Schengen Area
Schengen Area
Future members
|
| Description |
Free travel area |
| Established |
1995 |
| Members |
26 members
- Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
|
| Policy of |
European Union |
| Population |
419,392,429 |
| Area |
4,312,099 km2 |
The Schengen Area comprises the territories of twenty-six European countries that have implemented the Schengen Agreement signed in the town of Schengen, Luxembourg, in 1985. The Schengen Area operates very much like a single state for international travel with border controls for those travelling in and out of the area, but with no internal border controls.
The Schengen rules were absorbed into European Union law by the Amsterdam Treaty in 1999, although the area officially includes four non-EU member states—Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland—and de facto includes three European micro-states—Monaco, San Marino, and the Vatican. All but two EU member states—Ireland and the United Kingdom—are required to implement Schengen. With the exceptions of Bulgaria, Cyprus, and Romania, all other countries have already complied. The area currently covers a population of over 400 million people and an area of 4,312,099 square kilometres (1,664,911 sq mi).[1]
Implementing the Schengen rules involves eliminating border controls with other Schengen members while simultaneously strengthening border controls with non-member states. The rules include provisions on a common policy on the temporary entry of persons (including the Schengen visa), the harmonisation of external border controls, and cross-border police and judicial co-operation.
Whether a passport or an EU approved national identity card is required for identity checks done at airports, hotels, or by police, depends on national rules and varies between countries. Occasionally, regular border controls are used between Schengen countries.
EU member states outside Schengen
The Schengen Area came in existence on 26 March 1995 when the Schengen Agreement along with its implementing convention was implemented by seven EU member states.[2] During the negotiations which led up to the signing of the Amsterdam Treaty in 1997, EU leaders agreed to bring the Schengen Agreement, Convention and the rules created under them into the main body of EU law, the acquis communautaire; thus bringing a project which had developed outside the framework of the EU into the EU mainstream. This duly happened with the entrance into force of the Amsterdam Treaty in 1999.
The Schengen Area currently consists of twenty-six states, all but four of which are members of the European Union (EU). Two of the non-EU members, Iceland and Norway, are part of the Nordic Passport Union and are officially classified as states associated with the Schengen activities of the EU.[3] The third, Switzerland was subsequently allowed to participate in the same manner in 2008. The fourth, Liechtenstein joined on 19 December 2011, becoming the newest member of the Schengen Area.[4] De facto, the Schengen Area also includes several microstates that maintain open or semi-open borders with Schengen countries.[5] Two EU members—Ireland and the United Kingdom—negotiated opt-outs from Schengen and continue to operate systematic border controls with other EU member states.
Before fully implementing the Schengen rules, each state needs to have its preparedness assessed in four areas: air borders, visas, police cooperation, and personal data protection. This evaluation process involves a questionnaire and visits by EU experts to selected institutions and workplaces in the country under assessment.[6]
| Flag |
State |
Area
(km²) |
Population[7]
|
Signed or
opted in |
Date of first
implementation |
 |
Austria |
&1000000000008387100000083,871 |
&100000000084146380000008,414,638 |
01995-04-2828 April 1995 |
01997-12-011 December 1997 |
 |
Belgium |
&1000000000003052800000030,528 |
&1000000001100702000000011,007,020 |
01985-06-1414 June 1985 |
01995-03-2626 March 1995 |
 |
Czech Republic |
&1000000000007886600000078,866 |
&1000000001053581100000010,535,811 |
02004-05-011 May 2004 |
02007-12-2121 December 2007b |
 |
Denmark
(excluding Greenlandd and the Faroe Islandsd) |
&1000000000004309400000043,094 |
&100000000055642190000005,564,219 |
01996-12-1919 December 1996 |
02001-03-2525 March 2001 |
 |
Estonia |
&1000000000004522600000045,226 |
&100000000013401940000001,340,194 |
02004-05-011 May 2004 |
02007-12-2121 December 2007b |
 |
Finland |
&10000000000338145000000338,145 |
&100000000053917000000005,391,700 |
01996-12-1919 December 1996 |
02001-03-2525 March 2001 |
 |
France
(excluding overseas departments and territories) |
&10000000000674843000000674,843 |
&1000000006582188500000065,821,885 |
01985-06-1414 June 1985 |
01995-03-2626 March 1995 |
 |
Germany |
&10000000000357050000000357,050 |
&1000000008179960000000081,799,600 |
01985-06-1414 June 1985 |
01995-03-2626 March 1995c |
 |
Greece |
&10000000000131990000000131,990 |
&1000000001078769000000010,787,690 |
01992-11-066 November 1992 |
02000-03-2626 March 2000 |
 |
Hungary |
&1000000000009303000000093,030 |
&100000000099790000000009,979,000 |
02004-05-011 May 2004 |
02007-12-2121 December 2007b |
 |
Icelanda |
&10000000000103000000000103,000 |
&10000000000318452000000318,452 |
01996-12-1919 December 1996 |
02001-03-2525 March 2001 |
 |
Italy |
&10000000000301318000000301,318 |
&1000000006068151400000060,681,514 |
01990-11-2727 November 1990 |
01997-10-2626 October 1997 |
 |
Latvia |
&1000000000006458900000064,589 |
&100000000022453570000002,245,357 |
02004-05-011 May 2004 |
02007-12-2121 December 2007b |
 |
Liechtenstein a |
&10000000000000160000000160 |
&1000000000003601000000036,010 |
02008-02-2828 February 2008 |
02011-12-1919 December 2011 |
 |
Lithuania |
&1000000000006530300000065,303 |
&100000000032070600000003,207,060 |
02004-05-011 May 2004 |
02007-12-2121 December 2007b |
 |
Luxembourg |
&100000000000025860000002,586 |
&10000000000511840000000511,840 |
01985-06-1414 June 1985 |
01995-03-2626 March 1995 |
 |
Malta |
&10000000000000316000000316 |
&10000000000417608000000417,608 |
02004-05-011 May 2004 |
02007-12-2121 December 2007b |
 |
Netherlands
(excluding Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten and the Caribbean Netherlands) |
&1000000000004152600000041,526 |
&1000000001670370000000016,703,700 |
01985-06-1414 June 1985 |
01995-03-2626 March 1995 |
 |
Norwaya
(excluding Svalbarde) |
&10000000000385155000000385,155 |
&100000000049933000000004,993,300 |
01996-12-1919 December 1996 |
02001-03-2525 March 2001 |
 |
Poland |
&10000000000312683000000312,683 |
&1000000003818686000000038,186,860 |
02004-05-011 May 2004 |
02007-12-2121 December 2007b |
 |
Portugal |
&1000000000009239100000092,391 |
&1000000001064776300000010,647,763 |
01992-06-2525 June 1992 |
01995-03-2626 March 1995 |
 |
Slovakia |
&1000000000004903700000049,037 |
&100000000054400780000005,440,078 |
02004-05-011 May 2004 |
02007-12-2121 December 2007b |
 |
Slovenia |
&1000000000002027300000020,273 |
&100000000020489510000002,048,951 |
02004-05-011 May 2004 |
02007-12-2121 December 2007b |
 |
Spain
(excluding Ceuta and Melillaf) |
&10000000000506030000000506,030 |
&1000000004603010900000046,030,109 |
01992-06-2525 June 1992 |
01995-03-2626 March 1995 |
 |
Sweden |
&10000000000449964000000449,964 |
&100000000094155700000009,415,570 |
01996-12-1919 December 1996 |
02001-03-2525 March 2001 |
 |
Switzerlanda |
&1000000000004128500000041,285 |
&100000000078665000000007,866,500 |
02004-10-2626 October 2004 |
02008-12-1212 December 2008 |
 |
Schengen Area |
&100000000043122590000004,312,259 |
&10000000419392429000000419,392,429 |
01985-06-1414 June 1985 |
01995-03-2626 March 1995 |
a. ^ States outside the EU that are associated with the Schengen activities of the EU,[3] and where the Schengen rules apply.
b. ^ For overland borders and seaports; since 30 March 2008 also for airports.[8]
c. ^ East Germany became part of the Federal Republic of Germany, joining Schengen, on 3 October 1990. Before this it remained outside the agreement. Despite some media reports, Heligoland is not outside Schengen; it is only outside the European Union Value Added Tax Area.
d. ^ Greenland and the Faroe Islands are not included in the Schengen area, although there might be relaxed checks in the Faroe Islands for flights from Scandinavia, thanks to the Nordic Passport Union, although a passport is still recommended.[9] A Schengen visa issued by a Schengen state will not allow the holder access to either territories, only a Danish visa stamped with either "Valid for the Faroe Islands" or "Valid for Greenland", or both.[10]
e. ^ However, Jan Mayen is part of the Schengen Area.[11]
f. ^ The full Schengen acquis applies to all Spanish territories, but there are border checks on departure from Ceuta and Melilla to Spain or other Schengen countries, because of specific arrangements for visa exemptions for Moroccan nationals resident in the provinces of Tetuan and Nador.[12]
While Cyprus, which joined the EU in 2004, is legally bound to join the Schengen Area, implementation has been delayed because of the Cyprus dispute. According to Cypriot Minister of Foreign Affairs Giorgos Lillikas, "strict and full control based on Schengen will create a huge tribulation on a daily basis for the Turkish Cypriots", and it is unclear if this control is possible before the resolution of the dispute.[13] The Sovereign Base Areas, which are outside the EU, will also need "other handling and mechanisms".[13] As of March 2011[update] no date has been fixed for implementation of the Schengen rules by Cyprus.[14]
Bulgaria and Romania's bid to join the Schengen Area was approved by the European Parliament in June 2011[15] but was rejected by the Council of Ministers in September 2011, with the Dutch and Finnish governments citing concerns about shortcomings in anti-corruption measures and in the fight against organised crime.[16][17] Concern has also been expressed about the potential influx of illegal immigrants from Turkey through Bulgaria and Romania to Schengen countries.[18] Although the original plan was for Schengen Area to open its air and sea borders for Bulgaria and Romania by March 2012, and land borders by July 2012,[17] opposition from the Netherlands has deferred the two countries' entry to the Schengen Area until September 2012 at the earliest.[19] This deal is pending ratification by the European Council on the recommendation of its President Herman van Rompuy.[20]
| Flag |
State |
Area (km²) |
Population |
Signed or opted in |
Prospective implementation date |
 |
Bulgaria |
&10000000000110994000000110,994 |
&100000000073645700000007,364,570 |
02007-01-011 January 2007 |
2012 No earlier than September 2012 [19] |
 |
Croatia |
&1000000000005659400000056,594 |
&100000000042906120000004,290,612 |
02011-12-099 December 2011 |
2999 Sometime after accession in 2013, potentially by 2015[21] |
 |
Cyprus |
&100000000000092510000009,251 |
&100000000010993410000001,099,341 |
02004-05-011 May 2004 |
2999 Partly dependent upon Cyprus dispute[13] |
 |
Romania |
&10000000000238391000000238,391 |
&1000000001904293600000019,042,936 |
02007-01-011 January 2007 |
2012 No earlier than September 2012 [19] |
A clickable
Euler diagram showing the relationships between various multinational European organisations.
v • d • e
There are territories of member states that are exempted from the Schengen Agreement and most of these are outside Europe (or remote islands in Europe).
The French overseas departments of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion, and the overseas collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin are part of the European Union but do not form part of the Schengen Area. A fifth French Overseas Department, Mayotte, was created on 31 March 2011 when its status was changed from being a overseas collectivity. It is due to become part of the EU as an EU overseas region on 1 January 2014. The EU's freedom of movement provisions apply, but each territory operates their own visa regime for non-European Economic Area (EEA), non-Swiss nationals. While a visa valid for one of these territories will be valid for all, visa exemption lists differ.[22] A Schengen visa, even one issued by France, is not valid for these territories. A visa for Sint Maarten (which is valid for travelling to the Dutch side of the island of Saint Martin) is also valid for the French side.[23] France also has several territories which are neither part of the EU nor the Schengen Area.[24] These are: French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, New Caledonia, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, and Wallis and Futuna.
Only the European territory of the Netherlands is part of the Schengen Area. Six Dutch territories in the Caribbean are outside the Area. Three of these territories—Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (collectively known as the BES islands)—are special municipalities within the Netherlands proper. The other three—Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten—are autonomous countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. All islands retain their status as Overseas countries and territories and are thus not part of the European Union. The six territories have a separate visa system from the European part of the Netherlands and people travelling between these islands and the Schengen Area are subjected to systematic identity checks.[25]
Svalbard is part of Norway and has a special status under international law. It is not part of the Schengen Area. There is no visa regime in existence for Svalbard either for entry, residence or work,[26] although it is difficult to visit Svalbard without travelling through the Schengen Area,[26] although there are charter flights from Russia. In 2011 the Norwegian government imposed identity checks on individuals wishing to enter and leave Svalbard, with the border between Svalbard and the rest of Norway being treated as an external Schengen border.[27] A Schengen visa must be multiple entry to allow returning to Norway.[28] There is no welfare or asylum system for immigrants on Svalbard, and people incapable of supporting themselves may be sent away.[28]
The Danish territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland are neither part of the European Union nor the Schengen Area, though the Faroes are part of the Nordic Passport Union. Visas to Denmark are not automatically valid in the Faroe Islands and Greenland. A passport or an acceptable identity card must be brought and is needed both for the identity check at boarding and for the check at the arrival airport.[29]
Mount Athos, a Greek peninsula, has historically prohibited women from entering. This is in the Greek constitution, and a declaration attached to Greece's accession to the Schengen Agreement states that Mount Athos' "status is taken into account" in the application of the Schengen rules.[30]
Ireland and the United Kingdom were the only EU members which, prior to the 2004 enlargement, had not signed the Schengen Agreement. Both countries maintain a Common Travel Area with passport-free travel for their citizens between them and the three British Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man, which are outside of the European Union.
The UK declined to join Schengen Convention elements related to passport control, one argument being that, for an island, frontier controls are a better and less intrusive way to prevent illegal immigration than other measures, such as identity cards, residence permits, and registration with the police, which are appropriate for countries with "extensive and permeable land borders".[31] Ireland does not share Britain's view that free movement without border checks should apply only to EU citizens, but has not signed the Schengen Implementation Convention because it "would not be in the interest of Ireland to have a situation where the common travel area with Britain would be ended and Ireland would impose both exit and entry controls on persons travelling between here and Britain and, in addition, on the land frontier".[32]
When Schengen was subsumed into the EU by the Treaty of Amsterdam, Ireland and the UK obtained an opt-out from the part of the treaty which was to incorporate the Schengen rules (or acquis) into EU Law.[33] Under the relevant protocol, Ireland and the United Kingdom may request to participate in aspects of the Schengen acquis but this is subject to the approval of the Schengen states.[34]
The UK formally requested to participate in certain provisions of the Schengen acquis—Title III relating to Police Security and Judicial Cooperation—in 1999, and this request was approved by the Council of the European Union on 29 May 2000.[35] The United Kingdom's formal participation in the previously approved areas of cooperation was put into effect by a 2004 Council decision that came into effect on 1 January 2005.[36]
In contrast while Ireland initially submitted a request to participate in the Schengen acquis in 2002, which was approved by the Council of the European Union,[37] that decision has not yet been put into effect. In February 2010 the Irish Minister for Justice, in response to a parliamentary question, said that: "[t]he measures which will enable Ireland to meet its Schengen requirements are currently being progressed".[38]
A previous 1999 report by the European Union Select Committee of the House of Lords recommended "full United Kingdom participation" in all the various four Titles of the Schengen Implementing Convention.[39]
These microstates are not parties to the Schengen Agreement, cannot issue Schengen visas and, with the exception of Monaco, are not part of the Schengen Area. San Marino and the Vatican City are both landlocked states surrounded by Italy. As they both have open borders, they can be considered as being de facto parts of the Schengen Area. San Marino and Vatican City can't do border check for arrivals from outside Schengen, but that is not needed since neither of them have any airports or seaports.
Border controls remain on Andorra's borders with both France and Spain. Citizens of EU countries require either their national identity cards or passports to enter Andorra, while anyone else requires a passport or equivalent. Those travellers who need a visa to enter the Schengen Area need a multiple-entry visa to visit Andorra, because entering Andorra means leaving the Schengen Area.[40]
Liechtenstein joined the Schengen Area on 19 December 2011, and is currently its newest member.[4] Liechtenstein's foreign affairs have been Switzerland's responsibility since 1919,[41] and Liechtenstein has had an open border with Switzerland for many years. Between Switzerland's entry into the Schengen Area in 2008 and Liechtenstein's entry in 2011, the crossings between Switzerland and Liechtenstein were monitored by security cameras. Liechtenstein had full Swiss border checks on its Austrian border.
Monaco has an open border with France. Schengen laws are administered as if it were a part of France, and French and Monégasque authorities carry out checks at Monaco's seaport.
San Marino has an open border with Italy, although some random checks are made by Guardia di Finanza and San Marino's Guardia di Rocca.
The Vatican City has an open border with Italy.[42] The microstate has shown an interest in joining the Schengen agreement for closer cooperation in information sharing and similar activities covered by the Schengen Information System.[43]
A typical Schengen border crossing has no border control post and only a common EU-state sign welcoming the visitor, as here between Germany and Austria. The larger, blue sign announces entry to the
Federal Republic of Germany in German, the smaller, white sign entry into the German
state of
Bavaria.
Before the implementation of the Schengen Agreement, most borders in Europe were patrolled and a vast network of border posts existed around the continent, to check the identity and entitlement of people wishing to travel from one country to another.
Since the implementation of the Schengen rules, border posts have been closed (and often entirely removed) between participating countries. The Schengen Borders Code requires participating states to remove all obstacles to free traffic flow at internal borders.[44] Thus, road, rail and air passengers no longer have their identity checked by border guards when crossing borders, although security controls by carriers are still permissible.[45]
A Schengen state is permitted to reinstate border controls for a short period where there is a serious threat to that state's "public policy or internal security." When such risk arise out of foreseeable events, the state in question must notify the European Commission in advance and consult with other Schengen states.[46] In April 2010 Malta introduced temporary checks due to Pope Benedict XVI's visit.[47]
When travelling by air between Schengen countries or within a single Schengen country, some airlines request identification (usually a passport or a national ID card) at the airport check-in counters or when boarding.[48][49] This practice is not a form of an official border control, but is used to establish the identity of the passengers. However, certain flights between Schengen countries are considered as non-Schengen flights. For example, travellers flying on LAN between Madrid-Barajas Airport and Frankfurt Airport are required to go through Schengen exit checks upon departure in Madrid and Schengen entry checks upon arrival in Frankfurt, because the route operates from Santiago (Chile) and the German authorities would have no way of differentiating between arriving passengers who boarded in Santiago and those who joined in Madrid.[50]
According to the Schengen rules, hotels and other types of commercial accommodation must register all foreign citizens, including citizens of other Schengen states, by requiring the completion of a registration form by their own hand. This does not apply to accompanying spouses and minor children or members of travel groups. In addition, a valid identification document has to be produced to the hotel manager or staff.[51] The Schengen rules do not require any other procedures; thus, the Schengen states are free to regulate further details on the content of the registration forms, and identity documents which are to be produced, and may also require the persons exempted from registration by Schengen laws to be registered. Enforcement of these rules varies by country.
The European Union constitutes a customs union and a Value Added Tax area. The effect of these provisions is to prohibit systematic tax, customs controls or any administrative processing of goods at borders between EU member states. In consequence the borders between EU, Schengen states have become largely invisible. However not all Schengen states or all of the territory of Schengen states are part of the customs union or VAT area, so some controls on goods entering or leaving the customs union and/or VAT area are inevitable. In order to avoid customs controls becoming the new passport controls on internal Schengen borders, the Schengen Borders Code prohibits systematic customs and tax controls.[52]
In July 2011, Denmark tightened its customs controls in what the Danish government claim is a measure designed to counter illegal immigration and organised crime.[53] This has been criticised by Germany and the EU commission who argue that the Danish move is contrary to the principle of freedom of movement.[54][55]
EU Commissioner for Home Affairs Cecilia Malmström wrote in her blog in May 2011 that the Danish measures could be in breach of EU law.[56] In July 2011, Malmström blogged as follows: "We are currently assessing all the information submitted by Denmark concerning their plans to reinforce customs controls at the borders. But the final decision on whether the Danish rules are in line with EU law will also depend on how they are put in practice. This is why, in agreement with the Danish authorities, I have today decided to send Commission experts to Denmark tomorrow to asses [sic] how the measures have been implemented."[57] Later in July 2011, Malmström expressed her concern that the mission of experts "did not give us the clarifications we were hoping for."[58]
In October 2011, the newly elected government of Helle Thorning-Schmidt (Socialist Party) abolished her predecessor's border control plan and reintroduced normal Schengen procedure.[59]
Following the Tunisian revolution of 2010–11, the government of Italy gave six-month residence permits to some 25,000 Tunisian migrants.[60][61] This allowed the migrants to travel freely in the Schengen Area. In response, both France and Germany threatened to impose border checks, not wanting the Tunisian refugees to enter their territory.[61] In April 2011, for several hours, France blocked trains carrying the migrants at the French/Italian border at Ventimiglia.[61]
At the request of France, in May 2011 the European Commissioner for Home Affairs, Cecilia Malmström proposed that more latitude would be available for the temporary re-establishment of border control in the case of strong and unexpected migratory pressure, or the failure of a state to protect the external borders of the EU.[60]
On 25 July 2011, in delivering the European Commission's final assessment on the measures taken by Italy and France,[62] the Home Affairs Commissioner said, "[f]rom a formal point of view steps taken by Italian and French authorities have been in compliance with EU law. However, I regret that the spirit of the Schengen rules has not been fully respected."[62] Ms. Malmström also called for a more coherent interpretation of the Schengen rules and a stronger evaluation and monitoring system for the Schengen Area.[62]
The European Commission is expected to unveil revised rules governing the possible temporary re-establishment of internal border controls in September 2011.[63]
Passport control at an external Schengen border in Finland
Participating countries are required to apply strict checks on travellers entering and exiting the Schengen Area. These checks are co-ordinated by the European Union's Frontex agency, and subject to common rules. The details of border controls, surveillance and the conditions under which permission to enter into the Schengen Area may be granted are exhaustively detailed in the Schengen Borders Code.[64]
All persons crossing external borders—inbound or outbound—have to be subject to at least a minimum check, although travellers who do not enjoy the right of free movement must, in general, be subject to a thorough check.[65] The only exception is for regular cross-border commuters (both those with the right of free movement and third-country nationals) who are well known to the border guards: once an initial check has shown that there is no alert on record relating to them in the Schengen Information System or national databases, they can only be subject to occasional 'random' checks, rather than systematic checks every time they cross the border.[66][67]
In 'exceptional' and 'unforeseen' circumstances where waiting times become excessive, external border checks can be relaxed on a temporary basis.[68]
| Procedure |
Minimum check[65] |
Thorough check
(on entry)[69] |
Thorough check
(on exit)[69] |
| Checking the traveller's identity based on his/her travel document |
Yes
(The check must be 'rapid' and 'straightforward') |
Yes |
Yes |
| Checking the traveller's identity based on his/her travel document using technical devices |
Optional
(The check must be 'rapid' and 'straightforward') |
Optional |
Optional |
| Checking that the travel document is valid and has not expired |
Optional |
Yes |
Yes |
| Checking the travel document against a database of stolen, misappropriated, lost and invalidated documents |
Optional |
Optional |
Optional |
| Checking the travel document for signs of falsification or counterfeiting |
Optional |
Yes |
Yes |
| Consulting databases to ensure that the traveller does not represent a threat to the internal security, public policy, international relations of the Member States or a threat to the public health |
Optional
(on a strictly 'non-systematic' basis where such a threat is 'genuine', 'present' and 'sufficiently serious') |
Optional |
Optional |
| Consulting the Schengen Information System for alerts |
Optional |
Optional |
Optional |
| Checking that the traveller has the appropriate visa/residence permit (if required) |
No |
Yes |
Optional |
| Checking the authenticity of the visa (if required) and the identity of the visa holder by consulting the Visa Information System |
No |
Yes |
Optional |
| Examining entry and exit stamps in the travel document to ensure that the traveller has not exceeded the maximum duration of authorised stay |
No |
Yes |
Optional |
| Verifying the traveller's point of departure and destination |
No |
Yes |
No |
| Verifying the traveller's purpose of stay |
No |
Yes |
No |
| Verifying any documents/evidence to support the traveller's purported purpose of stay |
No |
Optional |
No |
| Verifying that the traveller has sufficient funds for his/her stay and onward/return journey (or that he/she is in a position to acquire such means lawfully) |
No |
Yes |
No |
External border controls are located at roads crossing a border, at airports, at seaports and on board trains.[70] Usually, there is no fence along the land border, but there are exceptions like the Ceuta border fence. However, surveillance camera systems, some equipped with infrared technology, are located at some more critical spots, for example at the border between Slovakia and the Ukraine, where at some points there is a camera every 186 metres (203 yards).[71] Along the southern coast of the Schengen countries, coast guards make a substantial effort to prevent private boats from entering without permission.
Sometimes, external border controls are located on non-Schengen territory. For example, France operates border checks on travellers departing the United Kingdom for the Schengen Area before they board their train or ferry at St Pancras International, Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International railway stations, as well as at the Port of Dover and Cheriton Eurotunnel terminal.[72][73]
The Schengen rules require that all passenger carriers across the Schengen external border must check, before boarding, if the passenger has the travel document and visa required for entry.[74] This is to prevent persons from applying for asylum at the passport control after landing within the Schengen Area.
Schengen Area
non-Schengen EU member states
Visa-free access to the Schengen Area for 90 days in any half year period
Visa required to enter the Schengen Area
Visa required for transit via the Schengen Area
Visa status unknown
Common Schengen visa, new type (allowing photograph of bearer to be inserted)
The rules applicable to short-term entry visas into the Schengen Area are set out in EU regulations which contain two lists: a list of the nationalities (or classes of travel document holder) which require a visa for a short-term stay (the Annex I list) and a list which do not (the Annex II list).[75]
Being listed in the visa-free list will sometimes but not always exempt the listed nationality or class from the requirement to obtain a work permit if they wish to take up employment or self-employed activity during their stay; business trips are not normally considered employment in this sense.[76] Schengen states may establish, with respect to entries and stays in their own territory, additional visa requirements or waivers for persons holding diplomatic, official, or other special passports.
The uniform visa—or Schengen visa—is granted in the form of a sticker affixed by a Member State onto a passport, travel document or another valid document which authorises the holder to cross the border. However, the holder of a visa may still be denied entry at the border if he/she fails to meet the requirements for admission to the Schengen Area (see below).
Short stay and transit visas are currently granted in the following categories:[77][78]
- An airport-transit visa entitles the holder to pass through the international transit area of an airport in the Schengen Area. The requirement to hold such a visa is an exception to the general rule that nationals who require a visa to enter the Schengen Area do not require a visa to complete a stop-over in an airport in the Schengen Area.
- A uniform visa entitles the holder to enter and remain in the Schengen Area for a specified period. Uniform visas are issued for reasons other than immigration, such as tourism, business or transit, and may be issued for either single or multiple entry. The maximum validity of the latter is normally a year but a greater period of up to five years is allowable in exceptional cases. The maximum stay allowable is three months in any half year. When issued for transit the length of the stay will correspond to the length the transit should take.
- Facilitated Transit Document (FTD) and a Facilitated Rail Transit Document (FRTD) are documents issued for transit between the Russian Federation and its exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast. A FTD is valid for up to three years for transits which do not exceed 24 hours. A FRTD is valid for up to three months for transits which not exceed six hours.[79]
Normally, an individual has to apply for a Schengen visa in his/her country of residence at the embassy, high commission or consulate of the Schengen country which is his/her main destination. It is possible, exceptionally, to obtain a single-entry Schengen visa valid for up to 15 days on arrival at the border if the individual can prove that he/she was unable to apply for a visa in advance due to time constraints arising out of 'unforeseeable' and 'imperative' reasons as long as he/she fulfils the regular criteria for the issuing of a Schengen visa.[80] However, if the individual requesting a Schengen visa at the border falls within a category of people for which it is necessary to consult one or more of the central authorities of other Schengen States, he/she may only be issued a visa at the border in exceptional cases on humanitarian grounds, on grounds of national interest or on account of international obligations (such as the death or sudden serious illness of a close relative or of another close person).[81]
A Schengen visa or a visa exemption does not, in and of itself, entitle a traveller to enter the Schengen Area. The Schengen Borders Code lists requirements which third-country nationals must meet to be allowed into the Schengen Area. For this purpose, a third-country national is a person who does not enjoy the right of free movement (i.e. a person who is not an EU, EEA or Swiss citizen, or a family member of such a person who is in possession of a residence permit with the indication "family member of an EU citizen" or "family member of an EEA or CH citizen").
The requirements for entry are as follows:[82]
- The third-country national is in possession of a valid travel document or documents authorising them to cross the border; the acceptance of travel documents for this purpose remains within the domain of the member states;[83]
- The traveller either possesses a valid visa (if required) or a valid residence permit;
- The traveller can justify the purpose and conditions of the intended stay and has sufficient means of subsistence, both for the duration of the intended stay and for the return to his or her country of origin or transit to a third country into which the traveller is certain to be admitted, or is in a position to acquire such means lawfully;
- The Schengen Information System does not contain an alert for refusal of entry concerning the traveller, and
- The traveller is not considered to be a threat to public policy, internal security, public health or the international relations of any of the Schengen states.
However, even if the third-country national does not fulfil the criteria for entry, admission may still be granted:[84]
- On humanitarian grounds
- On grounds of national interests
- On grounds of international obligations
- If the person is not in possession of a visa, but fulfils the criteria for being issued a visa at the border
- If the person holds a residence permit or a re-entry visa issued by a Schengen state
Border guards are required to stamp the travel documents of third-country nationals when they cross external borders at all times, even in extraordinary and unforeseen circumstances, including when checks are relaxed.[85] However, nationals of Andorra, Monaco and San Marino are exempt from this requirement, as are heads of state, whose visits were announced through diplomatic channels, and those enjoying the benefit of a local border traffic regime. Certain exemptions also apply to the crews of ships and aircraft.[86] Third-country nationals who otherwise fulfil all the criteria for admission into the Schengen area must not be denied entry for the sole reason that there is no remaining empty space in their travel document to affix a stamp; instead, the stamp should be affixed on a separate sheet of paper. [87]
-
Exit stamp for air travel issued at Prague airport.
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Exit stamp for rail travel, issued at Bad Schandau train station.
-
Exit stamp for road travel, issued at Korczowa border crossing.
-
Exit stamp for sea travel, issued at Helsinki port.
For stays in the Schengen Area as a whole which exceed three months, a third-country national will need to hold either a long-stay visa for a period no longer than a year, or a residence permit for longer periods. A long-stay visa is a national visa but is issued in accordance with a uniform format. It entitles the holder to enter the Schengen Area and remain in the issuing state for a period longer than three months but no more than one year. If a Schengen state wishes to allow the holder of a long-stay visa remain there for longer than a year, the state must issue him or her with a residence permit.
The holder of a long-stay visa or a residence permit is entitled to move freely within other states which comprise the Schengen Area for a period of up to three months in any half year.[88] Third-country nationals who are long-term residents in a Schengen state may also acquire the right to move to and settle in another Schengen state without losing their legal status and social benefits.[89]
However, some third-country nationals are permitted to stay in the Schengen Area for more than three months without the need to apply for a long-stay visa. Article 20(2) of the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement allows for this 'in exceptional circumstances' and for bilateral agreements concluded by individual signatory states with other countries before the Convention entered into force to remain applicable. As a result, for example, New Zealand citizens are permitted to stay for up to 90 days in each of the Schengen countries (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland) which had already concluded bilateral visa exemption agreements with the New Zealand Government prior to the Convention entering into force without the need to apply for long-stay visas,[90][91][92][93][94] but if travelling to other Schengen countries the 90 days in a 180 day period time limit applies.
The right of entry without additional visa was extended to the non-EEA family members of EEA nationals exercising their treaty right of free movement who hold a valid residence card of their EEA host country and wish to visit any other EEA member state for a short stay up to 90 days.[95][96] This is implied in Directive 2004/38/EC, Article 5(2) provided that they travel together with the EEA national or join their spouse/partner at a later date (Article 6(2)). If the non-EEA family member has neither an EEA residence card nor a visa, but can show their family tie with the EU national by other means, then a visa must be issued at the border for free and entry permitted.[97][98] However, this requirement has been incorrectly transposed into Belgian, Latvian and Swedish law, and not transposed at all by Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Italy, Lithuania and Germany.[99]
Five member states (as of December 2008), do not follow the Directive to the effect that non-EEA family members may still face difficulties (denial of boarding the vessel by the transport company, denial to enter by border police) when travelling to those states using their residence card gained in another EU country. A visa or other document(s) may still be required.[99]
For example, the UK interprets "residence card" in Article 5(2) of the Directive to mean "UK" residence card, and ignores other cards, instead requiring an "EEA family permit" contrary to the Directive.[100] Showing the family tie with the EU national by other means (as mentioned above) should circumvent this. Denmark and Ireland do not prescribe that a valid residence card will exempt non-EEA family members from the visa requirement.[101][102] Spain only permits residence cards from Schengen countries, therefore cards from the UK, Ireland, Bulgaria, Romania, and Cyprus are not allowed. The Spanish legislation is not in conformity with the Directive.[103] Austria, somewhat like the UK, seems to require a permanent residence card issued by the Austrian authorities in order to enter without visa.[104]
Schengen states which share an external land border with a non-EU member state are authorised by virtue of the EU Regulation 1931/2006 to conclude or maintain bilateral agreements with neighbouring third countries for the purpose of implementing a local border traffic regime.[105] Such agreements define a border area which may extend to a maximum of 50 kilometres (31 mi) on either side of the border, and provide for the issuance of local border traffic permits to residents of the non-Schengen side of the border area. Permits may be used to cross the external border within the border area, are not stamped on entry or exit of the Schengen Area and must display the holder's name and photograph, as well as a statement that its holder is not authorised to move outside the border area and that any abuse shall be subject to penalties.
Permits are issued with a validity period of between one to five years and allow for a stay within the Schengen side of the border area of up to three months. Permits may only be issued to lawful residents of the border area who have been resident in the border area for a minimum of one year (or longer if specified by the bilateral agreement). Applicants for a permit have to show that they have legitimate reasons to cross frequently an external land border under the local border traffic regime. Schengen states must keep a central register of the permits issued and have to provide immediate access to the relevant data to other Schengen states.
Before the conclusion of an agreement with a neighbouring country, the Schengen state must receive approval from the European Commission, which has to confirm that the draft agreement is in conformance with the Regulation. The agreement may only be concluded if the neighbouring state grants at least reciprocal rights to EEA and Swiss nationals resident in the Schengen side of the border area, and agrees to the repatriation of individuals found to be abusing the border agreement.
As of July 2011[update] five local-traffic agreements have come into force. Three of them are Hungary-Ukraine in January 2008, Slovakia-Ukraine in September 2008 and Poland-Ukraine in July 2009.[106] As an EU member, in anticipation of its admission into the Schengen Area, Romania has agreed an local-traffic agreement with Moldova which entered into force in October 2010.[106] The fifth is the one between Latvia and Belarus, which began to work in February 2012.[107]
Agreements between Poland and Belarus[108], Lithuania and Belarus[109], and Norway and Russia is due to enter into force in 2012.[110] An agreement between Poland and Russia (on Kaliningrad Area) was signed in December 2011[111]
Already late 2009, Norway began issuing one-year multiple-entry visas, without the usual requirement of having family or a business partner in Norway, called Pomor-Visas, to Russians from Murmansk Oblast, and later to those from Arkhangelsk Oblast.[112] Finland is not planning border permits, but have issued over one million regular visas for Russians in 2011, and many of them multiple-entry visas. EU is planning to allow up to 5 year validity on multiple-entry visas for Russians[113]
There is an exception to these rules in the case of citizens of Croatia. Based on the pre-Schengen bilateral agreements between Croatia and its neighbouring EU countries (Italy, Hungary and Slovenia), Croatian citizens are allowed to cross the border with only an ID card (passport not obligatory).[114] Many people living near the border cross it several times a day (some work across the border, or own land on the other side of the border), especially on the border with Slovenia, which was unmarked for centuries as Croatia and Slovenia were both part of the Habsburg Empire (1527–1918) and Yugoslavia (1918–1991). Since Croatia will join the EU on 1 July 2013, an interim solution, which received permission from the European Commission, was found: every Croatian citizen is allowed to cross the Schengen border into Hungary, Italy or Slovenia with an ID card and a special border card that is issued by Croatian police at border exit control. The police authorities of Hungary, Italy or Slovenia will then stamp the special border card both on entry and exit. Croatian citizens, however, are not allowed to enter any other Schengen agreement countries without a valid passport, although they are allowed to travel between Hungary, Italy and Slovenia.
These arrangements will be discontinued on 1 July 2013 when Croatia will become an EU member state. As of then, Croatian citizens will be able to enter any member country using only an ID card. During June 2011 Croatia began with implementation of the projects and reforms required to join the Schengen Area by 2015.[115]
Citizens of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia can enter the Schengen Area without a visa. On 30 November 2009, the EU Council of Ministers for Interior and Justice abolished visa requirements for citizens of the Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia,[116] while on 8 November 2010 it did the same for Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina.[117] The former took effect on 19 December 2009,[75] while the latter on 15 December 2010.[118]
Citizens of Kosovo holding Kosovo passports as well as people living in Kosovo holding the biometric Serbian passport still need a visa to travel to the EU. Serbia created the Serbian Coordination Directorate to facilitate this process. However, a visa liberalisation road-map for Kosovo is expected to be announced and negotiated in the near future.[119][120][121]
Visa liberalisation negotiations between the EU and the Western Balkans (excluding Croatia and Kosovo) were launched in the first half of 2008, and ended in 2009 (for Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia) and 2010 (for Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina). Before visas were fully abolished, the Western Balkan countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia) had signed "visa facilitation agreements" with the Schengen states in 2008. The visa facilitation agreements were, at the time, supposed to shorten waiting periods, lower visa fees (including free visas for certain categories of travellers), and reduce paperwork. In practice, however, the new procedures turned out to be longer, more cumbersome, more expensive, and many people complained that it was easier to obtain visas before the facilitation agreements entered into force.[122][123][124]
The Schengen rules also include provisions for sharing intelligence, such as information about people, lost and stolen documents, vehicles, via the Schengen Information System. This means that potentially problematic persons cannot 'disappear' simply by moving from one Schengen country to another.
According to Article 39 of the Schengen Convention, police administrations of the Schengen States are required to grant each other administrative assistance in the course of the prevention and detection of criminal offences according to the relevant national laws and within the scope of their relevant powers. They may cooperate through central bodies or, in case of urgency, also directly with each other. The Schengen provisions entitle the competent ministries of the Schengen States to agree on other forms of cooperation in border regions.
With respect to actions which imply constraint or the presence of police officers of a Schengen State in another Schengen State, specific rules apply, based on agreements between the pairs of neighbour states.
Under Article 40 of the Schengen Convention, police observation may be continued across a border if the person observed is presumed to have participated in an extraditable criminal offence. Prior authorization of the second state is required, except if the offence is one of those in Article 40(7) of the Schengen Convention, and if urgency requires the continuation of the observation without prior consent of the second state. In the latter case, the authorities of the second state must be informed before the end of the observation in its territory, the request for consent has to be handed over as soon as possible, and the observation has to be terminated on request of the second state, or if consent has not been granted after five hours. The police officers of the first state are bound to the laws of the second state, must carry identification which shows that they are police officers, and are entitled to carry their service weapons. They may not stop or arrest the observed persons, and must report to the second state after the operation has been finished. On the other hand, the second state is obliged to assist the enquiry subsequent to the operation, including judicial proceedings.
Under Article 41 of the Schengen Convention, police from one Schengen state may cross national borders to chase their target, if it is not possible to notify the police of the second state before entry into that territory, or if the authorities of the second state are unable to reach the scene in time to take over the pursuit. The Schengen states may declare if they restrict the right to hot pursuit into their territory in time or in distance, and if they allow the neighbouring states to arrest persons on their territory. However, the second state is obliged to challenge the pursued person in order to establish the person's identity or to make an arrest if so requested by the pursuing state. The right to hot pursuit is limited to land borders. The pursuing officers either have to be in uniform or their vehicles have to be marked. They are permitted to carry service weapons, which may be used only in self-defence. After the operation, the first state has to report to the second state about its outcome.
Under Article 42 of the Schengen Convention, police officers of a state who became victims of a criminal offence in another Schengen state while on duty there, enjoy the same right of compensation as an officer of the second state. According to Article 43 of the Schengen Convention, the state which employs a police officer is liable for damages towards another state where such police office performs illegal actions.
Many Schengen states have introduced further bilateral measures for police cooperation in border regions, which are expressly permitted under Article 39(5) of the Schengen Convention. Such cooperation may include joint police radio frequencies, police control centres, and tracing units in border regions.[125] Signatories to the Prüm Convention also allow for the ad hoc conferment of police powers to the police officers of other EU member states.[126]
The Schengen states are obliged to grant each other legal assistance in criminal justice with respect to all types of criminal offences (Article 49 of the Schengen Convention), this including tax and other fiscal offences (Article 50 of the Schengen Convention), except for certain small crimes, as defined in Article 50 of the Schengen Convention. All Schengen states may serve court documents by mail to another Schengen State, but must attach a translation, if there is reason to believe that the addressee would not understand the original language of the document served (Article 52 of the Schengen Convention). Requests for legal assistance may be exchanged directly between the judicial authorities of the Schengen states, without having to use diplomatic channels (Article 53 of the Schengen Convention).
In Articles 54 to 58 of the Schengen Convention, detailed rules concerning the application of the principle that no person may be sentenced twice for the same criminal offence in the Schengen States are laid down.
Under the Schengen convention, the Schengen states are obliged to prosecute illegal trade in narcotics whilst at the same time afford every protection to those prescribed medicines that contain narcotic elements.[127] They also must provide for the forfeiture of illegal profits that derive from trade in illicit or controlled substances.[128] Persons are permitted to transport controlled substances for their personal medical treatment in the territory of other Schengen states.[129]
The legal basis for Schengen in the treaties of the European Union has been inserted in the Treaty establishing the European Community through Article 2, point 15 of the Treaty of Amsterdam. This inserted a new title named "Visas, asylum, immigration and other policies related to free movement of persons" into the treaty, currently numbered as Title IV, and comprising articles 61 to 69.[130] The Treaty of Lisbon substantially amends the provisions of the articles in the title, renames the title to "Area of freedom, security and justice" and divides it into five chapters, called "General provisions", "Policies on border checks, asylum and immigration", "Judicial cooperation in civil matters", "Judicial cooperation in criminal matters", and "Police cooperation".[131]
The Schengen Area originally had its legal basis outside the then European Economic Community, having been established by a sub-set of member states of the Community using two international agreements:
- The 1985 Schengen Agreement—Agreement between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders.
- The 1990 Schengen Convention—Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders.
On being incorporated into the main body of European Union law by the Amsterdam Treaty, the Schengen Agreement and Convention were published in the Official Journal of the European Communities by a decision of the Council of Ministers.[132] As a result the Agreement and Convention can be amended by regulations.
- ^ "The Schengen Area". European Commission. 12 December 2008. http://biblio.ucv.ro/bib_web/bib_pdf/EU_books/0056.pdf.
- ^ "The Schengen Area" (PDF). European Commission. http://biblio.ucv.ro/bib_web/bib_pdf/EU_books/0056.pdf. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
- ^ a b This terminology is, for example, used in the Final Act of the Agreement concluded by the Council of the European Union and the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway concerning the latters' association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis (OJ L 176,10 July 1999, p. 36).
- ^ a b "Liechtenstein to join Schengen". Council of the European Union. 2011. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/homepage/showfocus?lang=en&focusID=78856.
- ^ "Tourist, Student and Work visa to Europe". Swift Tourism. 2010. http://www.swifttourism.com/visit-europe.html.
- ^ "The Schengen Area and cooperation". europa.eu. 03.08.2009. http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/free_movement_of_persons_asylum_immigration/l33020_en.htm.
- ^ "Eurostat Population Estimate". Eurostat. 1 January 2010. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
- ^ "The final step of Schengen enlargement—controls at internal air borders to be abolished in late March". Slovenia's EU Presidency. 25 March 2008. http://www.eu2008.si/en/News_and_Documents/Press_Releases/March/0325MNZschengen.html.
- ^ "At the Gate - FAE - Vága Floghavn". Floghavn.fo. http://www.floghavn.fo/Default.aspx?pageid=12762. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
- ^ "General Information on Schengen Short-Term Visas". Royal Danish Embassy in London. 4 June 2009. http://www.amblondon.um.dk/en/menu/consularservices/visas/shorttermvisas. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
- ^ Article 14 of the Final Act of the Agreement concluded by the Council of the European Union and the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway concerning the latters' association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis (OJ L 176, 10/07/1999 P. 36) excludes Svalbard from the application of the Schengen rules. As no similar exception was made respecting Jan Mayen, it is part of the Schengen Area.
- ^ Declaration No. 1. on Ceuta and Melilla attached to the Final Act of the Accession Treaty of the Kingdom of Spain to the Schengen Agreement (OJ L 239, 22.9.2000, p. 69)
- ^ a b c "Foreign Minister says Cyprus not to join Schengen before 2010". Embassy of the Republic of Cyprus in Berlin. http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/Embassies/BerlinEmbassy.nsf/All/9E3EA74BCAD066E5C125727D00493F03?OpenDocument&print. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
- ^ "Frequently asked questions". europa.eu. European Commission. 29 March 2011 [last update]. http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_faq_en.htm. Retrieved 15 September 2011. "When will Cyprus, Romania and Bulgaria join the Schengen area?... These three Member States still have to pass the Schengen evaluation before they can join the Schengen area. The target date for Bulgaria and Romania is 2011."
- ^ "Schengen zone: Delay for Bulgaria and Romania to join". British Broadcasting Corporation. 9 June 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13709768. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
- ^ Castle, Stephen (22 September 2011). "Europe Denies 2 Nations Entry to Travel Zone". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/23/world/europe/romania-and-bulgaria-are-denied-entry-to-schengen-zone.html. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
- ^ a b Robinson, Frances (22 September 2011). "Bulgaria, Romania Blocked From Travel Zone". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111903791504576586951295398230.html. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
- ^ "Borderline control freaks – Schengen tightens up". RT.com. 23 September 2011. http://rt.com/news/no-schengen-romania-bulgaria-179/. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
- ^ a b c "Dutch keep Bulgaria, Romania in Schengen waiting room". The Sofia Echo. 2 March 2012. http://www.sofiaecho.com/2012/03/02/1778786_dutch-keep-bulgaria-romania-in-schengen-waiting-room. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
- ^ "Bulgaria’s Schengen Entry Postponed for March - July 2012". Standart. 24 October 2011. http://paper.standartnews.com/en/article.php?d=2011-10-24&article=37525. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ http://croatiantimes.com/?id=16990
- ^ "French Overseas Departments (DOM) and French Overseas Territories (TOM)". Consulate General of France in New York. http://www.consulfrance-newyork.org/spip.php?article368. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
- ^ "Visas for the French Overseas Departments and Territories". French Consulate of Cape Town. http://www.consulfrance-lecap.org/spip.php?article342#Visas-for-the-French-Overseas. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
- ^ "VISAS FOR FRANCE". http://www.consulfrance-atlanta.org/IMG/html/visas_for_france.htm#tomUS.
- ^ "Schengen". Lex Visa. http://www.lexvisa.co.uk/schengen.html.
- ^ a b "Entry and residence". http://www.sysselmannen.no/hovedEnkel.aspx?m=45270. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
- ^ Pass control in Longyearbyen
- ^ a b Entry and residence
- ^ "Passport and visa regulations—Official Greenland Travel Guide". Greenland. http://www.greenland.com/content/english/tourist/travel_info/passport_and_visa_regulations.
- ^ "The Schengen acquis - Agreement on the Accession of the Hellenic Republic to the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders signed at Schengen on 19 June 1990, to which the Italian Republic acceded by the Agreement signed at Paris on 27 November 1990, and to which the Kingdom of Spain and the Hellenic Republic acceded by the Agreements signed at Bonn on 25 June 1991". EUR-Lex. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:42000A0922(06):EN:NOT. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
- ^ United Kingdom, Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 12 December 1996, "For an island... frontier controls are the best and least intrusive way to prevent illegal immigration. For partners with extensive and permeable land borders things might look different. They rely on identity cards, residence permits, registration with the police, and so on to maintain internal security.", columns 433–434.
- ^ Minister for Justice, Nora Owen, Dáil Debates volume 450 column 1171 (14 March 1995) [1].
Minister for Justice, John O'Donoghue, Dáil Debates volume 501 column 1506 (9 March 1999)[2].
"Declaration by Ireland on Article 3 of the Protocol on the position of the United Kingdom and Ireland" attached to the Treaty of Amsterdam (OJ C 340, 10 November 1997).
- ^ See Article 4 of Protocol (No 19) on the Schengen Acquis integrated into the framework of the European Union (OJ C 83, 30 March 2010, p. 290).
- ^ See Article 4 of Protocol (No 19) on the Schengen Acquis integrated into the framework of the European Union (OJ C 83, 30 March 2010, p. 290) and the decision of the European Court of Justice in Cases C-77/05 and C-137/05 United Kingdom v Council.
- ^ Council Decision (2000/365/EC) of 29 May 2000 concerning the request of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to take part in some of the provisions of the Schengen acquis (OJ L 131, 1 June 2000, p. 43)
- ^ Council Decision (2004/926/EC) of 22 December 2004 on the putting into effect of parts of the Schengen acquis by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (OJ L 395, 31 December 2004, p. 70)
- ^ Council Decision (2002/192/EC) of 28 February 2002 concerning Ireland's request to take part in some of the provisions of the Schengen acquis (OJ L 64, 7 March 2002 p. 20)
- ^ Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform, Dermot Ahern, Dáil Debates volume 698 number 1: Priority Questions—International Agreements (10 December 2009) [3].
- ^ European Communities Select Committee of the House of Lords (2 March 1999), "Part 4: Opinion of the Committee", Schengen and the United Kingdom's Border Controls, http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199899/ldselect/ldeucom/37/3705.htm, retrieved 21 February 2010, "We believe that in the three major areas of Schengen-border controls, police co-operation (SIS) and visa/asylum/immigration policy-there is a strong case, in the interests of the United Kingdom and its people, for full United Kingdom participation."
- ^ Govern d'Andorra Ministeri de Turisme i Medi Ambient. "Frequently asked questions". http://www.andorra.ad/en-US/useful_information/Pages/frequently_asked_questions.aspx. Retrieved 25 December 2007.
- ^ U.S. Department of State. "Background Notes: Liechtenstein". http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/9403.htm. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
- ^ "Schengen agreement and the Schengen Area". Immihelp.com. http://www.immihelp.com/visas/schengenvisa/schengen-agreement.html. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
- ^ "Vatican seeks to join Schengen borderless zone". euobserver.com. 13 January 2006. http://euobserver.com/9/20680. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
- ^ Article 22 of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- ^ Article 21 (b) of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- ^ Chapter II of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- ^ "Border checks are back". Times of Malta. 5 April 2010. http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20100405/local/border-checks-are-back. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
- ^ "Passport Control & Schengen". Keflavik International Airport. http://www.kefairport.is/English/Before-Departure/Passport-Control-Schengen/. Retrieved 30 September 2010. "It should also be kept in mind that airlines may request travellers to produce passports prior to flight embarkation."
- ^ "Travel Documentation". General Terms & Conditions of Carriage. Ryanair. 21 January 2011. http://www.ryanair.com/en/terms-and-conditions#regulations-traveldocumentation. Retrieved 6 September 2011. "A valid travel document is required by all passengers travelling on Ryanair flights"
- ^ "Air Transport Agreement". Air Transport Agreement. LAN. 25 April 2012. http://www.lan.com/en_uk/sitio_personas/home/contrato_transporte.html. Retrieved 25 April 2012. "The flights operated by the Carrier between countries of the European Union (i.e. flights between Madrid, Spain and Frankfurt, Germany) are considered No-Schengen flights, (not inter-community) by the respective authorities of such countries, and therefore, the passengers from these flights will go through customs and passport control in each one of them, and must carry all the identification documents, visas, permits and authorizations required by the European Union countries."
- ^ Article 45 of the Schengen Convention.
- ^ per Article 21 of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- ^ "Denmark tightens border control". http://www.zaticket.co.za/travel-tools/travel-alerts/230-denmark-tightens-border-control.html. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
- ^ "Denmark's reinforced borders irritate European neighbors". 5 July 2011. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,15211674,00.html. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
- ^ "Tensions remain over Denmark's border-control plans". Deutsche Welle. 15 June 2011. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,15156014,00.html. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
- ^ "Danish Measures Might Be in Breach of EU Law". 13 May 2011. http://blogs.ec.europa.eu/malmstrom/danish-measures-might-be-in-breach-of-eu-law/.
- ^ "Group of Experts to Denmark". 13 July 2011. http://blogs.ec.europa.eu/malmstrom/group-of-experts-to-denmark/.
- ^ "Continued concerns over Denmark". 18 July 2011. http://blogs.ec.europa.eu/malmstrom/continued-concerns-over-denmark/.
- ^ Denmark's new PM scraps border control plan, unveils cabinet
- ^ a b AFP (25 July 2011). "Migrants tunisiens: la France et l'Italie ont "violé l'esprit" de Schengen, pas ses règles" (in French). http://www.liberation.fr/monde/01012350853-migrants-tunisiens-la-france-et-l-italie-ont-viole-l-esprit-de-schengen-pas-ses-regles. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
- ^ a b c Bruno Waterfield (22 April 2011). "France threatens to 'suspend' Schengen Treaty". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/8468981/France-threatens-to-suspend-Schengen-Treaty.html. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
- ^ a b c "MEMO/11/538 — Statement by Commissioner Malmström on the compliance of Italian and French measures with the Schengen acquis". Europa Press releases RAPID. European Union. 25 July 2011. http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/11/538&language=EN&guiLanguage=en. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
- ^ Simon Mee and Peter Spiegel (25 July 2011). "Paris acted within Schengen over Tunisians". FT.com. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/98cde586-b6d5-11e0-a8b8-00144feabdc0.html. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
- ^ Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- ^ a b Article 7(2) of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- ^ Article 3.9 of the Practical Handbook for Border Guards (C (2006) 5186)
- ^ Annex VII of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- ^ Article 8 of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- ^ a b Article 7(3) of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- ^ Details are set out in Annex VI of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- ^ "Smuggling cigarettes in Schengen Slovakia". 9 January 2008. http://www.cafebabel.co.uk/article/23469/smuggling-cigarettes-in-schengen-slovakia.html. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
- ^ Channel Tunnel (International Arrangements) Order 1993
- ^ The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (Juxtaposed Controls) Order 2003
- ^ Article 26(1)(b) of the Schengen Convention.
- ^ a b Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 of 15 March 2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement (OJ L 81, 21 March 2001, p. 1).
- ^ Cf. "Section 17 of the German Aufenthaltsverordnung" (in German). 25 November 2004. http://bundesrecht.juris.de/aufenthv/__17.html. Retrieved 28 November 2007. in conjunction with "Section 16 of the German Beschäftigungsverordnung" (in German). 22 November 2004. http://bundesrecht.juris.de/beschv/__16.html. Retrieved 28 November 2007.
- ^ "The EU Visa Code will apply from 5 April 2010" (Press release). European Commission. 30 March 2010. http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/10/111&type=HTML. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
- ^ Regulation (EC) No 810/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 establishing a Community Code on Visas (Visa Code) (OJ L 243, 15 September 2009, p. 1).
- ^ Council Regulation (EC) No 693/2003 of 14 April 2003 establishing a specific Facilitated Transit Document (FTD), a Facilitated Rail Transit Document (FRTD) and amending the Common Consular Instructions and the Common Manual (OJ L 99, 17 April 2003, p. 8).
- ^ Article 7.2 of the Practical Handbook for Border Guards (C (2006) 5186)
- ^ Article 7.5 of the Practical Handbook for Border Guards (C (2006) 5186)
- ^ Article 5 of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- ^ See Article 6 of Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 of 15 March 2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement (OJ L 81, 21 March 2001, p. 1).
- ^ Articles 3 and 5 of the Schengen Borders Code (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- ^ Council Regulation (EC) No 2133/2004 (OJ L 369, 16 December 2004, p. 5–10)
- ^ Paragraph 4.2 of the "Schengen Handbook". Council of the European Union. 9 November 2006. http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/06/st15/st15010.en06.pdf. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
- ^ Article 4.5 of the Practical Handbook for Border Guards (C (2006) 5186)
- ^ Regulation (EU) No 265/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 March 2010 amending the Convention Implementing the Schengen Agreement and Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 as regards movement of persons with a long-stay visa (OJ L 85, 31 March 2010, p. 1)
- ^ Council Directive 2003/109/EC concerning the status of third-country nationals who are long-term residents (OJ L 16, 23 January 2004, p.44).
- ^ Delegation of the European Union to New Zealand: Frequently Asked Questions
- ^ NZ government travel advisory - travel tips to Europe
- ^ Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs: Visa for New Zealand residents
- ^ Embassy of France in New Zealand: Border controls in Europe
- ^ Frequently Asked Questions, Embassy of Spain in Wellington, 29 April 2009, archived from the original on 1 Jan 2012, http://www.maec.es/subwebs/Embajadas/Wellington/es/MenuPpal/faqs/Paginas/faqs.aspx, retrieved 1 Jan 2012
- ^ "Entry procedures for their family members who are not Union citizens themselves (European Union)". http://ec.europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/travel/entry-exit/non-eu-family/index_en.htm. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
- ^ Decision of the EEA Joint Committee No 158/2007 of 7 December 2007 amending Annex V (Free movement of workers) and Annex VIII (Right of establishment) to the EEA Agreement (OJ L 124, 8 May 2008, p. 20).
- ^ "DIRECTIVE 2004/38/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 29 April 2004". 30 April 2004. p. 92, Article 5(4). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:158:0077:0123:EN:PDF. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
- ^ "Handbook for Border Guards (Schengen Handbook)". 7 November 2006. p. 41, Article 6.3.2. http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/06/st15/st15010.en06.pdf. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
- ^ a b Point 3.2 in "Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the application of Directive 2004/38/EC on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of Member States". 10 December 2008. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52008DC0840:EN:NOT. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
- ^ "Petition 1307/2007 by Richard Willmer (British), on denial of the right of the wife of a British Citizen exercising treaty rights in Italy to accompany her husband to the UK". 26 September 2008. p. 1, the only residence card valid for entry in the UK is the one issued by the UK Authorities. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/peti/dv/peti_cm%282008%29414051_/peti_cm%282008%29414051_en.pdf. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ "Conformity Study for Denmark". 1 August 2008. p. Right of entry (Article 5). http://ec.europa.eu/justice/doc_centre/citizenship/movement/doc/denmark_compliance_study_en.pdf. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ "Conformity Study for Ireland". 1 August 2008. p. 2.2 Right of entry, Article 5(2). http://ec.europa.eu/justice/doc_centre/citizenship/movement/doc/ireland_compliance_study_en.pdf. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ "Conformity Study for Spain". 1 August 2008. p. Right of entry (Article 5) family members. http://ec.europa.eu/justice/doc_centre/citizenship/movement/doc/spain_compliance_study_en.pdf. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ "Conformity Study for Austria". 1 August 2008. p. Right of entry (Article 5) family members. http://ec.europa.eu/justice/doc_centre/citizenship/movement/doc/austria_compliance_study_en.pdf. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ Corrigendum to Regulation (EC) No 1931/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 laying down rules on local border traffic at the external land borders of the Member States and amending the provisions of the Schengen Convention (OJ L 29, 3 February 2007, p. 3).
- ^ a b Eckstein, Anne (29 July 2011). "Cross-border travel to become easier in Kaliningrad area". Europolitics. http://www.europolitics.info/europolitics/cross-border-travel-to-become-easier-in-kaliningrad-area-art310843-46.html. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
- ^ Consulates in Belarus, Latvia begin issuing local border traffic permits
- ^ Poland calls for the introduction of local border traffic with Belarus
- ^ Belarus-Lithuania local border traffic agreement almost ready
- ^ Second report on the implementation and functioning of the local border traffic regime set up by Regulation No 1931/2006 (COM/2011/0047 final).
- ^ "Local border traffic with the Kaliningrad Region" (in English). http://www.msw.gov.pl/portal/en/1/740/Local_border_traffic_with_the_Kaliningrad_Region.html.
- ^ Traffic flows from Murmansk to Kirkenes
- ^ 5 years in Schengen for Russians
- ^ See Schengen and Slovenia / Third-country nationals at "Republic of Slovenia: Ministry of the Interior: FAQ about Schengen". Archived from the original on 3 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080203024747/http://www.mnz.gov.si/en/pogosta_vprasanja/faq_about_schengen/. Retrieved 2 March 2008.
- ^ Stojan de Prato (4 February 2011). "Karamarko: Granični nadzor prema EU ukidamo 2015. [Karamarko: Border control towards the EU shall be abolished in 2015]" (in Croatian). Večernji list. http://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/karamarko-granicni-nadzor-prema-eu-ukidamo-2015-clanak-248519. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
- ^ "EU lifts visa restrictions for Serbia". 30 November 2009. http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2009&mm=11&dd=30&nav_id=63395. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
- ^ "EU lifts visa rules for Bosnia, Albania". 8 November 2010. http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/LDE6A70RO.htm. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
- ^ Regulation (EU) No 1091/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement (OJ L 329, 14 December 2010, p. 1)
- ^ "A Visa Roadmap for Kosovo!". 2 July 2009. http://www.esiweb.org/index.php?lang=en&id=383. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
- ^ "Isolating Kosovo? Kosovo vs Afghanistan 5:22". 2 July 2009. http://www.esiweb.org/index.php?lang=en&id=156&document_ID=111. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
- ^ "EP wants visa dialogue, then roadmap for Kosovo". 2 July 2009. http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/newsbriefs/setimes/newsbriefs/2009/11/13/nb-14. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
- ^ "Nevidljivi Šengen popust" (in Serbian). 3-February-2008. http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/aktuelno.69.html:209867-Nevidljivi-Sengen-popust.
- ^ "Vizne olakšice" (in Serbian). 22-November-2008. http://www.nezavisne.com/komentari/nezavisnistav/Vizne-olaksice-32938.html.
- ^ "Nevolje sa vizama" (in Bosnian). 28-November-2008. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3834057,00.html.
- ^ "Innenminister Schönbohm: Schengen-Erweiterung ein "historisches Glück"" (in German) (Press release). 22 November 2007. http://www.mi.brandenburg.de/sixcms/detail.php?gsid=bb2.c.441763.de. Retrieved 25 November 2007.
- ^ Article 24 of the "Prüm Convention" (PDF). http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/05/st10/st10900.en05.pdf. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
- ^ Article 71 of the Schengen Convention (OJ L 239, 22 September 2000, p. 19).
- ^ Article 72 of the Schengen Convention (OJ L 239, 22 September 2000, p. 19).
- ^ Decision of the Executive Committee of 22 December 1994 on the certificate provided for in Article 75 to carry narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances (SCH/Com-ex (94) 28 rev.) (OJ L 239, 22 September, 2000, p. 463).
- ^ Article 2(15) of the Amsterdam Treaty (OJ C 340, 10 November 1997).
- ^ Article 2(63) to (68) of the Lisbon Treaty (OJ C 306, 17 December 2007, p. 57).
- ^ Council Decision (1999/435/EC) of 20 May 1999 concerning the definition of the Schengen acquis for the purpose of determining, in conformity with the relevant provisions of the Treaty establishing the European Community and the Treaty on European Union, the legal basis for each of the provisions or decisions which constitute the acquis (OJ L 176, 10.7.1999, p. 1).
- The Schengen Agreement and the Schengen Convention
- Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders (OJ L 239, 22 September 2000, p. 19).
- Agreement between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders (OJ L 239, 22 September 2000, p. 13).
- European Union Regulations
- Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (OJ L 105, 13 April 2006, p. 1).
- Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 of 15 March 2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement (OJ L 81, 21 March 2001, p. 1).
- Council Regulation (EC) No 693/2003 of 14 April 2003 establishing a specific Facilitated Transit Document (FTD), a Facilitated Rail Transit Document (FRTD) and amending the Common Consular Instructions and the Common Manual (OJ L 99, 17 April 2003, p. 8).
- Council Regulation (EC) No 1683/95 of 29 May 1995 laying down a uniform format for visas (OJ L 164, 14 July 1995, p. 1).
- Regulation (EC) No 810/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 establishing a Community Code on Visas (Visa Code) (OJ L 243, 15 September 2009, p. 1).
- Regulation (EC) No 1987/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on the establishment, operation and use of the second generation Schengen Information System (SIS II) (OJ L 381, 28 December 2006, p. 4).
- Council Regulation (EC) No 343/2003 of 18 February 2003 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an asylum application lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national (OJ L 50, 25 February 2003, p. 1); also referred to as the Dublin Regulation.
- Council Decision 2008/615/JHA of 23 June 2008 on the stepping up of cross-border cooperation, particularly in combating terrorism and cross-border crime (OJ L 210, 6 August 2008, p. 1).
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