Politics in the Islamic World at New York University School of Law.
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Speros Vryonis
Speros Vryonis Jr. (Greek: Σπύρος Βρυώνης, born 1928) is an American historian of Greek descent and a specialist in Greek and Byzantine history. He is the author of a number of works on Byzantine/Greek-Turkish relations, including The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century (1971) and The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom of September 6–7, 1955, and the Destruction of the Greek Community of Istanbul (2005). Vryonis is professor emeritus of history at UCLA, the former Director of the Speros Basil Vryonis Center for the Study of Hellenism and is currently the AHIF Senior Fellow for Hellenism and for Greek and Turkish Studies.
Vryonis received his BA in ancient history and the classics from Southwestern College (now Rhodes College), Memphis, Tennessee in 1950. He received his MA from Harvard University two years later and his Ph.D. from the same school in 1956.
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Turkic languages
The Turkic languages constitute a language family of at least thirty-five languages, spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean to Siberia and Western China, and are considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family.
Turkic languages are spoken as a native language by some 165 to 200 million people; and the total number of Turkic speakers is over 300 million, including speakers of a second language. The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is Turkish proper, or Anatolian [and Balkan] Turkish, the speakers of which account for about 40% of all Turkic speakers.
Characteristic features of Turkish, such as vowel harmony, agglutination, and lack of grammatical gender, are universal within the Turkic family. There is also a high degree of mutual intelligibility between the various Oghuz languages, which include Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Qashqai, Gagauz, Balkan Gagauz Turkish and Oghuz influenced Crimean Tatar.
The characteristic features of the Turkic languages are vowel harmony, extensive agglutination by means of suffixes and other affixes, and lack of noun classes or grammatical gender. Subject–object–verb word order is universal within the family. All of these distinguishing characteristics are shared with the Mongolic, Tungusic, and Korean language families, as well as (with the exception of vowel harmony) with Japonic, which are considered by some linguists to be genetically linked with the Turkic languages in an Altaic language family.
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Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are a collection of ethnic groups that live in northern, central and western Asia, northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds. The term Turkic represents a broad ethno-linguistic group of people including existing societies such as the Turkish, Azerbaijani, Chuvashes, Kazakhs, Tatars, Kyrgyzs, Turkmens, Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Bashkirs, Qashqai, Gagauzs, Yakuts, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks, Karakalpaks, Karachays, Nogais and as well as past civilizations such as the Göktürks, Kumans, Kipchaks, Avars, Bulgars, Turgeshes, Khazars, Seljuk Turks, Ottoman Turks, Mamluks, Timurids and possibly Huns and the Xiongnu.
The distribution of people of Turkic cultural background ranges from Siberia, across Central Asia, to Eastern Europe. As of 2011[update] the largest groups of Turkic people live throughout Central Asia—Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Azerbaijan, in addition to Turkey and Iran. Additionally, Turkic people are found within Crimea, East Turkistan region of western China, northern Iraq, Pakistan, Israel, Russia, Afghanistan, and the Balkans: Moldova, Bulgaria, Romania, and former Yugoslavia. A small number of Turkic people also live in Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. Small numbers inhabit eastern Poland and the south-eastern part of Finland. There are also considerable populations of Turkic people (originating mostly from Turkey) in Germany, United States, and Australia, largely because of migrations during the 20th century.
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Baklava!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:14
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
There are many recipes for Baklava but they all follow the same theme - nuts, phyllo pastry, butter, sugar and honey... This recipe adds additional dancing into the list of ingredients. Recipe at titlisbusykitchen.com
http://wn.com/Baklava!
There are many recipes for Baklava but they all follow the same theme - nuts, phyllo pastry, butter, sugar and honey... This recipe adds additional dancing into the list of ingredients. Recipe at titlisbusykitchen.com
How to make BAKLAVA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:58
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Baklava is a simple middle eastern desert that has a nutty sweet flavour and is also very simple and easy to make at home. So let me show you how. Follow me on: tinyurl.com tinyurl.com tinyurl.com tinyurl.com Ingredients: 250g butter Filo Pastry (box) 2 cups walnuts 1/2 cup pistachios Suger Syrup: 1 cup water 3/4 cup sugar Juice of one lemon 200g Honey
http://wn.com/How_to_make_BAKLAVA
Baklava is a simple middle eastern desert that has a nutty sweet flavour and is also very simple and easy to make at home. So let me show you how. Follow me on: tinyurl.com tinyurl.com tinyurl.com tinyurl.com Ingredients: 250g butter Filo Pastry (box) 2 cups walnuts 1/2 cup pistachios Suger Syrup: 1 cup water 3/4 cup sugar Juice of one lemon 200g Honey
- published: 23 Jul 2012
- views: 54354
- author: simpleeasycooking
BAKLAVA ROLLS - It's easier than making squares
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:44
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
PLEASE READ THE DESCRIPTION FOR RECIPE AND VARIATIONS. You can put whatever you want in this baklava. You don't have to follow my recipe perfectly. Make it to your own taste. If you like ghee, use ghee. If you prefer pistachios, use them, if you prefer cashews, use them (very yummy actually), if you like more nuts, put as much as you want (just beware that there comes a point that there are too many nuts and it breaks the phyllo). If you like spices in it, then put spices. If you don't like the spices, don't put them. The beauty of this recipe is that it is so flexible. The only reason I posted this recipe on Youtube, is because I have a lot of friends who ask me how to make it. I give this link to my friends when they ask me. For any youtubers out there also looking for something different than Baklava squares, this method is a lot easier to make. But just because I made a video, doesn't mean the exact method is written in stone. Thank you all for sharing your ideas for variations. I'm pretty sure I have addressed every possible variation in this description & the original recipe is written here for anyone who actually wants to try it that way. You will need: For the syrup: 1 & 3/4 cup of sugar (435 ml) 1 & 1/4 cup of water (310 ml) 1 tsp of lemon juice (5 ml) For the Baklava you will need: 1 pastry brush 9*13" Baking Pan (3L) 1 rolling stick - about 3/4" in diameter... I bought mine in a building box store, cut it in half, sanded, washed and oiled it.... It's also great ...
http://wn.com/BAKLAVA_ROLLS_It's_easier_than_making_squares
PLEASE READ THE DESCRIPTION FOR RECIPE AND VARIATIONS. You can put whatever you want in this baklava. You don't have to follow my recipe perfectly. Make it to your own taste. If you like ghee, use ghee. If you prefer pistachios, use them, if you prefer cashews, use them (very yummy actually), if you like more nuts, put as much as you want (just beware that there comes a point that there are too many nuts and it breaks the phyllo). If you like spices in it, then put spices. If you don't like the spices, don't put them. The beauty of this recipe is that it is so flexible. The only reason I posted this recipe on Youtube, is because I have a lot of friends who ask me how to make it. I give this link to my friends when they ask me. For any youtubers out there also looking for something different than Baklava squares, this method is a lot easier to make. But just because I made a video, doesn't mean the exact method is written in stone. Thank you all for sharing your ideas for variations. I'm pretty sure I have addressed every possible variation in this description & the original recipe is written here for anyone who actually wants to try it that way. You will need: For the syrup: 1 & 3/4 cup of sugar (435 ml) 1 & 1/4 cup of water (310 ml) 1 tsp of lemon juice (5 ml) For the Baklava you will need: 1 pastry brush 9*13" Baking Pan (3L) 1 rolling stick - about 3/4" in diameter... I bought mine in a building box store, cut it in half, sanded, washed and oiled it.... It's also great ...
- published: 24 Aug 2009
- views: 752717
- author: SultanOrhanGazi
How To Make Baklava - 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
The raw materials of floor, butter, pistachios and others are being inspected and carefully purchase by "Karaköy Güllüoğlu" experts from their original regions at the right season. Karakoy Güllüoglu is aimed at total customer satisfaction and feedback continous improvement and searching for the new tastes. As a result of this ongoing search; the company offers varieties such as chocolate baklava, cheese and meat pies, baklava pie, diabetic light baklava, low cholestrol medibak baklava and the leading power supply Hekimbaşi baklava. Karakoy Güllüoğlu products are daily prepared and sold at Istanbul's historical port province of Karakoy sales center. "Karaköy Güllüoğlu" is widely recognized internationally and currently exports to USA and Europe The sixth generation of Gulluoglu family will continue to carry the mission they have started with pride since1996 www.karakoygulluoglu.com
http://wn.com/How_To_Make_Baklava_3
The raw materials of floor, butter, pistachios and others are being inspected and carefully purchase by "Karaköy Güllüoğlu" experts from their original regions at the right season. Karakoy Güllüoglu is aimed at total customer satisfaction and feedback continous improvement and searching for the new tastes. As a result of this ongoing search; the company offers varieties such as chocolate baklava, cheese and meat pies, baklava pie, diabetic light baklava, low cholestrol medibak baklava and the leading power supply Hekimbaşi baklava. Karakoy Güllüoğlu products are daily prepared and sold at Istanbul's historical port province of Karakoy sales center. "Karaköy Güllüoğlu" is widely recognized internationally and currently exports to USA and Europe The sixth generation of Gulluoglu family will continue to carry the mission they have started with pride since1996 www.karakoygulluoglu.com
- published: 05 Dec 2010
- views: 690132
- author: PiMedya
BEST BAKLAVA RECIPE!!! HOME MADE BAKLAVA RECIPE !!! PART 1/2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:58
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
www.DedeMed.com Step BY Step BAKLAVA Recipe ON HOW TO MAKE GREAT BAKLAVA!!! For this Baklava recipe and others go to www.DedeMed.com BEST BAKLAVA RECIPE !!! MUST SEE BAKLAVA !!
http://wn.com/BEST_BAKLAVA_RECIPE!!!_HOME_MADE_BAKLAVA_RECIPE_!!!_PART_1_2
www.DedeMed.com Step BY Step BAKLAVA Recipe ON HOW TO MAKE GREAT BAKLAVA!!! For this Baklava recipe and others go to www.DedeMed.com BEST BAKLAVA RECIPE !!! MUST SEE BAKLAVA !!
- published: 15 Sep 2008
- views: 302632
- author: dedemed
Baklava Rolls Recipe by Manjula
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:20
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
View full recipe at www.manjulaskitchen.com Ingredients: 6 sheets of phyllo dough (one package weigh 1 pound and have 18 14 x 18 inches sheets) 1/2 cup clarified butter 1/2 cup ground almond 1/2 cup ground walnuts 1/4 cup coconut powder 1/2 teaspoon cardamom 1/3 cup sugar Syrup 3/4 cup sugar 1/2 cup water 1 teaspoon lemon juice
http://wn.com/Baklava_Rolls_Recipe_by_Manjula
View full recipe at www.manjulaskitchen.com Ingredients: 6 sheets of phyllo dough (one package weigh 1 pound and have 18 14 x 18 inches sheets) 1/2 cup clarified butter 1/2 cup ground almond 1/2 cup ground walnuts 1/4 cup coconut powder 1/2 teaspoon cardamom 1/3 cup sugar Syrup 3/4 cup sugar 1/2 cup water 1 teaspoon lemon juice
- published: 21 Aug 2010
- views: 277670
- author: Manjulaskitchen
Baklava Fingers Recipe How To Make Baklava Fingers (Easy Dessert)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:34
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Baklava Fingers Recipe How To Make Baklava Fingers. Easy Recipe With Mouth Watering Results. Making Baklava Fingers For Family, Friends or as a Gift is a great idea. I often make this or other recipes like it as a gift when visiting friends or relatives. The number one thing to remember is that Baklava is best served cold. I know the temptation is there to dig in and see how it tastes. As usual you'll find the written recipe and directions at my website, HowToExpo. See what's next at HowToExpo.com
http://wn.com/Baklava_Fingers_Recipe_How_To_Make_Baklava_Fingers_Easy_Dessert
Baklava Fingers Recipe How To Make Baklava Fingers. Easy Recipe With Mouth Watering Results. Making Baklava Fingers For Family, Friends or as a Gift is a great idea. I often make this or other recipes like it as a gift when visiting friends or relatives. The number one thing to remember is that Baklava is best served cold. I know the temptation is there to dig in and see how it tastes. As usual you'll find the written recipe and directions at my website, HowToExpo. See what's next at HowToExpo.com
- published: 03 Jul 2012
- views: 15451
- author: HowToExpo
Baklava In 10 Minutes!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:52
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
How to make baklava in under ten minutes in your home kitchen! Provided by TasteofBeirut.com
http://wn.com/Baklava_In_10_Minutes!
How to make baklava in under ten minutes in your home kitchen! Provided by TasteofBeirut.com
- published: 29 Dec 2010
- views: 258940
- author: tasteofbeirut
homemade Mediterranean Baklava
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:59
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
homemade Baklava www.yesorganicfood.com
http://wn.com/homemade_Mediterranean_Baklava
Anleitung und Rezept - Türkische Süßspeise Baklava 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:31
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
www.bremen-restaurants.de Rezept und Anleitung zum Backen einer türkischen Süßspeise - Baklava. Kochrezepte und Backrezepte, sowie internationale Küche und Gastronomie für Anfänger und Hobbyköche.
http://wn.com/Anleitung_und_Rezept_Türkische_Süßspeise_Baklava_1
www.bremen-restaurants.de Rezept und Anleitung zum Backen einer türkischen Süßspeise - Baklava. Kochrezepte und Backrezepte, sowie internationale Küche und Gastronomie für Anfänger und Hobbyköche.
- published: 15 Sep 2011
- views: 17762
- author: sevilart
Baklava - El amor kon un estranyo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Official video for Baklava' s song "El amor kon un estranyo" (In Love With a Stranger). This is from their album "Me mankas mucho" (I miss you so much), published by Skopje Jazz Festival 2011, Republic of Macedonia. This song is made by three different (Ladino, Turkish, Macedonian) languages, but one melody: Fel Shara, Üsküdar'a gider iken (Katibim), Oj devojce (Ој девојче). Video is made by Senem Tüzen & Sibo Second camera: Emin Oy www.baklava.com.mk
http://wn.com/Baklava_El_amor_kon_un_estranyo
Official video for Baklava' s song "El amor kon un estranyo" (In Love With a Stranger). This is from their album "Me mankas mucho" (I miss you so much), published by Skopje Jazz Festival 2011, Republic of Macedonia. This song is made by three different (Ladino, Turkish, Macedonian) languages, but one melody: Fel Shara, Üsküdar'a gider iken (Katibim), Oj devojce (Ој девојче). Video is made by Senem Tüzen & Sibo Second camera: Emin Oy www.baklava.com.mk
- published: 25 May 2011
- views: 21848
- author: thebucklover
What Is Baklava? / How to Make Baklava Recipe
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:45
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
In today's episode of What's This Food?!, Daniel Delaney learns about the traditional sweet n' flakey pastry, baklava, which has Middle Eastern and Mediterranean origins. Don't be afraid of the phyllo (fillo) dough, Daniel shows how easy it is to make this delicious treat at home! Today's sponsor is Nuts About Granola, check them out at nutsaboutgranola.com ---- What's This Food?! (WTF?!) is a daily cooking show, with a new episode posted every day of 2011. Learn more at http Facebook - danieldelaney.com Twitter - twitter.com Email Newsletter - eepurl.com
http://wn.com/What_Is_Baklava?_How_to_Make_Baklava_Recipe
In today's episode of What's This Food?!, Daniel Delaney learns about the traditional sweet n' flakey pastry, baklava, which has Middle Eastern and Mediterranean origins. Don't be afraid of the phyllo (fillo) dough, Daniel shows how easy it is to make this delicious treat at home! Today's sponsor is Nuts About Granola, check them out at nutsaboutgranola.com ---- What's This Food?! (WTF?!) is a daily cooking show, with a new episode posted every day of 2011. Learn more at http Facebook - danieldelaney.com Twitter - twitter.com Email Newsletter - eepurl.com
- published: 20 May 2011
- views: 35710
- author: danieldelaney
How to Make Baklava
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:15
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Get the 5-star recipe for Baklava @ allrecipes.com Watch how easy it is to make this top-rated Baklava recipe. Nutty and sweet, this classic Greek dessert is surprisingly easy to make! Discover how to arrange the thin strips of phyllo dough for this recipe, and see a neat trick for cutting the pastry into sections before baking. Facebook www.facebook.com Twitter @Allrecipesvideo Pinterest pinterest.com
http://wn.com/How_to_Make_Baklava
Get the 5-star recipe for Baklava @ allrecipes.com Watch how easy it is to make this top-rated Baklava recipe. Nutty and sweet, this classic Greek dessert is surprisingly easy to make! Discover how to arrange the thin strips of phyllo dough for this recipe, and see a neat trick for cutting the pastry into sections before baking. Facebook www.facebook.com Twitter @Allrecipesvideo Pinterest pinterest.com
- published: 29 Jun 2012
- views: 5165
- author: allrecipes
Gluten Free Baklava
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:44
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
Making gluten-free baklava with hand rolled GF filo. Dough recipe: 1-1/3 cup warm water 1 tablespoon sugar 1 teaspoon dry yeast Proof the yeast, combine with 2 eggs 3-1/2 cups Jules All Purpose GF flour Set aside for one hour in a warm spot Baklava filling: 2 cups chopped pecans 2 cups chopped walnuts 1 cup chopped almond 1 cup sugar 1 tablespoon ground cinnamon 1 teaspoon ground clove Syrup: 3 cups sugar 1-1/2 cup water 1/2 cup brandy ( I prefer Metaxa 7-star) 3 tablespoons honey 1 slice of lemon 2 cinnamon sticks in pieces For the musically inclined, the background music is a classical guitar version of JS Bach's Chaconne from the Second Violin Partita
http://wn.com/Gluten_Free_Baklava
Making gluten-free baklava with hand rolled GF filo. Dough recipe: 1-1/3 cup warm water 1 tablespoon sugar 1 teaspoon dry yeast Proof the yeast, combine with 2 eggs 3-1/2 cups Jules All Purpose GF flour Set aside for one hour in a warm spot Baklava filling: 2 cups chopped pecans 2 cups chopped walnuts 1 cup chopped almond 1 cup sugar 1 tablespoon ground cinnamon 1 teaspoon ground clove Syrup: 3 cups sugar 1-1/2 cup water 1/2 cup brandy ( I prefer Metaxa 7-star) 3 tablespoons honey 1 slice of lemon 2 cinnamon sticks in pieces For the musically inclined, the background music is a classical guitar version of JS Bach's Chaconne from the Second Violin Partita
- published: 11 Jun 2009
- views: 41244
- author: dnworks
Pistachio Baklawa (Baklava)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:38
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
To get the written recipe, click this link: www.cookingwithalia.com Baklawa (or Baklava) is a very popular sweet in many countries and regions: Middle East, Turkey, North Africa, and of course Morocco. It's simply made with layers of phyllo dough and nut filling, soaked in a honey syrup.
http://wn.com/Pistachio_Baklawa_Baklava
To get the written recipe, click this link: www.cookingwithalia.com Baklawa (or Baklava) is a very popular sweet in many countries and regions: Middle East, Turkey, North Africa, and of course Morocco. It's simply made with layers of phyllo dough and nut filling, soaked in a honey syrup.
- published: 16 Aug 2012
- views: 10020
- author: cookingwithalia
Baklava Rolls - Ramadan Recipes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:48
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
Printable recipe at indianrecipevideo.com
http://wn.com/Baklava_Rolls_Ramadan_Recipes
Printable recipe at indianrecipevideo.com
- published: 19 Jun 2011
- views: 53124
- author: SuperVeggieDelight
1UP - PART 28 - ISTANBUL - TRAINS & BAKLAVA (OFFICIAL HD VERSION AGGRO TV)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:13
- Updated: 01 Jan 2013
1UProduction presents ONE UNITED POWER - The Online Series. A mixed selection of the 2-Disc Collectors Edition. There's gonna be a new video online every Monday and Thursday! The double DVD contains more than 260 minutes of worldwide graffiti actions, subtitles in nine languages and a lot of hidden features. Available at your local dealer! Buy at: overkill.de - tiny.cc mzee.com - tiny.cc 1up T-Shirt available - tiny.cc Streetbombings in broad daylight, wholecars in running traffic and rooftops at dizzying heights . Graffiti action in Berlin, Cuba, Paris, Istanbul, Bucharest, Thailand, Oslo, Vienna, South America, Barcelona, Copenhagen and Italy. For more information incl. cover, interview and photos check: ilovegraffiti - tiny.cc ONE CREW. ONE LOVE. ONE POWER. AGGRO.TV: www.aggro.tv http www.twitter.com www.tiny.cc AGGRO SHOP: www.downstairs.com
http://wn.com/1UP_PART_28_ISTANBUL_TRAINS_BAKLAVA_OFFICIAL_HD_VERSION_AGGRO_TV
1UProduction presents ONE UNITED POWER - The Online Series. A mixed selection of the 2-Disc Collectors Edition. There's gonna be a new video online every Monday and Thursday! The double DVD contains more than 260 minutes of worldwide graffiti actions, subtitles in nine languages and a lot of hidden features. Available at your local dealer! Buy at: overkill.de - tiny.cc mzee.com - tiny.cc 1up T-Shirt available - tiny.cc Streetbombings in broad daylight, wholecars in running traffic and rooftops at dizzying heights . Graffiti action in Berlin, Cuba, Paris, Istanbul, Bucharest, Thailand, Oslo, Vienna, South America, Barcelona, Copenhagen and Italy. For more information incl. cover, interview and photos check: ilovegraffiti - tiny.cc ONE CREW. ONE LOVE. ONE POWER. AGGRO.TV: www.aggro.tv http www.twitter.com www.tiny.cc AGGRO SHOP: www.downstairs.com
- published: 21 Mar 2012
- views: 31563
- author: aggroTV
How to make Turkish style Baklava
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
Sorry if i pronounce baklava incorrectly - just have a habit saying the way I do An early precurser to baklava "güllach" was recorded in a Chinese cookbook "Yin-Shang Chen-Yao" written in 1330 during the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty by Hu Szu-Hui, a Turkic physician to the Mongol court. Today a similar dish survives in Turkish cuisine as güllaç. Baklava is believed to be of Turkish origin, from around the 15th century. Today Baklava is popular in Greece and throughout the Middle East. There are many ways to make Baklava, this is just one example. Ingredients -3 cups chopped toasted nuts (walnuts, pistachios, almons, and/or pecans) I used 180g pecans 150g walnuts 80g pistachios -1/4 cup sugar -1 tsp grated lemon zest -1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon -250 g unsalted butter -1 packet of phyllo / fillo pastry (375g) (450g / 1 lb packet will also work, but in Australia most in supermarket are 375g) Sugar syrup 1 1/3 cups sugar 1 1/3 cups water 1/3 cup honey 1 tablespoon fresh lemon juice Zest of 1 organge, in large strips Note: For a non-traditional version try replacing chopped nuts with dried fruits, sesame seeds, coconut, or pineapple. In Turkey this dish is often served with whipped cream and pistachios. Also: at the time I didn't have a good serrated knife to cut the pastry, if you have a good serrated knife it will cut much better. Storage: Stored in an airtight container at room temperature baklava should last for weeks (and possibly months) and is the best storage method. It is ...
http://wn.com/How_to_make_Turkish_style_Baklava
Sorry if i pronounce baklava incorrectly - just have a habit saying the way I do An early precurser to baklava "güllach" was recorded in a Chinese cookbook "Yin-Shang Chen-Yao" written in 1330 during the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty by Hu Szu-Hui, a Turkic physician to the Mongol court. Today a similar dish survives in Turkish cuisine as güllaç. Baklava is believed to be of Turkish origin, from around the 15th century. Today Baklava is popular in Greece and throughout the Middle East. There are many ways to make Baklava, this is just one example. Ingredients -3 cups chopped toasted nuts (walnuts, pistachios, almons, and/or pecans) I used 180g pecans 150g walnuts 80g pistachios -1/4 cup sugar -1 tsp grated lemon zest -1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon -250 g unsalted butter -1 packet of phyllo / fillo pastry (375g) (450g / 1 lb packet will also work, but in Australia most in supermarket are 375g) Sugar syrup 1 1/3 cups sugar 1 1/3 cups water 1/3 cup honey 1 tablespoon fresh lemon juice Zest of 1 organge, in large strips Note: For a non-traditional version try replacing chopped nuts with dried fruits, sesame seeds, coconut, or pineapple. In Turkey this dish is often served with whipped cream and pistachios. Also: at the time I didn't have a good serrated knife to cut the pastry, if you have a good serrated knife it will cut much better. Storage: Stored in an airtight container at room temperature baklava should last for weeks (and possibly months) and is the best storage method. It is ...
- published: 30 Jan 2010
- views: 11222
- author: chentiangemalc
Rezept: Baklava - Ahmet Kocht - Folge 9
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:59
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Baklava ist ein Gebäck aus Blätter- bzw. Filoteig, gefüllt mit gehackten Walnüssen, Mandeln oder Pistazien. Guten Appetit :)
http://wn.com/Rezept_Baklava_Ahmet_Kocht_Folge_9
Baklava ist ein Gebäck aus Blätter- bzw. Filoteig, gefüllt mit gehackten Walnüssen, Mandeln oder Pistazien. Guten Appetit :)
- published: 08 Jan 2012
- views: 46073
- author: AhmetKocht
BEST BAKLAVA RECIPE!!! HOME MADE BAKLAVA RECIPE !!! PART 2/2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:12
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
www.DedeMed.com Step BY Step BAKLAVA Recipe ON HOW TO MAKE GREAT BAKLAVA!!! For this Baklava recipe and others go to www.DedeMed.com BEST BAKLAVA RECIPE !!! MUST SEE BAKLAVA !!
http://wn.com/BEST_BAKLAVA_RECIPE!!!_HOME_MADE_BAKLAVA_RECIPE_!!!_PART_2_2
www.DedeMed.com Step BY Step BAKLAVA Recipe ON HOW TO MAKE GREAT BAKLAVA!!! For this Baklava recipe and others go to www.DedeMed.com BEST BAKLAVA RECIPE !!! MUST SEE BAKLAVA !!
- published: 15 Sep 2008
- views: 152072
- author: dedemed
GAZIANTEP Baklava إسطنبول Turkey Ottoman Foods Turkiet Türkei Turquie Turkaland
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Updated: 12 Jun 2012
Welcome to Turkey... ;) Turkish Baklava..Origin is GAZIANTEP.
http://wn.com/GAZIANTEP_Baklava_إسطنبول_Turkey_Ottoman_Foods_Turkiet_Türkei_Turquie_Turkaland
Welcome to Turkey... ;) Turkish Baklava..Origin is GAZIANTEP.
- published: 18 Jan 2012
- views: 8741
- author: 00thelastottoman00
Mori Cupi Kosturcanki - BAKLAVA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
www.baklava.com.mk Baklava (Macedonian: Баклава) is a Macedonian ethno music acoustic band with a minimalistic musical concept. The songs are performed by female vocal and traditional folk instruments, especially string and percussion instruments tambura and bendir. Their key challenge is to create original music based on the aesthetic achievements of traditional Macedonian music. They also perform old traditional songs of ethnic Macedonians living in Aegean Macedonia. The band held several concerts in Republic of Macedonia, Balkans and Europe and anticipated in several festivals, including the renowned , in Belgium and Balkan Music Square festival in Ohrid.
http://wn.com/Mori_Cupi_Kosturcanki_BAKLAVA
www.baklava.com.mk Baklava (Macedonian: Баклава) is a Macedonian ethno music acoustic band with a minimalistic musical concept. The songs are performed by female vocal and traditional folk instruments, especially string and percussion instruments tambura and bendir. Their key challenge is to create original music based on the aesthetic achievements of traditional Macedonian music. They also perform old traditional songs of ethnic Macedonians living in Aegean Macedonia. The band held several concerts in Republic of Macedonia, Balkans and Europe and anticipated in several festivals, including the renowned , in Belgium and Balkan Music Square festival in Ohrid.
- published: 22 Nov 2009
- views: 47841
- author: Kozabashia
photo: AP / Mohamed Sheikh Nor
12 Jan 2013
Helicopter raid fails to rescue agent 'Denis Allex' from Islamist group al-Shabaab, as French combat pilot killed in Mali. French secret service hostage 'Denis Allex' pictured in Somalia in October 2012. Photograph. SITE Monitoring Service/AFP/Getty Images. A French hostage and two French soldiers have been killed during a failed secret service rescue mission in Somalia ... The group said it had also captured a wounded French commando ... ....(size: 4.7Kb)
photo: AP / Alexandre Meneghini
10 Jan 2013
Mexican has enacted a law that will ensure that the victims and relatives of crime are compensated with payments and social services from the state. The law, enacted by President Enrique Pena Nieto on Wednesday, comprises the creation of a fund to pay relatives up to $70,000 in compensation for an innocent victim killed in attacks by drug gangs ... “There are thousands of people who have suffered the ravages of violence ... Share ... ....(size: 18.3Kb)
photo: AP / Jacques Brinon
10 Jan 2013
PARIS. Three Kurdish women, including one of the founders of a militant group battling Turkish troops since 1984, were "executed" at a Kurdish center in Paris, the interior minister said on Thursday. Turkey's Anadolu news agency identified one of the victims as Sakine Cansiz, a founding member of the Kurdistan Workers Party, or PKK ... He called it a "totally intolerable act." ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: AP / Arshad Butt
11 Jan 2013
QUETTA, Pakistan -- A series of bombings killed 115 people in Pakistan yesterday, including 81 who died in a sectarian attack on a billiard hall in the southwest city of Quetta, officials said. The blasts punctuated one of the deadliest days in recent years in Pakistan, where the government faces a bloody insurgency by militants in the northwest and Baluch militants in the southwest ... No group claimed responsibility for the attack.. . .....(size: 7.7Kb)
photo: AP / Remy de la Mauviniere
11 Jan 2013
The executions of three Kurdish women in Paris have sparked questions over the motives for the high-level assassinations. FRANCE 24 asks Kendal Nezan, president of the Kurdish Institute in Paris, for his views on the mysterious murders. By Ségolène ALLEMANDOU (text). ... Sakine Cansiz, Fidan Dogan and Leyla Soylemez were found shot dead inside the Kurdish Institute of Paris. Screen grab of Firatnews ... France 24 ... Kendel Nezan ... FRANCE 24 ... ....(size: 9.7Kb)
Irish Times
12 Jan 2013
... all shopped out you can relax in the Moroccan tea tent, where fresh mint tea, Turkish cardamom coffee and Egyptian baklava is served....(size: 0.8Kb)
MSNBC
12 Jan 2013
The containers of dry Moroccan, Kalamata and green olives at El Toro Marketplace in Lake Forest could easily be found in the small markets of Beirut or Damascus ... The market's tea sets evoke summer nights of tea and poetry in ancient Persia ... You don't ... Mission Ranch Market ... Mission also makes baklava and French cakes and pastries such as Napoleon cake, popular in the Middle East because of France's earlier influence in the region ... ....(size: 5.2Kb)
Huffington Post
07 Jan 2013
If your New Year's Resolution was to start reading new food blogs, you're in luck because we've got 10 stellar ones you should start following stat. (And if that wasn't your resolution, it really should be and it's not too late to change.) ... <a href=""http.//hungryrabbitnyc.com/">hungryrabbitnyc.com</a> Hungry" Rabbit never ceases to amaze us with cakes (peanut butter and jelly cake, and then a baklava cake!) ... Like....(size: 7.3Kb)
The Examiner
06 Jan 2013
Tweet. 0 Email. Report. Photo 1 of 25. Learn about Greek desserts and culture at the 2011 Greek Festival hosted by St. Anna Greek Orthodox Church, New Jersey Credit. ©Photographs by Florence McGinn and Dr. Joseph McGinn. Learn about Greek desserts and culture at the 2011 Greek Festival hosted by St. Anna Greek Orthodox Church, New JerseyMelomakarona is a Greek, cake-like cookie ... Greek version of the popular baklava dessert ... The Very Rev ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)
The Guardian
04 Jan 2013
Beat the winter blues by planning your perfect beach holiday. Here are 20 fantastic trip ideas for starters, many of them new and offering great value for money. For 80 more holiday bargains for 2013, see Saturday's Travel section ... Photograph ... Further information ... Alamy ... This is also where you'll find the hotel's sister restaurant, ideal for a lazy lunch of octopus salad or marinated sardines followed by thick coffee and sticky baklava ... ....(size: 16.4Kb)
The Times of India
03 Jan 2013
The year-end outing is always a celebration — wrapping up the old and ushering in the new. It is more of an experience, rather than just a meal or a space. I saved up this one for the fashionable entry of the year. Veda by Rohit Bal at the iconic location of Sky Room on Park Street ... Decor ... Food ... The Chef's presentation of the Death by Rabri ( 225) and Kalakand Baklava (not in the menu) made it an out of the ordinary dessert experience. ....(size: 2.9Kb)
BBC News
01 Jan 2013
Since the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi, Libyans have begun a love affair with ice cream ... Never before has the decadent Italian influence on Libya been more visible ... His younger brother is the artisan in the shop ... Baklava flavour is a new creation for sale at Ruweida al-Rayes' shop ... Ms Rayes' husband is behind these creations - from a new baklava flavour with notes of honey and crumbled pastry in the mix to a minty After Eight ... ....(size: 5.4Kb)
The Examiner
01 Jan 2013
There are so many wine areas in Napa, it’s hard to believe there are any more to be discovered. Recently we tasted our way through several wineries in the Coombsville AVA, the newest of Napa’s sub-appellations. Located just east of downtown Napa, it’s a wonderful destination to enjoy beautiful scenery, meet friendly people and find great wine ... Stay ... Dine ... Buttery, flakey baklava was the indulgent finale to a terrific meal ... CA. Napa Valley ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)
The Examiner
31 Dec 2012
Rating for Salam Grill The Finest Middle-Eastern Food in Denver, Colorado. 5. A new Middle-Eastern restaurant, Salam Grill, has arrived in Denver, Colorado and by far is "the finest Middle-Eastern food" our family has eaten. We had driven by numerous times and decided to try it on Christmas Day ... We ordered the King Combo which included some tasty starters ... The baklava is crisp and fresh with just the right amount of sweetness ... Mr ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)
The Times of India
29 Dec 2012
The year-end outing is always a celebration — wrapping up the old and ushering in the new. It is more of an experience, rather than just a meal or a space. I saved up this one for the fashionable entry of the year. Veda by Rohit Bal at the iconic location of Sky Room on Park Street ... Decor ... Food ... The Chef's presentation of the Death by Rabri ( 225) and Kalakand Baklava (not in the menu) made it an out of the ordinary dessert experience. ....(size: 2.9Kb)
The Hindu
28 Dec 2012
This is the season for sinful indulgence and right on cue there is Divina@Eden Park Restaurants at Jayanagar 4th Block. “We want to fill the void of a quality chocolatier in South Bangalore,” says Arjun Raju, the young owner of the store ... Apart from bakery regulars, Divina offers the almond lebkuchen, a traditional German Christmas cookie and the all-round gorgeous baklava ... The Thai vegetable quiche is happily quirky....(size: 3.0Kb)
The Examiner
27 Dec 2012
Baklava is a tradition dessert that has been claimed by many different ethnic groups as their own. Whether its origins are Greek, Turkish, Asian or any other ethnicity, this dessert is just about always made with layers of flakey phyllo dough, spiced nuts and a sweet syrup ... The results are sweet and nutty bit-size cups with all of the flavor but none of the fuss of the traditional baklava ... Ingredients ... Makes 30 mini baklava cups ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)
Palm Beach Post
27 Dec 2012
MENU. The style is Turkish, but the menu features everything from char-grilled meatballs to filo-wrapped tilapia. There were more than two dozen appetizers to choose from, as well as several salads, soups, pizza and wraps. Dessert is limited to flan and baklava, but the portions are so huge you’ll have very little room left for sweets. ATMOSPHERE ... OUR FAVORITE FOOD/PRICE ... SERVICE ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)
For the Macedonian music group, see Baklava (band).
Not to be confused with Balaclava.
 Baklava is prepared on large trays and cut into a variety of shapes |
|
| Origin | |
|---|---|
| Region or state | Countries of the former Ottoman Empire and Central Asia |
| Details | |
| Course | Dessert |
| Serving temperature | Cold, room temperature or re-warmed |
| Main ingredient(s) | Phyllo dough, nuts, sweetening |
| Variations | Multiple |
Baklava ( /ˈbɑːkləvɑː/, /bɑːkləˈvɑː/,[1] or /bəˈklɑːvə/;[2] Ottoman Turkish: باقلوا) is a rich, sweet pastry made of layers of filo pastry filled with chopped nuts and sweetened with syrup or honey. It is characteristic of the cuisines of the former Ottoman Empire and much of Central and Southwest Asia.
Contents |
History[link]
The history of baklava is not well documented. It has been claimed by many ethnic groups, but there is strong evidence that it is of Central Asian Turkic origin, with its current form being developed in the imperial kitchens of the Topkapı Palace.[3]
Many Ottoman sweets are similar to Byzantine sweets, using dough, sesame, wheat, nuts and fruits, and some were similar to the Ottoman börek, halva, and so on. Indeed, Speros Vryonis identifies the ancient Greek gastris (γάστριςà,[4] kopte (κοπτὴ σησαμίς), kopton (κοπτόν), or koptoplakous (κοπτοπλακοῦς),[5] mentioned in the Deipnosophistae, as baklava, and calls it a "Byzantine favorite".[6] But though gastris contained a filling of nuts and honey, its outer layers did not include any dough, but rather a honey and ground sesame mixture similar to modern pasteli or halva.[7]
Perry assembles evidence to show that layered breads were created by Turkic peoples in Central Asia, and argues that the "missing link" between the Central Asian folded or layered breads (which did not include nuts) and modern phyllo-based pastries like baklava is the Azerbaijani dish Bakı pakhlavası, which involves layers of dough and nuts. The traditional Uzbek pakhlava, puskal or yupka, and Tatar yoka, sweet and salty savories (boreks) prepared with 10-12 layers of dough, are other early examples of layered dough style in Turkic regions.[8] The thin phyllo dough as used today was probably developed in the kitchens of the Topkapı Palace.
The Sultan presented trays of baklava to the Janissaries every 15th of the month of Ramadan in a ceremonial procession called the Baklava Alayı.[9]
Other claims about baklava's origins include: that it dates back to ancient Mesopotamia, and was mentioned in a Mesopotamian cookbook on walnut dishes; that al-Baghdadi describes it in his 13th-century cookbook; that it was a popular Byzantine dessert.[10] But Claudia Roden[11] and Andrew Dalby[12] find no evidence for it in Arab, Greek, or Byzantine sources before the Ottoman period.
One of the oldest known recipes for a sort of proto-baklava is found in a Chinese cookbook written in 1330 under the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty under the name güllach.[13] "Güllaç" is found in Turkish cuisine. Layers of phyllo dough are put one by one in warmed up milk with sugar. It is served with walnut and fresh pomegranate and generally eaten during Ramadan.
Local versions[link]
In Turkey, Gaziantep is famous for its pistachio baklava and regarded there as its native city,[citation needed] though it only appears to have been introduced to Gaziantep from Damascus in 1871.[14] In 2008, the Turkish patent office registered a geographical indication for Antep Baklava.[15]
Baklava from Aleppo is made with the local pistachios and samna from Hama.[citation needed]
In the Balkans, it is one of the most popular desserts; though, it is also a dessert made on special occasions (by Muslims, mostly during the holy month of Ramadan and Eid ul-Fitr). In Albania, baklava is a very popular dessert. The dough may include egg yolks,[dubious – discuss] and the filling uses walnuts.[citation needed]
In Iran, a drier version of baklava is cooked and presented in smaller diamond-shaped cuts flavored with rose water. The city of Yazd is famous for its baklava, which is widely distributed in Iran.[16] Persian baklava uses a combination of chopped almonds and pistachios spiced with cardamom and a rose water-scented syrup and is lighter than Middle Eastern versions.[17][18]
In Azerbaijan, pakhlava is mostly prepared during the Novruz festivity. After preparation the pakhlava is cut into diamond shapes and each piece is garnished with an almond or a walnut.
In Afghanistan and Cyprus, baklava is prepared into triangle-shaped pieces and is lightly covered in crushed pistachio nuts.
In Armenia, baklava is made with cinnamon and cloves.[19]
In Syria, baklava is prepared from phyllo dough sheets, butter, walnuts and sugar syrup. It is cut into lozenge pieces.[20]
In India, the desserts Gujiya and Balushahi are very similar to baklava in their preparation, taste, and texture.
Etymology[link]
The word baklava is first attested in English in 1653,[21] a borrowing from Ottoman Turkish باقلوا /bɑːklɑvɑː/.[22][23] The name baklava is used in many languages with minor phonetic and spelling variations.
The origin of the name is unclear. Buell argues that the word "baklava" may come from the Mongolian root baγla- 'to tie, wrap up, pile up' composed with the Turkic verbal ending -v;[13] baγla- itself in Mongolian is a Turkic loanword.[24] The Armenian linguist Sevan Nişanyan traces the word to its Proto-Turkic forms of baklağı or baklağu, but offers no conjecture of how those words came to be associated with this dish.[25]
Though the suffix -vā might suggest a Persian origin,[17][26] the baqla- part does not appear be Persian.[27] Another form of the word is also recorded in Persian, باقلبا (bāqlabā).[28] The Arabic name is doubtless a borrowing from Turkish,[8] though a folk etymology, unsupported by Wehr's dictionary, connects it to Arabic بقلة /baqlah/ 'bean'.
Images[link]
- Baklava
-
Pakhlava from Ganja, Azerbaijan
-
Quba Pakhlavasi.jpg
Pakhlava from Quba, Azerbaijan
-
Baklava in Jerusalem
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ "Merriam-Webster". Merriam-Webster. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/baklava. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
- ^ "Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries. http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/baklava?q=baklava. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
- ^ Perry 1994, 87
- ^ γάστρις, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ^ κοπτός, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ^ Speros Vryonis The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor, 1971, p. 482
- ^ Charles Perry, "The Taste for Layered Bread among the Nomadic Turks and the Central Asian Origins of Baklava", in A Taste of Thyme: Culinary Cultures of the Middle East (ed. Sami Zubaida, Richard Tapper), 1994. ISBN 1-86064-603-4.
- ^ a b Akın and Lambraki, Turkish and Greek Cuisine/Türk ve Yunan Mutfağı p. 248-249, ISBN 975-458-484-2
- ^ Syed Tanvir Wasti, "The Ottoman Ceremony of the Royal Purse", Middle Eastern Studies 41:2:193–200 (March 2005)
- ^ John Ash, A Byzantine Journey, page 223
- ^ New Book of Middle Eastern Food, 2000, ISBN 0-375-40506-2
- ^ Siren Feasts: A History of Food and Gastronomy in Greece, 1997, ISBN 0-415-15657-2
- ^ a b Paul D. Buell, "Mongol Empire and Turkicization: The Evidence of Food and Foodways", p. 200ff, in Amitai-Preiss, 1999.
- ^ Esther Brunner, "A sweet journey: Güllüoğlu baklava" Turkish Daily News, June 14, 2008.full text
- ^ "''Bsanna News'', February 21, 2008". Bsanna-news.ukrinform.ua. 2008-02-21. http://bsanna-news.ukrinform.ua/newsitem.php?id=3731&lang=en. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
- ^ N. Ramazani, "BĀQLAVĀ", Encyclopaedia iranica, Volume 3, Issues 5-8, page 729.
- ^ a b Batmanglij, Najmieh, A Taste of Persia: An Introduction to Persian Cooking, I.B.Tauris, 2007, ISBN 1-84511-437-X, 9781845114374; page 156.
- ^ Food and Booze: A Tin House Literary Feast, Michelle Wildgen, Nicole J. Georges, Tin House Books, 2007, ISBN 0-9773127-7-1, ISBN 978-0-9773127-7-1; page 200.
- ^ The flower of paradise and other Armenian tales by Bonnie C. Marshall, Virginia A. Tashjian, Libraries Unlimited, 2007, p. 179, ISBN 1-59158-367-5
- ^ "Baklava recipe on Shahiya". Shahiya.com. http://shahiya.com/english/recipes/syrian-baklava-283. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition
- ^ "Merriam-Webster Online, ''s.v.'' Baklava". M-w.com. http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/baklava. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
- ^ "Dictionary.com Unabridged, ''s.v.'' Baklava". Dictionary.reference.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/baklava. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
- ^ Sukhbaatar, O. (1997) (in Mongolian) (PDF). A Dictionary of Foreign Words in Mongolian. Ulaanbaatar. p. 25. http://altaica.narod.ru/LIBRARY/e_sukheb.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
- ^ Nişanyan, Sevan (2009) (in Turkish). Sözlerin Soyağacı - Çağdaş Türkçenin Etimolojik Sözlüğü [Words' Family Tree - An Etymological Dictionary of Contemporary Turkish]. İstanbul. http://nisanyansozluk.com/?k=baklava. Retrieved 2011-03-17.
- ^ Marks, Gil, Encyclopedia of Jewish Food, John Wiley and Sons, 2010, ISBN 0-470-39130-8, ISBN 978-0-470-39130-3; page 38.
- ^ "a derivation from balg, a common dialect form of barg "leaf", or from Ar. baql "herb" is unlikely", W. Eilers, Encyclopædia Iranica, s.v. 'bāqlavā'
- ^ loghatnaameh.com. "Dehkhoda Persian Dictionary, باقلبا". Loghatnaameh.com. http://www.loghatnaameh.com/dehkhodaworddetail-e134b0f538ae4d14b9c367f1c7ee1ab4-fa.html. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
References[link]
- Reuven Amitai-Preiss and David O. Morgan, eds., The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy Brill, 1999. ISBN 90-04-11946-9.
- Paul D. Buell, "Mongol Empire and Turkicization: The Evidence of Food and Foodways", p. 200ff, in Amitai-Preiss, 1999.
- Christian, David. Review of Amitai-Preiss, 1999, in Journal of World History 12:2:476 (2001).
- Perry, Charles. "The Taste for Layered Bread among the Nomadic Turks and the Central Asian Origins of Baklava", in A Taste of Thyme: Culinary Cultures of the Middle East (ed. Sami Zubaida, Richard Tapper), 1994. ISBN 1-86064-603-4.
- Roden Claudia, "A New Book of Middle Eastern Food" ISBN 01-404658-8
- Vryonis, Speros, The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor, 1971. Quoted in Perry (1994).
- Wasti, Syed Tanvir, "The Ottoman Ceremony of the Royal Purse", Middle Eastern Studies 41:2:193–200 (March 2005)
External links[link]
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
