- published: 26 May 2011
- views: 1338
- author: se7ensenses
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- 180th meridian
- 20th meridian west
- Africa
- Alaska
- Aleutian Islands
- Algeria
- American Samoa
- Antarctica
- Antimeridian
- Bonaire
- Burkina Faso
- Cape Verde
- Cook Islands
- Côte d'Ivoire
- Earth
- East
- Eastern Hemisphere
- Europe
- Faroe Islands
- Fiji
- France
- French Polynesia
- Gambia
- Geography
- Ghana
- Gibraltar
- Greenland
- Greenwich
- Guernsey
- Guinea
- Guinea-Bissau
- Iceland
- Ireland
- Isle of Man
- Ivory Coast
- Jersey
- Kiribati
- Land hemisphere
- Liberia
- London
- Mali
- Mauritania
- Metropolitan France
- Morocco
- Netherlands
- New World
- New Zealand
- Niue
- North America
- Northern Hemisphere
- Oceania
- Old World
- Pitcairn Islands
- Political rhetoric
- Portal Geography
- Portugal
- Republic of Ireland
- Russia
- Saba
- Saint Helena
- Samoa
- Senegal
- Sierra Leone
- South America
- Southern Hemisphere
- Spain
- St. Eustatius
- The Gambia
- Togo
- Tokelau
- Tonga
- Tuvalu
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Wallis and Futuna
- Water hemisphere
- West
- Western Hemisphere
- Western Sahara
-
Alaska
Alaska (
i/əˈlæskə/) is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Alaska is the 4th least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's 722,718 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area.
Alaska was purchased from Russia on March 30, 1867, for $7.2 million ($120 million in today's[when?] dollars) at approximately two cents per acre ($4.74/km²). The land went through several administrative changes before becoming an organized (or incorporated) territory on May 11, 1912, and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959.
The name "Alaska" (Аляска) was already introduced in the Russian colonial period, when it was used only for the peninsula and is derived from the Aleut alaxsxaq, meaning "the mainland" or, more literally, "the object towards which the action of the sea is directed". It is also known as Alyeska, the "great land", an Aleut word derived from the same root.
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Aleutian Islands
The Aleutian Islands (English pronunciation: /əˈl(j)uːʃən/; possibly from Chukchi aliat, "island") are a chain of 14 large volcanic islands and 55 smaller ones , forming part of the Aleutian Arc in the Northern Pacific Ocean, occupying an area of 6,821 sq mi (17,666 km²) and extending about 1,200 mi (1,900 km) westward from the Alaska Peninsula toward the Kamchatka Peninsula, thus marking a line between the Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Crossing longitude 180°, they are the westernmost part of the United States (and by one definition the easternmost; see Extreme points of the United States). Nearly all the archipelago is part of Alaska and usually considered as being in the "Alaskan Bush", but at the extreme western end the small, geologically related, and remote Commander Islands are in Russia. The islands, with their 57 volcanoes, are in the northern part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. The Alaska Marine Highway passes through the islands.
Physiographically, they are a distinct section of the larger Pacific Border province, which in turn is part of the larger Pacific Mountain System physiographic division.
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Algeria
Coordinates: 28°N 2°E / 28°N 2°E / 28; 2
Algeriai/ælˈdʒɪəriə/ (Arabic: الجزائر, al-Jazā'ir; Berber: ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, al-Jumhūriyyah al-Jazāʾiriyyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyyah ash-Shaʿbiyyah), also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a large country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.
When referring to its land area, Algeria is the largest country in Africa, Maghreb and the Arab World. It is also the largest of the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea; it is also the tenth-largest country in the world. The country is bordered in the northeast by Tunisia, in the east by Libya, in the west by Morocco, in the southwest by Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Mali, in the southeast by Niger, and in the north by the Mediterranean Sea. Its size is almost 2,400,000 square kilometres (926,645 sq mi) with an estimated population of 37.1 million as of 2012. Algeria is a member of the African Union, the Arab League, OPEC and the United Nations. The country is also a founding member of the Arab Maghreb Union.
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American Samoa
American Samoa (/əˈmɛrɨkən səˈmoʊ.ə/ (
listen); Samoan: Amerika Sāmoa, IPA: [aˈmɛɾika ˌsaːˈmoa]; also Amelika Sāmoa or Sāmoa Amelika) is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean, southeast of the Independent State of Samoa (formerly known as Western Samoa). The main (largest and most populous) island is Tutuila, with the Manuʻa Islands, Rose Atoll, and Swains Island also included in the territory.
American Samoa is part of the Samoan Islands chain, located west of the Cook Islands, north of Tonga, and some 300 miles (500 km) south of Tokelau. To the west are the islands of the Wallis and Futuna group.
The 2010 census showed a total population of 55,519 people. The total land area is 76.1 square miles (197.1 km2), slightly more than Washington, D.C. American Samoa is the southernmost territory of the United States.
Contact with Europeans began in the early 18th century. Jacob Roggeveen (1659–1729), a Dutchman, was the first known European to sight the Samoan islands in 1722. This visit was followed by the French explorer Louis-Antoine de Bougainville (1729–1811), who named them the Navigator Islands in 1768. Contact was limited before the 1830s which is when English missionaries and traders began arriving.
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Antarctica
Antarctica
This map uses an orthographic projection, near-polar aspect. The South Pole is near the center, where longitudinal lines converge.
Antarctica (
i/æntˈɑrtɨkə/ or /ænˈtɑːktɨkə/) is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14.0 million km2 (5.4 million sq mi), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages at least 1 mile (1.6 km) in thickness.
Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 inches) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89 °C (−129 °F). There are no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Only cold-adapted organisms survive there, including many types of algae, animals (for example mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades), bacteria, fungi, plants, and protista. Vegetation where it occurs is tundra.
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Bonaire
Bonaire (
/bɒˈnɛər/; Dutch: Bonaire, Papiamentu: Boneiru) is a special municipality (officially public body) of the Netherlands, consisting of the Caribbean island of Bonaire and, nestled in its western crescent, the uninhabited islet of Klein Bonaire. Together with Aruba and Curaçao it forms a group referred to as the ABC islands of the Leeward Antilles, the southern island chain of the Lesser Antilles. The name Bonaire is thought to have originally come from the Caiquetio word 'Bonay'. The early Spanish and Dutch modified its spelling to Bojnaj and also Bonaire, which means "Good Air".
Bonaire was part of the Netherlands Antilles until the country's dissolution on 10 October 2010, when the island (including Klein Bonaire) became a special municipality within the country of the Netherlands.
Bonaire's earliest known inhabitants were the Caquetio Indians, a branch of the Arawak who came by canoe from Venezuela in about AD 1000. Archeological remains of Caquetio culture have been found at certain sites northeast of Kralendijk and near Lac Bay. Caquetio rock paintings and petroglyphs have been preserved in caves at Spelonk, Onima, Ceru Pungi, and Ceru Crita-Cabai. The Caquetios were apparently a very tall people, for the Spanish name for the ABC Islands was 'las Islas de los Gigantes' or 'the islands of the giants.'
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Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso (i/bərˌkiːnə ˈfɑːsoʊ/ bər-KEE-nə FAH-soh; French: [buʁkina faso]) – also known by its short-form name Burkina – is a landlocked country in west Africa. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the southwest. The country's capital is Ouagadougou.
Its size is 274,200 square kilometres (105,900 sq mi) with an estimated population of more than 15,757,000. Formerly called the Republic of Upper Volta, it was renamed on 4 August 1984, by President Thomas Sankara, to mean "the land of upright people" in Mòoré and Dioula, the major native languages of the country. Figuratively, "Burkina" may be translated, "men of integrity", from the Mòoré language, and "Faso" means "fatherland" in Dioula. The inhabitants of Burkina Faso are known as Burkinabè (
/bərˈkiːnəbeɪ/ bər-KEE-nə-bay).
Burkina Faso was populated between 14,000 and 5000 BC by hunter-gatherers in the country's northwestern region. Farm settlements appeared between 3600 and 2600 BC. What is now central Burkina Faso was principally composed of Mossi kingdoms. These Mossi Kingdoms would become a French protectorate in 1896. After gaining independence from France in 1960, the country underwent many governmental changes until arriving at its current form, a semi-presidential republic. The president is Blaise Compaoré.
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Cape Verde
Cape Verdei/ˌkeɪp ˈvɜrd/ (Portuguese: Cabo Verde, pronounced: [ˈkabu ˈveɾdɨ]), officially the Republic of Cape Verde, is an island country, spanning an archipelago of 10 islands located in the central Atlantic Ocean, 570 kilometres off the coast of Western Africa. The islands, covering a combined area of slightly over 4,000 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi), are of volcanic origin and while three of them (Sal, Boa Vista and Maio) are fairly flat, sandy and dry, the remaining ones are generally rockier and have more vegetation. However, because of the infrequent occurrence of rainfall the overall landscape is not particularly green.
The name of the country stems from the nearby Cap Vert, on the Senegalese coast, which in its turn was originally named "Cabo Verde" when it was sighted by Portuguese explorers in 1444, a few years before the islands were discovered (verde is Portuguese for "green").
The previously uninhabited islands were discovered and colonized by the Portuguese in the 15th Century, and became important in the Atlantic slave trade for their location. The islands' prosperity often attracted privateers and pirates, including Sir Francis Drake, a corsair (privateer) under the authority of the British crown, who twice sacked the (then) capital Ribeira Grande, in the 1580s. The islands were also visited by Charles Darwin's expedition in 1832. The decline in the slave trade in the 19th century resulted in an economic crisis for the islands. With few natural resources, and without strong sustainable investment from the Portuguese, the citizens grew increasingly discontent with the colonial masters, who nevertheless refused to provide the local authorities with more autonomy. This discontent festered and culminated in 1975, when a movement originally led by Amílcar Cabral who was assassinated on 20 January 1973 then passed onto his half-brother Luís Cabral, achieved independence for the archipelago.
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Cook Islands
The Cook Islands (i/ˈkʊk ˈaɪləndz/; Cook Islands Māori: Kūki 'Āirani) is a self-governing parliamentary democracy in the South Pacific Ocean in free association with New Zealand. The 15 small islands have a total land area of 240 square kilometres (92.7 sq mi), but the Cook Islands Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers 1,800,000 square kilometres (690,000 sq mi) of ocean.
The main population centres are on the island of Rarotonga (14,153 in 2006), where there is an international airport. There is a much larger population of Cook Islanders in New Zealand, particularly the North Island. In the 2006 census, 58,008 self-identified as being of ethnic Cook Island Māori descent.
With about 100,000 visitors travelling to the islands in the 2010-11 financial year,tourism is the country's main industry, and the leading element of the economy, far ahead of offshore banking, pearls, and marine and fruit exports.
Defence and foreign affairs are the responsibility of New Zealand, in consultation with the Cook Islands. In recent times, the Cook Islands have adopted an increasingly independent foreign policy. Although Cook Islanders are citizens of New Zealand, they have the status of Cook Islands nationals, which is not given to other New Zealand citizens.
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Faroe Islands
Coordinates: 62°00′N 06°47′W / 62°N 6.783°W / 62; -6.783
The Faroe Islands (Faroese: Føroyar pronounced [ˈfœɹjaɹ], Danish: Færøerne Danish pronunciation: [ˈfæɐ̯øːˀɐnə]) are an island group situated between the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, approximately halfway between Norway and Iceland. The islands form a self-governing country under the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Denmark. The total area is approximately 1,400 km² (540 sq mi) with a 2010 population of almost 50,000 people.
The Faroe Islands has been a self-governing dependency of Denmark since 1948. Over the years, the Faroese have taken control of most domestic matters. Areas that remain the responsibility of Denmark include military defence, police, justice, currency and foreign affairs. The Faroe Islands also has representatives in the Nordic Council as members of the Danish delegation.
The Faroe Islands were associated with and taxed by Denmark and Norway up to 1814, when Norway fell under the rule of Sweden. Scandinavia was in political turmoil following the Sixth Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars, when the Treaty of Kiel granted Denmark control over the Faroes, Iceland and Greenland in 1814. The Danish trade monopoly ended in 1856.
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Fiji
Fijii/ˈfiːdʒiː/ (Fijian: Viti; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी), officially the Republic of Fiji (Fijian: Matanitu ko Viti; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी गणराज्यFijī Gaṇarājya), is an island nation in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about 1,100 nautical miles (2,000 km; 1,300 mi) northeast of New Zealand's North Island. Its closest neighbours are Vanuatu to the west, France's New Caledonia to the southwest, New Zealand's Kermadec to the southeast, Tonga to the east, the Samoas, France's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast and Tuvalu to the north.
The majority of Fiji's islands were formed through volcanic activity started around 150 million years ago. Today, some geothermal activity still occurs on the islands of Vanua Levu and Taveuni. Fiji has been inhabited since the second millennium BC. The country comprises an archipelago of more than 332 islands, of which 110 are permanently inhabited, and more than 500 islets, amounting to a total land area of circa 18,300 square kilometres (7,100 sq mi). The two major islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, account for 87% of the population of almost 850,000. The former contains Suva, the capital and largest city. Most of Fijians live on Viti Levu's coasts, either in Suva or in smaller urban centres. Viti Levu's interior is sparsely inhabited due to its terrain.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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French Polynesia
French Polynesia (i/ˈfrɛntʃ pɒlɨˈniːʒə/; French: Polynésie française, pronounced: [pɔlinezi fʁɑ̃sɛz]; Tahitian: Pōrīnetia Farāni) is an overseas country of the French Republic (pays d'outre-mer). It is made up of several groups of Polynesian islands, the most famous island being Tahiti in the Society Islands group, which is also the most populous island and the seat of the capital of the territory (Papeetē). Although not an integral part of its territory, Clipperton Island was administered from French Polynesia until 2007.
The island groups that make up French Polynesia were not officially united until the establishment of the French protectorate in 1889. The first of these islands to be settled by indigenous Polynesians were the Marquesas Islands in AD 300 and the Society Islands in AD 800. The Polynesians were organized in loose chieftainships.
European communication began in 1521 when the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sighted Pukapuka in the Tuāmotu-Gambier Archipelago. Dutchman Jakob Roggeveen came across Bora Bora in the Society Islands in 1722, and the British explorer Samuel Wallis visited Tahiti in 1767. The French explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville visited Tahiti in 1768, while the British explorer James Cook visited in 1769. Christian missions began with Spanish priests who stayed in Tahiti for a year from 1774; Protestants from the London Missionary Society settled permanently in Polynesia in 1797.
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Ghana
Ghanai/ˈɡɑːnə/ is a country located in West Africa. It is bordered by Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The word Ghana means "Warrior King" and is derived from the ancient Ghana Empire.
Ghana was inhabited in pre-colonial times by a number of ancient predominantly Akan kingdoms, including the inland Ashanti Empire, the Akwamu, the Akyem, the Bonoman, the Denkyira, and the Fante among others. Non-Akan states created by the Ga also existed as did states by the Dagomba. Prior to contact with Europeans trade between the Akan and various African states flourished due to Akan's gold wealth. Trade with European states began after contact with the Portuguese in the 15th century, and the British established the Gold Coast Crown colony in 1874 over parts but not all of the country.
The Gold Coast achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1957, becoming the First sub-Saharan African nation to do so from European Colonialism. The name Ghana was chosen for the new nation to reflect the ancient Empire of Ghana, which once extended throughout much of west Africa.
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Gibraltar
Gibraltar ( /dʒɨˈbrɒltər/) is a British overseas territory located on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula at the entrance of the Mediterranean. It has an area of 6.8 square kilometres (2.6 sq mi) and a northern border with Andalusia, Spain. The Rock of Gibraltar is the major landmark of the region. At its foot is the densely populated city area, home to almost 30,000 Gibraltarians and other nationalities.
An Anglo-Dutch force captured Gibraltar from Spain in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession. The territory was subsequently ceded to Britain "in perpetuity" under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. It was an important base for the Royal Navy; today its economy is based largely on tourism, financial services, and shipping.
The sovereignty of Gibraltar is a major point of contention in Anglo-Spanish relations as Spain asserts a claim to the territory. Gibraltarians rejected proposals for Spanish sovereignty in a 1967 referendum and again in 2002. Under the Gibraltar constitution of 2006, Gibraltar governs its own affairs, though some powers, such as defence and foreign relations, remain the responsibility of the UK Government.
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Greenland
Greenland (Kalaallisut: Kalaallit Nunaat, "Land of the Kalaallit";Danish: Grønland) is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe (specifically Norway and later Denmark) for more than a millennium. Greenland is, by area, the world's largest island. With a population of 56,615 (January 2011 estimate) it is the least densely populated dependency or country in the world.
Greenland has been inhabited, though not continuously, by Arctic peoples via Canada for 4500–5000 years. In the 10th century, Norsemen settled on the uninhabited southern part of Greenland. In the 13th century, the Inuit arrived, and in the late 15th century the Norse colonies were abandoned. In the early 18th century, contact between Scandinavia and Greenland was re-established and Denmark established rule over Greenland.
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Greenwich
Coordinates: 51°28′45″N 0°00′00″E / 51.4791°N 0.0000°E / 51.4791; 0.0000
Greenwich (UKi/ɡrɪnɪdʒ/ GRIN-ij; US /ɡrɛnɪtʃ/ GREN-ich or /ɡrɛnɪdʒ/ GREN-ij) is a district of south London, England, located in the Royal Borough of Greenwich and situated 5.5 miles (8.9 km) east south-east of Charing Cross.
Greenwich is notable for its maritime history and for giving its name to the Greenwich Meridian (0° longitude) and Greenwich Mean Time. The town became the site of a royal palace, the Palace of Placentia from the 15th century, and was the birthplace of many in the House of Tudor, including Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. The palace fell into disrepair during the English Civil War and was rebuilt as the Royal Naval Hospital for Sailors by Sir Christopher Wren and his assistant Nicholas Hawksmoor. These buildings became the Royal Naval College in 1873, and they remained an establishment for military education until 1998 when they passed into the hands of the Greenwich Foundation. The historic rooms within these buildings remain open to the public; other buildings are used by University of Greenwich and the Trinity College of Music.
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Guernsey
Guernsey, officially the Bailiwick of Guernsey ( /ˈɡɜrnzi/ GURN-zee; French: Bailliage de Guernesey, IPA: [bajaʒ də ɡɛʁnəzɛ]), is a British Crown dependency in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy.
The Bailiwick of Guernsey embraces not only all 10 parishes on the Island of Guernsey, but also the islands of Herm, Jethou, and Lihou. Furthermore, the Bailiwick includes Alderney and Sark, which each has its own parliament.
Although its defence is the responsibility of the United Kingdom, the Bailiwick of Guernsey is not part of the UK; and while it participates in the Common Travel Area, it is not part of the European Union.
The Bailiwick of Guernsey is included (along with the Bailiwick of Jersey) in the grouping known as the Channel Islands.
The name of Guernsey, as well as that of neighbouring Jersey, is of Old Norse origin. The second element of Guernsey (-ey) is the Old Norse for "island". Guern similar to Spanish "Cuerno", French "Coi(r)n", Dutch "Hoorn", Frisian "Hoarn", Swedish "Hörn", Swiss "Gorn" means "Corner". - Corner Island.
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Guinea
Guineai/ˈɡɪni/, officially the Republic of Guinea (French: République de Guinée), is a country in West Africa. Formerly known as French Guinea (Guinée française), it is today sometimes called Guinea-Conakry to distinguish it from its neighbour Guinea-Bissau and the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. Guinea has almost 246,000 square kilometres (94,981 sq mi) and a population of 10,057,975. It forms a crescent by curving from its western border on the Atlantic Ocean toward the east and the south. Its northern border is shared with Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Mali, the southern one with Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Côte d'Ivoire. The Niger River's source is in the Guinea Highlands in southeastern Guinea.
Guinea is geographically divided into eight administrative regions and subdivided into thirty-three prefectures. Conakry is the capital, largest city and economic centre. The other major cities in the country include Kankan, Nzérékoré, Kindia, Labe, Guéckédou, Mamou and Boke.
Guinea's 10 million people belong to twenty-four ethnic groups. The largest and most prominent groups are the Fula 40%, Mandingo 30%, and Susu 20%.
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Iceland
Icelandi/ˈaɪslənd/ (Icelandic: Ísland, IPA: [ˈislant]) is a Nordic European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The country has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi). The capital and largest city is Reykjavík, with the surrounding areas in the southwestern region of the country being home to two-thirds of the country's population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterised by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle.
According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in AD 874 when the chieftain Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent Norse settler on the island. Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the following centuries, Norsemen settled Iceland, bringing with them thralls (slaves) of Gaelic origin. From 1262 to 1918 Iceland was part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. Until the 20th century, the Icelandic population relied largely on fisheries and agriculture, and the country was one of the poorest and least developed in the world. Industrialisation of the fisheries and aid from the Marshall Plan brought prosperity in the years after World War II, and by the 1990s it was one of the world's wealthiest countries. In 1994, Iceland became party to the European Economic Area, which made it possible for the economy to diversify into economic and financial services.
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Ireland
Coordinates: 53°20′N 08°00′W / 53.333°N 8°W / 53.333; -8
Ireland (pronounced [ˈaɪrlənd] ( listen); Irish: Éire [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen); Ulster Scots: Airlann or Airlan) is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth. To its east is the larger island of Great Britain, from which it is separated by the Irish Sea.
Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.4 million. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
Relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain epitomise Ireland's geography with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild but changeable oceanic climate, which avoids extremes in temperature. Thick woodlands covered the island until the 17th century. Today, it is one of the most deforested areas in Europe. There are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland.
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Isle of Man
The Isle of Man ( /ˈmæn/; Manx: Ellan Vannin, pronounced [ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn]), otherwise known simply as Mann (Manx: Mannin, IPA: [ˈmanɪn]), is a self-governing Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom, located in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland, within the British Isles. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann. The Lord of Mann is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. The island is not part of the United Kingdom, but its foreign relations and defence are the responsibility of the UK Government. Although the United Kingdom does not usually interfere in the island's domestic matters, its "good government" is ultimately the responsibility of the Crown (that is, in practice, the Government of the United Kingdom).
The island has been inhabited since before 6500 BC. Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century AD, and the Manx language, a branch of the Gaelic languages, gradually emerged. In the 9th century, the Norse began to settle there. A Norse-Gaelic culture arose and the island came under Norse control. In 1266, the island became part of Scotland as formalised by the Treaty of Perth. After a period of alternating rule by the kings of Scotland and England, the island came under the feudal overlordship of the English Crown in 1399. The lordship revested into the British Crown in 1764 but the island never became part of Great Britain or its successor the United Kingdom and retained its status as an internally self-governing Crown dependency.
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Ivory Coast
The Republic of Côte d'Ivoirei/ˌkoʊt dɨˈvwɑr/ (French: [kot d‿ivwaʁ]) or Ivory Coast i/ˌaɪvəri ˈkoʊst/ is a country in West Africa. It has an area of 322,462 square kilometres (124,503 sq mi), and borders the countries Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. The country's population was 15,366,672 in 1998 and was estimated to be 20,617,068 in 2009. Côte d'Ivoire's first national census in 1975 counted 6.7 million inhabitants.
Prior to its colonization by Europeans, Côte d'Ivoire was home to several states, including Gyaaman, the Kong Empire, and Baoulé. There were two Anyi kingdoms, Indénié and Sanwi, which attempted to retain their separate identity through the French colonial period and after Côte d'Ivoire's independence. An 1843–1844 treaty made Côte d'Ivoire a protectorate of France and in 1893, it became a French colony as part of the European scramble for Africa.
Côte d'Ivoire became independent on 7 August 1960. From 1960 to 1993, the country was led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny. It maintained close political and economic association with its West African neighbours, while at the same time maintaining close ties to the West, especially to France. Since the end of Houphouët-Boigny's rule, Côte d'Ivoire has experienced one coup d’état, in 1999, and a civil war, which broke out in 2002. A political agreement between the government and the rebels brought a return to peace. Côte d'Ivoire is a republic with a strong executive power invested in the President. Its de jure capital is Yamoussoukro and the biggest city is the port city of Abidjan. The country is divided into 19 regions and 81 departments. It is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, African Union, La Francophonie, Latin Union, Economic Community of West African States and South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone.
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Jersey
Jersey, officially the Bailiwick of Jersey, French: Bailliage de Jersey ( /ˈdʒɜrzi/, French: [ʒɛʁzɛ]; Jèrriais: Jèrri), is a British Crown Dependency off the coast of Normandy, France. As well as the island of Jersey itself, the bailiwick includes two groups of small islands that are no longer permanently inhabited, the Minquiers and Écréhous, and the Pierres de Lecq and other rocks and reefs.
Jersey is a self-governing parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy, with its own financial, legal and judicial systems.
The island of Jersey is the largest of the Channel Islands. Although the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey are often referred to collectively as 'the Channel Islands', they are not a constitutional or political unit. Jersey has a separate relationship to the British Crown from the other Crown Dependencies of Guernsey and the Isle of Man. It is not part of the United Kingdom, and has an international identity separate from that of the UK but the United Kingdom is constitutionally responsible for the defence of Jersey. Jersey is not a part of the European Union but has a special relationship with it, being treated as part of the European Community for the purposes of free trade in goods.
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Kiribati
Kiribati ([kɪribas] KIRR-i-bas or ˌkɪrəˈbɑdi;Gilbertese: [ˈkiɾibas]), officially the Republic of Kiribati, is an island nation located in the central tropical Pacific Ocean. The permanent population is just over 100,000 (2011), and the island nation is composed of 32 atolls and one raised coral island, dispersed over 3.5 million square kilometres, (1,351,000 square miles) straddling the equator, and bordering the International Date Line at its easternmost point.
The name Kiribati is the local pronunciation of "Gilberts", derived from the main island chain, the Gilbert Islands. The capital of South Tarawa consists of a number of islets connected through a series of causeways, located in the Tarawa archipelago. Kiribati became independent from the United Kingdom in 1979. It is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the IMF and the World Bank, and became a full member of the United Nations in 1999.
Kiribati was named in French by captains Krusenstern and Louis Isidore Duperrey "îles Gilbert", Gilbert Islands, after the British Captain Thomas Gilbert, who sighted the islands in 1788. The current name, Kiribati, is an adaptation of "Gilberts", from the former European name the "Gilbert Islands". Although the indigenous Gilbertese language name for the Gilbert Islands proper is Tungaru, the new state chose the name "Kiribati", the Gilbertese rendition of "Gilberts", as an equivalent of the former colony to acknowledge the inclusion of islands which were never considered part of the Gilberts chain.
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Liberia
Liberiai/laɪˈbɪəriə/, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Sierra Leone on the west, Guinea on the north and Ivory Coast on the east. Liberia's coastline is composed of mostly mangrove forests while the more sparsely populated inland consists of forests that open to a plateau of drier grasslands. The country possesses 40% of the remaining Upper Guinean rainforest. Liberia has a hot equatorial climate, with significant rainfall during the May to October rainy season and harsh harmattan winds the remainder of the year. Liberia covers an area of 111,369 km2 (43,000 sq mi) and is home to about 3.7 million people. English is the official language, while over 30 indigenous languages are spoken within the country.
Along with Ethiopia, Liberia is one of the two modern countries in Sub-Saharan Africa without roots in the European colonization of Africa. Beginning in 1820, the region was colonized by freed American slaves with the help of the American Colonization Society, a private organization that believed ex-slaves would have greater freedom and equality in Africa. Slaves freed from slave ships were also sent there instead of being repatriated to their countries of origin. In 1847, these colonists founded the Republic of Liberia, establishing a government modeled on that of the United States and naming the capital city Monrovia after James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States and a prominent supporter of the colonization. The colonists, known as Americo-Liberians, led the political and economic sectors of the country.
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London
Londoni/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is the world's leading financial centre alongside New York City and has the fifth-largest city GDP in the world (and the largest in Europe). London has been described as a world cultural capital. It was the world's most visited city during 2011 and London Heathrow is the world's busiest airport by number of international passengers. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. In 2012 London will become the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.
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Mali
Malii/ˈmɑːli/, officially the Republic of Mali (French: République du Mali, French pronunciation: [maˈli]), is a landlocked country in Western Africa. Mali borders Algeria on the north, Niger on the east, Burkina Faso and the Côte d'Ivoire on the south, Guinea on the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania on the west. Its size is just over 1,240,000 km² with a population of 14.5 million. Its capital is Bamako. Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara, while the country's southern part, where the majority of inhabitants live, features the Niger and Sénégal rivers. The country's economic structure centers around agriculture and fishing. Some of Mali's natural resources are gold, uranium, livestock, and salt. About half the population live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day.
Present-day Mali was once part of three West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire (from which Mali is named), and the Songhai Empire. In the late 19th century, during the Scramble for Africa, France seized control of Mali making it a part of French Sudan. French Sudan (then known as the Sudanese Republic) joined with Senegal in 1959, achieving independence in 1960 as the Mali Federation. Shortly thereafter, following Senegal's withdrawal from the federation, the Sudanese Republic declared itself the independent Republic of Mali. After a long period of one-party rule, a 1991 coup led to the writing of a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state. On 22 March, 2012, a group of junior soldiers seized control of the country's presidential palace and declared the government dissolved and its constitution suspended. On 6 April, 2012, rebels from the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) declared the secession of a new state, Azawad, from Mali.
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Mauritania
Mauritaniai/mɔrɪˈteɪniə/ (Arabic: موريتانيا Mūrītānyā; Berber: Muritanya / Agawej; Wolof: Gànnaar; Soninke: Murutaane; Pulaar: Moritani; French: Mauritanie), officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country in West Africa and in the Maghreb. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the west, by Western Sahara (controlled by Morocco) in the north, by Algeria in the northeast, by Mali in the east and southeast, and by Senegal in the southwest. It is named after the ancient Berber Kingdom of Mauretania, which later became a province of the Roman Empire, even though the modern Mauritania covers a territory far to the south of the old Berber kingdom that had no relation with it. The capital and largest city is Nouakchott, located on the Atlantic coast.
The government of Mauritania was overthrown on 6 August 2008, in a military coup d'état led by General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz. On 16 April 2009, General Aziz resigned from the military to run for president in the 19 July elections, which he won. In Mauritania about 20% of the population live on less than US$1.25 per day.
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Metropolitan France
Metropolitan France (French: France métropolitaine or la Métropole, or colloquially l'Hexagone) is the part of France located in Europe. It can also be described as mainland France or as the French mainland and the island of Corsica. By contrast, Overseas France (la France d'outre-mer, or l'Outre-mer, or colloquially les DOM-TOM) is the collective name for the French overseas departments (départements d'outre-mer or DOM),territories (territoires d'outre-mer or TOM), collectivities (collectivités d'outre-mer or COM) and the sui generis collectivity (collectivité sui generis) of New Caledonia.
Metropolitan France and Overseas France together form what is officially called the French Republic. Metropolitan France accounts for 81.8% of the territory and 95.9% of the population of the French Republic.
The five overseas departments—Martinique, Guadeloupe, Réunion, French Guiana, and Mayotte—have the same political status as metropolitan France's departments. Metropolitan France and these five overseas departments together are sometimes called France entière ("entire France") by the French administration, especially by INSEE, although in reality this France entière does not include the French overseas collectivities and territories which have more autonomy than the overseas departments (read the Origin of the name section below).
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Morocco
Morocco (Arabic: المغرب al-Maghrib ; Berber: ⵍⵎⴻⵖⵔⵉⴱ / ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵔⵓⴽElmeɣrib / Amerruk), officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of about 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², including the disputed region of the Western Sahara, seen by and mostly administered by Morocco as the Southern Provinces. Morocco is part of the Maghreb region, in addition to Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritania, and Libya, with which it shares cultural, historical and linguistic ties.
Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive powers, including the power to dissolve the parliament. Executive power is exercised by the government but more importantly by the king himself. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can also issue decrees called dahirs which have the force of law. The latest Parliamentary elections were held in November 25, 2011, and were considered by some neutral observers to be mostly free and fair. Voter turnout in these elections was estimated to be 43% of registered voters, but only about 25% of Moroccan adult citizens actually voted. The rest either chose not to vote or they were not registered as voters. The political capital is Rabat, but the largest city is Casablanca; other main cities include Marrakesh, Tetouan, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Agadir, Meknes, Oujda, Kenitra, and Nador.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (i/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] (
listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
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New Zealand
New Zealand (Māori: Aotearoa) is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ‒ that of the North and South Islands ‒ as well as numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans.
During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of both animal and plant life. Most notable are the large number of unique bird species, many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals. With a mild maritime climate, the land was mostly covered in forest. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions caused by the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates clashing beneath the earth's surface.
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Niue
Niue ( /ˈnjuːeɪ/ NEW-ay; Niuean: Niuē) is an island country in the South Pacific Ocean. It is commonly known as the "Rock of Polynesia", and inhabitants of the island call it "the Rock" for short. Niue is 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) northeast of New Zealand in a triangle between Tonga to the southwest, the Samoas to the northwest, and the Cook Islands to the southeast. The land area is 260 square kilometres (100 sq mi) with about 1,400 people who are predominantly Polynesian.
Though self-governing, Niue is in free association with New Zealand, and lacks full sovereignty. All Niueans are New Zealand citizens and Queen Elizabeth II is Niue's head of state in her capacity as Queen of New Zealand. Most diplomatic relations are conducted by New Zealand on Niue's behalf. 90-95% of Niuean people live in New Zealand, along with about 70% of the speakers of the Niuean language.[citation needed]
In 2003, Niue became the world's first "WiFi nation", in which free wireless Internet access is provided throughout the country by The Internet Users Society-Niue.
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Northern Hemisphere
Coordinates: 45°0′0″N 0°0′0″E / 45°N 0°E / 45; 0
The Northern Hemisphere is the half of a planet that is north of its equator—the word hemisphere literally means “half sphere”. It is also that half of the celestial sphere north of the celestial equator. Earth's northern hemisphere contains most of the planet's land, and roughly 90% of its human population. See also Arctic, Temperate zone, Tropics, Seasons and Climate
Due to the Earth's axial tilt, winter lasts from the winter solstice (typically December 22) to the vernal equinox (typically March 20), while summer lasts from the summer solstice (typically June 21) through to the autumnal equinox (typically September 21).
The Arctic is the region north of the Arctic Circle. Its climate is characterized by cold winters and cool summers. Precipitation mostly comes in the form of snow. The Arctic experiences some days in summer when the Sun never sets, and some days during the winter when it never rises. The duration of these phases varies from one day for locations right on the Arctic Circle to several months near the North Pole.
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Pitcairn Islands
The Pitcairn Islands ( /ˈpɪtkɛərn/;Pitkern: Pitkern Ailen), officially named the Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands, form a group of four volcanic islands in the southern Pacific Ocean. The islands are a British Overseas Territory. The four islands—named Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno—are spread over several hundred miles of ocean and have a total land area of about 18 square miles (47 km2). Only Pitcairn, the second largest and measuring about 2 miles (3.2 km) across, is inhabited.
The islands are best known as home of the descendants of the Bounty mutineers and the Tahitians (or Polynesians) who accompanied them, an event retold in numerous books and films. This history is still apparent in the surnames of many of the islanders. With only about 48 inhabitants (currently from four main families: Christian, Warren, Young, and Brown), Pitcairn is the least populous jurisdiction in the world. The United Nations Committee on Decolonisation includes the Pitcairn Islands on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories.
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Portugal
Portugali/ˈpɔrtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, IPA: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula . Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale.
The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times: occupied by Celts like the Gallaeci and the Lusitanians, integrated into the Roman Republic and later settled by Germanic peoples such as the Suebi, Swabians, Vandals and the Visigoths. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar under the Order of Christ. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation state.
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Republic of Ireland
Ireland (/ˈaɪərlənd/ or /ˈɑrlənd/; Irish: Éire, pronounced [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen)) is a sovereign state in Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. Its capital is Dublin. The population of the state was 4.59 million in 2011. It is a constitutional republic governed as a parliamentary democracy, with an elected president serving as head of state. In the 1937 constitution, the name of the state is given as simply "Ireland". The Constitution of Ireland (Article 4) and the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 provides that the "Republic of Ireland" (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann) is "the description of the state".
Ireland is a member of the European Union, the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organisation and the United Nations. A developed country with the seventh highest Human Development Index, Ireland is also highly ranked for press freedom, economic freedom and democracy and political freedom.
The modern Irish state was established in 1922 as the Irish Free State, a dominion within the British Empire, following the Anglo-Irish Treaty which brought an end to the Irish War of Independence. The partition of Ireland had already been provided for in previous British legislation in 1921 in response to opposition to Irish Home Rule or independence by Unionists, who formed a majority in the north-eastern part of the country. Six of the nine counties in the northern province of Ulster were established under that legislation as Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom, with which the Irish state shares its only land border. The state is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, St George's Channel to the south east, and the Irish Sea to the east.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Saba
Saba ( /ˈseɪbə/) is a Caribbean island and the smallest special municipality (officially public body) of the Netherlands. It consists largely of the potentially active volcano Mount Scenery (877 m), the highest point within both the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Netherlands proper.
Saba, including the islet of Green Island, became a special municipality within the country of the Netherlands after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles on 10 October 2010.
The island has a land area of 13 km² (5 sq. miles). At the 2001 Netherlands Antilles census, the population was 1,824 inhabitants, which means a population density of 140 inhabitants per km². Its current major towns and settlements include The Bottom (the capital), Windwardside, Hell's Gate and St. Johns.
As the island is part of the Netherlands, Dutch is the official language. Despite the island's Dutch affiliation, English is the principal language spoken on the island and has been used in its school system since the 19th century. English can therefore be used in communications of and to the government although there is a local dialect. Since January 1, 2011, the U.S. dollar has been the official currency, replacing the Netherlands Antillian Guilder.
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Saint Helena
Saint Helena ( /ˌseɪnt həˈliːnə/ SAYNT-hə-LEE-nə), named after Saint Helena of Constantinople, is an island of volcanic origin in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha which also includes Ascension Island and the islands of Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about 16 by 8 kilometres (10 by 5 mi) and has a population of 4,255 (2008 census).
The island was uninhabited when discovered by the Portuguese in 1502. It is one of the most isolated islands in the world. For centuries, it was an important stopover for ships sailing to Europe from Asia and South Africa. The British also used the island as a place of exile, most notably for Napoleon I, Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo and more than 5,000 Boer prisoners. Saint Helena is Britain's second oldest remaining colony (now termed overseas territory), after Bermuda.
Most historical accounts state that the island was discovered on 21 May 1502 by the Galician navigator João da Nova sailing at the service of the Portuguese Crown, and that he named it "Santa Helena" after Helena of Constantinople. Another theory holds that the island found by De Nova was actually Tristan da Cunha 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to its south, and that Saint Helena was discovered by some of the ships attached to the squadron of Estêvão da Gama expedition on 30 July 1503 (as reported in the account of clerk Thomé Lopes).
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Samoa
Samoa (i/səˈmoʊ.ə/; Samoan: Sāmoa, IPA: [ˌsaːˈmoa]), officially the Independent State of Samoa (Samoan: Malo Sa'oloto Tuto'atasi o Sāmoa), formerly known as Western Samoa, is a country encompassing the western part of the Samoan Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. It became independent from New Zealand in 1962. The two main islands of Samoa are Upolu and one of the biggest islands in Polynesia, Savai'i. The capital city, Apia, and Faleolo International Airport are situated on the island of Upolu.
Samoa was admitted to the United Nations on 15 December 1976. The entire island group, inclusive of American Samoa, was called Navigators Islands by European explorers before the 20th century because of the Samoans' seafaring skills.
The oldest date so far from pre-historic remains in Samoa has been calculated by New Zealand scientists to a likely true age of circa 3,000 years ago from a Lapita site at Mulifanua during the 1970s.
The origins of the Samoans is closely linked to modern research about Polynesia in various scientific disciplines such as genetics, linguistics and anthropology. Scientific research is ongoing although a number of different theories exist; including one proposing that the Samoans originated from Austronesian predecessors during the terminal eastward Lapita expansion period from Southeast Asia and Melanesia between 2,500 and 1,500 BCE. The Samoan origins are currently being reassessed due to new scientific evidence and carbon dating findings from 2003 and onwards.
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Senegal
Senegali/ˌsɛnɨˈɡɔːl/ (French: le Sénégal), officially the Republic of Senegal (République du Sénégal, IPA: [ʁepyblik dy seneɡal]), is a country in western Africa. It owes its name to the Sénégal River that borders it to the east and north. Senegal is externally bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south; internally it almost completely surrounds The Gambia, namely on the north, east and south, exempting Gambia's short Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 square kilometres (76,000 sq mi), and has an estimated population of about 13 million. The climate is tropical with two seasons: the dry season and the rainy season.
Dakar, the capital city of Senegal, is located at the westernmost tip of the country on the Cap-Vert peninsula. About 500 kilometres (300 mi) off the coast, in the Atlantic Ocean, lie the Cape Verde Islands. During the 17th and 18th centuries, numerous trading posts, belonging to various colonial empires, were established along the coast. The town of St. Louis became the capital of French West Africa (Afrique occidentale française, or AOF) before it was moved to Dakar in 1902. Dakar later became its capital in 1960 at the time of independence from France.
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Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone (i/siːˌɛrə liːˈoʊn/), officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea to the northeast, Liberia to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. Sierra Leone is a constitutional representative democratic republic and covers a total area of 71,740 km2 (27,699 sq mi) Sierra Leone has a tropical climate, with a diverse environment ranging from savannah to rainforests. As of 2011, Sierra Leone has an estimated population of 6 million[1] (2011 United Nations estimte). Freetown is the capital, largest city as well as its economic, commercial, educational, cultural and political centre. Bo is the country's second largest city and the second major economic and commercial centre.
Sierra Leone is divided into four geographical regions: the Northern Province, Eastern Province, Southern Province and the Western Area; which are subdivided into fourteen districts. The districts have their own directly elected local government known as district council, headed by a council chairman. The country's six municipalities of Freetown, Bo, Kenema, Makeni, Koidu Town and the coastal town of Bonthe have their own directly elected city councils headed by mayors.
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Southern Hemisphere
Coordinates: 45°0′0″S 0°0′0″E / 45°S 0°E / -45; 0
The Southern Hemisphere is the part of Earth that lies south of the equator. The word hemisphere (from the Greek word σφαιρα (sphere) +ημι (half)) literally means 'half ball' or "half sphere". It is also that half of the celestial sphere south of the celestial equator.
The Southern Hemisphere contains all or parts of four continents (Antarctica, Australia, most parts of South America and southern half of Africa), four oceans (South Atlantic, Indian, South Pacific, and Southern) and most of Oceania. Several islands off the Asian continental mainland are also in the Southern Hemisphere. Due to the tilt of Earth's rotation relative to the Sun and the ecliptic plane, summer is December to March and winter is June to September. September 22 or 23 is the vernal equinox and March 20 or 21 is the autumnal equinox.
Climates in the Southern Hemisphere overall tend to be slightly milder than those in the Northern Hemisphere at similar latitudes except in the Antarctic which is colder than the Arctic. This is because the Southern Hemisphere has significantly more ocean and much less land. Water heats up and cools down more slowly than land.
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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The Gambia
The Republic of The Gambia, commonly referred to as The Gambia, or Gambiai/ˈɡæmbiə/, is a country in West Africa. Gambia is the smallest country on mainland Africa, surrounded by Senegal except for a short coastline on the Atlantic Ocean in the west.
The country is situated around the Gambia River, the nation's namesake, which flows through the country's centre and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Its area is 11,295 km² with an estimated population of 1.7 million.
On 18 February 1965, Gambia gained independence from the United Kingdom and joined the Commonwealth of Nations. Banjul is Gambia's capital, but the largest cities are Serekunda and Brikama.
Gambia shares historical roots with many other West African nations in the slave trade, which was the key factor in the placing and keeping of a colony on the Gambia River, first by the Portuguese and later by the British. Since gaining independence in 1965, Gambia has enjoyed relative political stability, with the exception of a brief period of military rule in 1994.
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Togo
Togo, officially the Togolese Republici/ˈtoʊɡoʊ/, is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east, and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, on which the capital Lomé is located. Togo covers an area of approximately 57,000 square kilometres (22,000 sq mi) with a population of approximately 6.7 million.
Togo is a tropical, sub-Saharan nation, highly dependent on agriculture, with a climate that provides good growing seasons. The official language is French, with many other languages spoken in Togo, particularly those of the Gbe family. The largest religious group in Togo are those with indigenous beliefs, and there are significant Christian and Muslim minorities. Togo is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, La Francophonie and Economic Community of West African States.
From the 11th to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions. From the 16th century to the 18th century, the coastal region was a major trading centre for Europeans in search of slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The Slave Coast". In 1884, Germany declared Togoland a protectorate. After World War I, rule over Togo was transferred to France. Togo gained its independence from France in 1960.
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Tokelau
Tokelau ( /ˈtoʊkəlaʊ/) is a territory of New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean that consists of three tropical coral atolls with a combined land area of 10 km2 and a population of approximately 1,400. The atolls lie north of the Samoan Islands, east of Tuvalu, south of the Phoenix Islands, southwest of the more distant Line Islands (both island groups belonging to Kiribati) and northwest of the Cook Islands.
The United Nations General Assembly designated Tokelau a Non-Self-Governing Territory. Until 1976 the official name was Tokelau Islands. Tokelau is sometimes referred to by the older, colonial name of The Union Islands.
The name Tokelau is a Polynesian word meaning "North Wind". The islands were named the Union Islands and Union Group by European explorers at an unknown time. Tokelau Islands was adopted as the name in 1946, and was contracted to Tokelau on 9 December 1976.
The change from Tokelau Islands to Tokelau marked a slight shift in emphasis, with consequences in regional diplomacy, in that the term Tokelau Islands clearly and substantially referred to a geographical expression, that is, a range of islands, whatever else it may connote. It is not necessarily controversial to refer by name to a range of islands, even though they may come under two or more political jurisdictions. Tokelau, on the other hand, can be taken to refer more immediately to some concept of nationhood, arguably infusing increased meaning to the draft 2006 independence constitution of Tokelau (which somewhat controversially claims Tokelauan inhabited Olohega (or Swains Island), currently part of American Samoa, as part of its national territory).[citation needed]
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Tonga
Tonga, officially the Kingdom of Tonga (Tongan: Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga), is a sovereign state and an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, comprising 176 islands scattered over 700,000 square kilometres (270,000 sq mi) of ocean in the South Pacific. Fifty-two of the islands are inhabited.
The Kingdom stretches over a distance of about 800 kilometres (500 mi) in a north-south line located at about a third of the distance from New Zealand to Hawaii.
Tonga also became known as the Friendly Islands because of the friendly reception accorded to Captain James Cook on his first visit there in 1773. He happened to arrive at the time of the ʻinasi festival, the yearly donation of the first fruits to the Tuʻi Tonga, the islands' paramount chief, and received an invitation to the festivities. According to the writer William Mariner, in reality the chiefs had wanted to kill Cook during the gathering, but could not agree on a plan.
Tonga is also the only island nation in the region to have avoided formal colonisation. In 2010, Tonga took a decisive step towards becoming a fully functioning constitutional monarchy after legislative reforms paved the way for its first ever fully representative elections which resulted in the election of Noble Sialeʻataongo Tuʻivakanō as its first democratically elected Prime Minister.
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Tuvalu
Tuvalu (i/tuːˈvɑːluː/ too-VAH-loo or /ˈtuːvəluː/ TOO-və-loo), formerly known as the Ellice Islands, is a Polynesian island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, midway between Hawaii and Australia. It comprises four reef islands and five true atolls spread out from 6° to 10° south. Its nearest neighbours are Kiribati, Nauru, Samoa and Fiji. Its population of 10,544 makes it the third-least populous sovereign state in the world, with only Vatican City and Nauru having fewer inhabitants. In terms of physical land size, at just 26 square kilometres (10 sq mi) Tuvalu is the fourth smallest country in the world, larger only than the Vatican City at 0.44 km2 (0.17 sq mi), Monaco at 1.98 km2 (0.76 sq mi) and Nauru at 21 km2 (8.1 sq mi).
The first inhabitants of Tuvalu were Polynesian people. In 1568 Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña sailed through the islands and is understood to have sighted Nui during his expedition in search of Terra Australis. In 1819 the island of Funafuti was named Ellice's Island; the name Ellice was applied to all nine islands after the work of English hydrographer Alexander George Findlay (1812–1876). The islands came under Britain's sphere of influence in the late 19th century, when the Ellice Islands were declared a British protectorate by Captain Gibson, R. N. of HMS Curaçao between 9th and 16 October 1892. The Ellice Islands were administered as British protectorate by a Resident Commissioner from 1892 to 1916 as part of the British Western Pacific Territories (BWPT), and later as part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony from 1916 to 1974.
wn.com/Tuvalu -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
wn.com/United_States -
Wallis and Futuna
Wallis and Futuna, officially the Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands (French: Wallis et Futuna or Territoire des îles Wallis et Futuna, Fakauvea and Fakafutuna: Uvea mo Futuna), is a Polynesian French island territory in the South Pacific between Tuvalu to the northwest, Rotuma of Fiji to the west, the main part of Fiji to the southwest, Tonga to the southeast, Samoa to the east, the New Zealand-associated state of Tokelau to the northeast and to a more distant north the Phoenix Islands (Kiribati). (However, Wallis and Futuna is not part of, nor even contiguous with, French Polynesia. Wallis and Futuna is located at the very opposite western end of Polynesia.)
Its land area is 264 km2 with a population of about 15,000. Mata-Utu is the capital and biggest city. The territory is made up of three main volcanic tropical islands along with a number of tiny islets, and is split into two island groups that lie about 260 km apart, namely Wallis Islands (Uvea) in the northeast, and Hoorn Islands (also called the Futuna Islands) in the southwest, including Futuna Island proper and the mostly uninhabited Alofi Island.
wn.com/Wallis_and_Futuna -
Western Hemisphere
The Western Hemisphere or western hemisphere is mainly used as a geographical term[citation needed] for the half of the Earth that lies west of the IERS Reference Meridian (which crosses Greenwich, London, United Kingdom) and east of the Antimeridian (the International Date Line), the other half being called the Eastern Hemisphere.
In this sense, the Western Hemisphere consists of the North America, South America, the western portions of Africa and Europe, the extreme eastern tip of Russia, numerous territories in Oceania, and a portion of Antarctica, while excluding some of the Aleutian Islands to the southwest of the Alaskan mainland.
The term is, however, often used in political rhetoric to mean only North America and South America (or the New World) and adjacent islands, however, the Western Hemsiphere does technically include all of the above mentioned territory.
In an effort to define the Western Hemisphere as the parts of the world which are not part of the Old World, there also exist projections which use the 20th meridian west and the diametrically opposed 160th meridian east to define the hemisphere. This projection excludes the European and African mainlands and a small portion of northeast Greenland, but includes more of eastern Russia and Oceania (e.g., New Zealand).
wn.com/Western_Hemisphere -
Western Sahara
Coordinates: 25°N 13°W / 25°N 13°W / 25; -13
Western Sahara (USi/ˌwɛstərn səˈhærə/, UK /ˌwɛstən səˈhɑrə/; Arabic: الصحراء الغربية Aṣ-Ṣaḥrā’ al-Gharbīyah; Spanish: Sahara Occidental), is a disputed territory in North Africa, bordered by Morocco to the north, Algeria to the northeast, Mauritania to the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Its surface area amounts to 266,000 square kilometres (103,000 sq mi). It is one of the most sparsely populated territories in the world, mainly consisting of desert flatlands. The population is estimated at just over 500,000, many of whom live in El Aaiún (also called Laâyoune), the largest city in Western Sahara.
A colony of Spain since the late 19th century, the Western Sahara has been on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories since 1963. In 1965, the UN General Assembly adopted its first resolution on Western Sahara, asking Spain to decolonise the territory. One year later, a new resolution was passed by the General Assembly requesting that a referendum be held by Spain on self-determination. In 1975, Spain relinquished the administrative control of the territory to a joint administration by Morocco, which had formally claimed the territory since 1957, and Mauritania. A war erupted between those countries and the Sahrawi national liberation movement Polisario Front, which proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) (exiled government in Tindouf, Algeria). Mauritania withdrew in 1979 and Morocco eventually secured effective control of most of the territory, including all the major cities and natural resources.
wn.com/Western_Sahara
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Occult Symbolism In The Western Hemisphere pt. 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 41:25
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Alex Jones, followed by a Russian film crew, travels to England, Canada and tours his own home city of Austin Texas, and brings to light startling
http://wn.com/Occult_Symbolism_In_The_Western_Hemisphere_pt_1
Alex Jones, followed by a Russian film crew, travels to England, Canada and tours his own home city of Austin Texas, and brings to light startling
Longest Cable-Stayed Bridge in Western Hemisphere
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:36
- Updated: 19 Jan 2013
John James Audubon Bridge in Louisiana is the Longest Cable-Stayed Bridge in Western Hemisphere, will link Pointe Coupee and West Feliciana Parishes. Construction crews have now connected both sides and bridge is expected to open in late summer 2011
http://wn.com/Longest_Cable-Stayed_Bridge_in_Western_Hemisphere
John James Audubon Bridge in Louisiana is the Longest Cable-Stayed Bridge in Western Hemisphere, will link Pointe Coupee and West Feliciana Parishes. Construction crews have now connected both sides and bridge is expected to open in late summer 2011
- published: 30 Dec 2010
- views: 4544
- author: louisianahometown
Bandidos MC Western Hemisphere 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:59
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
Bandidos MC Western Hemisphere 12 in Nicaragua Bad Company by Five Finger Death Punch Highway to Hell by ACDC War Pigs by Black Sabbath I do not own the rights to these songs.
http://wn.com/Bandidos_MC_Western_Hemisphere_2012
Bandidos MC Western Hemisphere 12 in Nicaragua Bad Company by Five Finger Death Punch Highway to Hell by ACDC War Pigs by Black Sabbath I do not own the rights to these songs.
- published: 19 Jan 2012
- views: 118646
- author: bffb51807
Prophecy of Earthquakes in the western hemisphere Fulfilled - Dr. Owuor
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 78:38
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
Prophecy of Earthquakes in the western hemisphere Fulfilled Haiti earthquake, colombia earthquake venezuela earthquake chile earthquake California to Mexico earthquake etc Visit: www.repentandpreparetheway.org
http://wn.com/Prophecy_of_Earthquakes_in_the_western_hemisphere_Fulfilled_Dr_Owuor
Prophecy of Earthquakes in the western hemisphere Fulfilled Haiti earthquake, colombia earthquake venezuela earthquake chile earthquake California to Mexico earthquake etc Visit: www.repentandpreparetheway.org
- published: 27 Jun 2012
- views: 3017
- author: chitywa
The Official UKELELE ORCHESTRA OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE Live
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:32
- Updated: 11 Aug 2012
May I Introduce to you the debut of the UKELELE ORCHESTRA Of The WESTERN HEMISPHERE. Captured at El Cid. Silverlake, California. May, 2011. The Ukulele Orchestra of the Western Hemisphere are: Dean Vivirito Buddy Judge Billie Woods Lopez Tootie Maldonado Richenda Brim Scott Bright Lauren Stevens Arroyo Alex MacInnis Robert Moritz Zoe Rawson Stephen Simon Melissa Flavia Darrin Butts E Gunnar Mortensen Thu Tran Sherry Rayn Barnett Lillian Parker Curt Anderson ★Video Courtesy of tch productions 2011★
http://wn.com/The_Official_UKELELE_ORCHESTRA_OF_THE_WESTERN_HEMISPHERE_Live
May I Introduce to you the debut of the UKELELE ORCHESTRA Of The WESTERN HEMISPHERE. Captured at El Cid. Silverlake, California. May, 2011. The Ukulele Orchestra of the Western Hemisphere are: Dean Vivirito Buddy Judge Billie Woods Lopez Tootie Maldonado Richenda Brim Scott Bright Lauren Stevens Arroyo Alex MacInnis Robert Moritz Zoe Rawson Stephen Simon Melissa Flavia Darrin Butts E Gunnar Mortensen Thu Tran Sherry Rayn Barnett Lillian Parker Curt Anderson ★Video Courtesy of tch productions 2011★
- published: 12 May 2011
- views: 1995
- author: tchproductions2009
LandShark STi : Fastest Subaru in the Western Hemisphere
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
LandShark STi - 198.1mph / Texas Mile March 26th 2010
http://wn.com/LandShark_STi_Fastest_Subaru_in_the_Western_Hemisphere
LandShark STi - 198.1mph / Texas Mile March 26th 2010
- published: 31 Mar 2010
- views: 7405
- author: TheRipler
Longest escalator in the Western hemisphere - Wheaton Station, Washington DC
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
Wheaton Station on the Washington DC Metro has the longest escalator in the Western hemisphere, and the 3rd longest in the world. It took me two and a half minutes to ride it all the way to the top. Monday 20 February 2012.
http://wn.com/Longest_escalator_in_the_Western_hemisphere_Wheaton_Station,_Washington_DC
Wheaton Station on the Washington DC Metro has the longest escalator in the Western hemisphere, and the 3rd longest in the world. It took me two and a half minutes to ride it all the way to the top. Monday 20 February 2012.
- published: 13 Mar 2012
- views: 2414
- author: Bambul Shakibaei
Total Eclipse - 1998 Western Hemisphere ITF
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Routine from Beat Juggling Category...
http://wn.com/Total_Eclipse_1998_Western_Hemisphere_ITF
Haiti- The Poorest Country in the Western Hemisphere
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:45
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
(www.healinghaiti.org)
http://wn.com/Haiti_The_Poorest_Country_in_the_Western_Hemisphere
A word from the Western Hemisphere's Most Sophisticated Hacker - or How I Hacked DirecTV
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:53
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
A word from the _Western Hemisphere's Most Sophisticated Hacker_ or How I Hacked DirecTV.
http://wn.com/A_word_from_the_Western_Hemisphere's_Most_Sophisticated_Hacker_or_How_I_Hacked_DirecTV
A word from the _Western Hemisphere's Most Sophisticated Hacker_ or How I Hacked DirecTV.
- published: 20 Jun 2012
- views: 47185
- author: hackermarty
Supernatural Turntable Artists - 1998 Western Hemisphere ITF
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:47
- Updated: 26 Apr 2012
Routine from the Teams Category...
http://wn.com/Supernatural_Turntable_Artists_1998_Western_Hemisphere_ITF
Haitians fight poverty with art - 15 Nov 09
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:51
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
As the poorest state in the Western hemisphere, Haiti has been suffering from a lack of basic resources for many years. In the town of Croix Des Bouquets, just outside the capital, 70 per cent of the population is unemployed. But a group of hundreds of artists have created a community of craftsmen - turning oil steel drums into art - in an effort to change that fact. Teresa Bo reports.
http://wn.com/Haitians_fight_poverty_with_art_15_Nov_09
As the poorest state in the Western hemisphere, Haiti has been suffering from a lack of basic resources for many years. In the town of Croix Des Bouquets, just outside the capital, 70 per cent of the population is unemployed. But a group of hundreds of artists have created a community of craftsmen - turning oil steel drums into art - in an effort to change that fact. Teresa Bo reports.
- published: 15 Nov 2009
- views: 9733
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
DJ Spictakular - 1998 Western Hemisphere ITF
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
Routine from the Scratching Category...
http://wn.com/DJ_Spictakular_1998_Western_Hemisphere_ITF
Interview - Gerry Pollet - Hanford: The Most Contaminated Site in the Western Hemisphere
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 38:08
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
Interview with Gerry Pollet, Co-founder and Executive Director of Heart of America Northwest about the current status of cleanup at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation in Washington State. Recorded March 7, 2010. For more info: www.hoanw.org
http://wn.com/Interview_Gerry_Pollet_Hanford_The_Most_Contaminated_Site_in_the_Western_Hemisphere
Interview with Gerry Pollet, Co-founder and Executive Director of Heart of America Northwest about the current status of cleanup at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation in Washington State. Recorded March 7, 2010. For more info: www.hoanw.org
- published: 11 Jun 2010
- views: 1445
- author: talkingsticktv
Tour of BHB Marine Park ( the Lembeh Straits of the Western Hemisphere!)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:18
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
While many people from around the world have seen the macro photography from the BHB, and heard it compared to the Lembeh Straits of Indonesia, this video is an attempt to provide more of a wide angle look at the park....The video takes you around many of the preferred mini-sites within the park, showing typical marine life large enough to see from a distance. To see more, visit www.sfdj.com
http://wn.com/Tour_of_BHB_Marine_Park_the_Lembeh_Straits_of_the_Western_Hemisphere!
While many people from around the world have seen the macro photography from the BHB, and heard it compared to the Lembeh Straits of Indonesia, this video is an attempt to provide more of a wide angle look at the park....The video takes you around many of the preferred mini-sites within the park, showing typical marine life large enough to see from a distance. To see more, visit www.sfdj.com
- published: 07 Jul 2011
- views: 2002
- author: sfdjsfdj
Gael Garcia Bernal & Diego Luna visit the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Gael Garcia Bernal and Diego Luna, winners of WOLA's 2011 Human Rights Award, discuss their biggest concerns for Latin America in the coming decade in this excerpt from a discussion at the Department of State.
http://wn.com/Gael_Garcia_Bernal_Diego_Luna_visit_the_Bureau_of_Western_Hemisphere_Affairs
Gael Garcia Bernal and Diego Luna, winners of WOLA's 2011 Human Rights Award, discuss their biggest concerns for Latin America in the coming decade in this excerpt from a discussion at the Department of State.
- published: 20 Sep 2011
- views: 4594
- author: whabureau
US confirms (RFID) high-tech driver's licences
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:51
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
US Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff confirmed Thursday that Canadians can use enhanced driver's licences when entering the US by land crossings. Canadian officials had been pressing for an alternative to passports, saying they are expensive. While Washington's decision on the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative is due soon, Chertoff indicated the new high-tech licences would be approved. 'Next year, we'll be implementing a rule in stages that will require ... either a passport, a passcard, Nexus card or enhanced driver's licence to cross the land border,' he said during a speech to a Washington trade symposium hosted by the US Customs and Border Protection agency. Such licences, which aren't yet available, would contain proof of citizenship. Several provinces, including Ontario, Quebec and Alberta, are keen to develop the required licences. Ontario Transportation Minister Jim Bradley said Chertoff's comments mean the provinces can take the next step in discussions with Ottawa about the new licences. A project using high-tech licences at border points between British Columbia and Washington state is expected to start early next year. Air travellers entering the US already need passports. Recent news from the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) about allowing enhanced driver's licences to be used as alternative to passports for US - Canada border crossing, renewed talks around the privacy issues surrounding the use of radio frequency identification (RFID ...
http://wn.com/US_confirms_RFID_high-tech_driver's_licences
US Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff confirmed Thursday that Canadians can use enhanced driver's licences when entering the US by land crossings. Canadian officials had been pressing for an alternative to passports, saying they are expensive. While Washington's decision on the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative is due soon, Chertoff indicated the new high-tech licences would be approved. 'Next year, we'll be implementing a rule in stages that will require ... either a passport, a passcard, Nexus card or enhanced driver's licence to cross the land border,' he said during a speech to a Washington trade symposium hosted by the US Customs and Border Protection agency. Such licences, which aren't yet available, would contain proof of citizenship. Several provinces, including Ontario, Quebec and Alberta, are keen to develop the required licences. Ontario Transportation Minister Jim Bradley said Chertoff's comments mean the provinces can take the next step in discussions with Ottawa about the new licences. A project using high-tech licences at border points between British Columbia and Washington state is expected to start early next year. Air travellers entering the US already need passports. Recent news from the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) about allowing enhanced driver's licences to be used as alternative to passports for US - Canada border crossing, renewed talks around the privacy issues surrounding the use of radio frequency identification (RFID ...
- published: 19 Jan 2008
- views: 17165
- author: norfid
1997 ITF West. Hemi Categories Beat Juggling : Swift Rock
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 01 Sep 2012
1997 ITF Western Hemisphere Beat Juggling Category Swift Rock
http://wn.com/1997_ITF_West_Hemi_Categories_Beat_Juggling_Swift_Rock
1997 ITF Western Hemisphere Beat Juggling Category Swift Rock
- published: 16 May 2008
- views: 3878
- author: soulskratch
Summit of Americas ends without consensus
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:12
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
A summit of nearly 30 Western Hemisphere leaders has ended without a joint declaration due to divisions over Cuba and Argentine claims to the Falkland Islands. Al Jazeera's Lucia Newman reports from Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.
http://wn.com/Summit_of_Americas_ends_without_consensus
A summit of nearly 30 Western Hemisphere leaders has ended without a joint declaration due to divisions over Cuba and Argentine claims to the Falkland Islands. Al Jazeera's Lucia Newman reports from Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.
- published: 16 Apr 2012
- views: 2109
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Inside Frank Gehry's New Skyscraper
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
A tour of the Western Hemisphere?s brand new tallest residential building. blogs.forbes.com/morganbrennan
http://wn.com/Inside_Frank_Gehry's_New_Skyscraper
A tour of the Western Hemisphere?s brand new tallest residential building. blogs.forbes.com/morganbrennan
- published: 31 May 2011
- views: 11218
- author: forbes
Jewish Heritage on Curacao
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:32
- Updated: 03 Feb 2012
The jewish community on Curacao is the oldest in the western hemisphere. The Mikve Israel Immanuel Synagogue is the oldest in the so called new world. Curacao jews paid the costs for the first synagogue in New York. We introduce you to the jewish heritage on Curacao. This film is a bonus part of our DVD: Fascinating Curacao / 80 minutes
http://wn.com/Jewish_Heritage_on_Curacao
The jewish community on Curacao is the oldest in the western hemisphere. The Mikve Israel Immanuel Synagogue is the oldest in the so called new world. Curacao jews paid the costs for the first synagogue in New York. We introduce you to the jewish heritage on Curacao. This film is a bonus part of our DVD: Fascinating Curacao / 80 minutes
- published: 03 Mar 2007
- views: 7164
- author: podz54
Inside Story Americas - The School of the Americas: Class over?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:15
- Updated: 20 Jan 2013
Campaigners continue to risk jail trying to close one of the most notorious US institutions that sowed regional strife.
http://wn.com/Inside_Story_Americas_The_School_of_the_Americas_Class_over?
Campaigners continue to risk jail trying to close one of the most notorious US institutions that sowed regional strife.
- published: 20 Sep 2012
- views: 3561
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
'US desperately tries to demonize Iran'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Updated: 22 Jan 2013
An analyst tells Press TV that a new Act devised to fight Iran's influence in Latin America and signed by the US President Barack Obama is a part of a strategy aimed at dominating the Middle East for resources. The USA has just passed into law the Countering Iran in the Western Hemisphere Act particularly aimed at countering Iran's growing influence in South America. This law requires the USA State Department, within 180 days, to develop a strategy to "address Iran's growing hostile presence and activity" in Latin America. The legislation makes it clear that American policy is to counter Iran's influence by requiring a coordinated and targeted strategy that uses all elements of national power through political and diplomatic means. It charges the USA government to detail the presence of Iran in the Western Hemisphere. Press TV has conducted an interview with Gloria Ra Riva, a Latin America expert, from San Francisco, California, to further discuss the issue. Follow our Facebook on: www.facebook.com Follow our Twitter on: twitter.com Follow our Tumblr on: presstvchannel.tumblr.com
http://wn.com/'US_desperately_tries_to_demonize_Iran'
An analyst tells Press TV that a new Act devised to fight Iran's influence in Latin America and signed by the US President Barack Obama is a part of a strategy aimed at dominating the Middle East for resources. The USA has just passed into law the Countering Iran in the Western Hemisphere Act particularly aimed at countering Iran's growing influence in South America. This law requires the USA State Department, within 180 days, to develop a strategy to "address Iran's growing hostile presence and activity" in Latin America. The legislation makes it clear that American policy is to counter Iran's influence by requiring a coordinated and targeted strategy that uses all elements of national power through political and diplomatic means. It charges the USA government to detail the presence of Iran in the Western Hemisphere. Press TV has conducted an interview with Gloria Ra Riva, a Latin America expert, from San Francisco, California, to further discuss the issue. Follow our Facebook on: www.facebook.com Follow our Twitter on: twitter.com Follow our Tumblr on: presstvchannel.tumblr.com
- published: 29 Dec 2012
- views: 2183
- author: PressTVGlobalNews
photo: AP / Ronald Mendes-Agencia RBS
27 Jan 2013
Tweet. Police say at least 232 people have died in a fire that swept through a crowded nightclub in southern Brazil. Around 117 others were injured after the blaze broke out while a band was performing at the Kiss club in the southern city of Santa Maria at about 2am (local time). Police earlier said more than 245 people had died in the fire. It is thought pyrotechnics being used for the concert may have caused the blaze ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: US DoD / U.S. Army Staff Sgt Sun L. Vega, Joint Staff
27 Jan 2013
TEL AVIV – Now that he has secured his second term, President Barack Obama has already secretly pledged to the Palestinians he will press Israel into a new round of so-called land-for-peace negotiations, a top Palestinian Authority negotiator told WND. The negotiator said top members of the Obama administration told the Palestinians the U.S....(size: 2.2Kb)
photo: AP / Khalil Hamra
29 Jan 2013
Cairo • An unpredictable new element has entered Egypt’s wave of political unrest. a mysterious group of masked young men called the Black Bloc who present themselves as the defenders of protesters opposed to the Islamist president’s rule. They boast that they’re willing to use force to fight back against Islamists who have attacked protesters in the past — or against police who crack down on demonstrations ... Photos. Join the Discussion ... ....(size: 8.0Kb)
photo: AP / Khalil Hamra
28 Jan 2013
Egyptian President Mohamed Morsy on Sunday declared a state of emergency and a nightime curfew for one month in three restive cities after days of deadly violence. Mr. Morsy, facing his worst crisis since taking office in June, said the measures would take effect on Sunday night in the cities of Port Said, Suez and Ismailia ... Keywords....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: AP / Jerome Delay
29 Jan 2013
French-led forces on Monday seized Mali’s fabled desert city of Timbuktu in a lightning advance north as Islamists fleeing the city torched a building housing priceless ancient manuscripts ... Only one Islamist stronghold, the town of Kidal further north, remains to be retaken ... “We are winning in Mali.” ... Keywords....(size: 1.6Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
29 Jan 2013
Comprehensive immigration reform must address the social and economic forces that cause people to migrate ... Senators ... Strengthening partnerships for poverty reduction, rural development, youth employment and citizen security, particularly in the Western Hemisphere, can reduce migration pressure and contribute to regional stability and prosperity ... ....(size: 1.6Kb)
noodls
29 Jan 2013
(Source. Montana State University System). January 29, 2013 ... 10 ... 1. Volunteers will pick up the teachers the morning of Feb ... Department of State, which provides secondary-school teachers from Europe, Eurasia, South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa and the Western Hemisphere with an opportunity to develop expertise in their subject areas, enhance their teaching skills and increase their knowledge about the U.S ... (noodl....(size: 2.6Kb)
South China Morning Post
29 Jan 2013
Alas, we are possibly only going to see him during the European winter as he has a contract to honour in France, but he would certainly gain acceptance if he decided to stay on a longer term basis. The toughest things to grasp here for riders from the western hemisphere are the importance of a clean break from the start and the slow-motion mind games of not riding the volume of winners a jockey might be used to racking up at home ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
noodls
29 Jan 2013
(Source. CBP - US Customs and Border Protection) CBP Designates Kootenai Tribe's Enhanced Tribal Card as Acceptable Travel Document. (Tuesday, January 31, 2012). Washington - U.S ... Production of the cards began in May 2011. The Kootenai ETC incorporates secure issuance processes, document security features and radio frequency identification technology that meet the requirements of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative ... To date, 12 U.S....(size: 4.0Kb)
Investors are receiving I-526 Approvals as Palm Beach Regional Center Expands VooDoo BBQ & Grill ...
Yahoo Daily News29 Jan 2013
NES Financial’s EB-5 escrow administration services streamline investment fund management for development projects ... The Palm Beach Regional Center operates in nine Florida Counties including Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach ... About NES Financial ... Recognized by Inc ... The Palm Beach Regional Center handles a variety of projects that showcase and benefit from the region's strength as an international gateway to the western hemisphere ... # # #....(size: 3.8Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
29 Jan 2013
Yearlong study reveals impressive conversion with 3% of players making more than 20 transactions after using SponsorPay’s value-exchange advertising platform ... ###. About SponsorPay ... About Gameforge. With an impressive portfolio of 20 titles and over 380 million registered players, Gameforge is one of the leading providers of Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs) in the western hemisphere ... Projjol Baenrjea. SponsorPay. +49 30202156622 ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
noodls
29 Jan 2013
(Source ... 01/24/2013. JONESBORO, Ark ... First, the State of Queretaro won fierce internal competition to be the other terminus (along with Mexico City) for the first high-speed railroad line to be built in the Western Hemisphere. A Spanish-French conglomerate is scheduled to begin construction late this year, with a completion date of 2016. This link will reduce travel time between the two cities to one hour ... (noodl....(size: 6.7Kb)
The Guardian
29 Jan 2013
Dramatic Yawar festivals are designed to show the triumph of indigenous culture over colonial influence, but the number of condors injured and killed raises fears for the species' survival ... Photograph. Jan Sochor/LatinContent/Getty Images ... But there are accidents. The giant bird – the biggest in the western hemisphere – loses feathers and risks breaking bones or being killed if its mount crashes into the wall or stumbles on its side ... ....(size: 9.5Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
29 Jan 2013
RECOMMENDED. Are you smarter than a US diplomat? Take our Foreign Service Exam ... Bush ... Lesser ... Liel ... But, Oppenheimer writes, “if US foreign policy is increasingly about economic policy, and if the United States needs to increase its declining share of global trade and investment, as Kerry said, it should definitely seek greater economic ties with Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Chile, and other fast-growing Western Hemisphere neighbors.”....(size: 13.4Kb)
Jamaica Observer
28 Jan 2013
Hyman is a participant in this esteemed programme, which has brought together a network of scholars, professionals and mid-career applied researchers from the United States and other Western Hemisphere nations for a series of seminar meetings and a Fulbright exchange experience ... developments in the Caribbean region and the Western Hemisphere....(size: 4.7Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
28 Jan 2013
NEW YORK, Jan. 28, 2013 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- AJC, the global advocacy organization, is deeply dismayed by Argentina's decision to establish with Iran a "truth commission" to investigate the 1994 terrorist bombing of the AMIA Jewish community center in Buenos Aires. (Logo ... At the same time, AJC has been warning about the concerted Iranian attempt to gain a bigger foothold in the Western Hemisphere. SOURCE American Jewish Committee. ....(size: 2.2Kb)
The Examiner
28 Jan 2013
Trying to find the best touristic destinations in Latin America could be as hard as trying to define what Latin America means ... But other definitions like the Webster's New World College Dictionary (2009), state that Latin America more broadly refers to that part of the Western Hemisphere south of the U.S., in Mexico, Central America, the West Indies and South America, where Spanish, Portuguese and French are the official languages ... ....(size: 7.3Kb)
PR Newswire
28 Jan 2013
- February 27 Event to Feature Statewide Agency Experts and Industry Leaders -. Google. Download image. PITTSBURGH, Jan ... 2013." ... (Logo. http.//photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20091210/NE24642LOGO ) ... The sessions at Recycle NASHVILLE ... About Liberty Tire Recycling ... The companies are also engaged in retreading operations throughout the Western Hemisphere and produce air springs, roofing materials, and industrial fibers and textiles ... ....(size: 8.7Kb)
The Western Hemisphere[1] or western hemisphere[2] is mainly used as a geographical term[citation needed] for the half of the Earth that lies west of the IERS Reference Meridian (which crosses Greenwich, London, United Kingdom) and east of the Antimeridian (the International Date Line), the other half being called the Eastern Hemisphere.[3]
In this sense, the Western Hemisphere consists of the North America, South America, the western portions of Africa and Europe, the extreme eastern tip of Russia, numerous territories in Oceania, and a portion of Antarctica, while excluding some of the Aleutian Islands to the southwest of the Alaskan mainland.
The term is, however, often used in political rhetoric to mean only North America and South America (or the New World) and adjacent islands, however, the Western Hemsiphere does technically include all of the above mentioned territory.
In an effort to define the Western Hemisphere as the parts of the world which are not part of the Old World, there also exist projections which use the 20th meridian west and the diametrically opposed 160th meridian east to define the hemisphere.[4][5] This projection excludes the European and African mainlands and a small portion of northeast Greenland, but includes more of eastern Russia and Oceania (e.g., New Zealand).
The population of the geographical Western Hemisphere exceeds 1 billion.
Countries in both hemispheres[link]
Below is a list of the countries which are in both the Western and Eastern hemispheres on the IERS Reference Meridian, in order from north to south:
United Kingdom
Netherlands (because of the islands Saba, Bonaire and St. Eustatius; they lie in the Antilles. The "continental" Netherlands lies entirely on the eastern hemisphere.)
France
Spain
Algeria
Mali
Burkina Faso
Togo
Below is a list of the countries which are in both the Western and Eastern hemispheres along the 180th meridian, in order from north to south:
Russia
United States
Kiribati
Tuvalu- Wallis and Futuna (France)
Nations in the Western Hemisphere but not in America[link]
The following nations lie outside America yet are in part or entirely within the Western Hemisphere.
- Algeria
American Samoa (United States)- Burkina Faso
Cape Verde
Cook Islands (New Zealand)
Faroe Islands (Denmark)
Fiji- France (Metropolitan area)
Gambia
Ghana
Greenland (Denmark) (note: geographically a part of North-America, but politically a part of Europe[6][7])
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Iceland
Ireland
Ivory Coast- Kiribati
Liberia- Mali
Mauritania
Morocco
Niue (New Zealand)
Portugal
Samoa
Senegal
Sierra Leone- Spain
- Togo
Tokelau (New Zealand)
Tonga- Tuvalu
- United Kingdom
Sources[link]
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of English (2nd ed.), London, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 2001 .
- ^ "Western Hemisphere", Merriam Webster's Online Dictionary (based on Collegiate vol., 11th ed.), Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 2006, http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/western%20hemisphere
- ^ , http://www.britannica.com/oscar/print?articleId=275388&fullArticle=true&tocId=203675
- ^ Olson, Judy M (1997), "Projecting the hemisphere", in Robinson, Arthur H; Snyder, John P, Matching the map projection to the need, Bethesda, MD: Cartography and Geographic Information Society, American Congress on Surveying and Mapping .
- ^ "Western Hemisphere", Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary (3rd ed.), Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 2001, p. 1294 .
- ^ http://www.eldey.de/English/sights/neighbours/greenland/greenland.html
- ^ http://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/faq/geography.html
Coordinates: 0°N 90°W / 0°N 90°W / 0; -90
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http://wn.com/Western_Hemisphere
Related pages:
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http://cs.wn.com/Západní polokoule
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http://es.wn.com/Hemisferio occidental
http://ru.wn.com/Западное полушарие
http://nl.wn.com/Westelijk halfrond
http://pl.wn.com/Półkula zachodnia
http://fr.wn.com/Hémisphère ouest
http://hi.wn.com/पश्चिमी गोलार्ध
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the insult. For other uses, see Asshole (disambiguation).
The word asshole, a variant of arsehole, which is still prevalent in British and Australian English, is a vulgar to describe the anus, often pejoratively used to refer to people.
Contents |
History[link]
The word arse in English derives from the Germanic root *arsaz, which originated from the Proto-Indo-European root *ors — meaning buttocks or backside.[1] The combined form arsehole is first attested from 1500 in its literal use to refer to the anus. The metaphorical use of the word to refer to the worst place in a region, e.g., "the arsehole of the world") is first attested in print in 1865; the use to refer to a contemptible person is first attested in 1933.[2] In the ninth chapter of his 1945 autobiography, Black Boy, Richard Wright quotes a snippet of verse that uses the term: "All these white folks dressed so fine / Their ass-holes smell just like mine ...". Its first appearance as an insult term in a newspaper indexed by Google News is in 1965.[3] As with other vulgarities, these uses of the word may have been common in oral speech for some time before their first print appearances. By the 1970s, Hustler magazine featured people they did not like as "Asshole of the Month."[4] In 1972, Jonathan Richman's Modern Lovers recorded his song "Pablo Picasso," which includes the line "Pablo Picasso was never called an asshole."
Until the early 1990s, the word was considered one of a number of words that could not be uttered on commercial television in the United States. Comedian Andrew Dice Clay caused a major shock when he uttered the word during a televised MTV awards show in 1989.[5] However, there were PG-13 and R rated films in the 1980s that featured use of the word, such as the R-rated The Terminator (1984), the PG-13-rated National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), and the PG-rated Back to the Future (1985). By 1994, however, vulgarity had become more acceptable, and the word was featured in dialog on the long-running television series NYPD Blue, though it has yet to become anything close to commonplace on network TV. In some broadcast edits (such as the syndication airings of South Park), the word is partially bleeped out — ironically, as "assh—", with the profane half of the word intact.
Semantics[link]
The word is mainly used as a vulgarity, generally to describe people who are viewed as stupid or incompetent or detestable.[6]
This word or its literal translation is found in colloquial speech in a number of cultures (in both English and other languages).[7] This is because it describes an organ of elimination that is considered a taboo region (since it belongs to the intimate parts) of the body in many societies.[8]
The English word ass (meaning donkey, a cognate of its zoological name Equus asinus) may also be used as a term of contempt, referring to a silly or stupid person. In the United States, and, to a lesser degree, in Canada, the words arse and ass have become synonymous; however, in the rest of the English-speaking world, ass still only refers to the donkey, rather than the arse (buttocks). It is worth noting that speakers of some varieties of English "drop their Rs" before consonants, leading to a pronunciation of arse that is quite similar to ass.[9]
Political usage[link]
In 2000, during a Labor Day event, then candidate George W. Bush made an off-hand remark to his running mate, Dick Cheney, that New York Times reporter Adam Clymer was a "major league asshole." The gaffe was caught on microphone and led to a political advertisement chiding Bush for "using expletives ... in front of a crowd of families," produced for Democratic opponent Al Gore.[10]
In February 2004, American media reported that during a rally of supporters, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez called Bush "an asshole" for believing his aides in supporting a coup against Chavez in 2002.[11] The word in the original Spanish was "pendejo", and in news coverage the word was widely, though incorrectly, translated as "asshole"; the meaning of the word varies substantially in Latin America, and in Venezuela its meaning is closer to "fool".[12] The following year, in September, Nightline host Ted Koppel said to Chavez on national television, "I'm going to perhaps shock you a little, but these are your words. You called President Bush an asshole," to which Chavez replied, "I've said various things about him. I don't know if I actually used that word."[13]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Calvert Watkins, American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots revised second edition, p. 60
- ^ Lighter, J.: Historical Dictionary of American Slang, Random House, 1994.
- ^ "A refreshing radicalism." Lerner, Michael, The Harvard Crimson, May 28, 1965. Google Search done August 6, 2008.
- ^ "Out like Flynt." Time, April 9, 1979. Retrieved August 6, 2008.
- ^ MTV Video Music Awards | 1989
- ^ "Asshole". Webster's Online Dictionary. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/asshole. Retrieved 2011-05-30.
- ^ "Asshole In Other Language Than English". Organisasi.Org Community And Library Online. http://en.organisasi.org/translation/asshole-in-other-languages. Retrieved 2011-05-30.
- ^ Napoli, Donna Jo; Hoeksema, Jack. The grammatical versatility of taboo terms. 33.
- ^ Ass/Arse Online Encyclopedia
- ^ "A "major league asshole"". Salon.com. 09-04-2000. http://archive.salon.com/politics/feature/2000/09/04/cuss_word/.
- ^ "Chavez Calls Bush 'Asshole' as Foes Fight Troops". Washington Post. February 29, 2004. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17578-2004Feb29.html.
- ^ Venezuelanalysis.com, 2 August 2005, Memo to Time and Reuters: Chávez Did Not Call Bush an "Asshole"
- ^ "Transcript: Hugo Chavez Interview". Nightline. 09-16-2005. http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=1134098.
http://wn.com/Asshole
Related pages:
http://cs.wn.com/Prdel
http://de.wn.com/Arschloch
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asshole
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Diego Luna | |
|---|---|
 Luna at the Deauville American Films Festival, 2010 |
|
| Born | Diego Luna Alexander (1979-12-29) December 29, 1979 (age 32) Mexico City, Mexico |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1982–present |
| Spouse | Camila Sodi (m. 2008) «start: (2008)»"Marriage: Camila Sodi to Diego Luna" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Diego_Luna) |
Diego Luna (born December 29, 1979) is a Mexican actor known for his childhood telenovela work, a starring role in the film Y tu mamá también, and supporting roles in American films. He is also known for his roles in Rudo y Cursi and Milk. Together with Romola Garai, he starred the film Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights. Luna also had minor roles in Frida and Before Night Falls. He also provides Spanish language narration for the National Geographic Channel documentary Great Migrations.
Contents |
Personal life[link]
Luna was born Diego Luna Alexander in Mexico City; the son of Fiona Alexander, an English costume designer,[1] and Alejandro Luna, a Mexican set designer[2] who is one of the most acclaimed living theatre, cinema, and opera set designers in Mexico. His mother died in a car accident when he was two years old.[3] She had worked in the film industry and had made sure that this was a life Luna would be immersed in. His father also reinforced the importance of theater and the arts in his life. In Luna's youth, he would bring him to the sets and mentor him in all different aspects of his art, furthering his desire to become an actor and uphold a family tradition.
Luna wed Mexican actress Camila Sodi on February 5, 2008 and their son Jerónimo was born in Los Angeles on August 9, 2008.[4] They welcomed daughter Fiona, named after Luna's late mother, on July 1, 2010 in Mexico City.[5]
Luna co-founded the organization and film festival Ambulante A.C.[6] along with his friend Gael Garcia Bernal. The organization works to bring documentary films to places where they are rarely shown. Ambulante was awarded the Washington Office on Latin America's prestigious Human Rights Award in 2011[7].
Career[link]
From an early age, Luna began acting in television, film, and theatre. His first television role was in the 1991 movie El Último Fin de Año. His next role was in the telenovela El Abuelo y Yo (1992) alongside his childhood best friend, Gael García Bernal, in 1995 he played the role of Laura León' troubled son Quique in the Mexican soap opera El premio mayor. Luna had his big break in 2001 when he was cast in the critically acclaimed Y tu mamá también , once again alongside García Bernal.
He is currently making a name for himself in the United States market, having starred alongside Bon Jovi in Vampires: Los Muertos (2002) and the Academy Award-winning Frida (2002). He was also in the western Open Range, Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights, The Terminal, and Criminal. In 2008, he appeared in the Harvey Milk biopic Milk playing Milk's emotionally unstable lover Jack Lira.
Luna and Gael García Bernal own Canana Productions. The company recently joined with Golden Phoenix Productions owned by producer Tom Golden of Hot Springs, Arkansas, to jointly produce a number of television documentaries about the unsolved murders of more than 300 women in the border city of Ciudad Juárez.[citation needed] For the fourth time Luna reunites with fellow friend Gael García Bernal, this time in the American Spanish-language comedy film Casa de Mi Padre opposite Will Ferrell.[8] In 2011, Luna played the male lead in Katy Perry's music video, The One That Got Away.[9]
Filmography[link]
Director[link]
- Abel (2010)
- J.C. Chávez (2007)
Films[link]
- Elysium (2013)
- Casa de Mi Padre (2012)
- Contraband (2012)
- In the Playground (2010)
- Sólo quiero caminar (2009)
- Milk (2008)
- Rudo y Cursi (2008)
- Mister Lonely (2007)
- El Búfalo de la Noche (2007)
- JC Chávez (directorial debut, 2007)
- Toto (2006)
- Fade to Black (2006)
- Sólo Dios Sabe (2005)
- Amapola (2005)
- Criminal (2004)
- The Terminal (2004)
- Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights (2004)
- Nicotina (2003)
- Open Range (2003)
- Carambola (2003)
- Soldados de Salamina (2003)
- Vampires: Los Muertos (2002)
- Frida (2002)
- Ciudades Oscuras (2002)
- Todos los Aviones del Mundo (2001)
- Atlético San Pancho (2001)
- Y tu mamá también (2001)
- Before Night Falls (2000)
- Todo el Poder (1999)
- Un Dulce Olor a Muerte (1999)
- El Cometa (1999)
- Un Hilito de Sangre (1995)
- Morena (1995)
- Ámbar (1994)
- El Último Fin de Año (1991)
- Antonieta (1982)
Soap operas[link]
- La Vida en el Espejo (1999)
- El Amor de mi Vida (1998)
- El Premio Mayor (1995)
- El Abuelo y Yo (1992)
Music Videos[link]
References[link]
- ^ On a roll: Diego Luna's movie career is smokin' hot | The San Diego Union-Tribune
- ^ Diego Luna Biography (1979-)
- ^ Latino Festival Lauds Luna
- ^ "Diego Luna and Camila Sodi Welcome Son Jerónimo". People. 15 August 2008. http://celebritybabies.people.com/2008/08/15/diego-luna-and/. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^ Leon, Anya (2 July 2010). "Diego Luna, Camila Sodi Welcome Daughter Fiona". People (magazine). http://celebritybabies.people.com/2010/07/02/diego-luna-camila-sodi-welcome-daughter-fiona/. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^ "Ambulante A.C.". Ambulante A.C.. 1 June 2012. http://www.ambulante.com.mx/. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
- ^ "WOLA's Human Rights Awards". Washington Office on Latin America. 20 September 2011. http://www.wola.org/wola_human_rights_award. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
- ^ Buchanan, Kyle (14 April 2011). "Will Ferrell's Spanish-Language Movie: ¿Qué?". New York Magazine. http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2011/04/will_ferrell_spanish_trailer.html. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (4 November 2011). "Katy Perry, Diego Luna Break Up In 'One That Got Away' Tease". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1673781/katy-perry-one-that-got-away-diego-luna.jhtml. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
External links[link]
- Diego Luna at the Internet Movie Database
- Diego Luna on Twitter
- Diego Luna on Myspace
- Diego Luna photo
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Luna, Diego |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | December 29, 1979 |
| Place of birth | Mexico City, Mexico |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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http://ru.wn.com/Луна, Диего
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Frank Owen Gehry | |
|---|---|
 Frank Gehry in 2007 |
|
| Born | (1929-02-28) February 28, 1929 (age 83) Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Nationality | Canadian-American |
| Alma mater | University of Southern California |
| Awards | AIA Gold Medal National Medal of Arts Order of Canada Pritzker Prize |
| Work | |
| Practice | Gehry Partners, LLP |
| Buildings | Guggenheim Museum, Walt Disney Concert Hall, Gehry Residence, Weisman Art Museum, Dancing House, Art Gallery of Ontario, EMP/SFM, Cinémathèque française, 8 Spruce Street, Ohr-O'Keefe Museum Of Art |
Frank Owen Gehry, CC (born Frank[1] Owen Goldberg; February 28, 1929) is a Canadian American Pritzker Prize-winning architect based in Los Angeles, California.
His buildings, including his private residence, have become tourist attractions. His works are cited as being among the most important works of contemporary architecture in the 2010 World Architecture Survey, which led Vanity Fair to label him as "the most important architect of our age".[2]
Gehry's best-known works include the titanium-covered Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain; MIT Stata Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts; Walt Disney Concert Hall in downtown Los Angeles; Experience Music Project in Seattle; Weisman Art Museum in Minneapolis; Dancing House in Prague; the Vitra Design Museum and MARTa Museum in Germany; the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto; the Cinémathèque française in Paris; and 8 Spruce Street in New York City. But it was his private residence in Santa Monica, California, which jump-started his career, lifting it from the status of "paper architecture" – a phenomenon that many famous architects have experienced in their formative decades through experimentation almost exclusively on paper before receiving their first major commission in later years. Gehry is also the designer of the future Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial.[3]
Contents |
Personal life[link]
Gehry was born Frank Owen Goldberg[1] on February 28, 1929, in Toronto, Ontario to parents, Irwin and Thelma (née Thelma Caplan) Goldberg.[4] His parents were Polish Jews.[5] A creative child, he was encouraged by his grandmother, Mrs. Caplan, with whom he would build little cities out of scraps of wood.[6] With these scraps from her husband's hardware store, she entertained him for hours, building imaginary houses and futuristic cities on the living room floor.[4] His use of corrugated steel, chain link fencing, unpainted plywood and other utilitarian or "everyday" materials was partly inspired by spending Saturday mornings at his grandfather's hardware store. He would spend time drawing with his father and his mother introduced him to the world of art. "So the creative genes were there," Gehry says. "But my father thought I was a dreamer, I wasn't gonna amount to anything. It was my mother who thought I was just reticent to do things. She would push me."[7]
He was given the Hebrew name "Ephraim" by his grandfather but only used it at his bar mitzvah.[1]
In 1947 Gehry moved to California, got a job driving a delivery truck, and studied at Los Angeles City College, eventually to graduate from the University of Southern California's School of Architecture. According to Gehry: “I was a truck driver in L.A., going to City College, and I tried radio announcing, which I wasn't very good at. I tried chemical engineering, which I wasn't very good at and didn't like, and then I remembered. You know, somehow I just started racking my brain about, "What do I like?" Where was I? What made me excited? And I remembered art, that I loved going to museums and I loved looking at paintings, loved listening to music. Those things came from my mother, who took me to concerts and museums. I remembered Grandma and the blocks, and just on a hunch, I tried some architecture classes.”[8] In 1952, he married Anita Snyder, and in 1956 he changed his name to Frank O. Gehry, at her suggestion, in part because of the anti-semitism he had suffered as a child and as a undergraduate at USC. Gehry graduated at the top of his class with a Bachelor of Architecture degree from USC in 1954. Afterwards, he spent time away from the field of architecture in numerous other jobs, including service in the United States Army. In the fall of 1956, he moved his family to Cambridge, where he studied city planning at the Harvard Graduate School of Design. He left before completing the program, disheartened and underwhelmed. Gehry's left-wing ideas about socially responsible architecture were under-realized, and the final straw occurred when he sat in on a discussion of one professor's "secret project in progress" - a palace that he was designing for right-wing Cuban Dictator Fulgencio Batista (1901-1973).[4] In 1966 he and Snyder divorced. In 1975 he married Panamanian, Berta Isabel Aguilera, his current wife. He has two daughters from his first marriage, and two sons from his second marriage.
Having grown up in Canada, Gehry is a huge fan of ice hockey. He began a hockey league in his office, FOG (which stands for Frank Owen Gehry), though he no longer plays with them.[citation needed] In 2004, he designed the trophy for the World Cup of Hockey.[citation needed] Gehry holds dual citizenship in Canada and the United States. He lives in Santa Monica, California, and continues to practice out of Los Angeles.
Architectural style[link]
Much of Gehry's work falls within the style of Deconstructivism, which is often referred to as post-structuralist in nature for its ability to go beyond current modalities of structural definition. In architecture, its application tends to depart from modernism in its inherent criticism of culturally inherited givens such as societal goals and functional necessity. Because of this, unlike early modernist structures, Deconstructivist structures are not required to reflect specific social or universal ideas, such as speed or universality of form, and they do not reflect a belief that form follows function. Gehry's own Santa Monica residence is a commonly cited example of deconstructivist architecture, as it was so drastically divorced from its original context, and in such a manner as to subvert its original spatial intention.
Gehry is sometimes associated with what is known as the "Los Angeles School," or the "Santa Monica School" of architecture. The appropriateness of this designation and the existence of such a school, however, remains controversial due to the lack of a unifying philosophy or theory. This designation stems from the Los Angeles area's producing a group of the most influential postmodern architects, including such notable Gehry contemporaries as Eric Owen Moss and Pritzker Prize-winner Thom Mayne of Morphosis, as well as the famous schools of architecture at the Southern California Institute of Architecture (co-founded by Mayne), UCLA, and USC where Gehry is a member of the Board of Directors.
Gehry’s style at times seems unfinished or even crude, but his work is consistent with the California ‘funk’ art movement in the 1960s and early 1970s, which featured the use of inexpensive found objects and non-traditional media such as clay to make serious art[citation needed]. Gehry has been called "the apostle of chain-link fencing and corrugated metal siding".[9] However, a retrospective exhibit at New York's Whitney Museum in 1988 revealed that he is also a sophisticated classical artist, who knows European art history and contemporary sculpture and painting[citation needed].
File:Peter-B-Lewis-Building.jpg
Peter B. Lewis building at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, OH.
Criticism[link]
Reception of Gehry's work is not always positive. Art historian Hal Foster reads Gehry's architecture as, primarily, in the service of corporate branding.[10] Criticism of his work includes complaints that the buildings waste structural resources by creating functionless forms, do not seem to belong in their surroundings and are apparently designed without accounting for the local climate.[11]
Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial[link]
His proposed design for the national Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial has been severely criticized by Susan Eisenhower, who said that her entire family opposes it.[12][13] Roger L. Lewis, an architect and a professor emeritus at the University of Maryland, criticized opposed the design in the Washington Post: "Building a quasi-fenced precinct makes no sense. The narrative theme relating to Eisenhower’s boyhood, so visually dominant in the present design, also makes no sense. Gehry instead could craft a less grandiose yet visually powerful memorial composition..."[14] Columnist Richard Cohen wrote that the Memorial does not accurately capture Eisenhower's life.[15] George F. Will also opposed the design in the Washington Post.[16] The design has been criticized in The New Republic,[17] National Review,[18] Foreign Policy,[19] Metropolis Magazine,[20] The American Spectator,[21] The Washington Examiner,[22] The Daily Caller,[23] The Cleveland Plain Dealer,[24] and The Wichita Eagle.[25]
However, Philip Kennicott, the Washington Post's culture critic, praised the design: "Gehry has produced a design that inverts several of the sacred hierarchies of the classical memorial, emphasizing ideas of domesticity and interiority rather than masculine power and external display. He has 're-gendered' the vocabulary of memorialization, giving it new life and vitality..."[26]
Other notable aspects of career[link]
Awards[link]
Gehry was elected to the College of Fellows of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in 1974, and he has received many national, regional, and local AIA awards, including AIA Los Angeles Chapter Gold Medal. He presently serves on the steering committee of the Aga Khan Award for Architecture. Gehry was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize at the Tōdai-ji Buddhist Temple in 1989. The Pritzker Prize serves to honor a living architect whose built work demonstrates a combination of those qualities of talent, vision, and commitment, which has produced consistent and significant contributions to humanity and the built environment through the art of architecture. In 1999, he was awarded the AIA Gold Medal "in recognition of a significant body of work of lasting influence on the theory and practice of architecture." He accepted the 2007 The Henry C. Turner Prize for Innovation in Construction Technology from the National Building Museum on behalf of Gehry Partners and Gehry Technologies.
Academia[link]
Gehry is a Distinguished Professor of Architecture at Columbia University and teaches advanced design studios at the Yale School of Architecture. He has received honorary doctoral degrees from Occidental College, Whittier College, the Southern California Institute of Architecture, the University of Toronto, the California College of Arts and Crafts, the Technical University of Nova Scotia, the Rhode Island School of Design, the California Institute of the Arts, and the Otis Art Institute at the Parsons School of Design. In 1982 and 1989, he held the Charlotte Davenport Professorship in Architecture at Yale University. In 1984, he held the Eliot Noyes Chair at Harvard University. In January 2011, he joined the University of Southern California (USC) faculty, as the Judge Widney Professor of Architecture.[27]
Budgets[link]
Gehry has gained a reputation for taking the budgets of his clients seriously, in an industry where complex and innovative designs like Gehry's typically go over budget. Sydney Opera House, which has been compared with the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao in terms of architectural innovation, had a cost overrun of 1,400 percent. It was therefore duly noted when the Guggenheim Bilbao was constructed on time and budget. In an interview in Harvard Design Magazine[28] Gehry explained how he did it. First, he ensured that what he calls the "organization of the artist" prevailed during construction, in order to prevent political and business interests from interfering with the design. Second, he made sure he had a detailed and realistic cost estimate before proceeding. Third, he used CATIA (computer-aided three-dimensional interactive application) and close collaboration with the individual building trades to control costs during construction.
However, not all of Gehry's projects have gone smoothly. The Walt Disney Concert Hall in Downtown Los Angeles resulted in over 10,000 RFIs (requests for information) and was $174 million over budget. Furthermore, there was a dispute which ended with a $17.8 million settlement.[29]
Celebrity status[link]
Gehry is considered a modern architectural icon and celebrity, a major "Starchitect" — a neologism describing the phenomenon of architects attaining a sort of celebrity status. Although Gehry has been a vocal opponent of the term, it usually refers to architects known for dramatic, influential designs that often achieve fame and notoriety through their spectacular effect. Other notable celebrity architects include Jean Nouvel, Zaha Hadid, Thom Mayne, Steven Holl, Rem Koolhaas, and Norman Foster. Gehry came to the attention of the public in 1972 with his "Easy Edges" cardboard furniture. He has appeared in Apple's black and white "Think Different" pictorial ad campaign that associates offbeat but revered figures with Apple's design philosophy. He even once appeared as himself in The Simpsons in the episode "The Seven-Beer Snitch", where he parodied himself by intimating that his ideas are derived by looking at a crumpled paper ball. He also voiced himself on the TV show Arthur, where he helped Arthur and his friends design a new treehouse. Steve Sample, President of the University of Southern California, told Gehry that "...After George Lucas, you are our most prominent graduate." In 2009, Gehry designed a hat for pop star Lady Gaga, reportedly by using his iPhone.[30]
Documentary[link]
In 2005, veteran film director Sydney Pollack, a friend of Gehry's, made the documentary Sketches of Frank Gehry with appreciative comments by Philip Johnson, Ed Ruscha, Julian Schnabel, and Dennis Hopper, and critical ones by Hal Foster supplementing dialogue between Gehry and Pollack about their work in two collaborative art forms with considerable commercial constraints and photography of some buildings Gehry designed. It was released on DVD by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on August 22, 2006, together with an interview of Sydney Pollack by fellow director Alexander Payne and some audience questions following the premiere of the film.
Fish and furniture[link]
Gehry is very much inspired by fish. Not only do they appear in his buildings, he created a line of jewelry, household items, and sculptures based on this motif. "It was by accident I got into the fish image", claimed Gehry. One thing that sparked his interest in fish was the fact that his colleagues are recreating Greek temples. He said, "Three hundred million years before man was fish....if you gotta go back, and you're insecure about going forward...go back three hundred million years ago. Why are you stopping at the Greeks? So I started drawing fish in my sketchbook, and then I started to realize that there was something in it."[31]
Standing Glass Fish is just one of many works featuring fish which Gehry has created. The gigantic fish is made of glass plates and silicone, with the internal supporting structure of wood and steel clearly visible. It soars above a reflecting pool in a glass building built especially for it, in the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden. Another huge Gehry fish sculpture, built in 1992, is located in front of the Port Olímpic, in Barcelona, and another one dominates a public garden in front of the Fishdance Restaurant in Kobe, Japan.
In addition to architecture, Gehry has made a line of furniture, jewelry for Tiffany & Co., various household items, sculptures, and even a glass bottle for Wyborowa Vodka. His first line of furniture, produced from 1969–1973, was called "Easy Edges", constructed out of cardboard. Another line of furniture released in the spring of 1992 is "Bentwood Furniture". Each piece is named after a different hockey term. He was first introduced to making furniture in 1954 while serving in the U.S. Army, where he designed furniture for the enlisted soldiers. Gehry claims that making furniture is his "quick fix".[32]
Software development[link]
Gehry's firm was responsible for innovation in architectural software. His firm spun off another firm called Gehry Technologies which developed Digital Project.
Works[link]
Main article: List of Frank Gehry buildings
Awards[link]
- Gehry is a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council
- In 1989, Gehry was the recipient of the Pritzker Prize for architecture.
- In 1994, Gehry was the recipient of The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize.
- In 1995, Gehry was the recipient of the Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award.
- In 1998, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts.[33]
- In 1999, he was awarded the AIA Gold Medal.
- In 2000, Gehry was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum[34]
- In 2004, on November 3, Gehry was awarded the prestigious Woodrow Wilson Award for public service by the Woodrow Wilson Center of the Smithsonian Institution in New York City.
- In 2006 on December 6, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Frank Gehry into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts.
- 2008 Medal of the Order of Charlemagne, Principality of Andorra (declined honor).
Honorary doctorates[link]
- Visual Arts; California Institute of the Arts (Valencia, California, USA—1987)
- Fine Arts; Rhode Island School of Design (Providence, Rhode Island, USA—1987)
- Engineering; Technical University of Nova Scotia (Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada—1989)
- Fine Arts; Otis College of Art and Design (Los Angeles, California, USA—1989)
- Humanities; Occidental College (Los Angeles, California, USA—1993)
- Whittier College (Whittier, California, USA—1995)
- Architecture; Southern California Institute of Architecture (Los Angeles, California, USA—1997)
- Laws; University of Toronto (Toronto, Ontario, Canada—1998)
- University of Edinburgh (Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom—2000)
- University of Southern California (Los Angeles, California, USA—2000)
- Yale University (New Haven, Connecticut, USA—2000)
- Harvard University (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA—2000)
- City College of New York (New York, New York, USA—2002)
- Art Institute of Chicago (Chicago, Illinois, USA—2004)
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ a b c "Frank Gehry clears the air", Globe and Mail, July 28, 2010
- ^ Tyrnauer, Matt (30 June 2010). "Architecture in the Age of Gehry". Vanity Fair. http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2010/08/architecture-survey-201008?currentPage=all. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
- ^ for the design, see: http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/design.htm
- ^ a b c Chollet, Laurence B. (2001). The Essential Frank O. Gehry. New York, NY: The Wonderland Press. pp. 112. ISBN 0-8109-5829-5.
- ^ "In the News: Warsaw Jewish Museum In Poland". Isurvived.org. 2005-06-30. http://isurvived.org/InTheNews/JewishMuseum-Poland.html. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
- ^ Karen Templer (1999-12-05). "Frank Gehry". Salon. http://www.salon.com/people/bc/1999/10/05/gehry/index.html. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
- ^ Richard Lacayo.
- ^ Biography and Video Interview of Frank Gehry at Academy of Achievement
- ^ (B. Adams)
- ^ "Hal Foster reviews ‘Frank Gehry’ edited by Jean-Louis Cohen et al · LRB 23 August 2001". Lrb.co.uk. http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n16/hal-foster/why-all-the-hoopla. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
- ^ Favermann, Mark. "MIT Sues Architect Frank Gehry Over Flaws at Stata Center". Berkshire Fine Arts. http://www.berkshirefinearts.com/?page=article&article_id=458&catID=26. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
- ^ Hopkins, Christopher. "How Should We Remember Ike?". National Journal. http://nationaljournal.com/daily/how-should-we-remember-ike--20120418.
- ^ Pogrebin, Robin. "Eisenhower as Barefoot Boy? Family Objects to a Memorial". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/07/arts/design/eisenhower-memorial-by-frank-gehry-draws-objections-from-family.html?pagewanted=all.
- ^ Lewis, Roger K.. "Gehry’s Eisenhower Memorial design needs to be rethought". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/gehrys-eisenhower-memorial-design-needs-to-be-rethought/2012/04/04/gIQAflQ4zS_story.html.
- ^ Cohen, Richard. "With Eisenhower, Art Does Not Imitate His Life". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-visit-with-the-real-dwight-eisenhower/2012/04/09/gIQAG4Pu6S_story.html.
- ^ Will, George F.. "Eisenhower Memorial misses the man". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/eisenhower-memorial-misses-the-man/2012/02/16/gIQAJkehKR_story.html.
- ^ Kabaservice, Geoffrey. "Why Won’t the GOP Stick Up For Dwight Eisenhower?". The New Republic. http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/101442/dwight-eisenhower-memorial-controversy.
- ^ Weigel, George. "Gehry’s Ghastly Eisenhower Memorial". National Review. http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/287645/gehry-s-ghastly-eisenhower-memorial-george-weigel.
- ^ Walt, Stephen M.. "Who likes Ike? Not Frank Gehry". Foreign Policy. http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/02/07/who_likes_ike_not_frank_gehry. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ Krier, Leon. "Eisenhower Memorial, Washington, D.C.". Metropolis Magazine. http://www.metropolismag.com/pov/20120214/eisenhower-memorial-washington-d-c. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ Scruton, Roger. "Monumental Egos". The American Spectator. http://spectator.org/archives/2012/04/10/monumental-egos. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ Cole, Bruce. "Proposed memorial is an insult to Eisenhower". The Washington Examiner. http://washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/op-eds/2012/02/proposed-memorial-insult-eisenhower/295021. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ Shubow, Justin. "Frank Gehry’s ‘Eisen Crtain’ must not descend upon the National Mall". Daily Caller. http://dailycaller.com/2011/10/12/frank-gehry%E2%80%99s-eisen-curtain-must-not-descend-upon-the-national-mall/.
- ^ O'Brien, Kevin. "Diminishing Dwight Eisenhower in D.C. memorial". Cleveland Plain Dealer. http://www.cleveland.com/obrien/index.ssf/2012/01/diminishing_eisenhower_in_dc_m.html.
- ^ Smith, Brandon James. "Memorial design mocks Eisenhower’s legacy". Wichita Eagle. http://www.kansas.com/2012/01/13/2173935/memorial-design-mocks-eisenhowers.html.
- ^ Kennicott, Philip. "Review: Frank Gehry’s Eisenhower Memorial reinvigorates the genre". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/review-frank-gehrys-eisenhower-memorial-reinvigorates-the-genre/2011/12/13/gIQAAT4RwO_story.html. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ USC News (2011-01-18). "Architect Frank Gehry Named Judge Widney Professor". http://uscnews.usc.edu/university/architect_frank_gehry_named_judge_widney_professor.html. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ^ Bent Flyvbjerg Design by Deception: The Politics of Megaproject Approval. Harvard Design Magazine, no. 22, Spring/Summer 2005, pp. 50-59.
- ^ http://enr.ecnext.com/coms2/article_bude100324FrankGehryNe-1
- ^ Greiner, Andrew (2009-12-08). "Frank Gehry Designed Lady Gaga's hat". NBC Chicago. http://www.nbcchicago.com/entertainment/celebrity/Frank-Gehry-Designed-Lady-Gaga-a-Hat-78793477.html. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
- ^ "American Masters: Frank Gehry". http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/database/gehry_pop/fish.html. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
- ^ "Furniture designs". http://www.guggenheim.org/exhibitions/past_exhibitions/gehry/furniture_01.html. Retrieved 2008-11-17. [dead link]
- ^ "Lifetime Honors - National Medal of Arts". Nea.gov. http://www.nea.gov/honors/medals/medalists_year.html#98. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
- ^ "Lifetime Achievement Winner: Frank Gehry". Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum. http://www.cooperhewitt.org/NDA/WINNERS/2000/LIFETIMEACHIEVEMENT/index.shtml.
References[link]
- Isenberg, Barbara; Gehry, Frank O. (2009). Conversations with Frank Gehry. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-307-26800-4. ISBN 978-0-307-26800-6
- Sketches of Frank Gehry - Documentary
- Gehry, Frank O.; Colomina, Beatriz; Friedman, Mildred; Mitchell, William J.; Ragheb, J. Fiona; Cohen, Jean-Louis; Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (Corporate Author); Museo Guggenheim Bilbao (Corporate Author) (May 2001) (Hardcover). Frank Gehry Architect. Guggenheim Publications. pp. 390. ISBN 0-8109-6929-7. ISBN 97808109692
- El Croquis 74/75 1995
- Architects Today - Laurence King Publishers
- Dal Co, Francesco; Forster, Kurt W.; Arnold, Hadley (1998). Frank O. Gehry: The Complete Works. New York, NY: The Monacelli Press. ISBN 1-885254-63-6. ISBN 978-1-885254-63-4.
- The Pritzker Architecture Prize- www.pritzkerprize.com
Further reading[link]
- Bletter, Rosemarie Haag; Walker Art Center (1986). The Architecture of Frank Gehry. New York, NY: Rizzoli. pp. 215. ISBN 0-8478-0763-0.. ISBN 978-0-8478-0763-5.
- Cohen, Jean-Louis (July 2, 2003, 2001) (Paperback). Frank O. Gehry: The Art of Architecture. New York, NY: Guggenheim Museum. pp. 384. ISBN 0-89207-277-6. ISBN 978089207277.
- Friedman, Mildred (ed.); Sorkin, Michael (December 17, 1999) (Hardcover). Gehry Talks: Architecture + Process (1st ed.). New York, NY: Rizzoli. pp. 300. ISBN 0-8478-2165-X. ISBN 978-0-8478-2165-5.
- Richardson, Sara S. (-1987). Frank O. Gehry: A Bibliography. Monticello, Ill.: Vance Bibliographies. ISBN 1-55590-145-X.
- van Bruggen, Coosje (December 30, 1999) (Hardcover). Frank O. Gehry: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao (1st ed.). New York, NY: Guggenheim Museum Pubns. pp. 207. ISBN 0-8109-6907-6. ISBN 978-0-8109-6907-0.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Frank Gehry |
- Gehry Partners, LLP, Gehry's architecture firm
- Gehry Technologies, Inc., Gehry's technology firm
- Profile at the Pritzker Prize
- Frank Gehry at TED Conferences
- Frank Gehry on Charlie Rose
- Frank Gehry at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Frank Gehry in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Frank Gehry collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Frank Gehry collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Fish Forms: Lamps by Frank Gehry Exhibition (2010) at The Jewish Museum (New York)
- STORIES OF HOUSES: Frank Gehry's House in California
- Bidding for the National Art Museum of China’s new site
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Gehry, Frank |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Pritzker Prize-winning architect |
| Date of birth | February 28, 1929 |
| Place of birth | Toronto, Ontario |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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